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Enzyme products are a great way to maintain your pond or lake’s healthy microbial population. An effective product would have thousands of enzymes that help break down organic matter. First, however, your pond or lake must be beneficial to bacteria. Enzyme therapy treatment for ponds and lakes helps to maintain a healthy water ecosystem by reducing sediment and improving the oxygen content of water. Enzymes work to break down organic materials and produce secondary metabolites. Their effectiveness depends on the number of waste materials in the water and bacteria and the chemistry of the water. Ponds and lakes with a high concentration of organic compounds are more vulnerable to eutrophication. Enzyme products can help to maintain a stable pH and kH level. Additionally, the bacteria and enzymes in these products help control algae growth and reduce odors. There are several other benefits to enzyme products for ponds and lakes. Enzyme therapy for ponds and lakes effectively controls ammonia levels and maintains healthy water conditions. Without proper treatment, ponds and lakes can develop unhealthy levels of dissolved oxygen, sludge, and nutrients, which affects fish and other aquatic life. A product like NT-MAX Biological Digester Treatment can significantly improve water quality and restore dissolved oxygen. It works by introducing beneficial bacterial strains that multiply at a rapid rate. These bacteria consume excess nutrients and return them to the water, restoring oxygen and clarity. Enzyme therapy for ponds and lakes can also remove heavy metals from wastewater. Microalgae are a promising source for removing heavy metals, and their growth is simple and requires minimal nutritional input. Reduced Bottom Sludge Enzyme therapy for ponds and lakes is a great way to reduce the bottom sludge in ponds and lakes. It works by speeding up the decomposition of dead algae. In addition, enzymes can reduce ammonia and nitrites, which are toxic to fish and other aquatic creatures. When properly applied, bacteria and enzyme products reduce the volume and thickness of the bottom sludge. Enzymes work best in an environment where the chemistry is friendly for them. However, they need the right blend of food in the water to be effective. For example, bacteria need to feed on organic material, while enzymes need to provide phosphates and nitrates. Therefore, choosing products that reduce bottom sludge and following the label instructions is crucial. Improved Water Clarity Enzyme therapy is an effective way to improve your pond or lake. It destroys the toxins that cause the water to look cloudy. It is safe for fish and aquatic life and doesn’t harm plants. It is available in convenient water-soluble packets that you can drop into the water. A balanced blend of bacteria and enzymes is added to the pond water to break down excess nutrients and organic sediment. This helps improve water clarity and reduce organic sediment buildup. Adding beneficial bacteria is an inexpensive way to improve water clarity. Improved Fish Health Enzyme therapy for ponds and lakes is an excellent way to promote healthy waterborne ecosystems. It works by reducing levels of toxins and organic matter in the water. Diatoms, tiny algae, are an excellent source of these nutrients. They have been proven to increase and consume more nitrogen and phosphorus. Diatoms also photosynthesize faster than other algae, making them a powerful competitor for nutrients and sunlight. The authors analyzed sediment samples from 23 sites to determine the relative abundance of enzymes and microbial communities. They also calculated correlations among enzyme activities and sediment biochemical variables. They used the SPSS 21.0 software for Windows to carry out their analyses.

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Lionel M. Bender Southern Illinois University Kunama is spoken by about 100,000 people in Eritrea. Once thought to be a "language isolate", Kunama is now classified as a rather divergent Nilo-Saharan language. Ethnographers have seen Chushitic-like cultural traits among the Kunama and linguistically Kunama shares the SOV-type syntax of the Ethiopian (Afrasian) language area and has lexical influence from Semitic and Cushitic. The rich suprasegmental phonology of vowel and consonant length, stress, and tone remains to be fully worked out. The pronominal system has dual as well as sg./pl. and inclusive/exclusive distinctions, but no grammatical gender. There are both prefixal and suffixal verbal conjugations, but these are lexically distributed and quite unlike the Afrasian aspectual use of the prefixes and suffixes. The volume contains phonological and morphological sketches, overall syntax and some selected topics (notably nonverbal predication and relative constructions), two sample text with morphemic and free translations, references, and a language map of the Kunama area. ISBN 9783895860720. Languages of the World/Materials 59. 60pp. 1996.

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Silicon wafers are the heart of many devices thanks to their use in semiconductors. Most people are aware of that fact, but most aren’t aware that these components are incredibly delicate and need specialized cleaning so they can be used as intended. At Polishing Corporation of America, we are a silicon wafer manufacturer that knows the ins-and-outs of cleaning wafers, and we’re happy to share that knowledge here. The first thing you need to know is that wafers can become contaminated through simple exposure to the air. Their robust electrostatic forces are directly at odds with organic particles in the air, and that’s why they require precise cleaning before they can put into use. Using solvents is an instrumental first step for cleaning wafers, but it leaves a residue itself. Applying acetone removes oils and organic compounds while following that with methanol removes the acetone. Next, the silicon wafer manufacturer uses an RCA-1 cleaning bath of ammonium hydroxide and water to remove additional organic compounds. This creates a thin oxide layer on the wafer. Finally, to remove the oxide layer, the manufacturer takes one more step to clean the silicon wafer. This involves using a hydrofluoric acid dip to remove the oxide layer. This three-step process is useful for eliminating contamination and can be used by manufacturers both large and small.

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India’s first solar mission, Aditya-L1, has successfully completed its third earth-bound manoeuvre, according to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The satellite has now attained a new orbit of 296km x 71767km. This is one of five manoeuvres that will be performed during the satellite’s revolution around the Earth, with three already completed. ISRO’s ground stations at Mauritius, Bengaluru, SDSC-SHAR, and Port Blair tracked the satellite during the third earth-bound manoeuvre. The next manoeuvre, known as EBN#4, is scheduled for September 15, 2023, around 02:00 Hrs. IST. The purpose of an orbital manoeuvre is to increase the orbit of a satellite or spacecraft. This is done by using propulsion systems to adjust angles and fire rockets. This process is similar to a person on a swing. Just like applying pressure to make the swing go higher when coming down towards the ground, the Aditya L1 satellite will gain enough velocity to slingshot around towards its intended path. Aditya-L1 was launched on September 2, following the successful landing of Chandrayaan-3 near the South pole of the moon. It carries seven different payloads to study the Sun in detail. Some of these payloads will observe the light from the Sun, while others will measure in-situ parameters of the plasma and magnetic fields. The satellite will be placed in a halo orbit around Lagrangian Point 1 (L1), which is approximately 1.5 million km away from Earth in the direction of the Sun. It is expected to reach its destination in four months’ time. Aditya-L1 will continuously observe the Sun without being hindered by eclipses or occultation, providing real-time data for scientists to study solar activities and their impact on space weather. The major objectives of India’s solar mission include studying the physics of solar corona, solar wind acceleration, the dynamics of the solar atmosphere, and the origin of Coronal Mass Ejections and flares. Aditya-L1 will travel on Earth-bound orbits for 16 days and undergo five manoeuvres to gain the required speed before reaching its destination. Upon arrival at the L1 point, the satellite will be bound to an orbit around L1, which is a balanced gravitational location between the Earth and the Sun. This strategic position will contribute to a deeper understanding of space weather drivers and provide valuable insights into the Sun’s outer atmosphere.

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Video is a very good medium for sharing information. Whether for personal or professional reasons, nearly everyone has watched a video tutorial to learn something new. Video is efficient, easily accessible, and generally inexpensive for viewers. Though many businesses regularly use video for external purposes, such as advertising and customer support, video has enormous potential for internal use as well. What can video be used for? Videos can be useful in a variety of business settings. The most common use is for training and educational purposes, including: - How to use an application, system, or other business tool - Emergency procedures, safety best practices, and OSHA requirements - Workplace policies, such as sexual harassment or discrimination - Demonstrations of work processes or capabilities Training videos can help businesses and employees save time and money. Training sessions that would normally be in person can be done virtually with video. This saves commuting time and money for the trainer, and it makes it easier for employees to complete the training when it is convenient for them. In addition, video gives people the opportunity to easily revisit the content. Steps to making a training video: - Choose a topic - Choose a video format - Write a script and choose a presenter - Identify what equipment to use - Choose an appropriate setting - Film and record all elements - Edit, process, and publish the video Define your training goals While it might be tempting to create a training video that teach employees everything there is to know about your business or their jobs, good training videos should be just long enough to teach something specific. If you want to cover a broad range of topics, split them into individual videos that can be viewed at different times. When creating the video script, make sure to keep your audience in mind. How educated is the audience about the topic? Will there be other videos to explain concepts mentioned in the video? Answering these and other questions will help guide script writing, so the video addresses its audience appropriately. There are several formats to choose from when creating a business video. Depending on the type of information, available tools, time, and budget, some formats might work better than others. In addition, a video can use a mix of formats to address different aspects of a topic. Popular video formats include: - Screencast: A video that shows viewers the presenter’s screen with narration - Presentations: A video that shows slides or decks with narration - Animation: A video that uses animated graphics (may or may not be narrated) - Live action: A video that shows the speaker while they’re presenting or demonstrating Regardless of format, business videos require a level of visual professionalism. Poor lighting, low resolution video, muffled audio, and shaky camera work can all degrade the overall quality of the video. There are multiple solutions to these problems at multiple price points. To get the best results, invest in high quality video equipment, microphones, and software—and if buying all that and learning to use it is too daunting, hire a professional videography company like Soulo to do the job. Companies determined to stick to a DIY ethic should at least consider the following: - Mount cameras on tripods. - Pick a location with even, ample lighting. - Use a good quality microphone located near the person speaking, such as a lapel mic. - If cameras and microphones are not an option, considering using a mounted webcam (still in a well-lit area). After you have the proper equipment and setting, here are a couple cinematic elements to keep in mind: - Switch between multiple angles to keep viewers engaged. - Anyone speaking should enunciate and interact both with the viewer and any other people in the video. For videos that use screencasts or presentations, be sure that the information shown is logically arranged and complete. In addition, be aware of any open windows or programs that could distract or confuse the viewer. Putting it all together When you have recorded all the necessary elements of the video, they need to be stitched together in a video editing application. This is the time to add introduction shots, logos, copyright symbols, and other branded elements. This is also the step at which you can add closed captions and descriptive text to your video. Closed captions and descriptive text are important for ADA compliance and ensure that your videos are accessible. Finally, it’s time to publish your video. You might choose to place videos in a shared company folder or upload them to a video site, such as YouTube or Vimeo. Make sure that everyone who needs to access the videos has the necessary permissions to find them wherever you publish them. How can Soulo help? We know that not every business is in a position to create their own videos from start to finish. As is obvious from the above, it’s a great deal of equipment, work, and expertise! Here at Soulo, our professional video team will help guide your video project from beginning to end. We have the equipment and the expertise to make sure that every video we produce is effective and makes your business look good. Interested in how video could improve your business? Come say hello!

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Tennis is a fun game, but it does involve quite a few rules. It’s no wonder that newcomers to the sport are often confused by what is going on when they first watch a tennis match. This Tennis FAQ will clear up some of the most common questions and talk you through the facts to help you get more enjoyment out of this great sport. What is the start of a tennis match called? The first shot played in any tennis match is called a service (or serve). The first service is performed from the left side of the court’s baseline and must land in the left service box on the other side of the net. Every subsequent serve will then change sides, with the server moving between the left and right sides of the base line. Take a look at the red arrow below to see how the server must direct their first serve. Once the game is finished (see below to learn what a game is) the other player gets to serve. Service continues to alternate when each game finishes. How does tennis scoring work? The tennis scoring system is perhaps the most complex part of the game, which is why some newcomers find it confusing. A tennis match has points, games, and sets. After the ball is successfully served, each player will hit it to their opponent’s side of the court. If the server successfully lands in the service box, each player will continue to hit it back-and-forth until one of them fails to return it, hits it out on-the-full and or hits it into the net. If this occurs, their opponent wins the point. If the ball is not successfully served (it doesn’t land in the correct service box or hits the net), the server will have a fault. They will get to perform another serve. If they fail again, they are at double fault and their opponent wins a point. If you win four points in a row, you will win a game. However, it’s important to note that tennis points are named in an unusual way: - Love— zero points - 15 — when a player has won their first point of the game. - 30 — when a player wins two points in a game - 40— when a player wins three points in a game - Deuce– when the score is 40-40 it is called Deuce (another word for a tie). To win the game from deuce, one of the players must win two consecutive points. - Advantage– If you win one point after being at Deuce, you will have Advantage. Win another point and you win the game. If you lose the next point, it goes back to Deuce. When saying or writing the score of a tennis game, you will always have the score of the player currently serving first. Here are a few examples, of how points work: - If you are serving and have won a single point, the score would be 15-0 or 15 love. - If you are serving and have lost a single point, the score would be 0-15 or love 15. - If you are serving and lose 3 points in a row, the score would be 0-40 or love 40. If you lose one more point, you lose the game! - If you make a comeback and reach Deuce (40-40), then win another point — you will have Advantage. Win the next point and you win the game. If you lose the next point, the score goes back to deuce. Games can continue for a long time if either player cannot win two consecutive points after the score reaches deuce. At the end of the game, the person serving will change. So, if you were serving that game, give the ball to your opponent so they can serve the next game. If you managed to win the game, congratulations! Now, you need to win the set. A set consists of at least 6 games, with the first person to 6 games winning. However, you must win by at least two games. That means, if the score is 6-5, you still have to win another game to be two games in front (7-5). If it is a close match, players might end up winning 8, 9, or 10 games before they claim the set. The winner of the match is determined by the best of three or five sets. If you are playing to three and win the first two sets, the game is over. If you win one set each, you must play the third match to decide. What is an Ace? An ace occurs when you successfully land a serve inside the service box and the receiver is unable to hit the ball. How many sets to win in tennis? Most matches are decided by the best of three sets. However, professional male tennis players participating in a grand slam tournament will usually play best of five sets. How long does a tennis match last? It really depends on how close the match is. If every game is a tightly contested affair with points often going to deuce and extra games being played, it can go for many hours. On average, a three-set match will last around 2 hours in total. A longer five-set match averages around 3.5 hours, but some close games can last much longer. In 2010, a match at the Wimbledon Championship between John Isner and Nicolas Mahut lasted for 11 hours and 5 minutes over the space of three days. Why do tennis players bounce the ball before serving? There are two reasons why most tennis players will bounce the tennis ball on the ground before the serve. The first reason is pragmatic — the player is simply testing how “bouncy” the ball is before hitting it. If the ball still contains a lot of air and is very bouncy, they change how hard they hit it when serving. The other reason is that bouncing the ball a few times acts like a kind of ritual that helps the player get into “the zone”. When they bounce the ball, they remember all of the other habits that they are meant to perform when serving, like throwing the ball a certain distance, moving their feet correctly, or adding spin to the ball. These little rituals help a player hit their serve reliably and have it land in the service court. What does “let” mean in tennis? A “let” occurs when a player serves and the ball hits the top of the net but still manages to land in the service court. When a let occurs, it is not considered a fault and the player serving gets to serve again. What is a break in tennis? A “break” is announced if a player receiving serve is ahead by between one to three points and only needs one more point to win the game. For example, if you are receiving serve and the score is 30-40, you will “break” your opponents serve if you win the next point and take the game. If a ball lands on the line is it out? No! If the ball lands on one of the singles sidelines or the baseline between the singles sidelines, it is considered in bounds. See: Tennis Ball FAQ

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MADRID (AP) — Large parts of Spain were under alert Friday as a wave of intense heat began sweeping across the country, leaving residents sweltering through May temperatures that rank among the hottest in two decades. A mass of hot, dry air carrying dust from North Africa has pushed temperatures up to 15 degrees above average, with the mercury topping 40 C (104 F) in parts of the country. The State Meteorological Agency said it expected the “unusual and extreme” temperatures to peak on Saturday. “These will probably be among the warmest temperatures we’ve seen in May in the 21st century,” agency spokesman Rubén del Campo said. By Friday, a handful of records had already been set. In the southern Spanish city of Jaén, the temperature climbed to 38.7 C (101.7 F) – 15 degrees above the seasonal average – in a record for the month of May. In the central city of Cuenca, the daily low temperature of 19.5 C (67.1 F) was two degrees higher than the previous May minimum. While the temperatures are expected to fall short of what meteorologists in Spain define as a heat wave, what makes this episode singular will be its persistence, with nighttime temperatures expected to hover above 20 C (68 F) in many places. The high temperatures are forecast to push northeast in the coming days, with little relief expected until after Sunday. The State Meteorological Agency said Friday it had put four regions on alert due to the heat. The regions of Castilla-La Mancha, Extremadura and Madrid were under a yellow alert, meaning they were at risk, while the southern region of Andalusia was under an orange alert, meaning a significant risk because of the intense heat. No region was under red alert, the highest level that corresponds to an extreme risk. Del Campo characterized the May heat as part of a broader pattern that has seen summer weather start to arrive in Spain nearly one month earlier than it did in the 1980s. He was unequivocal about the cause. “What’s behind all of this?” Del Campo asked. “Climate change, obviously anthropogenic, generated by the emission of greenhouse gases linked to human activity.” Copyright © 2022 The Washington Times, LLC.

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Depression affects so many people every year and is perhaps the most common psychological disorder today. In fact, The World Health Organisation estimates that by the year 2020, depression will be the second leading disability causing disease in the world. For some people depression can be a very short episode which occurs only once in their lifetime. However, for many people it can be chronic and have a huge impact on their lives. Depression is often a significant factor in the break-up of relationships, career problems and lack of motivation. Hypnotherapy for depression is most effective when it is future orientated, or solution focused which means that we help you find a way forward out of the depressed feelings rather than looking back at the problems which may have led to the depression. Depression can come on suddenly due to a physical illness, becoming unemployed, experiencing bereavement, money worries, issues from your childhood, work issues or other life changing events. Sometimes you may not even know the trigger for your depression, try not to worry if you cannot put your finger on the causes as sometimes there are not any, and it can just happen. When depression occurs, the individual will turn in on themselves and refuse to engage with others, pushing away friends and loved ones and have a general feeling of despair or inability to see how their situation can change for the better. Often it starts so gradually the individual does not realise anything is wrong, but they will start to withdraw more and more from living. Severity can range from prolonged feelings of being ‘low’ or not being able to ‘cheer up’ to being almost totally dysfunctional and having some of the symptoms associated with the illness such as:- - depressed mood and sometimes fearfulness - sleep disturbance - Constant feeling of sadness - High levels of anxiety - Difficulty in getting out of bed in the morning - Mental slowing and dullness - Slowed reaction time - Total inefficiency - loss of energy - weight loss or weight gain - loss of pleasure or interest in usual activities - difficulties in thinking, concentrating etc - negative thinking or forecasting the future If you are experiencing a number of these symptoms then it is likely that you are suffering from depression. Some of the symptoms can be treated specifically – insomnia, weight loss or gain and lack of concentration are examples. Often depression is exacerbated or even caused by substance abuse – alcohol, drugs or cigarette smoking. Types of Depression This is where you may feel low, but it does not really affect your daily living. This type of depression really does interfere with your life – it can affect your eating, sleeping, motivation to do everyday activities. It can sometimes lead to hospital admission if you are at a risk of harming yourself. If you are suffering from this type of depression, you will be experiencing really good feelings one day, where you will feel elated, make irrational decisions and can take on the world. However, the next day could be a completely different matter and you may feel extremely low, have feelings of despair and even feel suicidal. If you are suffering from this type of depression it is likely that you will be feeling overwhelmed, unable to cope, may be struggling with sleeping or suffering from panic attacks. It is also quite likely that you will be experiencing negative feelings towards your child. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) SAD usually comes on at the start of Winter and can even last until spring. If you are suffering mildly from this it is known as the ‘winter blues’. However full-blown SAD can make you feel very depressed, anxious, stressed and can interfere with your sleeping and eating patterns. With appropriate hypnotherapy, depression is one of the most treatable disorders. Help for depression with hypnotherapy has a dramatically lower rate of relapse than with anti-depressants alone and is now considered the most effective treatment, even in severe cases, enabling the client to focus on solving problems and engage fully in life again. People with depression have often fallen into the habit of negative thinking and believing nothing can help, we understand this, it is part of the symptoms of having depression. Coming along for a free initial consultation does not obligate you to continuing with sessions, but it will help you to understand how our approach with hypnosis is probably different from anything else you have tried and why it is such effective help for depression. Please contact me today if you would like to find out how hypnotherapy can help you overcome this debilitating illness.

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What's an Alternative Septic Sytem? To understand how an alternative system works, let’s first cover the basics of a traditional septic system: All wastewater exits the house to an exterior tank where biological decomposition begins. Grease and kitchen oils float to the top, while heavier solids sink to the bottom, leaving clearer waste water in the middle which then flows out of the tank via piping to buried gravel filled trenches, commonly referred to as a drainfield or leachfield. From here the ground acts as a filter while the water passes down through varies layers of sediment. While Alternative Systems utilize all of the same components of a regular septic system such as septic tank, piping, and drainfield. The major difference of an alternative system lies within the use of a filtering device or component between the septic tank and the ground. Alternative systems may also include a recirculating tank, filter, additional holding, dosing, or discharge tank, as well as pumps, and a control panel. The need for an Alternative System arises when there are concerns with soils that do not percolate, commonly referred to as ‘perc’. Or situations in which the soils fail to create an efficient filter; for example, fractured bedrock, sand, or extremely rocky soils. These conditions do not allow for sufficient filtering of the wastewater leaving it to freefall into the groundwater below. This is where our Alternative Septic Systems excel in solving these types of problems. Limited space to work with is another excellent use for an alternative system as you can reduce the size of traditional drainfield by as much as 50%. And leave a lighter footprint on the surrounding environment. And of course Alternative Systems may be required when the drainfield will be located within close proximity of open water ways, such as irrigation ditches, streams, rivers, and lakes. Our history of collaborating and working with local, regional, and state agencies ensures your system will meet all codes and compliances involved with these circumstances. While there are several alternative systems on the market today. Our experience and expertise with not only the soil conditions in Northern Utah, but also the hundreds of challenging projects we have built and solved, has led us to focus on what we know works best, the recirculating textile filter. This system combined with compacted gravel beds has proven time and again to be the most efficient low maintenance system available for the challenges of virtually all existing conditions in Utah. Backed by the best science our recirculating textile filter system provides superior waste reduction, has been proven to be the most easily serviceable, and due to the large number of installs we perform each year, parts are always readily in-stock for quick maintenance and service repairs. Plus, how’s this for piece of mind, when a malfunction has occurred with this system, it’s nearly always a minor repair. Plus, all of our installed alternative systems are connected to our office and are continually monitored to stay ahead of any problems that might arise. Don’t fall for this just to save a few bucks, Others use older technology or technology that is really hard to service. We know, because after they’ve taken your money and disappeared into the sunset, we’re the ones that get the call to fix a situation where the system has failed. *While an alternative system can solve most wastewater disposal problems, it can not fix all problems or eliminate all wastewater disposal challenges. Excessive slopes, wet lands, and other soil conditions may still leave you with a lot that is unbuildable.

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Owls belong to the order Strigiformes, which is made up of 200 extant bird species. They feed on birds, insects and smaller mammals. They are found in almost all parts of the world except in Antarctica and some other parts of Greenland. The two major families of living owls are Tytonidae or barn owls and Strigidae or typical owls. For those who want to know more about these animals, it is good to learn the average size of owls. The Average Size of Owls The average size of owls varies depending on the species. Bubo virginianus or the great horned owl has an average length of 18 to 27 inches. Generally considered as the smallest owl, Micrathene whitneyi or the elf owl only grows at an average length of 5 to 12 inches. Bubo bubo or the Eurasian eagle owl lives in Asia and Europe, which has an average length of 23 to 30 inches. Bubo blakistoni or Blakiston’s fish owl is a typical owl, the average length of which measures a huge 24 to 30 inches. Known for its reddish, brownish or grayish upper body part, the northern pygmy owl grows at any average length of 6.5 to 7.3 inches. An extinct species of owl is Ornimegalonyx oteroi or the Cuban giant owl, which reportedly has an average length of 43.3 inches. Native to North America, Aegolius acadicus or the northern saw-whet owl grows at an average length of 7.09 inches. Meanwhile, the average length of Aegolius harrisii or the buff-fronted owl is 9.06 inches. Other notable owl species include Aegolius ridgwayi or the unspotted saw-whet owl that grows 7.09 inches long and Aegolius funereus or the boreal owl that grows at an average length of 8.66 to 10.63 inches. Additional Facts and Other Important Details In terms of features, owls are known for their flat face, hawk-like beak and big forward-facing eyes. They lay eggs that are almost spherical in shape and are usually whitish in color. Although it is not common for them to construct nests, they commonly live in abandoned nests and sheltered nesting sites like those found in caves, barns and underground burrows. While most owls are nocturnal creatures that hunt prey under dark conditions, some species are crepuscular. They are active during the twilight hours of dusk and dawn. Owls are known for their ability to serve as rodent control. They can help a lot especially in controlling the population of rodents. The eggs of owls do not hatch simultaneously because they are laid at intervals of one three days.

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Melting glaciers in Alaska contributes to earthquakes, according to a new study. The researchers determined that ice loss in the 19th century laid the groundwork for a devastating earthquake in Lituya Bay in 1958. The 7.8 magnitude earthquake triggered a rockslide and created a tsunami that ran 1,700 feet up a mountainside before plummeting back out into the sea. According to scientists at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, ice loss near Glacier Bay National Park has influenced the timing and location of nearby earthquakes with a magnitude of 5.0 or greater during the past century. While it was already known that melting glaciers cause earthquakes in otherwise tectonically stable regions, such as Canada’s interior and Scandinavia, this pattern has been harder to detect in Alaska. Some of the world’s largest glaciers can be found in Alaska. These glaciers can be up to thousands of feet thick and cover hundreds of square miles. The weight of the ice causes the land beneath it to sink, and the ground springs back like a sponge when the ice melts. The disappearance of glaciers has caused Southeast Alaska’s land to rise at about 1.5 inches per year. “There are two components to the uplift,” said study lead author Chris Rollins. “There’s what’s called the ‘elastic effect,’ which is when the earth instantly springs back up after an ice mass is removed. Then there’s the prolonged effect from the mantle flowing back upwards under the vacated space.” The research links the expanding movement of the mantle with large earthquakes across Southeast Alaska, where glaciers have been melting for over 200 years. Based on models of Earth movement and ice loss since 1770, the researchers identified a clear correlation between earthquakes and Earth rebound. Maps of ice loss and seismic records dating back to 1920 showed that most large earthquakes coincided with the stress from long-term Earth rebound. In the case of the 1958 earthquake, the postglacial rebound molded the crust around the fault in a way that increased stress near the epicenter. “The movement of plates is the main driver of seismicity, uplift and deformation in the area,” said Rollins. “But postglacial rebound adds to it, sort of like the de-icing on the cake. It makes it more likely for faults that are in the red zone to hit their stress limit and slip in an earthquake.” The study is published in the journal JGR Solid Earth.

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Expertise has permeated each industry and created a brand new world. On the planet of the business, the usage of expertise has been much more dramatic. Know-how firms face a bunch of regulatory challenges, ranging from privateness and security to taxation and information sovereignty. This know-how finds its maximum utilization in payment systems, access control and asset tracking. In essence, there are two primary categories” of expenses here, direct bills that produce the revenue, and overhead expenses that assist the operation of the enterprise, like admin employees and workplace area and technology. In the context of data technologies, is an strategy to the research of attitude – the know-how acceptance mannequin (TAM). It had in mind the maximization of resources to ensure whole management of the speedy environment and the proceedings in it. As a consequence of expertise, info has develop into ubiquitous, communication has improved beyond comprehension and the overall quality of societal life has grown immeasurably. Know-how used within the classroom helps college students adsorb the fabric. Declaring a specific know-how for the drastic adjustments in a single’s life is simply not possible. Know-how is every ware round us, permitting us to interact at a worldwide scale. In an age of digital disruption, expertise corporations face growing pressure to enhance time to market and guarantee their choices are greatest in class. One of the challenge’s objectives is to base choices about design, coverage, and technology on information from an intensive community of sensors that collect knowledge on all the things from air quality to noise ranges to individuals’s actions. Neural Expertise is devoted to the convergence between neurobiology and quantum-, nano- and micro-sciences.

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An abdominal ultrasound uses reflected sound waves to produce a picture of the organs and other structures in the upper abdomen. Sometimes a special ultrasound is done for a closer look at a specific organ, such as a kidney ultrasound. An ultrasound does not use X-rays or other types of radiation. During an abdominal ultrasound, a small handheld unit called a transducer is gently moved over the belly. A computer converts the reflected sound waves into a picture shown on a TV screen. An abdominal ultrasound may help find problems of the liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, abdominal aorta, and kidneys. Clinical Review Board: All Healthwise education is reviewed by a team that includes physicians, nurses, advanced practitioners, registered dieticians, and other healthcare professionals. PeaceHealth endeavors to provide comprehensive health care information, however some topics in this database describe services and procedures not offered by our providers or within our facilities because they do not comply with, nor are they condoned by, the ethics policies of our organization.

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A cryptographic key of 80 bits or longer will be broken, by exhaustively searching the keyspace, before 2005 UT. Keys longer than 80 bits, but with less than 80 bits of entropy, do not count (crippled keys). The results and method of the cracking must be made public. This claim makes no attempt to guess what has been done in private by governments or other organizations. "Exhaustive" or "brute force" search defined under Cr28. On average, the correct key should be found after searching half the possible keys. Known plaintext may be used to check the trial encryptions. Toy ciphers (in the judge's opinion) do not qualify. This is intended to eliminate things like "ROT 13" and simple XOR with a constant. Any modern public cipher used in real security applications should qualify. Skipjack, the crpytosystem in the the US government's proposed "Clipper" chips, uses an 80 bit key. Skipjack is also used in the Capstone chip on the Fortezza PCMCIA card

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The World Health Organization is now warning us that air pollution is among the top five major risk factors for developing chronic, non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular, respiratory and neurodegenerative disorders, along with tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diets and physical inactivity.1 We also know that, because we spend 90% of our time indoors, most of our exposures actually occur in the indoor environment, which is also polluted with more chemicals than outdoors. Whether all these exposures cause harm or not is dependent on many factors, but we do know that low dose exposures to foreign and synthetic substances are perceived by all living organisms. They do so on a cellular level by using early warning detection receptor systems that sense environmental chemicals. Receptors are structures on the surface or inside a cell that perceive a chemical signal. This is how hormones send signaling messages to various tissues in the body. When receptors that detect foreign substances are stimulated, the cells respond by stimulating certain genes to promote detoxification before the chemicals can cause cell dysfunction or loss of cells eventually leading to measurable organ malfunction. The recent report published by the National Institute of Public Health Québec (Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ)) ignored these facts when they concluded that anxiety is the cause of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). They also failed to acknowledge the majority of scientific research, which demonstrates that these same receptors can become sensitized to multiple chemicals at low doses. They ignored the multitude of studies published in peer reviewed scientific journals which have repeatedly demonstrated that these receptors are sensitized in MCS patients, which is central to the development of symptoms. The INSPQ authors misinterpreted brain scan studies using known stimulants of these receptors which have shown that MCS patients process odors neurologically differently in areas of the brain that contain these receptors. Instead, they boasted that they had debunked biological theories for MCS and claimed that it is caused by anxiety. The INSPQ report is clearly skewed by poor methodology. Multiple studies and concepts were missed or ignored. Multiple experts have provided detailed corrections based on the preponderance of peer-reviewed literature that was omitted from the report. Instead of participating in discussion, the authors of the INSPQ report refuse to acknowledge what they have missed or its significance, instead relying on their hegemonic position as an authoritative body, despite having no training, education, experience or expertise regarding the MCS condition. Another reason for their biased conclusions is that they refused to follow established research protocols for health reviews. It is universally acknowledged by policymakers, researchers and research funding bodies that full partnership with patients is essential to any modern research enterprise. Including patients and the public as partners in research is accepted best practice.2 Input from those with lived experience is essential in modern medical research, and patients have a right to provide input to research on their condition. Reducing the known power imbalances between researchers and patients is a moral duty of researchers, especially with oppressed and seldom‐heard groups. This certainly includes the MCS population. Instead, despite three assurances of inclusion given in writing to the Association pour la santé environnementale du Québec – Environmental Health Association of Québec (ASEQ-EHAQ) from two Directors of the National Public Health and Assistant Deputy Minister, Ministry of Health and Social Services Québec (MSSS), the INSPQ repeatedly refused both volunteer patient and experienced expert input from the inception of their review in 2014 until the report was completed and published on their website, with its wrongful conclusions and potential for harm to the community of MCS patients. Meanwhile, many people with severe MCS, who cannot find healthy, appropriate housing in Canada, are being “supported” by being allowed to die with medical assistance. This horrific fact has now been reported by the press.3 CTV News tried to practice what they perceive as journalistic due diligence, by providing a link to McGill University’s “Office for Science and Society”.4 This website referred to the INSPQ report by stating, “my hat’s off to the textbook’s many authors for this colossal work,” which “comes to the conclusion that trace amounts of chemicals are not to blame and that MCS is a type of anxiety disorder in which anticipation of a danger causes very real and debilitating physical symptoms.” Given that today’s weight of scientific evidence is that MCS is a biological condition due to receptor sensitization to chemicals, one needs to understand the weapon of denialism. This is the spin strategy refined by the tobacco5 and oil industries,6 and further utilized by the deniers of climate change7 to promote their own self interests, despite the harm caused by doing so. Science deniers accept evidence only if it confirms their prior beliefs – that usually means ignoring or contradicting the weight of recent evidence. Science deniers’ question scientific milestones and spread misinformation. Indeed, they attempt to convince the public and the media that opposing opinions are not based on ‘sound science’. Denialism uses the voices of those pretending to be ultimate authorities on the topic in question. Their goal is to convince people that there are sufficient grounds to reject the case for taking action to tackle threats to health. In this case, the message of the more than one million Canadians diagnosed with MCS (Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2020) that people need to reduce their daily chemical exposures is being challenged by those who deny and spin the science. It is known from the above-mentioned source for statistics, that the prevalence of diagnosed MCS is increasing (Statistics Canada, Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000-2020). There is already an ongoing struggle for these patients to live and function in a society with ubiquitous chemical exposures. As described in the Final Report of the Ontario Task Force on Environmental Health,8 having MCS may severely influence different aspects of everyday life, including lifestyle, social relations, and occupational conditions and employment, potentially leading to loss of family and social supports, reduced social interactions, access to health and public transportation, reduced income, increased disability and third-party litigation. The erroneous INSPQ conclusions and articles such as from the ‘Office for Science and Society’ add to the burden of having MCS. ASEQ-EHAQ provided the INSPQ with all the above information that they had missed, including all the citations in support. Three months later, they waved it away with one sentence, that all this information did not change their opinion that MCS is caused by anxiety. They continue to evade any transparent scientific scrutiny and ignore the criticisms from experts. Their denial of chemical sensitization as the cause of MCS is a dysfunctional scepticism, not based on a full examination of the published science and is not even a healthy debate. The INSPQ has yet to do their job, to do an exhaustive critical analysis of all of the relevant literature, not a cherry-picked small subset of what they should have included. The INSPQ has become barricaded against transparent scientific scrutiny and conversation.Now harms to people experiencing MCS have escalated, provoking people with lived experience of MCS, and experts to speak out. What about the numerous published papers showing that anxiety develops after the onset of MCS, as with many other chronic conditions? Clearly, a cause cannot occur after the development of a medical condition. Anxiety and depression are more likely to occur after developing MCS because of the difficulties in living in a world of ubiquitous chemical exposures and a society which ignores, challenges or stigmatizes individuals with MCS. The lack of support, accommodation and understanding of this condition contributes to the impact of the inability of people with MCS to access medical care, place of employment, social contacts, public transportation, houses of worship and healthy housing. And now those most severely impacted by MCS due to a lack of accommodation (healthy living spaces and removal of barriers that trigger MCS) have despaired and turned to the appalling option of successfully applying to the government and followed through for medical assistance in dying. Denialism9 is driven by how the denier would like things to be rather than what the evidence actually shows, making science denialism a motivated rejection of science. Consider who stands to gain by denying that ubiquitous chemical exposures can make people sick, and how much this costs the rest of us. Common chemical exposures have become the new tobacco. It is time for those who use their positions of authority to maintain influential and potentially harmful opinions based on poor research to acknowledge and correct their errors or be held accountable and replaced. It is also time for their supporting “expert” science deniers to be outed for their purposefully biased spin and potentially harmful opinions. L’Association pour la santé environnementale du Québec – Environmental Health Association of Québec (ASEQ-EHAQ) has been working since 2004 to advocate for, and support, help and assist people disabled with MCS. With a membership of over 2000, outreach includes education and awareness to the membership and to the general population. Register for our Month of May Awareness and Education campaign: https://aseq-ehaq.ca/en/events/ Phone: 514 332 4320

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Soon after the pandemic hit in 2020, a friend of mine lost her job in the service industry. Working at a high-end restaurant brought in a great income, and she had just been promoted months prior. But she found herself, along with many others, without a job and living off limited savings. Eventually, she had to move back home with her parents and became depressed. Then, in 2022, she was hired for a remote position with a healthcare company, making nearly twice as much money, with monthly bonuses and full benefits. She was able to move into her own place and start to rebuild. Three years after the pandemic, Black workers, women in particular, have actually benefited from a strong labor market that has created some of the most substantial opportunities for career changes in decades. Black workers have found better-paying jobs with benefits and professional and office positions that offer remote opportunities that make life better. The Black unemployment rate in the United States fell to the lowest point on record in April. Unfortunately, these historic gains have been showing major signs of weakness. The unemployment rate increased from 4.4% in April to 5.3% in May for Black women. Although the overall rate of job losses in the Black workforce increased, Black women were the most affected. Job opportunities have diminished, including massive layoffs and exclusions in hiring pools. The stark wage gap between Black women and nearly every other demographic group means that when they lose work, they have less money saved up to sustain through a job loss, and the results from that are felt more severely. These pay disparities continue to disadvantage Black women, even with the most impressive qualifications. The truth is, the increased availability of remote work has saved Black women. Not only can they apply to companies in any city, but also can be free of microaggressions at work. Remote work is also great for working mothers who may struggle to find child care. For companies, this is one way they can become more equitable and inclusive. On average, Black women earn about 38 percent less than white men every year. Even those working in high-paying fields still feel the burn of pay inequality, making just 54 cents for every dollar paid to their white male counterparts. If we take an even closer look, we’ll find that Black women are the most educated group in the United States, according to the National Center for Education Statistics. All in all, while Black women are certainly obtaining more degrees, there’s more work to be done to ensure they can make a fair living. The data may be glum but the news does show a promising sign that Black women are working diligently to close the wealth gap and build brighter futures for themselves and their families. Some are becoming the first in their family to attend college, beating the immeasurable odds. Researchers at the Economic Policy Institute (EPI) found that employer practices and government policies have historically disadvantaged Black women compared to white women and men, leading to a disparaging labor market. Negative representations of Black womanhood have reinforced these discriminatory practices and policies. The rise in unemployment among Black women is another example of systemic inequalities that have failed to ensure equal opportunities for all in the labor market. Companies don’t have adequate policies to protect and promote Black women, and it’s leading to report lower job satisfaction, greater challenges to career mobility, and a higher likelihood of quitting for a different job. After we learned that affirmative action was gutted, four Black women either lost their jobs — or left on their own accord — in the diversity, equity, and inclusion space. Disney’s chief diversity officer and senior vice president Latondra Newton exited her role after more than six years, and plans to devote more time to her self-owned creative company. Karen Horne was laid off by Warner Bros. Discovery due to a reorganization of the division. Verna Myers stepped down as Netflix’s first head of inclusion after five years. She will remain an advisor, while devoting more time to her self-owned consulting company. Film Academy’s Executive Vice President of Impact and Inclusion Jeanell English also exited. Although there are similarities with these exits — Hollywood, diversity and inclusion positions, Black women — let’s be clear that many Black women in the corporate space have had to leave a performative position once they realized they weren’t making the impact they hoped to make. Oftentimes, Black women’s labor is exploited. We don’t know what these women had to endure within their respective positions, yet we can bet money that the road had many bumps and bruises. The affirmative action decision came despite evidence that these policies and programs increase diversity in higher education. As for its impact in workplace diversity, it helped to grow the representation of women and underrepresented racial groups among companies. Now, we will start to see them be less inclined to call out their racial disparities within their talent pool. Whether laid-off or pushed out, Black women are losing in this labor force. Without structural changes, actionable goals on racial equity, and inclusive cultures, Black women will have to continue to transform themselves as they navigate a system that wasn’t built with them in mind anyway. More importantly, employers have to keep the promises that they made about diversity, equity, and inclusion. They need to examine their promotion process and their policies around raising pay. Also, they need to eliminate as much bias as possible, creating more transparency on obscure pay practices that contribute to the racial and gender wage gap. What's Your Reaction? Archuleta is an author, poet, blogger, and host of the FearlessINK podcast. Archuleta's work centers Black women, mental health and wellness, and inspiring people to live their fullest potential.

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From the end of the Late Cretaceous through the Eocene, southern California experienced two periods of unusual tropical climates separated and terminated by periods of semi-arid climate. Evidence of these climatic changes was compiled from nonmarine and nearshore stratigraphy of three Paleogene basins in southern California: San Diego Embayment, Santa Ana Mountains and Elsinore Trough region, and in the El Paso Mountains. Climatic parameters, such as temperature, rainfall and seasonality, were determined by the comparison of preserved paleosols with their modern counterparts and the climate by which they are formed today. Other climatic indicators used include foliage physignomy, salt weathering, the occurrence of coal, silicified wood, fresh water limestone, and sediment coloration and mineralogy. The first of the two humid tropical events began at some time in the Late Cretaceous and ended just after the beginning of the Early Paleocene. The climate then changed to semi-arid at the end of the Early Paleocene. The intervening transitional climate was typified by sub-tropical/warm temperate conditions. There is no evidence of a transitional climate at the beginning of the Late Paleocene prior to the second humid tropical event that occurred in the Late Paleocene and Early Eocene. There is inconclusive evidence that the humid tropical conditions of the Early Eocene were carried over into the Middle Eocene, but by the end of the Middle Eocene semi-arid conditions again prevailed and continued into the Oligocene. Based on the types of soils formed during these humid tropical periods, precipitation was seasonal with average annual totals of 1500 to 3000 millimeters and with average annual temperature of approximately 25° C. During the Early Paleocene transitional climate, the annual average precipitation dropped to a range of 500 to 1500 millimeters as indicated by the moderate leaf size of the vegetation existing at that time and the development of variegated red beds. Temperature and precipitation data for the semi-arid climate is very difficult to interpret because of the wide range of precipitation and temperature combinations possible. Comparison of the climatic changes seen in the southern California stratigraphy with paleotemperature curves from marine-oxygen isotope and paleobotany analysis shows a very good correlation. This comparison has also shown that the Paleocene and Eocene climatic changes in southern California were related to global climatic events.

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If you would like to improve your listening skills in English, there are a variety of different ways to practice your newfound skill. You can use podcasts, Radio stations, classroom meetings, and even Active listening. The more you practice, the easier it will be to understand and interpret the language in the real world. If you’re interested in finding out more about these different activities, keep reading. You may even be surprised by what you find! 1. Active listening If you’re looking for activities to improve listening skills in English, you’ve come to the right place. While the news isn’t the most engaging way to improve listening skills, it does offer good content. National Geographic, for example, features high-quality vocabulary at a relaxed pace. YouTube also has no shortage of content – most TV shows have multiple short clips. Listen to as many of these as possible. One-on-one study is another excellent way to practice listening. Practicing your English conversation skills with a conversation partner can help you improve your understanding of what your conversation partner is saying. If you’re comfortable talking to others in a group, you can use audio files to practice understanding them. Try asking questions if you can’t understand a particular part of the conversation. You can also listen to the audio yourself to practice one-on-one conversation. Another effective activity for practicing active listening is noting down jokes. Listen to a comedy, pauses, and other aspects of the conversation. Take notes, guess meanings, and write down the main message of what you hear. Then, research the origins of the joke. These are all excellent ways to practice listening and develop your vocabulary. The best way to improve your English conversational skills is to converse with native English speakers. Similarly, one can give comments to his or her classmates. Such activities build a positive classroom environment where students work together to learn the language. And, passive listening will only help you understand the speaker better if you can answer the questions he or she asks. If your students cannot do this, they may miss out on important interactions. So, why not make the listening part of your English lessons more enjoyable? There are many ways to improve your listening skills! One great way to practice listening is to interview famous people. In an activity like this, students sit back-to-back as an interviewer and their partner is the interviewee. Whether they’re interviewing a famous person or a celebrity, the children will benefit from the experience. These activities are also great for building personal relationships between students. You’ll be surprised at how quickly you notice improvements in your listening skills. 2. Listen to Radio stations Using a dictionary while listening to radio shows may be tempting, but it’s really not necessary to start with. Rather, you should concentrate on understanding the main points of the show and not on memorizing every word. As time passes, you will improve your listening skills without a dictionary. If you’d like to improve your listening skills in English radio stations, here are some activities to improve your listening skills: First, you need to set a goal. What do you hope to accomplish? Once you’ve set a goal, you can start working toward achieving that goal. It’s much easier to make specific goals than to have one grand goal. For example, if you want to improve your listening skills in English radio stations, you should break that goal down into smaller chunks, such as listening to a particular song or TV show. By being specific, you’ll be able to target your listening skills. 3. Listen to talk shows While listening to these, you’ll also practice intonation and natural responses. Listen to talk shows on NPR and Fresh Air, as they often feature celebrity interviews. You can also use the BBC’s archive of interviews to practice your listening skills. While listening to radio shows, keep in mind that some stations will use fillers to make the show easier to understand. Recognizing these fillers will help you sound like a native English speaker. Listen to talk shows on BBC Radio. Various talk shows are a great way to practice your pronunciation. Also, you can listen to popular talk shows on the BBC. By listening to popular radio stations, you’ll get a feel for the speed and intonation of native English speakers, which will help you improve your pronunciation. The more you listen, the better you’ll become. Then, you can also start learning new vocabulary and intonation in English. Another great way to improve your listening skills is to listen to English documentaries and sports. Many English-speaking countries have radio stations, so you can tune in to those to gain some insight into their culture. You’ll also learn about news and events in English-speaking countries. These are just a few of the many ways to improve your listening skills and improve your overall communication skills. You’ll be surprised how easy it is to develop your listening skills! This study aims to investigate the role of podcasts in improving listening skills in English. While there are many benefits of using podcasts in language learning, it’s important to note that there are certain limitations. For one, you must subscribe to these services. For another, you must subscribe to a podcast service before you can access the content. However, the paid subscription service allows you to access all the content. It will include a number of useful podcasts for the purpose of language learning. One advantage of podcasts is that you can listen to them at a slower speed. This will allow you enough time to write down new words or understand the pronunciation of unfamiliar words. In addition, you can pause the audio at any time and repeat the difficult words. Even if you can’t follow the podcast in its entirety, you can pause and rewind the podcast to take notes on the words and expressions. Another advantage of podcasts is that you can pause them whenever you feel like taking a break and listen again later. Furthermore, you can also find podcasts that act out real-life situations and offer broader discussion about a topic. While listening to a podcast can be difficult at first, it’s worth persevering. Try different podcasts, or listen to the same one several times. You’ll be surprised how much new language you pick up on each listen. BBC and YouTube have many podcasts that are aimed at beginners and intermediate speakers. Here’s the Thing podcast is an excellent example of a podcast for this purpose. This show interviews artists, policy makers, and performers. Unlike videos and other forms of media, podcasts are audio only, which forces visual learners to use their ears to understand what’s being said. Besides allowing them to hear the words and phrases, podcasts also expose listeners to different English accents, styles, and expressions. While some podcasts are longer than others, many are free and effective. Free podcasts are a great way to start learning the language, as many include transcripts for the listeners. This allows you to read along with the audio, while simultaneously learning pronunciation. It’s also a great way to learn strange pronunciation rules in English and learn important vocabulary. This way, you can practice both reading and listening at once! There’s no better way to learn English than this. 5. Classroom meetings Observe your classmates and try to identify what they are trying to say. This will make them feel more at ease in class, and they can practice their listening skills with others. When you have time, ask them if they have any recordings of their weekly meetings or schedule changes so you can hear how they say it. Listen carefully to intonation and pause when the speakers say something you don’t understand. If possible, hold one-on-one meetings with your students to practice your listening skills. One of the best ways to ensure student participation is to assign a specific task ahead of time. For instance, if you are facilitating a literature discussion, you should have students read the texts ahead of time and write down their thoughts on sticky notes before class. For students who have trouble thinking on their feet, this is a great way to improve their listening skills. One useful resource is titled Class Participation: More Than Raising Your Hands. You can also assign a specific number to each learner to measure their progress. This will keep learners motivated, as well as help them differentiate between different learning activities. You could assign a number to every listener, or make it easy to measure each student’s progress based on the difficulty level of the podcast. For example, if a learner can understand a podcast with only one listening question, then she would have good listening skills. When teaching adult learners, you can incorporate workplace program activities into your ESL classes. These activities can enhance their listening skills in every sphere of their lives. Whether it’s at work, at school, or at home, students can apply these skills. They can develop their confidence and become better communicators. You can also use workplace program activities to teach listening in any ESL class. The best part about workplace programs is that they can be used in any adult ESL class.

