_id
stringlengths 2
88
| text
stringlengths 25
8.49k
|
|---|---|
Cniva | Cniva ( from kniwa , meaning `` knife '' ; mid-3rd century AD ) was a Gothic chieftain who invaded the Roman Empire . He successfully captured the city of Philippopolis ( Plovdiv in Bulgaria ) in 250 and killed Emperor Decius and his son Herennius Etruscus at the Battle of Abritus as he was attempting to leave the Empire in 251 . This was the first time a Roman Emperor had been killed in combat against barbarians . He was allowed to leave with his spoils and was paid tribute to stay out of the empire . |
Commercial_mortgage | A commercial mortgage is a mortgage loan secured by commercial property , such as an office building , shopping center , industrial warehouse , or apartment complex . The proceeds from a commercial mortgage are typically used to acquire , refinance , or redevelop commercial property . Commercial mortgages are structured to meet the needs of the borrower and the lender . Key terms include the loan amount ( sometimes referred to as `` loan proceeds '' ) , interest rate , term ( sometimes referred to as the `` maturity '' ) , amortization schedule , and prepayment flexibility . Commercial mortgages are generally subject to extensive underwriting and due diligence prior to closing . The lender 's underwriting process may include a financial review of the property and the property owner ( or `` sponsor '' ) , as well as commissioning and review of various third-party reports , such as an appraisal . There were $ 3.1 trillion of commercial and multifamily mortgages outstanding in the U.S. as of June 30 , 2013 . Of these mortgages , approximately 49 % were held by banks , 18 % were held by asset-backed trusts ( issuers of CMBS ) , 12 % were held by government-sponsored enterprises and Agency and GSE-backed mortgage pools , and 10 % were held by life insurance companies . |
Comet_Shoemaker–Levy_9 | Comet Shoemaker -- Levy 9 ( formally designated D/1993 F2 ) was a comet that broke apart in July 1992 and collided with Jupiter in July 1994 , providing the first direct observation of an extraterrestrial collision of Solar System objects . This generated a large amount of coverage in the popular media , and the comet was closely observed by astronomers worldwide . The collision provided new information about Jupiter and highlighted its possible role in reducing space debris in the inner Solar System . The comet was discovered by astronomers Carolyn and Eugene M. Shoemaker and David Levy . Shoemaker -- Levy 9 had been captured by Jupiter and was orbiting the planet at the time . It was located on the night of March 24 , 1993 in a photograph taken with the 40 cm Schmidt telescope at the Palomar Observatory in California . It was the first comet observed to be orbiting a planet , and had probably been captured by Jupiter around 20 -- 30 years earlier . Calculations showed that its unusual fragmented form was due to a previous closer approach to Jupiter in July 1992 . At that time , the orbit of Shoemaker -- Levy 9 passed within Jupiter 's Roche limit , and Jupiter 's tidal forces had acted to pull apart the comet . The comet was later observed as a series of fragments ranging up to 2 km in diameter . These fragments collided with Jupiter 's southern hemisphere between July 16 and July 22 , 1994 at a speed of approximately 60 km/s ( Jupiter 's escape velocity ) or 216000 km/h . The prominent scars from the impacts were more easily visible than the Great Red Spot and persisted for many months . |
Clash_of_the_Champions | The Clash of the Champions was a series of professional wrestling television specials aired by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) . The specials were supercards comprising pay-per-view caliber matches , similar to World Wrestling Federation 's ( WWF ) Saturday Night 's Main Event . Clash of the Champions shows were famous for typically not airing commercials during matches even though many of these matches were 20 minutes or more . The first Clash of the Champions was held on March 27 , 1988 by Jim Crockett Promotions and was entitled NWA : Clash of the Champions . Subsequent Clash events had different subtitles , i.e. Clash of the Champions II : Miami Mayhem , up until Clash of the Champions XVI : Fall Brawl 1991 which was the last event with a subtitle . Jim Crockett Promotions was sold to Ted Turner and renamed World Championship Wrestling in 1988 , and WCW continued to air the events until 1997 . The rights to Clash of the Champions now belong to WWE . All 35 episodes are available for on-demand viewing on the WWE Network . |
Commodore_(Royal_Navy) | Please see Commodore ( rank ) for other versions of this rank . Commodore ( Cdre ) is a rank of the Royal Navy above captain and below rear admiral . It has a NATO ranking code of OF-6 . The rank is equivalent to brigadier in the British Army and Royal Marines and to air commodore in the Royal Air Force . |
Claudia_Antonia | Claudia Antonia ( Classical Latin : ANTONIA • CLAUDII • CAESARIS • FILIA ) ( c. AD 30 -- AD 66 ) was the daughter of the Roman Emperor Claudius and his second wife Aelia Paetina . Antonia was a great great-niece of the Emperor Augustus , great-niece of the Emperor Tiberius , first cousin of the Emperor Caligula , half-sister to Claudia Octavia and Britannicus , cousin , stepsister and sister-in-law of the Emperor Nero . Until 37 , she was raised by her paternal grandmother Antonia Minor ( who died that year ) . From then until 43 , she was raised by her father . In 43 , she first married Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus , a descendant of Pompeia ( daughter of Pompey the Great ) . His parents were consul Marcus Licinius Crassus Frugi and Scribonia . According to Suetonius Pompeius was stabbed to death several years later ( AD 46/47 ) , when he was caught in bed with a favorite boy . Cassius Dio states that the Empress Valeria Messalina , ordered his execution out of fear that Pompeius might become a rival to Britannicus . The death of Pompeius left Antonia free to marry Messalina 's half-brother Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix . Faustus Sulla and Antonia married in 47 . They had a son who was frail and died before his second birthday . In 58 , Faustus Sulla was exiled , and in 62 he was murdered at the order of the Emperor Nero . In 65 , Tacitus records the rumour that Gaius Calpurnius Piso intended to marry Antonia , as an element of his conspiracy against Nero . After the death of the Empress Poppaea Sabina , Nero 's second wife , Nero asked Antonia to marry him . When Antonia refused , Nero had her charged with an attempt of rebellion and executed . She was the last living grandchild of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor , from whom Nero also was descended but one generation more distantly . |
Climate_of_Ancient_Rome | The climate of Ancient Rome varied throughout the existence of that civilization . In the first half of the 1st millennium BC the climate of Italy was more humid and cool than now and the presently arid south saw more precipitation . The northern regions were situated in the temperate climate zone , while the rest of Italy was in the subtropics , having a warm and mild climate . During the annual melt of the mountain snow even small rivers would overflow , swamping the terrain ( Tuscany and the Pontine Marshes were deemed impassable in antiquity ) . The existence of Roman civilization ( including the Eastern Roman Empire ) spanned three climatological periods : Early Subatlantic ( 900 BC -- 175 AD ) , Mid-Subatlantic ( 175 -- 750 ) and Late Subatlantic ( since 750 ) . The written , archaeological and natural-scientific proxy evidence independently but consistently shows that during the period of the Roman Empire 's maximum expansion and final crisis , the climate underwent changes . The Empire 's greatest extent under Trajan coincided with the Roman climatic optimum . The climate change occurred at different rates , from apparent near stasis during the early Empire to rapid fluctuations during the late Empire . Still , there is some controversy in the notion of a generally moister period in the eastern Mediterranean in AD -- 600 AD due to conflicting publications . |
Commodore_MAX_Machine | The Commodore MAX Machine , also known as Ultimax in the United States and VC-10 in Germany , was a home computer designed and sold by Commodore International in Japan , beginning in early 1982 , a predecessor to the popular Commodore 64 . The Commodore 64 manual mentions the machine by name , suggesting that Commodore intended to sell the machine internationally ; however , it is unclear whether the machine was ever actually sold outside Japan . It is considered a rarity . Software was loaded from plug-in cartridges and the unit had a membrane keyboard and 2.0 KiB of RAM internally and 0.5 KiB of color RAM ( 1024 × 4 bits ) . It used a television set for a display . It used the same chipset and 6510 CPU as the Commodore 64 , the same SID sound chip , and compatible ROM cartridge architecture so that MAX cartridges will work in the C-64 . The MAX compatibility mode in C-64 was later frequently used for `` freezer '' cartridges ( such as the Action Replay ) , as a convenient way to take control of the currently running program . It was possible to use a tape drive for storage , but it lacked the serial and user ports necessary to connect a disk drive , printer , or modem . It was intended to sell for around 200 USD . Although the MAX had better graphics and sound capability , Commodore 's own VIC-20 , which sold for around the same amount of money , was much more expandable , had a much larger software library , and had a better keyboard -- all of which made it more attractive to consumers . Unlike the C-64 , the MAX never sold well and was quickly discontinued . |
Composer | A composer ( Latin compono ; literally `` one who puts together '' ) is a person who creates or writes music , which can be vocal music ( for a singer or choir ) , instrumental music ( e.g. , for solo piano , string quartet , wind quintet or orchestra ) or music which combines both instruments and voices ( e.g. , opera or art song , which is a singer accompanied by a pianist ) . The core meaning of the term refers to individuals who have contributed to the tradition of Western classical music through creation of works expressed in written musical notation ( e.g. , sheet music scores ) . Many composers are also skilled performers , either as singers , instrumentalists , or conductors . Examples of composers who are also well known for their ability as performers include J. S. Bach ( an organist ) , Mozart ( violin and piano ) , and Beethoven , Liszt and Chopin ( all skilled pianists ) . Involvement in practical music-making provides a composer with insight into the diverse musical elements needed for a good piece of music and it can give them practical guidance with their compositions . In broader usage , `` composer '' can designate people who participate in other musical traditions who create music , as well as those who create music by means other than written notation : for example , Blues or folk singers and guitarists who create songs through improvisation and recording and popular music writers of musical theatre songs and arrangements . In many popular music genres , such as rock and country , musicians who create new songs are typically called songwriters . |
Closed_circle_of_suspects | The closed circle of suspects is a common element of detective fiction , and the subgenre that employs it can be referred to as the closed circle mystery . Less precisely , this subgenre - works with the closed circle literary device - is simply known as the `` classic '' , `` traditional '' or `` cozy '' detective fiction . It refers to a situation in which for a given crime ( usually a murder ) , there is a quickly established , limited number of suspects , each with credible means , motive , and opportunity . In other words , it is known that the criminal ( murderer ) is one of the people present at or nearby the scene , and the crime could not have been committed by some outsider . The detective has to solve the crime , figuring out the criminal from this pool ( circle ) of suspects , rather than searching for a totally unknown perpetrator . This type of narrative originated with the British detective fiction . Agatha Christie 's The Mysterious Affair at Styles ( 1920 ) has been credited as a work that started this trend . Other writers of that period , dating to the first half of the 20th century , a time known as the Golden Age of Detective Fiction ( or more general , mystery fiction ) , reliant on the closed circle and related literary devices include Dorothy L. Sayers , G. K. Chesterton , Margery Allingham , Ngaio Marsh and Americans S. S. Van Dine and Ellery Queen . Those early closed circle mysteries preferred a common setting : a British country house . The country house was such a common element that it gave another name to what is essentially the same genre and the literary device , the `` country house mystery '' . The persons involved were also commonly part of the upper class . Other settings than the country house are also possible , and many have been used in the closed circle mysteries even by Christie herself : a ship , a train , an island , and so on . Nonetheless , the requirements for this mystery enforce certain limitations on this genre , and make certain settings , particularly those that explain limited access outsiders would have , and characters with certain backgrounds ( upper class ) - much more common than the others . The numbers of suspects vary , from a group as small as four or five , to all the passengers of a coach or a wagon . After Second World War the closed circle mystery became less common , as other types of crime novels rose to prominence . Nonetheless other writers have continued to use this device till modern days , for example Rex Stout , Lucille Kallen , Jonathan Gash , Simon Brett . While the closed circle is a common device in literary fiction , it is a much less common occurrence in real world investigations . |