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Why Is Minnesota Called The Twin Cities Minneapolis and Saint Paul, two adjacent settlements separated by the Mississippi River, have been collectively referred to as the "Twin Cities" since the mid-19th century. Minneapolis was incorporated as a city in 1867 and later merged with St. Anthony's Falls to become one unified city in 1872. The proximity and shared history of these two cities has made them a prominent urban area in the Midwest region. Why are Minneapolis and Saint Paul called Twin Cities? The Twin Cities is a region in the United States that is named after its two main cities, Minneapolis and Saint Paul. The term "Twin Cities" is used to reflect the close relationship and shared institutions between the neighboring cities. This region has a strong political, educational, and cultural identity that is deeply rooted in the history of both cities. As a popular tourist destination, the Twin Cities offer a wealth of attractions and activities for visitors to explore. Where were the 'Twin Cities' founded? Twin Cities are pairs of cities that are located near each other and have a strong relationship. One well-known example is Minneapolis and Saint Paul in Minnesota. Despite being founded miles apart on opposite sides of the Mississippi River, the two cities competed for dominance as they grew. Twin Cities have a unique dynamic and can share resources, services, and cultural influences. When did Chicago become a twin city? Minneapolis is known as the Twin Cities due to its longstanding connection with its neighboring city, St. Paul. It was only in 1968, with the construction of an interstate, that these two cities were finally linked. Prior to this, the area had grown into the largest urban metro in the Midwest. This isolated growth allowed the two cities to develop their own distinct identities. Are St. Paul and Minneapolis the only cities in Minnesota? The Twin Cities comprise Minneapolis and St. Paul, two cities bordering each other in Minnesota. Minneapolis, being the more populous of the two, boasts numerous high-rise office buildings. This information may be confusing to non-locals unfamiliar with the area. What are the Twin Cities in Minnesota? The Twin Cities refer to the two major cities located in southern Minnesota, Minneapolis and St. Paul. The term is often used to encompass the entire metropolitan area that surrounds these cities, known as the Twin Cities Metro. The origin of the name is not definitive, but it is believed to have derived from their spatial proximity and similar characteristics. The term is commonly used to refer to the region and its various cities, making it a significant hub for commerce, culture, and entertainment. Which city is better Minneapolis or St Paul? In summary, Minneapolis and St. Paul are two distinct cities situated in close proximity to each other in the state of Minnesota, with their own unique characteristics and attractions. Minneapolis is known for its vibrant music and arts scenes, diverse neighborhoods, and bustling downtown area. On the other hand, St. Paul is renowned for its historic architecture, idyllic parks, and family-friendly attractions. Both cities offer a range of recreational and cultural activities, making them great places to live or visit. Depending on personal preferences, one can choose to explore the contrasting landscapes and atmospheres of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Is Minneapolis a thriving metro area? The Twin Cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul, are the largest urban areas in Minnesota, with almost 60% of the state's population residing in the metro area. The nickname "Twin Cities" originates from St. Anthony and Minneapolis, which were separate cities on either side of the Mississippi River before they merged to become Minneapolis in 1867. The two cities developed independently, leading to a friendly rivalry that persists today. The metro area has grown into a thriving cultural and economic hub, attracting new residents and businesses. Why are Minneapolis & St Paul called Minneapolis and St Paul? Minneapolis and St. Paul are commonly known as the Twin Cities. The origin of this name dates back to the 1800s when they were separated by a full day's carriage ride. After Minneapolis absorbed St. Anthony, St. Paul remained the closest major city. Over time, both cities grew independently, and the name "Twin Cities" stuck, reflecting their close proximity and interconnectedness. Is there a special reason why these two cities are called "twins"? The cities in question are commonly referred to as twin cities owing to their close proximity and overlapping infrastructure. The two metropolises share striking similarities in terms of the urban landscape, roadway systems, commercial and dining amenities, as well as educational systems. The close resemblance between the twin cities is a testament to their interdependent economies, shared cultural heritage, and a mesh of diverse communities that have coexisted throughout history. Why are Minnesota's Twin Cities called Twin Cities? The term "Twin Cities," commonly used to refer to Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, actually has its origins in the two cities, Minneapolis and St. Anthony, which were separated by the Mississippi River. In the 1870s, the two cities grew rapidly and merged into one metropolis. The name "Twin Cities" emerged as a nod to the close proximity of the two cities - which were often compared and contrasted - rather than a reference to St. Paul, the state capital. This historical context sheds light on the origins of the beloved nickname for this urban area. What is a twin city? A twin city refers to two adjacent cities or urban areas that gradually develop into a single conurbation or closely separated urban areas over time. The term originated from the development of Minneapolis and St. Paul, two major cities in Minnesota, USA, which came to be known as the "Twin Cities" metropolitan area. Other examples of twin cities are Tornio in Finland and Haparanda in Sweden. The concept of twin cities has become increasingly common across the world as urbanization and population growth continue to transform many regions. What is the difference between a twin city and a Quad City? Twin cities are generally defined as two cities with comparable size and status, although they need not be perfectly equal. It is important to note that twin cities usually refer to two cities, rather than a city and a smaller suburb, even if they were previously separate. Tri-cities and quad cities refer to phenomena that involve three or four municipalities respectively. Which city has the most nicknames? According to a survey, the top-ranked city nickname in the United States is "The Big Apple" for New York City, followed by "Sin City" for Las Vegas, "The Big Easy" for New Orleans, "Motor City" for Detroit, and "The Windy City" for Chicago. These nicknames are commonly used and associated with their respective cities, and highlight unique aspects of each location. What is the name of the highest city in America? This blog post discusses the nicknames of American cities. Los Angeles is commonly referred to as "City of Angels," which is a translation of its Spanish name. On the other hand, Denver is known as "The Mile High City" due to its elevation of approximately one mile above sea level -- the highest of any major city in America. These nicknames highlight unique aspects of each city and serve as a way to distinguish them from others. Can a state have more than one nickname? The United States is known for assigning nicknames to its states, representing a variety of features such as geography, history, and industry. While not all nicknames are considered official, many have become widely recognized and celebrated. This list excludes the District of Columbia and U.S. territories and is intended to provide an overview of the many nicknames associated with each state. Overall, state nicknames serve as a way to celebrate and honor the unique qualities of each region, instilling a sense of pride and identity among citizens. Why is Detroit called a city? Many cities in the United States are known by particular nicknames. For example, Detroit is commonly referred to as the Motor City because of its automotive industry, while Georgia is named after King George II of England. Cincinnati is often called the Queen City due to its cultural significance in the western United States. These nicknames reflect unique features or historical events that have shaped the identity of these American cities. Are there any other cities in the US that are referred to as twins? Texarkana is a metropolitan area that straddles the state line between Arkansas and Texas, USA. The city is comprised of two distinct municipalities, each with its own government and services, but sharing common cultural and economic ties. Both communities boast a rich history and flourishing economy, thanks in part to their location as a transportation hub for goods and services. The Texarkana area also offers a diverse range of educational and entertainment opportunities, making it a great place to live, work, and play. Why do we have twin towns and sister cities? The practice of twin towns and sister cities emerged after World War II as a means for promoting cultural exchange, peace, and reconciliation among different nations. This initiative aimed to encourage trade and tourism as well as to foster friendships and mutual understanding between former enemies and diverse cultures. While not all U.S. cities or states take part in this cultural exchange program, many have established partnerships with foreign cities to exchange knowledge, ideas, and experiences. Which cities are twinned in the world? Sister city relationships are established between cities around the world to promote cultural, economic, and educational ties. The twinning process involves signing an official agreement to establish a long-term partnership that encourages exchanges in various fields. Examples include Littleton, Colorado's relationship with Bega, Australia since 1961, the twinning of Tashkent, Uzbekistan with Seattle, Washington in 1973, and the joint efforts in medical research connecting Rochester, Minnesota and Knebworth, UK since 1967. The city of Ontario, California has also formed five sister city partnerships with communities across the globe. These partnerships make significant contributions towards promoting global understanding, goodwill, and cooperation. Why is Minneapolis called the Twin Cities? According to the Minnesota Historical Society, the original nickname for Minneapolis, "The Twin Cities," may have had a different historical context than commonly assumed. During the mid-1800s, Minneapolis had a "Twin City," which was not St. Paul as many believe, but a different Saint altogether. This surprising history highlights the unique and unpredictable nature of the development of cities and their nicknames. Is there a strong connection between St. Paul and Minneapolis? The Twin Cities are currently recognized as Minneapolis and St. Paul. This is due to the absorption of St. Anthony into Minneapolis, which left St. Paul as the only other major city in the vicinity. As time progressed, both Minneapolis and St. Paul developed and grew in their own unique ways. What is the difference between Minneapolis and St Paul? Minneapolis and St. Paul, two major cities in the State of Minnesota, have unique differences that set them apart. One of the most significant differences is in their arts and theater scene. Minneapolis is renowned for its theater productions and has some of the best-known theaters in the country, such as the Guthrie Theater and Walker Art Center. In contrast, St. Paul's theater scene is more community-oriented and offers a more intimate experience. These differences contribute to the distinct identities of each city and draw visitors to both. Why Didn't Minneapolis, St. Paul Ever Become One City? In the late 1800s, the growth of the Minneapolis milling industry resulted in the city surpassing St. Paul's population. However, there is no record of a proposal to merge the two cities. This could be due to a lack of interest or resistance from the respective communities. The reason for this is not well-documented, but it could be an area of further research. Is living in Saint Paul cheaper than living in Minneapolis? In summarizing the comparison between Minneapolis and Saint Paul, it can be observed that the former is more expensive than the latter. The monthly cost of living in Minneapolis tops at $2,181, while Saint Paul is slightly cheaper with an average monthly cost of $1,934. It is also notable that Minneapolis has a larger population than Saint Paul. These findings suggest that individuals who prioritize a more affordable city may opt for Saint Paul, while those seeking a bustling urban area may choose Minneapolis. What is Twin Cities Pride? Twin Cities Pride, which marks its 50th anniversary in late June, has grown from a small gathering of a few dozen people to a massive event attended by around 400,000 people. The celebrations in Minnesota have had a significant impact on the broader Pride movement, with the first-ever recorded Pride march taking place in Minneapolis. As such, the Twin Cities holds a special place in the history of the LGBTQ+ community, and its achievements continue to inspire and influence efforts towards equality and acceptance worldwide. What's happening at the Taking Back Pride march in Minneapolis? The current state of Pride in Minnesota, as reported by MPR News, is one marked by calls for increased social justice and police reform. Demonstrators continue to advocate for the exclusion of police from Pride festivals, demand accountability for police violence, and call for greater protection of Black transgender individuals. These efforts reflect the significant changes that have occurred within the state since the killing of George Floyd and the ongoing repercussions of the COVID-19 pandemic. What's happening at Loring Park for Twin Cities Pride's 50th anniversary? The 50th anniversary of Twin Cities Pride was celebrated with enthusiasm and festivity as individuals of all ages and attire, donned in rainbow colors, flocked to Loring Park. However, there was also an undercurrent of apprehension and unease, as many expressed their concerns about the recent overturning of Roe v. Wade by the Supreme Court. Despite the challenges faced by the community, the celebration continued with music, hugs, and the waving of flags. Does Minneapolis have a transgender community? Minneapolis, known for its liberal politics, is grappling with issues of racism and inequality. The city council, comprised of 12 Democrats and a member of the Green Party, features two black transgender members. The community celebrates Juneteenth, which marks the end of slavery, but still faces significant challenges in addressing systemic racism. The recent death of George Floyd at the hands of a white police officer has led to widespread protests and calls for change in Minneapolis and beyond. Who are city's biggest rivals? According to a 2019 survey, Manchester City fans consider Liverpool to be their biggest rival, instead of Manchester United. However, this rivalry holds less historical significance compared to the Manchester derby. Do any cities have two football clubs that have bitter rivalries? The city of Liverpool is known for its football rivalry between Everton Football Club and Liverpool Football Club. This rivalry has a long and storied history, with both clubs located in close proximity to each other in the city's football quarter. The intense rivalry between the two clubs often results in heated matches and fierce competition. Despite the animosity, however, both clubs are deeply ingrained in the city's culture and have a passionate fanbase that remains devoted to their respective teams. What is intercity rivalry? Intercity transportation refers to the movement of people or goods between different cities or towns. It may involve modes of transport such as intercity buses, trains, or airplanes. In contrast, intracity transportation is characterized by the movement of people or goods within a particular city or urban area. This may include modes of transport such as city buses, subway systems, or bikes. The main difference between intercity and intracity transportation is the distance covered and the nature of the route. Intercity transportation is typically longer and aims to connect different cities, while intracity transportation is more local and focuses on moving people or goods within a city or urban area. What is the City-Poly football rivalry? The annual City-Poly football rivalry, known for its intense competition, took place at a neutral site, Homewood Field at Johns Hopkins University. The game resulted in a 24-16 victory for City. However, despite the years of tradition and passionate fans, both teams ultimately lost in the playoffs. Unfortunately, the game ended with multiple fights breaking out among players on both sides, overshadowing the competitive spirit of the game. Are there any major differences or distinctions between St. Paul and Minneapolis? The debate between Minneapolis and St. Paul as preferable cities in Minnesota is ongoing, but both cities offer unique qualities that make them attractive to visitors and residents alike. Despite the ongoing controversy, apartments by Bigos Apartments are available across the Twin Cities, providing equal access to quality housing options regardless of one's preference for Minneapolis or St. Paul. Overall, both cities have much to offer, and can be considered excellent destinations for those seeking vibrant urban hubs in the state. What counties are in the Minneapolis-St Paul metro area? The Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area encompasses 7 counties, including Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington, all located within the state of Minnesota. While many residents of the region reside within these core counties, there is also significant cross-border activity with neighboring Pierce and St. Croix counties in Wisconsin. While there are many similarities between these two cities, Minneapolis and St. Paul have distinct differences in terms of their culture, history, and character, which may appeal to different types of residents. Is St Paul a sleepy city? When comparing Minneapolis and St. Paul, it is clear that Minneapolis is the larger city with approximately 437,000 residents, compared to St. Paul's population of about 305,000. Despite being the capital of Minnesota, St. Paul has a reputation for being the quieter and more relaxed of the two cities. However, both cities offer unique cultural experiences, and it ultimately depends on personal preferences when deciding which city to call home.

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After some 23 German Nazi Medical Doctors were tried for crimes against humanity for the human experiments they carried out on unwilling prisoners of war and mentally disabled children, the Nuremberg Codes were created. The U.S. Government codified them into U.S. law. What Are The Nuremberg Code’s Ethical Guidelines For Research? The Nuremberg Code’s goal was to create universal standards to protect humans from enduring the cruelty and exploitation the prisoners endured in concentration camps. The 10 elements of the code are: More @ 360 News

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Reason for White Hair: It is quite normal if your hair color changes. Of course, we have seen people panicking over their white or grey hair. But let’s admit the fact that White hair is very common. Even people who are in their 20s or 30s have white hair strands. Rather than panicking, sit back, relax and let’s find out what are the reasons for this white hair – - Genetics – We all know genetics play a major role in our skin and hair structure. If there is a common tradition or observation that everyone or let’s say most people in your family has got white hair early, then there are major changes that you will also get the same. - Melanin Reduction – Melanin decreases from our body from time to time. This is mainly because of protein loss and nutrient reduction. When melanin decreases then the hair turns grey and when there is a significant reduction in melanin then the hair turns white. - Medical conditions – Certain medical conditions can also trigger the increase of white hair on your scalp. Thyroid dysfunction or alopecia areata can also lead to white hair. - Vitamin Deficiency – Deficiency in vitamins like B12, biotin, E, B6, D causes white hair. Nutritional deficiencies affect hair pigmentation and thus the hair turns white. Research conducted has also pointed out that lower levels of serum ferritin cause premature hair whitening in young Indians. - Stress – Stress amounts to a number of skin and hair issues. Do you know even smoking and excess alcohol consumption can also cause your hair to turn white? Regular consumption of junk food can also lead to white hair in the future. - Oxidative Stress – Oxidative stress occurs when there is a natural imbalance in the body because of the lack of antioxidants. Lack of antioxidants is not able to revive the free radicals as a result of which aging and such imbalances in pigmentation are quite common. - Chemicals – Chemical exposure on your scalp can cause white hair. We use shampoos, conditioners and many other hair products which worsen our hair’s health and condition in the long run, as a result, we get white hair. - External factors – climatic condition, pollution, unhealthy hair also impacts a lot on your skin and hair. This can also be a major cause of white hair and unhealthy skin condition. Let us know if you are also suffering from the same in the comments down below and what treatment are you adopting for the same.

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Robert Bullard says he was “drafted” into environmental justice while working as an environmental sociologist in Houston in the late 1970s. His work there on the siting of garbage dumps in black neighborhoods identified systematic patterns of injustice. The book that Bullard eventually wrote about that work, 1990’s Dumping in Dixie, is widely regarded as the first to fully articulate the concept of environmental justice. Since then, Bullard, who is as much activist as academic, has been one of the leading voices of environmental-justice advocacy. He was one of the planners of the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in 1991, at which the organizing principles of modern environmental justice were formulated. Bullard later helped the Clinton administration write the watershed executive order that required all federal agencies to consider environmental justice in their programs. Under the Bush administration, progress made during the 1990s is under attack, with even the U.S. EPA working to dismantle that provision. As he has for 25 years, Bullard stands at the forefront of efforts to maintain environmental-justice gains, and to make mainstream environmentalists aware of the issues at stake. Currently on sabbatical from his position as director of the Environmental Justice Resource Center at Clark Atlanta University, Bullard has just published his 12th book. The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the Politics of Pollution brings together more than 20 contributors for a survey of the movement’s past and future. Grist caught up with Bullard as he took a break from working on a Ford Foundation-funded study of how government actions have endangered the health and welfare of African Americans over the past seven decades. Most recently, this work has turned Bullard’s attention to the area devastated by Hurricane Katrina, which he describes as the latest urban environmental sacrifice zone. How did you first become involved in environmental justice? I was a young sociology professor just two years out of graduate school. My wife asked me to collect data for a lawsuit she had filed. A company had decided to put a landfill in the middle of a predominantly black, middle-class, suburban neighborhood — a neighborhood where 85 percent of the people owned their homes. Of course, the state gave them a permit, but the people said “no.” I saw that 100 percent of all the city-owned landfills in Houston were in black neighborhoods, though blacks made up only 25 percent of the population. Three out of four of the privately owned landfills were located in predominantly black neighborhoods, and six out of eight of the city-owned incinerators. In a city that does not have zoning, it meant that these were decisions made by individuals in government. That’s how I got dragged into this. And you got hooked. I got hooked. I started connecting the dots in terms of housing, residential patterns, patterns of land use, where highways go, where transportation routes go, and how economic-development decisions are made. It was very clear that people who were making decisions — county commissioners or industrial boards or city councils — were not the same people who were “hosting” these facilities in their communities. Without a doubt, it was a form of apartheid where whites were making decisions and black people and brown people and people of color, including Native Americans on reservations, had no seat at the table. Just before Hurricane Katrina, you were getting ready to look at natural disasters as part of a study of how government actions endanger the health of African Americans in the South. How does Katrina fit the historical pattern? Katrina was not isolated. It was not an aberration, and it was not incompetence on the part of FEMA and Michael Brown and the Bush administration. This has been going on for a long time under Republicans and Democrats, and the central theme that drives all of this is race and class. You’ve done a lot of work with schools. Why is that of particular concern? Poor children in urban areas are poisoned in their homes. And when they go to school, they get another dose. And when they go outside and play, they get another dose. It’s a slow-motion disaster: the most vulnerable population in our society is children, and the most vulnerable children are children of color. If we protect the most vulnerable in our society — these children — we protect everybody. Can you give a sense of the scale of the problem surrounding these schools? Moton Elementary School, in New Orleans, is built on top of a landfill, causing lots of problems with the water in the school. The playgrounds in Norco, La., in Cancer Alley, are across from a huge Shell refinery. You stay there 15 minutes and you can’t breathe. And in South Camden, N.J., there are schools and playgrounds on the waterfront where you have all this industry, all this nasty stuff. Almost two-thirds of the children in that neighborhood have asthma. In West Harlem, the North River Water Treatment Plant covers eight blocks near a school. On the south side of Chicago, it’s the same kind of thing. From coast to coast, you see this happening. It’s not just the landfill, it’s not just the incinerator, it’s not just the garbage dump, it’s not just the crisscrossing freeway and highway, and the bus barns that dump all that stuff in these neighborhoods — it’s all that combined. Even if each particular facility is in compliance, there are no regulations that take into account this saturation. It may be legal, but it is immoral. Just like slavery was legal, but slavery has always been immoral. Let’s look at a specific case in which you’re an expert witness: In Dickson County, Tenn., a county that is just over 4 percent black, a landfill was sited in the middle of a poor black community several decades ago. The dump was later a candidate for Superfund status, yet black families contend that authorities told them their water was OK to drink, even as they were telling white families not to drink it. In 2003, one family whose land borders the dump began a lawsuit against the county and the company that allegedly dumped the industrial waste. What does it take for a community to stand up against such comprehensive injustice? In every struggle, somebody has to step forward, just like Rosa Parks or Martin Luther King Jr. In this case, it’s the Holt family: they have drawn a line in the dirt and said “no.” Every time I go there, I’m amazed at their spirits. These are fighters, from strong stock: this is a community of black people who owned land dating back over 100 years. They are resilient. But at the same time, they’re sick. Harry Holt is the patriarch in the family right now, and he has cancer. His daughter, Sheila Holt-Orsted, has cancer. His son has an immune deficiency. That’s how these lawsuits play out: it’s a waiting game. The people with the money can wait the longest, and the people who are sick generally can’t, because at some point, sick people die. And they know that. That is the cruelty and the horrific nature of environmental racism. What keeps you going? People who fight. People like the Holt family. People who do not let the garbage trucks and the landfills and the petrochemical plants roll over them. That has kept me in this movement for the last 25 years. And in the last 10 years, we’ve been winning: lawsuits are being won, reparations are being paid, apologies are being made. These companies have been put on notice that they can’t do this anymore, anywhere. It’s no longer overt policy to practice environmental racism in this country, yet it keeps happening. Where is the locus of the problem now? Now it’s institutional racism. You don’t have a lot of individuals out there wearing sheets and hoods. Instead you see it as the policies get played out. On their face, policies may appear to be race-neutral. They say, “We’re going to look at unemployment, poverty rates, and educational level,” but the poorest areas oftentimes correspond to racialized places. Without even talking about race, you can almost predict where these locally unwanted land uses, or LULUs, will go. In your 2003 book Just Sustainabilities: Development in an Unequal World, you took a look at what sustainability means from an environmental-justice perspective. Is there such a thing as sustainability without justice? No, there’s not. This whole question of environment, economics, and equity is a three-legged stool. If the third leg of that stool is dealt with as an afterthought, that stool won’t stand. The equity components have to be given equal weight. But racial and economic and social equity can be very painful topics: people get uncomfortable when questions of poor people and race are raised. In your latest book, you wrote, “Building a multiethnic, multiracial, multi-issue, anti-racist movement is not easy.” That seems like a huge understatement. Has anything like that ever been done? No. What we’re up against is really trying to disentangle and unpack a lot of baggage, from slavery to colonialism to neo-colonialism to imperialism, and all those -isms that have really served as wedges. For example, before we had the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit, there was very little interaction and understanding and collaboration among African Americans and Latino Americans and Native Americans and Asian and Pacific Islander Americans on anything. We had the civil-rights movement, but the modern civil-rights movement was not necessarily your model multiethnic, multiracial movement. There was friction and lots of confrontations and animosities in terms of who’s going to lead and the extent to which paternalism and racism and sexism could be eliminated. The environmental-justice movement took on the huge task of breaking down mistrust and stereotypes and the internalized racisms that we’re all victims of. You have some dynamics that are really very complex. But we’ve made a lot of progress: we’ve worked out the relationships for partnering and respecting leadership styles. There are a couple of cases in your latest book of people involved in local struggles who went on to hold elected office. How representative is that of environmental justice as a leadership incubator? In at least a quarter of cases, the leaders that emerge to work on local environmental-justice issues get involved in electoral politics. They get elected to school boards, city councils, and run for state representative. And 35 percent of them are women. In other cases, they become the go-to people when it comes to, “What about jobs? What about this facility? Will it be a good thing or is this just a sell job?” Whether they be retired school teachers or retired mail carriers or little old grandmothers who have lots of time to devote to these issues, this is the training ground for leaders. Marshall Ganz has pointed out that many of the mainstream, national environmental groups are D.C.-based lobbying organizations that don’t have the really engaged grassroots constituencies you’re describing. How do you see these two different kinds of groups working together? The environmental-justice movement was never about creating little black Greenpeaces or little brown Environmental Defenses or little red Audubon Societies. These organizations have their expertise and when we can work together and maximize our strengths, that’s when we win. There’s division of labor that can work to the advantage of this whole movement. When the mainstream national environmental groups pair up with environmental-justice groups that have the ability to mobilize large numbers of constituents — to get people marching and filling up those courtrooms and city council meetings — that’s when you can talk about an environmental movement. A great example of how it should be done is happening right now in Louisiana. The Natural Resources Defense Council is partnering with the Deep South Center for Environmental Justice and the Louisiana Environmental Action Network to work on testing and issues of environmental justice after Katrina. NRDC brings a lot of expertise, but is respecting those organizations based in New Orleans and Cancer Alley. They’re really showing how a national group and local groups can form a relationship that is principled. So you’re hopeful? On our side we have lots of committed troops on the ground and a growing movement of young people. Because of the way race operates in this society, there are some people — poor white people, for example — who have been given blinders; they’re blinded by racism and have voted against their own best interests. When we take the blinders off and allow every single American to rise and reach his or her potential without these artificial barriers, then we could really become a great country. What environmental-justice issues might we be surprisingly close to breaking through on? Globally we’ve got a long way to go, but the fact is we don’t have a lot of time — I think that reality will force collaboration. An awareness that what we do in the developed world doesn’t just impact us is now pretty much a given. But we have to move that to another level of action and policy: the framework that environmental justice has laid out can resonate across a lot of developing countries. In the end, I think we’ll be able to get our message out because it’s based on principles and it’s based on truth and justice. Click here to read more thoughts from Robert Bullard on Katrina and institutionalized racism.

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In honor of Mental Health Awareness Month in May, the Mankato Family YMCA is encouraging community members to join the conversation about mental health. Mental health is how we think, feel and act. At the Y, we recognize that we all have mental health, and mental health is an important part of our physical health and social-emotional well-being, as well as a core component of our identity. “We can all play a role in supporting each other’s mental health – at the Y and in our communities,” said John Kind, Executive Director. “The first step is to start talking in our communities about what mental health really is.” Help the Y get the conversation going about mental health this Mental Health Awareness Month by sharing these facts with your friends and family: FACT: We all have mental health, not just those who live with a mental illness. Everyone faces challenges in their life that can impact our mental health. FACT: There are many things we can do each day to positively impact our mental health. A few examples include: - moving, fueling and resting our bodies - being mindful of how we’re feeling and what’s going on around us - connecting with others, and - asking for help when needed FACT: In addition to biological and environmental factors, mental health is influenced by health inequities that can be attributed to systemic racism, the social determinants of health and exposure to trauma. Ys and community organizations can support mental health by addressing barriers that prevent marginalized communities from having access to the support they need. FACT: Mental health and physical health are interconnected, and both can impact your overall well-being. For example, research shows that exercise can alleviate long-term depression.1 FACT: Positive mental health can be supported in community settings, like the Y, in addition to traditional clinical settings. The Y supports the mental health of individuals and communities in all of the work we do to help people reach their full potential—whether that’s creating a space for our active older adults, supporting youth in our summer camps or helping people achieve their best physical health. FACT: We all can support the mental health of our community through bringing empathy, compassion and kindness to our interactions with others. Something as simple as intentionally asking “how are you?” and encouraging honest answers can provide us an opportunity to normalize mental health and help others when they need it. If you or someone you know is struggling with their mental health, know that help is available. Visit the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline for a list of resources. For immediate help 24-hours a day, call 800-273-8255 or text TALK to 741741.

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We have been through so many different math curriculum options over the years. I have been looking for a homeschool math curriculum that included short lessons, hands on activities, an easy parent guide, and a physical workbook for my kids to work in for years. I had only found curriculum that included a few of these requirements…until I found Apologia math curriculum, Exploring Creation with Mathematics. It fits all of my “must haves” list and I’m so excited to finally have a math that I love using! I received this curriculum for free and have been compensated for my time to give you this amazing review! All opinions are my own and the honest to goodness truth. Apologia Math Curriculum Apologia is obviously super well known for their science curriculum, but they knocked it out of the park with their math. Levels 1-3 are out now and I cannot wait for future levels to be released! My older two boys are above the released levels, but with my one kiddo just finishing third grade, we’ve been able to use bits and pieces of Level 3 to try it out. The rest of it is going to be safely tucked away until my little girl is ready for it in just a couple short years! I am in LOVE with what we’ve done so far. Here are my very favorite aspects of this curriculum…. See Inside Apologia Math Check out my video review to see even more inside of Apologia Math! Exploring Creation with Mathematics includes short lessons Young kids have short attention spans. We all know this, right? Then why, oh, why do so many math curriculum optios have these long, drawn out lessons?! With Apologia’s math, you’re going to find short, age appropriate lessons. There’s a sample schedule in the front of each parent guide that you can follow to get the lessons done in a 4-day-a-week set up for 30 weeks. This is so wonderful for elementary age children because it gives you time to do real world exploring, too! Learn math with hands on activities Hands on activities are HUGE for me! If a math curriculum for elementary age kids doesn’t get them hands on, I don’t feel like it’s a complete curriculum. This curriculum covers so many different learning styles: visual with the workbooks, auditory with the parent guide for you to verbally explain what your child needs to do, and that great kinesthetic learning with hands on activities. My kids had a blast playing Multiplication Battleship. All of the hands on activities can be done with simple supplies you can find in your home, or with worksheets like this one that are found in the back of the parent guide. Even my 12 year old was eager to play this game! Apologia’s math has an easy-to-use parent guide Math is probably my least favorite subject to teach because I was not great at math growing up. However, when math curriculum includes a great parent guide, it gives me the confidence I need to teach math to my kids. Apologia lays it all out for you in each lesson. The parent guide pairs beautifully with the child’s workbook so you can see exactly what they’re doing, what the correct answers are, what you need to say/do to teach them, lesson extentions, and more. An age appropriate workbook for children Like I’ve already mentioned, Exploring Creation with Mathematics is super age appropriate! I love that there is a physical workbook for the kids to work in. It’s just colorful enough that it isn’t distracting, and it also includes pictures of the projects the children will be working on. This is a great visual for parents and children alike. This definitely gets an A+ from me!! Apologia Math may be my favorite math curriculum option out there… After searching far and wide, I think I’m pretty confident that this is my favorite math curriculum I’ve ever seen. I cannot wait for my daughter to be old enough to really dig in and get amazing use out of it!! But, don’t just take my word for it. Check it out for yourself! What’s your favorite part of Exploring Creation with Mathematics? Let me know in my online homeschool community or down in the comments below! Your Chance to win Apologia Math with an AMAZING giveaway! 2 winners (USA or Canada only) will get an Exploring Creation with Mathematics Basic Set — winner’s choice of either Level 1, 2, or 3. So exciting!! This giveaway is only through August 1, 2021, so enter now! Apologia also has their math available up to 25% off through August 3rd, so be sure to check it out and snag your discount! Looking for even more math resources? Be sure to check out my ultimate list of math resources for your homeschool!

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Date of Graduation School of Public Health Ilana RA Chertok R Constance Wiener Introduction: In sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS is one of the leading causes of mortality that disproportionately affects women and children. In this sub-region, 57% of those living with HIV are women and is home for 90% of children under the age of 15 that are living with HIV. This study examined socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with HIV testing and HIV seropositivity among women and children using nationally representative data.;Methods: The study employed a cross-sectional study design using data from Demographic and Health Survey and AIDS Indicator Survey, conducted between the years 2006 and 2012 from 25 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. The main outcomes of interest for the three studies included testing and receiving test results of HIV among women 15-45 years (n=255,048), HIV seropositivity among women 15-45 years (n = 155,356), and HIV seropositivity in children 0-14 years (n=15,034). Multilevel modeling techniques were employed to explore the association of these outcomes and individual, community and country level factors.;Results: With respect to HIV testing and reporting test results, women who were married or who had been married were more likely to report HIV testing and receiving test results,. Higher parity was associated with higher likelihood of HIV testing. The odds of HIV testing and receiving test results reduced with decreasing education and decreasing household wealth status. Employed women and women with moderate and high media exposure were more likely to report HIV testing and receipt of test results. Rural residents had reduced odds HIV testing and receiving test results (Adjusted odds ratio, aOR=0.79; 95% CI 0.69, 0.90). The odds of HIV testing and receipt of test results was lower for women with high enacted HIV/AIDS stigma (aOR=0.77; 95% CI 0.72, 0.81). A one-unit increase in a country's expenditure on public health (% of GDP), the odds of testing and receipt of test results increased by 48% (aOR=1.48; 95% CI 1.19 to 1.83). In terms of HIV seropositivity, factors that include age, marital status, parity, and pregnancy status, type of residence, stigma, and age at first sex, involvement in premarital sex and having multiple partners were significantly associated with higher odds of testing HIV positive. Factors associated with HIV seropositivity in children 0-14 years include maternal HIV seropositivity (Adjusted odds ratio, aOR = 16.61; 95% CI 16.40, 16.82), maternal age at birth, maternal marital status, maternal employment status and maternal level of HIV/AIDS awareness.;Conclusion: Testing for HIV and receiving test results and HIV seropositivity among women and children in sub-Saharan Africa are influenced by a complex set of socio-demographic and behavioral characteristics at different levels. The development of effective intervention to prevent HIV infection in these groups requires a much deeper exploration of the influence of these factors. Haile, Zelalem T., "Socio-demographic and behavioral factors associated with HIV testing and HIV seropositivity among women and children in sub-Saharan Africa: A population-based multilevel analysis" (2014). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 5734.

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China has a big dream about One Belt One Road or Belt and Road Initiative. The Chinese people believe that there will be a great resurrection of the Chinese nation if the dream comes true. One Belt One Road is usually called ‘OBOR’ or ‘Belt and Road Initiative”. Through this gigantic project, China wants to link different regions of Asia, Africa and Europe. For the purpose of funding this project, a bank named Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIT) has been established in China with a capital of one hundred billion dollars. Besides, China has formed forty billion dollar Silk Road Fund. Beijing is using government and non-governmental organizations to implement the plan. The concept of Belt and Road Initiative is the brainchild of the current Chinese President Xi Jinping. In October 2013, President Xi Jinping presented his visionary plan to the world which is now playing a Key role in redefining China’s relations with the rest of the world. Under the master plan, China wants to connect its mainland with more than sixty countries. The initiative mainly consists of two parts- 1. China will be connected to Central Asia, South and Southeast Asia and Europe by land routes. China is also building oil pipelines along the routes. 2. China will be connected to the Indian Ocean littoral states with waterways. This is the modern version of the ancient Maritime Silk Route. China is attaching great importance to South and Southeast Asia as part of the One Belt One Road project. The Middle East is also very important to China. Iran is a significant player in China’s Belt and Road initiative. Likewise, Egypt and Israel have vital roles in the BRI. China has already invested $ 4.5 billion in Egypt. China also has a six billion dollar trade agreement with Iran. The Original Silk Route existed nearly two thousand years ago. It was an important trade route in the world. The route was instrumental for economic, cultural and political exchange between Asia, Africa and Europe. China’s new ‘Silk Road Economic Belt’ and ‘Twenty-First Century Maritime Silk Road’ will also do the same. Business will be expanded with the creation of new and improved infrastructure which will result in economic growth for all countries concerned. The official map of the “One Belt One Road” shows that there will be a road from China’s Siyan to Urumqi. Beijing will also build a road from China to Spain. The road will go through Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan in Central Asia to Moscow, Poland, Hamburg in Germany, Rotterdam in the Netherlands and finally to Madrid. China is also preparing a master plan for the Maritime Silk Road. Through the Maritime Silk Road, China wants to connect with Sri Lanka, Singapore, Bangladesh and Myanmar in South and Southeast Asia. It will also connect China with Djibouti, Kenya and some other states in Africa. When the Chinese President Xi Jinping initiated the ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative in 2013, it attracted a lot of attention around the world. It was an attempt to restore the ancient Silk Road which connected the East and the West. Almost sixty countries and several international organizations are involved in this mega project of the twenty-first century. Due to this reason, the project will offer unprecedented opportunities for countries involved. To make the plan a reality, China has initiated a diplomatic offensive across the globe. In fact, China will construct two ‘Economic Corridors’ under the One Belt One Road. First, there will be a road and a railroad from Kunming to Cox’s Bazar and the second one will be from Kashgar in Xinjiang province of China to Gwadar of Balochistan, Pakistan. China has a great interest in the One Belt One Road master plan which cannot be denied. But the respective countries can also benefit from the project. Oil pipeline will be added to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Transportation of oil in a short time, from the Persian Gulf, will be possible due to the CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor). China will also get access to the central Asian oil through the CPEC. China is dependent on imported oil. Its reliance on Central Asian oil is increasing due to rapid economic growth and industrialization. Recommended: Xi Deserves a Third Term If the CPEC is fully implemented, Pakistan will be able to provide direct employment to seven hundred thousand people. It will increase the economic growth of the country by 2.5 percent. Under the project, highways will be built between Karachi and Lahore. Pakistan’s electricity production will be increased to 10,400 megawatts. The project has already been partially launched. It will link the Gwadar Port of Pakistan to Xinjiang province of China Even before the One Belt One Road and Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, China has invested heavily in infrastructure in the region. China has built an oil pipeline in Kazakhstan. It has constructed another pipeline for importing oil from Russia to China. China also has a plan to connect its Yunnan province. Keeping this in mind, China wants to construct the Kunming-Cox’s Bazar-Kolkata road (which is known as K-to-K). When it is built, Bangladesh will be able to import Chinese goods and products by road. It will save time and money for Bangladesh, China and India to import and export goods and products. Besides, Bangladesh will be able to connect itself with China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. By doing so, Bangladesh will get access to Central Asian oil. Based on regional cooperation, the BCIM has been formed between Bangladesh, China, India and Myanmar to implement the Belt and Road Initiative in the South Asian region. Indian Concern Over Belt and Road Initiative Leaders in New Delhi are concerned about the project. There are three primary reasons for Indian concern and anxiety. First, China’s economic and geopolitical influence in the countries of this region will be increased, if the project becomes successful. Second, under this project, China will invest a huge amount of money in Pakistan, the arch-enemy of India. Third, the Chinese presence in the strategically important Indian Ocean will be increased. As part of this project, China is making large investments in infrastructure and port development in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and Myanmar. Meanwhile, Sri Lanka’s Port City Development Project has been implemented with 1.4 billion dollars from China. India fears that the Chinese submarines will be stationed in Gwadar Port of Pakistan and Beijing will monitor the Persian Gulf. Most of the world’s cargo ships use this waterway to transport goods and products to Europe, America and Asia. But China is working to mitigate the fear of India. The Chinese are following a path of fine diplomacy. Mazharul Islam studied at York College / The City University of New York (CUNY).

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Embroidered in the USA The United Nation’s most recent climate report gives humans a 10-year ultimatum to address the earth’s climate crisis. Scientists warn that climate change is an imminent threat to the survival of humanity and the world’s vital ecosystems. The devastating effects of climate change could be irreversible by 2030. If we do not make changes to our current model of life, we will likely see an increase in widespread flooding, extreme heat, drought, lack of growing conditions for food creating famine, scarcity of clean water, a sea-level rise that could destroy entire cities, excessive poverty, and a refugee crisis which is estimated to affect 1 in 9 people worldwide. We need to harness the power of love and empathy to address the climate and immigration crises. They’re both daunting, which is why we need to learn the facts, then let go of fear, then take action. We are living through one of the most significant periods in humanity’s history, and we have the power to guide the future towards crisis and suffering or sustainability and unity. Here are a few actions we can all take to be part of a more beautiful future: BOYCOTT / DIVEST / BUY RESPONSIBLY / BUY LESS / COMMUNICATE Consumption is one of the main instigators of the environmental genocide. One extremely impactful way we can exercise our power as consumers is to buy less and to buy responsibly. You can demand companies to change their ways by simply writing an email, letter, or making a phone call. You’d be surprised at the impact this can have. Boycott and divest from companies & banks that are not working towards a sustainable and socially balanced world. Visit Buycott.com for more information. Nonviolent action is the practice of achieving goals, such as social change, through symbolic protests, civil disobedience, economic or political noncooperation, satyagraha, or other methods, while being nonviolent. Learn more by visiting nonviolenceny.org or join Rebellion.earth Electing leaders with climate-friendly policies matters immeasurably, more than forgoing a plastic straw in your coffee, but that does help – so keep doing that. It’s important to vote in all elections, both local and national. If you’re not already registered, do so by visiting: Register.rockthevote.com WAKE THE FUCK UP OR GET WOKE THE FUCK UP Learn more about the problems and solutions by visiting: YOU CAN MAKE YOUR PURCHASE CARBON NEUTRAL: – Post a photo with #ClimateChangelsReal & #AkompliceAction – Tag @Akomplice in the photo – Follow @Akomplice – We’ll then purchase carbon offsets to counterbalance the impact of this item. The devastating effects of climate change could become irreversible by 2030 if we do not make changes to our current model of life. We will likely see widespread flooding, extreme heat, drought and lack of growing conditions for food creating famine, scarcity of clean water, a sea-level rise that could destroy entire cities, excessive poverty, and a refugee crisis estimated to affect 1 in 9 people worldwide.

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NASA’s Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) satellite has been provided with a mission extension via a $19 million award from the Agency. The extension will also provide additional involvement for IRIS, with Chilean cooperation and more collaborative observations with observatories in California and Europe. The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph, or IRIS, is a small satellite observing the sun at ultraviolet wavelengths, in order to study the transfer of energy in the chromosphere and transition region. Initially designed for a two-year mission, IRIS carries an ultraviolet spectrometer attached to a telescope with a diameter of 20 centimeters (8 inches). The satellite returns images and spectra produced every few seconds, allowing material to be tracked as it passes through the chromosphere. The Sun’s surface, or photosphere, has a temperature of around 6,000 Kelvin (5,726 degrees Celsius); however the outer layer of its atmosphere, the corona, has a temperature far exceeding this. With no fusion occurring in the outer layers of the Sun, scientists would expect the corona to be cooler than other layers, however in the thin transition region, the Sun’s temperature rises dramatically. It is hoped that by providing high-resolution observations of the photosphere, chromosphere and transition region, IRIS can help physicists to understand the processes involved. The results – which included IRIS being able to catch nine of the largest flares (X-class) and almost 100 of the second largest class of flares (M-class) and numerous weaker C-class flares – have been promising, paving the way for the mission extension. The $19.4 million contract extends Lockheed Martin’s support for the orbiting observatory through September 2018, with a further extension possible through September 2019. “IRIS has taken more than 24 million images or spectral measurements of the sun since its launch three years ago, and it has led to more than 115 scientific papers,” said Dr. Bart De Pontieu, IRIS science lead at Lockheed Martin’s Advanced Technology Center. “In this new extension, IRIS will be able to study a wide range of phenomena, including the source regions of fast solar wind, a stream of charged particles that continuously emanates from the sun at speeds of 1,000 km/s and fills the space around the Earth.” The IRIS satellite was also constructed by Lockheed Martin. The spacecraft has a mass of 183 kilograms (403 lb); 87 kilograms of which is the scientific payload. The spacecraft can downlink data at a rate of 15 megabits per second by means of a directional x-band transponder. It makes fifteen passes per day over its four ground stations in Alaska, Svalbard, Antarctica and Virginia. The satellite’s peak power consumption is 340 watts, with electrical power being provided by two solar panels measuring 135 by 64 centimeters (53 by 25 inches). IRIS was the eleventh mission to launch as part of NASA’s Small Explorer (SMEX) program, which is part of the wider Explorer program. The spacecraft was launched by Orbital ATK’s Pegasus rocket in 2013, deployed from the belly of Stargazer carrier plane. Stargazer departed runway 12/30 at Vandenberg, before Pegasus was dropped over the Pacific Ocean at coordinates 36.0 north, 123.0 west. At deployment, Stargazer was at an altitude of 11.89 kilometers (39,000 ft) and flying at a velocity of 243 meters per second (797 ft/sec). Once Stargazer entered its designated drop zone, and the countdown reached zero, the rocket was released. Five seconds later, the first stage motor ignited to begin the rocket’s ascent to orbit. The ascent to spacecraft separation was without issue, allowing for IRIS to begin its mission. With the extension, IRIS will continue observations for more specific computer models that reveal what heats the Sun’s chromosphere, a layer of the Sun’s atmosphere that is responsible for most of the ultraviolet light that we receive on Earth. IRIS will also work with a slew of ground-based telescopes that are coming online with powerful new instrumentation such as the German GREGOR telescope, the Swedish Solar Telescope in the Canary Islands and Big Bear Solar Observatory, California. The spacecraft will also be involved with the first solar observing campaigns newly approved for the large, international radio-telescope in Chile called ALMA. Coordinated observations of ALMA and IRIS will provide a new window into what drives the dynamics and heating of the low solar atmosphere. (Images via NASA and Lockheed Martin).

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Alzheimer’s tied to cholesterol, abnormal nerve insulation From NIH Research Matters The protein apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays a key role throughout the body. It helps to transport cholesterol and other fatty molecules, or lipids. The gene that produces APOE comes in a few different varieties. The most common is called APOE3. The most notorious is APOE4, which has long been linked to an increased risk of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease. People who inherit one copy of the APOE4 gene have up to a fourfold greater risk of developing Alzheimer’s dementia. Inheriting two copies of APOE4 elevates the risk up to 12-fold. But despite years of study, scientists have little understanding of how APOE4 affects the human brain and boosts dementia risk. Earlier research by Dr. Li-Huei Tsai of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and others found that APOE4 might raise Alzheimer’s risk by altering lipid metabolism in certain brain cells. But the underlying details of the process remained unclear. To build on these findings, the team conducted a multipronged study that assessed gene activity of all major cell types in postmortem human brain tissue from 32 men and women who had one, two, or no copies of the APOE4 gene. Results were published in Nature on Nov. 16, 2022. The researchers found that APOE4 affected gene expression across all measured cell types. The team then took a closer look at genes related to cholesterol and other lipids. Cholesterol-manufacturing genes were overly expressed, and cholesterol-transporting genes dysregulated, in brain cells called oligodendrocytes with the APOE4 gene. Oligodendrocytes are found in the brain and spinal cord. They make and maintain a fatty substance called myelin that surrounds and insulates long nerve fibers. The abnormalities were more extreme in oligodendrocytes with two copies of APOE4 rather than one. To better understand how APOE4 affects oligodendrocytes, the scientists created laboratory cultures of the cells with and without the APOE4 gene. Oligodendrocytes with APOE4 tended to accumulate abnormal amounts of cholesterol within their cells, rather than using it to make healthy myelin sheaths around nerve fibers. When the scientists examined postmortem human brains, they noted that myelin sheaths tended to be fewer and thinner in brains that carried the APOE4 gene. The scientists next used model systems to test whether APOE4-related abnormalities might be reversed via drugs that affect cholesterol processing. They found that a drug called cyclodextrin, which promotes cholesterol transport, reduced cholesterol buildup and improved myelin sheath formation in cultured oligodendrocytes. It did the same in mice with two copies of APOE4. The mice also performed slightly better in learning and memory tasks after treatment with the drug. These findings open new avenues for exploring the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer’s dementia and for designing potential therapeutics. “It’s encouraging that we’ve seen a way to rescue oligodendrocyte function and myelination in lab and mouse models,” Tsai says. “I feel that lipid dysregulation could be very fundamental biology underlying a lot of the pathology we observe.” — by Vicki Contie This research was supported in part by NIA grants RF1-AG062377, RF1-AG054012-01, RF1-AG0540124, and R01-AG058002. Reference: Blanchard JW, et al. APOE4 impairs myelination via cholesterol dysregulation in oligodendrocytes. Nature. 2022. Epub Nov. 16. doi: 10.1038/s41586-022-05439-w.

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Azhar Goraya, Mexico Today, May 21, is the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development. In 2001, UNESCO adopted the Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity and in December 2002, the UN General Assembly, in its resolution 57/249, declared May 21 to be the World Day for Cultural Diversity for Dialogue and Development.The day provides us with an opportunity to deepen our understanding of the values of cultural diversity. It is critical in our continually shrinking world to be tolerant and respectful of each other and the different value systems and traditions that have come to define so many peoples. This is necessary to avoid misunderstandings and hatred that can lead to conflict According to UNESCO, three-quarters of the world’s major conflicts have a cultural dimension. UNESCO defines culture as, ‘the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs’ (UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity) One of the great religious traditions that make us the cultural mosaic of our world is Islam. With over two billion followers, it is the second largest religion in the world. Islam is a universal religion, and therefore has adherents all over the world. Being a religion for all people, it is inherently tolerant of different traditions. The Qur’an, the Holy Book of Islam and the word of God, affirms that God has created all people and has divided them into different peoples and tribes. Nevertheless, it tells us that there should be no discrimination because of this. According to God, the best amongst people are those who are most righteous (49:14). Islam teaches that God has sent prophets amongst all the peoples of the world, and that amongst these prophets he also sent religious books to guide them. These prophets brought about great revolutions in the world, and today, the moral compass of the world is to a great extent guided by the teachings that these luminary figures preached and practiced. Nowadays, there is a general decline in religious belief, and as a consequence, we see that there is less adherence to the generally held norms of morality and values. In his address. titled Islam and Europe – A Clash of Civilizations? delivered in Berlin on October 22, 2019, the Fifth Caliph and worldwide Head of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, His Holiness, Hazrat Mirza Masroor Ahmad (aba) spoke about this decline and the importance of maintaining culture and heritage. First, he outlined the difference between civilization and culture. He said: ‘Civilisation is the material, technological and intellectual development of a society, whereas its culture is based on the religious, moral and philosophical make-up of that society. The difference between civilisation and culture can be easily understood if we look back to the early period of Christianity. At that time, the Roman Empire was at the peak of its powers and, even now, it is considered as one of the greatest civilisations in the history of the world. Due to their material prosperity, urbanisation and the way its territories were governed, the Romans were considered to be tremendously civilised and educated. However, their sophistication did not equate to higher standards of morality; rather, it was during the early period of Christianity that their people were infused with a progressive culture. Christianity gave people guiding principles based on religion and morality, whilst the Romans prescribed worldly laws and limits.’ Then commenting on the importance of protecting one’s heritage and culture, he said: ‘So, as a Muslim leader, I believe you should protect your heritage and culture by focusing your energies on arresting the decline in religion and bringing people back towards faith and belief, whether that be Christianity, Judaism or any other. It should not be that in the name of advancement, those values and moral standards that have been part of society for many centuries are suddenly abandoned.’ Therefore, on this day, let us recognize the importance of coming together and appreciating the different cultural and religious practices that make up who we are as humans beings. These practices not only show us where we have been but chart a course for our future as well. To read the full transcript of the address delivered by His Holiness (aba), follow the link below: About the Author: Azhar Goraya is currently serving as an Imam in the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community in Mexico. He is also the Central American Coordinator for The Review of Religions en Español.

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Be a part of the once great era of steam with just a breath of air. The Pneumatic Engine is a small but fully functional example of a steam engine, except it uses air pressure instead of steam to set it in motion. Use an ordinary inflated balloon and watch the pistons and gears chug along just like the locomotive engines of yesteryear. The model comes with a built-in air pressure gauge and two compartments for storage and spare parts. Exact analogue of steam engines. For starting the engine is enough to blow into a special trumpet or start the engine using an ordinary balloon. The construction has an air tachometer, three interchangeable nozzles for the trumpet and two boxes for small details. The set is packed in a film with the manual. No glue or any hand tools needed for model assembly - the parts are ready-made and can be simply removed from the board and assembled together.

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Rosacea is a common skin disease that causes redness, pustules, papules and swelling on the face. It frequently begins as a tendency to flush or blush but can progress to persistent redness in the center of the face. A patient may experience a burning or itching sensation to their skin. With time, small blood vessels may appear. There are many triggers that can be avoided to control the symptoms, especially practing good sun protection. Dermatologists often recommend a combination of treatments tailored to the individual patient that can stop the progress of rosacea.

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Staying physically active has so many benefits! Your body is meant to move. No matter your age or fitness level, you can add more activity to your life. Engaging in cardiac/aerobic, strength, and flexibility exercises all have their benefits. Aerobic activity works for the large muscle groups in your body and strength training builds muscle. Flexibility exercises improve balance and coordination. Together these exercises help to make your body healthier and make doing daily tasks and activities easier. Always consult with your healthcare provider before beginning any exercise plan. Exercise can include walking, jogging, swimming, skateboarding, kayaking, playing pickleball, walking the dog, cycling, dancing, gardening, and so much more. We all come in different shapes and sizes and enjoy doing different things. Do what is comfortable for you. Living an active lifestyle takes some planning. It is a journey taken one step at a time and of making a commitment to keep active your entire life. If you are inactive, start by deciding to change and become more physically active. If you are already active, keep it up. Combine exercise with a healthy well-balanced diet. Make positive lifestyle choices. Being active and eating healthier may help you: - Control your weight. - Improve your mood and energy level. - Reduce your risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, and certain types of cancer. - Increase the health of your heart, bones, muscles, joints, and brain. - Strengthen your bones and muscles. - Improve balance, your ability to do daily tasks, and sleep. - Keep up with your children and/or grandchildren. - Have fun and enjoy time alone or with family and friends. - Improve your immunity to be better able to fight off infection(s). - Increase your longevity. Being active is good for your health, body, and mind. It can help you feel better and be a healthier person. Exercise may control stress and anxiety, as well. Even small amounts of activity are beneficial. Most adults should strive for at least 150 minutes of activity a week. This is equal to 2 ½ hours. You can split your time up any way that fits into your lifestyle. Thirty (30) minutes a day, 5 days a week works for most people. I enjoy tracking my daily steps. You can get a wearable device that does the tracking for you. It can count your steps and track your progress as you move more. These devices vary in cost, so check out what works best for your budget. These trackers can be motivating and keep you moving forward in the right direction. There are many free fitness apps too. Check them out. Celebrate when you achieve your goal each day! So, commit to being active and maintaining your physical activity plan. Make physical activity a necessary part of your everyday life and routine. Get in the habit of moving more and sitting less. You can do it! Five Reasons to Start Exercising Today – https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/browardco/2022/06/22/five-reasons-to-start-exercising-today/ Physical Activity and Diabetes – https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/browardco/2022/04/06/physical-activity-and-diabetes/ MyPlate & Eating Healthy – https://www.myplate.gov/. Contact your local Florida Extension office to see if they offer the Let’s Walk Florida (LWF) exercise program.

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Cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin (BTC), have been gaining popularity in recent years as a means of digital exchange. However, the environmental impact of Bitcoin mining and other cryptocurrencies has become a growing concern. In this story, the environmental impact of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will be explored, including the energy consumption of mining and the potential for renewable energy solutions. Additionally, the potential for using proof-of-stake cryptocurrencies to reduce the environmental impact of digital currencies will be examined. Bitcoin mining is the process of adding new blocks to the blockchain by solving complex mathematical problems, which is rewarded with new Bitcoins. This process is essential for the functioning of the Bitcoin network, but it also requires a significant amount of energy, which significantly impacts the environment. In fact, according to a study by the University of Cambridge, the energy consumption of Bitcoin mining is on average, at least 129 terawatt-hours of electricity annually, which is more than the entire country of Argentina. This level of energy consumption has a significant impact on the environment, as it results in the release of large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. One of the main reasons for the high energy consumption of Bitcoin mining is the use of specialized computer hardware known as ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits). These devices are specifically designed to perform the complex calculations required for Bitcoin mining. However, the energy consumption of these devices is still significant, and the vast majority of Bitcoin mining occurs in countries with high carbon emissions, such as China and Iceland. Several solutions can be implemented to reduce the carbon footprint of Bitcoin mining. One solution is to transition to the use of renewable energy sources for mining. Unfortunately, the mining industry has seen a drop in the use of renewable energy. In a report covered by CryptoSlate last year, the sustainable energy mix by miners was reduced to 58.9%, down from 59.4%, according to The Bitcoin Mining Council (BMC). While that may be a small drop, miners should consider using renewable energy for their mining efforts. Another solution is to use off-grid or remote mining operations. These operations are set up in locations with readily available renewable energy sources such as hydroelectric or geothermal power. Additionally, off-grid mining operations can also take advantage of natural cooling systems, such as the cool air from the mountains, to reduce the energy consumption of cooling equipment. Incentivizing Bitcoin miners to use renewable energy sources is another way to try and reduce the cryptocurrency’s carbon footprint. For example, mining pools like PEGA Pool allow miners to join their pool regardless of their energy expenditure. However, miners that use renewable energy will receive a 50% reduction in pool fees. Additionally, miners that rely on fossil fuels to power their mining operations will have a percentage of their pool fees allocated to tree-planting initiatives to offset their carbon footprint. Proof-of-Stake and Renewable Energy Another approach to reducing the environmental impact of cryptocurrencies is using proof-of-stake (PoS) cryptocurrencies. Some examples of PoS-based cryptocurrencies include Ethereum 2.0 (ETH), Algorand (ALGO), and Cardano (ADA). First, the PoS consensus mechanism eliminates the need for mining. In PoS, instead of using computational power to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain, validators are chosen based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to “stake” as collateral. This eliminates the need for robust and energy-intensive mining equipment, significantly reducing the network’s energy consumption and carbon footprint. Secondly, PoS can be more energy-efficient than proof-of-work (PoW) as it does not require continuous computational power to validate transactions and add new blocks to the blockchain. In PoS, the validators are chosen through a random selection process rather than a competition based on computational power, so the energy consumption is much lower. For example, according to a report by Patterns, Ethereum’s power consumption is 99.84% lower after transitioning to PoS. According to Chris Larsen, CEO of Ripple, if Bitcoin switched from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake, the cryptocurrency could cut its energy consumption by 99%. However, it is essential to note that not all PoS systems are created equal, and some may still be energy-intensive, depending on their design and implementation. Some PoS systems may still require a lot of energy to run the validating nodes and secure the network, but overall, PoS is considered more energy-efficient than PoW. The environmental impact of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies is a growing concern, but several solutions can help reduce these digital currencies’ carbon footprint. By using renewable energy sources, Bitcoin mining can become more sustainable. Additionally, less intensive algorithms like PoS can help reduce the environmental impact of digital currencies. While the energy consumption of Bitcoin mining is high, there are ways to mitigate this impact and make digital currencies more sustainable for the future.

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Accelerated Experiential Dynamic Psychotherapy (AEDP) categorizes emotions into two groups: core emotions and inhibitory emotions. According to this approach, humans are hard-wired to experience core emotions, such as fear, anger, sadness, disgust, joy, and excitement, which are triggered in the middle part of the brain and are not subject to our conscious control. Core emotions are brilliant sources of wisdom, providing influential messages that are meant to be adaptive and help navigate our lives. Alternatively, inhibitory emotions, such as shame, anxiety, and guilt, are learned emotions on a mission to block (inhibit) core emotions. Inhibitory emotions block core emotions for two reasons: when the brain attempts to protect you from the perceived emotional overwhelm that a core emotion may illicit, and when the core emotion may create conflict with a person whom you feel you need to please, such as a partner or parent. Many of us get caught in cycles of relentless anxiety, shame, and guilt that we just can’t seem to abate. This may sound like preoccupations with catastrophic possibilities (anxiety), consistently questioning your worth and how you measure up in accordance with your view of others (shame), and torturing yourself concerning your past behaviors (guilt). Now, anxiety, shame, and guilt have their place and can certainly be productive. However, because of their inhibitory approach, can also be excessive and trivial. Relief from inhibitory emotions begins when we connect with what they are blocking: the underlying core emotion(s). Processing core emotions enables us to get to what is considered The Openhearted State, where we feel calm, connected (to ourselves and others), compassionate, confident, curious, and clear. Interestingly, an emotion in its pure form only lasts a minute and a half if we respond to it effectively, with a developed skillset. This can be a motivating reminder in moments of intense emotion. Birthed out of this theory, The Change Triangle provides a map to journeying through inhibitory emotions and core emotions to get you to The Openhearted State. As seen on The Change Triangle, defenses are also a place where we often get stuck. Defenses are anything we do to avoid feeling, such as addiction, numbing out, sleeping, rumination, too much screen-time, and perfectionism. The creator of The Change Triangle, Hilary Jacobs Hendel, theorizes that depression is a defense because in a depressive state we are disconnected from our emotion; therefore, healing from depression requires connection and processing of core emotions. Many of us spend time oscillating between defenses and inhibitory emotions, out of avoidance of feeling core emotions. This method of coping prevents us from experiencing The Openhearted State and induces suffering. Hendel beautifully shares her theory in her book, It’s Not Always Depression, which introduces The Change Triangle as a model that provides steps to take you from a space of disconnection to your true self: The Openhearted State. The ultimate objective of The Change Triangle is to assist you in feeling better. Once you hone skills to process emotions, you can heal repressed emotions and hang out in the splendor of The Openhearted State. Spending more time in this state helps us build the confidence we need to maintain a quality life. I’d be thrilled to further orient you to this model and many others to assist in your healing journey at D2 Counseling.

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Manual browser: luac(1) |LUAC(1)||General Commands Manual||LUAC(1)| NAMEluac - Lua compiler SYNOPSISluac [ options ] [ filenames ] DESCRIPTIONluac is the Lua compiler. It translates programs written in the Lua programming language into binary files containing precompiled chunks that can be later loaded and executed. The main advantages of precompiling chunks are: faster loading, protecting source code from accidental user changes, and off-line syntax checking. Precompiling does not imply faster execution because in Lua chunks are always compiled into bytecodes before being executed. luac simply allows those bytecodes to be saved in a file for later execution. Precompiled chunks are not necessarily smaller than the corresponding source. The main goal in precompiling is faster loading. In the command line, you can mix text files containing Lua source and binary files containing precompiled chunks. luac produces a single output file containing the combined bytecodes for all files given. Executing the combined file is equivalent to executing the given files. By default, the output file is named luac.out, but you can change this with the -o option. Precompiled chunks are not portable across different architectures. Moreover, the internal format of precompiled chunks is likely to change when a new version of Lua is released. Make sure you save the source files of all Lua programs that you precompile. - produce a listing of the compiled bytecode for Lua's virtual machine. Listing bytecodes is useful to learn about Lua's virtual machine. If no files are given, then luac loads luac.out and lists its contents. Use -l -l for a full listing. - -o file - output to file, instead of the default luac.out. (You can use '-' for standard output, but not on platforms that open standard output in text mode.) The output file may be one of the given files because all files are loaded before the output file is written. Be careful not to overwrite precious files. - load files but do not generate any output file. Used mainly for syntax checking and for testing precompiled chunks: corrupted files will probably generate errors when loaded. If no files are given, then luac loads luac.out and tests its contents. No messages are displayed if the file loads without errors. - strip debug information before writing the output file. This saves some space in very large chunks, but if errors occur when running a stripped chunk, then the error messages may not contain the full information they usually do. In particular, line numbers and names of local variables are lost. - show version information. - stop handling options. - stop handling options and process standard input. DIAGNOSTICSError messages should be self explanatory. AUTHORSR. Ierusalimschy, L. H. de Figueiredo, W. Celes |$Date: 2014/07/19 18:38:33 $|

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- Game Pieces are Polystone Copies of Medieval Chess Pieces Unearthed in Scotland - Gorgeously Stylized, 2.25"-High Medieval Pieces, Including Unique "Warder" Rooks - Pawns Are Shaped Like Tower Shields or "Pavises" - Classic, Medieval-Style Red vs. White Pieces, Unlike the Modern Black vs. White - Pieces Only -- Board not included In 1831, a Scotsman named Malcolm "Sprot" MacLeod discovered a trove of medieval game pieces buried on the Isle of Lewis (which is actually the Isle of Lewis and Harris, but that's another story entirely). The game pieces were expertly carved from walrus ivory and were endowed with a unique, slightly comical style. There is some argument as to how Sprot came to find the buried pieces, but if you ask the locals of Lewis, they will insist that a cow actually dug them up. However they were discovered, the pieces eventually found their way into the British Museum in London, where most of them remain to this day. Our reproduction of the Lewis Game Pieces are made from a high-quality poly-stone mixture (resin and stone ground up together). each of the cardinal pieces measure roughly 2.25 inches in height and have a solid heft to them. Instead of the modern black versus white theme, the actual Lewis pieces were all white. Archeologists have spotted trace remains of red on some of the pieces, meaning the colors of these were red versus white. Each piece has been cast from a lovingly carved reproduction that is entirely faithful to the pieces found at the Lewis site. There were several sets of pieces found at the "bovine" excavation, and the two most iconic were used for this chess set. The wit, humor and intricate details breathed into them by the original medieval artist can be seen on each and every piece. Their faces are crafted with a combination of realism and caricature, the clothing meticulously detailed with patterns and seams, and each side has distinctly different pieces. Although different from one another, the kings and queens on both sides sit on richly carved wooden thrones, as do the red bishops. In a unique decision by the original medieval artist, the pawns on both sides are shaped like arched stones, or tower shields, that are decorated with ornate Norse scrollwork (different patterns on each side). Another interesting difference from modern chess pieces are the rooks; Instead of towers, the medieval set used specialized medieval warriors known as "wardens." These pieces hold tall shields in one hand and a sword in the other, with distinct differences between the white wardens and the red ones. These pieces are the perfect gift for chess enthusiasts, history buffs, anglophiles, Queen's Gambit fans, or anyone who appreciates masterfully crafted collectibles. Materials: Stone and Resin Mixture

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COMBATING DESERTIFICATION IN CHINA To combat desertification, the government has encouraged the planting of drought-resistant trees in erosion-prone areas and helped people to obtain technology that helps them collect and store rainwater. In some places farmers are paid to plant trees rather than raise crops. Pines and poplars provide shields from encroaching dunes. On the Loess Plateau erosion has been reduced, with funding from the World Bank, by terracing the landscape. The Institute of Desert Research in Shapotou, a town on the Yellow River, is facility that is devoted to solving problems related to desertification. Spread out over one square mile, it employs 19 full time researchers who conduct experiments with drought-resistant crops; desert agriculture techniques; the use of plants, shrubs and grasses to stabilize dunes; petroleum-based dune stabilizing sprays; and Israeli-style drip irrigation. Chinese leaders such as President Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping have travelled to Ningxia to hail it "model" projects there. A model farmer there has been elevated the ranks of heroes like Yang Liwei, the first Chinese man in space, and Yuan Longping, inventor of a hybrid rice. The "warrior of the sands", as he is known, was even one of the torch carriers at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. Beijing insists its efforts are paying off, and says that China’s deserts are shrinking at a rate of 1,200 square kilometers a years, compared to increasing a rate of 3,500 square kilometers in the late 1990s. No everyone accepts these figures. Some towns in Inner Mongolia have built clay walls to keep sand and dust out. But even that hasn’t proved to enough as sand has come in and engulfed houses, marginalized agriculture and forced people to move. Nonetheless, China's limited success in the fight against desertification has become a global reference point, and foreign experts and political leaders are flocking to Baijitan to see the project. Hussein Hawamdeh of the University of Jordan is one. He told AFP in Ningxia that China's experience had been useful in his country's Badia region, a major farming area that is under threat from rapid desertification. In places where overgrazing is a problem fences have been put up and herders have been given plots of land to encourage them to take good care of the land. To reduce the number of animals the government is encouraging herders to cut the size of their flocks by 40 percent, relocate and stall-feed their animals. But herders are not so keen on these ideas. Animals have traditionally been a source of wealth and a kind of insurance for hard times. Great Green Wall A 4,500 kilometers long Green Belt — sometimes called the Great Green Wall — has been created in northern China with 35 billion trees.The planting in the north has been done in one-mile wide strips and the survival rate of the millions of acres reforested has been 70 percent. Described as the world's most ambitious reforestation project, the Chinese planted a line of trees and shrubs, paralleling the Great Wall of China, to protect farmland in northern China from Gobi Desert sand blown by the fierce Mongolian winds. Stretching from Xinjiang to Heolongjang, David Stanway of Reuters wrote: “Tree-planting has been at the heart of China's environmental efforts for decades as the country seeks to turn barren deserts and marshes near its borders into farmland and screen the capital Beijing from sands blowing in from the Gobi, a 500,000 square-mile expanse stretching from Mongolia to northwest China, which would coat Tiananmen Square in dust nearly every spring. Their painstaking work to rehabilitate marginal land has been promoted as an inspiration for the rest of the country, and they are the subject of government propaganda posters celebrating their role in holding back the sand. [Source: David Stanway, Reuters, June 3, 2021] “Over the last four decades, the Three-North Shelter Forest Programme, a tree-planting scheme known colloquially as the "Great Green Wall", has helped raise total forest coverage to nearly a quarter of China's total area, up from less than 10 percent in 1949. In the remote northwest, though, tree planting is not merely about meeting state reforestation targets or protecting Beijing. When it comes to making a living from the most marginal farmland, every tree, bush and blade of grass counts — especially as climate change drives up temperatures and puts water supplies under further pressure. "The more the forest expands, the more it eats into the sands, the better it is for us," one farmer told Reuters. The man-made forest was made in part to reduce dust storms in northern China and recently has been tasked with taming smog. The strategy works in some cases. But low-lying foliage does not slow down the movement of cold air, which travels at a height of more than 1.5 kilometers above ground and this cold air is associated both with dust storms and the movement of smog from downwind factories to Beijing and other cities. Battling Desertification in Ningxia with Straw Squares Using a technique introduced by the Soviets in 1962, the Chinese have made progress slowing down sand dune migration by putting plants inside "small checkerboards" made of straw bales to protect the plants long enough for them to take hold permanently while stabilizing the dunes and stopping sand from blowing. Arranged roughly in one-meter square checkerboards, the grids are pressed into the sand so that the stalks stand four to six inches above the ground. This creates enough of a windbreak to slow surface sand movement so the plants can establish themselves The technique was devised to keep sand from blowing across railroad tracks — at one time a serious problem that blocked tracks and slowed commerce and passenger service. AFP reported: Wang Youde digs into a sand dune to build small square ramparts out of straw in which plants designed to check the desert's relentless advance will take root, Wang, 57, is the head of the Baijitan collective farm in Ningxia, a remote region of northern China that is regularly battered by ferocious sandstorms and whose capital is under threat from the expanding Maowusu desert. Ningxia, next to the vast Gobi desert, is often called the "thirsty country". [Source: AFP, November 1, 2011] As a youth, Wang witnessed the ravages of desertification, from lost cultures to families forced to flee and houses buried — events that have affected him deeply. "At the beginning, the situation we faced was very difficult. We did not have the money to fight the sands. We even had to go to the town to find financing," says Wang, whose face is deeply tanned after decades of working in the open ai. Along with his relatives — who, like him, are members of China's Hui Muslim minority — Wang launched himself into a Sisyphean battle to try to "fix" the dunes of the Maowusu. His method of using straw to fence off plants and protect them is simple, but labour intensive. The Baijitan cooperative employs around 450 workers who live on site, two thirds of them Muslims. "Each worker has an annual target of digging 10,000 holes, sowing 10,000 plants and makes 10,000 yuan ($1,567)," says Wang. Using water taken from the region's very deep water table, they are achieving miracles. The director shows off the fruits of his project — orchards, planted in a sandy valley, that produce juicy apples. All around, the sand dunes are chequered with squares of green as bit by bit the vegetation takes over. Wang says the planting has slowed the winds carrying the sand by 50 percent. The Baijitan reserve covers 1,480,000 mu — a Chinese measure equivalent to around 100,000 hectares. It contains a "green belt" 10 kilometres (six miles) wide and 42 kilometres long intended to contain the advance of the dunes. The land belongs to the state, but the government only puts up around one fifth of the financing with the rest coming from the sale of farm produce, including apples and peaches. Tree Planting and Landscape Restoration on the Loess Plateau Charles C. Mann wrote in National Geographic, “In response, the People's Republic initiated plans to halt deforestation. In 1981 Beijing ordered every able-bodied citizen older than 11 to "plant three to five trees per year" wherever possible. Beijing also initiated what may still be the world's biggest ecological program, the Three Norths project: a 2,800-mile band of trees running like a vast screen across China's north, northeast, and northwest, including the frontier of the Loess Plateau. Scheduled to be complete in 2050, this Green Wall of China will, in theory, slow down the winds that drive desertification and dust storms.” [Source: Charles C. Mann, National Geographic, September 2008] “Despite their ambitious scope, these efforts did not directly address the soil degradation that was the legacy of Dazhai. Confronting that head-on was politically difficult: It had to be done without admitting Mao's mistakes. (When I asked local officials and scientists if the "Great Helmsman" had erred, they changed the subject.) Only in the past decade did Beijing chart a new course: replacing the Dazhai Way with what might be called the Gaoxigou Way.” Paul Mozur wrote in the New York Times, In 2005, “the Chinese government, in cooperation with the World Bank, completed the world’s largest watershed restoration on the upper banks of the Yellow River. Woefully under-publicized, the $500 million enterprise transformed an area of 35,000 square kilometers on the Loess Plateau — roughly the area of Belgium — from dusty wasteland to a verdant agricultural center.” [Source: Paul Mozur, New York Times, December 10, 2009] “The result of careful terracing, replanting of native vegetation and restrictions on grazing, the rejuvenated land now supports a thriving local agricultural economy. Even better, the new vegetation reduces flooding and dust storms by anchoring the region’s soil and is becoming a large carbon sink. A 2009 film directed and written by John Liu, the founder of the Environmental Education Media Project and a veteran eco-film director, tell the story of the Loess Plateau. The documentary, “Hope in a Changing Climate”, takes the story of the Loess Plateau as its lead, but quickly moves to Rwanda and Ethiopia where similar successes have come from a process known as forest landscape restoration, which hold great promise globally for combating deforestation, desertification and global warming. Landscape restoration is a slow, complex and painstaking process. Mozur wrote in the New York Times,”It can take decades for vegetation to fully return, and strict attention must be paid to mundane matters like grazing and over-planting.... Because ecosystems vary based on geography, and lasting success depends on the support of local residents, the process is pesteringly cross-disciplinary. Any forest landscape restoration project requires the know-how of engineers, ecologists and soil scientists, plus an understanding of local economics and politics. In the Loess Plateau locals built and must maintain the terraces that have brought about their ecosystem’s incredible recovery.” Bill McKibben wrote in National Geographic, “There was one truly significant sign of greening long under way in the region: a massive tree-planting campaign designed to hold the fragile soil in place. Flatbed trucks packed with seedlings were the second most common sight along area roads (outnumbered ten to one, it seemed, by trucks carrying coal from the mines). Ding estimated that he'd planted 100,000 trees with his own hands. "It used to be very dusty here, with lots of sandstorms," he said. "But we had 312 blue sky days last year, and every year there are more." [Source: Bill McKibben, National Geographic, June 2011] Overgrazing by cashmere goats Planting Bushes and Trees in Gansu Reporting from Wuwei in Gansu Province, China David Stanway of Reuters wrote: After a hard morning planting fresh shoots in the dunes on the edge of the Gobi Desert, 78-year-old farmer Wang Tianchang retrieves a three-stringed lute from his shed, sits down beneath the fiery midday, and starts to play. "If you want to fight the desert, there's no need to be afraid," sings Wang, a veteran of China's decades-long state campaign to "open up the wilderness", as he strums the instrument, known as the sanxian. Now a local institution in northwest China's Gansu province, Wang and his family lead busloads of young volunteers from the provincial capital of Lanzhou into the desert each year to plant and irrigate new trees and bushes. [Source: David Stanway, Reuters, June 3, 2021] In a battered jeep loaded with a water tank and flying a large Chinese national flag, the Wang family have been planting the spindly "huabang" in the rolling dunes. The flowering bush known as the sweetvetch has an 80 percent success rate even in harsh desert conditions and has become a key part of efforts to "hold down the sand", a term used locally for planting bushes and grasses in even squares across the desert slopes to stop sand drifting into nearby farmland. “The Wangs have been fighting desertification since they settled on barren land near the village of Hongshui in Wuwei, a city in Gansu close to the border with Inner Mongolia, in 1980. Their home is now surrounded by patches of rhubarb and rows of pines and blue spruces. Twenty bleating goats are locked in a wooden paddock nearby to stop them devouring the precious vegetation. The family's four acres of farmland are protected on one side by a forest planted about a decade ago, and on the other by a long sandy cliff. “Trees have become a major part of the local economy. Hongshui is dominated by a large state-owned commercial forest estate called Toudunying. "After 1999, when the tree-planting sped up, things got much better," Wang Yinji said, referring to the state-led reforestation initiative. "Our corn grew taller. The sand that used to blow in from the east and northeast was stopped." Gaoxigou Way to Restore the Loess Plateau Charles C. Mann wrote in National Geographic, “Gaoxigou (Gaoxi Gully) is west of Dazhai, on the other side of the Yellow River. Its 522 inhabitants live in yaodong — caves dug like martin nests into the sharp pitches around the village. Beginning in 1953, farmers marched out from Gaoxigou and with heroic effort terraced not mere hillsides but entire mountains, slicing them one after another into hundred-tier wedding cakes iced with fields of millet and sorghum and corn. In a pattern that would become all too familiar, yields went up until sun and rain baked and blasted the soil in the bare terraces. To catch eroding loess, the village built earthen dams across gullies, intending to create new fields as they filled up with silt. But with little vegetation to slow the water, "every rainy season the dams busted," says Fu Mingxing, the regional head of education. Ultimately, he says, villagers realized that "they had to protect the ecosystem, which means the soil." [Source: Charles C. Mann, National Geographic, September 2008] “Today many of the terraces Gaoxigou laboriously hacked out of the loess are reverting to nature. In what locals call the "three-three" system, farmers replanted one-third of their land — the steepest, most erosion-prone slopes — with grass and trees, natural barriers to erosion. They covered another third of the land with harvestable orchards. The final third, mainly plots on the gully floor that have been enriched by earlier erosion, was cropped intensively. By concentrating their limited supplies of fertilizer on that land, farmers were able to raise yields enough to make up for the land they sacrificed, says Jiang Liangbiao, village head of Gaoxigou.” “In 1999 Beijing announced it would deploy a Gaoxigou Way across the Loess Plateau. The Sloping Land Conversion Program — known as "grain-for-green" — directs farmers to convert most of their steep fields back to grassland, orchard, or forest, compensating them with an annual delivery of grain and a small cash payment for up to eight years. By 2010 grain-for-green could cover more than 82,000 square miles, much of it on the Loess Plateau. “But the grand schemes proclaimed in faraway Beijing are hard to translate to places like Zuitou. Provincial, county, and village officials are rewarded if they plant the number of trees envisioned in the plan, regardless of whether they have chosen tree species suited to local conditions (or listened to scientists who say that trees are not appropriate for grasslands to begin with). Farmers who reap no benefit from their work have little incentive to take care of the trees they are forced to plant. I saw the entirely predictable result on the back roads two hours north of Gaoxigou: fields of dead trees, planted in small pits shaped like fish scales, lined the roads for miles. "Every year we plant trees," the farmers say, "but no trees survive." “Some farmers in the Loess Plateau complained that the almonds they had been told to plant were now swamping the market. Others grumbled that Beijing's fine plan was being hijacked by local officials who didn't pay farmers their subsidies. Still others didn't know why they were being asked to stop growing millet, or even what the term "erosion" meant. Despite all the injunctions from Beijing, many if not most farmers were continuing to plant on steep slopes. After talking to Zhang Liubao in Zuitou, I watched one of his neighbors pulling turnips from a field so steep that he could barely stand on it. Every time he yanked out a plant, a little wave of soil rolled downhill past his feet.” Planting of the Great Green Wall Is Tree Planting the Best Strategy to Halt Desertification David Stanway of Reuters wrote: “This competition for land has been reinforced by China's reliance on government-backed industrial-scale plantatio "There's been relatively low survival of trees in some regions, and discussions about the depletion of underground water tables," said Hua Fangyuan, a conservation biologist who focuses on forests at China's Peking University. [Source: David Stanway, Reuters, June 3, 2021] “One such state-backed forest farm designed to repair the region's overworked ecosystem is the 4,200-acre Yangguan project, on the outskirts of the city of Dunhuang, which has proven controversial. Leaseholders eager to plant lucrative but water-intensive grapes levelled large sections of forest in 2017. In March 2021, a government investigation team found Yangguan had violated regulations by allowing vineyards to be planted in protected forest. Villagers were also accused of illegally felling trees, and authorities were ordered to reclaim the illegally occupied land. “Officials on the estate said hundreds of staff from government agencies in Dunhuang would arrive soon with the aim of planting 31,000 trees on 93 acres of land in just four days. Gradually the surviving vineyards would be replaced with trees, a manager said, a move that would affect hundreds of farmers. "The government and the farmers should work together to find a way to make money and ensure the water levels are sustainable at the same time," said said Ma Lichao, China country director for the Forest Stewardship Council, a non-profit organisation promoting sustainable forest management. Yongning Green Migration Scheme Sebastien Blanc of AFP wrote: On a dry plain in China's remote northern Ningxia region, thousands of neatly aligned, identical brick houses have sprung up from the dusty soil. This is the Yongning Green Migration Scheme, where 3,000 two-room houses are being built to accommodate 17,800 villagers from the poorer, mountainous south of the region. [Source: Sebastien Blanc, AFP October 13, 2011] Bu Xing'ai, director of external affairs for Ningxia, said authorities planned to move 350,000 people within the autonomous region over the next five years as he showed off the project to journalists on a recent visit. China's breakneck economic growth has been accompanied by huge population movements, as exemplified by Ningxia, where new towns have been quickly built, sometimes at the heart of semi-arid zones. For the government, planned migration is a way of channelling the inevitable rural exodus and redistributing the labour supply to suit the country's needs. Authorities in Ningxia say those who move under the scheme will have a better quality of life than they do at present.A cement factory with the capacity to produce 4,500 tonnes of cement a day is being built to provide employment for the migrants. "Once they are here they will find roads, electricity, water, they will be able to find work at the factory and their children will be able to go to school," said Wu Guangning, deputy director for development and reform in Ningxia's Yongning county. Many of the intended residents are Hui, a Muslim minority that has lived in the autonomous region of Ningxia for centuries. The local climate is dry, but the authorities have planned an irrigation scheme that would allow residents to grow grapes, mushrooms and goji berries — a highly nutritious fruit that is popular in the area. It is not entirely clear why the scheme has been labelled "green". The roofs of the houses are to be fitted with solar panels, but they are not yet visible. Each house will cost 40,000 yuan ($6,275), but of that, the local government provided 30,000 yuan, said Wu. Asked about the practicalities of getting mountain people to move to the desert, Wu said they were being encouraged to come and see the new settlement and decide whether they are "satisfied" with it. "They are currently living in very difficult conditions," he added. With no one yet living in the new houses, and their proposed occupants living many hours' drive away, it was not clear how their satisfaction with the new housing might be gauged.So, the organisers of the trip took the journalists by bus to see a migrant who had agreed to be interviewed in his tiny home, where baskets of fruit had been laid out.Ma Guowen was dressed in a Muslim skull-cap and wearing his best jacket for the occasion. But the farm worker's comments on the benefits of the government rehousing scheme seem a little too pat to be convincing. Image Sources: 1, 2) Nature Products; 3) ESWN, Environmental News; 4) IIASA; 5, 6) FAO; 7) Julie Chao ; 8) Landsberger Posters 9) UNCCD Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, Lonely Planet Guides, Compton’s Encyclopedia and various books and other publications. Last updated June 2022

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Cholesterol Treatment. A researcher conducts a test on the effectiveness of a cholesterol treatment on 114 total subjects. Assuming the tails of distributions are normal distribution, is there evidence that the treatment is effective? |Cholesterol Decreased||No Cholesterol Decrease||Total| 1. Briefly describe the procedure for testing hypotheses. 2. Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses. 3. Determine the test statistic that you will use. 4. Calculate the p-value. Show your work. 5. Discuss whether there is enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

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Here, We provided to Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note By SKM Academy. Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note is very helpful for the aspirants of CSIR UGC NET Mathematics, IIT JAM Mathematics, GATE mathematics, NBHM, TIFR, and all different tests with a similar syllabus. In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation containing one or more functions of one independent variable and its derivatives. The term ordinary is used in contrast with the term partial differential equation which may be with respect to more than one independent variable. Free download PDF Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note By SKM Academy. Among ordinary differential equations, linear differential equations play a prominent role for several reasons. Most elementary and special functions that are encountered in physics and applied mathematics are solutions of linear differential equations (see Holonomic function). When physical phenomena are modeled with non-linear equations, they are generally approximated by linear differential equations for an easier solution. The few non-linear ODEs that can be solved explicitly are generally solved by transforming the equation into an equivalent linear ODE (see, for example, Riccati equation). Some ODEs may be solved explicitly in terms of known functions and integrals. When it is not possible, one may often use the equation for computing the Taylor series of the solutions. For applied problems, one generally uses numerical methods for ordinary differential equations for getting an approximation of the desired solution. Free download PDF Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note By SKM Academy. BOOK NAME – ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS HAND WRITTEN NOTE AUTHOR – SKM ACADEMY SIZE – 58MB PAGES – 220 About the Author, SKM ACADEMY is an educational institute in mathematics for NET/GATE/JAM/NBHM/TIFR/CMI/HRI/IISC/ISI and other M.SC entrances.we have ideal monitoring system which is an automated of our students through our innovative assessments cum evaluation mechanism. this helps us to identify the learning status and level of various students in the class. we provide the most live and interactive classes which are widely acclaimed as ” THE BEST” in its field.we have a well-trained faculty member who creates an innovative learning environment by providing guidance and sharing his experience with students on how to apply MATHEMATICS in their real life. The National Educational Testing Bureau of University Grants Commission (UGC) conducts National Eligibility Test (NET) to decide qualification for lectureship and for the honor of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) for Indian nationals so as to guarantee least gauges for the contestants in the showing calling and research. The Test is directed in Humanities (counting dialects), Social Sciences, Forensic Science, Environmental Sciences, Computer Science and Applications, and Electronic Science. Free download PDF Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note By SKM Academy The CSIR conducts the UGC-CSIR NET for other Science subjects, to be specific, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Mathematical Sciences, and Earth Atmospheric Ocean and Planetary Sciences mutually with the University Grants Commission. The tests are directed twice in a year for the most part in the months of June and December. Free download PDF Ordinary Differential Equations Hand Written Note By SKM Academy CSIR NET Exam Pattern 2020: NTA has released the CSIR NET Exam Pattern for all the five subjects. Candidates will have to pick any one subject and apply for the same. The CSIR UGC NET exam pattern and marking scheme are different for all the subjects. However, Part A syllabus is the same for all subjects. - CSIR NET question paper for each subject is divided into three parts namely, Part A, Part B, Part C. - All three sections are compulsory. - There will be no break between the three sections. - All 3 parts will have only Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs). - The CSIR NET 2020 will be conducted for a total of 200 marks. - The exam will be held for a duration of 3 hours. DISCLAIMER: HUNT4EDU.COM does no longer owns this book neither created nor scanned. We simply offer the hyperlink already to be had on the internet. If any manner it violates the law or has any troubles then kindly mail us or Contact Us for this(hyperlink removal). We don’t aid piracy this duplicate grows to be supplied for university youngsters who’re financially bad but deserve greater to examine. Thank you.

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The Self-Made Tapestry How things start The most comprehensive, and most comprehendable analysis of patterns in nature and the nature of patterns.10/28/06 The Paris Metro is a branched network with a fractal form. When shaken vertically, a shallow layer of grains can develop complex wave patterns, including stripes, square and hexagonal patterns. The adult zebra Equus grevyi (b) has more and narrower stripes than the adult Equs burchelli (a). This is thought to be because the striped 'pre-pattern' is laid down on the embryo of the latter at an earlier stage: after twenty-one days for Equus burchelli (c), but after five weeks for Equus grevyi (e). The smaller embryo supports fewer stripes, and so by the time it is of comparable size (d), its stripes are wider.

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Want more after having learned the basics of Python? Then, this mini track is for you! Want to process data in various file formats with Python? Look no further! We’ll show you how to work in Python with the most common file formats such as CSV, JSON, and others.Start learning 50 free interactive coding challenges Processing data is very important in today’s world. Yet, you realize that real-world data is often messy when you start working with them. They come in a variety of different formats, and you need to restructure them to fit your needs. This mini track will lay the foundations for effective data processing in Python. We’ll show you how to work with files in Python, how to work with text information (strings) in Python, and how to work with popular file formats like CSV and JSON. After completing this mini track, you will be able to work with data coming from different sources and prepare your own data cleaning Python scripts. Not bad, right? The courses in this mini track use Python 3, and you don’t have to take them in any defined order. Feel free to jump around and pick what interests you. We’ll be adding more courses to this mini track with other file formats. We believe that the right way to learn programming is through practice. Our courses are fully interactive for this reason. Each exercise has a little bit of theory, an example, and a problem for you to solve by writing your own lines of code. By the end of each course, you’ll have solved multiple coding challenges. What’s in it for me? Who should take this mini track? Become fluent in string operations—a must-have for anyone working with Python! Learn how to work with the Python CSV module, and automate simple work tasks! Find out how to open, read, write a CSV file in Python. 35 exercises to learn what is JSON, why some compare it to XML, and how to read and write JSON files in Python. Learn how to work with openpyxl, a popular Excel processing library in Python! Find out how to open, read, and write an Excel file in Python. Would you like to learn how to work with files and directories in Python? Check out this interactive course!

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Health warnings as "Cerberus" heat wave broils southern Europe Rome — Southern Europe is grappling with scorching temperatures as a relentless heat wave threatens to break yet more records. A high-pressure system that drifted across the Mediterranean Sea from North Africa has already disrupted life for thousands of people in Spain and Italy. The heat wave — named Cerberus after the three-headed dog that guarded the underworld in Greek mythology — continues to tighten its grip, and is expected to set temperature records in the coming days. Authorities have issued warnings about significant health risks, primarily in Spain, where temperatures may soon reach a staggering 113 degrees Fahrenheit in some regions. They had already soared as high as 95 degrees as early as 6 a.m. in some areas. While Spain is expected to see some relief in the coming days, Cerberus is set to unleash its fury on other parts of Europe next. Italy has already had to issue high heat alerts in 10 cities, including Bolzano, Bologna, Florence, and Rome, as the country braces for temperatures that could reach 104 degrees. The heat wave has already been blamed for one death — a 44-year-old man who collapsed and died while painting road markings in the northern Italian town of Lodi. The Italian Meteorological Society warns that next week could bring even higher temperatures, potentially breaking the all-time record European temperature of 120 degrees Fahrenheit, registered in Sicily in August 2021. Greece is also feeling the heat, with temperatures set to reach up to 111 degrees in the coming days. The Greek government has taken preventive measures, banning access to nature reserves and forests to reduce the risk of wildfires and opening air-conditioned public buildings for people to take refuge. The government also placed restrictions on the working hours for animals such as horses and donkeys that give rides in tourist areas. More than 61,000 people died during Europe's record-setting summer heat waves last year, according to a study published this week. The Mediterranean region is expected to see temperatures rise faster than many other areas of the globe due to climate change. Despite a post-COVID boom in tourism, especially from the U.S., there are already signs that the heat is impacting various sectors of the European economy, from a drop in productivity in the workplace, to in the pastures. In Italy, milk production is down by around 10% because cows eat less in the heat, drink large quantities of water, and produce less milk. Chris Livesay is a CBS News foreign correspondent based in Rome.

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Introduction: Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Young Population Gain insights into the concerning rise of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among the young population. This section explores the impact of HCC, a primary liver cancer, on individuals in their prime years of life. By understanding the factors contributing to this alarming trend, we can develop strategies to address its impact on healthcare systems and treatment approaches. Learn about the changing patterns of HCC incidence, the unique challenges faced by young individuals, and the importance of early detection and prevention measures. Let’s delve into the complexities of hepatocellular carcinoma and its threat to the young population. Causes and Risk Factors Delve into the causes and risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), shedding light on the factors contributing to its development among young individuals. Explore the following key points: - Chronic liver diseases, such as hepatitis B or C infections, alcohol abuse, and fatty liver disease, increase the risk of HCC. - Genetic factors and certain inherited liver conditions can also predispose young individuals to HCC. - Environmental factors, such as exposure to aflatoxins or certain chemicals, play a role in HCC development. - Obesity, diabetes, and smoking are additional risk factors that contribute to the incidence of HCC in the young population. Screening and Diagnostic Approaches Learn about the importance of early detection and the screening and diagnostic methods available for hepatocellular carcinoma. Consider the following points: - Imaging tests like ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) help identify liver abnormalities. - Blood tests for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and other tumor markers aid in detecting HCC. - Liver biopsy is performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the stage and severity of HCC. - Advances in molecular and genetic testing are providing more precise diagnostic tools for HCC. - Regular screening is crucial for high-risk individuals, allowing for early intervention and improved treatment outcomes. Treatment Options for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Explore the various treatment options available for young patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma. Consider the following points: - Surgical interventions, such as tumor resection, liver transplantation, or ablation techniques, aim to remove or destroy cancerous cells. - Targeted therapy and immunotherapy are emerging treatment approaches that specifically target cancer cells or boost the body’s immune system response. - Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) are minimally invasive procedures used to treat localized HCC. - Systemic chemotherapy may be recommended for advanced stages of HCC, although its efficacy is limited. - Multidisciplinary care, including a combination of treatments tailored to individual patients, offers the best outcomes for young individuals with HCC. Psychological Impact of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Address the emotional and psychological challenges faced by young individuals with hepatocellular carcinoma. Consider the following points: - A diagnosis of HCC can cause anxiety, fear, and depression among young patients. - Providing psychological support and counseling can help patients and their families navigate the emotional burden of HCC. - Support groups and online communities offer platforms for sharing experiences and receiving emotional support. - Encouraging open communication and fostering a positive support system can aid in coping with the challenges of HCC. - Promoting mental well-being and incorporating mindfulness practices may contribute to a better overall quality of life for young individuals with HCC. Lifestyle Changes and Prevention Strategies Highlight the importance of lifestyle modifications and preventive strategies in protecting the young population from hepatocellular carcinoma. Consider the following points: - Encouraging a healthy diet, including reducing processed foods, sugar intake, and maintaining a balanced weight, helps prevent HCC. - Vaccination against hepatitis B and practicing safe behaviors to prevent hepatitis C transmission are vital preventive measures. - Limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding tobacco use significantly reduces the risk of developing HCC. - Regular exercise and physical activity contribute to overall liver health and lower the risk of HCC. - Raising awareness through education campaigns and screenings can help identify high-risk individuals early on and implement preventive measures effectively. In conclusion, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) poses a significant threat to the young population, necessitating heightened awareness, prevention, and treatment efforts. By acknowledging the changing trends and risk factors associated with HCC in young individuals, we can take proactive measures to combat this growing health issue. Empowering the young population through education, early detection initiatives, and access to appropriate healthcare services can pave the way for better outcomes and improved survival rates. Together, let us work towards a future where HCC no longer poses a threat to the young population.

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Evidence-based practice or evidence-based medicine has been defined as "integration of best research with clinical expertise, patient values, and available resources." EBP and Appropriate Technology[edit | edit source] Appropriate technology and EBP share a common goal of providing solutions that are effective for the individual and the community. Criticism of EBP[edit | edit source] Evidence-based practice has been criticized includes the exclusion of under-represented groups from the studies on which the evidence is based. This may be especially true as research is often profit driven by producers of medical technology who seek more affluent populations to market their goods. As well, some feel that the method of passing information from the "expert" to the "base" fosters dependence and discourages individual thinking at the local level Articles and References[edit | edit source] - Feminism and health ethics - Evidence based medicine and justice: a framework for looking at the impact of EBM upon vulnerable or disadvantaged groups W A Rogers. 27 November 2003

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1. The outer electrons in metals are not tightly bound to the atomic nuclei. They are free to roam in the material. Such materials are good (conductors) (insulators). Electrons in other materials are tightly bound to the atomic nuclei, and are not free to roam in the material. These materials are good (conductors) (insulators). 2. A rubber rod that has been rubbed with fur is negatively charged because rubber holds electrons better than fur does. When the rod touches a metal sphere, some of the charge from the rod spreads onto the metal sphere because like charges repel one another. When the rod is removed the charge spreads evenly over the metal sphere and remains there because the insulating stand prevents its flow to the ground. The negatively charged rod has given the sphere a negative charge. This is charging by contact, and is shown below. 3. In the examples above, electric charge is 4. A positively charged balloon will stick to a wooden wall. It does this by polarizing molecules in the wooden wall to create an oppositely-charged surface. Draw the appropriate diagram, illustrating charges on both the balloon and in the wall. 5. Consider the diagrams below. (a) A pair of insulated metal spheres, A and B, touch each other, so in effect they form a single uncharged conductor. (b) A positively charged rod is brought near A, but not touching, and electrons in the metal sphere are attracted toward the rod. Charges in the spheres have redistributed, and the negative charge is labeled. Draw the appropriate + signs that are repelled to the far side of B. (c) Draw the signs of charge in (c), when the spheres are separated while the rod is still present, and in (d) after the rod has been removed. The spheres have been charged by induction. 6. Consider below a single metal insulated sphere, (a) initially uncharged. When a negatively charged rod is nearby, (b), charges in the metal are separated. Electrons are repelled to the far side. When the sphere is touched with your finger, (c), electrons flow out to the sphere to the earth through the hand. The sphere is "grounded." Note the positive charge left (d) while the rod is still present and your finger removed, and (e) when the rod is removed. This is an example of charge induction by grounding. In this procedure the negative rod "gives" a positive charge to the sphere. The diagrams below show a similar procedure with a positive rod. Draw the correct charges in the diagrams.

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Basic Information About Skin Cancer Cancer is a disease in which cells in the body grow out of control. When cancer starts in the skin, it is called skin cancer. Skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States. Some people are at higher risk of skin cancer than others, but anyone can get it. The most preventable cause of skin cancer is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) light, either from the sun or from artificial sources like tanning beds. While enjoying the benefits of being outdoors, people can decrease skin cancer risk by using sun protection. Protect yourself by staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing, and applying and re-applying a broad spectrum sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) of 15 or higher.