Consequence_(rapper) | Dexter Raymond Mills , Jr. , better known by his stage name Consequence , is an American hip hop recording artist from Queens , New York City , New York . Consequence debuted in 1996 , appearing several times on A Tribe Called Quest 's fourth album Beats , Rhymes , and Life , as he is the cousin of foreman Q-Tip . In March 2007 , he released his debut album Do n't Quit Your Day Job ! , under Columbia Records and Kanye West 's GOOD Music . Consequence left GOOD Music in 2011 , on bad terms , after being signed with the label since 2005 . He and West later reconciled , despite Consequence speaking ill of West . Consequence subsequently launched his own record label , Band Camp Records , following his departure from GOOD Music . |
Cold_War_(1962–79) | The Cold War ( 1962 -- 1979 ) refers to the phase within the Cold War that spanned the period between the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October 1962 , through the détente period beginning in 1969 , to the end of détente in the late 1970s . The United States maintained its Cold War engagement with the Soviet Union during the period , despite internal preoccupations with the assassination of John F. Kennedy , the Civil Rights Movement and the opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War . In 1968 , Eastern Bloc member Czechoslovakia attempted the reforms of the Prague Spring and was subsequently invaded by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact members , who reinstated the Soviet model . By 1973 , the US had withdrawn from the Vietnam War . While communists gained power in some South East Asian countries , they were divided by the Sino-Soviet Split , with China moving closer to the Western camp , following US President Richard Nixon 's visit to China . In the 1960s and 1970s , the Third World was increasingly divided between governments backed by the Soviets ( such as Libya , Iraq and Syria ) , governments backed by NATO ( such as Saudi Arabia ) , and a growing camp of non-aligned nations . The Soviet and other Eastern Bloc economies continued to stagnate . Worldwide inflation occurred following the 1973 oil crisis . |
Commodore_Rock | Commodore Rock is the second EP by English electronic band Ladytron . It was released in June 2000 by Invicta Hi-Fi Records ( UK ) and Emperor Norton ( US ) on CD and 12 '' formats . A 10 '' vinyl special edition was released by French label Tricadel in the same year . This edition included Ladytron 's debut single `` He Took Her To a Movie '' remixed by Tricadel 's owner Bertrand Burgalat and the instrumental `` Olivetti Jerk '' . `` Playgirl '' was sung by Helen Marnie . `` Commodore Rock '' and `` Paco ! '' were sung by Mira Aroyo . `` Miss Black '' and `` Olivetti Jerk '' are instrumentals . `` Playgirl '' , `` Commodore Rock '' and `` Paco ! '' were later included on the Ladytron 's debut album 604 . Daniel Hunt is credited for EP 's design , Reuben Wu for EP 's illustration and Mira Aroyo for photography . |
Code_of_silence | A code of silence is a condition in effect when a person opts to withhold what is believed to be vital or important information voluntarily or involuntarily . The code of silence is usually either kept because of threat of force , or danger to oneself , or being branded as a traitor or an outcast within the unit or organization as the experiences of the police whistleblower , Frank Serpico illustrates . Police are known to have a well-developed Blue Code of Silence . The code of silence was famously practiced in Irish-American neighborhoods in Boston , Massachusetts such as Charlestown , South Boston , and Somerville . Dan Goldberg and Danny Ben Moshe won Australia 's most prestigious journalism award , the Walkley Documentary Award for `` Code of Silence , '' which covers the fight for an investigation into allegations of child sex abuse at Yeshivah College , an all-male Orthodox Jewish school . It portrays the experiences of an Orthodox Jewish father and his son , after the son breaks the code of silence in Melbourne 's Orthodox community and goes public with his story of being sexually abused as a student . -LSB- 1 -RSB- -LSB- 2 -RSB- An Orthodox Jewish concept of mesirah forbids Jews from reporting crimes to civil authorities and keeping them with the Jewish community instead . -LSB- 3 -RSB- A more famous example of the code of silence is Omertà ( Italian : omertà , from the Latin : humilitas = humility or modesty ) , the Mafia code of silence . |
Confucius_(1940_film) | Confucius is a 1940 Chinese film directed by Fei Mu . Produced during the war , the film was released twice in the 1940s before being thought lost . In 2001 , the film was rediscovered when an anonymous donor sent a damaged copy of the print to the Hong Kong Film Archive ( HKFA ) . The HKFA then spent seven years restoring the print which was finally screened to modern audiences at the 33rd Hong Kong International Film Festival in April 2009 . The film depicts Confucius 's later life , as he traveled across a China divided by war and strife in an ultimately futile effort to teach various warlords and kings his particular philosophy . |
Cinema_of_the_United_States | The cinema of the United States , often metonymously referred to as Hollywood , has had a profound effect on cinema across the world since the early 20th century . The dominant style of American cinema is Classical Hollywood Cinema , which developed from 1917-1960 and characterizes most films to this day . While the French Lumière Brothers are generally credited with the birth of modern cinema , it is American cinema that soon became the most dominant force in an emerging industry . Since the 1920s , the American film industry has grossed more money every year than that of any other country . In 1878 , Eadweard Muybridge demonstrated the power of photography to capture motion . In 1894 , the world 's first commercial motion picture exhibition was given in New York City , using Thomas Edison 's Kinetoscope . The United States was in the forefront of sound film development in the following decades . Since the early 20th century , the U.S. film industry has largely been based in and around Hollywood , Los Angeles , California . Picture City , Florida was also a planned site for a movie picture production center in the 1920s , but due to the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , the idea collapsed and Picture City returned to its original name of Hobe Sound . Director D. W. Griffith was central to the development of film grammar . Orson Welles 's Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) is frequently cited in critics ' polls as the greatest film of all time . The major film studios of Hollywood are the primary source of the most commercially successful movies in the world , such as The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) , Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) , The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) , Jaws ( 1975 ) , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) , Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) , Titanic ( 1997 ) , Avatar ( 2009 ) , The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , Jurassic World ( 2015 ) , and Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) . Today , American film studios collectively generate several hundred movies every year , making the United States one of the most prolific producers of films in the world . |
Claudius_Aelianus | Claudius Aelianus ( Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός c. 175c . 235 CE ) , commonly Aelian ( -LSB- ˈiːliən -RSB- ) , born at Praeneste , was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus , who died in 222 . He spoke Greek so perfectly that he was called `` honey-tongued '' ( meliglossos ) ; Roman-born , he preferred Greek authors , and wrote in a slightly archaizing Greek himself . His two chief works are valuable for the numerous quotations from the works of earlier authors , which are otherwise lost , and for the surprising lore , which offers unexpected glimpses into the Greco-Roman world-view . |
Colonel_(United_States) | In the United States Army , Marine Corps , and Air Force , colonel -LSB- ˈkɜːrnəl -RSB- is the most senior field grade military officer rank , immediately above the rank of lieutenant colonel and immediately below the rank of brigadier general . It is equivalent to the naval rank of captain in the other uniformed services . The pay grade for colonel is O-6 . The insignia of the rank of colonel , as seen on the right , is worn on the officer 's left side ( a mirror-image version is worn on the right side , such that the eagle always faces forward to the wearer 's front ; the left-side version is also worn centered on fatigue caps , helmets , ACU & ECWCS breasts , inter alia ) . |
Conspiracy_(2001_film) | Conspiracy is a BBC/HBO television film which dramatizes the 1942 Wannsee Conference . The film delves into the psychology of Nazi officials involved in the `` Final Solution of the Jewish Question '' during World War II . The movie was written by Loring Mandel , directed by Frank Pierson , and starred an ensemble cast , including Colin Firth , David Threlfall , Kenneth Branagh as Reinhard Heydrich and Stanley Tucci as Adolf Eichmann . Branagh won an Emmy Award for Best Actor , and Tucci was awarded a Golden Globe for his supporting role as Eichmann . |
Commodore_(United_States) | Commodore was an early title and later a rank in the United States Navy , United States Coast Guard and the Confederate States Navy . For over two centuries , the designation has been given varying levels of authority and formality . Today , it is no longer a rank , but it continues to be used as an honorary title within the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard for those senior captains ( pay grade O-6 ) in command of operational organizations composed of multiple independent subordinate naval units ( e.g. , multiple independent ships or aviation squadrons ) . |
Commonwealth_realm | A Commonwealth realm is a sovereign state that is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and shares the same person , currently Elizabeth II , as its head of state and reigning constitutional monarch , but retains a crown legally distinct from the other realms . As of 2017 , there are 16 Commonwealth realms : Antigua and Barbuda , Australia , Barbados , Belize , Canada , Grenada , Jamaica , New Zealand , Papua New Guinea , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Solomon Islands , The Bahamas , Tuvalu and the United Kingdom . The Statute of Westminster 1931 provided for the then Dominions -- named therein as Canada , Australia , New Zealand , the Union of South Africa , the Irish Free State , and Newfoundland -- to have full or nearly full legislative independence as equal members of the British Commonwealth of Nations , having , together with the United Kingdom , one person as the sovereign of each . Subsequently , India and Pakistan ( both in 1947 ) and Ceylon ( in 1948 ) became Dominions . By the early 1950s , in order to reflect the equality between the countries in that group , each ( including the United Kingdom , but not the former Irish Free State and India , which had by that time become republics ) came to be known as a realm . The word was formally used in Britain 's proclamation of Elizabeth II as queen in 1952 and was adopted for the modern royal styles and titles under the legislation enacted by the individual countries . The principle was applied to other countries as they became Commonwealth realms , having sovereign status granted directly . The phrase Commonwealth realm , though used officially , is not a statutory term . |