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Q. Constitutional morality encompasses not just the forms and procedures of the Constitution, but provides an enabling framework that allows a society the possibilities of self-renewal. Discuss (150 words)17 Dec, 2018 GS Paper 4 Theoretical Questions - Briefly explain what is constitutional morality. Explain how it is different from prevalent social or cultural morality. - Explain why is it significant to invoke constitutional morality to provide the framework to incorporate societal reforms. - Constitutional morality largely refers to the conventions and protocols that govern decision-making where the constitution vests discretionary power or is silent. It can be similar to and can differ from the prevalent social morality. - Constitutional morality means adherence to the core principles of constitutional democracy. - For Example: In Supreme Court’s Sabarimala verdict religious freedom, gender equality and the right of women to worship guaranteed under Article 14, 21 and 25 of the Constitution was reinstated which struck down the practice of banning entry of women of a certain age to the Sabarimala temple in Kerala as unconstitutional. - The Constitutional morality here went against social morality that discriminates against women based on biological reasons like menstruation. - Constitutional morality is not limited only to following the constitutional provisions literally but is based on values like individual autonomy and liberty; equality without discrimination; recognition of identity with dignity; the right to privacy. - Constitutional morality ensures the establishment of rule of law in the land while integrating the changing aspirations and ideals of the society. - Constitutional morality as a governing ideal that highlights the need to preserve the trust of the people in institutions of democracy. As such an ideal, it allows people to cooperate and coordinate to pursue constitutional aspirations that cannot be achieved single-handedly. - Constitutional morality can use laws and forms to impact and change the persisting social morality. For example, by abolishing the practice of Sati by legislation, the right to dignity and life was passed on to the widowswhich later on affected the perception of the practice in the society. - Constitutional morality recognisesplurality and diversity in society and tries to make individuals and communities in the society more inclusive in their functioning by constantly providing the scope for improvement and reforms. For example in Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India, the SC provided a framework to reaffirm the rights of LGBTQ and all gender non-conforming people to their dignity, life, liberty, and identity. Problems with Constitutional Morality - The term has not been clearly defined by the SC, which leaves the scope of its subjective interpretation by the individual judges. - This top-down approach to morality can affect the possibility of organic emergence of the solutions to the persisting ethical problems in the society. - Constitutional morality can overcome the differences of social morality within the country and can help the society to bring out necessary reforms making it more inclusive. It goes beyond the limited impact of adherence to rules under the fear of punishment. It can provide guidance to establish a more ethical and rules-based society while working on individual morality. To get PDF version, Please click on "Print PDF" button.Print PDF

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Ethelbert Road uses Power Maths as a basis of our lessons from Reception to Year 6 to ensure a smooth transition of skills and knowledge throughout the years groups and Key Stages. This is an exciting class mastery approach, which has been recommended by the DfE, that works for every child. It is based upon the concrete, pictorial and abstract approach. Every lesson is divided into sections that involve plenty of discovery, sharing, collaboration, practice and reflection. Children are encouraged to solve problems each day through the use of concrete resources, pictorial representations and abstract thinking. At the heart of this programme is the idea that all children can achieve and be successful mathematicians with the right growth mindset. It promotes five child friendly characters, each with their own positive skillset, to inspire and motivate children. We also use White Rose which runs alongside Power Maths and ensures our children become confident mathematicians, who have an growth mind set and problem solving approach to mathematical learning.

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When it comes to place names, getting from English to German and vice-versa can be challenging, but it's also loads of fun, and useful, to get the German names and English versions at our fingertips. Most of us know that Deutschland is Germany, Wien is Vienna and maybe even that die Schweiz is Switzerland. A few other places perhaps familiar include Bayern for Bavaria, München for Munich and Köln for Cologne. But how about Siebenbürgen, Böhmen, Schlesien and Elsass-Lothringen? What makes these ones in particular so interesting to me is that today's maps don't show them in German-dominant areas, but they could be very important to someone doing some family research. Over the years, these regions have changed and are no longer have many German speakers (and some not at all). It's another example of how doing some family digging can help understand how nations and continents have changed. Your personal story can bring understanding to what was happening in Europe's history. By the way, we know those places as Transylvania (a German-speaking mountain region of central Romania), Bohemia (northern Czech Republic, which had a German-speaking minority), Silesia (a former German province now the Polish region of Śląsk) and Alsace-Lorraine (formerly German-speaking, but annexed by France centuries ago; Germany and France fought over it repeatedly; the population today mostly speaks French.) For me personally, I had ancestors come from Silesia, a.k.a Schlesien. The tricky part now is that it is in Poland. Lots of towns have changed names to Polish, including the hometown on my great-grandmother, Reinerz, now known as Duszniki-Zdrój. We visited it when I was a teenager and even got to see the outside of the local St. Anne's Church where my ancestor most likely worshiped. (It's also fun that we've an old 1884 Baedeker tour book. Apparently, there's a remarkable whale pulpit that I missed when we couldn't get into the church). Here's a link to some picturesque postcards from when the town was still known as Bad (spa) Reinerz.

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Gum disease is caused by plaque, the sticky film of bacteria that is constantly forming on our teeth. If left, this plaque builds up on and between teeth, irritating gums and making them swollen. At Wimbledon Dental & Implant Centre, we recommend dental hygiene treatments to our patients. Why? Because even the best brushing and flossing routines cannot eliminate all traces of plaque. Left on your teeth, plaque becomes hard tartar, which cannot be brushed off. This then traps more plaque and the cycle repeats, causing gum disease and frequently bad breath. Our Wimbledon hygienist removes plaque and calculus from your teeth in order to prevent the onset or progression of gum disease, and leaves your mouth sparkling clean. For patients with more advanced periodontal disease, we have a specialist periodontist on our team who can analyse your specific situation and provide more intensive treatment to target your treatment needs. The best way to help avoid gum disease and protect against your gums from receding is to practice good oral hygiene. We will give you advice on the best way to keep your teeth and gums healthy and clean.

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Having determined that the many have no knowledge of true being, and have no clear patterns in their minds of justice, beauty, truth, and that philosophers have such patterns, we have now to ask whether they or the many shall be rulers in our State. But who can doubt that philosophers should be chosen, if they have the other qualities which are required in a ruler? For they are lovers of the knowledge of the eternal and of all truth; they are haters of falsehood; their meaner desires are absorbed in the interests of knowledge; they are spectators of all time and all existence; and in the magnificence of their contemplation the life of man is as nothing to them, nor is death fearful. Also they are of a social, gracious disposition, equally free from cowardice and arrogance. They learn and remember easily; they have harmonious, well-regulated minds; truth flows to them sweetly by nature. Can the god of Jealousy himself find any fault with such an assemblage of good qualities? Here Adeimantus interposes:--'No man can answer you, Socrates; but every man feels that this is owing to his own deficiency in argument. He is driven from one position to another, until he has nothing more to say, just as an unskilful player at draughts is reduced to his last move by a more skilled opponent. And yet all the time he may be right. He may know, in this very instance, that those who make philosophy the business of their lives, generally turn out rogues if they are bad men, and fools if they are good. What do you say?' I should say that he is quite right. 'Then how is such an admission reconcileable with the doctrine that philosophers should be kings?' I shall answer you in a parable which will also let you see how poor a hand I am at the invention of allegories. The relation of good men to their governments is so peculiar, that in order to defend them I must take an illustration from the world of fiction. Conceive the captain of a ship, taller by a head and shoulders than any of the crew, yet a little deaf, a little blind, and rather ignorant of the seaman's art. The sailors want to steer, although they know nothing of the art; and they have a theory that it cannot be learned. If the helm is refused them, they drug the captain's posset, bind him hand and foot, and take possession of the ship. He who joins in the mutiny is termed a good pilot and what not; they have no conception that the true pilot must observe the winds and the stars, and must be their master, whether they like it or not;--such an one would be called by them fool, prater, star-gazer. This is my parable; which I will beg you to interpret for me to those gentlemen who ask why the philosopher has such an evil name, and to explain to them that not he, but those who will not use him, are to blame for his uselessness. The philosopher should not beg of mankind to be put in authority over them. The wise man should not seek the rich, as the proverb bids, but every man, whether rich or poor, must knock at the door of the physician when he has need of him. Now the pilot is the philosopher--he whom in the parable they call star-gazer, and the mutinous sailors are the mob of politicians by whom he is rendered useless. Not that these are the worst enemies of philosophy, who is far more dishonoured by her own professing sons when they are corrupted by the world. Need I recall the original image of the philosopher? Did we not say of him just now, that he loved truth and hated falsehood, and that he could not rest in the multiplicity of phenomena, but was led by a sympathy in his own nature to the contemplation of the absolute? All the virtues as well as truth, who is the leader of them, took up their abode in his soul. But as you were observing, if we turn aside to view the reality, we see that the persons who were thus described, with the exception of a small and useless class, are utter rogues. The point which has to be considered, is the origin of this corruption in nature. Every one will admit that the philosopher, in our description of him, is a rare being. But what numberless causes tend to destroy these rare beings! There is no good thing which may not be a cause of evil-- health, wealth, strength, rank, and the virtues themselves, when placed under unfavourable circumstances. For as in the animal or vegetable world the strongest seeds most need the accompaniment of good air and soil, so the best of human characters turn out the worst when they fall upon an unsuitable soil; whereas weak natures hardly ever do any considerable good or harm; they are not the stuff out of which either great criminals or great heroes are made. The philosopher follows the same analogy: he is either the best or the worst of all men. Some persons say that the Sophists are the corrupters of youth; but is not public opinion the real Sophist who is everywhere present--in those very persons, in the assembly, in the courts, in the camp, in the applauses and hisses of the theatre re- echoed by the surrounding hills? Will not a young man's heart leap amid these discordant sounds? and will any education save him from being carried away by the torrent? Nor is this all. For if he will not yield to opinion, there follows the gentle compulsion of exile or death. What principle of rival Sophists or anybody else can overcome in such an unequal contest? Characters there may be more than human, who are exceptions--God may save a man, but not his own strength. Further, I would have you consider that the hireling Sophist only gives back to the world their own opinions; he is the keeper of the monster, who knows how to flatter or anger him, and observes the meaning of his inarticulate grunts. Good is what pleases him, evil what he dislikes; truth and beauty are determined only by the taste of the brute. Such is the Sophist's wisdom, and such is the condition of those who make public opinion the test of truth, whether in art or in morals. The curse is laid upon them of being and doing what it approves, and when they attempt first principles the failure is ludicrous. Think of all this and ask yourself whether the world is more likely to be a believer in the unity of the idea, or in the multiplicity of phenomena. And the world if not a believer in the idea cannot be a philosopher, and must therefore be a persecutor of philosophers. There is another evil:--the world does not like to lose the gifted nature, and so they flatter the young (Alcibiades) into a magnificent opinion of his own capacity; the tall, proper youth begins to expand, and is dreaming of kingdoms and empires. If at this instant a friend whispers to him, 'Now the gods lighten thee; thou art a great fool' and must be educated--do you think that he will listen? Or suppose a better sort of man who is attracted towards philosophy, will they not make Herculean efforts to spoil and corrupt him? Are we not right in saying that the love of knowledge, no less than riches, may divert him? Men of this class (Critias) often become politicians--they are the authors of great mischief in states, and sometimes also of great good. And thus philosophy is deserted by her natural protectors, and others enter in and dishonour her. Vulgar little minds see the land open and rush from the prisons of the arts into her temple. A clever mechanic having a soul coarse as his body, thinks that he will gain caste by becoming her suitor. For philosophy, even in her fallen estate, has a dignity of her own--and he, like a bald little blacksmith's apprentice as he is, having made some money and got out of durance, washes and dresses himself as a bridegroom and marries his master's daughter. What will be the issue of such marriages? Will they not be vile and bastard, devoid of truth and nature? 'They will.' Small, then, is the remnant of genuine philosophers; there may be a few who are citizens of small states, in which politics are not worth thinking of, or who have been detained by Theages' bridle of ill health; for my own case of the oracular sign is almost unique, and too rare to be worth mentioning. And these few when they have tasted the pleasures of philosophy, and have taken a look at that den of thieves and place of wild beasts, which is human life, will stand aside from the storm under the shelter of a wall, and try to preserve their own innocence and to depart in peace. 'A great work, too, will have been accomplished by them.' Great, yes, but not the greatest; for man is a social being, and can only attain his highest development in the society which is best suited to him. Enough, then, of the causes why philosophy has such an evil name. Another question is, Which of existing states is suited to her? Not one of them; at present she is like some exotic seed which degenerates in a strange soil; only in her proper state will she be shown to be of heavenly growth. 'And is her proper state ours or some other?' Ours in all points but one, which was left undetermined. You may remember our saying that some living mind or witness of the legislator was needed in states. But we were afraid to enter upon a subject of such difficulty, and now the question recurs and has not grown easier:--How may philosophy be safely studied? Let us bring her into the light of day, and make an end of the inquiry. In the first place, I say boldly that nothing can be worse than the present mode of study. Persons usually pick up a little philosophy in early youth, and in the intervals of business, but they never master the real difficulty, which is dialectic. Later, perhaps, they occasionally go to a lecture on philosophy. Years advance, and the sun of philosophy, unlike that of Heracleitus, sets never to rise again. This order of education should be reversed; it should begin with gymnastics in youth, and as the man strengthens, he should increase the gymnastics of his soul. Then, when active life is over, let him finally return to philosophy. 'You are in earnest, Socrates, but the world will be equally earnest in withstanding you--no more than Thrasymachus.' Do not make a quarrel between Thrasymachus and me, who were never enemies and are now good friends enough. And I shall do my best to convince him and all mankind of the truth of my words, or at any rate to prepare for the future when, in another life, we may again take part in similar discussions. 'That will be a long time hence.' Not long in comparison with eternity. The many will probably remain incredulous, for they have never seen the natural unity of ideas, but only artificial juxtapositions; not free and generous thoughts, but tricks of controversy and quips of law;--a perfect man ruling in a perfect state, even a single one they have not known. And we foresaw that there was no chance of perfection either in states or individuals until a necessity was laid upon philosophers--not the rogues, but those whom we called the useless class--of holding office; or until the sons of kings were inspired with a true love of philosophy. Whether in the infinity of past time there has been, or is in some distant land, or ever will be hereafter, an ideal such as we have described, we stoutly maintain that there has been, is, and will be such a state whenever the Muse of philosophy rules. Will you say that the world is of another mind? O, my friend, do not revile the world! They will soon change their opinion if they are gently entreated, and are taught the true nature of the philosopher. Who can hate a man who loves him? Or be jealous of one who has no jealousy? Consider, again, that the many hate not the true but the false philosophers--the pretenders who force their way in without invitation, and are always speaking of persons and not of principles, which is unlike the spirit of philosophy. For the true philosopher despises earthly strife; his eye is fixed on the eternal order in accordance with which he moulds himself into the Divine image (and not himself only, but other men), and is the creator of the virtues private as well as public. When mankind see that the happiness of states is only to be found in that image, will they be angry with us for attempting to delineate it? 'Certainly not. But what will be the process of delineation?' The artist will do nothing until he has made a tabula rasa; on this he will inscribe the constitution of a state, glancing often at the divine truth of nature, and from that deriving the godlike among men, mingling the two elements, rubbing out and painting in, until there is a perfect harmony or fusion of the divine and human. But perhaps the world will doubt the existence of such an artist. What will they doubt? That the philosopher is a lover of truth, having a nature akin to the best?--and if they admit this will they still quarrel with us for making philosophers our kings? 'They will be less disposed to quarrel.' Let us assume then that they are pacified. Still, a person may hesitate about the probability of the son of a king being a philosopher. And we do not deny that they are very liable to be corrupted; but yet surely in the course of ages there might be one exception--and one is enough. If one son of a king were a philosopher, and had obedient citizens, he might bring the ideal polity into being. Hence we conclude that our laws are not only the best, but that they are also possible, though not free from difficulty. I gained nothing by evading the troublesome questions which arose concerning women and children. I will be wiser now and acknowledge that we must go to the bottom of another question: What is to be the education of our guardians? It was agreed that they were to be lovers of their country, and were to be tested in the refiner's fire of pleasures and pains, and those who came forth pure and remained fixed in their principles were to have honours and rewards in life and after death. But at this point, the argument put on her veil and turned into another path. I hesitated to make the assertion which I now hazard,--that our guardians must be philosophers. You remember all the contradictory elements, which met in the philosopher-- how difficult to find them all in a single person! Intelligence and spirit are not often combined with steadiness; the stolid, fearless, nature is averse to intellectual toil. And yet these opposite elements are all necessary, and therefore, as we were saying before, the aspirant must be tested in pleasures and dangers; and also, as we must now further add, in the highest branches of knowledge. You will remember, that when we spoke of the virtues mention was made of a longer road, which you were satisfied to leave unexplored. 'Enough seemed to have been said.' Enough, my friend; but what is enough while anything remains wanting? Of all men the guardian must not faint in the search after truth; he must be prepared to take the longer road, or he will never reach that higher region which is above the four virtues; and of the virtues too he must not only get an outline, but a clear and distinct vision. (Strange that we should be so precise about trifles, so careless about the highest truths!) 'And what are the highest?' You to pretend unconsciousness, when you have so often heard me speak of the idea of good, about which we know so little, and without which though a man gain the world he has no profit of it! Some people imagine that the good is wisdom; but this involves a circle,--the good, they say, is wisdom, wisdom has to do with the good. According to others the good is pleasure; but then comes the absurdity that good is bad, for there are bad pleasures as well as good. Again, the good must have reality; a man may desire the appearance of virtue, but he will not desire the appearance of good. Ought our guardians then to be ignorant of this supreme principle, of which every man has a presentiment, and without which no man has any real knowledge of anything? 'But, Socrates, what is this supreme principle, knowledge or pleasure, or what? You may think me troublesome, but I say that you have no business to be always repeating the doctrines of others instead of giving us your own.' Can I say what I do not know? 'You may offer an opinion.' And will the blindness and crookedness of opinion content you when you might have the light and certainty of science? 'I will only ask you to give such an explanation of the good as you have given already of temperance and justice.' I wish that I could, but in my present mood I cannot reach to the height of the knowledge of the good. To the parent or principal I cannot introduce you, but to the child begotten in his image, which I may compare with the interest on the principal, I will. (Audit the account, and do not let me give you a false statement of the debt.) You remember our old distinction of the many beautiful and the one beautiful, the particular and the universal, the objects of sight and the objects of thought? Did you ever consider that the objects of sight imply a faculty of sight which is the most complex and costly of our senses, requiring not only objects of sense, but also a medium, which is light; without which the sight will not distinguish between colours and all will be a blank? For light is the noble bond between the perceiving faculty and the thing perceived, and the god who gives us light is the sun, who is the eye of the day, but is not to be confounded with the eye of man. This eye of the day or sun is what I call the child of the good, standing in the same relation to the visible world as the good to the intellectual. When the sun shines the eye sees, and in the intellectual world where truth is, there is sight and light. Now that which is the sun of intelligent natures, is the idea of good, the cause of knowledge and truth, yet other and fairer than they are, and standing in the same relation to them in which the sun stands to light. O inconceivable height of beauty, which is above knowledge and above truth! ('You cannot surely mean pleasure,' he said. Peace, I replied.) And this idea of good, like the sun, is also the cause of growth, and the author not of knowledge only, but of being, yet greater far than either in dignity and power. 'That is a reach of thought more than human; but, pray, go on with the image, for I suspect that there is more behind.' There is, I said; and bearing in mind our two suns or principles, imagine further their corresponding worlds--one of the visible, the other of the intelligible; you may assist your fancy by figuring the distinction under the image of a line divided into two unequal parts, and may again subdivide each part into two lesser segments representative of the stages of knowledge in either sphere. The lower portion of the lower or visible sphere will consist of shadows and reflections, and its upper and smaller portion will contain real objects in the world of nature or of art. The sphere of the intelligible will also have two divisions,--one of mathematics, in which there is no ascent but all is descent; no inquiring into premises, but only drawing of inferences. In this division the mind works with figures and numbers, the images of which are taken not from the shadows, but from the objects, although the truth of them is seen only with the mind's eye; and they are used as hypotheses without being analysed. Whereas in the other division reason uses the hypotheses as stages or steps in the ascent to the idea of good, to which she fastens them, and then again descends, walking firmly in the region of ideas, and of ideas only, in her ascent as well as descent, and finally resting in them. 'I partly understand,' he replied; 'you mean that the ideas of science are superior to the hypothetical, metaphorical conceptions of geometry and the other arts or sciences, whichever is to be the name of them; and the latter conceptions you refuse to make subjects of pure intellect, because they have no first principle, although when resting on a first principle, they pass into the higher sphere.' You understand me very well, I said. And now to those four divisions of knowledge you may assign four corresponding faculties--pure intelligence to the highest sphere; active intelligence to the second; to the third, faith; to the fourth, the perception of shadows--and the clearness of the several faculties will be in the same ratio as the truth of the objects to which they are related... Like Socrates, we may recapitulate the virtues of the philosopher. In language which seems to reach beyond the horizon of that age and country, he is described as 'the spectator of all time and all existence.' He has the noblest gifts of nature, and makes the highest use of them. All his desires are absorbed in the love of wisdom, which is the love of truth. None of the graces of a beautiful soul are wanting in him; neither can he fear death, or think much of human life. The ideal of modern times hardly retains the simplicity of the antique; there is not the same originality either in truth or error which characterized the Greeks. The philosopher is no longer living in the unseen, nor is he sent by an oracle to convince mankind of ignorance; nor does he regard knowledge as a system of ideas leading upwards by regular stages to the idea of good. The eagerness of the pursuit has abated; there is more division of labour and less of comprehensive reflection upon nature and human life as a whole; more of exact observation and less of anticipation and inspiration. Still, in the altered conditions of knowledge, the parallel is not wholly lost; and there may be a use in translating the conception of Plato into the language of our own age. The philosopher in modern times is one who fixes his mind on the laws of nature in their sequence and connexion, not on fragments or pictures of nature; on history, not on controversy; on the truths which are acknowledged by the few, not on the opinions of the many. He is aware of the importance of 'classifying according to nature,' and will try to 'separate the limbs of science without breaking them' (Phaedr.). There is no part of truth, whether great or small, which he will dishonour; and in the least things he will discern the greatest (Parmen.). Like the ancient philosopher he sees the world pervaded by analogies, but he can also tell 'why in some cases a single instance is sufficient for an induction' (Mill's Logic), while in other cases a thousand examples would prove nothing. He inquires into a portion of knowledge only, because the whole has grown too vast to be embraced by a single mind or life. He has a clearer conception of the divisions of science and of their relation to the mind of man than was possible to the ancients. Like Plato, he has a vision of the unity of knowledge, not as the beginning of philosophy to be attained by a study of elementary mathematics, but as the far-off result of the working of many minds in many ages. He is aware that mathematical studies are preliminary to almost every other; at the same time, he will not reduce all varieties of knowledge to the type of mathematics. He too must have a nobility of character, without which genius loses the better half of greatness. Regarding the world as a point in immensity, and each individual as a link in a never-ending chain of existence, he will not think much of his own life, or be greatly afraid of death. Adeimantus objects first of all to the form of the Socratic reasoning, thus showing that Plato is aware of the imperfection of his own method. He brings the accusation against himself which might be brought against him by a modern logician--that he extracts the answer because he knows how to put the question. In a long argument words are apt to change their meaning slightly, or premises may be assumed or conclusions inferred with rather too much certainty or universality; the variation at each step may be unobserved, and yet at last the divergence becomes considerable. Hence the failure of attempts to apply arithmetical or algebraic formulae to logic. The imperfection, or rather the higher and more elastic nature of language, does not allow words to have the precision of numbers or of symbols. And this quality in language impairs the force of an argument which has many steps. The objection, though fairly met by Socrates in this particular instance, may be regarded as implying a reflection upon the Socratic mode of reasoning. And here, as elsewhere, Plato seems to intimate that the time had come when the negative and interrogative method of Socrates must be superseded by a positive and constructive one, of which examples are given in some of the later dialogues. Adeimantus further argues that the ideal is wholly at variance with facts; for experience proves philosophers to be either useless or rogues. Contrary to all expectation Socrates has no hesitation in admitting the truth of this, and explains the anomaly in an allegory, first characteristically depreciating his own inventive powers. In this allegory the people are distinguished from the professional politicians, and, as elsewhere, are spoken of in a tone of pity rather than of censure under the image of 'the noble captain who is not very quick in his perceptions.' The uselessness of philosophers is explained by the circumstance that mankind will not use them. The world in all ages has been divided between contempt and fear of those who employ the power of ideas and know no other weapons. Concerning the false philosopher, Socrates argues that the best is most liable to corruption; and that the finer nature is more likely to suffer from alien conditions. We too observe that there are some kinds of excellence which spring from a peculiar delicacy of constitution; as is evidently true of the poetical and imaginative temperament, which often seems to depend on impressions, and hence can only breathe or live in a certain atmosphere. The man of genius has greater pains and greater pleasures, greater powers and greater weaknesses, and often a greater play of character than is to be found in ordinary men. He can assume the disguise of virtue or disinterestedness without having them, or veil personal enmity in the language of patriotism and philosophy,--he can say the word which all men are thinking, he has an insight which is terrible into the follies and weaknesses of his fellow-men. An Alcibiades, a Mirabeau, or a Napoleon the First, are born either to be the authors of great evils in states, or 'of great good, when they are drawn in that direction.' Yet the thesis, 'corruptio optimi pessima,' cannot be maintained generally or without regard to the kind of excellence which is corrupted. The alien conditions which are corrupting to one nature, may be the elements of culture to another. In general a man can only receive his highest development in a congenial state or family, among friends or fellow- workers. But also he may sometimes be stirred by adverse circumstances to such a degree that he rises up against them and reforms them. And while weaker or coarser characters will extract good out of evil, say in a corrupt state of the church or of society, and live on happily, allowing the evil to remain, the finer or stronger natures may be crushed or spoiled by surrounding influences--may become misanthrope and philanthrope by turns; or in a few instances, like the founders of the monastic orders, or the Reformers, owing to some peculiarity in themselves or in their age, may break away entirely from the world and from the church, sometimes into great good, sometimes into great evil, sometimes into both. And the same holds in the lesser sphere of a convent, a school, a family. Plato would have us consider how easily the best natures are overpowered by public opinion, and what efforts the rest of mankind will make to get possession of them. The world, the church, their own profession, any political or party organization, are always carrying them off their legs and teaching them to apply high and holy names to their own prejudices and interests. The 'monster' corporation to which they belong judges right and truth to be the pleasure of the community. The individual becomes one with his order; or, if he resists, the world is too much for him, and will sooner or later be revenged on him. This is, perhaps, a one-sided but not wholly untrue picture of the maxims and practice of mankind when they 'sit down together at an assembly,' either in ancient or modern times. When the higher natures are corrupted by politics, the lower take possession of the vacant place of philosophy. This is described in one of those continuous images in which the argument, to use a Platonic expression, 'veils herself,' and which is dropped and reappears at intervals. The question is asked,--Why are the citizens of states so hostile to philosophy? The answer is, that they do not know her. And yet there is also a better mind of the many; they would believe if they were taught. But hitherto they have only known a conventional imitation of philosophy, words without thoughts, systems which have no life in them; a (divine) person uttering the words of beauty and freedom, the friend of man holding communion with the Eternal, and seeking to frame the state in that image, they have never known. The same double feeling respecting the mass of mankind has always existed among men. The first thought is that the people are the enemies of truth and right; the second, that this only arises out of an accidental error and confusion, and that they do not really hate those who love them, if they could be educated to know them. In the latter part of the sixth book, three questions have to be considered: 1st, the nature of the longer and more circuitous way, which is contrasted with the shorter and more imperfect method of Book IV; 2nd, the heavenly pattern or idea of the state; 3rd, the relation of the divisions of knowledge to one another and to the corresponding faculties of In modern times we hardly need to be reminded that the process of acquiring knowledge is here confused with the contemplation of absolute knowledge. In all science a priori and a posteriori truths mingle in various proportions. The a priori part is that which is derived from the most universal experience of men, or is universally accepted by them; the a posteriori is that which grows up around the more general principles and becomes imperceptibly one with them. But Plato erroneously imagines that the synthesis is separable from the analysis, and that the method of science can anticipate science. In entertaining such a vision of a priori knowledge he is sufficiently justified, or at least his meaning may be sufficiently explained by the similar attempts of Descartes, Kant, Hegel, and even of Bacon himself, in modern philosophy. Anticipations or divinations, or prophetic glimpses of truths whether concerning man or nature, seem to stand in the same relation to ancient philosophy which hypotheses bear to modern inductive science. These 'guesses at truth' were not made at random; they arose from a superficial impression of uniformities and first principles in nature which the genius of the Greek, contemplating the expanse of heaven and earth, seemed to recognize in the distance. Nor can we deny that in ancient times knowledge must have stood still, and the human mind been deprived of the very instruments of thought, if philosophy had been strictly confined to the results of experience. There is more difficulty in comprehending how he arrived at the first term of the series, which is nowhere else mentioned, and has no reference to any other part of his system. Nor indeed does the relation of shadows to objects correspond to the relation of numbers to ideas. Probably Plato has been led by the love of analogy (Timaeus) to make four terms instead of three, although the objects perceived in both divisions of the lower sphere are equally objects of sense. He is also preparing the way, as his manner is, for the shadows of images at the beginning of the seventh book, and the imitation of an imitation in the tenth. The line may be regarded as reaching from unity to infinity, and is divided into two unequal parts, and subdivided into two more; each lower sphere is the multiplication of the preceding. Of the four faculties, faith in the lower division has an intermediate position (cp. for the use of the word faith or belief, (Greek), Timaeus), contrasting equally with the vagueness of the perception of shadows (Greek) and the higher certainty of understanding (Greek) and reason (Greek). The difference between understanding and mind or reason (Greek) is analogous to the difference between acquiring knowledge in the parts and the contemplation of the whole. True knowledge is a whole, and is at rest; consistency and universality are the tests of truth. To this self- evidencing knowledge of the whole the faculty of mind is supposed to correspond. But there is a knowledge of the understanding which is incomplete and in motion always, because unable to rest in the subordinate ideas. Those ideas are called both images and hypotheses--images because they are clothed in sense, hypotheses because they are assumptions only, until they are brought into connexion with the idea of good. The general meaning of the passage, 'Noble, then, is the bond which links together sight...And of this kind I spoke as the intelligible...' so far as the thought contained in it admits of being translated into the terms of modern philosophy, may be described or explained as follows:--There is a truth, one and self-existent, to which by the help of a ladder let down from above, the human intelligence may ascend. This unity is like the sun in the heavens, the light by which all things are seen, the being by which they are created and sustained. It is the IDEA of good. And the steps of the ladder leading up to this highest or universal existence are the mathematical sciences, which also contain in themselves an element of the universal. These, too, we see in a new manner when we connect them with the idea of good. They then cease to be hypotheses or pictures, and become essential parts of a higher truth which is at once their first principle and their final cause. We cannot give any more precise meaning to this remarkable passage, but we may trace in it several rudiments or vestiges of thought which are common to us and to Plato: such as (1) the unity and correlation of the sciences, or rather of science, for in Plato's time they were not yet parted off or distinguished; (2) the existence of a Divine Power, or life or idea or cause or reason, not yet conceived or no longer conceived as in the Timaeus and elsewhere under the form of a person; (3) the recognition of the hypothetical and conditional character of the mathematical sciences, and in a measure of every science when isolated from the rest; (4) the conviction of a truth which is invisible, and of a law, though hardly a law of nature, which permeates the intellectual rather than the visible world. The method of Socrates is hesitating and tentative, awaiting the fuller explanation of the idea of good, and of the nature of dialectic in the seventh book. The imperfect intelligence of Glaucon, and the reluctance of Socrates to make a beginning, mark the difficulty of the subject. The allusion to Theages' bridle, and to the internal oracle, or demonic sign, of Socrates, which here, as always in Plato, is only prohibitory; the remark that the salvation of any remnant of good in the present evil state of the world is due to God only; the reference to a future state of existence, which is unknown to Glaucon in the tenth book, and in which the discussions of Socrates and his disciples would be resumed; the surprise in the answers; the fanciful irony of Socrates, where he pretends that he can only describe the strange position of the philosopher in a figure of speech; the original observation that the Sophists, after all, are only the representatives and not the leaders of public opinion; the picture of the philosopher standing aside in the shower of sleet under a wall; the figure of 'the great beast' followed by the expression of good-will towards the common people who would not have rejected the philosopher if they had known him; the 'right noble thought' that the highest truths demand the greatest exactness; the hesitation of Socrates in returning once more to his well- worn theme of the idea of good; the ludicrous earnestness of Glaucon; the comparison of philosophy to a deserted maiden who marries beneath her--are some of the most interesting characteristics of the sixth book. Yet a few more words may be added, on the old theme, which was so oft discussed in the Socratic circle, of which we, like Glaucon and Adeimantus, would fain, if possible, have a clearer notion. Like them, we are dissatisfied when we are told that the idea of good can only be revealed to a student of the mathematical sciences, and we are inclined to think that neither we nor they could have been led along that path to any satisfactory goal. For we have learned that differences of quantity cannot pass into differences of quality, and that the mathematical sciences can never rise above themselves into the sphere of our higher thoughts, although they may sometimes furnish symbols and expressions of them, and may train the mind in habits of abstraction and self-concentration. The illusion which was natural to an ancient philosopher has ceased to be an illusion to us. But if the process by which we are supposed to arrive at the idea of good be really imaginary, may not the idea itself be also a mere abstraction? We remark, first, that in all ages, and especially in primitive philosophy, words such as being, essence, unity, good, have exerted an extraordinary influence over the minds of men. The meagreness or negativeness of their content has been in an inverse ratio to their power. They have become the forms under which all things were comprehended. There was a need or instinct in the human soul which they satisfied; they were not ideas, but gods, and to this new mythology the men of a later generation began to attach the powers and associations of the elder deities. The idea of good is one of those sacred words or forms of thought, which were beginning to take the place of the old mythology. It meant unity, in which all time and all existence were gathered up. It was the truth of all things, and also the light in which they shone forth, and became evident to intelligences human and divine. It was the cause of all things, the power by which they were brought into being. It was the universal reason divested of a human personality. It was the life as well as the light of the world, all knowledge and all power were comprehended in it. The way to it was through the mathematical sciences, and these too were dependent on it. To ask whether God was the maker of it, or made by it, would be like asking whether God could be conceived apart from goodness, or goodness apart from God. The God of the Timaeus is not really at variance with the idea of good; they are aspects of the same, differing only as the personal from the impersonal, or the masculine from the neuter, the one being the expression or language of mythology, the other of philosophy. This, or something like this, is the meaning of the idea of good as conceived by Plato. Ideas of number, order, harmony, development may also be said to enter into it. The paraphrase which has just been given of it goes beyond the actual words of Plato. We have perhaps arrived at the stage of philosophy which enables us to understand what he is aiming at, better than he did himself. We are beginning to realize what he saw darkly and at a distance. But if he could have been told that this, or some conception of the same kind, but higher than this, was the truth at which he was aiming, and the need which he sought to supply, he would gladly have recognized that more was contained in his own thoughts than he himself knew. As his words are few and his manner reticent and tentative, so must the style of his interpreter be. We should not approach his meaning more nearly by attempting to define it further. In translating him into the language of modern thought, we might insensibly lose the spirit of ancient philosophy. It is remarkable that although Plato speaks of the idea of good as the first principle of truth and being, it is nowhere mentioned in his writings except in this passage. Nor did it retain any hold upon the minds of his disciples in a later generation; it was probably unintelligible to them. Nor does the mention of it in Aristotle appear to have any reference to this or any other passage in his extant writings. We care about eBooks because we care about the environment. Copyright © 2000-2019 Literature Project. All Rights Reserved.

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- Identify characteristics of birds - Describe the derived characteristics in birds that facilitate flight Birds are endothermic, and because they fly, they require large amounts of energy, necessitating a high metabolic rate. Like mammals, which are also endothermic, birds have an insulating covering that keeps heat in the body: feathers. Specialized feathers called down feathers are especially insulating, trapping air in spaces between each feather to decrease the rate of heat loss. Certain parts of a bird’s body are covered in down feathers, and the base of other feathers have a downy portion, whereas newly hatched birds are covered in down. Feathers not only act as insulation but also allow for flight, enabling the lift and thrust necessary to become airborne. The feathers on a wing are flexible, so the collective feathers move and separate as air moves through them, reducing the drag on the wing. Flight feathers are asymmetrical, which affects airflow over them and provides some of the lifting and thrusting force required for flight (Figure 1). Two types of flight feathers are found on the wings, primary feathers and secondary feathers. Primary feathers are located at the tip of the wing and provide thrust. Secondary feathers are located closer to the body, attach to the forearm portion of the wing and provide lift. Contour feathers are the feathers found on the body, and they help reduce drag produced by wind resistance during flight. They create a smooth, aerodynamic surface so that air moves smoothly over the bird’s body, allowing for efficient flight. Flapping of the entire wing occurs primarily through the actions of the chest muscles, the pectoralis and the supracoracoideus. These muscles are highly developed in birds and account for a higher percentage of body mass than in most mammals. These attach to a blade-shaped keel, like that of a boat, located on the sternum. The sternum of birds is larger than that of other vertebrates, which accommodates the large muscles required to generate enough upward force to generate lift with the flapping of the wings. Another skeletal modification found in most birds is the fusion of the two clavicles (collarbones), forming the furcula or wishbone. The furcula is flexible enough to bend and provide support to the shoulder girdle during flapping. An important requirement of flight is a low body weight. As body weight increases, the muscle output required for flying increases. The largest living bird is the ostrich, and while it is much smaller than the largest mammals, it is flightless. For birds that do fly, reduction in body weight makes flight easier. Several modifications are found in birds to reduce body weight, including pneumatization of bones. Pneumatic bones are bones that are hollow, rather than filled with tissue (Figure 2). They contain air spaces that are sometimes connected to air sacs, and they have struts of bone to provide structural reinforcement. Pneumatic bones are not found in all birds, and they are more extensive in large birds than in small birds. Not all bones of the skeleton are pneumatic, although the skulls of almost all birds are. Other modifications that reduce weight include the lack of a urinary bladder. Birds possess a cloaca, a structure that allows water to be reabsorbed from waste back into the bloodstream. Uric acid is not expelled as a liquid but is concentrated into urate salts, which are expelled along with fecal matter. In this way, water is not held in the urinary bladder, which would increase body weight. Most bird species only possess one ovary rather than two, further reducing body mass. The air sacs that extend into bones to form pneumatic bones also join with the lungs and function in respiration. Unlike mammalian lungs in which air flows in two directions, as it is breathed in and out, airflow through bird lungs travels in one direction (Figure 3). Air sacs allow for this unidirectional airflow, which also creates a cross-current exchange system with the blood. In a cross-current or counter-current system, the air flows in one direction and the blood flows in the opposite direction, creating a very efficient means of gas exchange. To help supply blood to the tissues, Birds have also evolved a four cambered heart, similar to that found in mammals. The heart, with two atria and two ventricles, directs deoxygenated blood to the lungs while the oxygenated blood can travel to the rest of the body. In Summary: Characteristics of Birds Birds are endothermic, meaning they produce their own body heat and regulate their internal temperature independently of the external temperature. Feathers not only act as insulation but also allow for flight, providing lift with secondary feathers and thrust with primary feathers. Pneumatic bones are bones that are hollow rather than filled with tissue, containing air spaces that are sometimes connected to air sacs. Airflow through bird lungs travels in one direction, creating a cross-current exchange with the blood. - Warm blooded (endothermic) - Insulated Covering (feathers) - No Urinary bladder - Pneumatic Bones - Modified Lungs - Four chambered heart Contributors and Attributions - Biology. Provided by: OpenStax CNX. Located at: http://firstname.lastname@example.org. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72...email@example.com

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This weekend, November 18-21, Visiting Assistant Professor Dr. Rachel Besharat-Mann will share her talk, ‘”You can say anything you want online”: Helping adolescents manage messages on social media through critical and media literacy practices’ at the Annual Convention of the National Council of Teachers of English. Read on for a description of Dr. Besharat-Mann’s talk. Communication via social media such as Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat has become ubiquitous for American teenagers. Through recent years, social media users and digital entities have dispersed potentially false information and spread messages of hate and bigotry for public consumption. These messages are often unavoidable, even during leisure time, resulting in a phenomenon known as incidental news exposure. In addition to news exposure, hateful messages involving race, ethnicity, or other differences between groups are curated by online friends or other entities, spread quickly through social media networks. These messages and exposure to one-sided news online can impact teens who are in the process of developing their own sense of self and learning to be critically literate citizens. As educators, part of our job is to help students develop critical literacy by modeling our own processes, exposing them to multiple viewpoints, expanding our selection of culturally relevant texts, and other practices. Social media, though seemingly out of the realm of educators, is a place where critical and media literacy is essential and teachers can help to mitigate some of the harmful impact online messages of hate can have on our students. It can also spark civic participation and critical awareness of societal issues. Through this session, participants will be guided through a hands-on exploration of adolescent behavior on social media with a focus on their receipt of potentially harmful messages. This research will include ongoing research from Dr. Rachel Besharat-Mann which explores how teens are reacting to hateful messages through Instagram and Facebook through both empirical survey data and simulated social media think-alouds. The research presentation will be done through an interactive discussion group to encourage participation from the attendees. Dr. Besharat-Mann will then model an original activity, the Social Media Critical Response organizer, that participants can adapt in their classrooms to help students critically analyze and respond to online messages.

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Orthopedic surgery and nutrition: How Diet Impacts Recovery and Healing Orthopedic surgeries are significant medical procedures that require ample preparation and recovery. While most patients are aware of post-operative exercises and medications, many overlook a crucial component: nutrition. The relationship between orthopedic surgery and nutrition is a vital part of a speedy and effective recovery. The Role of Nutrition in Orthopedic Surgery Nutrition plays a pivotal role in healing and recovery. After all, the foods we consume provide our bodies with essential nutrients needed for tissue repair, energy, and overall well-being. 1. Protein: Building and Repairing Tissue - Essential for tissue repair, especially after surgery. - Sources: Lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and nuts. 2. Vitamins and Minerals: Supporting Recovery - Vitamins like C and E and minerals such as zinc can support wound healing. - Calcium and Vitamin D are essential for bone health, especially after orthopedic procedures. - Sources: Fruits, vegetables, dairy products, nuts, and seeds. 3. Hydration: Essential for Healing - Keeps tissues hydrated and supports overall health. - Aids in nutrient transport and removal of waste products. - Sources: Water, herbal teas, and hydrating foods like cucumber and watermelon. How Orthopedic Surgery and Nutrition Intersect After orthopedic surgery, the body’s demands for specific nutrients may increase. Here’s why integrating orthopedic surgery and nutrition is vital: Optimized Recovery Time: A well-balanced diet can significantly reduce recovery time. When the body receives essential nutrients, it can repair itself more effectively. Reduced Infection Risk: Proper nutrition can bolster the immune system, reducing the risk of post-operative infections. Enhanced Energy Levels: Recovery can be draining. Nutrient-dense foods restore energy, allowing for more effective physiotherapy and rehabilitation. Considerations and Recommendations - Personalized Nutrition Plans: It’s beneficial to work with a nutritionist familiar with orthopedic recovery to tailor a plan to individual needs. - Monitor Weight: Significant weight fluctuations can affect recovery. Keeping weight stable with a balanced diet is key. - Avoid Alcohol and Tobacco: These can impede the healing process. Best to avoid or limit their intake during recovery. - Pre-surgery Nutrition: Starting a balanced nutrition regimen even before the surgery can set the stage for optimal recovery. Impact of Specific Nutrients on Post-Surgical Recovery When discussing orthopedic surgery and nutrition, certain nutrients deserve special attention due to their direct impact on recovery: Omega-3 Fatty Acids: - Role: These have anti-inflammatory properties, which can help reduce swelling and pain after surgery. - Sources: Fatty fish like salmon, flaxseed, walnuts, and chia seeds. Iron and Vitamin B12: - Role: Both are essential for red blood cell formation, crucial for delivering oxygen to healing tissues. - Sources: Red meat, poultry, fortified cereals, beans, lentils, and spinach for iron. Animal products, fortified foods, and supplements for B12. - Role: It supports immune function and is essential for proper wound healing. - Sources: Carrots, sweet potatoes, kale, spinach, and fortified foods. The Importance of Gut Health in Recovery An often overlooked aspect when considering orthopedic surgery and nutrition is the health of our gut. The gut plays a vital role in nutrient absorption and immune function. Ensuring a balanced gut microbiome can also aid in recovery. - Probiotics: Foods rich in beneficial bacteria can aid digestion and bolster immune function. Examples include yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, and kimchi. - Prebiotics: These are non-digestible fibers that feed beneficial bacteria. Sources include garlic, onions, asparagus, and bananas. Potential Challenges and Solutions While understanding the link between orthopedic surgery and nutrition is crucial, implementing it can sometimes pose challenges. Challenge: Reduced appetite post-surgery. Solution: Opt for nutrient-dense smoothies or small frequent meals. Challenge: Physical constraints like immobility can make meal preparation difficult. Solution: Pre-surgery meal preparation or considering meal delivery services tailored for post-operative nutrition. Future Research and Trends As medical science advances, the connection between orthopedic surgery and nutrition is continuously evolving. Researchers are exploring the potential benefits of various diets (like the Mediterranean diet or anti-inflammatory diet) on surgical recovery. There’s also growing interest in the role of supplements, like collagen peptides, in supporting joint and bone health post-surgery. However, it’s essential to always consult with a healthcare provider before adding supplements to your diet. The intersection of orthopedic surgery and nutrition isn’t just about eating the right foods but understanding their role in recovery and overall well-being. A holistic approach, considering both medical and nutritional needs, is the key to a speedy and effective recovery. When planning for orthopedic surgery, it’s advisable to incorporate nutrition into the pre and post-operative strategy. After all, giving your body the right tools in the form of nutrition can significantly influence the outcome and quality of recovery. Understanding the connection between orthopedic surgery and nutrition is paramount for anyone preparing for or recovering from a procedure. Implementing a nutrition plan tailored to support healing can make a remarkable difference in recovery outcomes. For more in-depth resources on orthopedic surgery and nutrition, consider visiting: - The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) - The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics - The National Institutes of Health (NIH) on Orthopedic Health In conclusion, while surgical skill and post-operative care are undeniably vital, a well-rounded recovery strategy must also factor in nutrition. After all, food is the fuel our bodies run on. Prioritizing nutrition ensures our bodies are well-equipped to heal efficiently and thoroughly. Remember, the bond between orthopedic surgery and nutrition is a partnership where both play an integral role in patient recovery.

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In the “lout” directory, there are some common base functionality for C++. Most is described as doxygen comments, this text gives an overview. Common Base Class Many classes are derived from lout::object::Object, which defines some general methods. See there for more information. For the case, that you need primitive C++ types, there are some wrappers: |C++ Type||Wrapper Class| |specific pointer||lout::object::TypedPointer (template class)| In lout::container::untyped, there are the following containers: - lout::container::untyped::Vector, a dynamically increases array, - lout::container::untyped::List, a linked list, - lout::container::untyped::HashTable, a hash table, and - lout::container::untyped::Stack, a stack. For how to connect objects at run-time (to reduce dependencies), take a look at the lout::signal namespace. There is also a base class lout::signal::ObservedObject, which implements signals for deletion. In debug.hh, there are some some useful macros for debugging messages, see the file for mor informations. Identifying Classes at Runtime If the class of an object must be identified at runtime, lout::identity::IdentifiableObject should be used as the base class, see there for more details. The lout::misc namespace provides several miscellaneous stuff: - In some contexts, it is necessary to compare objects (less/greater), for this, also lout::misc::Comparable must be implemented. For example., lout::container::untyped::Vector::sort and lout::container::typed::Vector::sort cast the elements to lout::misc::Comparable. This can be mixed with lout::object::Object. - lout::misc::SimpleVector, a simple, template based vector class (not depending on lout::object::Object) (a variant for handling a special case in an efficient way is lout::misc::NotSoSimpleVector), - lout::misc::StringBuffer, class for fast concatenation of a large number of strings, - lout::misc::BitSet implements a bitset. - useful (template) functions (lout::misc::min, lout::misc::max), and - some functions useful for runtime checks (lout::misc::assert, lout::misc::assertNotReached). Generated on Mon Apr 6 2015 02:15:15 for Dillo by 184.108.40.206

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All of us have experienced that feeling of pressure in our bladder while out on the field. It is considered entirely unacceptable to pee on a hunt when you are serious about hunting. It’s no secret that deer are frightened by human urine, but Does Human Pee Scare Deer? Deer are sometimes scared by human smell, but not always. Through the use of trail cameras, we investigated whether deer can smell human urine and if they are repellent to it. The buck ignored it, much to our surprise. Others ran away immediately when they were scared. The population of an area and the area’s climate affect it, in my opinion. Effects of Human Urine on Deer Human urine scares deer, but there are conflicting opinions. Many people believe deer are attracted to the salt content of urine because of the ammonia smell, while others believe the strong ammonia smell acts as a deterrent. However, it is important to note that neither claim has been scientifically proven. A fence or plants that repel deer can keep them away from your property more effectively if you’re trying to keep them away. Game animals, including deer, can detect human urine without a doubt. Urinating at your hunting location may harm your chances of seeing the game, but the question should be more directed toward how serious the problem is. The scent of your urine could easily induce this old buck to flee if he is particularly pressure-sensitive and hypersensitive to threats. It is generally known that urinating at hunting spots is not recommended due to this fact. Hunters need to be aware of more than urine as a scent to avoid. As alarming as our urine is to deer, our everyday body odor is also. Does Human Pee Attract Deer? The hunters spend many hours hunting, so peeing in the bushes is not uncommon or ordinary for them. But deer can indeed detect the scent of human urine. What are their reactions to human urine? Bucks are not attracted to human urine as it does not smell in a way like a deer urine. Bucks only attract to doe estrus as they are already looking for that. There is huge research on bucks’ excellent sense of scent. This is one reason they are difficult to hunt. But in some research, it is shown that deer can attract human urine in the sense that they are curious to know about anything new they detect. Similarly, when they detect human urine, they become curious to know and get alerts as well. To utilize this trick, hunters make a mock scrape for urinating and let deer come near this. When they come to detect the smell, they enhance the chances to shoot. Thus, there are many structural comparisons between human and deer urine. For instance, both contain potassium, sodium chloride, urea, ammonia, and more. Do Deer Smell Human Urine? The hunters are out on a hunt for hours, so peeing in the woods isn’t unusual for them. In addition to being able to smell human urine, deer can also smell its scent. What is their response to it? Bucks are not attracted to human urine since it smells nothing like deer urine. Bucks are probably the most challenging game animals due to their extremely keen sense of smell, which has been discussed in countless articles. Although the composition of human and deer urine differs immensely, they share many similarities. Among these compounds are urea, ammonia, potassium, sodium chloride, etc. How Far Can Deer Smell Urine: Moreover, the distance that human scent can travel depends on many factors, most notably wind. The distance a human scent travels is quite difficult to determine. Deer, however, can smell human scents 14.5 miles away if they have a good sense of smell. When you go hunting you should also know how to get deer to come out during the day. Can Deer Tell the Difference of a Different Urine? According to the general theory, a deer can detect urine that did not come from another deer. Unless a human leaves it, Deer might not recognize human urine. Another clue that urine has something to do with humans may be the presence of other familiar human scents around the urine. An omnivore, or an omnivore that is partial to meat, might leave urine that deer might pick up on rather than a fellow herbivore. The urine would serve as a warning to deer that there may be predators around. Nevertheless, little evidence supports this claim. An experiment on bucks tested urine from the doe, buck, human, and artificial sources. Researchers tested the urine from different sources, including buck, doe, human, and artificial ones. We measured the attraction between bucks and scents. In the end, buck urine and artificial scents were not as attractive to bucks as human urine was, and doe urine only came close. Yet human urine, in this case, had a neutral effect rather than being positive or negative. Compared to chemical smells or buck urine odors, it was less offensive. A buck obviously doesn’t pay too much attention to sniffing other buck’s urine, so there isn’t much benefit to this knowledge. Controlling Human Scent Today, hunters can eliminate their scent before venturing out with the help of a wide variety of products. Clothing, glassing equipment, and accessories (e.g. best rangefinder binoculars for hunting) with scent-eliminating properties are all included in this group. Electronic scent-killing devices are the newest invention in scent control. Due to their high price, this method is only used by professional hunters. This category contains a variety of products, including ozonic machines, zero trace ions units, scent crushers, etc. Human scent can be eliminated with masking sprays, which are widely used. Scent sprays that control scents are widely available and extremely convenient to use. A scent masking technology and component are present in these sprays. A scent of pine or earth is added to mask the personal scent. It is easy to go near a deer while wearing the masking spray without scaring it. New clothing designs designed to reduce our emissions of scent into the air are in the process of being developed. In some cases, you can even prevent your scent from escaping the garment entirely by simply wearing the clothing. Their claims are supposedly made possible by sewing a layer into the garment. Human Scent and Deer Hunting Using human urine as an attractant is controversial when it comes to deer hunting. Despite some hunters’ beliefs, urine can attract and bag games despite its strong scent. How true is it? It is difficult to answer definitively. Human urine can deter some deer while attracting others. Hunting is ultimately a personal matter; every hunter must determine what works best in their particular circumstances. Does Human Urine Spook Deer Away? As much as possible, you should hide your scent when hunting. As a matter of fact, this is a very important aspect of the sport. However, relieving your bladder in nature is likely not to have much of an impact on nearby deer when nature calls. You can ensure that no urine scent stays on the field by bringing along a pee bottle with your hunting gear. You may prefer this option if you are a purist. Dehydrate for the day and wait to urinate and drink until you can return to camp instead of buying bottles. How Long Does Human Urine Odor Last? You will be surprised to know that human urine odor can last for 5 to 14 days including different factors that I have described above. It is because the human urine smell fades away after some time. Thus, the salt in the urine has no smell when it is dry. But if there will be moisture or dampness, the smell can stay longer. Does Human Pee Deter Deer? It is uncertain whether human pee deters the deer or not. Due to this confusion, many hunters have normally carried a urine bottle with them while hunting. In the past, hunters were required to use the pee bottle or leave their tree stand to release urine. Due to this, they have to leave the hunting spot and this can decrease the chances to hunt deer by wasting their time. According to a recent study and testing, hunters urinate on the deer breaches and close to the tree stands. Deer passed through those areas but didn’t panic. This indicates human pee does not deter deer and their pee won’t cause the deer to flee to another area. Thus, it is preferable to avoid using human pee to attract or deter deer and release urine away from the hunting area. You can bag a trophy buck by deer hunting properly, which is a fun-filled, thrilling adventure. The use of deer urine in hunting has been around for decades. Habitats and ecosystems around the land are always associated with human pee. Human scent can sometimes spook deer. The smell of humans, however, does not seem to bother most deer, and they pass along ignoring it. Trail cameras monitored our private hunting lands in 2022 for evidence of deer activity with human pee. There is no end to what hunters can do with it. It is important to learn from seasoned hunters how to use hunting techniques correctly to hunt successfully. Hi, I’m David. a professional hunter. I’m hunting since my childhood I used to go with my dad in the States of Montana. We used to hunt mule deer and white-tailed deer. I made this blog to share my experience and help beginners with this experience. More about me here.

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This list of Read in Color recommended reads explores experiences from the African American/Black community. These titles are recommended by Little Free Library’s Diverse Books Advisory Group and others. The list of books includes options for early readers, middle and YA readers, and adults and advanced readers. View all of the Read in Color Recommended Reading lists. These lists are far from exhaustive, but they offer a starting point for exploring different perspectives. We recognize that categorizing books can be limiting and are working to show the intersectionality within our reading lists. African American/Black (Early Readers) Click ▶ to reveal more information. All Because You Matter All Because You Matter by Tami Charles, illustrated by Bryan Collier (40 pp, Orchard Books, 2020). A lyrical, heart-lifting love letter to black and brown children everywhere: reminding them how much they matter, that they have always mattered, and they always will, from powerhouse rising star author Tami Charles and esteemed, award-winning illustrator Bryan Collier. Ages 4 – 8. Because of You, John Lewis Because of You, John Lewis by Andrea Davis Pinkney, illustrated by Keith Henry Brown (40 pp, Scholastic Press, 2022). When young Tybre Faw discovers John Lewis and his heroic march across the Edmund Pettus Bridge in the fight for voting rights, Tybre is determined to meet him. Tybre’s two grandmothers take him on the seven-hour drive to Selma, Alabama, where Lewis invites Tybre to join him in the annual memorial walk across the Bridge. And so begins a most amazing friendship! In rich, poetic language, Andrea Davis Pinkney weaves the true story of a boy with a dream–together with the story of a real-life hero (who himself had a life-altering friendship with Martin Luther King, Jr. when he was young!). Keith Henry Brown’s deeply affecting paintings bring this inspiring bond between a young activist and an elder congressman vividly to life. Who will be next to rise up and turn the page on history? Ages 7 – 10. Big Tune: Rise of the Dancehall Prince Big Tune: Rise of the Dancehall Prince by Alliah L. Agostini, illustrated by Shamar Knight-Justice (40 pp, Farrar, Straus and Giroux (Byr), 2023). An exuberant picture book written by Alliah L. Agostini and illustrated by Shamar Knight-Justice is about a Black boy with big dancing dreams who learns the meaning of courage and community. Ages 3 – 6. Boogie Boogie, Y’all Boogie Boogie, Y’all by C.G. Esperanza (40 pp, Katherine Tegen Books, 2021). Author-illustrator C. G. Esperanza delivers a celebratory ode to graffiti and the Boogie Down Bronx through an infectious read-aloud beat and colorful illustrations that leap right off the page! The city is alive with vibrant art in every corner of the parks, the shops, the trains. But most people are too busy to see it–or worse, choose to ignore it! When three children stop to marvel at the art around their community, they realize it’s up to them to show everyone else how truly special it is when art and reality dance together so seamlessly. Ages 4 – 8. Brown Baby Lullaby Brown Baby Lullaby by Tameka Fryer Brown, illustrated by A.G. Ford (32 pp, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2020). From sunset to bedtime, two brown-skinned parents lovingly care for their beautiful brown baby: first, they play outside, then it is time for dinner and a bath, and finally a warm snuggle before bed. A perfect read-aloud for bedtime! Ages 2 – 6. Crown by Derrick Barnes, illustrated by Gordon C. James (32 pp, Agate Bolden, 2017). The barbershop is where the magic happens. This rhythmic, read-aloud title is an unbridled celebration of the self-esteem, confidence, and swagger boys feel when they leave the barber’s chair—a tradition that places on their heads a figurative crown, beaming with jewels, that confirms their brilliance and worth and helps them not only love and accept themselves but also take a giant step toward caring how they present themselves to the world. Ages 3 – 8. The Day You Begin The Day You Begin by Jacqueline Woodson, illustrated by Rafael López (32 pp, Nancy Paulsen Books, 2018). There are many reasons to feel different. Maybe it’s how you look or talk, or where you’re from; maybe it’s what you eat, or something just as random. Jacqueline Woodson’s lyrical text and Rafael López’s dazzling art reminds us that we all feel like outsiders sometimes—and how brave it is that we go forth anyway. Ages 5 – 8. Hair Love by Matthew A. Cherry, illustrated by Vashti Harrison (32 pp, Kokila, 2019). Zuri’s hair has a mind of its own. It kinks, coils, and curls every which way. Zuri knows it’s beautiful. When Daddy steps in to style it for an extra special occasion, he has a lot to learn. But he LOVES his Zuri, and he’ll do anything to make her happy. Ages 4 – 8. I Am Enough I Am Enough by Grace Byers, illustrated by Keturah A. Bobo (32 pp, Balzer + Bray, 2018). This gorgeous, lyrical ode to loving who you are, respecting others, and being kind to one another comes from Empire actor and activist Grace Byers and talented newcomer artist Keturah A. Bobo. We are all here for a purpose. We are more than enough. We just need to believe it. Ages 4 – 8. I Am Every Good Thing I Am Every Good Thing by Derrick Barnes, illustrated by Gordon C. James (32 pp, Nancy Paulsen Books, 2020). The confident Black narrator of this book is proud of everything that makes him who he is. He’s got big plans, and no doubt he’ll see them through—as he’s creative, adventurous, smart, funny, and a good friend. Ages 3 – 7. J.D. and the Great Barber Battle J.D. and the Great Barber Battle by J. Dillard, illustrated by Akeem S. Roberts (128 pp, Kokila, 2021). J.D. has a big problem—it’s the night before the start of third grade and his mom has just given him his first and worst home haircut. When the steady stream of insults from the entire student body of Douglass Elementary becomes too much for J.D., he takes matters into his own hands and discovers that, unlike his mom, he’s a genius with the clippers. His work makes him the talk of the town and brings him enough hair business to open a barbershop from his bedroom. But when Henry Jr., the owner of the only official local barbershop, realizes he’s losing clients to J.D., he tries to shut him down for good. How do you find out who’s the best barber in all of Meridian, Mississippi? With a GREAT BARBER BATTLE! Ages 6 – 8. J.D. and the Great Barber Battle by Shadra Strickland (32 pp, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2023). It’s a sunny spring day, and the tic tac tic tac sound of jump ropes hitting the ground floats through the wind.”Jump in!”Everyone lines up for a turn. The Delancy twins, double dutch divas. Leroy Jones with the hip-hop tricks. Even Ms. Mabel, showing the youngstas how it’s done. And after a day of fun, when the street lights start to flicker, it’s time to . . . jump out! Ages 4 – 8. Justice Makes a Difference Justic Makes a Difference: The Story of Miss Freedom Fighter Esquire by Artika R. Tyner and Jacklyn M. Milton, illustrated by Jeremy Norton (34 pp, Planting People Growing Justice Press, 2018). Justice has grown up witnessing the many ways her grandma serves the community. She wants to make a difference in the world, too, but how? Isn’t she too young? Through conversations with her grandma and their shared love of books, Justice learns about important women and men throughout history who changed the world: Ella Baker, Shirley Chisholm, Charles Hamilton Houston, Dr. Wangari Maathai, Paul Robeson, and Ida B. Wells. Justice learns how each leader was a champion for advancing justice and improving the world, and she dreams of becoming a change maker, too–“Miss Freedom Fighter, Esquire,” a superhero with a law degree and an afro! Ages 8 – 12. Little Leaders: Bold Women in Black History Little Leaders: Bold Women in Black History by Vashti Harrison (96 pp, Little, Brown Books, 2017). Illuminating text paired with irresistible illustrations bring to life both iconic and lesser-known female figures of Black history such as abolitionist Sojourner Truth, pilot Bessie Coleman, chemist Alice Ball, politician Shirley Chisholm, mathematician Katherine Johnson, poet Maya Angelou, and filmmaker Julie Dash. Ages 8 – 12. Me & Mama Me & Mama by Cozbi A. Cabrera (40 pp, Denene Millner Books, 2020). On a rainy day when the house smells like cinnamon and Papa and Luca are still asleep, when the clouds are wearing shadows and the wind paints the window with beads of water, I want to be everywhere Mama is. With lyrical prose and a tender touch, the Caldecott and Coretta Scott King Honor Book Mama and Me is an ode to the strength of the bond between a mother and a daughter as they spend a rainy day together. Ages 4 – 8. My Very Favorite Book in the Whole Wide World My Very Favorite Book in the Whole Wide World by Malcolm Mitchell (32 pp, Orchard Books, 2020). Meet Henley, an all-around good kid, who hates to read. When he’s supposed to be reading, he would rather do anything else. But one day, he gets the scariest homework assignment in the world: find your favorite book to share with the class tomorrow. What’s a kid to do? How can Henley find a story that speaks to everything inside of him? Malcolm Mitchell, Super Bowl champion and literacy crusader, delivers a hilarious and empowering picture book for readers of all abilities. Through his advocacy and his books, Malcolm imparts the important message that every story has the potential to become a favorite. Ages 4 – 8. Nana Akua Goes to School Nana Akua Goes to School by Tricia Elam Walker, illustrated by April Harrison (40 pp, Anne Schwartz Books, 2020). It is Grandparents Day at Zura’s elementary school, and the students are excited to introduce their grandparents and share what makes them special. Aleja’s grandfather is a fisherman. Bisou’s grandmother is a dentist. But Zura’s Nana, who is her favorite person in the world, looks a little different from other grandmas. Nana Akua was raised in Ghana, and, following an old West African tradition, has tribal markings on her face. Worried that her classmates will be scared of Nana–or worse, make fun of her–Zura is hesitant to bring her to school. Nana Akua knows what to do, though. With a quilt of traditional African symbols and a bit of face paint, Nana Akua is able to explain what makes her special, and to make all of Zura’s classmates feel special, too. Ages 4 – 8. Pigskins to Paintbrushes: The Story of Football-Playing Artist Ernie Barnes Pigskins to Paintbrushes: The Story of Football-Playing Artist Ernie Barnes by Don Tate (48 pp, Harry N. Abrams, 2021). Young Ernie Barnes wasn’t like other boys his age. Bullied for being shy, overweight, and uninterested in sports like boys were “supposed” to be, he instead took refuge in his sketchbook, in vibrant colors, bold brushstrokes, and flowing lines. But growing up in a poor, Black neighborhood during the 1930s, opportunities to learn about art were rare, and art museums were off-limits because of segregation laws. Discouraged and tired of being teased, Ernie joined the school football team. Although reluctant at first, he would soon become a star. Ages 6 – 10. The Roots of Rap: 16 Bars on the 4 Pillars of Hip-Hop The Roots of Rap: 16 Bars on the 4 Pillars of Hip-Hop by Carole Boston Weatherford, illustrated by Frank Morrison (48 pp, Little Bee Books, 2019). The roots of rap and the history of hip-hop have origins that precede DJ Kool Herc and Grandmaster Flash. Kids will learn about how it evolved from folktales, spirituals, and poetry, to the showmanship of James Brown, to the culture of graffiti art and break dancing that formed around the art form and gave birth to the musical artists we know today. Ages 4 and up. Ruby’s Reunion Day Dinner Ruby’s Reunion Day Dinner by Angela Dalton, illustrated by Jestenia Southerland (32 pp, HarperCollins, 2021). Once a year, each of Ruby’s relatives prepares a special dish to share at their family reunion. Daddy calls it their “signature dish”—and Ruby wants one of her own. She wanders through the bustling kitchen looking for inspiration. As she watches Pop-Pop’s chicken sizzling in the skillet, Uncle G slicing onions, and Auntie Billie cooking corn on the hot grill, she wonders if she’s just too young to have a signature dish. That’s when she finds it— the perfect solution! Ages 4 – 8. Saturday by Oge Mora (40 pp, Little, Brown Books, 2019). In this heartfelt and universal story, a mother and daughter look forward to their special Saturday routine together every single week. But this Saturday, one thing after another goes wrong. Mom is nearing a meltdown…until her loving daughter reminds her that being together is the most important thing of all. Ages 4 – 8. Soul Food Sunday Soul Food Sunday by Winsome Bingham (48 pp, Harry N. Abrams, 2021). At Granny’s, Sunday isn’t Sunday without a big family gathering over a lovingly prepared meal. Old enough now, our narrator is finally invited to help cook the dishes for the first time: He joins Granny in grating the cheese, cleaning the greens, and priming the meat for Roscoe Ray’s grill. But just when Granny says they’re finished, her grandson makes his own contribution, sweetening this Sunday gathering–and the many more to come. Ages 4 – 8. Sulwe by Lupita Nyong’o, illustrated by Vashti Harrison (48 pp, Simon & Schuster, 2019). Sulwe has skin the color of midnight. She is darker than everyone in her family. She is darker than anyone in her school. Sulwe just wants to be beautiful and bright, like her mother and sister. Then a magical journey in the night sky opens her eyes and changes everything. Ages 4 – 8. Tallulah the Tooth Fairy CEO Tallulah the Tooth Fairy CEO by Tamara Pizzoli, illustrated by Federico Fabiani (40 pp, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). Meet Tallulah. She’s the Tooth Fairy CEO. Tallulah knows practically everything about being a tooth fairy. How to collect teeth. Dispense money. Train other fairies. And it’s all in the Teeth Titans Incorporated Employee Manual. But when something happens that’s not covered in the manual, what’s a fairy to do? Ages 4 – 8. Thank You, Omu! Thank You, Omu! by Oge Mora (40 pp, Little, Brown Books, 2018). Everyone in the neighborhood dreams of a taste of Omu’s delicious stew! One by one, they follow their noses toward the scrumptious scent. And one by one, Omu offers a portion of her meal. Soon the pot is empty. Has she been so generous that she has nothing left for herself? This is a heartwarming story of sharing and community in colorful cut-paper designs as luscious as Omu’s stew. Ages 4 – 8. Twelve Dinging Doorbells Twelve Dinging Doorbells by Tameka Fryer Brown, illustrated by Ebony Glenn (32 pp, Kokila, 2022). Every holiday, aunties, uncles, cousins, grandparents, and neighbors come over to eat, sing, and celebrate life. But all our main character can think about is the sweet potato pie Granny makes just for her. As tables fill with baked macaroni and cheese, chitlins, and other sides a-steaming, she and Granny move the pie to keep it intact. The task becomes tricker as the room grows with dancing and card games and pie cravings. Just when all seems lost and there’s no more pie, Granny pulls out a sweet surprise. Ages 4 – 8. The Undefeated by Kwame Alexander, illustrated by Kadir Nelson (40 pp, Versify, 2020). Originally performed for ESPN’s The Undefeated, this poem is a love letter to black life in the United States. It highlights the unspeakable trauma of slavery, the faith and fire of the civil rights movement, and the grit, passion, and perseverance of some of the world’s greatest heroes. Ages 6 – 9. Unspeakable: The Tulsa Race Massacre Unspeakable: The Tulsa Race Massacre by Carole Boston Weatherford, illustrated by Floyd Cooper (32 pp, Carolrhoda Books, 2021). Celebrated author Carole Boston Weatherford and illustrator Floyd Cooper provide a powerful look at the Tulsa Race Massacre, one of the worst incidents of racial violence in our nation’s history. The book traces the history of African Americans in Tulsa’s Greenwood district and chronicles the devastation that occurred in 1921 when a white mob attacked the Black community. Ages 8 – 12. Welcome to the Party Welcome to the Party by Gabrielle Union, illustrated by Ashley Evans (32 pp, HarperCollins, 2020). Inspired by the eagerly awaited birth of her daughter, Kaavia James Union Wade, New York Times bestselling author and award-winning actress Gabrielle Union pens a festive and universal love letter from parents to little ones, perfect for welcoming a baby to the party of life! Ages 4 – 8. The World Belonged to Us The World Belonged to Us by Jacqueline Woodson, illustrated by Leo Espinosa (32 pp, Nancy Paulsen Books, 2022). It’s getting hot outside, hot enough to turn on the hydrants and run through the water–and that means it’s finally summer in the city! Released from school and reveling in their freedom, the kids on one Brooklyn block take advantage of everything summertime has to offer. Freedom from morning till night to go out to meet their friends and make the streets their playground–jumping double Dutch, playing tag and hide-and-seek, building forts, chasing ice cream trucks, and best of all, believing anything is possible. That is, till their moms call them home for dinner. But not to worry–they know there is always tomorrow to do it all over again–because the block belongs to them and they rule their world. Ages 5 – 8. African American/Black (Middle Readers) Click ▶ to reveal more information. All the Things We Never Knew All the Things We Never Knew by Liara Tamani (384 pp, Greenwillow Books, 2020). A glance was all it took. That kind of connection, the immediate and raw understanding of another person, just doesn’t come along very often. And as rising stars on their Texas high schools’ respective basketball teams, destined for bright futures in college and beyond, it seems like a match made in heaven. But Carli and Rex have secrets. As do their families. Liara Tamani, the author of the acclaimed Calling My Name, follows two teenagers as they discover how first love, heartbreak, betrayal, and family can shape you–for better or for worse. A novel full of pain, joy, healing, and hope for fans of Elizabeth Acevedo, Jacqueline Woodson, and Jenny Han. Ages 13 – 17. The Beautiful Struggle The Beautiful Struggle (Adapted for Young Adults) by Ta-Nehisi Coates (176 pp, Delacorte Press, 2021). As a child, Ta-Nehisi Coates was seen by his father, Paul, as too sensitive and lacking focus. Paul Coates was a Vietnam vet who’d been part of the Black Panthers and was dedicated to reading and publishing the history of African civilization. When it came to his sons, he was committed to raising proud Black men equipped to deal with a racist society, during a turbulent period in the collapsing city of Baltimore where they lived. Coates details with candor the challenges of dealing with his tough-love father, the influence of his mother, and the dynamics of his extended family, including his brother “Big Bill,” who was on a very different path than Ta-Nehisi. Coates also tells of his family struggles at school and with girls, making this a timely story to which many readers will relate. Ages 12 and up. Black Birds in the Sky Black Birds in the Sky by Brandy Colbert (224 pp, Balzer + Bray, 2021). In the early morning of June 1, 1921, a white mob marched across the train tracks in Tulsa, Oklahoma, and into its predominantly Black Greenwood District—a thriving, affluent neighborhood known as America’s Black Wall Street. They brought with them firearms, gasoline, and explosives. In a few short hours, they’d razed thirty-five square blocks to the ground, leaving hundreds dead. The Tulsa Race Massacre is one of the most devastating acts of racial violence in US history. But how did it come to pass? What exactly happened? And why are the events unknown to so many of us today? The Tulsa Race Massacre has long failed to fit into the story Americans like to tell themselves about the history of their country. This book, ambitious and intimate in turn, explores the ways in which the story of the Tulsa Race Massacre is the story of America—and by showing us who we are, points to a way forward. Ages 14 and up. Chester Keene Cracks the Code Chester Keene Cracks the Code by Kekla Magoon (304 pp, Wendy Lamb Books, 2022). Chester Keene takes great comfort in his routines. Afterschool Monday to Thursday is bowling, and Friday, the best of days, is laser tag! But Chester has one other very special thing–he gets secret spy messages from his dad, who must be on covert government assignments, which is why Chester has never met him. Then one day, Chester’s classmate, Skye, approaches him with a clue. They’ve been tasked with a complex puzzle-solving mission. Skye proves to be a useful partner and good company, even if her free-wheeling ways are disruptive to Chester’s carefully built schedule.As Chester and Skye get closer to their final clue, they discover the key to their spy assignment: they have to stop a heist! But cracking this code may mean finding out things are not always what they seem. Ages 8 – 12. Clean Getaway by Nic Stone (240 pp, Yearling, 2021). How to Go on an Unplanned Road Trip with Your Grandma: Grab a Suitcase: Prepacked from the big spring break trip that got CANCELLED. Fasten Your Seatbelt: G’ma’s never conventional, so this trip won’t be either. Use the Green Book: G’ma’s most treasured possession. It holds history, memories, and most important, the way home.Set against the backdrop of the segregation history of the American South, take a trip with this New York Times bestseller and an eleven-year-old boy who is about to discover that the world hasn’t always been a welcoming place for kids like him, and things aren’t always what they seem—his G’ma included. Ages 8 – 12. Concrete Rose by Angie Thomas (368 pp, Balzer + Bray, 2021). If there’s one thing seventeen-year-old Maverick Carter knows, it’s that a real man takes care of his family. As the son of a former gang legend, Mav does that the only way he knows how: dealing for the King Lords. With this money he can help his mom, who works two jobs while his dad’s in prison. Life’s not perfect, but with a fly girlfriend and a cousin who always has his back, Mav’s got everything under control. Until, that is, Maverick finds out he’s a father. Ages 14 – 17. Early Departures by Justin A. Reynolds (480 pp, Katherine Tegen Books, 2020). What if you could bring your best friend back to life—but only for a short time? Jamal’s best friend, Q, doesn’t know that he died, and that he’s about to die . . . again. He doesn’t know that Jamal tried to save him. And that the reason they haven’t been friends for two years is because Jamal blames Q for the accident that killed his parents. But what if Jamal could have a second chance? A new technology allows Q to be reanimated for a few weeks before he dies . . . permanently. And Q’s mom is not about to let anyone ruin this miracle by telling Q about his impending death. So how can Jamal fix everything if he can’t tell Q the truth? Ages 14 – 17. Garvey in the Dark Garvey in the Dark by Nikki Grimes (176 pp, Wordsong, 2022). Garvey’s finally happy–he’s feeling close to his father through their shared love of music, bullies are no longer tormenting him, and his best friends Manny and Joe are by his side. But when the schools, stores, and restaurants close because people are getting sick, Garvey’s improved life goes into lockdown as well. And when Garvey’s father gets sick, Garvey must find a way to use his newfound musical skills to bring hope to both his father and himself. Moving, powerful, and beautifully told, this remarkable novel shows readers how even small acts have large reverberations, how every person can make a difference in this world, and how–even in the most difficult times–there are ways to reach for hope and healing. Ages 8 – 12. Genesis Begins Again Genesis Begins Again by Alicia D. Williams (384 pp, Atheneum/Caitlyn Dlouhy Books, 2020). There are ninety-six reasons why thirteen-year-old Genesis dislikes herself. She knows the exact number because she keeps a list. Genesis is determined to fix her family, and she’s willing to try anything to do so…even if it means harming herself in the process. But when Genesis starts to find a thing or two she actually likes about herself, she discovers that changing her own attitude is the first step in helping change others. Ages 9 – 13. Ghost Boys by Jewell Parker Rhodes (420 pp, Little, Brown Books, 2019). Twelve-year-old Jerome is shot by a police officer who mistakes his toy gun for a real threat. As a ghost, he observes the devastation that’s been unleashed on his family and community in the wake of what they see as an unjust and brutal killing. This gripping and poignant story is about how children and families face the complexities of today’s world, and how one boy grows to understand American blackness in the aftermath of his own death. Ages 10 and up. Grown by Tiffany D. Jackson (384 pp, Katherine Tegen Books, 2020). When legendary R&B artist Korey Fields spots Enchanted Jones at an audition, her dreams of being a famous singer take flight. Until Enchanted wakes up with blood on her hands and zero memory of the previous night. Who killed Korey Fields? Award-winning author Tiffany D. Jackson delivers another riveting, ripped-from-the-headlines mystery that exposes horrific secrets hiding behind the limelight and embraces the power of a young woman’s voice. Ages 13 – 17. Hands by Torrey Maldonado (144 pp, Nancy Paulsen Books, 2023). Trev would do anything to protect his mom and sisters, especially from his stepdad. But his stepdad’s return stresses Trev–because when he left, he threatened Trev’s mom. Rather than live scared, Trev takes matters into his own hands, literally. He starts learning to box to handle his stepdad. But everyone isn’t a fan of his plan, because Trev’s a talented artist, and his hands could actually help him build a better future. And they’re letting him know. But their advice for some distant future feels useless in his reality right now. Ultimately, Trev knows his future is in his hands, and his hands are his own, and he has to choose how to use them. Ages 10 – 12. The Hate U Give The Hate U Give by Angie Thomas (464 pp, Balzer + Bray, 2017). Sixteen-year-old Starr Carter moves between two worlds: the poor neighborhood where she lives and the fancy suburban prep school she attends. The uneasy balance between these worlds is shattered when Starr witnesses the fatal shooting of her childhood best friend Khalil at the hands of a police officer. Khalil was unarmed. What everyone wants to know is: what really went down that night? And the only person alive who can answer that is Starr. Ages 14 – 17. Long Way Down Long Way Down by Jason Reynolds (336 pp, Atheneum/Caitlyn Dlouhy Books, 2019). An ode to Put the Damn Guns Down, this is New York Times bestselling author Jason Reynolds’s electrifying novel that takes place in sixty potent seconds—the time it takes a kid to decide whether or not he’s going to murder the guy who killed his brother. Ages 12 and up. The Magnificent Mya Tibbs: Spirit Week Showdown The Magnificent Mya Tibbs: Spirit Week Showdown by Crystal Allen, illustrated by Eda Kaban (256 pp, Balzer & Bray/Harperteen, 2017). Nine-year-old cowgirl Mya Tibbs is boot-scootin’ excited for the best week of the whole school year–SPIRIT WEEK! She and her megapopular best friend Naomi Jackson even made a pinky promise to be Spirit Week partners so they can win the big prize: special VIP tickets to the Fall Festival. But when the partner-picking goes horribly wrong, Mya gets paired with Mean Connie Tate–the biggest bully in school. And she can’t get out of it. Good gravy! Now Naomi is “friend-ending” mad at Mya for breaking a promise–even though Mya couldn’t help it–and everyone at school is calling Mya names. Can Mya work with Mean Connie to win the VIP tickets, and get her best friend back? Ages 8 – 12. March: Book Three March: Book Three by John Lewis and Andrew Aydin (256 pp, Top Shelf Productions, 2016). Congressman John Lewis, an American icon and one of the key figures of the civil rights movement, joins co-writer Andrew Aydin and artist Nate Powell to bring the lessons of history to vivid life for a new generation, urgently relevant for today’s world. Ages 13 – 16. New Kid by Jerry Craft (256 pp, Quill Tree Books, 2019). Seventh grader Jordan Banks loves nothing more than drawing cartoons about his life. But instead of sending him to the art school of his dreams, his parents enroll him in a prestigious private school known for its academics, where Jordan is one of the few kids of color in his entire grade. Can Jordan learn to navigate his new school culture while keeping his neighborhood friends and staying true to himself? Ages 8 – 12. One Crazy Summer One Crazy Summer by Rita Williams-Garcia (240 pp, Quill Tree Books, 2011). In One Crazy Summer, eleven-year-old Delphine is like a mother to her two younger sisters, Vonetta and Fern. She’s had to be, ever since their mother, Cecile, left them seven years ago for a radical new life in California. But when the sisters arrive from Brooklyn to spend the summer with their mother, Cecile is nothing like they imagined. Ages 8 – 12. Operation Sisterhood by Olugbemisola Rhuday-Perkovich (320 pp, Crown Books for Young Readers, 2022). Fans of the Netflix reboot of The Babysitters Club will delight as four new sisters band together in the heart of New York City. Discover this jubilant novel about the difficulties of change, the loyalty of sisters, and the love of family from a prolific award-winning author. Ages 8 – 12. Ordinary Hazards by Nikki Grimes (336 pp, Wordsong, 2019). Growing up with a mother suffering from paranoid schizophrenia and a mostly absent father, Nikki Grimes found herself terrorized by babysitters, shunted from foster family to foster family, and preyed upon by those she trusted. At the age of six, she poured her pain onto a piece of paper late one night – and discovered the magic and impact of writing. For many years, Nikki’s notebooks were her most enduing companions. In this accessible and inspiring memoir that will resonate with young readers and adults alike, Nikki shows how the power of those words helped her conquer the hazards – ordinary and extraordinary – of her life. Ages 12 – 17. The Parker Inheritance The Parker Inheritance by Varian Johnson (368 pp, Arthur A. Levine Books, 2019). When Candice finds a letter in an old attic in Lambert, South Carolina, she isn’t sure she should read it. It’s addressed to her grandmother, who left the town in shame. But the letter describes a young woman. An injustice that happened decades ago. A mystery enfolding its writer. And the fortune that awaits the person who solves the puzzle. Ages 8 – 12. Piecing Me Together Piecing Me Together by Renee Watson (288 pp, Bloomsbury YA, 2018). Jade believes she must get out of her poor neighborhood if she’s ever going to succeed. Every day she rides the bus away from her friends and to the private school where she feels like an outsider. She’s tired of being singled out as someone who needs help; she wants to speak, to create, to express her joys and sorrows. Acclaimed author Renee Watson offers a powerful story about a girl striving for success in a world that too often seems like it’s trying to break her. Ages 12 – 17. Punching the Air Punching the Air by Ibi Zoboi and Yusef Salaam (400 pp, Balzer + Bray, 2020). Amal Shahid has always been an artist and a poet. But even in a diverse art school, he’s seen as disruptive and unmotivated by a biased system. Then one fateful night, an altercation in a gentrifying neighborhood escalates into tragedy. This is a deeply profound story about how one boy is able to maintain his humanity and fight for the truth, in a system designed to strip him of both. Ages 14 – 17. Revolution in Our Time: The Black Panther Party’s Promise to the People Revolution in Our Time: The Black Panther Party’s Promise to the People by Kekla Magoon (400 pp, Candlewick Press, 2021). Revolution in Our Time puts the Panthers in the proper context of Black American history, from the first arrival of enslaved people to the Black Lives Matter movement of today. Kekla Magoon’s eye-opening work invites a new generation of readers grappling with injustices in the United States to learn from the Panthers’ history and courage, inspiring them to take their own place in the ongoing fight for justice. Ages 12 – 17. Say Her Name Say Her Name by Zetta Elliott (96 pp, Little, Brown Books, 2020). Inspired by the #SayHerName campaign launched by the African American Policy Forum, these poems pay tribute to victims of police brutality as well as the activists insisting that Black Lives Matter. This provocative collection of forty-nine poems will move every reader to reflect, respond, and act. Ages 12 and up. Stuntboy, in the Meantime Stuntboy, in the Meantime by Jason Reynolds, illustrated by Raúl the Third (272 pp, Antheneum Books, 2021). Portico Reeves’s superpower is making sure all the other superheroes–like his parents and two best friends–stay super. And safe. Super safe. And he does this all in secret. No one in his civilian life knows he’s actually…Stuntboy! Ages 7 – 12. The Sun Is Also a Star The Sun Is Also a Star by Nicola Yoon (384 pp, Delacorte Press, 2016). Natasha: I’m a girl who believes in science and facts. Not fate. Not destiny. Or dreams that will never come true. I’m definitely not the kind of girl who meets a cute boy on a crowded New York City street and falls in love with him. Not when my family is twelve hours away from being deported to Jamaica. Daniel: I’ve always been the good son, the good student, living up to my parents’ high expectations. Never the poet. Or the dreamer. But when I see her, I forget about all that. The Universe: Every moment in our lives has brought us to this single moment. A million futures lie before us. Which one will come true? Ages 12-17. This Is My America This Is My America by Kim Johnson (416 pp, Random House Books for Young Readers, 2020). Every week, seventeen-year-old Tracy Beaumont writes letters to Innocence X, asking the organization to help her father, an innocent Black man on death row. After seven years, Tracy is running out of time–her dad has only 267 days left. Then the unthinkable happens. The police arrive in the night, and Tracy’s older brother, Jamal, goes from being a bright, promising track star to a “thug” on the run, accused of killing a white girl. Determined to save her brother, Tracy investigates what really happened between Jamal and Angela down at the Pike. But will Tracy and her family survive the uncovering of the skeletons of their Texas town’s racist history that still haunt the present? Ages 12 and up. Twins: A Graphic Novel by Varian Johnson (256 pp, Graphix, 2020). Maureen and Francine Carter are twins and best friends. They participate in the same clubs, enjoy the same foods, and are partners on all their school projects. But just before the girls start sixth grade, Francine becomes Fran — a girl who wants to join the chorus, run for class president, and dress in fashionable outfits that set her apart from Maureen. A girl who seems happy to share only two classes with her sister!Maureen and Francine are growing apart and there’s nothing Maureen can do to stop it. Are sisters really forever? Or will middle school change things for good? Ages 8-11. Turning Point by Paula Chase (384 pp, Greenwillow Books, 2020). Best friends Rasheeda and Monique are both good girls. For Sheeda, that means keeping her friends close and following her deeply religious and strict aunt’s every rule. For Mo, that means not making waves in the prestigious and mostly White ballet intensive she’s been accepted to. But what happens when Sheeda catches the eye of Mo’s older brother, and the invisible racial barriers to Mo’s success as a ballerina turn out to be not so invisible? Ages 8 – 12. African American/Black (Adult Readers) Click ▶ to reveal more information. The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story The 1619 Project: A New Origin Story by Nikole Hannah-Jones (624 pp, One World, 2021). This is a book that speaks directly to our current moment, contextualizing the systems of race and caste within which we operate today. It reveals long-glossed-over truths around our nation’s founding and construction–and the way that the legacy of slavery did not end with emancipation, but continues to shape contemporary American life. Between the World and Me Between the World and Me by Ta-Nehisi Coates (176 pp, One World, 2015). In a profound work that pivots from the biggest questions about American history and ideals to the most intimate concerns of a father for his son, Ta-Nehisi Coates offers a powerful new framework for understanding our nation’s history and current crisis. Americans have built an empire on the idea of “race,” a falsehood that damages us all but falls most heavily on the bodies of black women and men. What is it like to inhabit a black body and find a way to live within it? Born a Crime Born a Crime by Trevor Noah (304 pp, One World, 2019). Trevor Noah’s unlikely path from apartheid South Africa to the desk of The Daily Show began with a criminal act: his birth. Trevor was born to a white Swiss father and a black Xhosa mother at a time when such a union was punishable by five years in prison. Living proof of his parents’ indiscretion, Trevor was kept mostly indoors for the earliest years of his life. Finally liberated by the end of South Africa’s tyrannical white rule, Trevor and his mother set forth on a grand adventure. Citizen by Claudia Rankine (160 pp, Graywolf Press, 2014). Claudia Rankine’s bold new book recounts mounting racial aggressions in ongoing encounters in twenty-first-century daily life and in the media. Some of these encounters are slights, seeming slips of the tongue, and some are intentional offensives in the classroom, at the supermarket, and at home. In essay, image, and poetry, Citizen is a powerful testament to the individual and collective effects of racism in our contemporary, often named “post-race” society. Don’t Cry for Me Don’t Cry for Me by Daniel Black (304 pp, Hanover Square Press, 2022). A Black father makes amends with his gay son through letters written on his deathbed in this wise and penetrating novel of empathy and forgiveness, for fans of Ta-Nehisi Coates, Robert Jones Jr. and Alice Walker. Homegoing by Yaa Gyasi (320 pp, Vintage, 2017). Ghana, eighteenth century: two half sisters are born into different villages, each unaware of the other. One will marry an Englishman and lead a life of comfort in the palatial rooms of the Cape Coast Castle. The other will be captured in a raid on her village, imprisoned in the very same castle, and sold into slavery. His Only Wife His Only Wife by Peace Adzo Medie (288 pp, Algonquin, 2020). Afi Tekple is a young seamstress in Ghana. She is smart; she is pretty; and she has been convinced by her mother to marry a man she does not know. His Only Wife is a witty, smart, and moving debut novel about a brave young woman traversing the minefield of modern life with its taboos and injustices, living in a world of men who want their wives to be beautiful, to be good cooks and mothers, to be women who respect their husbands and grant them forbearance. And in Afi, Peace Medie has created a delightfully spunky and relatable heroine who just may break all the rules. Homie: Poems by Danez Smith (96 pp, Graywolf Press, 2020). Homie is Danez Smith’s magnificent anthem about the saving grace of friendship. Rooted in the loss of one of Smith’s close friends, this book comes out of the search for joy and intimacy within a nation where both can seem scarce and getting scarcer. Part friendship diary, part bright elegy, part war cry, Homie is an exuberant new book. I’m Still Here: Black Dignity in a World Made for Whiteness I’m Still Here: Black Dignity in a World Made for Whiteness by Austin Channing Brown (192 pp, Convergent Books, 2018). In a time when nearly every institution (schools, churches, universities, businesses) claims to value diversity in its mission statement, Austin writes in breathtaking detail about her journey to self-worth and the pitfalls that kill our attempts at racial justice. Her stories bear witness to the complexity of America’s social fabric—from Black Cleveland neighborhoods to private schools in the middle-class suburbs, from prison walls to the boardrooms at majority-white organizations. The Known World The Known World by Edward P. Jones (388 pp, Amistad, 2006). Henry Townsend, a farmer, boot maker, and former slave, through the surprising twists and unforeseen turns of life in antebellum Virginia, becomes proprietor of his own plantation―as well his own slaves. When he dies, his widow Caldonia succumbs to profound grief, and things begin to fall apart at their plantation. An ambitious, courageous, luminously written masterwork, The Known World seamlessly weaves the lives of the freed and the enslaved―and allows all of us a deeper understanding of the enduring multidimensional world created by the institution of slavery. The Nickel Boys The Nickel Boys by Colson Whitehead (224 pp, Anchor, 2020). When Elwood Curtis, a black boy growing up in 1960s Tallahassee, is unfairly sentenced to a juvenile reformatory called the Nickel Academy, he finds himself trapped in a grotesque chamber of horrors. Elwood’s only salvation is his friendship with fellow “delinquent” Turner, which deepens despite Turner’s conviction that Elwood is hopelessly naive. As life at the Academy becomes ever more perilous, the tension between Elwood’s ideals and Turner’s skepticism leads to a decision whose repercussions will echo down the decades. On Juneteenth by Annette Gordon-Reed (152 pp, Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2021). In its concision, eloquence, and clear presentation of history, On Juneteenth vitally revises conventional renderings of Texas and national history. As our nation verges on recognizing June 19 as a national holiday, On Juneteenth is both an essential account and a stark reminder that the fight for equality is exigent and ongoing. Red at the Bone Red at the Bone by Jacqueline Woodson (224 pp, Riverhead Books, 2020). An unexpected teenage pregnancy pulls together two families from different social classes, and exposes the private hopes, disappointments, and longings that can bind or divide us from each other, from the New York Times-bestselling and National Book Award-winning author of Another Brooklyn and Brown Girl Dreaming. Moving forward and backward in time, Jacqueline Woodson’s taut and powerful new novel uncovers the role that history and community have played in the experiences, decisions, and relationships of these families, and in the life of the new child. Sing, Unburied, Sing Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward (320 pp, Scribner, 2018). Jojo is thirteen years old and trying to understand what it means to be a man. He doesn’t lack in fathers to study, chief among them his Black grandfather, Pop. But there are other men who complicate his understanding, like his absent White father, Michael, who is being released from prison. This is an intimate portrait of three generations of a family and an epic tale of hope and struggle. A Sitting in St. James A Sitting in St. James by Rita Williams-Garcia (480 pp, Quill Tree Books, 2022). This astonishing novel from three-time National Book Award finalist Rita Williams-Garcia about the interwoven lives of those bound to a plantation in antebellum America is an epic masterwork–empathetic, brutal, and entirely human–and essential reading for both teens and adults grappling with the long history of American racism. Such a Fun Age Such a Fun Age by Kiley Reid (320 pp, G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 2019). A striking and surprising debut novel from an exhilarating new voice, Such a Fun Age is a page-turning and big-hearted story about race and privilege, set around a young black babysitter, her well-intentioned employer, and a surprising connection that threatens to undo them both. Transcendent Kingdom by Yaa Giyasi (288 pp, Knopf, 2020). Gifty is a sixth-year PhD candidate in neuroscience at the Stanford University School of Medicine. Her brother, Nana, was a gifted high school athlete who died of a heroin overdose. Her suicidal mother is living in her bed. Gifty is determined to discover the scientific basis for the suffering she sees all around her. But even as she turns to the hard sciences to unlock the mystery of her family’s loss, she finds herself hungering for her childhood faith and grappling with the evangelical church in which she was raised. The Trayvon Generation The Trayvon Generation by Elizabeth Alexander (160 pp, Grand Central Publishing, 2022). The Trayvon Generation expands the viral essay that spoke so resonantly to the persistence of race as an ongoing issue at the center of the American experience. Alexander looks both to our past and our future with profound insight, brilliant analysis, and mighty heart, interweaving her voice with groundbreaking works of art by some of our most extraordinary artists. At this crucial time in American history when we reckon with who we are as a nation and how we move forward, Alexander’s lyrical prose gives us perspective informed by historical understanding, her lifelong devotion to education, and an intimate grasp of the visioning power of art. The Vanishing Half The Vanishing Half by Brit Bennett (352 pp, Riverhead Books, 2020). Weaving together multiple strands and generations of this family, from the Deep South to California, from the 1950s to the 1990s, Brit Bennett produces a story that is at once a riveting, emotional family story and a brilliant exploration of the American history of passing. Looking well beyond issues of race, The Vanishing Half considers the lasting influence of the past as it shapes a person’s decisions, desires, and expectations. The Warmth of Other Suns The Warmth of Other Suns by Elizabeth Wilkerson (640 pp, Vintage, 2011). From 1915 to 1970, this exodus of almost six million people changed the face of America. Wilkerson compares this epic migration to the migrations of other peoples in history. She interviewed more than a thousand people, and gained access to new data and official records, to write this definitive and vividly dramatic account of how these American journeys unfolded, altering our cities, our country, and ourselves. When They Call You a Terrorist When They Call You a Terrorist by Patrisse Khan-Cullors (288 pp, St. Martin’s Griffin, 2020). Raised by a single mother in an impoverished neighborhood in Los Angeles, Patrisse Khan-Cullors experienced firsthand the prejudice and persecution Black Americans endure at the hands of law enforcement. When They Call You a Terrorist is Patrisse Khan-Cullors and asha bandele’s reflection on humanity. It is an empowering account of survival, strength and resilience and a call to action to change the culture that declares innocent Black life expendable. The Yellow House The Yellow House by Sarah M. Broom (400 pp, Grove Press, 2020). A book of great ambition, Sarah M. Broom’s The Yellow House tells a hundred years of her family and their relationship to home in a neglected area of one of America’s most mythologized cities. This is the story of a mother’s struggle against a house’s entropy, and that of a prodigal daughter who left home only to reckon with the pull that home exerts, even after the Yellow House was wiped off the map after Hurricane Katrina. You’ll Never Believe What Happened to Lacey: Crazy Stories about Racism You’ll Never Believe What Happened to Lacey: Crazy Stories about Racism by Amber Ruffin and Lacey Lamar (240 pp, Grand Central Publishing, 2021). From racist donut shops to strangers putting their whole hand in her hair, from being mistaken for a prostitute to being mistaken for Harriet Tubman, Lacey is a lightning rod for hilariously ridiculous yet all-too-real anecdotes. She’s the perfect mix of polite, beautiful, petite, and Black that apparently makes people think “I can say whatever I want to this woman.” And now, Amber and Lacey share these entertainingly horrifying stories through their laugh-out-loud sisterly banter. Painfully relatable or shockingly eye-opening (depending on how often you have personally been followed by security at department stores), this book tackles modern-day racism with the perfect balance of levity and gravity.