Comedy_Central | Comedy Central is an American basic cable and satellite television channel owned by Viacom Global Entertainment Group , a unit of the Viacom Media Networks division of Viacom . The channel carries comedy programming , in the form of both original and syndicated series and stand-up comedy specials , as well as feature films . Since the early 2000s , Comedy Central has expanded globally with localized channels in Asia , Germany , Czech Republic , Hungary , Israel , Italy , Latin America , New Zealand , The Netherlands , Norway , Poland , Spain , Sweden , Denmark , Finland , Republic of Ireland , United Kingdom , India , Brazil , Albania , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , Belgium , Croatia , Romania , Macedonia , Montenegro , Serbia , Slovenia , Middle East and Africa . The international channels are operated by Viacom International Media Networks . As of February 2015 , approximately 93,992,000 American households ( 80.70 % of households with television ) receive Comedy Central . |
Cold_War | The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc ( the Soviet Union and its satellite states ) and powers in the Western Bloc ( the United States , its NATO allies and others ) . Historians do not fully agree on the dates , but a common timeframe is the period between 1947 , the year the Truman Doctrine ( a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism ) was announced , and 1991 , the year the Soviet Union collapsed . The term `` cold '' is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides involved in the conflict , although there were major regional wars , known as proxy wars , supported by the two sides . The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany , leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences . The USSR was a Marxist -- Leninist state led by its Communist Party of the Soviet Union , who in turn were led by a leader , with different titles over time , and a small committee called the Politburo . The Party controlled the press , the military , the economy and many organization . It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc , and funded Communist parties around the world , sometimes in competition with Communist China , particularly following the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s . In opposition stood the West , staunchly democratic and capitalist with a free press and independent organizations . A small neutral bloc arose with the Non-Aligned Movement ; it sought good relations with both sides . The two superpowers never engaged directly in full-scale armed combat , but they were heavily armed in preparation for a possible all-out nuclear world war . Each side had a nuclear strategy that discouraged an attack by the other side , on the basis that such an attack would lead to the total destruction of the attacker : the doctrine of mutually assured destruction ( MAD ) . Aside from the development of the two sides ' nuclear arsenals , and their deployment of conventional military forces , the struggle for dominance was expressed via proxy wars around the globe , psychological warfare , massive propaganda campaigns and espionage , rivalry at sports events , and technological competitions such as the Space Race . The first phase of the Cold War began in the first two years after the end of the Second World War in 1945 . The USSR consolidated its control over the states of the Eastern Bloc , while the United States began a strategy of global containment to challenge Soviet power , extending military and financial aid to the countries of Western Europe ( for example , supporting the anti-communist side in the Greek Civil War ) and creating the NATO alliance . The Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 49 ) was the first major crisis of the Cold War . With the victory of the communist side in the Chinese Civil War and the outbreak of the Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) , the conflict expanded . The USSR and USA competed for influence in Latin America , and the decolonizing states of Africa and Asia . Meanwhile , the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was stopped by the Soviets . The expansion and escalation sparked more crises , such as the Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 . Following the Cuban Missile Crisis , a new phase began that saw the Sino-Soviet split complicate relations within the communist sphere , while US allies , particularly France , demonstrated greater independence of action . The USSR crushed the 1968 Prague Spring liberalization program in Czechoslovakia , and the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 75 ) ended with the defeat of the US-backed Republic of Vietnam , prompting further adjustments . By the 1970s , both sides had become interested in making accommodations in order to create a more stable and predictable international system , inaugurating a period of détente that saw Strategic Arms Limitation Talks and the US opening relations with the People 's Republic of China as a strategic counterweight to the Soviet Union . Détente collapsed at the end of the decade with the beginning of the Soviet -- Afghan War in 1979 . The early 1980s were another period of elevated tension , with the Soviet downing of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 ( 1983 ) , and the `` Able Archer '' NATO military exercises ( 1983 ) . The United States increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressures on the Soviet Union , at a time when the communist state was already suffering from economic stagnation . In the mid-1980s , the new Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the liberalizing reforms of perestroika ( `` reorganization '' , 1987 ) and glasnost ( `` openness '' , c. 1985 ) and ended Soviet involvement in Afghanistan . Pressures for national independence grew stronger in Eastern Europe , especially Poland . Gorbachev meanwhile refused to use Soviet troops to bolster the faltering Warsaw Pact regimes as had occurred in the past . The result in 1989 was a wave of revolutions that peacefully ( with the exception of the Romanian Revolution ) overthrew all of the communist regimes of Central and Eastern Europe . The Communist Party of the Soviet Union itself lost control and was banned following an abortive coup attempt in August 1991 . This in turn led to the formal dissolution of the USSR in December 1991 and the collapse of communist regimes in other countries such as Mongolia , Cambodia and South Yemen . The United States remained as the world 's only superpower . The Cold War and its events have left a significant legacy . It is often referred to in popular culture , especially in media featuring themes of espionage ( e.g. the internationally successful James Bond movie franchise ) and the threat of nuclear warfare . |
Cody_Linley | Cody Martin Linley ( born November 20 , 1989 ) is an American actor and singer . He played a recurring role as Jake Ryan in the television series Hannah Montana , and was a contestant on the seventh season of Dancing With The Stars , in which he was partnered with Julianne Hough and finished fourth . |
Clément_Métezeau | Jacques-Clément Métezeau ( -LSB- klemɑ̃ metəzo -RSB- ; 1581 -- 1652 ) , also Clément II Métezeau , was Royal architect of Louis XIII , and French engineer who completed the seawall blocking the city of La Rochelle in the Siege of La Rochelle in 1627 -- 1628 . The initial idea for blocking the channel leading to the harbour of La Rochelle in order to stop all supplies to the city came from the Italian engineer Pompeo Targone , but his structure was broken by the winter weather . The endeavour was finally taken up by the Royal architect Clément Métezeau ( also Metzeau ) . The wall was built on top of a foundation made of sunken hulks , filled with rubble . The construction involved 4,000 workmen , and the seawall was 1,400 metres long . French artillery installed on the seawall and used against English ships that tried to supply the city . Métezeau may have been involved in the building of the Palais du Luxembourg for Marie de Medicis . According to Collins , he was sent to Florence by the main architect Salomon de Brosse to make drawings of the Palazzo Pitti , which was to be used as a model by the regent 's order . However , other sources say Marie de Medicis sent his brother , Louis Métezeau . Clément Métezeau also built the Classical facade of the Église Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais of Paris , in 1621 . |
Consejo_Mundial_de_Lucha_Libre | Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre co.ltd ( CMLL ; -LSB- konˈsexo munˈdjal de ˈlutʃa ˈliβɾe -RSB- , `` World Wrestling Council '' ) is a lucha libre professional wrestling promotion based in Mexico City . The promotion is also referred to by its previous name Empresa Mexicana de Lucha Libre ( EMLL ) ( Mexican Wrestling Enterprise ) . Founded in 1933 , it is the oldest professional wrestling promotion still in existence . CMLL has been nicknamed `` The serious and the stable '' , referencing their very conservative booking style and their traditional structure to how wrestlers are used and allowed to express themselves . Outside of live television broadcasts CMLL , has not shown matches where one of the competitors bleed . They have a few steel cage matches and on occasion have Super Libre matches where there are no disqualifications , but otherwise do not promote any variety of matches that would be considered hardcore wrestling , nor match types such as Ladder matches . CMLL has on occasion fired wrestlers for excessive violence , like the use of chairs , during a match or for using profanity while addressing the crowd during a show . CMLL currently recognizes and promotes twelve `` World Championships '' for various weight divisions and classifications , six national level and six regional level championships . The CMLL Anniversary Show series is the longest running annual major show , starting in 1934 , with the CMLL 83rd Anniversary Show being the most recent . CMLL also regularly promotes major events under the names Homenaje a Dos Leyendas ( `` Homage to two legends '' ) , Sin Piedad ( `` No Mercy '' ) , Sin Salida ( `` No Escape '' ) , Infierno en el Ring ( `` Inferno in the Ring '' ) during the year . CMLL has promoted their regular weekly Super Viernes ( `` Super Friday '' ) on a regular basis since the 1930s . Founder Salvador Lutteroth funded the building of Arena Coliseo in 1943 , making it the first building in Mexico built specifically for professional wrestling . |
City_of_Film | A UNESCO City of Film is a city that has joined the United Nations Educational , Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO ) as notable in filmmaking . On June 11 , 2009 , Bradford , England , United Kingdom , was named the first City of Film . The second city to be officially recognised was Sydney , Australia , which happened in 2010 . In December 2014 , Galway , Ireland was named a UNESCO City of Film . Sofia , Bulgaria was also named a UNESCO City of Film in 2014 . The City of Film programme is part of UNESCO 's Creative Cities Network . |
Coat_of_arms_of_the_British_Leeward_Islands | The badge of the British Leeward Islands was adopted in the 1870s . The Royal arms on the top of the badge was a non-classical design . A coat of arms consisting of five badges was adopted in 1909 . The five badges represent the five `` provinces '' of the Leeward Islands : Antigua and Barbuda top left , Dominica top right , Montserrat bottom left , British Virgin Islands bottom right . In the centre , were two badges joined together , representing Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla . On the left is Saint Christopher and on the right is Nevis , while Anguilla is missing but can be found in the flag . |
Colleen_Camp | Colleen Celeste Camp ( born June 7 , 1953 ) is an American character actress , comedian , and producer . After appearing in several bit parts , she had a lead role in the comedy The Swinging Cheerleaders ( 1974 ) , followed by roles in two installments of the Police Academy series . Camp appeared in supporting parts in Apocalypse Now ( 1979 ) and The Seduction ( 1982 ) , after which she played Yvette the Maid in the 1985 comedy Clue . Camp has continued to have minor and supporting roles in various independent and studio films , including Election ( 1999 ) , Factory Girl ( 2006 ) , Palo Alto ( 2013 ) , and American Hustle ( 2013 ) . |
Chris_Evans_(actor) | Christopher Robert Evans ( born June 13 , 1981 ) is an American actor and filmmaker . Evans is known for his superhero roles as the Marvel Comics characters Captain America in the Marvel Cinematic Universe and the Human Torch in Fantastic Four and its 2007 sequel . He began his career on the 2000 television series Opposite Sex , and has since appeared in a number of films , such as Not Another Teen Movie , Sunshine , Scott Pilgrim vs. the World , Snowpiercer and Gifted . In 2014 , Evans made his directorial debut with the drama film Before We Go , in which he also starred . |