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Multiple system atrophy (MSA) Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, degenerative neurological disorder affecting your body's involuntary (autonomic) functions, including blood pressure, and motor control. MSA was formerly called Shy-Drager syndrome, olivopontocerebellar atrophy or striatonigral degeneration. MSA shares many symptoms with Parkinson's disease, such as slow movement, rigid muscles and poor balance. Treatment includes medications and lifestyle changes to help manage symptoms, but there is no cure. The condition progresses gradually and eventually leads to death. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) affects many parts of your body. Symptoms usually start in adulthood, usually in the 50s or 60s. There are two types of MSA: parkinsonian and cerebellar. The type depends on the symptoms you have when you're diagnosed. This is the most common type of MSA. The signs and symptoms are similar to those of Parkinson's disease, such as: - Stiff muscles - Difficulty bending your arms and legs - Slow movement (bradykinesia) - Tremors can occur at rest or when moving your arms or legs - Soft voice - Problems with posture and balance The main signs and symptoms are problems with muscle coordination (ataxia), but others may include: - Impaired movement and coordination, such as unsteady gait and loss of balance - Slurred, slow or low-volume speech (dysarthria) - Visual disturbances, such as blurred or double vision and difficulty focusing your eyes - Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) or chewing - Changes in speech, such as slurred speech General signs and symptoms In addition, the primary sign of multiple system atrophy is autonomic failure, which may cause problems with body functions you can't control. This may include: Postural (orthostatic) hypotension Postural hypotension is a form of low blood pressure that makes you feel dizzy or lightheaded, or even faint, when you stand up from sitting or lying down. Not everyone with MSA has postural hypotension. You can also develop dangerously high blood pressure levels while lying down (supine hypertension). Urinary and bowel dysfunction - Loss of bladder or bowel control (incontinence) Changes in sweat production - Producing less sweat - Heat intolerance due to reduced sweating - Impaired body temperature control, often causing cold hands or feet - Agitated sleep due to "acting out" dreams - Abnormal breathing at night or a harsh breathing sound (stridor) - Inability to achieve or maintain an erection (impotence) - Loss of libido - Color changes in hands and feet caused by pooling of blood - Difficulty controlling emotions, such as laughing or crying inappropriately When to see a doctor If you develop any of the signs and symptoms associated with multiple system atrophy, see your doctor for an evaluation and diagnosis. If you've already been diagnosed with the condition, contact your doctor if new symptoms occur or if existing symptoms worsen. There's no known cause for multiple system atrophy (MSA). Some researchers are studying a possible inherited component or involvement of an environmental toxin in the disease process, but there's no substantial evidence to support these theories. MSA causes deterioration and shrinkage (atrophy) of portions of your brain (cerebellum, basal ganglia and brainstem) that affect internal body functions and motor control. Under a microscope, the damaged brain tissue of people with MSA shows nerve cells (neurons) that contain an unusual amount of a protein called alpha-synuclein. Some research suggests that there may be too much buildup of this protein in multiple system atrophy. The progression of MSA varies, but the condition does not go into remission. As the disorder progresses, daily activities become more difficult. Possible complications include: - Breathing problems during sleep - Injuries from falls caused by poor balance or fainting - Progressive immobility that can lead to secondary problems such as a breakdown of your skin - Loss of ability to care for yourself in day-to-day activities - Vocal cord paralysis, which makes speech and breathing difficult - Increased difficulty swallowing People typically live about 7 to 10 years after multiple system atrophy symptoms first appear. However, the survival rate with MSA varies widely. Death is often due to respiratory problems, infections or blood clots in the lungs (pulmonary embolus). Diagnosing multiple system atrophy (MSA) can be challenging. Certain signs and symptoms of MSA — such as muscle rigidity and unsteady gait — also occur with other disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. This can make diagnosis more difficult. The physical exam, along with various autonomic tests and imaging studies, can help your doctor determine whether the diagnosis is probable MSA or possible MSA. Because of difficulty with making the diagnosis, some people are never properly diagnosed. If your doctor thinks that you may have multiple system atrophy, they will take your medical history, perform a physical exam and possibly order blood tests. Brain imaging scans, such as an MRI, can show signs that may suggest MSA and also help determine if there are other causes that may be contributing to your symptoms. You may receive a referral to a neurologist or other specialist for specific evaluations that can help in making the diagnosis. Tilt table test This test can help determine if you have a problem with blood pressure control. In this procedure, you're placed on a motorized table and strapped in place. Then the table is tilted upward so that your body is positioned at a 70-degree angle. During the test, your blood pressure and heart rate are monitored. The findings can document both the extent of blood pressure irregularities and whether they occur with a change in physical position. Tests to assess autonomic functions Doctors may order other tests to assess your body's involuntary functions, including: - Blood pressure measurement, lying down and standing - A sweat test to evaluate areas of the body that sweat - Tests to assess your bladder and bowel function - Electrocardiogram to track the electrical signals of your heart If you have sleep irregularities, especially interrupted breathing or snoring, your doctor may recommend an evaluation in a sleep laboratory. This can help diagnose an underlying and treatable sleep disorder, such as sleep apnea. There's no cure for multiple system atrophy. Managing the disease involves treating signs and symptoms to make you as comfortable as possible and to maintain your body functions. To treat specific signs and symptoms, your doctor may recommend: Medications to raise blood pressure. The corticosteroid fludrocortisone and other medications can increase your blood pressure by helping your body retain more salt and water. The drug pyridostigmine (Mestinon) can raise your standing blood pressure without increasing your blood pressure while you're lying down. Midodrine (Orvaten) can raise your blood pressure quickly; however, it needs to be taken carefully as it can elevate pressure while lying down. You should not lie flat for four hours after taking the medication. The FDA has approved droxidopa (Northera) for treating orthostatic hypotension. The most common side effects of droxidopa include headache, dizziness and nausea. Medications to reduce Parkinson's disease-like signs and symptoms. Certain medications used to treat Parkinson's disease, such as combined levodopa and carbidopa (Sinemet, Rytary, others), can be used to reduce Parkinson's disease-like signs and symptoms, such as stiffness, balance problems and slowness of movement. These medications can also improve overall well-being. However, not everyone with multiple system atrophy responds to Parkinson's drugs. They may also become less effective after a few years. - Impotence drugs. Impotence can be treated with a variety of drugs, such as sildenafil (Revatio, Viagra), designed to manage erectile dysfunction, but these can lower blood pressure. - Steps to manage swallowing and breathing difficulties. If you have difficulty swallowing, try eating softer foods. If swallowing or breathing becomes increasingly problematic, you may consider a surgically inserted feeding or breathing tube. In advanced MSA, you may consider a tube (gastrostomy tube) that delivers food directly into your stomach. - Bladder care. If you're experiencing bladder control problems, medications can help in the earlier stages. Eventually, when the disease becomes advanced, you may need to have a soft tube (catheter) inserted to allow you to drain your bladder. Therapy. A physical therapist can help you maintain as much of your motor and muscle capacity as possible as the disorder progresses. A speech-language pathologist can help you improve or maintain your speech. Lifestyle and home remedies Doctors often advise using certain self-care measures to help minimize MSA symptoms, such as: - Taking steps to raise your blood pressure. Add a little salt to your diet and drink more fluids, especially before exercise. Salt and fluids can increase blood volume and raise your blood pressure. Drink coffee and other caffeinated fluids to raise your blood pressure. - Elevating the head of your bed. Raising the head of your bed by about 4 to 6 inches will minimize increases in blood pressure when you sleep. Get up slowly from a reclining position. - Making dietary changes. Add more fiber to your diet in order to ease constipation. You may also benefit from over-the-counter laxatives or stool softeners. Eat small, low-carbohydrate meals. - Avoiding getting too hot. Stay in air-conditioned rooms on very hot days. Avoid excessive amounts of heat in the bathroom when bathing. - Wearing elastic support stockings up to your waist. This can help keep your blood pressure from dropping. Preparing for an appointment You may have your first appointment to discuss your symptoms with your family doctor, but you may be referred to a doctor who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect the brain and nervous system (neurologist). Here's some information to help you prepare for your appointment. What you can do - Write down any symptoms you're experiencing, and for how long. Include all recent changes in your physical or emotional well-being. For example, if you or your loved ones have noticed your moods shifting more quickly, share this with your doctor. - Make a list of your key medical information, including other conditions with which you've been diagnosed, and the names of any prescription and over-the-counter medications you're taking. - Write down key personal information, including any changes in your sex life, such as reduced interest in sex or difficulty getting an erection. - Find a family member or friend who can come with you to the appointment, if possible, to help you remember what the doctor says. - Write down the questions to ask your doctor. For multiple system atrophy, some basic questions to ask your doctor include: - What is likely causing my symptoms? - Are there any other possible causes for these symptoms, such as Parkinson's disease? - How will you make a firm diagnosis? - What tests do I need? - What treatment options are available for multiple system atrophy? - What are the possible side effects of those treatment options? - How is my condition likely to progress? - Will treatment slow the progression of my illness or simply relieve symptoms? - Are there self-care steps that could help ease my symptoms? - How will you monitor my health over time? - Do I need to adjust the medications I'm taking for other health conditions? Don't hesitate to ask any other questions that you have. What to expect from your doctor Your doctor is likely to ask you a number of questions, including: - What are your symptoms? - When did you begin having symptoms? - Do you feel lightheaded or dizzy when you stand up? - Have you ever fainted? - Do your symptoms include any emotional changes, such as swinging between laughter and tears? - Have you noticed any changes in your voice? - Have you been told that you snore loudly or have interrupted breathing while sleeping? - Have you had problems with bladder control? - Have you been constipated? - Have you had any sexual problems, such as reduced libido or impotence? - Do you have difficulty chewing or swallowing? - Do you have difficulty breathing? - Do you have any movement problems, such as slowness or poor coordination? - Do you have any family history of Parkinson's disease or other neurological disease? - Are you being treated for any other health conditions? What you can do in the meantime While you wait for your appointment, find out if any blood relatives such as a parent, sibling, or grandparent have been diagnosed with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease or cerebellar ataxia. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is not known to be an inherited condition, so a family history of a condition with similar symptoms may help your doctor rule out MSA. Last Updated Jul 13, 2022

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You probably know, if only from reading The Extra by Kathryn Lasky, that Leni Riefenstahl made several propaganda films, but her most famous film of all was Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens) documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally and showcasing Hitler. She was a talented and innovative filmmaker, and a good friend of Hitler's (despite later denials of not knowing anything about was was happening in Nazi Germany and the occupied countries), but for still photography, it was Heinrich Hoffmann that Hitler wanted. Hoffman was a very talented photographer, who loved to take pictures of people in moments when their guard was down, and recording their spontaneous actions/reactions. But he was also gifted at the posed photograph and the iconic June 1940 photograph he took of Hitler standing in front of the Eiffel Tower, flanked on one side by Albert Speer and on the other by Arno Breker, is the one that Don Nardo has chosen to focus on in his book Hitler in Paris. It is this photograph that best represents Hitler's dominance in Europe. Standing at the Eiffel Tower, in a now defeated France, and with conquered countries to the North, South and East of France, Hitler's sights are now to the West and Britain. One can only imagine how people must have felt when they saw this photo. But what brought Hitler and Hoffmann to this point? Nardo gives the reader a parallel history of each man early life - both middle class, but with very different family circumstances. Events in Hitler's early life, a cruel father with whom he often fought, held feed his anger and hate at those more fortunate, and was later spurred on and fueled by Germany's defeat in World War I, for which he desperately wanted to seek revenge. |Taken on the same trip to Paris by| Nardo has done a pretty good job at presenting these two men with objectivity and allowing the reader to draw their own conclusions about them and the circumstances depicted in the book. Nardo also used lots of primary and secondary sources to write Hitler in Paris, giving the book a real sense of time an place, as well bringing these two controversial figures to life. Additionally, he has included a useful timeline, a glossary, a list of additional resources, source notes and a selected bibliography. There are also copious photographs of Hoffmann's, which are all now in the public domain. Hitler in Paris: How a Photograph Shocked a Word at War will probably have great appeal to history buffs interested in the 20th century, WWII, and/or Nazi Germany. But it will also appeal to serious serious budding photographers and even to those who are more experienced as a study in how one emblematic photograph can convey so much. This book is recommended for readers age 9+ This book was purchased for my personal library

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The Cosmic Recipe: How Galaxies are Formed from Scratch Have you ever looked up at the night sky and wondered how those countless stars and galaxies came to be? The mysteries of the universe have fascinated humans for centuries, and one of the most intriguing questions is how galaxies are formed. Luckily, astronomers have been studying the cosmos for years, and have pieced together a fascinating cosmic recipe on how galaxies are created from scratch. It's a complex process that involves the interplay of gravity, dark matter, gas, and other celestial forces, but the end result is a stunning and awe-inspiring sight. In this article, we'll explore the cosmic recipe of galaxy formation, from the early stages of star formation to the merging of galaxies, and everything in between. So sit back, relax, and prepare to be amazed by the wonders of the universe. The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted explanation for the origin of the universe. According to this theory, the universe began as a singularity, a point of infinite density and temperature. About 13.8 billion years ago, the singularity started to expand rapidly, resulting in the formation of matter and energy. Within fractions of a second, the universe became a hot, dense soup of particles and radiation. As the universe continued to expand and cool, the particles began to clump together to form atoms, stars, and galaxies. The first galaxies are thought to have formed about 200 million years after the Big Bang. These galaxies were much smaller and simpler than the galaxies we see today, but they were the building blocks for the larger structures that would form later. Formation of the first galaxies The formation of the first galaxies is a critical step in the cosmic recipe of galaxy formation. Astronomers believe that the early universe was filled with clouds of hydrogen and helium gas, which were the raw materials for the first stars and galaxies. The gas clouds were not evenly distributed throughout the universe, but were instead concentrated in certain areas due to fluctuations in the density of the early universe. When the gas clouds became dense enough, they began to collapse under their own gravity, forming the first protogalaxies. These protogalaxies were much smaller and less organized than the galaxies we see today, but they contained the basic ingredients for galaxy formation - gas and stars. Over time, the protogalaxies continued to merge and grow, forming the first galaxies. The process of galaxy formation is still not fully understood, but astronomers believe that it involves the interplay of various forces, including gravity, dark matter, and gas. The role of dark matter in galaxy formation Dark matter is a mysterious substance that makes up about 85% of the matter in the universe. It does not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation, so it cannot be observed directly. However, its presence can be inferred from its gravitational effects on visible matter. Astronomers believe that dark matter plays a crucial role in galaxy formation. The gravitational pull of dark matter helps to hold galaxies together, preventing them from flying apart as they rotate. Without dark matter, galaxies would not be able to form and maintain their shape. The exact nature of dark matter is still unknown, but astronomers have developed various theories to explain its properties. Some believe that it is made up of particles that interact only weakly with normal matter, while others believe that it is a manifestation of gravity on cosmic scales. The role of gravity in galaxy formation Gravity is another crucial force in the cosmic recipe of galaxy formation. It is responsible for pulling matter together, allowing gas clouds to collapse and form stars, and causing galaxies to merge and grow. As galaxies form and evolve, they interact with each other through gravity. When two galaxies come close enough together, their gravitational fields can cause them to merge into a single, larger galaxy. This process is known as galaxy merging, and it can result in the formation of new stars and the redistribution of gas and other matter. Gravity also plays a role in the formation of galaxy clusters, which are groups of galaxies that are bound together by gravity. These clusters can contain hundreds or even thousands of galaxies, and they are the largest structures in the universe. Types of galaxies - spiral, elliptical, and irregular Galaxies come in many different shapes and sizes, but they can be broadly classified into three main types: spiral, elliptical, and irregular. Spiral galaxies are characterized by their spiral arms, which are long, curved structures that extend from the center of the galaxy. These arms are made up of stars, gas, and dust, and they are where most of the star formation in spiral galaxies occurs. The Milky Way, our own galaxy, is a spiral galaxy. Elliptical galaxies, on the other hand, are smooth and featureless, with no spiral arms or other structures. They are typically round or oval in shape, and they contain mostly old stars. Elliptical galaxies are thought to form from the merging of smaller galaxies. Irregular galaxies are irregularly shaped and have no distinct structure. They are often the result of galaxy mergers or interactions with other galaxies. Irregular galaxies tend to have active star-forming regions and are often rich in gas and dust. How galaxies are classified Galaxies can be classified based on their shape, size, and other properties. The most common classification system is the Hubble sequence, which was developed by Edwin Hubble in the 1920s. The Hubble sequence divides galaxies into three main types: elliptical, spiral, and lenticular. The system also includes subclasses for each type based on various properties, such as the size of the central bulge in spiral galaxies and the amount of dust and gas in irregular galaxies. Other classification systems have been developed over the years, but the Hubble sequence remains the most widely used. The Milky Way - our own galaxy The Milky Way is our home galaxy, and it is a fascinating subject of study for astronomers. It is a barred spiral galaxy, which means that it has a central bar-shaped structure that extends from the center of the galaxy. The Milky Way is estimated to contain between 100 and 400 billion stars, as well as a variety of other celestial objects, such as planets, asteroids, and comets. The Milky Way is also home to a supermassive black hole, which is located at the center of the galaxy. This black hole has a mass of about 4 million times that of the sun, and it plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the galaxy. Current theories on galaxy formation Despite decades of research, there is still much we don't know about galaxy formation. However, astronomers have developed several theories to explain the various stages of the process. One of the most widely accepted theories is the hierarchical model, which suggests that galaxies form through the merging of smaller structures. According to this model, the first galaxies formed from the merging of protogalaxies, and the process continued over time to form the larger structures we see today. Another theory is the monolithic collapse model, which suggests that galaxies formed rapidly and in a single, massive collapse. However, this theory has fallen out of favor in recent years, as it does not fully explain the observed properties of galaxies. The future of galaxy research Galaxy research is a rapidly evolving field, and new discoveries are being made all the time. Astronomers are using increasingly powerful telescopes and other instruments to study galaxies in greater detail, allowing them to learn more about their properties and formation. In the coming years, astronomers hope to gain a better understanding of the role of dark matter in galaxy formation, as well as the processes that drive galaxy mergers and the formation of supermassive black holes. The cosmic recipe of galaxy formation is a complex and fascinating subject, and astronomers continue to make new discoveries and refine their theories. From the early stages of star formation to the merging of galaxies, the process of galaxy formation involves the interplay of gravity, dark matter, gas, and other celestial forces. By studying galaxies and their properties, we can learn more about the origins of the universe and the fundamental laws that govern its behavior. So the next time you look up at the night sky, remember that those stars and galaxies are the result of an intricate and awe-inspiring cosmic recipe.

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Every great organization starts with a great story, and ESSA is no exception. Born in the 1970s at the crux of the environmental movement and the renaissance of environmental management science, where we came from influences the work we do today. ESSA’s roots extend back into the 1960’s and 1970’s as the offspring of two complementary but sometimes quarrelling environmental management world views: 1) expanding environmental awareness and policies; and 2) the growing application of rigorous systems analysis to ecosystems, including humans. Let’s call them Green and Blue. Some heroes will emerge in this story to calm the quarrelling and find a creative path forward, so please read on. The Green Parent accomplished a huge amount during a short decade. The publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962, and an oil spill in Santa Barbara in 1969, inspired an environmental movement that led to a creative surge of environmental concerns, conversations and policies. We look back now in retrospective amazement that during the period from 1964 to 1970, the U.S. federal government passed the Wilderness Act, National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, a greatly improved Clean Air Act, and the Clean Water Act. These are all landmark pieces of legislation, which improved the way we plan and operate our societies. In 1972 the United Nations held the first global environmental conference in Stockholm, concluding with a declaration of common principles to “inspire and guide the peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment”. Canada listened to the Green Parent, and in 1973 agreed to screen all development projects initiated by the federal government for their potential environmental impacts. Meanwhile, the Blue Parent was busily taking ecological experiments and scientific understanding beyond the field and lab into simulated worlds on the computer. Pioneering Blue Parents included Howard T. Odum (who applied systems theory to ecosystems), Donella and Dennis Meadows (and co-authors), who modelled the world’s economy and environment for the 1972 book Limits to Growth, and C.S. “Buzz” Holling, who in 1973 synthesized an enormous number of studies for his paper on the Resilience and stability of ecological systems. The quarreling between Green and Blue started in the early 1970’s. To comply with environmental regulations, Green produced voluminous environmental assessments (EAs), with long lists of species found in the project area, checklists of which actions might affect which species, and tenuously worded predictions of environmental impact. Blue would shout: “The EA Emperor has no clothes! You have no empirical evidence, rigorous science and systems analysis to support your conclusions regarding environmental impacts; there are enormous uncertainties; and your EAs don’t help decision makers!”. Green would reply: “I’m doing my job the best I can – you’re not much help!”. Environment Canada intervened as a quasi-marriage counsellor from 1974 to 1976, funding a series of focused case studies to stimulate dialogue and synergy between environmental managers and scientists, and determine if systems analysis could improve EA practice. Five-day workshops were held at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria (IIASA), with exploratory simulation models used to integrate system understanding and focus the conversation on critical uncertainties affecting decisions. These case studies were merged into a 1978 book called Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management (AEAM), edited by Buzz Holling, with key contributions from Buzz, Carl Walters, Randall Peterman and Ray Hilborn. The book had an exceptionally boring grey cover, and was known affectionately for decades afterwards as “The Grey Ghost”. But inside was a rich trove of valuable concepts and methods, the birth of the principles and practices of adaptive management, as well as stimulating explorations of human-ecosystem resilience. At its core, AEAM involves embracing uncertainty, applying both rigorous science and systems analysis to understand environmental problems within dynamic ecosystems, and deliberately designing contrasting actions and associated monitoring so as to learn over time. These authors attracted a number of similarly minded and talented graduate students, who soon were trained to run workshops, build models, and lead focused conversations between managers and scientists. Three of these grad students (Bob Everitt, Nick Sonntag, Mike Staley) found an administrator named Joan Anderson, and on November 1, 1979, created ESSA Environmental and Social Systems Analysts, a double ESSA acronym. The three founding members of ESSA soon recruited a bunch more staff, primarily from the UBC farm team: Mike Jones, Dave Marmorek, Peter McNamee, Tim Webb, Pille Bunnell and Lorne Greig. The early days of ESSA were an exciting time. We’d run 5-day workshops, often staying up all night to get a model working (sort of), and then blearily lead managers and scientists to explore the pretend world we had jointly created, stimulating conversations about what they needed to do in the real world, especially the idea of using contrasts and management experiments to reduce key uncertainties. We’d tackle any problem with great enthusiasm, work extremely hard, fully admit our ignorance, challenge everyone’s assumptions including our own, and catalyze creative ways to rethink old problems. We tried to meld Green and Blue. Most of our projects focused on the management of forests, wildlife, lakes and rivers, arid lands or fisheries in in North America. At times our model predictions would go wildly astray, most famously the 1200 kg lake herring which grew in an ESSA model of a lake in Algonquin Park. Fortunately, our clients seemed to remember our energetic enthusiasm and systematic approach more than our mistakes. We’d occasionally have retreats at Yellow Point Lodge on Vancouver Island to ponder what we’d learned from our many projects across North America and Asia, how to adjust our methods, and what new things excited us. The processes and methods of AEAM began to evolve, using conceptual models and impact hypotheses in addition to simulation models, better integrating models with monitoring data, and building models through a slower, more careful process (rather than error-prone, all night coding sessions) ESSA in 1983 at Yellow Point Lodge: Back row – Bob Everitt, Tim Webb, Dave Marmorek, Gina Cunningham, Mike Staley, Mike Jones, Jean Zdenek, Lorne Greig. Front row – Nick Sonntag, Pete McNamee, Pille Bunnell. Mike Jones leaving ESSA for the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources in 1988, happily simulating a very large lake herring. ESSA grew in multiple dimensions, adding more people and applying the principles of AEAM to a wider range of problems. These included industrial and urban pollution in Asia, the effects of multiple pests on forest management, the impacts of energy facilities and other factors on fish populations, the design of very large scale monitoring programs, and the role of carbon and climate change in forests. While AEAM remained at the core of our practice, we diversified the tool box we’d use for different challenges, including both expert systems and decision analysis. We learned that each environmental problem and set of institutions required a unique set of processes and strategies, and developed more shades of Green and Blue to add to our palette of paints. We were extremely fortunate to work with many talented managers and scientists in government, non-government and private organizations. These clients and colleagues became part of our larger learning community, deepening our insights about ecosystems and people, and allowing us to both learn and make a positive difference in the world. Our growing reputation has created opportunities to apply AEAM principles to environmental assessments, ecosystem restoration and species recovery programs in many parts of North America, and to EAs and climate adaptation plans in Latin America, Asia and Africa. Work in developing countries involves building capacity in both communities and agencies, and carefully selecting tools and assessment procedures that can be sustained over the long term. Some of our most meaningful projects have included work to recover fish and wildlife populations in the Columbia, Okanagan, Trinity, Rio Grande, Platte and Missouri River basins. In some cases we’ve been fortunate to see multiple iterations of the AEAM cycle: assessing problems, designing implementation and monitoring plans, implementing those plans, seeing significant improvements, learning, and adjusting both hypotheses and actions. As we deepen our understanding of problems, we see the need to increasingly merge multiple streams of knowledge to help clients, communities and ecosystems: environmental assessment, adaptive management, ecological science, and climate change adaptation. We remain closely associated with both UBC and Simon Fraser University, serving as adjunct professors to bring our real-world experiences to faculty and graduate students, and working collaboratively with them on many projects. Our commitment to this beautiful Green and Blue planet, and its inhabitants, remains as strong as ever.

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Formatting Decimal places in R Formatting Decimal Places in R: A Simple Guide Do you often find yourself struggling with formatting decimal places in R? If you're tired of lengthy and unappealing numbers, stick around! We'll provide you with easy solutions to format decimal places in R and help you automate your reports. Let's dive in! So, you have a number like 1.128347132904321674821, but you want to display it with only two decimal places. How can you achieve this without breaking a sweat? We've got you covered! One possible solution that has been suggested is to use the round() function in R. It allows you to round a number to a specific number of decimal places. 🎯 x <- 1.128347132904321674821 rounded_x <- round(x, digits = 2) round() and setting the digits parameter to 2, we successfully round x to two decimal places. Easy-peasy! 🧙♂️ A One-Time Solution You might wonder if you can avoid using the options(digits=2) command multiple times or typing it out every time you want to format a number. Well, good news! We have a solution that will make your life easier. To format multiple numbers within a script without affecting the global R options, you can use the sprintf() function. Let's take a look at an example: x <- 1.128347132904321674821 formatted_x <- sprintf("%.2f", x) In this case, sprintf() allows you to specify the format of the number using the placeholder .2 specifies the number of decimal places you want, and f stands for floating-point. Putting It into Practice Now that you know the solutions, it's time to apply them practically to your large report automation. Imagine you have a vector of numbers that need to be formatted consistently. You can use the lapply() function along with sprintf() to format them all at once. numbers <- c(1.128347132904321674821, 3.14159265358979323846, 2.71828182845904523536) formatted_numbers <- lapply(numbers, sprintf, fmt = "%.2f") sprintf() together, you can easily format your entire vector of numbers with just a few lines of code. 🚀 Call to Action: Embrace the Neatness! ✨ Formatting decimal places in R doesn't have to be a headache anymore. With the sprintf() functions, you can display your numbers in a much cleaner and concise way, both for on-screen output and when writing to a file. So, start tidying up those decimal places and make your reports shine! Share this guide with your fellow R enthusiasts and help them level up their formatting game. 💪 If you have any other tips or tricks for formatting decimal places in R, let us know in the comments section below. Let's make our code beautiful together! 🌟

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KANSAS CITY, MO. — Not since 2015 has an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) impacted the commercial poultry industry to such a degree that turkey prices have soared to all-time highs and egg prices have broken record highs three times with a potential to achieve a fourth record before yearend. But there are some stark differences between this year’s HPAI outbreak and the one that occurred seven years ago. In the prior outbreak, HPAI was detected in 211 commercial operations (160 commercial turkey flocks and 50 egg laying facilities plus one other commercial category) and 21 backyard flocks that resulted in the depopulation of more than 50 million birds. So far this year 252 commercial flocks and a staggering 333 backyard flocks have been infected with an extremely virulent HPAI strain. But even though 152% more total flocks have so far been impacted in 2022, this year’s outbreak has not yet reached the 50 million depopulation number of 2015. One explanation is that 40% fewer commercial table egg laying facilities, whose bird populations often number in the millions, have been affected by the virus this year compared with 2015. What are these commercial table egg laying operations doing to defend against the virus, and why have so many backyard producers bore the brunt of this year’s outbreak? Industry experts and poultry scientists say several factors are at work, but most point to the widespread prevalence and highly infectious nature of this particular viral strain that has, for the first time ever, endured hot summer temperatures when most viruses deteriorate. “There’s been a lot of wild birds that have died from HPAI in 2022, and I don’t remember that being the case in 2015,” said Dr. Barry Whitworth, an area food and animal quality health extension specialist at Oklahoma State University. HPAI, which is endemic in the wild bird population, is generally transmitted to domesticated and commercial flocks through contact with nasal secretions and feces from infected birds. This partly explains why backyard flocks are more vulnerable. “We see this virus continuing to circulate in interactions between domesticated poultry and wild species because many backyard flocks have more exposure points than commercial flocks,” said Amy Hagerman, assistant professor of agricultural economics and food policy extension specialist at Oklahoma State University. Hagerman and other experts also attributed the higher backyard impact to the increase in backyard poultry operations that occurred during pandemic lockdowns. “Producing for local food systems has been a big movement in the US, and we particularly saw that during COVID-19 where people were doing everything from making sourdough starters to compost and to backyard poultry as well,” Hagerman said. Animal health scientists agree that lessons learned from the 2015 outbreak have helped protect many commercial table egg laying facilities. Having a biosecurity plan in place that controls traffic and outlines specific sanitation procedures is required by the US Department of Agriculture for all commercial egg and poultry facilities if producers hope to receive indemnity compensation. But implementing biosecurity measures can be a challenge for backyard producers. “Biosecurity measures are not different for backyard producers, but it tends to be difficult because the birds are usually free ranging and very exposed to their environment since most of them are not in a covered facility all of the time,” Dr. Whitworth said. Recently, the United Kingdom issued a mandatory housing requirement for all birds in the nation regardless of flock size to mitigate the spread of HPAI. Commercial turkey operations have continuously struggled with managing HPAI spread. In the previous outbreak, 160 flocks were infected. This year, nearly 200 turkey flocks have been impacted despite the updated and improved biosecurity measures. “The way turkeys are genetically, they’re a little more susceptible to the virus than chickens,” said Yuko Sato, a veterinarian and poultry extension and diagnostics specialist at Iowa State University. “Also, turkeys have more movement between their life stages which increases their exposure to viral particles in the environment whereas commercial egg layers, who have a shorter life, tend to remain in one protected facility.” Dr. Sato said protecting flocks from HPAI comes down to the details, from having dedicated feed trucks to making sure labor and equipment are separated between farms and housing units. But regardless of stringent protocols, the virus continues to persevere. Recently, a facility housing over one million birds in Wright County, Iowa, became the first commercial table egg laying operation to report an HPAI infection in nearly four weeks. Still, experts believe the intensity of this year’s outbreak will spur further understanding of HPAI that will lead to more robust defensive measures. “Every industry and government organization has to prioritize their time and research investments, and as more countries deal with HPAI, I think you’re going to see more research and development going into helping producers address this problem in an effective way,” Hagerman said. There has been considerable general media attention given to the availability and prices of turkey for the upcoming Thanksgiving holiday. Industry experts have indicated frozen whole turkey supplies should be adequate, but supplies of fresh whole turkeys may be limited. The USDA in its latest Cold Storage report said stocks of frozen whole turkeys on Sept. 30 totaled 238,523,000 lbs, down 8% from a year earlier, including whole tom turkeys at 133,112,000 lbs, down 18%, and whole hen turkeys at 105,411,000 lbs, up 9%. Supplies of whole tom turkeys were record low in 2006 and of whole hen turkeys were record low in 2021. Sept. 30 stocks of turkey breasts, legs and mechanically deboned meat were record low this year.

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Use technology to advance student achievement As a block grant, Title IV-A (Student Support and Academic Enrichment) features a level of flexibility that enables educators to tailor investments based on the needs of their unique student populations. The grant may be used for student health and safety, on activities that provide a more well-rounded education, and for technology. Districts which receive less than $30,000 are allowed to spend the funds in only one of these three areas (for example, technology), while recipients of larger amounts must use at least 20% for health and safety and 20% for activities promoting a well-rounded education. Whether the size of your district’s grant enables you to use all your Title IV-A funds for technology or allocate a portion of a larger grant, there is no longer a cap on the amount that can be spent on technology.

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Composer, educator, choral director, and ethnomusicologist John Wesley Work III was born on June 15, 1901, in Tullahoma, Tennessee, to a family of professional musicians. His grandfather, John Wesley Work, was a church choir director in Nashville, where he wrote and arranged music for his choirs. Some of his choristers were members of the original Fisk Jubilee Singers. His father, John Wesley Work Jr., was a singer, folksong collector and professor of music, Latin, and history at Fisk, and his mother, Agnes Haynes Work, was a singer who helped train the Fisk group. His uncle, Frederick Jerome Work, also collected and arranged folksongs, and his brother, Julian, became a professional musician and composer. John Wesley was well-educated and intensely fascinated by all aspects of human existence. While his thoughts were normally occupied with matters of divine importance, we find scattered throughout his writings glimpses of well-defined opinions on a variety of other topics. Although his brother Charles was the true musician of the family, John wrote a number of songs and was a great appreciater of good music. The singing of hymns was a regular part of their worship services. However, the value of any musical piece was for him based primarily on its effectiveness as a means of communicating the things of God to the soul of the believer. The article John Wesley and church music Work highlights his musical training at the Fisk University Laboratory School, moving on to the Fisk High School and then the university, where he received a B.A. degree in 1923. After graduation, he attended the Institute of Musical Art in New York City (now the Julliard School of Music), where he studied with Gardner Lamson. He returned to Fisk and began teaching in 1927, spending summers in New York studying with Howard Talley and Samuel Gardner. In 1930 he received an M.A. degree from Columbia University with his thesis American Negro Songs and Spirituals. He was awarded two Julius Rosenwald Foundation Fellowships for the years 1931 to 1933 and, using these to take two years leave from Fisk, he obtained a B.Mus. degree from Yale University in 1933. The Work of the article John Wesley and church music remainds his career at Fisk, until his retirement in 1966. He served in a variety of positions, notably as a teacher, chairman of the Fisk University Department of Music, and director of the Fisk Jubilee Singers from 1947 until 1956. He published articles in professional journals and dictionaries over a span of more than thirty years. His best known articles were "Plantation Meistersingers" in The Musical Quarterly (Jan. 1940), and "Changing Patterns in Negro Folksongs" in the Journal of American Folklore (Oct. 1940). Article Work began composing while still in high school and continued throughout his career, completing over one hundred compositions in a variety of musical forms -- for full orchestra, piano, chamber ensemble, violin and organ -- but his largest output was in choral and solo-voice ...

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How It’s Used Hydrogen bromide is a colorless or faint yellow gas with a sharp, irritating odor. When dissolved in water it becomes hydrobromic acid. HBr is used in the manufacture of inorganic bromides, as employed in photographic, pharmaceutical, industrial drying, textile finishing, and fire retardant applications. The compound is also used to etch poly-silicon wafers for the manufacture of computer chips. Hydrobromic acid is a very strong mineral acid, stronger than hydrochloric acid. HBr is highly reactive and corrosive to most metals. The acid is a common reagent in organic chemistry, used for oxidation and catalysis. It is also effective in the extraction of certain metal ores. Hydrogen bromide is a highly toxic gas, causing severe irritation to the upper respiratory tract. The acid formed neutralizes the alkali of tissues and can cause death as a result of edema or spasm of the larynx and inflammation of the upper respiratory system. Skin contact with HBr (both vapor and liquid) causes severe tissue irritation and necrosis. Contact of HBr (gas) with the eyes rapidly causes severe irritation of eyes and eyelids. Full record on hydrogen bromide from Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB), a database provided by the US National Library of Medicine. The hydrogen bromide entry from NIOSH’s Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. Check out Interscan’s full line of hydrogen bromide gas detection/gas monitoring instrumentation.

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We are told that fracking creates a much smaller environmental footprint than conventional extraction methods. That by drilling multiple wells on each pad, we are actually reducing the impact on our landscape. Take this short tour, and then tell us…what do you think? Oh, but maybe Canada is different, you say? Yes…you are right. It is. Well…sort of. Here is a Google satellite view of Swan Hills, Alberta. Click on the image to go to the location on Google Maps and you can zoom in. Now that you know what you are looking for (that telltale network of roads, pipelines and rectangular well pads) follow Route 32 south to Whitecourt. Then follow the Athabasca River west and south. Then flip on over to Grand Prairie and follow the Wapiti River southwest or Route 40 south. Using Google. Skytruth has time-lapsed this area to show the human impacts of logging and fracking over a decade. The Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP), the industry’s big lobby group, recently claimed on its website that oil sands companies will “return the land including reclaiming tailings ponds–to a sustainable landscape that is equal to or better than how we found it.” So far, only 104 hectares have been certified as reclaimed. Will it be any different elsewhere? What do you think New Brunswick will look like ten years from now?

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Tree service, or tree removal, is a highly specialized niche in the arborist industry. Arborists primarily work with trees in urban and rural landscapes. They are skilled arborists who specialize in tree removal for residential and commercial structures. Some other services provided by arborists are tree maintenance, landscape maintenance, tree thinning, stump removal, tree removal and tree thinning. Tree care is simply the application of arborical techniques such as pruning, trimming, felling/thinning, and trimming roads, pathways and gardens. Pathways, greenways and gardens are in the core of attention for the arborist industry. Most of the time, an arborist will also perform landscaping. They have to plan out the whole landscape layout, determine what types of trees will grow there, and plan the planting and placing of those trees. They also have to coordinate with home and property owners when it comes to tree service companies. It is their responsibility to make sure that the whole project will not only serve its purpose but will also contribute to making the surrounding look perfect. The arborist job description goes beyond mowing lawns. It usually involves felling trees, trimming them, removing stump and damaged roots, and sometimes even tree surgeon's duties. For these reasons, the demand for arborists are always high. To ensure a healthy and beautiful landscape, most homeowners hire a tree service technician to do some or all of these jobs. The tree service technician is responsible for maintaining and beautify trees. This is usually done on a regular basis. Some people hire an arborist just to keep the trees planted and in good condition. If you have a large lawn care staff, you can also delegate some of their responsibilities to them. By doing this, you get to spend more time focusing on other important aspects of your business. Tree trimming is an important task to do before winter. Without properly trimming the trees, they may not survive the harsh winter conditions. Trimming branches and removing dead branches is a requirement for tree trimming. In order to do this, you need a team of trained individuals who are qualified to do tree trimming work. Once the tree trimming is complete, a tree removal crew will need to remove dead or broken branches. This will help prevent further damage to your lawn. For tree removal, they usually use a back hoe and chain. A back hoe has a very large cutting disc that can easily cut down even very large tree branches without killing them. It is often used to clear away large tree stump that has accumulated over years of accumulation. Tree care and tree removal are two separate but connected processes. Without proper tree maintenance, your trees will not survive the harsh environmental conditions and it will also become susceptible to pest attack and disease. As such, it is imperative to ensure that you have a team of highly skilled individuals who are capable of tree removal as well as proper tree maintenance. These experts ensure that your trees grow strong, thrive, and continue to provide you with beauty even after all the cold weather. There are many people out there who still consider tree removal as a part of their general landscape maintenance. However, if you want to protect your trees from pests and severe weather damage, you should invest in tree removal services. It is not difficult to find competent experts who can help you get rid of unwanted tree growth in your yard. You can search online for local tree removal professionals who are experienced and qualified to perform tree stump removal jobs. You can also ask your friends and relatives for referrals to local tree removal experts who are experienced in tree removal.

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If you or someone you know is in danger or needs immediate help, then call 911. If a friend or colleague has experienced sexual assault (including sexual violence, relationship violence, and stalking), there are ways you can help. - Share this website with them. - Share the following documents, which outline options for those who have experienced sexual assault: - If your friend is a student or employee, refer them to the WEAVE Confidential Advocate for confidential support and guidance. Ask How You Can Help - Listen. Offer support and compassion. Be patient and try to avoid interrupting them or making statements that may be judgmental. - Don't ask for details about what happened or why it happened. Let your friend share what they are comfortable sharing. Avoid questions that suggest blame. - Challenge statements of self-blame. Let your friend know the responsibility for the assault does not lie with your friend, regardless of what they did leading up to, during, or after what happened. - If your friend wants to seek medical attention or report the assault, offer to accompany that person to the hospital, police station, campus security, and so on. - Respect your friend's privacy. Do not tell others about your friend's assault or reveal any names or details without permission. Remember to take care of yourself. Supporting a friend who has experienced sexual violence can be an emotional and challenging experience. Pay attention to your needs – this could mean setting boundaries, spending time on activities you enjoy, or talking to a friend or counselor if needed.

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When we think of air pollution, it’s easy to fixate on the contaminants that arise from factories or disastrous wildfires. And the general effects of climate change are contributing to ozone losses, making outdoor air pollution an increasingly worrisome issue. But actually, it’s not just outdoor air pollution we need to worry about. In many homes, apartment buildings, and office buildings, indoor air quality is a major problem as well, and one that landlords and property managers should be responsible for addressing. In fact, as a landlord or building manager, it’s better that you get ahead of air quality issues before they arise so your tenants don’t come after you for damages or attempt to break their leases because of air pollution. Here are a few steps you can take to eliminate air pollutants in your property and put your tenants’ health first. Poor ventilation by your heating and cooling system can create indoor pollution that’s hazardous to your tenants. To avoid that, be sure to invest in high-quality filters for your HVAC system that can eliminate fine particles that may be dangerous, and replace those filters often. At the same time, make sure your HVAC system can handle your current capacity. You may need to upgrade your system if your tenant load increases to ensure your air quality is solid. Excess moisture in your building can cause unsightly water stains, making your property less appealing to tenants. But more than that, it can lead to the buildup of mold, which is extremely unhealthy for tenants to breathe and can contribute to poor air quality. To prevent mold, examine your pipes for leaks and repair any you spot immediately. Also, make sure all units have proper ventilation, focusing on areas like bathrooms where moisture tends to build. Excessive cigarette smoke and indoor air pollution go hand in hand. The best way to mitigate this issue is to limit places your tenants can smoke, and make those rules abundantly clear. For the most part, your best bet is to ban smoking indoors and limit outdoor cigarette usage to designated areas where residual smoke is less likely to enter your building or sneak into its HVAC system. As a landlord or property manager, you probably have no way of knowing whether your building’s air pollution levels are acceptable or not. That’s why it pays to call in the professionals once a year to check for indoor air pollution and ensure your interior conforms to air quality standards. Remember, just because your building’s air quality checks out one year doesn’t mean the same will hold true the next. HVAC systems can degrade over time while property updates and repairs can introduce chemicals into your building’s air, so an annual inspection is really a must. Indoor air pollution can be detrimental to human health, causing serious issues like heart disease, asthma attacks, respiratory disease, advanced lung disease, or lung cancer. Limiting tenants’ exposure to air pollution and maintaining high air quality standards is something every landlord should undertake. If you have any reason to believe there’s polluted air in your building, address the problem — before your tenants start to suffer. The last thing you want is a lawsuit on your hands because your air pollution levels are unacceptable and you never took steps to get ahead of that.

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Our ability to make sense of voluminous and multi-dimensional data is ever more critical in an increasingly complex and interconnected world. One area where this is particularly prominent is the visualization of intersectional data. Intersectionality, a term coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in the 1980s, refers to the interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, creating overlapping systems of discrimination or disadvantage. Visualizing this type of data presents a unique set of challenges because it involves not just representing different categories of data but showing their complex interactions and intersections in a meaningful and readily understood way. This article delves into some of the main challenges of visualizing intersectional data. Intersectional data is inherently multidimensional, making it more complicated to visualize than simpler, unidimensional data. This complexity increases exponentially with the addition of each new dimension or category. Traditional visualization techniques like bar charts or pie charts can only effectively handle two or three dimensions. While there are multidimensional techniques like parallel coordinates or radar charts, they can become increasingly difficult to interpret as more dimensions are added. Intersectional data typically involves overlapping categories. For example, a person could belong to multiple demographic groups (e.g., female, Asian, middle-class, etc.), and the overlap of these categories can have unique impacts. Showing these overlaps visually can be challenging, as it requires a visualization method that can effectively display intersecting categories without causing confusion or misinterpretation. Scale and Granularity Intersectionality often requires dealing with data on various scales and levels of granularity. For instance, the effects of intersectionality might be different at the individual, community, and societal levels. Similarly, these effects might vary across different geographical regions or time periods. Presenting all these aspects in a single visualization can be an enormous challenge, given the need to maintain clarity and accuracy while ensuring the visual representation is not overwhelmingly complex. Bias and Misinterpretation A significant challenge with visualizing intersectional data is the risk of bias and misinterpretation. This can occur when the visualization unintentionally amplifies certain aspects of the data while minimizing others, leading to skewed perceptions. This risk is heightened in intersectional data because the complexity and multidimensionality can easily lead to oversights or misrepresentations if not handled with care. Accessibility and Inclusivity Visualizing intersectional data requires an emphasis on accessibility and inclusivity. This is because intersectionality aims to highlight the experiences of marginalized or disadvantaged groups. Therefore, the visualizations must be accessible to a diverse audience, including those with visual impairments or cognitive differences. This calls for careful choice of colors, shapes, and symbols and alternative text descriptions or tactile representations for those who can’t access visual content. While visualizing intersectional data poses significant challenges, several strategies can help address these. For instance, combining visualizations rather than relying on a single chart can help represent multidimensionality. Storytelling techniques can aid in conveying complex overlaps and interactions, while user testing and feedback can mitigate risks of bias and misinterpretation. Moreover, advances in visualization technology, such as VR and AR, offer new possibilities for presenting intersectional data in immersive and interactive ways. However, these technologies also raise their own challenges and should be used with sensitivity to the complexities and nuances of intersectional data. In conclusion, visualizing intersectional data is a complex task that requires a careful balance of clarity, accuracy, and inclusivity. However, with careful planning and execution, it can lead to a deeper understanding of the intricate ways in which different categories and identities intersect and influence each other. To dig much deeping into this, check out Data Feminism by Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren F. Klein. Full Stop– one of the greatest books I’ve read in a long time on community-based participatory data collection.

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Malabar Grey Hornbill (Ocyceros griseus) The Malabar Grey Hornbill, Ocyceros griseus, is a hornbill that is endemic to the Western Ghats and associated hills of southern India. They have a large beak but lack the casque that is prominent in other species of hornbills. They are found mainly in dense forest and around rubber, arecanut or coffee plantations. They move around in small groups, feeding on figs and other forest fruits. Their loud cackling and laughing call makes them familiar to people living in the region. Malabar Grey Hornbill Description The Malabar Grey Hornbill is a large bird, at 45cm in length with a 23 cm tail and pale or yellowish to orange bill. Males have a reddish bill with a yellow tip while the females have a plain yellow bill with black at the base of the lower mandible and a black stripe along the culmen (= external ridge along the outer part of the center of the upper beak). They show a broad whitish superciliary band above the eye running down to the neck. They fly with a strong flap and glide flight and hop around heavily on the outer branches of large fruiting trees. They have brown-grey wings, a white carpal patch and black primary flight feathers tipped with white. The Indian Grey Hornbill which is found mainly on the adjoining plains is easily told apart by its prominent casque and in flight by the white trailing edge to the entire wing. The Malabar Grey Hornbill has a grey back, and a cinnamon vent. The long tail is blackish with a white tip, and the underparts are grey with white streaks. The long curved bill has no casque. Immature birds have browner upperparts and a yellow bill. Young birds have a dull white or yellow iris. Malabar Grey Hornbill Distribution The Malabar Grey Hornbill is a common resident breeder in the Western Ghats and associated hills of southern India. They are mainly found in dense forest habitats and the thinner dry forest habitat of the plains is typically occupied by the Indian Grey Hornbill. In the past the Sri Lanka Grey Hornbill was included with this species but is now considered distinct. Malabar Grey Hornbill Behaviour and ecology Being large frugivores, they are important as seed dispersal agents for many species of fruit bearing forest trees. They also feed on small vertebrates and in captivity they will readily take meat. Malabar Grey Hornbill Calls / Vocalizations Their loud calls are distinctive and include “hysterical cackling”, “laughing” and “screeching” calls. Malabar Grey Hornbill Breeding The breeding season is January to May. Being secondary cavity nesters (incapable of excavating their own nests), the find trees with large cavities. A study in the Anaimalai Hills showed that the species preferred nest sites that had large trees. The nest holes were usually found in large trees with hollows caused by heart-rot where a branch had broken off. Trees of the species Lagerstroemia microcarpa, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia crenulata were found to hold nearly 70% of all the nests in the Mudumalai area. The species is monogamous and the same nest sites are used by the pair year after year. The female incarcerates herself within the cavity by sealing its entrance with a cement made from her droppings. The female then lays three or sometimes four white eggs and begins a complete moult of her flight feathers. The entrance to the nest retains a narrow aperture through which the female voids excreta and receives food from the male. The male bring all the food needed for the female and the young. Berries, insects, small rodents and reptiles are included in the diet. Males tap the tree to beckon the female on arriving with food. Copyright: Wikipedia. This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from Wikipedia.org … Additional information and photos added by Avianweb. Please Note: The articles or images on this page are the sole property of the authors or photographers. Please contact them directly with respect to any copyright or licensing questions. Thank you.

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In today’s digital world, it’s essential to secure your online accounts to protect your sensitive information from cyber criminals. With so many data breaches and hacking incidents, you need to ensure your accounts are protected with strong passwords and two-factor authentication (2FA). This guide will provide step-by-step instructions on how to secure your online accounts and keep your information safe. What is Two-Factor Authentication? Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) is an additional layer of security for your online accounts. It requires you to provide two forms of identification to log in to your account. The first is your password and the second is a unique code sent to your phone or generated by an app. This makes it much harder for hackers to access your accounts, even if they have your password. Read: An Ultimate Guide to Understanding Non-Fungible Tokens (NFT) Creating Strong Passwords - Length: The longer the password, the stronger it is. Aim for at least 12 characters. - Complexity: Use a mix of upper and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters. - Uniqueness: Avoid using the same password for multiple accounts. - Passphrases: Consider using a passphrase made up of random words. How to Enable Two-Factor Authentication - Check if your accounts support 2FA: Many popular websites and services support 2FA, including Google, Facebook, Twitter, and more. - Enable 2FA: Follow the instructions for enabling 2FA for your specific account. This may involve downloading an authentication app, such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator or providing your phone number. - Verify your account: Verify your account by confirming the code sent to your phone or generated by the app. - Store backup codes: Store backup codes in a safe place in case you lose access to your phone. By following these steps, you can significantly increase the security of your online accounts. By using strong passwords and two-factor authentication, you can protect your sensitive information from cyber criminals and keep your accounts safe. Stay vigilant and update your security measures regularly to stay ahead of potential threats.

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What menacing secrets lurk in the depths of the ocean? This is Sandra Tsing Loh with the Loh Down on Science,saying…one word: “Plastics!” Plastics have been invading our oceans for years. Unfortunately, many animals, such as sea turtles, mistake them for food. But does plastic reach the creatures dwelling in the DEEPEST parts of the ocean? Lauren Brooks and colleagues at Newcastle University dove deep to explore for themselves. How deep? Almost eleven thousand meters! They collected amphipods from six trenches in the Pacific Ocean. Amphipods are tiny crustaceans; you may have seen them hopping around on the beach. Back at the lab, they dissected the critters’ guts. What spilled out? Colorful PLASTICS! Over seventy percent of amphipods had at least one fiber in their gut. These included nylon and polyester, fibers commonly found in clothing. What does this mean for oceans worldwide? Nothing good if plastics are on the menu at even the deepest reaches of the planet. Big things eat smaller things, so these fibers could be filling up the fish we eat. Maybe it is better for the ocean to spill its guts!

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Then last month, while poring over headline-grabbing images of art seized by authorities from a Munich apartment, he had an "Ah-ha" moment. A Toulouse-Lautrec print, of a dancing couple, seemed eerily familiar. Wesley Fisher, research director for the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany Axel Dupeux for The Wall Street Journal An obscure database could be instrumental in helping to identify some owners of the roughly 1,400 works seized lfrom the Munich apartment of Cornelius Gurlitt. Mary Lane has details on Lunch Break. Photo: AP. Mr. Fisher is the research director for the Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany, the New York-based organization tasked with compensating Holocaust victims for Nazi persecution. For years, he has attempted to chronicle the Hitler regime's looting across Europe and the former Soviet Union. In particular, he fought to create a database that would collate far-flung records on works taken by the Nazis from French Jews. "I was trying to push the idea that property theft was an integral part of the genocide against the Jews," says Mr. Fisher, 69 years old. "But our society concentrated on the murders, the killings." Now, the obscure database could be instrumental in helping to identify some owners of the roughly 1,400 works seized from the Munich apartment of Cornelius Gurlitt, son of a prominent Nazi art dealer. Within an hour of spotting the Toulouse-Lautrec print, Mr. Fisher consulted the database and found a possible match—a lithograph of the same approximate size and bearing the same title, "La Goulue Dansant avec Valentin Le Désossé," as the newly discovered print. The lively work, according to Nazi records in the database, had belonged to Esther Van Cleef, Jewish matriarch of the illustrious Van Cleef & Arpels jewelry dynasty, and confiscated during the war. Eventually, the Germans brought it to the Jeu de Paume museum in Paris, one of the main processing centers for stolen art in the early 1940s. The Nazis, methodical in their work, had even taken a photograph of the print. Questions about the origins of the Gurlitt trove, which includes works by Picasso, Matisse, Chagall and Renoir, have riveted the world. While German authorities have yet to divulge the identity of all the works, they have said they believe that less than half of them were stolen from Jewish owners. The flurry of interest in the case has helped to validate Mr. Fisher's work, which has been credited by French and other cultural officials for helping to identifying other stolen goods. At the same time, Mr. Fisher has emerged as an outspoken figure on the need to be as transparent as possible about the high-profile Gurlitt collection. By virtue of his position at the Claims Conference, he has pushed the organization to take a tough stance in discussions with Germany. For starters, he doesn't agree with the Germans' math. "How they came to the conclusion that 590 were possibly looted from Jews is not clear," he says. In a statement from the Gurlitt task force, a spokesman said that great care had been taken to examine the "entire stock." There are other challenges. When tracing works on paper like the Toulouse-Lautrec, for example, "it is always the same problem," says Marc Masurovsky, a historian commissioned by Mr. Fisher to create the Jeu de Paume database. "A drawing is one of a kind—anything that runs through a press is not, and we are left to decide which series is it part of and what number is it and is it the right one?" he explains. In birthing the database, Mr. Fisher oversaw a team of experts who gathered logs and photos from Paris, Berlin, Washington and other cities where Nazi archives of looted art had landed. Their findings included key information about the 22,000 works that came through the Jeu de Paume. The information—names of the original art owners, the type and makers of works seized and records of items returned—is organized to make it accessible to victims and heirs. On a recent afternoon, in a computer room in the basement of the Harvard Club, where he is a member, Mr. Fisher gave an overview of the haunting treasures contained in the database. "Do you want to see Rembrandts?" he offered. The system immediately turned up records on 73 Rembrandts once owned by Jewish families. "Picasso" turned up 90 results. Additionally, there are mentions of 63 Renoirs, 53 Matisses, nine Gauguins, 19 Monets and six Leonardo Da Vincis—enough to burnish the walls of several museums. Pausing to survey some stolen Chagalls, he points to a watercolor titled "Russia Scene in the Snow." The owner is listed as "unknown," as is the case with many of stolen works. To Mr. Fisher, the 22,000 works in the database are only "a drop in the bucket," of all the art seized in France, he says, let alone what the Nazis took from other European countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Italy and the former Soviet Union. At times, conflicts within the Holocaust community itself made tracing artwork difficult. Some members of the museum community were also wary, since tracking Nazi art thefts likely meant questioning the provenance, or known history, of some items in their collections. Under his tenure as president of the World Jewish Congress, Edgar Bronfman, the businessman and Jewish leader who died Saturday, worked with the museum community in America to push for provenance research and greater transparency. During the 1980s and 1990s, Mr. Fisher says, there was a general fear that a search for lost Jewish treasure would be perceived as mercenary. He recalls how even his employer at the time, the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, balked. "The museum was scared," he contends. "It did not want to be seen as involved in property matters—it was concerned about possible stereotypes of Jews" as wealthy and mercenary. Michael Berenbaum, a Holocaust scholar who was instrumental in the museum's founding, confirms that years back he and others in the scholarly community were wary about delving into stolen art. He credits Mr. Fisher for seeing art looting as central to the Holocaust. "The Holocaust is the story of life and death—mostly death—it is not a story of property," says Sara Bloomfield, the museum's current director. The museum eventually supported stolen-property research and is currently a host of the online database. Mr. Fisher grew up steeped in the tragedy of the Holocaust. Several members of his own extended family had been murdered. His father, rabbi of a prominent Manhattan congregation, abandoned the pulpit to become an activist lawyer who volunteered for the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League. His dad organized national boycotts against German products and helped resettle Jewish refugees from the Nazis, including many physicians. During the 1990s, Mr. Fisher helped to organize the "Washington Conference on Holocaust-era Assets," the first major intergovernmental meeting to address the art plundered by the Nazis. Co-hosted by the State Department and the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, it brought together delegates from 44 countries to define principles for what was termed "the unfinished business of the 20th century." Elie Wiesel, the Nobel Laureate and Auschwitz survivor who was also a keynote speaker, plunged into the debate. "Why has it taken so long in fulfilling the biblical command that stolen property must be returned to its owners?" Mr. Wiesel asked, according to a transcript. By 2003, Mr. Fisher had moved over to the Claims Conference and began to make a case for the organization to delve into the issue. One colleague, Patricia Grimsted, a Harvard-based authority on World War II archives and stolen property, had persuaded him of the need to bring together the dispersed files of the Nazi ideologue and chief art looter, Alfred Rosenberg. Rosenberg, a virulent anti-Semite who was ultimately tried and executed at Nuremberg, had founded a task force, the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, or ERR. It engaged in the plunder of all manner of cultural valuables in Nazi-occupied countries. The ERR began not by stealing precious paintings but by confiscating holy books and Judaica—items the Nazis thought would help them in their obsession to understand the Jewish "race." After the war, the ERR's records drifted to nine different countries and dozens of archival collections. Ms. Grimsted felt strongly that the Rosenberg files should be centralized to help gain a true historical picture of the breadth of the Nazis' looting. Mr. Fisher lobbied the Claims Conference to bring together all the archival records and make them accessible to the public. "He was constantly talking about reconstructing, bringing the pieces together, trying to make one database," recalls Greg Schneider, the Claims Conference executive vice president. "He was relentless." Mr. Fisher got his way and the Claims Conference began in 2004 to work on bringing the disparate Rosenberg archives together. It also decided to fund a pilot project centered on the stolen art in France—the especially detailed archives related to the Jeu de Paume. Mr. Masurovsky was enlisted to create the actual database. First, he set about digitizing the many note cards the Germans kept to document their thefts. He also consulted broader Nazi inventory records that listed the contents of Jewish homes. Only 15% of the identified 22,000 objects were actual canvas or oil paintings, he says. There were also many works on paper, as well as sculptures, furniture, fine jewelry, even African masks and ancient Egyptian torsos. Photos of the pieces, taken by Nazi photographers, had ended up at Koblenz, Germany. These, too, proved crucial to the database. Around 2006, Mr. Fisher says he encountered an unexpected obstacle. German authorities wouldn't reply to requests to add the photos to the online database. "They were afraid the Nazi photographers would lay claim to these photographs," and sue, Mr. Fisher says. The notion of being sued by the Third Reich's photographers struck him as absurd. "By all means, we would love such a lawsuit," he remembers saying. Germany relented. But the Claims Conference had to agree to assume any legal liability. A senior official from the German national archives says that the legal parameters were only one among several issues in a complex agreement that allowed the Claims Conference to post the photos to their online database. The Claims Conference itself has fought off looters—even from within. A recent embezzlement scandal ensnared 31 people, including 10 former Claims Conference employees, who were accused of participating in a scheme to defraud the organization of more than $57 million. A May statement from the U.S. Attorney's office in the Southern District of New York said that the 31 were "convicted for their roles in the fraud." The group says that neither Mr. Fisher nor his work was involved in the ordeal. As for the recent Munich discovery, information has come in piecemeal. By late December, German authorities had posted more than 400 pieces from the Gurlitt collection. To Mr. Fisher's frustration, the majority of the collection still hasn't been unveiled. He and others are anxious to do provenance research to figure out which artworks were taken from Jewish families. A spokesman for the Gurlitt task force in Germany explained its logic for releasing images. "Thoroughness and care must take precedence over speed," he said, adding that works are being posted as quickly as possible. He said that an international coalition of experts would attempt to determine which works were looted from Jews and that the Claims Conference has been invited to participate in the undertaking. Mr. Fisher acknowledges there is no definitive proof that the Gurlitt lithograph is the one taken from Mrs. Van Cleef. There could have been multiple prints made from the original work. But "it looks awfully suspicious," he says. Toulouse-Lautrec scholar Phillip Dennis Cate, when shown the images from the database and the German Gurlitt collection, said "it is a good possibility" that the two are one and the same. More provenance research is needed for a definitive finding, he said. John Claude Arpels, a member of the jewelry family, says he is mystified by the Toulouse-Lautrec work, whose title refers to a famed Cancan dancer and her agile partner. Nazi records indicate it was seized in 1943 from Mrs. Van Cleef—one of 49 works taken from her home. Esther Van Cleef, whom he knew as "Kiki," was his great aunt, his grandfather's sister. While he was born and raised in the U.S., he fondly remembers regular trips to Paris with his family, where they would enjoy luncheons at her Paris apartment. Dr. Arpels says that while much of the immediate family made it out of France to safety during the war—including Mrs. Van Cleef, who fled to the U.S.—the shadow of the Holocaust still hung over them. He learned only recently that 80 to 100 of his relatives on the Van Cleef side perished. His own parents lost their art collection to the Nazis, he says. Yet the family made peace with the past, he says, and didn't dwell on what was lost. "Life went on and they were eternally grateful to be alive—they were not bowled over by the loss of materialistic booty to the Germans," says Dr. Arpels, a retired physician who lives in San Francisco. Dr. Arpels says he plans to pursue the question of whether the Toulouse-Lautrec in the Gurlitt cache belongs to his family—but more as a matter of historical interest, he says. Today, the jewelry house founded by his ancestors is owned by Compagnie Financière Richemont SA, which purchased the business from the family in 1999. Beyond the high-value pieces in the Gurlitt collection, Mr. Fisher is haunted by what he calls "the painting over the mantelpiece"— the symbolic image of a canvas, most likely modest, that might have hung in a Jewish home when the Germans came. Survivors and heirs still cling to memories of such a familiar painting as their last link to what they lost in the Holocaust, says Mr. Fisher. "We represent the dead," he says. "When you are talking about the artwork over the mantelpiece, most of the time it is no longer known what it was because the people were shot or gassed." Corrections & Amplifications Roughly 1,400 works were seized from a Munich apartment in early 2012, an action that was disclosed last month. An earlier version of this article incorrectly said the works were seized last month. Write to Lucette Lagnado at firstname.lastname@example.org

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Data sovereignty is the concept that data should be stored and processed within the territorial boundaries of the country in which it was collected. This is done in order to ensure that the data is subject to the laws and regulations of that country, and to protect the data from being accessed or used by entities outside of the country. Data sovereignty has become an increasingly important issue as more and more businesses store and process data in the cloud. When data is stored in the cloud, it is often stored in data centers that are located in different countries. This can create a risk that the data will be subject to the laws and regulations of those countries, rather than the laws and regulations of the country where the data was collected. To address this issue, some countries have enacted data sovereignty laws that require data to be stored and processed within the country's borders. Other countries have negotiated data sovereignty agreements with other countries, in order to ensure that data is subject to the laws and regulations of the country where it was collected. Why is data sovereignty? Organizations that handle large amounts of data are subject to data sovereignty laws, which vary from country to country. These laws dictate how data must be stored, accessed, and used. Failure to comply with data sovereignty laws can result in hefty fines and other penalties. Data sovereignty is important because it helps to protect the data of individuals and organizations. When data is stored in multiple countries, it can be difficult to keep track of who owns the data, where the data is located, and how the data is being used. This can lead to data being mishandled or even stolen. Data sovereignty laws help to prevent these problems by ensuring that data is stored securely and can only be accessed by authorized users. How does data sovereignty work? Data sovereignty is the concept that data should be stored and processed within the country or territory in which it was generated. This is often seen as a way to protect data from being accessed or controlled by foreign governments. There are a number of ways to achieve data sovereignty, such as storing data in on-shore data centres, using local service providers, or encrypting data so that it can only be accessed by authorized users. Data sovereignty is an important consideration for businesses operating in multiple countries, as well as for individuals who may be concerned about their data being accessed by foreign governments. What is data sovereignty in cloud? Data sovereignty is the concept that data should be subject to the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is stored. In the context of cloud computing, this means that data should be stored in a jurisdiction that has laws that protect the data from being accessed by unauthorized parties. There are a number of reasons why data sovereignty is important. First, data sovereignty can help to ensure that data is protected from unauthorized access. Second, data sovereignty can help to ensure that data is not subject to the laws of a jurisdiction that does not protect the data. Third, data sovereignty can help to ensure that data is not subject to the laws of a jurisdiction that is not friendly to the data owner. Data sovereignty is a complex issue, and there is no one-size-fits-all solution. When considering data sovereignty, organizations should consider the type of data they are storing, the jurisdiction in which the data will be stored, and the laws of that jurisdiction. What is the difference between data residency and data sovereignty? Data residency is the physical location of where your data is stored. Data sovereignty is the jurisdiction in which your data is stored. What is data sovereignty in AWS? AWS defines data sovereignty as "the ability of a customer to choose which country their data resides in, and to have that data protected by that country’s laws." AWS offers customers a number of tools to help them meet their data sovereignty requirements, including: - The ability to choose which AWS region their data is stored in - The ability to choose which AWS Availability Zone their data is stored in - The ability to encrypt their data at rest and in transit - The ability to use AWS Identity and Access Management (IAM) to control access to their data - The ability to use AWS CloudTrail to track activity on their AWS account - The ability to use Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) bucket policies to control access to their data

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Each year Microsoft hosts a design expo with graduate students from 6 universities around the world. The 2019 topic was "empathy at scale," and Loop was the solution that my team delivered as a submission from UW. We spend a lot of time on our devices. Research shows that this tech usage has a negative impact on our empathy and compassion towards others. How might help users reduce addictive screen use behavior over time and encourage social interactions? Microsoft Student Design Expo I took on a strategic design role, focusing on connecting the product to the research and ensuring that we effectively solved the problem. I created the script and designed the sketches for the storyboard. Millenials spend 4-5 hours a day on mobile devices. People use devices in social settings. 89% people used their phone during the most recent social gathering, interacting with devices over people. We are becoming addicted to our phones. Studies show shrinkage in processing areas of the brain due to internet addiction. This addiction is making us less empathetic. One effected area, the insular lobe, is involved in developing empathy and compassion for others. Reducing problematic screen time and encouraging real life human interaction is critical to developing interpersonal empathy and improving emotional wellbeing. Illustrated storyboard video, created by yours truly! Loop started as an affective computing product to help children become more empathetic. Our research found that kids are quickly becoming addicted to screens and parents are concerned. According to the eMarketer study "US Kids and Digital 2018," 76% of parents said that their kids are more addicted to their devices than candy. UCLA scientist Stuart Wolpert found that sixth-graders who went five days without even glancing at a smartphone, television or other digital screen did substantially better at reading human emotions than sixth-graders from the same school who continued to spend hours each day looking at their electronic devices. How Might We help kids develop cognitive empathy by promoting collaborative and interactive behavior using screen-free technology? A wearable device capable of determining the emotional state of the user. The device would be capable of processing language, sensing body signals and motion among other things. The device would react through colors and haptics to the emotions and behaviors of the user, encourage social interactions, and promote conversation. A game that utilizes affective computing techniques and sensors, such as language processing, body signals, sound recognition, and emotion, to determine when children are using empathy and rewards them. The game would purposefully be non-screen based, but would use techniques from addictive video games to get kids to use it. Loop is a multi-modal add-on smart strap for watches that prioritizes conversations by regulating screen use and facilitating screen-time sharing. Loop algorithm limits time spent in ‘sticky’ apps based on user’s usage patterns, empathy levels and expert recommendations. Loop encourages social connection, which lays the foundation for social engagement Loop is a smart add-on for existing wrist wear that enables status checks without your phone. Loop understands context through biometric sensing and integration with your phone. Loop encourages social engagement by reducing the value of screen time in social contexts. Loop uses artificial intelligence to personalize limits and create gradual change. Loop never restricts essential functions, and rewards improved behavior. Green Mode: Using phone in an appropriate context. The user will have no restrictions and the charge will drain at a normal rate. Yellow Mode: Using phone in an inappropriate context (i.e. social setting). The user will have no restrictions, but the charge will drain at a rapid rate. Red Mode: Screen time has run out. The user is restricted to essential apps only. This will only last a few minutes, just enough to make the user move onto something new.

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CC-MAIN-2023-40

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Only silver and gold are considered “real” money. In ancient times, the only form of “real money”, was silver and gold. It is the representation of actual money and of something with stored-value. Come and visit our website search it on gold IRA rollover fees you can learn more. Without paper money, currency and the US dollar gold still stand as the real money. It’s worth is not measured in dollars, but it happens that it’s represented by paper today. A $50 bill would be a good example of how much $50 in paper money costs. You’d be wrong! When the US dollar was supported by gold before, it is stable. The dollar fell to its current point of collapse when the gold standard was removed. (There is still some hope. Inflation is one of the top reasons why the dollar has lost value. The US government decided to eliminate the US currency from its solid protection against market instability, Gold. The government will continue print more paper money because of the national debt, as well as other spending. This led to a decrease in dollar’s purchasing price and increased tax and inflation rates. If you continue this, your $100 might be worth only $40.00. Dollars lose value and are not lost, they just move to other assets like gold. Why not invest in Gold NOW The historic boom in the history of precious metals is coming to an end! According to some financial analysts, billionaires around the globe who have invested billions in gold (in gold), it could go up to $5,000 to $10,000 per troy ounce. If this is true, doubt it and do your homework. Start your investigation by investigating the abolishment or national debt, inflation, size of US government, and the abolishment of gold standard. You will be able to see the relationship between these facts and the US dollar losing its buying power.

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SWIFT is known as the Society of Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication that represents branch code. Knowing a SWIFT code can help you send the amount to the intended recipient, especially in case of international money transfer. It is more often known as BIC, which is an abbreviation for Bank Identifier Code. And the BIC can make these payments much easier and safe for your money transfer, and in other cases, Bank Swift codes also work to exchange messages between the banks as well. How to identify a SWIFT code for the bank? If you are confused about How to check swift codes, then it is as simple as the combination of alphanumeric characters. It has a length of typically 8-11 characters. And these numbers and letters are dependent on the country location of the bank, the branch that you are sending your payment. To quickly identify the Swift code, then look out for the code that has the initial four characters as alphabets. The initial define the name of the bank, and the next characters describe the country code, and the last digits represent the location of that bank. You can check over your bank statement of the bank either digitally or in the physical copy of the account. Or you can directly head over the website to get the precise information from there. Advantages Of Swift Code: With the gradual up gradation in technology, the banks are developing gradually. The banks are getting expanded in the market with the high demand of customers. Hence the Bank Swift codes have gotten upgradedto assist the international market as well. The information gets traveled fast and allows a large number of transactions within no time that saves maximum cost by saving time. Another advantage that comes with Swift codes is that it follows uniform standards all over the world, and also get an opportunity to join the world banking community. Why is Swift essential? As Swift uses International standard messages, it creates a transparent way between each other and securely exchanges messages and money. Let us now discuss How to check Swift codes to know the benefits that you get with its usage: - Transparency: All the payments involved in the transaction follow a transparent process. - Traceable: The amount of money is involved provides clear and recognizable proof of payment. - Consistent: The messages and payments are structured, and it is easy to decipher regardless of country and language barriers.

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Since September 2015, CDC has been collaborating with public health officials in several states, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Public Health Agency of Canada to investigate a multistate outbreak of Listeria monocytogenes infections (listeriosis). Listeria can cause a serious, life-threatening illness. Fifteen people infected with the outbreak strain of Listeria have been reported from eight states since July 5, 2015, an increase of three cases since the last update on January 22. All 15 people were hospitalized, including one person from Michigan who died as a result of listeriosis. One illness was reported in a pregnant woman. Laboratory tests performed on clinical isolates from all 15 ill people showed that the isolates are highly related genetically. According to the Public Health Agency of Canada, there are seven people in five Canadian provinces infected with the same outbreak strain of Listeria. Laboratory tests performed on clinical isolates from ill people in Canada showed that the isolates are highly related genetically to Listeria isolates from ill people in the United States. Epidemiologic and laboratory evidence indicate that packaged salads produced at the Dole processing facility in Springfield, Ohio and sold under various brand names are the likely source of this outbreak.

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Health benefits of pecans include reduced risk of high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, gallstone disease, and cancer. It has antioxidant properties and helps in weight management. It also protects vital organs from toxic effects of cyclophosphamide. What is a Pecan? Pecan is a brown nut with an edible kernel similar to walnut. Pecans have a sweet, buttery taste as compared to other nuts. It is best known to be used in pecan pie, a classic American dish baked during Thanksgiving and Christmas. The pecan tree, scientifically called Carya illinoinensis, is a species of hickory native to the United States and Mexico. It is the state tree of Texas and Native Americans are found to have used it for its medicinal value. The tree may grow up to a height of 44 m with flowering happening in the spring season. Though it used to grow wildly, in recent years, it has been included in the list of the major fruits that are domesticated. Apart from America, it is now cultivated in some countries of Africa, Asia and also in Australia. Hickory is a fuelwood species, which produces a high yield of charcoal that has economic value. The wood is also very useful in making furniture. Serving Size : Nutrient Value Water [g] 3.52 Energy 691 Energy [kJ] 2889 Protein [g] 9.17 Total lipid (fat) [g] 71.97 Ash [g] 1.49 Carbohydrate, by difference [g] 13.86 Fiber, total dietary [g] 9.6 Sugars, total including NLEA [g] 3.97 Sucrose [g] 3.9 Glucose (dextrose) [g] 0.04 Fructose [g] 0.04 Starch [g] 0.46 Calcium, Ca [mg] 70 Iron, Fe [mg] 2.53 Magnesium, Mg [mg] 121 Phosphorus, P [mg] 277 Potassium, K [mg] 410 Zinc, Zn [mg] 4.53 Copper, Cu [mg] 1.2 Manganese, Mn [mg] 4.5 Selenium, Se [µg] 3.8 Fluoride, F [µg] 10 Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid [mg] 1.1 Thiamin [mg] 0.66 Riboflavin [mg] 0.13 Niacin [mg] 1.17 Pantothenic acid [mg] 0.86 Vitamin B-6 [mg] 0.21 Folate, total [µg] 22 Folate, food [µg] 22 Folate, DFE [µg] 22 Choline, total [mg] 40.5 Betaine [mg] 0.7 Vitamin A, RAE [µg] 3 Carotene, beta [µg] 29 Cryptoxanthin, beta [µg] 9 Vitamin A, IU [IU] 56 Lutein + zeaxanthin [µg] 17 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) [mg] 1.4 Tocopherol, beta [mg] 0.39 Tocopherol, gamma [mg] 24.44 Tocopherol, delta [mg] 0.47 Vitamin K (phylloquinone) [µg] 3.5 Fatty acids, total saturated [g] 6.18 16:0 [g] 4.37 18:0 [g] 1.75 20:0 [g] 0.07 Fatty acids, total monounsaturated [g] 40.8 18:1 [g] 40.59 20:1 [g] 0.21 Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated [g] 21.61 18:2 [g] 20.63 18:3 [g] 0.99 Stigmasterol [mg] 3 Campesterol [mg] 6 Beta-sitosterol [mg] 117 Tryptophan [g] 0.09 Threonine [g] 0.31 Isoleucine [g] 0.34 Leucine [g] 0.6 Lysine [g] 0.29 Methionine [g] 0.18 Cystine [g] 0.15 Phenylalanine [g] 0.43 Tyrosine [g] 0.22 Valine [g] 0.41 Arginine [g] 1.18 Histidine [g] 0.26 Alanine [g] 0.4 Aspartic acid [g] 0.93 Glutamic acid [g] 1.83 Glycine [g] 0.45 Proline [g] 0.36 Serine [g] 0.47 Sources include : USDA Nutritional Value of Pecans Pecans contain energy, fiber, amino acids, starch, and sugars. These nuts are the best source of plant-based protein. Other nutrients in this fruit include thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, beta-carotene, folate, folic acid, and vitamin A, vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin E, and vitamin K. Amongst minerals, pecan is rich in calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, manganese, and selenium. It contains no sodium and is, therefore, helpful for people with high blood pressure and other dangerous diseases. Pecan nuts are rich in healthy monounsaturated fats and 70% of a single nut comprises of these fats. This percentage is highest amongst all the nuts, which gives you all the benefits listed below. Consuming a handful of pecans translates to ingestion of different types of nutrients into the body that is impossible even on taking the laboratory prepared supplements. Health Benefits of Pecans Due to the composition of pecan, several studies have been carried out to ascertain the benefits of this fruit. Here are the health benefits that are associated with the consumption of this nut. Lower Cholesterol Levels Eating pecans on a regular basis helps balance cholesterol levels. High level of cholesterol in the body is one of the causes of several cardiovascular disorders. A study conducted by Rajaram S. et al. suggests that pecans, with their high monosaturated fat, may be prescribed as a part of the diet for everyone who wants to lower their cholesterol levels. Pecans are beneficial in maintaining blood sugar levels especially for those suffering from type 2 diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disorders and hence, it is necessary to have a healthy diet that has necessary nutrients. Their consumption is not only recommended for those with a diabetic condition but for others too, to prevent it from occurring in the first place. Regulate Blood Pressure Pecans have protein, vitamin E, and antioxidant properties which help in protecting the heart and reducing the risk of hypertension. High blood pressure, if left unmonitored, can be a reason behind the occurrence of heart attacks and strokes. Prevent Heart Diseases Pecan contains constituents like tocopherol and flavan-3-ol monomers that help in inhibiting oxidation of the lipids that exist in the blood which in turn offers protection against heart diseases. The research was conducted to study the effect of pecan on postprandial antioxidant capacity and catechins and decrease LDL oxidation in humans and the findings suggest that bioactive composition may contribute to the postprandial antioxidant defense. Pecans boost metabolism and enhance satiety and are, therefore, also beneficial in managing weight. Although they are rich in fats, they also contain protein and fiber which may make one feel full for longer duration and thus help in lowering intake of other high-calorie foods. Consumption of pecans is also associated with reduced risk of gallstones. Findings of research carried out to study the effect of consumption of nuts on the risk of gallstones suggest that frequent consumption of pecans may reduce the risk of gallstone diseases in men. Research published by Dr. Cyclophosphamide compound is associated with life-threatening diseases. A research study suggests that pecan shell with its antioxidant effects may protect the vital organs such as heart, kidneys, and the bladder from cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity. Magnesium, present in pecan nuts, is a nutrient which delivers many anti-inflammatory benefits. It reduces the inflammation in the arteries, and therefore, lowers the risk of arthritis, heart diseases, atherosclerosis, and many other conditions. Improve Brain Function The nutrients like manganese, copper, and thiamine, in pecans, are connected to the healthy functioning of the brain. Thiamine is administered to patients with Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is a brain disorder occurring in alcoholics. Copper and manganese, on the other hand, prevents the damage caused by free radicals in the brain. Pecans are rich in manganese. This trace mineral can prevent the damage caused by free radicals in your body. It does that with its antioxidant properties and protects the body from infections and diseases by boosting the immunity. Pecans help women fight the symptoms of menstruation like cramps and mood swings. The nutrients like manganese and calcium in these nuts are actually the stars that help in keeping women healthy. As pecan nuts are rich in dietary fiber, they help in maintaining the colon health by facilitating regular bowel movements. They also extend their benefit to preventing constipation and many other associated disorders. Phosphorus and calcium, in pecan nuts, aid in the maintenance of bone health. Our bones consist of approximately 85% phosphorus, the rest of which is found in the tissues and cells. They are deemed helpful for preventing the symptoms of osteoporosis, particularly in women. Thus, a diet that includes pecans is great for improving bone mineral density. Antiaging foods are a treasure for all the people in this world. Pecans contain all the nutrients like vitamin A, vitamin E, ellagic acid, which prevent premature aging and reduce the occurrence of wrinkles. Also, the zinc content in these nuts helps achieve a toned complexion. Vitamin E-rich pecan nuts are a great addition to your diet. They are often associated with reducing the risk of age-related macular degeneration, thus keeping the eyes healthy even while you are aging. These nuts are also recommended for preventing the occurrence of cataracts. Pecan nuts are widely used to treat male pattern baldness. The L-arginine, an amino acid in these nuts is a compound that increases blood circulation throughout the body, thereby strengthening the roots of the hair. Also, iron in the nuts prevents anemia and consequently, hair loss. Pecans: Select & Store Pecans are easily available throughout the year in major stores all over the world. Pick the ones which have more nutmeat and look fairly uniform in color and size. Make sure the pecans are stored in clean and dry containers away from any insects etc. It’s better to store them in the refrigerator as that protects them from insects and also maintains the freshness of the nut. Pecans have a long shelf life, especially when kept under the right conditions. This is advantageous since one can buy in bulk and store for future use. The famous pecan pie which is a common delicacy in the Southern United States derives its name from pecans which forms part of its key ingredients. New Orleans is another state that has a common candy that contains pecans; Praline candy. Here are some easy-to-make recipes you can enjoy. - Step 1: Mix vegetables or cooked meat such as chicken, lettuce, cucumber, spinach, carrot, onion, etc. with pecans. - Step 2: Add salt, pepper, lime juice, and olive oil and mix well. - Step 3: You can also add other herbs and spices such as basil leaves, chili flakes, etc. to enhance the taste. - Step 1: Roast pecans in oven for 10-15 minutes. - Step 2: Add butter or oil, cinnamon powder, and salt as per taste to the roasted pecans. - Step 3: Garnish with some vanilla extract and serve! Pecans can also be added to various desserts such as cakes, puddings, etc. Side Effects of Pecans The following are a few side effects that come along while eating pecans, although not everyone may experience the same. - Swelling of the throat - Shortness of breath - Hay fever - Symptoms of asthma Consult your doctor before making any drastic changes in the diet to avoid attracting any health problems.

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Organic Cycling Science™ The Problem: "Take, Make, Waste" Raw materials flow in and are transformed into the final product. These products are sold and distributed and eventually discarded. The initial thought is that this inefficiency applies mostly to consumer products. Unfortunately this is not the case. This problem exists within all industries, including agriculture and food systems. The amount of valuable resources in the form of nutrients that leak out, knowingly and unknowingly, across all stages of the production process, is unsettling. The Solution: Organic Cycling Science Enter Organic Cycling Science (OSC) - Designed by our team at Re-Nuble, OSC is a method of efficiently taking organic nutrients and transforming it into viable, soluble nutrients. Through a carbon negative process which is done at scale, this places it back into the food system for continuous reuse until a small percentage of its solids have no longer any residual value. It creates a closed loop system through an organic nutrient supply chain, making it competitive to less sustainable commercial-level options. The Design Principles That Drive OCS |OCS Principles||Re-Nubles Product's| |Creation of New and Profitable Markets||By extracting organic nutrients from the current linear ecosystem, which would have otherwise been considered "waste", a completely "blue ocean", profitable market is created.| |Unimpeded Resource Recirculation||Organic nutrients are transformed into products which then go back into the food system, creating a closed-loop and long-term recirculation of the natural resources from participant waste streams and the greater food system.| |Sustainable Outcomes||For OSC to reverse all of the nutrient wastage that is currently ongoing, it must be done at scale, marked by clear and measurable improvements environmentally, economically, and socially.| Application of Organic Cycling Science Why Organic Cycling Science is Important Recognizing that no one has been able to efficiently take organic nutrients and turn them into a viable biostimulant nutrient solution, we decided to lead this global change. This product is produced at scale and is competitive to fast release, commercial grade synthetic fertilizers. Through our organic nutrients sourced from vegetative waste, we have successfully aligned every aspect of our offerings with the OSC principles. Working together, we'll help you reduce your carbon emissions and increase your profitability from organics.Contact Us Today

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Reports the amount of memory in MB that is available for the operating system to use. The operating system must reserve the sufficient amount of memory in order to keep the SQL Server memory paging to minimum to prevent the dramatic performance degradation. - Increase the size of the allocated/physical memory - Remove any unnecessary applications off the server - Decrease max memory allocation of SQL to remove OS pressure, as a rule of thumb a 4GB server should have 3GB allocated to SQL and 1GB to the OS. For each additional 4GB that is added to the total allocation an additional 1GB of memory should be reserved for the OS - Data page compression if CPU usage doesn’t suffer (more data can fit in memory)

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Paediatric foreign body ingestion and impaction is a common problem. Of at least 100,000 cases of foreign body ingestion reported annually in the United States, 80% occur in children (1)—usually between the ages of six months to three years. While most impacted foreign bodies are coins (2,3), button batteries and small toys also commonly impact in the upper aerodigestive tract, particularly in the upper oesophagus (4). The estimated incidence of oesophageal food bolus impaction in adults is estimated to be approximately 13 cases per 100,000. By comparison, acute food bolus impaction (AFBI) is an uncommon problem. AFBI is defined as abrupt dysphagia following food ingestion that prevents further passage of food and requires urgent removal (5). A number of anatomical and physiological conditions may predispose a child to developing AFBI. These may include strictures, Shatzki rings, achalasia, extrinsic esophageal compression, dysmotility or reflux disease. As a result, the causes of AFBI is believed to differ significantly in children compared to that of adults. However, there have been few studies examining the causes and frequency of AFBI in this cohort of patients, particularly in a tertiary paediatric centre where the patient demographic may include complex patients with significant comorbidities. This study therefore aimed to examine the current presentation and management of AFBI in children at an Australian tertiary paediatric hospital. We also aimed to determine the underlying aetiology or the investigations undertaken to identify the aetiology causing AFBI. All consecutive cases of foreign body ingestion at a tertiary paediatric hospital in Sydney, Australia (Children’s Hospital at Westmead) between January 1994 and December 2004 were retrospectively identified using hospital database searches for International Coding of Diseases 9 (ICD-9) codes 933, 935.1, 935.2, 936, 938 and ICD Ten codes T17.2, T18.1 T18.2, T18.3, T18.4, and T18.9. Cases were individually reviewed and all cases with suspected foreign bodies other than AFBI were excluded. Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection from the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (WSLHD HREC, approval number MR-2004-12-02). Physical and electronic records of each case from admission, operation notes and follow-up appointments were reviewed. The following data was collected: demographic data including patient age and sex; whether the child was symptomatic at time of review and the nature of the presenting symptoms; the use of investigations such as X-ray or barium swallow; use of medical management such as glucagon; operative findings, the nature of the food bolus, location of impaction and complications; and the presence of any pre-disposing conditions. Descriptive data analysis was performed. Categorical variables were reported using percentages and raw numbers. Parametric continuous variables were reported using means with standard deviations. Pearson’s chi-square was performed for comparison between categorical variables. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Analysis Software 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). A total of 46 children with mean age 6.0±3.4 years, 28.3% (n=13) female, presenting with possible oesophageal AFBI were identified over the 10-year period. 80.4% (n=37) of children presented with a suspected meat bolus while the remaining 19.6% (n=9) presented with suspected vegetable bolus. All 46 children experienced at least one symptom at presentation. The most common symptoms were vomiting (54.3%, n=25), drooling (34.8%, n=16), dysphagia (32.6%, n=15), refusal to eat (23.9%, n=11) and foreign body sensation (17.4%, n=8). Twenty-six children underwent plain film X-ray investigation of which 6 were found to be positive for impacted food bolus. 6 children underwent barium swallow, all of which were positive for impacted food bolus (Figure 1). About 73.9% of children (n=34) who presented were found to have an impacted food bolus at time of examination or intervention. The remaining 12 patients were found to have no food bolus or had passed at time of oesophagoscopy. The most common site of impaction was at the lower oesophagus (55.9%, n=19), followed by the upper oesophagus or oropharynx. Few children (8.8%, n=3) underwent initial medical management with glucagon. Of these, only one passed the food bolus without further intervention. The remaining 33 children all required endoscopy for removal of the food bolus or to assist distal passage. Most children underwent rigid oesophagoscopy (93.9%, n=31), while the remaining few underwent direct laryngoscopy (6.1%, n=2). Both methods were successful in all attempts to retrieve or dislodge the food bolus, if one was identified. Those who underwent rigid oesophagoscopy were noted to have significant mucosal erosion or bleeding following retrieval, although these were managed expectantly with no further complications. More than half (52.2%, n=24) of the presenting cohort were noted to have previous oesophageal surgery or significant pre-existing condition involving the oesophagus. The majority (75.0%, n=18) of these underwent previous closure of trachea-oesophageal fistula, while a few patients (8.3%, n=2) also required correction of oesophageal atresia. The remaining (8.3%, n=2) patients had a previous confirmed history of eosinophilic oesophagitis (EoE). Of the remaining 22 (47.8%) patients without known pre-disposing conditions, no records of further investigations or mucosal biopsies were identified. Emergency presentation for AFBI is an uncommon problem in adults and even less common in children. In adults, AFBI is mostly seen in the elderly, typically resulting from an acquired oesophageal dysmotility or reflux-related oesophageal disease. All patients in our cohort were symptomatic at time of presentation and most patients had a demonstrable food bolus impaction in situ at time of review. X-ray imaging, as expected, was a poor diagnostic tool for the detection of food bolus. Barium swallow, while demonstrating greater diagnostic accuracy, was used rarely in our cohort. The authors suggest that forcing children to drink contrast when a food bolus causing obstruction is present causes patient and carer distress, and should be reserved only when there is suspicion of perforation or to assess stenosis. As a result, the authors recommend endoscopic examination in the first instance for any symptomatic child with suspected AFBI. Not only is endoscopy highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of an impacted food bolus, it allows inspection and biopsy of the lumen of the oesophagus for underlying pathology and immediate management of the impacted bolus by retrieval or dislodgement to facilitate spontaneous passage. Glucagon trial was infrequently used in our series. Glucagon has been previously used to induce relaxation of the distal oesophagus. However, recent studies have demonstrated a success rate of glucagon of under 50%, which decreases in patients with structural abnormalities (6). A small randomized controlled trial by Tibbling et al. (7) did not demonstrate difference in disimpaction rate when compared to placebo. Furthermore, intravenous glucagon may also be associated with adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting, potentially risking further injury. Nevertheless, it appears further research is required to determine the real-world effectiveness of glucagon in this setting. In our cohort of children presenting with AFBI, approximately half had a history of previous oesophageal surgery and subsequent dysmotility—a widely recognised predisposing factor to oesophageal stricture formation. The preferred management plan in management AFBI in children with previous TOF with potential tracheal stenosis is centred around several considerations. In the first instance, a complete history should be undertaken to ascertain if the patient may have oesophageal stenosis or dysfunction, with questioning directed toward previous food or drink consumption, and any previous history of dysphagia or AFBI episodes. Oesophagoscopy should then be performed to remove the foreign body where possible, with specific care not to induce oesophageal rupture. The method of oesophagoscopy should depend on the technical expertise of the surgeon and their level of comfort with the procedure, although a flexible oesophagoscope may confer advantages in cases where there is limited view of the oesophagus. Following removal, re-examination of the site of previous oesophageal repair should be performed to identify evidence of oesophageal stenosis or stricture. In some cases, radiological or contrast-enhanced assessment can be performed to assess for oesophageal stenosis. Oesophageal stenosis, where present, should be manages accordingly. Assessment of pH proven reflux and subsequent management if present with proton pump inhibitors and other anti-reflux measures should be pursued. At the authors’ institution, a bougie is never used when a foreign body is still in place, as it is believed that this increases the risk of rupture. The remaining children with a known predisposing factor were noted to have previous history of EoE. This finding is consistent with recent evidence demonstrating that EoE is a likely culprit for many presentations of paediatric AFBI (8). In the other cases of AFBI where no cause was found, further investigation or mucosal biopsy was not pursued, likely due to the fact awareness that EoE as a potential contributing factor had not been widely established at the time the cohort presented. Recently, there has been increasing recognition that EoE, a chronic allergic inflammatory condition involving the oesophagus, is a risk factor for AFBI in both adults and children (9,10). While current understanding remains limited, EoE is believed to be a chronic disease involving both genetic and environmental factors. It is believed that protein antigens from various foods cause an allergic response that, over time, leads to chronic inflammation, eosinophilic infiltration and deposition of subepithelial fibrous tissue. Oesophageal remodelling and dysfunction may result in luminal strictures, leading to symptoms that mimic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and predispose to AFBI (11). Diagnosis of EoE is typically made on the recognition of symptoms, and a high eosinophil count on oesophageal biopsy (12). Treatment involves dietary avoidance of known triggers, supplemented by allergy testing, and topical corticosteroids (11). Where conservative measures fail, such as in non-compliance of medications; or where delivery is challenging (such as with poor inhaler technique) or when stenosis is critical, surgical dilatation may provide short term symptomatic benefit (13). EoE is defined is characterised by specific symptoms, oesophageal dysfunction and predominantly eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate (Figure 2). Symptoms in children include dysphagia, abdominal pain and reflux-mimicking symptoms such as heartburn (14). Prevalence of EoE has continued to increase in the last decade, secondary to increasing awareness of the condition (9). EoE has been described as a disease affecting younger populations, with a general predisposition towards males, who account for up to 81% of cases of EoE. As approximately 70% of our cohort was male, we speculate that at least some of these children may have had undiagnosed EoE. In a 2012 study, El-Matary et al. (8) found that, in a cohort of 140 children with foreign body impaction, 39% (n=7 out of 18) of those with AFBI had EoE, compared to 3% in children with other (non-food bolus) foreign body impactions. Given these findings, they suggested that routine sampling of oesophageal mucosa during oesophageal food bolus FB extraction may be considered to assess for the presence of EoE. A systematic review and meta-analysis performed by Hiremath et al. (15) of 14 studies demonstrated that oesophageal biopsies were obtained from only 54% of individuals presenting with AFBI, and of these only 54% were positive for EoE. However, studies carried significant heterogeneity, with varying cohort ages, locations, subspecialty attending teams and adherence to the current EoE diagnostic criteria for determination of a positive biopsy. Overall, they concluded that while it is highly plausible that EoE is a major risk factor for AFBI, the quality of current evidence linking the two is limited given the above considerations. However, given the results of the current study and on review of the literature, it is the authors’ opinion that in all children presenting with AFBI, investigation of EoE with oesophageal biopsy should be pursued unless there are specific contraindications. Our current practice is to perform the biopsies with gastroscopy biopsy forceps at each of the lower, middle and upper oesophagus. Gastroscopy biopsy forceps are used in favour of standard oesophageal forceps, which are more traumatic and may leave linear lacerations that can progress into major tears and mediastinitis. This may be performed either during the acute episode, or on follow-up, alongside referral to a gastroenterologist, if appropriate. A diagnosis of EoE should be based on the accepted consensus recommendations (16). The decision to use rigid or flexible endoscopy for retrieving foreign bodies in children or adults are dependent on the technical experience of the endoscopists. Russell et al. (17) demonstrated that most foreign bodies are found in the upper oesophagus (78%) and removal can be undertaken either with the rigid or flexible oesophagoscope with the correct accessory device for removing the foreign body. They found that 97% of foreign bodies can be removed with either device, but in 3%, the ability to use the alternative method covers those found to be more difficult to remove. Therefore, an appropriate algorithm of managing oesophageal foreign bodies for any unit should incorporate the skills of the treating specialists at that unit. In some units, the endoscopy service utilises a multidisciplinary model where one clinician is expert at one technique and the other at the other technique. This may enable management of a foreign body at the lower third of the oesophagus where the rigid oesophagoscope may be difficult to use, such as in a patient with abnormal anatomy, with cervicothoracic scoliosis/kyphosis; or the older child where the oesophagoscope is too short. It is the authors’ opinion then, that with treatment failures, the ability to remove the foreign body with either device in the unit allows a more complete service in the case of potential treatment failure and to avoid potential complications of any form of endoscopy which may lead to a prolonged hospital stay or other morbidity. While there are some suggestive features of EoE on endoscopy such as ridges or furrows (trachealisation or felinization) or on barium swallow such as rings (Figure 3) mucosal irregularity, stricture formation or a narrow caliber esophagus (18), patients with EoE may have a normal appearing oesophagus. A systematic review and meta-analysis performed by Kim et al. (13) demonstrated only a modest overall sensitivity of endoscopic examination for EoE ranging from 15% to 48%, while overall specificity was greater from 90–95%. As a result, they concluded that endoscopic findings alone are inadequate for the diagnosis of EoE and supported that biopsy specimens should be obtained regardless of endoscopic findings. From the results of this study and the review of the literature, the authors suggest that patients who present with AFBI should follow an established clinical pathway at tertiary institutions, with the involvement of both otolaryngology and gastroenterology teams. Specific history-taking regarding previous TOF repair should be undertaken with all children, while children without other obvious causes should undergo routine testing for EoE. While oesophageal biopsy remains a critical aspect of EoE diagnosis, other adjunctive investigations can be considered, including serum IgE, radiography, oesophageal physiology studies and exclusion of GORD. Where diagnosis of EoE is positive, long term therapy and management should be guided by a pediatric gastroenterologist. Nevertheless, further study is warranted to improve the provision of care for patients presenting with AFBI. High quality studies are required to determine if adjunctive treatments such as glucagon or hyoscine is recommended in the emergency setting, and whether a “watch-and wait” approach rather than direct surgical intervention may be appropriate in a subset of patients. AFBI is an uncommon presentation in paediatric populations and is usually associated with an underlying predisposing condition. Clinicians should maintain a low threshold for endoscopy, which is not only useful for diagnosis and treatment, but to facilitate investigations for an underlying cause. Given that eosinophilic oesophagitis has recently been identified as a potential risk factor both in this study and in the literature, investigation for EoE with oesophageal biopsies should be considered for any child who presents with AFBI. Future studies are required to optimize treatment paradigms for this population of patients. Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/ajo.2019.12.01). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Ethical Statement: The authors are accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection from the Western Sydney Local Health District Human Research Ethics Committee (WSLHD HREC, approval number MR-2004-12-02). Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this manuscript and any accompanying images. Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. - Wyllie R. Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006;18:563-4. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Little DC, Shah SR, St Peter SD, et al. Esophageal foreign bodies in the pediatric population: our first 500 cases. J Pediatr Surg 2006;41:914-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Waltzman ML, Baskin M, Wypij D, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the management of esophageal coins in children. Pediatrics 2005;116:614-9. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Singh N, Chong J, Ho J, et al. Predictive factors associated with spontaneous passage of coins: A ten-year analysis of paediatric coin ingestion in Australia. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2018;113:266-71. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Lao J, Bostwick HE, Berezin S, Halata MS, Newman LJ, Medow MS. Esophageal food impaction in children. Pediatr Emerg Care 2003;19:402-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Ko HH, Enns R. Review of food bolus management. Can J Gastroenterol 2008;22:805-8. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Tibbling L, Bjorkhoel A, Jansson E, et al. Effect of spasmolytic drugs on esophageal foreign bodies. Dysphagia 1995;10:126-7. [Crossref] [PubMed] - El-Matary W, El-Hakim H, Popel J. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children needing emergency endoscopy for foreign body and food bolus impaction. Pediatr Emerg Care 2012;28:611-3. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Mahesh VN, Holloway RH, Nguyen NQ. Changing epidemiology of food bolus impaction: is eosinophilic esophagitis to blame?. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;28:963-6. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Diniz LO, Towbin AJ. Causes of esophageal food bolus impaction in the pediatric population. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:690-3. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Furuta GT, Liacouras CA, Collins MH, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis in children and adults: a systematic review and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterology 2007;133:1342-63. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Dellon ES, Gonsalves N, Hirano I, et al. ACG clinical guideline: Evidenced based approach to the diagnosis and management of esophageal eosinophilia and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Am J Gastroenterol 2013;108:679-92; quiz 693. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Kim HP, Vance RB, Shaheen NJ, et al. The prevalence and diagnostic utility of endoscopic features of eosinophilic esophagitis: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:988-96.e5. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Liacouras CA. Clinical presentation and treatment of pediatric patients with eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y) 2011;7:264-7. [PubMed] - Hiremath GS, Hameed F, Pacheco A, et al. Esophageal Food Impaction and Eosinophilic Esophagitis: A Retrospective Study, Systematic Review, and Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2015;60:3181-93. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Liacouras CA, Furuta GT, Hirano I, et al. Eosinophilic esophagitis: updated consensus recommendations for children and adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;128:3-20.e6; quiz 21-2. - Russell R, Lucas A, Johnson J, et al. Extraction of esophageal foreign bodies in children: rigid versus flexible endoscopy. Pediatr Surg Int 2014;30:417-22. [Crossref] [PubMed] - Al-Hussaini A. AboZeid A, Hai A. How does esophagus look on barium esophagram in pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis?. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016;41:1466-73. [Crossref] [PubMed] Cite this article as: Wong E, Cheng AT, Aggarwala S, Cope D, Chong J, Duvnjak M, Singh N. Acute food bolus ingestion: ten-year experience at a tertiary pediatric hospital. Aust J Otolaryngol 2020;3:1.