Conseil_du_Roi | The Conseil du Roi ( -LSB- kɔ̃sɛj dy ʁwa -RSB- ; French for `` The King 's Council '' ) , also known as the is a general term for the administrative and governmental apparatus around the king of France during the Ancien Régime designed to prepare his decisions and give him advice . It should not be confused with the role and title of a `` Conseil du Roi '' , a type of public prosecutor in the French legal system at the same period . One of the established principles of the French monarchy was that the king could not act without the advice of his council . Under Charles V , it was put forward that the king made decisions only after `` good and careful deliberation '' ( bonne et mûre délibération ) , and this principle was maintained by his successors ; the closing formula of royal acts `` le roi en son conseil '' expressed this deliberative aspect . Even during the period of French absolutism , the expression `` car tel est notre bon plaisir '' ( `` because such is our pleasure '' ) applied to royal decisions made with consultation . The administration of the French state in the early modern period went through a long evolution , as a truly administrative apparatus -- relying on old nobility , newer chancellor nobility ( `` noblesse de robe '' ) and administrative professionals -- substituted the feudal clientel system . The exact divisions and names of these councils varied over time . |
Christopher_Randolph | Christopher Randolph ( born 1959 in Boston , Massachusetts ) is an American actor known for providing the English voice for Hal `` Otacon '' Emmerich and Dr. `` Huey '' Emmerich in the Metal Gear Solid series . Prior to landing his role as Otacon , he auditioned for multiple parts , including Solid Snake . He also writes , directs , and teaches acting . His on-screen guest appearances include TV shows such as Will & Grace , Doogie Howser , M.D. , Mad About You , American Masters and NewsRadio . He 's appeared on several soap operas , including Days of Our Lives , As the World Turns , and Guiding Light , where he continues to recur as ER Doctor Tompkins , and he has leading roles in the short films Convention , directed by Ryan Fleck ( Half Nelson ) , and Pumpkin Hell , directed by Max Finneran . His numerous stage credits include King Lear on Broadway with Christopher Plummer , and many Off-Broadway and regional productions around the country . He is the brother of actress Tod Randolph , and singer/songwriter Nick Randolph of the group Stonehoney . |
Chuck_Cary | Charles Douglas Cary ( born March 3 , 1960 ) is a former professional baseball player who pitched in the Major Leagues from 1985 to 1991 . He played for the Tokyo Giants in 1992 , and returned to the Chicago White Sox in 1993 . Cary was drafted in the seventh round of the 1981 Major League Baseball Draft out of the University of California Berkeley ; where he was a member of the Chi Phi Fraternity and graduated in 1988 . Cary pitched in the 1980 College World Series in Omaha , Nebraska where he defeated the St. Johns Redmen . He was also slated for the win against University of Arizona two nights later , but received a no decision when the Bears lost in the ninth inning . Cary was a reliever for the Detroit Tigers and Atlanta Braves until a 1988 knee injury cost him most of the season . He came back in 1989 with the New York Yankees . In New York , he spent most of his time in the starting rotation , posting a 4 -- 4 record , with an 3.26 earned run average ( ERA ) in 1989 , and making 27 starts in 1990 going 6 -- 12 , with a 4.19 ERA . After one more season with the Yankees , Cary finished his career with 16 relief outings for the White Sox in 1993 . |
Clifford_A._Jones | Clifford Aaron Jones , Sr. ( February 19 , 1912 -- November 16 , 2001 ) was an American politician . He was the 20th Lieutenant Governor of Nevada from January 1947 to December 1954 . Clifford A. Jones ' was also the founder of the Jones , Jones Close & Brown branch of the one of Nevada 's legendary law firms , today known as Jones Vargas . Cliff Jones was born in Long Lane , Missouri . His family moved to Las Vegas in 1931 while Cliff was in college at the University of Missouri . When they were n't attending school , both Cliff and his younger brother , Herbert M. Jones , worked on the construction of Boulder Dam in the 1930s , working their way up from servers at the Anderson mess hall to various jobs including mucker , puddler , signalman , crane operator and power hose operator . While an undergraduate , Cliff took classes at the University of Missouri School of Law , with the result that Cliff had accumulated three years of law school credits before he actually graduated from law school . This qualified Cliff to sit for the Nevada bar exam during his final semester of law school . Consequently , in the winter of 1937 , Cliff traveled from Columbia , Missouri to Carson City and took the exam . He was notified later that semester that he had passed . Cliff returned to law school and completed his studies and graduated in the spring of 1938 . He returned home to Las Vegas and was sworn in as an attorney , one of only five newly admitted attorneys in Nevada that year . He immediately entered private practice . During the years before World War II , Cliff entered Nevada politics . In the 1940 election , he was elected to the Nevada Assembly and become its majority leader and chairman of the Judiciary Committee . During World War II , Cliff was commissioned as an officer in the United States Army . He served in the European theater , in the Third and Ninth Armies , earning four battle stars and a Bronze Star Medal with an oak leaf cluster . By the war 's end , he was discharged as a lieutenant colonel . Cliff returned home in 1945 . Later that year , he was appointed as a District Judge for Clark County , a position he held only one year . In 1946 , Cliff ran for and was elected the State 's Lieutenant Governor , an office he held for two terms , from January 1947 to January 1955 . Cliff was a highly successful politician with wide ranging interests and influence during these years . In political circles he was known as `` Big Juice '' for his political influence . In addition to his law practice and his political interests , Cliff Jones was a businessman with wide ranging interests . He founded the first ready mix concrete company in southern Nevada , and he helped found Valley Bank of Nevada . At various times he had interests in casinos including the El Cortez , the Algiers , The Dunes , Golden Nugget , Pioneer , Thunderbird and Westerner , plus international properties in France , Lebanon and Ecuador . In 1969 , a merger created the firm of Jones , Jones , Close , Bilbray & Kaufman , Ltd. . This entity is one of the two direct predecessors in the firm known today as Jones Vargas . Cliff Jones was instrumental in the founding of the Bank of Las Vegas which later became Valley Bank of Nevada , one of the few banks in this time period to make loans to Nevada casinos . In early 1993 Clifford A. Jones retired , closing out a career that spanned 55 years . In November 2001 he died at the age of 89 . |
Cinebox | The Cinebox was a coin-operated Italian 16mm film projector juke box type machine invented in 1959 that appeared in Europe to rival the French made Scopitone that appeared in 1960 . The Cinebox was manufactured in Rome by Ottico Meccanica Italiana . In 1963 it appeared in the USA and was retitled Colorama in 1965 . In 1961 Cinebox machines were placed on ocean liners of the American Export Lines with Cineboxes showing cartoons and short subject comedies in on board nurseries whilst on board lounges showed musical and travelogues . Each of the Cineboxes held five 40 minute films . In the United States the Cinebox musical juke box provided three minutes of sound film for 25 cents with 40 titles available at a time on the machine . In Canada , the Cinebox became the first e.commerce website ( cinebox.net ) , founded by Loïc Berthout , to sell movies ( DVD ) online in 1998 . It then proposed video games and reached an international scope . It was also selling through cinebox.com until 2010 . |
Computational_physics | Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical analysis to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists . Historically , computational physics was the first application of modern computers in science , and is now a subset of computational science . It is sometimes regarded as a subdiscipline ( or offshoot ) of theoretical physics , but others consider it an intermediate branch between theoretical and experimental physics , a third way that supplements theory and experiment . |
Clare_Hodges | Clare Hodges ( 6 July 1957 -- 23 August 2011 ) , also known as Elizabeth Brice , was an English activist who advanced the medical understanding of cannabis and campaigned for its widespread benefit as a therapeutic medicine in the United Kingdom . Clare Hodges is the pseudonym that Elizabeth Brice used , Clare being her middle name and Hodges her mother 's maiden name . She was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis ( MS ) at age 26 but it was nearly 10 years before she tried cannabis to alleviate the symptoms . Hodges found that cannabis greatly alleviated her condition . It was this that motivated her to become an avid campaigner . Consequently , Hodges founded the Alliance for Cannabis Therapeutics ( ACT ) in 1992 with two other patients . The ACT worked to provide advice and assistance to other MS suffers and individuals with other medical conditions which might benefit from the use of cannabis . Hodges took the matter to the House of Lords in 1998 where she spoke about the benefits she had found from the therapeutic use of this illicit drug . She stated `` Cannabis helps my body relax . I function and move much easier . The physical effects are very clear . It is not just a vague feeling of well-being '' . Despite the backing of several members of the House of Lords , and Austin Mitchell MP , the ACT was unable to change the law in the UK with regards to the use of cannabis . Hodges later went on to join the Board of Directors of the International Association for Cannabinoid Medicines ( IACM ) as a patient representative Nonetheless , Hodges worked with Dr William Notcutt to ensure GW Pharmaceuticals took up the issue and as a result Sativex is now available as an alternative . She also addressed the European Parliament in Brussels following which the law was change in Belgium . Due to deteriorating health as a result of her MS , Hodges handed over the articles and patient transcripts to the Wellcome Trust in 2009 . |
Christopher_Columbus | Christopher Columbus ( Cristoforo Colombo -- 20 May 1506 ) was an Italian explorer , navigator , and colonizer . A citizen of the Republic of Genoa , under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean . Those voyages and his efforts to establish permanent settlements on the island of Hispaniola initiated the European colonization of the New World . At a time when European kingdoms were beginning to establish new trade routes and colonies , motivated by imperialism and economic competition , Columbus proposed to reach the East Indies by sailing westward . This eventually received the support of the Spanish Crown , which saw a chance to enter the spice trade with Asia through this new route . During his first voyage in 1492 , he reached the New World instead of arriving at Japan as he had intended , landing on an island in the Bahamas archipelago that he named `` San Salvador '' . Over the course of three more voyages , he visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles , as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America , claiming all of it for the Crown of Castile . Columbus was not the first European explorer to reach the Americas , having been preceded by the Viking expedition led by Leif Erikson in the 11th century , but his voyages led to the first lasting European contact with the Americas , inaugurating a period of exploration , conquest , and colonization that lasted several centuries . These voyages thus had an enormous effect on the historical development of the modern Western world . He spearheaded the transatlantic slave trade and has been accused by several historians of initiating the genocide of the Hispaniola natives . Columbus himself saw his accomplishments primarily in the light of spreading the Christian religion . Columbus never admitted that he had reached a continent previously unknown to Europeans , rather than the East Indies for which he had set course . He called the inhabitants of the lands that he visited indios ( Spanish for `` Indians '' ) . His strained relationship with the Spanish crown and its appointed colonial administrators in America led to his arrest and dismissal as governor of the settlements on the island of Hispaniola in 1500 , and later to protracted litigation over the benefits that he and his heirs claimed were owed to them by the crown . |
Claire_Danes | Claire Catherine Danes ( born April 12 , 1979 ) is an American actress . She is the recipient of three Emmy Awards , four Golden Globe Awards , and two Screen Actors Guild Awards . In 2012 , Time named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world , and she was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2015 . Danes gained recognition with her role as Angela Chase in the acclaimed 1994 teen drama series My So-Called Life . The role won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress and a Primetime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series . She made her film debut the same year in Little Women ( 1994 ) . Her other films include Romeo + Juliet ( 1996 ) , The Rainmaker ( 1997 ) , Les Misérables ( 1998 ) , Brokedown Palace ( 1999 ) , the 1999 English dub of Princess Mononoke ( 1997 ) , Igby Goes Down ( 2002 ) , The Hours ( 2002 ) , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines ( 2003 ) , Shopgirl ( 2005 ) and Stardust ( 2007 ) . From 1998 to 2000 , Danes attended Yale University before dropping out to return to acting . She appeared in an Off-Broadway production of The Vagina Monologues in 2000 , and made her Broadway debut playing Eliza Doolittle in the 2007 revival of Pygmalion . In 2010 , she portrayed Temple Grandin in the highly acclaimed HBO TV film Temple Grandin , which won her a second Golden Globe and her first Primetime Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited Series or Movie . Since 2011 , she has starred as Carrie Mathison in the Showtime drama series Homeland , for which she has won two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series , two Golden Globe Award for Best Actress -- Television Series Drama , and the Television Critics Association Award for Individual Achievement in Drama . She is married to actor Hugh Dancy , with whom she has one child . |
Conjunction_(astronomy) | In astronomy , a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude , usually as observed from Earth . The astronomical symbol for conjunction is ☌ ( in Unicode U +260 C ) and handwritten . The conjunction symbol is not used in modern astronomy . It continues to be used in astrology . When two objects always appear close to the ecliptic -- such as two planets , the Moon and a planet , or the Sun and a planet -- this fact implies an apparent close approach between the objects as seen on the sky . A related word , appulse , is the minimum apparent separation on the sky of two astronomical objects . Conjunctions involve either two objects in the Solar System or one object in the Solar System and a more distant object , such as a star . A conjunction is an apparent phenomenon caused by the observer 's perspective : the two objects involved are not actually close to one another in space . Conjunctions between two bright objects close to the ecliptic , such as two bright planets , can be seen with the naked eye . |
Cinema_of_France | Cinema of France refers to the film industry based in France . The French cinema comprises the art of film and creative movies made within the nation of France or by French filmmakers abroad . France is the birthplace of cinema and was responsible for many of its significant contributions to the art form and the film-making process itself . Several important cinematic movements , including the Nouvelle Vague , began in the country . It is noted for having a particularly strong film industry , due in part to protections afforded by the French government . Apart from its strong and innovative film tradition , France has also been a gathering spot for artists from across Europe and the world . For this reason , French cinema is sometimes intertwined with the cinema of foreign nations . Directors from nations such as Poland ( Roman Polanski , Krzysztof Kieślowski , and Andrzej Żuławski ) , Argentina ( Gaspar Noé and Edgardo Cozarinsky ) , Russia ( Alexandre Alexeieff , Anatole Litvak ) , Austria ( Michael Haneke ) , and Georgia ( Géla Babluani , Otar Iosseliani ) are prominent in the ranks of French cinema . Conversely , French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries , such as Luc Besson , Jacques Tourneur , or Francis Veber in the United States . Another element supporting this fact is that Paris has the highest density of cinemas in the world , measured by the number of movie theaters per inhabitant , and that in most `` downtown Paris '' movie theaters , foreign movies which would be secluded to `` art houses '' cinemas in other places are shown alongside `` mainstream '' works . Philippe Binant realized , on 2 February 2000 , the first digital cinema projection in Europe , with the DLP CINEMA technology developed by Texas Instruments , in Paris . With 205.34 million tickets sold in 2015 and 212.71 million in 2016 , France is the third biggest film market in the world both in terms of admissions ( after the United States and India ) and revenues ( after the United States and Japan ) . It is the most successful film industry in Europe in terms of number of films produced per annum , with a record-breaking 300 feature-length films produced in 2015 . France is also one of the few countries where non-American productions have the biggest share : American films only represented 44.9 % of total admissions in 2014 . This is largely due to the commercial strength of domestic productions , which accounted for 44,5 % of admissions in 2014 ( 35.5 % in 2015 ; 35.3 % in 2016 ) . Also , the French film industry is closer to being entirely self-sufficient than any other country in Europe , recovering around 80 -- 90 % of costs from revenues generated in the domestic market alone . In 2013 , France was the 2nd largest exporter of films in the world after the United States . A study made in April 2014 shows the excellent image which French cinema maintains around the world , being the most appreciated cinema after American cinema . |
Chris_Welles | Christopher Jewett `` Chris '' Welles ( December 11 , 1937 -- June 19 , 2010 ) was an American business journalist who wrote for Life , BusinessWeek , The Saturday Evening Post and The Los Angeles Times , in addition to a number of books on business topics . Welles headed the Walter Bagehot Fellowship Program in Business and Economics Journalism at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism . Welles was born on December 11 , 1937 , in Boston and adopted by textile salesman Clement Welles and his wife Grace Blauvelt Welles , a pediatrician . He earned his undergraduate degree from Princeton University in 1959 and enlisted in the United States Navy , where he served until 1962 . After completing his military service , he was hired as a researcher by Life magazine . An article he had written about the neglect of American oil shale reserves by the petroleum industry that Life turned down was expanded into book form and published in 1970 as The Elusive Bonanza : The Story of Oil Shale , America 's Richest and Most Neglected Natural Resource . Life fired him after he sold the piece to Harper 's Magazine . His 1975 book The Last Days of the Club documented the decline and fall of old Wall Street institutions and the ascendancy of new companies that would come to replace them . Welles joined the faculty of the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1977 , where he headed the Walter Bagehot Fellowship Program in Business and Economics Journalism at Columbia , which would later be renamed the Knight-Bagehot Fellowship Program . The fellowship program was established to provide business journalists with the opportunity to hone their craft . Mobil Corporation , a longtime sponsor of the fellowship , backed out of its financial support in retaliation for Welles ' earlier writings about the oil industry , stating that the company `` did n't have confidence in the leadership '' of the program . Welles remained as head of the fellowship until 1985 . Stephen B. Shepard , a former editor of BusinessWeek and later dean of the CUNY Graduate School of Journalism called Welles `` probably the premier business writer '' of his generation , citing his ability to identify the `` shenanigans , abuses and downfalls '' in the business world . He was one of three journalists chosen for the Gerald Loeb Award in 1971 . He was also recognized at the National Magazine Awards . A resident of Brooklyn , Welles died at age 72 on June 19 , 2010 , due to complications of Alzheimer 's disease , while at a nursing home in Salisbury , Connecticut . He was survived by his second wife , the former Nancy Leiserson , as well as by three children from his first marriage and seven grandchildren . |
Christopher_Holden | Christopher William Holden ( born December 26 , 1974 ) is an American actor and assistant director , son of actors Glen Corbett and Adrienne Ellis . Younger brother of actress Laurie Holden ( The X-Files , Silent Hill , The Mist , The Walking Dead ) . His stepfather is Academy Award-nominated director Michael Anderson ( director ) ( Around the World in 80 Days , Logan 's Run ) . Christopher Holden is a producer in Toronto which he packages Scripts to Stars and Distributors . |
Commodore | Commodore generally refers to Commodore ( rank ) , a naval rank . It may also refer to : |
Circular_Quay | Circular Quay is a harbour in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia on the northern edge of the Sydney central business district on Sydney Cove , between Bennelong Point and The Rocks . It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney . The Circular Quay area is a popular neighbourhood for tourism and consists of walkways , pedestrian malls , parks and restaurants . It hosts a number of ferry quays , bus stops , and a train station . Despite its name , the waterfront at the quay is roughly square in shape . |
Commodore_(rank) | Commodore is a naval rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain , but below a rear admiral . Non-English-speaking nations often use the rank of flotilla admiral or counter admiral or senior captain as an equivalent , although counter admiral may also correspond to rear admiral . Traditionally , `` commodore '' is the title for any officer assigned to command more than one ship at a time , even temporarily , much as `` captain '' is the traditional title for the commanding officer of a single ship even if the officer 's official title in the service is a lower rank . As an official rank , a commodore typically commands a flotilla or squadron of ships as part of a larger task force or naval fleet commanded by an admiral . A commodore 's ship is typically designated by the flying of a Broad pennant , as opposed to an admiral 's flag . It is often regarded as a one-star rank with a NATO code of OF-6 ( which is known in the U.S. as `` rear admiral ( lower half ) '' ) , but whether it is regarded as a flag rank varies between countries . It is sometimes abbreviated : as `` Cdre '' in British Royal Navy , `` CDRE '' in the US Navy , `` Cmdre '' in the Royal Canadian Navy , `` COMO '' in the Spanish Navy and in some navies speaking the Spanish language , or `` CMDE '' as used in the Indian Navy or in some other Navies . |
Christopher_Dawson | Christopher Henry Dawson FBA ( 12 October 1889 , Hay Castle -- 25 May 1970 , Budleigh Salterton ) was a British independent scholar , who wrote many books on cultural history and Christendom . Dawson has been called `` the greatest English-speaking Catholic historian of the twentieth century '' . The 1988 -- 1989 academic year at the College of Europe was named in his honour . |
Chris_Chibnall | Chris Chibnall ( born 1970 ) is an English television writer . He is best known for his work on the science-fiction series Torchwood and the ITV detective serial Broadchurch . On 22 January 2016 it was announced that he would become the full-time show runner of Doctor Who in 2018 . |
Constantius_II | Constantius II ( Flavius Julius Constantius Augustus 7 August 317 -- 3 November 361 ) was Roman Emperor from 337 to 361 . The second son of Constantine I and Fausta , he ascended to the throne with his brothers Constantine II and Constans upon their father 's death . In 340 , Constantius ' brothers clashed over the western provinces of the empire . The resulting conflict left Constantine II dead and Constans as ruler of the west until he was overthrown and assassinated in 350 by the usurper Magnentius . Unwilling to accept Magnentius as co-ruler , Constantius defeated him at the battles of Mursa Major and Mons Seleucus . Magnentius committed suicide after the latter battle , leaving Constantius as sole ruler of the empire . His subsequent military campaigns against Germanic tribes were successful : he defeated the Alamanni in 354 and campaigned across the Danube against the Quadi and Sarmatians in 357 . In contrast , the war in the east against the Sassanids continued with mixed results . In 351 , due to the difficulty of managing the empire alone , Constantius elevated his cousin Constantius Gallus to the subordinate rank of Caesar , but had him executed three years later after receiving scathing reports of his violent and corrupt nature . Shortly thereafter , in 355 , Constantius promoted his last surviving cousin , Gallus ' younger half-brother , Julian , to the rank of Caesar . However , Julian claimed the rank of Augustus in 360 , leading to war between the two . Ultimately , no battle was fought as Constantius became ill and died late in 361 , though not before naming Julian as his successor . |