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Ultraviolet Fluorescence as a Non-Invasive Diagnostic Tool for Ophidiomycosis in Lake Erie Watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum) Diagnosis of ophidiomycosis (Ophidiomyces ophiodiicola) currently requires one or a combination of (1) a positive quantitative PCR (qPCR) result from a skin swab, (2) a positive fungal culture, or (3) characteristic histopathology lesions from a skin biopsy. While reliable, these methods can have a long turnaround time. Long-wave ultraviolet (UV) light has been used to diagnose fungal infections, most recently white-nose syndrome in bats. If applicable to ophidiomycosis, UV light could provide a reliable field-applicable diagnostic tool. Fluorescence intensity from UV light (Phillips Burton Model UV502, 120V) was compared to qPCR analysis to detect O. ophiodiicola infections in 38 Lake Erie watersnakes (Nerodia sipedon insularum). Photos of snake skin were taken under UV exposure and analyzed to obtain a fluorescence intensity (FI) measurement (ImageJ, v1.52a, National Institutes of Health, USA). An FI value of 105u determines whether a lesion visually fluoresces with 74% accuracy (specificity=95%, sensitivity=68%). Areas of skin that were exposed to UV light were swabbed and analyzed by qPCR to determine fungal quantity. FI of skin lesions under UV light was compared to qPCR results: FI values from 105–147.7u were likely to be qPCR positive for O. ophiodiicola, with an accuracy of 77% (sensitivity=80%, specificity=77%). This evidence supports the use of visual fluorescence identification as a limited method to diagnose ophidiomycosis in Lake Erie watersnakes. Ultimately, qPCR of a skin swab should be performed in conjunction with fluorescence for a definitive diagnosis, but UV light can provide a preliminary, non-invasive, and field-applicable method to detect the presence of O. ophiodiicola.

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Think about what “ice” you need to break when planning ice breaks. The “ice” that you create when you bring together like-minded people may just be a reflection of the fact that they haven’t yet met. For an open discussion between people from different levels and grades of your organization, it may be the differences in status that create the “ice.” The “ice” in a community that brings together people from different cultures, backgrounds, and outlooks to work together may be found in the perceptions of people. These differences will require you to be sensitive. Focus only on the most critical aspects of your event. You want to create a buzz around your event and not reveal the entire iceberg. As you design and facilitate the event, it is essential to remember to look at similarities rather than differences. These factors can help you determine what type of “ice” is in your environment: 1. The size of the crew Some icebreakers work better in large groups of 20 people or more. Others are more effective for smaller groups of 5 to 10. Split the group into smaller groups and have the icebreakers run simultaneously if you have too many participants. The size of your venue is another important consideration. If there’s any running or walking, it is a good idea to allow participants twice the space. 2. Knowing Your Crew (Participants). The audience is an obvious consideration. Consider the following: A) Age (which has an impact on the mental and physical energy levels) B) Backgrounds (Familiarity among participants, culture, personality types, etc. 3. Planning Your Course (Purpose). The icebreaker sets the tone for the rest of the event. What do you do after the icebreaker? Do you have any new ideas, or are you just starting to brainstorm? What are the year’s end results? How do you start a new project? Is teaching a vital lesson important? How can you build a team? Match the mood for the meeting to the air in the icebreaker. Based on the tone set by the icebreaker, participants might immediately make a decision about the direction of the meeting. Ask yourself this question: What is the icebreaker? Increase understanding of other people Build group cohesion Get your mental juices flowing Just be silly Increase the energy level of the group during the middle of a meeting In any event, group members must be able to take something from the activity that will benefit the rest of the session. 4. Preparation for the Journey (Preparation). Practice your explanations of how to play ahead, and be sure to carefully select your words and instructions. It is a good idea to go through it together with facilitators and leaders. Before you lead the icebreaker, make sure to take note of any supplies that might be needed. Be mindful of the safety and well-being of all participants. (Dangerous activities, furniture, etc.) 5. ETA (Time) You must be realistic about how much time you have to do the meeting icebreaker. To boost your energy levels, choose a quick, punchy icebreaker. If you need more disclosure, choose longer icebreakers Icebreakers take longer than we expect. 6. Full Speed ahead (Take it to the Next Level). When choosing an icebreaker, it is essential to decide whether or not there will be any severe messages. Icebreakers can have hidden messages, regardless of whether learning is the main focus. Icebreakers with significant learning points are always preferred. They can provide powerful teaching opportunities without making it seem like we’re lecturing students. 7. Disembarking (Debrief) After the icebreaker is over, it is essential that participants take some time to reflect on the activities. Participants may feel like they are playing a game if the effort isn’t taken to put it all together. Talk about the purpose of the activity and what they learned. Discuss how this can be applied to their lives. Make the discussion interactive. Participating in the discussion, as opposed to being lectured to, will help participants take away more from the debriefing. This is the basic structure of a standard debrief we use after icebreakers and activities. “What happened?” What was the actual outcome of the activity? What were your actions? “Why?” “Why?” What factors contributed to your success “What changed?” How did you approach it differently? What were the changes you made to your strategy? What made it more effective the second time? “So what?” What does this mean for us? What can we learn from this? “Now what?” This activity will change your life. What would it be? How would this activity have an impact on your life? Ensure that participants have the chance to ask questions during the activity. Dialog is the best way to learn. Participants are encouraged to share what they have learned with one another and to consider the meaning of the activity. It may surprise you how much depth and insight participants have.

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SACRAMENTO – A California Air Resources Board-funded study concluded that indoor air quality was significantly improved in homes where either central-system filtration or standalone air cleaners were used. The two-year study examined the extent to which high-efficiency air filtration in homes reduces indoor exposure to air pollution — and related symptoms in asthmatic children. Findings of this study, “Benefits of High Efficiency Filtration to Children with Asthma,” which involved asthmatic children between age 6 and 12, are set to be presented Friday by the lead researcher from the University of California, Davis. When: 10:00 AM, Friday, April 13, 2018 Where: Join in person at Cal/EPA headquarters, Sierra Hearing Room, 1001 I St. (10th & I), Sacramento, CA, or via webcast. Who: Deborah H. Bennett, Ph.D., professor, Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis. Dr. Bennett’s research focuses on the measurement and modeling of organic compounds in the indoor environment. CARB is the lead agency in California for cleaning up the air and fighting climate change to attain and maintain health-based air quality standards. Its mission is to promote and protect public health, welfare, and ecological resources through the effective reduction of air and climate pollutants while recognizing and considering effects on the economy.

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Wednesday, March 30, 2011 Prehistoric crocodile nests found in Sao Paulo SÃO PAULO state/Br – On a farm situated at the locality in Jales, near the city of Sao Jose do Rio Preto (SP state), a crocodile fossils attracted the attention of the international scientific environment. Twelve nests of the beast were found with remnants eggs of these primitive reptile known as Baurusuchus pachecoi. The fossils date back 85 million years ago. Therefore belong to the Cretaceous, the last period before the extinction of dinosaurs. In Brazil, the species was found for the first time in 1945 in Paulo Faria. This time, along with the nests were also rescued a skull of the arcane crocodile in perfect conditions of conservation. The descobeta was published in the journal Palaenontology. The paleontologist Carlos Eduardo Maia, who discovered the fossils says that he and his team had the honor of give the name to the new finding: Baurulithus fragilis. SOURCE: Ovos fossilizados de crocodilo pré-histórico são encontrados em Jales, SP. IN O Globo, publicado em 03/29/2011 [http://oglobo.globo.com/cidades/sp/mat/2011/03/29/ovos-fossilizados-de-crocodilo-pre-historico-sao-encontrados-em-jales-sp-924115211.asp]

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This post was originally published in June 2014 and has been updated. Canadians are wild about their salmon. In fact, Canada is one of the largest salmon exporters in the world! Wild salmon is loaded with protein and the two blockbuster omega 3s — DHA and EPA — that helps with brain, nerve and eye development. As the body can’t make omega-3 fatty acids, the best way to obtain them is through the food we eat. Certain types of salmon are sustainable. The non-profit organization Sea Choice states that a sustainable source is, “A species whose biology is capable of withstanding fishing pressure, where the status of the stock is well understood, and where the fishing methods do not adversely impact other species or habitat.” I recommend eating it at least twice a week, but be sure you’re getting it from a sustainable source. There are so many questions around what kind of fish is best, read on for some clarity: Q: Should I be concerned about the mercury in fish? A: Large fish that consume smaller fish have higher levels of mercury because it accumulates inside them, this process is called biomagnification. Species such as shark, tuna, tilefish (like golden snapper or golden bass) and swordfish are best to be avoided completely because of this. Salmon are very low in mercury as they’re small in size and eat plants. Q: Should I avoid farmed salmon? A: Atlantic salmon you see in grocery stores are likely farmed as the wild Atlantic salmon population is struggling. Fish farmers often feed their stock soya- and corn-based food, which isn’t all that nutritious for the fish and can result is lower amounts of omega 3 for the consumer. Soya and corn are also heavily genetically modified and laden with pesticides that can affect the fish. To avoid the issues that come with overcrowding, fungicides are also used to treat the water the fish live in. It’s also common for some salmon farms to use colour to make the farmed pale fish look pink, the way wild salmon would look naturally. The dye, canthaxanthin, is present in the fish food and is transferred into the flesh, yet many consumers are unaware of this as supermarkets sell this coloured fish without listing it on the label. Your best bet is to consume wild or organically farmed fish to avoid any additional pesticides, fungicides and excessive omega-6 consumption (which leads to inflammation) found in conventionally farmed fish. Q: How do vegetarian sources of omega-3 compare to fish sources? A: Vegetarian sources of omega-3 fatty acids such as flaxseed, flaxseed oil, walnuts, chia and hemp seeds are great, but it’s easier for the body to utilize the omega 3s from fish sources. Plant sources need to undergo an enzymatic conversion in the body that requires co-factors such as vitamin B6, zinc and magnesium. If you’re low in nutrients, the conversion may not happen, increasing your risk for inflammatory conditions. So, if possible, try and stick with the real purest source to gain the highest amount of health benefits. Seven health benefits of salmon 1. Eating salmon is beneficial in the treatment of osteoarthritis and other inflammatory joint conditions. Salmon contains small proteins called bioactive peptides. One in particular, called calcitonin, has been shown to increase, regulate and stabilize collagen synthesis in human osteoarthritic cartilage. This salmon-found protein also improves bone density and strength. 2. Eating salmon reduces risk of depression. The brain is 60 percent fat and most of that is the omega-3 fatty acid DHA, which is critical it is for brain function and a healthy nervous system. Eating salmon regularly has been associated with reducing the risk and incidence of depression, hostility in young adults and cognitive decline in the elderly. 3. Eating salmon increases your cardiovascular health. As noted, salmon contains high levels of the omega-3 fats, EPA and DHA. These fats are responsible for many cardiovascular benefits such as reducing inflammation. When eaten two to three times per week, salmon can protect you from problems such as heart attack, stroke, arrhythmia, high blood pressure and high triglycerides. 4. Salmon helps build children’s brains. Eating salmon while pregnant and nursing can boost learning capability and academic performance in children. Salmon contains high levels of DHA (decosahexaenoic acid) which is the main structural fatty acid in the central nervous system and retina. Feeding salmon to preschool children also aids in the prevention of ADHD and can even boost academic performance. 5. Salmon’s an excellent source of vitamin D. Sufficient vitamin D is crucial to maintaining optimal health. A deficiency of this essential vitamin has been linked to an increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and type-1 diabetes. One can of salmon, for example, contains a day’s worth of vitamin D. 6. Salmon brings out the best in fresh greens. The proteins, B vitamins and omega 3 fatty acids in salmon complement the antioxidants and vitamin C in greens such as spinach and kale. 7. It can help prevent cell damage. Along with its many vitamins and high protein content, salmon is an excellent source of selenium, a mineral is that works as an antioxidant in the body. It is associated with decreased risk of joint inflammation, keeps the immune system and thyroid working well, and can help to keep tissues healthy by preventing cell damage. Try this delicious summer recipe to ensure you’re getting your intake of omega 3s. Salmon summer sizzle pockets Cooking fish in parchment-paper packets keeps the fish deliciously moist as it bakes in its own juices. Minimal cleanup also means more time to enjoy long summer nights! 3 tbsp low-sodium soy sauce 2 tbsp sesame oil 2 tbsp lemon juice 2 tbsp grated fresh ginger 2 tsp honey 2 tsp sesame seeds ½ tsp ground cumin ½ tsp ground cinnamon ¼ tsp ground clove 4 large filets (700 g) wild salmon filets 2 cups red onion, sliced 2 cups fennel bulb, thinly sliced 1 cup sugar snap peas, ends trimmed 1 cup zucchini (yellow if possible), sliced into coins 1. In a bowl, combine soy sauce, sesame oil, lemon juice, ginger, honey, sesame seeds, and spices. Pour over salmon and marinate in refrigerator for 1 hour. 2. Preheat oven to 375 F (190 C). Cut 4-24 in (60 cm) pieces of parchment paper and fold in half crosswise. Draw a half moon, and then cut out the shape to make a full circle. Open it up and place salmon on one side fairly close to the crease. Top salmon with vegetables and drizzle leftover marinade on top. 3. Starting at the top, seal the packet by folding edges together in a series of small, tight folds. Twist the tip of the packet and tuck it underneath. Place packets on baking sheet and cook for 15 minutes. 4. Allow packets to rest for 5 minutes before carefully opening. Yield: Makes 4 servings. Julie Daniluk hosts Healthy Gourmet, a reality cooking show that highlights the ongoing battle between taste and nutrition. Her book, Meals That Heal Inflammation helps people enjoy allergy-free foods that taste great and assist the body in the healing process. -Article originally published June 2013. Try this easy, weeknight salmon recipe

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Narrative Writing Crossword Puzzle Download and print this Narrative Writing crossword puzzle. QUESTIONS LIST: narrative: a story made up of real or imagined experiences, character: a person depicted in a story, protagonist: the leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text, antagonist: a person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary, setting: the time and place a story is set, plot: the events that make up a story, exposition: introduces background information about events, setting, characters, etc. to the audience or reader, rising action: a related series or incidents in a literary plot that builds toward the point of greatest interest, climax: the point in a narrative at which the conflict or tension hits the highest point, falling: _ action is the part of a literary plot that occurs after the climax has been reached and the conflict has been resolved, conclusion: concludes the entire story. wraps up any loose ends and settles the story's conflict, conflict: a literary element that involves a struggle between two opposing forces usually a protagonist and antagonist, point of view: the narrator's position in relation to the story being told, first: _ person is the narrator is in the story, third: _ person is the narrator is an outsider telling the story

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Financial management (2010, para.1) defines financial management as planning for the future of a person or a business enterprise to ensure a positive cash flow. It captures the administration and proper management of financial assets. It also entails processes of identification and management of risks whereby reflective activity means integrating whatever has been learned in financial management into practice either where one is attached, in an internship or in gainful employment (Reuters, n.d,p.5). This essay is going to illuminate aspects of financial management and the reflective activities involved. A financial manager is supposed to be having diverse knowledge relating to provision and interpretation of financial information, monitoring and interpreting cash flows and predicting future trends, managing budgets, efficient supervision of staff, conducting reviews and evaluation for cost reduction opportunities, analyzing competitors and market trends, and finally developing financial management mechanisms that minimize risks (Ray &Noreen, 1999, para 4). Financial manager and management of budgets Dosset (2004, p.1) posits that the drawing of good budgets is very central in the smooth running of any business venture. Good budgets are used for planning, coordinating and controlling the financial issues of an organization. In the budget, the financial managers address the fiscal integrity of an organization and the ongoing processes. The budget helps in formulation, presentation, and execution of planned activities by ensuring adjusting programs, review of reports, preparation of reports and controlling of funds (UNESCO,2006,p.6). Managers and accounting Financial manager’s work involves planning programs, adapting accounting systems, undertaking day-to-day maintenance of ledger, classification and recording of financial transactions, managing total accounting program, application of accounting concepts. (Prudential,2009, p.5). Managers and managerial financial reporting Managerial financial reporting encompasses recurring budget, accounting, financial reports, program operation evaluation, statistical reports and work performance reports. Involve provision of data to officials at different levels of management to come up with the most effective program (U.S. office of personnel management, 1963, p.5). Financial managers and advice to managers Financial managers offer advice to management from a financial perspective. They act as technical officers on matters pertaining to finances in any organization (U.S. office of personnel management, 1963, para.6). Financial managers and paperwork management They handle correspondence, control directives and disposition of records. They manage administrative control systems, services and processes (Debora, 2003, p.5). Financial Managers and auditing Auditing involves putting in place and modification of audit policies, programs, methods and procedures and attainment of high standards of auditing (Leacy, 2009, P.8). The aspects of financial management that I have learned have been of great help to me especially when I was doing my internship in a renowned soft drinks processing company. I was able to use my statistical ability to collect and interpret quantified information relating to market trends. My knowledge of cost accounting enabled me to know how the beverage food company’s past performance was perceived by the competitors in the market. I was able to prepare reports that touched on the performance of different departments of the company. Some were updates on orders received by the company, sales and capacity utilization. I also prepared many analytical reports that touched on the profitability of different brands of beverages that we manufactured. I did reports that analyzed different developing opportunities in different locations of the country. When our company acquired a new production line and had to remove the line that there was there initially, some corporate organizations developed an interest in this old line. The services of an appraiser were then needed. I took the challenge and estimated the value of the old line appropriately. The appraisal process was accurate and all the parties were happy with whatever they got. My knowledge in auditing helped me to carry out basic and advance auditing techniques in different departments of the company. My knowledge of budget-making enabled me to draw budgets for different departments like the quality control department, production department, human resource department and marketing department. With the drawn budget, I was able to keep track of how different departments use the resources that were disbursed by creating a conducive environment for planning and controlling organizations’ funds. I was also in opposition to come up with the paperwork of the estimated income and expenditure of the organization. Most of the decision-making processes were made depending on the budget. The budgets I drew were used by the management of the beverage company to adjust, analyze and evaluate programs and activities. Future plans were made depending on the subsequent budgets drawn. At the beverage company, I did managerial financial reporting where I consolidated and reported on the company’s results. I prepared consolidated financial statements. I assisted in coming up with accounting policies and procedures. I oversaw the smooth operation and cost-effectiveness of operating procedures, programs and systems. When the external and internal auditors wanted assistance I was always willing to furnish them with the information they wanted. Aspects of financial management like accounting, budgeting, managerial financial reporting, management analysis, auditing and statistics if substantially reflected in various government departments can help curb the loss of resources (University of Waterloo School of Accounting and Financial Management, n.d, p.6) Debora, N. (2003). What is an Appraisal? Wise GEEK. Spark: Conjecture Corporation. Web. Dosset, J.C. (2004). Budgets and Financial Management in Special Libraries. Web. Financial management. (2010). Economy Watch. Stanley: Stanley St Labs. Web. Leacy, A. (2009). Financial manager. Prospects. Manchester: Manchester. Web. Prudential. (2009). Manager Financial Reporting. New Jersey: Newark. Web. Ray, H., Noreen, E. (1999). Introduction to Managerial Accounting. Accounting for management.com. Web. Reuters, T. (n.d.).Internal Auditing and Financial Management Package. New York: Web. UNESCO. (2006). Budget and Financial Management. Paris: International Institute for Educational Planning. Web. University of Waterloo School of Accounting and Financial Management. (n.d) Work term/Professional reflection requirements. Waterloo: Ontario. Web. U.S. office of personnel management. (1963). Position Classification Standards for Financial management Series. Web.

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Marjane Satrapi wrote her autobiographic novel Persepolis in the form of a graphic novel by using frames of drawing accompanied by minimal text. The book follows Satrapis own visual childhood memories and represents a childlike understanding of the world through the chosen by author black and while minimalist manner of drawing. On the background of the struggle between fundamentalism and modernity, the author depicted emerging modern social values of her parents such as human rights, liberal education, and belief in the rights of women as integral components of a persons dignity and identity. Moreover, throughout the novel, Marjane thinks of herself as a symbol of tolerance and love considered genuine feminine characteristics. While reading the novel, the reader becomes increasingly aware of how Satrapi emphasizes deficiencies in society in regard to unequal gender opportunity. The idea of female liberation translates into rethinking of the role of women in Marjanes understanding and views of the world. In a childlike way of thinking, the main heroine disapproves male domination in Iranian society. Therefore, the analysis of the main characters gender-related reflections about traditional culture, marriage, and opportunities in life shows that Persepolis is a feminist text that claims that women should have equal rights and opportunities with men in their personal choices regarding self-expression, clothes, life choices, and careers. Analysis of the Novel The Particular Genre of the Novel Besides being a graphical novel, Persepolis adheres to the requirements of the literature genre of the bildungsroman. In accordance with the genre, the main heroine undergoes a process of intense psychological and moral transformation, self-actualization, and growth. As per bildungsroman requirements, the main character progresses from childhood to adulthood, leaves home to make a journey, and develops a more mature understanding of herself. Another bildungsroman feature of the book is the conflict between the main character and society that takes place in Satrapis novel, and one manifestation of this conflict is inner resistance to the acceptance of traditional society values and traditional role of a woman. At the beginning of the book, Marjane is portrayed as a child and by the end of the novel she demonstrates her independence from her father and mother through the symbolic smoking of a cigarette. Her parents insist that she leaves her home and a troubled country for her safety sake. Departure from her home country begins the journey. Throughout the novel, Marjane continually reconciles her personal beliefs and understanding of the world with the strict laws and traditions as well as oppressive cultural and social regulations of the Irans Islamic regime. Manifestations of Feminism in Persepolis Gender Assigned Roles In her novel, Satrapis reflections about gender-based roles and restrictions in Iranian society take a significant part of the book. The author depicts various women such as her mother, grandmother, neighbors, maid, and schoolteachers who are bound to play their gender-prescribed roles. It appears that Iranian gender-related cultural expectations are much more stringent than those expectations of the Western world. Additionally, Iranian gender relations and norms are heavily influenced by politics. Apparently, this fact has put additional pressure on women to adhere to their gender roles since refusal to comply was considered culturally inappropriate and offensive, and unwillingness to abide by enforced norms has been considered politically unacceptable and related to treason. It seems that the Iranian government used the full weight of its authority to transform women into yielded and submissive members of their families and society at large. However, a childs inquisitive mind expresses feminism by challenging both effectiveness and justification of gender-assigned roles. The author dedicates special attention to the heavily gender-influenced subject of the veil. After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, wearing of the veil became mandatory for schoolgirls. In Marjanes young mind, the issue of pros and cons in regard to veil translated into a bigger issue of freedom versus the veil where veil symbolized restrictions, limitations, and denial of basic human rights to Iranian females. At one point, Marjane stated, I wanted to be an educated, liberated women. The heroine perceived education as a tool for achieving personal freedom to guide and direct her own life. Marjanes mother corroborated her daughters aspirations to study by saying, She should start learning to defend her rights as a woman right now!. Therefore, although Marjane understands the need for women to play a more significant role in countrys decision-making processes and influence the nations culture, the veil forces her and many other women to subdue their aspirations for a better country that is freer and with equal opportunities for all. Therefore, the veil serves as a symbol of Iranian womens captivity and illegality of their dreams of a better life, equal opportunities, and free expression. The veil is a physical manifestation of laws that stifles women and prevents them from being completely free. The ultimate manifestation of feministic ideas can be found in following words, You say that our head-scarves are short, that our pants are indecent, that we make ourselves up. You dont hesitate to comment on us, but our brothers present here have all shapes and size of haircuts and clothes. Sometimes they wear clothes so tight that we can see everything. Why is it that I, as a woman, am expected to feel nothing when watching these men with their clothes sculpted on but they, as men, can get excited by two inches less of my head-scarf?. Thus, the reader can witness in a novel another demonstration of feminism in the form of rebellion against the veil as a tradition that suppresses womens rights. Marjanes Upbringing and Family Influences According to the description of Marjanes life, her mother and grandmother, as people who greatly influenced her life, promoted and instilled in Marjane what can be considered feminist ideas. Her mother was raising Marjane to seek education and think for herself, while her grandmother encouraged her to seek independence and pursue personal satisfaction. For example, during the wedding the mother feels sad because she did not want for Marjane to get married at a young age but preferred to see her daughter enjoying freedom and independence. However, the mother happened to be right and soon after the marriage Marji felt trapped in the role of a housewife and realized that this was not what she wanted in her life. The grandmother is another symbol in Marjis life that represented independence and identity and fostered these qualities in her granddaughters character. When Marji decides to divorce, her grandmother speaks in favor of a divorce and encourages Marjane to pursue a life of independence. The grandmother shows her that the decision to divorce is another step towards justice and equality of rights. Therefore, family influences facilitated the development and manifestation of feminist traits in Marjis pursuit of personal happiness and decision-making. In the novel, as Marji reflects on ideas of liberation and rethinking of the role of women, she is compelled to reexamine gender-based traditional culture, marriage practices, and opportunities in life. As the main heroine of the book analyses the environment of her home country, she comes to the realization that women should have equal rights and opportunities with men in their decisions in regard to self-expression, clothes, life choices, and careers. Considering that a significant part of the book is dedicated to the themes of women discrimination such as inferior social status, family life arrangements, the veil and life opportunities, the description of Marjis rebellion against injustice and pursuit of independence makes Persepolis a feminist text.

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In its most basic sense, the term contemporary art refers to art—namely, painting, sculpture, photography, installation, performance, and video art—produced today. Though seemingly simple, the details surrounding this definition are often a bit fuzzy, as different individuals’ interpretations of “today” may widely and wildly vary. Therefore, the exact starting point of the genre is still debated; however, many art historians consider the late 1960s or early 1970s (the end of modern art, or modernism) to be an adequate estimate. One characteristic that is synonymous, or perhaps symptomatic of contemporary art is an avant-garde approach. As a continuation of the pivotal modern art movements that shaped the 20th century, from the concept of Cubism to the style of Surrealism, contemporary art also takes its influence from postmodern ideas in seeking to challenge the discourse of traditional art. Experimentation is integral to the development of contemporary art. Challenging and provocative, contemporary artists combine everything from the new and the old, to the two-dimensional and the three-dimensional. Using the past as a way to understand the present, contemporary artists create art that looks to the future. History of Contemporary Art There still remains a much-debated uncertainty about the timeline of contemporary art. Whilst some believe that contemporary art was established on the cusp of the 1950s, others argue that contemporary art truly came into being in the late 70s. Depending on the point at which modern art ended and contemporary art began, movements such as Pop Art, Post-Modernism and Abstract Expressionism can technically be categorized as both, perhaps bridging the gap between the two. Although they may sound as if they refer to the same period, modern and contemporary art are two separate movements. Contemporary art presents a progression of technological advancements that embraced mediums such as video art and installation, as well as developing practices across painting, sculpture and photography.

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Create beautifully designed Surveys Downloadable Resources for Educational Improvement Survey Template Framework Our Education Survey Effectiveness Framework is a set of guidelines and principles that can help educators develop surveys that are effective and useful. - Define the purpose: Clearly define the purpose of the survey and the specific information you want to gather. - Choose the participants: Determine who the participants should be based on the purpose of the survey. Make sure that the participants are representative of the population you want to study. - Develop the questions: Use clear and concise language to develop questions that are relevant to the purpose of the survey. Use a mix of open-ended and closed-ended questions to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. - Test the questions: Test the questions with a small group of participants to ensure that they are easy to understand and that they provide the information you need. - Administer the survey: Choose the appropriate method for administering the survey, such as online or paper-based. Make sure that the instructions are clear and that participants understand how to complete the survey. - Analyze the data: Use statistical analysis to analyze the data and identify patterns and trends. - Report the results: Present the results in a clear and concise manner, using graphs and charts to highlight key findings.

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Writing an analytical essay can be a daunting task. As a student, you need to be able to analyze a given text or topic and develop an argument based on evidence. In order to achieve this, you need to understand the key features of an analytical essay. This article provides a simple guide on how to write an analytical essay. Firstly, it is important to understand the text or topic that you are going to be analyzing. You should have a clear understanding of what the text is about, as well as its key points and arguments. Gathering as much information as possible before starting your essay will help you to develop a strong argument. Once you have a clear understanding of the text, you should begin structuring your essay. An analytical essay should consist of an introduction, body, and conclusion. The introduction should introduce the topic and provide a brief overview of the points that you are going to make. The body of your essay should then develop your argument and provide evidence to support it. Finally, the conclusion should summarize your argument and provide a concluding statement. As you write your essay, you should remember to include your own analysis. You should not simply repeat the points that have been made in the text. Instead, you should use your own interpretation to develop a unique argument. Finally, it is important to proofread and edit your essay. This will help to ensure that your essay is clear, concise, and free from errors. If you are having difficulty proofreading and editing your essay, you can consider using a custom writing service. A reliable custom writing service, such as Study Corgi, can help to ensure that your essay is error-free and flows well. In conclusion, writing an analytical essay can be a challenging task. However, by following the simple steps outlined in this article, you can effectively write an analytical essay. Remember to research the topic thoroughly, structure your essay, include your own analysis, and proofread and edit your essay. Additionally, a reliable custom writing service, such as Study Corgi, can help to ensure that your essay is free from errors and meets the required standards.

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CBD is one of the most essential components of cannabis, along with THC. CBD has a chemical structure that is extremely similar to that of its partner, tetrahydrocannabinol, with the exception that THC produces psychoactive effects, which CBD does not. Because of its minimal toxicity, this chemical is used to treat a variety of ailments in marijuana. - Pain Relief From Arthritis And Rheumatism There are two basic causes of joint disease. On the one hand, as in the case of osteoarthritis or osteoarthritis, wear and subsequent inflammation; on the other hand, as in the case of rheumatoid arthritis, an inflammatory disease or infection. These conditions are often accompanied by severe aches, for which CBD is an excellent treatment option. Cannabinoid receptors are abundant in the nerves that transport pain signals from the joints to the brain. In this way, CBD has an analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, which reduces swelling and relieves pain in patients. It can be taken orally or applied topically in the form of creams or ointments to relieve regional pain. The chemical, which is responsible for immune system modulation, inhibits the progression of rheumatoid arthritis. - Lowering The Severity Of Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms Multiple sclerosis is characterized by inflammation of the neural tissue, which CBD can alleviate thanks to its anti-inflammatory properties. Numerous research has shown these benefits throughout history, leading to the development of Sativex, the world’s first cannabis-based medication. Multiple sclerosis causes neuronal inflammation, which causes a variety of neurological symptoms such as loss of motor control, muscle weakness and spasms, mood swings, and weariness. CBD use can also help to decrease these symptoms because it has anxiolytic and antispasmodic properties. CBD has also been shown to aid in the management of pain associated with the disease. A CBD-based drug applied under the tongue in the form of a spray was shown to be more effective than a placebo in lowering pain and sleep disturbances in multiple sclerosis patients in a clinical trial. - Assist In The Treatment Of Depression And Anxiety CBD is also an effective anxiolytic, allowing for mood regulation and the avoidance of depressive episodes. It also induces a feeling of relaxation and psychic well-being, which aids in the relief of anxiety and panic attacks. CBD, unlike its cousin THC, does not have psychoactive effects, making it suitable for the treatment of mental illnesses. - Managing Schizophrenia’s Psychotic Symptoms CBD is also effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. CBD has been proven to help patients who have been unable to keep their symptoms under control with standardized antipsychotic medicines. Changes in perception, cognition, and ego functions such as volition, affectivity, motivation, and even psychomotor function are examples of these symptoms. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system governs patients’ emotions, sleep, reward system, and unpleasant memory, whereas CBD has a beneficial influence on the metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and stress-related aspects of schizophrenia. - Acne Prevention CBD, it turns out, can also be used to treat acne. Its sebostatic and anti-inflammatory properties limit sebum production in the skin, avoiding the development of this condition, which primarily affects adolescents. We may conclude that CBD is a therapeutic asset for treating a variety of disorders based on these medical applications. You should verify edibles dosing before you consume cbd edibles. Despite this, many specialists advocate for greater research into its features in order to fully exploit all of its medical and scientific benefits.

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As is widely known in the business aviation community, general aviation aircraft account for 0.6 percent of U.S. transportation carbon emissions and 0.2 percent of total global greenhouse gas emissions. The industry’s continually improving record is thanks to an ongoing focus on the development of engines, aircraft and operating procedures that reduce emissions. While the industry’s record of continuing progress on carbon emissions is laudable, policymakers in the U.S. and around the world continue to closely examine aviation emissions as part of an overall review of all carbon emissions from transportation. This ongoing scrutiny has been prompted and sustained by repeated calls for limitations or reductions in carbon emissions. Since its formation, the European Union (EU) has been considering options for an environmental program applicable to aviation. EU policymakers have settled on and are moving toward implantation of a plan for aviation known as the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU-ETS). The ETS would incorporate all flights by eligible aircraft arriving at or departing from EU airports in the EU ETS. There is an exemption for commercial aircraft operations which have fewer than 243 flights per period for three consecutive four-month periods or commercial aircraft flights with total annual emissions lower than 10,000 metric tons per year. NBAA believes that environmental stewardship is an imperative, but also that reasonable and balanced policies should be pursued that support the industry’s twin goals of promoting the mobility and growth of business aviation while minimizing its environmental footprint. The association has worked diligently with the European Business Aviation Association (EBAA), the International Business Aviation Council (IBAC) and European regulators to help shape the rules to make them as workable as possible for business aviation, and the modifications European regulators have made to their original ETS proposal reflect the advocacy efforts from the industry.

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Two teachers at Norview High School in Norfolk, VA were recently put on administrative leave by the school after a parent complained about a video that she saw in Government class. The video informed its audience on how to assert their constitutional rights during various encounters with police, such as during a car or house search. It was accompanied by a one page handout about a person’s rights when stopped and arrested by the police. When the girl came home after school that day, she told her mother “You won’t believe what we are learning in Government. They are teaching us how to hide our drugs.” The woman promptly called the school to complain about what was taught to her daughter, and the teachers were subsequently suspended. There are two things that are rather irksome about these series of events. First, why are parents are so ready to jump to conclusions and act on those assumptions? It’s a little hard to believe that teachers would be lecturing their students on the best way to hide drugs from the police. If the girl’s mother had just inquired as to what was actually taught that day, it would have been clear that this was Government class as usual, just an exercise in educating youth on the Constitution. Second, and more importantly, why are schools eager to appease parents at the drop of a hat? These are institutions filled with education professionals: teachers know what their students should learn and what the appropriate materials for teaching them are. A school’s administration should trust that the teacher is making reasonable choices as to how a child is taught and with what. In response to a parent’s complaint, they should first research the allegations. The administration at Norview High School, for instance, could have a gotten a copy of the leaflet given to students. They also could have watched the video to see if anything inappropriate was shown. Instead, the school acquiesced to the demands of one uninformed parent. Sometimes, Mother doesn’t know what’s best. That’s why we have schools and teachers. Unfortunately, this is not a new problem. Schools all over the country have bowed down to raging parents over something they don’t think is appropriate for their child. It’s a distressing thought that a parent’s misunderstanding about a certain book or a particular lesson in school can translate into a child’s incomplete education. Learning about an individual’s constitutional rights enhances one’s education and can even make for a better citizen. School administrators need to have more confidence in themselves and their teachers. They need to stick to what they believe is important for a child’s education.

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Are Stalking Laws enough alleviate the scourge in SocietyKeisha Tannis College of Science, Technology and Applied Arts of Trinidad and Tobago This paper will look at the issue of Stalking focusing specifically on incidents involving intimate partners and ex intimate partners. Although, the issue of Stalking can be seen in every relationship, it is most prevalent in intimate partner relationships. Stalking is a complex issue faced by both men and woman around the world. This paper will look at laws implemented to assist victims of stalking and whether the advancements made to those laws has made an impact on the prevalence stalking. Stalking is an old problem that individuals have faced throughout history. The practice of stalking was utilized in various forms however, a name was not yet identified. During the 1980’s the term Stalking was identified for this old problem and introduced into the minds of the population and included punishments for the act. “The criminalization of stalking occurred only after several high-profile cases, including the 1989 murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer, gained national attention. Prior to its common usage and designation as a crime, stalking was referred to as harassment, obsession, or in some cases, domestic violence.” CITATION Nat07 l 1033 (National Center for Victims of Crime, 2007)The CITATION Nat07 l 1033 (National Center for Victims of Crime, 2007) also stated, “Stalking is a crime of intimidation and psychological terror that often escalates into violence against its victims. Stalkers can destroy the lives of victims, terrorizing them through a course of conduct that may include monitoring, following, threatening, or harassing victims in a variety of ways. Stalking often has devastating consequences for victims.” In 2010 then United States President Barack Obama made the following comments on the issue of stalking “Stalking is a serious and pervasive crime that affects millions of Americans each year … This dangerous and criminal behavior is still often mischaracterized as harmless … Persistent stalking and harassment can lead to serious consequences for victims, whose lives may be upended by fear. Some victims may be forced to take extreme measures to protect themselves, such as changing jobs, relocating to a new home, or even assuming a new identity.” CITATION And13 l 1033 (Karmen, 2013)Stalking is defined as “repeated behaviors that are harassing or threatening and cause reasonable fear in the victim. Stalking often includes harassing or threatening phone calls, leaving written messages/objects/gifts), as well as following or watching the victim.” CITATION Huf13 l 1033 (Huffman ; Overton, 2013) The act of stalking comes in many forms, most of which can be categorised. However, the topic of stalking is ever evolving and with each year that passes, new forms of stalking continue to emerge. Five categories of stalkers have been identified and grouped according to behaviour; these types are: (1) The Rejected Stalker – “Rejected stalking arises in the context of the breakdown of a close relationship. Victims are usually former sexual intimates; however, family members, close friends, or others with a very close relationship to the stalker can also become targets of Rejected stalking. The initial motivation of a Rejected stalker is either attempting to reconcile the relationship, or to exacting revenge for a perceived rejection. In some cases of protracted stalking, the behaviour is maintained because becomes a substitute for the past relationship as it allows the stalker to continue to feel close to the victim. In other cases, the behaviour is maintained because it allows the stalker to salvage their damaged self-esteem and feel better about themselves. (2) The Resentful Stalker- Resentful stalking arises when the stalker feels as though they have been mistreated or that they are the victim of some form of injustice or humiliation. Victims are strangers or acquaintances who are seen to have mistreated the stalker. Resentful stalking can arise out of a severe mental illness when the perpetrator develops paranoid beliefs about the victim and uses stalking as a way of ‘getting back’ at the victim. The initial motivation for stalking is the desire for revenge or to ‘even the score’ and the stalking is maintained by the sense of power and control that the stalker derives from inducing fear in the victim. Often Resentful stalkers present themselves as a victim who is justified in using stalking to fight back against an oppressing person or organisation. (3) The Intimacy Seeking Stalking Intimacy Seeking stalking arises out of a context of loneliness and a lack of a close confidante. Victims are usually strangers or acquaintances who become the target of the stalker’s desire for a relationship. Frequently Intimacy Seeking stalkers’ behaviour is fuelled by a severe mental illness involving delusional beliefs about the victim, such as the belief that they are already in a relationship, even though none exists (erotomanic delusions). The initial motivation is to establish an emotional connection and an intimate relationship. The stalking is maintained by the gratification that comes from the belief that they are closely linked to another person. (4) The Incompetent Suitor The Incompetent Suitor stalks in the context of loneliness or lust and targets strangers or acquaintances. Unlike the Intimacy Seeker, however, their initial motivation is not to establish a loving relationship, but to get a date or a short-term sexual relationship. Incompetent Suitors usually stalk for brief periods, but when they do persist; their behaviour is usually maintained by the fact that they are blind or indifferent to the distress of the victim. Sometimes this insensitivity is associated with cognitive limitations or poor social skills consequent to autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability. (5) The Predatory Stalker – Predatory stalking arises in the context of deviant sexual practices and interests. Perpetrators are usually male and victims are usually female strangers in whom the stalker develops a sexual interest. The stalking behaviour is usually initiated as a way of obtaining sexual gratification (e.g., voyeurism targeting a single victim over time), but can also be used as a way of obtaining information about the victim as a precursor to a sexual assault. In this sense the stalking is both instrumental and also gratifying for those stalkers who enjoy the sense of power and control that comes from targeting the usually unsuspecting victim.” CITATION Mac11 l 1033 (MacKenzie, et al., 2011). The groupings outline various degrees and threat levels of the stalking involved as evidenced by the increased intensity of the name of the category. Stalking and the effects in some cases are so severe the victims are forced to relocate and also change identities. In larger countries relocation is possible as it is sometimes easy to get lost in the crowd. Also, with a change of name it is much easier to “start fresh” without being faced by one’s old troubles. In the case of Trinidad and Tobago, relocation is often an impossibliity unless it involves migrating to another country. With a population size of merely 1.3 million citizens and employment offices being centralized to Port of Spain, Arima, Chaguanas and Point Fortin it is often difficult not to meet someone who knows you. That coupled with the fact that a lot of the population is employed in the public sector changing residences will not guarantee protection from would be stalkers since the location of one’s employment office is permanent. In 2004, the Government of Trinidad and Tobago amended the Offences Against the Person Act to include the act of Harassment. In its explanatory note it was said “The Bill would seek to amend the Offences Against the Person Act, Chap. 11:08 (the Act) by creating two new offences—the offence of harassment and, relatedly, the offence of putting a person in fear of violence. The proposed amendment aims at addressing the phenomenon of stalking.”CITATION The04 l 1033 (Trinidad and Tobago Parliament, 2004) The Act went on to outline the parameters of harassment and the punishment involved, same is outlined under Section 30 (A) of the Act and it states “harassment of a person includes alarming the person or causing the person distress by engaging in a course of conduct such as— (i) following, making visual recordings of, stopping or accosting the person; (ii) watching, loitering near or hindering or preventing access to or from the person’s place of residence, workplace or any other place frequented by the person; (iii) entering property or interfering with property in the possession of the person; (iv) making contact with the person, whether by gesture, directly verbally, by telephone, computer, post or in any other way; (v) giving offensive material to the person, or leaving it where it will be found by, given to, or brought to the attention of, the person; (vi) acting in any manner described in subparagraphs (i) to (v) towards someone with a familial or close personal relationship to the person; or (vii) acting in any other way that could reasonably be expected to alarm or cause the person distress. CITATION The04 l 1033 (Trinidad and Tobago Parliament, 2004) The Act is Trinidad and Tobago’s only source of protection for victims of Stalking. The Act lists the punishment for persons found guilty of engaging in acts of harassment as “a fine of two thousand dollars and to imprisonment for six months.” CITATION The041 l 1033 (The Offences Against the Person (Amendment) (Harassment) Bill, 2004)The Act in an attempt to treat severely with the problem of harassment lists ” A person who is accused of conduct which would constitute an offence under section 30A and which causes the other person to fear that violence will be used against him, and the person whose Putting a person in fear of violence 7 course of conduct is in question knows or ought to know that his conduct will cause the other person so to fear, commits an offence and is liable on conviction on indictment to a fine of ten thousand dollars and to imprisonment for five years or, on summary conviction, to a fine of five thousand dollars and to imprisonment for six months.” CITATION The041 l 1033 (The Offences Against the Person (Amendment) (Harassment) Bill, 2004)To obtain an understanding of various stalking law, a review of the laws instituted by Bermuda was conducted, the Act states “(1) A person who stalks another person is guilty of an offence and, subject to subsection (2), liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 12 months or to a fine not exceeding $2,500 or to both.” CITATION Law97 l 1033 (Laws of Bermuda, 1997) The following section of the Act highlights the punishment should the offender at the time of engaging in the act of Stalking “was in possession of an offensive weapon when he did an act forming part of the conduct constituting the stalking; or (b) that an act forming part of that conduct was a breach of— (i) a protection order made in respect of him under this Act; or ii) an order made in respect of him under section 9A of the Matrimonial Proceedings (Magistrates’ Courts) Act 1974 title 27 item 5; or (iii) a protection order made in respect of him under the Domestic Violence (Protection Orders) Act 1997 title 27 item 10, the court may, instead of sentencing him under subsection (1), sentence him to imprisonment for a term not exceeding 3 years or to a fine not exceeding $5,000 or to both.” CITATION Law97 l 1033 (Laws of Bermuda, 1997) The United States of America is a country with high prevalence of stalking ranging from intimate partners, strangers and celebrities. Some levels of stalking are allowed as those offenders are called “paparazzi” media personnel engaged in documenting the lives of celebrities or persons of influence in the society. Federal, State and Local stalking laws, governs those offenders not deemed paparazzi. The guiding law governing stalking states “Whoever (1) travels in interstate or foreign commerce or is present within the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, or enters or leaves Indian country, with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, and in the course of, or as a result of, such travel or presence engages in conduct that— (A)places that person in reasonable fear of the death of, or serious bodily injury to— (i) that person; (ii) an immediate family member (as defined in section 115) of that person; or (iii) a spouse or intimate partner of that person; or (B) causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of subparagraph (A); or (2)with the intent to kill, injure, harass, intimidate, or place under surveillance with intent to kill, injure, harass, or intimidate another person, uses the mail, any interactive computer service or electronic communication service or electronic communication system of interstate commerce, or any other facility of interstate or foreign commerce to engage in a course of conduct that— (A) places that person in reasonable fear of the death of or serious bodily injury to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of paragraph (1)(A); or (B) causes, attempts to cause, or would be reasonably expected to cause substantial emotional distress to a person described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of paragraph (1)(A),” CITATION Cor l 1033 (Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute , n.d.) As the leading country with legislation regarding tha act of Stalking, the punishments outlined are drastically harsher than those of Trinidad and Tobago and Bermuda. The punishments range from one (1) year for breaches of restraining orders, no contact orders or other orders to life imprisonment if death occurs CITATION Cor1 l 1033 (Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute , n.d.) Stalking is a serious problem around the world and causes severe emotional and mental distress to its victims. In comparison to the harsh laws implemented in the United States of America it can be seen the harassment laws of Trinidad and Tobago is woefully inadequate. Although reports of the incidences of Stalking is not at the forefront in Trinidad and Tobago in recent times there has been occurences of reports in the media of women pleading for assistance from the Police regarding stalking from former lovers and in some severe cases women were murdered by those former lovers after being followed to a location. The Harassment laws of Trinidad and Tobago is in need revamping to encompass the seriousness of the problem. BIBLIOGRAPHY Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute . (n.d.). 18 U.S. Code § 2261 – Interstate domestic violence. Retrieved from Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute : https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2261#b Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute . (n.d.). 18 U.S. Code § 2261A – Stalking. Retrieved from Cornell Law School – Legal Information Institute : https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/2261A Huffman , J., & Overton, A. (2013, June). Missing the Mark: The Neglect of Stalking and Cyberstalking in Introductory Criminology Textbooks. Journal of Criminal Justice Education, Vol. 24 (Issue 2), 200. Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=1&sid=88a03333-fd41-4882-bdea-33c17606f344%40sessionmgr4010 Karmen, A. (2013). Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology. In A. Karmen, Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology (p. 330). United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning . Laws of Bermuda. (1997, October 31). Stalking Act 1997 . Retrieved from Laws of Bermuda: http://www.bermudalaws.bm/Laws/Consolidated%20Laws/Stalking%20Act%201997.pdf MacKenzie, R., McEwan, T., Pathe, M., James, D., Ogloff, J., & Mullen, P. (2011). Types of Stalking. Retrieved April 29, 2018, from Stalking Risk Profile: https://www.stalkingriskprofile.com/what-is-stalking/types-of-stalking National Center for Victims of Crime. (2007). The Model Stalking Code Revisisted. Washington, DC: National Center for Victims of Crime. Retrieved from http://victimsofcrime.org/docs/default-source/src/model-stalking-code.pdf?sfvrsn=12 The Offences Against the Person (Amendment) (Harassment) Bill. (2004, November 18). The Offences Against the Person (Amendment) (Harassment) Bill. Retrieved from Trinidad and Tobago Parliament: http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/b2004s06p.pdf Trinidad and Tobago Parliament. (2004, November 8). The Offences Against the Person (Amendment)) (Harassment) Bill, 2004. Retrieved April 21, 2018, from Trinidad and Tobago Parliament: http://www.ttparliament.org/legislations/b2004s06p.pdf

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