Civitas | In the history of Rome , the Latin term civitas ( plural civitates ) , according to Cicero in the time of the late Roman Republic , was the social body of the cives , or citizens , united by law ( concilium coetusque hominum jure sociati ) . It is the law that binds them together , giving them responsibilities ( munera ) on the one hand and rights of citizenship on the other . The agreement ( concilium ) has a life of its own , creating a res publica or `` public entity '' ( synonymous with civitas ) , into which individuals are born or accepted , and from which they die or are ejected . The civitas is not just the collective body of all the citizens , it is the contract binding them all together , because of which each is a civis . Civitas is an abstract formed from civis . Claude Nicolet traces the first word and concept for the citizen at Rome to the first known instance resulting from the synoecism of Romans and Sabines presented in the legends of the Roman Kingdom . According to Livy the two peoples participated in a ceremony of union after which they were named Quirites after the Sabine town of Cures . The two groups became the first curiae , subordinate assemblies , from co-viria ( `` fellow assemblymen , '' where vir is `` man , '' as only men participated in government ) . The Quirites were the co-viri . The two peoples had acquired one status . The Latin for the Sabine Quirites was cives , which in one analysis came from the Indo-European * kei - , `` lie down '' in the sense of incumbent , member of the same house . City , civic , civil all come from this root . Two peoples were now under the same roof , so to speak . Civitas was a popular and widely used word in ancient Rome , with reflexes in modern times . Over the centuries the usage broadened into a spectrum of meaning cited by the larger Latin dictionaries : it could mean in addition to the citizenship established by the constitution the legal city-state , or res publica , the populus of that res publica ( not people as people but people as citizens ) , any city state either proper or state-like , even ideal , or ( mainly under the empire ) the physical city , or urbs . Under that last meaning some places took on the name , civitas , or incorporated it into their name , with the later civita or civida as reflexes . |
Constance_Bennett | Constance Campbell Bennett ( October 22 , 1904 -- July 24 , 1965 ) was an American stage , film , radio and television actress . She was a major Hollywood star during the 1920s and 1930s and for a time during the early 1930s , she was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood , as well as one of the most popular . Bennett frequently played society women , focusing on melodramas in the early 1930s and then taking more comedic roles in the late 1930s and 1940s . She is best known today for her leading roles in Topper ( 1937 ) , in which she co-starred with Cary Grant ; its sequel Topper Takes a Trip ( 1938 ) ; and What Price Hollywood ? ( 1932 ) . Bennett also had a prominent supporting role in Greta Garbo 's last film , Two-Faced Woman ( 1941 ) . She was the daughter of stage and silent film star Richard Bennett , and the older sister of actress Joan Bennett . |
Cognitive_skill | Cognitive functioning is a term referring to an individual 's ability to process to ( thoughts ) that should not deplete on a large scale in healthy individuals . It is defined as `` the ability of an individual to perform the various mental activities most closely associated with learning and problem solving . Examples include verbal , spatial , psychomotor , and processing-speed ability . '' Cognition mainly refers to things like memory , the ability to learn new information , speech , understanding of written material . The brain is usually capable of learning new skills in the aforementioned areas , typically in early childhood , and of developing personal thoughts and beliefs about the world . Old age and disease may affect cognitive function , causing memory loss and trouble thinking of the right words while speaking or writing ( `` drawing a blank '' ) . Multiple sclerosis ( MS ) , for example , can eventually cause memory loss , an inability to grasp new concepts or information , and depleted verbal fluency . Not all with the condition will experience this side effect , and most will retain their general intellect and the ability . Humans generally have a capacity for cognitive function once born , so almost every person is capable of learning or remembering . However , this is tested using tests like the IQ test , although these have issues with accuracy and completeness . In these tests , the patient will be asked a series of questions or to perform tasks , with each measuring a cognitive skill , such as level of consciousness , memory , awareness , problem-solving , motor skills , analytical abilities , or other similar concepts . Early childhood is when most people are best able to absorb and use new information . In this period , children learn new words , concepts , and various methods to express themselves . |
Claudette_Colvin | Claudette Colvin ( born September 5 , 1939 ) was a pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement . On March 2 , 1955 , she was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus in segregated Montgomery , Alabama , nine months prior to Rosa Parks . Colvin was among the five plaintiffs originally included in the federal court case filed by civil rights attorney Fred Gray on February 1 , 1956 , as Browder v. Gayle , and she testified before the three-judge panel that heard the case in the United States District Court . On June 13 , 1956 , the judges determined that the state and local laws requiring bus segregation in Alabama were unconstitutional . The case went to the United States Supreme Court , which upheld their ruling on December 17 , 1956 . Colvin was the last witness to testify . Three days later , the Supreme Court issued an order to Montgomery and the state of Alabama to end bus segregation , and the Montgomery Bus Boycott was called off . For many years , Montgomery 's black leaders did not publicize Colvin 's pioneering effort because she was a teenager who was reportedly pregnant by a married man . However , she actually did not become pregnant until later . Words like `` feisty '' , `` mouthy '' , and `` emotional '' were used to describe her , while her older counterpart Rosa Parks was viewed as being calm , well-mannered , and studious . Because of the social norms of the time and her youth , the NAACP leaders worried about using her to symbolize their boycott . Claudette Colvin : `` Young people think Rosa Parks just sat down on a bus and ended segregation , but that was n't the case at all . '' |
Connie_B._Gay | Connie Barriot Gay ( August 22 , 1914 -- December 3 , 1989 ) was renowned as a `` founding father '' and `` major force '' in country music . He is credited for coining the country music genre , which had previously been called hillbilly music . Gay was the founding president of the Country Music Association ( CMA ) and co-founder of the Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum . The CMA established the Connie B. Gay Award to recognize outstanding service to the CMA by a member not serving on the Board of Directors . Gay was an entrepreneur who leveraged his musical insight into a profitable empire that extended his legacy into the modern era . He was responsible for discovering some of the talent that now resides in the Hall of Fame , and was himself inducted in 1980 , for significant contributions as a music executive . |
Citi_Private_Bank | Citi Private Bank , a subsidiary of multinational banking conglomerate Citigroup , markets private banking services for wealthier clients , including entrepreneurs and senior corporate executives . It has 60 offices in 23 countries . To qualify for a Citi Private Bank account , one must have a net worth of at least US$ 25 million . This requirement is waived for law firm clients and qualified high-net-worth individual clients . Citi Private Bank 's major competitors are JP Morgan Chase , Goldman Sachs , United States Trust Corporation , UBS , and HSBC Private Bank . Its private banking services are divided between high-net-worth clients and Law Firm groups , which focus on servicing the needs of high-net-worth individuals and law firms and their lawyers . Formerly part of Global Wealth Management , Citi Private Bank is now part of Citi 's Institutional Clients Group . Therefore , Citi Private Bank clients are treated as institutional investors rather than consumer banking clients . The Citi Private Bank 's Investment Solutions group provides investment advisory services to the bank 's clients . Its Capital Markets group provides clients services in fixed income , equities , and foreign exchange , among other areas . In November 2012 it was named Global Private Bank of the Year by Professional Wealth Management . As of October 2014 , Peter Charrington is the Global Chief Executive Officer of Citi Private Bank . |
Circe_in_popular_culture | The Greek mythology character Circe has appeared many times in the 20th and 21st century popular culture , either under her own name or as a sorceress with similar powers under others . Post-Classical amplifications and reinterpretations of that story and others involving her are dealt with in the article on Circe in the arts . The instances mentioned here are more recent allusions and adaptations . In John Myers Myers 's 1949 novel Silverlock , Circe turns the main character into a pig due to his proclivity for food and fornication . Although Julio Cortazar titled one of his short stories `` Circe '' ( 1951 ) , its main theme is about perverse sexual gratification in a repressed Catholic environment . Delia Mañara is notorious in her quarter of Buenos Aires for the mysterious deaths of two of her fiancés . She lives in a twilight world and gains most satisfaction through the exercise of power over others . It emerges that she killed the two men by poisoning them with the sweets she makes ; when this fails with her third fiancé , he is freed from her fatal attraction by the knowledge . In 1964 it was made into a film in Argentina with Graciela Borges as Delia . Circe appeared disguised as `` Mrs. Cissy Hawk '' ( `` hawk '' being the English version of `` Circe '' ) in the episode `` The Remarkable Mrs. Hawk '' on the show Thriller , hosted by Boris Karloff . The episode was based on the short story `` Mrs. Hawk '' by Margaret St. Clair , originally published in the July 1950 , Weird Tales . Circe is also mentioned in Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone as a famous witch and has a Chocolate Frog Card dedicated to her . Furthermore , Hogwarts Castle owns a painting of her . Circe is a metaphor in the song `` Little One '' in the musical High Society . Bing Crosby sings `` you 're my downfall , you 're my Circe '' . Track 8 from Danzig 's 2010 album Deth Red Sabaoth , `` Night Star Hel '' , features reference to Circe in the lyrics . In Rick Riordan 's novel The Sea of Monsters Circe runs an island health spa and turns Percy Jackson into a guinea pig ( she says that they are `` much more convenient '' than real pigs ) , and his friend Annabeth Chase uses magical multivitamins ( the equivalent of moly ) to restore Percy to his true form . It is revealed she turned Blackbeard and some of his crew into Guinea pigs , and once they turn back they wreck the place . In the novel The Crows of Bedu by Nye Joell Hardy ( 2010 ) , Circe creates a giant Tree House to ensnare her adorants . Circe appeared in Bookworm Adventures as a boss who later shows Lex the secret portal into the Underworld . Cirice is a song by the band `` Ghost '' from their album `` Meliora '' released in August 21st , 2015 . The song won a Grammy for best metal performance of the year in the following year , 2016 . In the short story and graphic novel The Laughter of Witches , Circe is presented as an all-powerful being ( though ` less than a god ' , as she describes herself ) who dwells on an island surrounded by a menagerie of animals ranging from wolves and dogs to toucans and raptors . When Odysseus , shown here as a coward whose success is owed to dumb luck , approaches her , she mentally attacks him with magic and sends him running back to his men . The soldiers laugh and mock Odysseus ' fear and drag him screaming back to Circe , who 's laid out a feast with beautiful women attending . The men become drunk and rowdy , and three of them attempt to rape Circe before she turns them all into wild pigs , and her maidens into vicious dogs . Odysseus is turned into a goat and tries to attack Circe , but she counters by transforming into a savage panther and chasing him back into the sea , where Scylla tosses him into a whirlpool ( presumably Charybdis ) to the underworld . In the 1983 film Hercules , Circe is played by Mirella D'Angelo and appears first as an old woman . Transformed by drinking the hero 's blood , she helps him when he is attacked by the robots that stand in for monsters in this ` updated ' version , but for selfish reasons of her own . Circe appeared in the cartoon Ulysses 31 where she attempted to build a tower that would house all the knowledge of the universe , thus making her more powerful than the gods . In DC Universe , Circe is a constant and deadly foe of Wonder Woman and is in league with the witchcraft goddess Hecate ; in Marvel Comics , the immortal Eternal superheroine Sersi , created by Jack Kirby , is based on Circe , transforming Odysseus 's men into pigs not out of malice , but because they were misbehaving at one of her parties . Circe appears in the fifth episode of the cartoon series Mission Odyssey . Odysseus lands on Circe 's island and his crew gets turned into pigs . After he finds her magic book containing information about Ithaka , Circe encounters him and sics the beasts on him . However , they turn on her and she unleashes a giant praying mantis on them . Odysseus then destroys the source of her magic , the book , and she vanishes . `` Circe poisoning the Sea '' is the name of a song from Alcest 's 2009 Alcest / Les Discrets split EP . Circe appears in the sixth and twelfth episodes of the BBC One 2013 drama series Atlantis . Circe is depicted in one episode of Hercules : The Animated Series ( voiced by Idina Menzel ) as a beautiful voluptuous woman with long black hair , wearing a red mermaid style chiton dress and holding a dragon-headed magic staff in her hand , searching for `` one good man '' and picks Hercules ' best friend Icarus . When she tires of his foolish behavior she turns him into a platypus , later , Hercules into a lemur and then Prince Adonis into a peacock . Circe is a playable character in the MOBA real time strategy game Heroes of Newerth Circe is a Client for IRC in Emacs , where the letters of the name at the same time serve as initials of the explanation . In the Greek mythological series God of War , Circe appears in the graphic novel titled Rise of the Warrior , which is a prequel story to the 2013 video game , God of War : Ascension . In an episode of the Disney cartoon series DuckTales , titled `` Home , Sweet Homer '' , Circe appears as an anthropomorphic pig with a pet black cat . She attempts to send Homer forward in time , but her cat interrupts the spell , and instead Scrooge McDuck , Huey , Dewey and Louie are brought back in time to ancient Greece . She eventually succeeds in turning Queen Ariel , Homer , and Scrooge into pigs , but is later foiled when Huey shatters her medallion ; this not only reverses all the spells she has cast -- causing everyone she has transformed to revert back to their normal selves -- but she herself is turned into an ordinary ( i.e. , non-anthropomorphic ) pig . In the highly popular yet open-ended animated show , Generator Rex , Circe is a recurring character , who is the romantic interest and one true girlfriend of the titular character , Rex Salazar . Like her lover , she is one of the few E.V.O.s who appear fully human , and has full control over vocal/sound-manipulating abilities . |
Claire_Robinson | Claire Robinson is a television host , author and cook . She graduated from the French Culinary Institute in 2005 and was a television host of the Food Network series 5 Ingredient Fix . On April 4 , 2010 , she debuted as the new host of Food Network Challenge replacing Keegan Gerhard who hosted the program from 2005 to 2010 . She is currently co-host with Richard Corrigan of Chef Race : UK vs. US '' on BBC America . |
Communication_physics | Communication physics is one of the applied branches of physics . It deals with various kinds of communication systems |
Concorde | Aérospatiale / BAC Concorde ( -LSB- ˈkɒnkɔrd -RSB- ) is a British-French turbojet-powered supersonic passenger jet airliner that was operated until 2003 . It had a maximum speed over twice the speed of sound at Mach 2.04 ( 1354 mph at cruise altitude ) , with seating for 92 to 128 passengers . First flown in 1969 , Concorde entered service in 1976 and continued flying for the next 27 years . It is one of only two supersonic transports to have been operated commercially ; the other is the Soviet-built Tupolev Tu-144 , which was operated for a much shorter period . Concorde was jointly developed and manufactured by Sud ( later Aérospatiale ) and the British Aircraft Corporation ( BAC ) under an Anglo-French treaty . Twenty aircraft were built , including six prototypes and development aircraft . Air France ( AF ) and British Airways ( BA ) were the only airlines to purchase and fly Concorde . The aircraft was primarily used by wealthy passengers who could afford to pay a high price in exchange for Concorde 's speed and luxury service . Among other destinations , Concorde flew regular transatlantic flights from London 's Heathrow Airport and Paris 's Charles de Gaulle Airport to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York , Washington Dulles International Airport and Grantley Adams International Airport in Barbados ; it flew these routes in less than half the time of other airliners . Concorde 's name , meaning `` harmony '' or `` union '' , was chosen to reflect the co-operation on the project between the United Kingdom and France . In the UK , any or all of the type are known simply as Concorde , with no definite article the . Concorde won the 2006 Great British Design Quest organised by the BBC and the Design Museum , beating other well-known designs such as the BMC Mini , the miniskirt , the Jaguar E-Type , the London Tube map and the Supermarine Spitfire . The type was retired in 2003 after the crash of Air France Flight 4590 , in which all passengers and crew were killed . The general downturn in the commercial aviation industry after the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the end of maintenance support for Concorde by Airbus ( the successor company of both Aérospatiale and BAC ) also contributed . |
College_basketball | The history of basketball is traced back to a YMCA International Training School , known today as Springfield College , located in Springfield , Massachusetts . The sport was created by a physical education teacher named James Naismith , who in the winter of 1891 was given the task of creating a game that would keep track athletes in shape and that would prevent them from getting hurt a lot . The date of the first formal basketball game played at the Springfield YMCA Training School under Naismith 's rules is generally given as December 21 , 1891 . Basketball began to spread to college campuses by 1893 . College basketball today is governed by collegiate athletic bodies including the United States ' National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) , the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics ( NAIA ) , the United States Collegiate Athletic Association ( USCAA ) , the National Junior College Athletic Association ( NJCAA ) , and the National Christian College Athletic Association ( NCCAA ) . Governing bodies in Canada include U Sports and the Canadian Collegiate Athletic Association ( CCAA ) . Each of these various organizations are subdivided into from one to three divisions based on the number and level of scholarships that may be provided to the athletes . |
Committee_2008 | The `` 2008 - A Free Choice '' Committee , launched on 29 January 2004 , was an umbrella organization of the Russian democratic opposition . It was formed in response to the failure of Yabloko and the Union of Right Forces to gain any seats in the 2003 elections to the State Duma , and to the growing authoritarianism of President Vladimir Putin who was re-elected in March 2004 with over 70 % of the votes cast . The Committee 's goal was to ensure free and fair presidential elections in 2008 . Putin was due to step down as President , after serving two terms , and the Committee intended to work against the election of the Kremlin 's chosen successor , whoever that might be . The chairman of the 2008 Committee was Garry Kasparov ; the original signatories of the 2004 declaration were Mikhail Berger , Vladimir Bukovsky , Alexander Golts , Igor Irtenyev , Vladimir V. Kara-Murza , Yevgeny Kiselyov , Julia Latynina , Dmitry Muratov , Boris Nemtsov , Sergei Parkhomenko , Alexander Ryklin , Victor Shenderovich , and Irina Yasina . Others who joined later were politicians Vladimir Ryzhkov and Irina Khakamada . The Committee was short-lived , holding its last meeting in summer 2005 . A number of its members subsequently helped to set up the United Civic Front and the much broader Other Russia coalition ( 2006-2010 ) which were actively engaged in protest activities in 2007 and 2008 . |
Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England | The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th-century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone , originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford , 1765 -- 1769 . The work is divided into four volumes , on the rights of persons , the rights of things , of private wrongs and of public wrongs . The Commentaries were long regarded as the leading work on the development of English law and played a role in the development of the American legal system . They were in fact the first methodical treatise on the common law suitable for a lay readership since at least the Middle Ages . The common law of England has relied on precedent more than statute and codifications and has been far less amenable than the civil law , developed from the Roman law , to the needs of a treatise . The Commentaries were influential largely because they were in fact readable , and because they met a need . The work is as much an apologia for the legal system of the time as it is an explanation ; even when the law was obscure , Blackstone sought to make it seem rational , just , and inevitable that things should be how they were . The Commentaries are often quoted as the definitive pre-Revolutionary source of common law by United States courts . Opinions of the Supreme Court of the United States quote from Blackstone 's work whenever they wish to engage in historical discussion that goes back that far , or farther ( for example , when discussing the intent of the Framers of the Constitution ) . The book was famously used as the key in Benedict Arnold 's book cipher , which he used to communicate secretly with his conspirator John André during their plot to betray the Continental Army during the American Revolution . |
Cleopatra_(1963_film) | Cleopatra is a 1963 American epic historical drama film chronicling the struggles of Cleopatra VII , the young Queen of Egypt , to resist the imperial ambitions of Rome . It was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and shot in the 70 mm Todd-AO format , with a screenplay adapted by Mankiewicz , Ranald MacDougall and Sidney Buchman from a book by Carlo Maria Franzero . The film stars Elizabeth Taylor , Richard Burton , Rex Harrison , Roddy McDowall , and Martin Landau . Cleopatra achieved notoriety during its production for its massive cost overruns and production troubles , which included changes in director and cast , a change of filming locale , sets that had to be constructed twice , lack of a firm shooting script , and personal scandal around co-stars Taylor and Burton . It was the most expensive film ever made up to that point and almost bankrupted 20th Century-Fox . It was the highest-grossing film of 1963 , earning box-office of $ 57.7 million in the United States ( equivalent to $ million in ) , yet made a loss due to its production and marketing costs of $ 44 million ( equivalent to $ million in ) , making it the only film ever to be the highest-grossing film of the year yet to run at a loss . Cleopatra later won four Academy Awards , and was nominated for five more , including Best Picture ( which it lost to Tom Jones ) . |
Confessions_of_a_Teenage_Drama_Queen | Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen is a 2004 American teen musical comedy film directed by Sara Sugarman and produced by Robert Shapiro and Matthew Hart for Walt Disney Pictures . It stars Lindsay Lohan as an aspiring teenaged actress whose family moves from New York City to New Jersey , Adam Garcia as her favorite rock musician , Glenne Headly as her mother , and Alison Pill as her best friend . The screenplay was written by Gail Parent and is based on the novel of the same name by Dyan Sheldon . It was released in late February 2004 to negative feedback from critics . Nonetheless , it was a modest commercial success , reaching number two in the United States box office behind Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore 's 50 First Dates . It was released July 20 , 2004 on VHS and DVD . |
Christoph_Waltz | Christoph Waltz ( -LSB- ˈkrɪstɔf ˈvalts -RSB- ; born 4 October 1956 ) is an Austrian-German actor . Widely known for his works with American filmmaker Quentin Tarantino , he received acclaim for portraying SS-Standartenführer Hans Landa in Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) and bounty hunter Dr. King Schultz in Django Unchained ( 2012 ) . For each of those performances , he won an Academy Award , a BAFTA Award , and a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor . He also received the Best Actor Award at the Cannes Film Festival and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his portrayal of Landa . Waltz portrayed computer genius Qohen Leth in the sci-fi film The Zero Theorem ( 2013 ) , American plagiarist Walter Keane in the biographical film Big Eyes ( 2014 ) , and 007 's nemesis and head of SPECTRE Ernst Stavro Blofeld in Spectre ( 2015 ) , the twenty-fourth James Bond film . |
Cinderella_(Disney_character) | Cinderella is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures ' 12th animated feature film Cinderella ( 1950 ) and its sequels Cinderella II : Dreams Come True ( 2002 ) and Cinderella III : A Twist in Time ( 2007 ) . In the original film , Cinderella is voiced by American singer and actress Ilene Woods . For the sequels and subsequent film and television appearances , Woods was replaced by American actresses Jennifer Hale and Tami Tappan , who provide the character 's speaking and singing voices respectively . In the wake of her father 's untimely demise , Cinderella is left in the unfortunate care of her cruel stepmother and jealous stepsisters , who constantly mistreat her , forcing Cinderella to work as a scullery maid in her own home . When Prince Charming holds a ball , the evil stepmother does not allow her to go . Cinderella , aided by her kind Fairy Godmother and equipped with a beautiful ballgown and a unique pair of glass slippers , attends , only to have to leave at midnight when the Fairy Godmother 's spell is broken . Reception towards Cinderella has been mixed , with some film critics describing the character as much too passive , one-dimensional , and less interesting than the film 's supporting characters . Other critics found her endearing , charming , and timeless . Woods ' vocal performance has also been praised . Panned or praised , Cinderella has nonetheless become one of the most famous and recognizable princesses in the history of film . With her iconic glass slippers , ballgown , hairstyle , and transformation , one of the first on-screen makeovers of its kind , the character has been established as a fashion icon , receiving accolades and recognition from InStyle , Entertainment Weekly , Glamour and Oprah.com , as well as footwear designer and fashion icon Christian Louboutin , who , in 2012 , designed and released a shoe based on Cinderella 's glass slippers . |
Conspiracy_Theory_(film) | Conspiracy Theory is a 1997 American political action thriller film directed by Richard Donner . The original screenplay by Brian Helgeland centers on an eccentric taxi driver ( Mel Gibson ) who believes many world events are triggered by government conspiracies , and the Justice Department attorney ( Julia Roberts ) who becomes involved in his life . The movie was a financial success , but critical reviews were mixed . |
Christopher_Cole_(Royal_Navy_officer) | Captain Sir Christopher Cole KCB ( 10 June 1770 -- 24 August 1836 ) was a prominent officer of the British Royal Navy who served in the American Revolutionary War , the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars . Although he saw distinguished service in all three conflicts , he is best known for his exploits in the Dutch East Indies in 1810 and 1811 , in which he was instrumental in the capture of the islands of Amboyna and Java . Cole 's early career involved extensive service in the Caribbean Sea , operating against the French during the last years of the American Revolutionary Wars and serving in several large battles . During the peace that followed , Cole remained in the Navy and forged a working relationship with Captain Edward Pellew that would last two decades . During his later career , Cole was commended for his service on operations in Surinam , and was praised in 1808 for his part in a successful diplomatic mission to Fath Ali Shah , the ruler of Persia , although the aftermath of the mission would lead to a breakdown in his relationship with Pellew , by this time the British commander in the Indian Ocean . In 1810 , Cole was sent to the Dutch East Indies during a campaign to seize them and launched an attack on the well-fortified island of Banda Neira . Despite a disastrous start to the operation , Cole personally led a tiny force of men into the main fortress on the island and captured it , prompting a total surrender . This was followed in 1811 with an invasion of Java , which Cole planned and successfully executed . Highly praised and well rewarded for his service , Cole entered politics at the end of the war and twice sat as a member of parliament before his death in 1836 . |
Conspiracy_Con | Conspiracy Con is an annual conspiracy convention that was begun in 2001 by Brian William Hall and takes place in Santa Clara , California , USA . It was held on the weekend preceding Memorial Day until 2007 and has since taken place on the following weekend . the event has not been held since 2013 , the 2014 convention being cancelled after its producer was unable to fund it . The primary goals of Conspiracy Con are to directly expose and analyze the `` real '' problems and the `` real '' problem-makers of yesterday , today and tomorrow , as well as to provide courses of action and potential solutions to the challenges that are placed upon humankind by these forces , which ( for the moment ) may seem invisible , perpetual and insurmountable . Topics have included : secret societies , the New World Order , chemtrails , MK Ultra , reptilians , suppressed technology ( like free energy suppression ) , and other paranormal phenomena . Hall states that the convention looks `` to the manipulation of humanity by non-human intelligences ... be they alien , inter-dimensional , demonic , satanic ... whatever consciousness it is , operating on ( and in ) this planet , that looks upon humankind as sheep and cattle to be herded and slaughtered at will . '' '' -LSB- The convention -RSB- is meant to be controversial ; it is a serious approach to serious issues that are rarely or never reported by the mainstream media . '' The Anti-Defamation League described the 2002 Con as `` a conference focusing on various anti-government anti-Semitic , and anti-Christian conspiracy theories . '' |
Conspiracy_effect | The conspiracy-effect describes the finding that mere exposure to popular conspiracy theories can have a negative impact on pro-social decision-making and acceptance of established scientific principles . The term `` conspiracy-effect '' was coined by Sander van der Linden , a social-psychologist at Cambridge University . The conspiracy-effect refers to the idea that conspiracy theories are `` sticky '' and that even brief exposure to conspiratorial thinking may be sufficient to decrease civic engagement and cooperation in real-life social dilemmas , such as charitable giving , childhood vaccinations , support for actions that help reduce global warming and intentions to vote . |
Clickbait | Clickbait is a pejorative term for web content that is aimed at generating online advertising revenue , especially at the expense of quality or accuracy , relying on sensationalist headlines or eye-catching thumbnail pictures to attract click-throughs and to encourage forwarding of the material over online social networks . Clickbait headlines typically aim to exploit the `` curiosity gap '' , providing just enough information to make readers curious , but not enough to satisfy their curiosity without clicking through to the linked content . From a historical perspective , the techniques employed by clickbait authors can be considered derivative of yellow journalism , which presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines that include exaggerations of news events , scandal-mongering , or sensationalism . |
Colette_Pechekhonova | Colette Pechekhonova is a Russian model . |
Comedy_hip_hop | Comedy hip hop or comedy rap is a subgenre of hip hop music that is comedic in nature , often incorporating satirical lyrics . While many examples of comedy hip hop could be considered a parody of the hip hop genre , in the case of artists who merely incorporate humor into their more serious , purist hip hop styles , such as Eminem and Ludacris , this is not necessarily the case . DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince could be the first artist credited with starting the comedy rap genre with songs such as `` Girls Ai n't Nothing But Trouble '' , `` Parents Just Do n't Understand '' , `` I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson '' and `` You Saw My Blinker '' . N.W.A. and Ice Cube 's early albums were not as comedic and lighthearted as The Fresh Prince but did incorporate humor . Before the darker themes that are characteristic of the Gangsta rap of the 1990s , comedy hip hop , with its lighter and more humorous style , came to prominence in the 1980s , carried by popular acts such as the Beastie Boys . Various influential comedy hip hop groups began in the late 1980s , such as DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince Kid 'n Play Das EFX and Fu-Schnickens , and throughout the late 1990s and 2000s , rappers including Eminem , Jon Lajoie , Afroman , and The Lonely Island gained popularity , as did `` rappers '' such as Hopsin . Rucka Rucka Ali is an artist who experiments with comedy hip hop while touching on social issues such as racism , as in his song , `` I Can Do Whatever I 'm White '' . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic has made entries to this music genre , along with Nerdcore . `` Thrift Shop '' by Macklemore & Ryan Lewis is also a well known song of comedy hip hop . While few rappers make comedy hip hop their focus such as Lil Dicky , the genre maintains a substantial loyal following . Out of the English-speaking world , the genre spreads in the 1990s , with such bands or artists as the German Fettes Brot , Swedish-Finnish Markoolio or the French Svinkels . |
Commodore-in-Chief | Commodore-in-chief is an honorary appointment bestowed by the monarch of the Commonwealth realms on various members of the Royal Family . Previously , there have been honorary air commodores-in-chief in the British Royal Air Force and Royal Canadian Air Force , but no parallel affiliations with the navies of either country . Commodore-in-Chief is an appointment rather than a rank . Holding an appointment of commodore-in-chief does not confer upon the holder the rank of commodore or indeed any other rank . Members of the Royal Family wear the uniform of their rank and are not issued with a different uniform for the appointment . |
Citizen_Kane | Citizen Kane is a 1941 American mystery drama film by Orson Welles , its producer , co-screenwriter , director and star . The picture was Welles 's first feature film . Nominated for Academy Awards in nine categories , it won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) by Herman J. Mankiewicz and Welles . Considered by many critics , filmmakers , and fans to be the greatest film of all time , Citizen Kane was voted as such in five consecutive British Film Institute Sight & Sound polls of critics , until it was displaced by Vertigo in the 2012 poll . It topped the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies list in 1998 , as well as its 2007 update . Citizen Kane is particularly praised for its cinematography , music , and narrative structure , which have been considered innovative and precedent-setting . The quasi-biographical film examines the life and legacy of Charles Foster Kane , played by Welles , a character based in part upon the American newspaper magnate William Randolph Hearst , Chicago tycoons Samuel Insull and Harold McCormick , and aspects of Welles 's own life . Upon its release , Hearst prohibited mention of the film in any of his newspapers . Kane 's career in the publishing world is born of idealistic social service , but gradually evolves into a ruthless pursuit of power . Narrated principally through flashbacks , the story is told through the research of a newsreel reporter seeking to solve the mystery of the newspaper magnate 's dying word : `` Rosebud . '' After the Broadway successes of Welles 's Mercury Theatre and the controversial 1938 radio broadcast `` The War of the Worlds '' on The Mercury Theatre on the Air , Welles was courted by Hollywood . He signed a contract with RKO Pictures in 1939 . Unusually for an untried director , he was given the freedom to develop his own story , to use his own cast and crew , and to have final cut privilege . Following two abortive attempts to get a project off the ground , he wrote the screenplay for Citizen Kane , collaborating on the effort with Herman Mankiewicz . Principal photography took place in 1940 and the film received its American release in 1941 . While a critical success , Citizen Kane failed to recoup its costs at the box office . The film faded from view after its release but was subsequently returned to the public 's attention when it was praised by such French critics as André Bazin and given an American revival in 1956 . The film was released on Blu-ray on September 13 , 2011 , for a special 70th anniversary edition . |
Commodus | Commodus ( 31 August 161 -- 31 December 192 ) , born Lucius Aurelius Commodus and died Lucius Aelius Aurelius Commodus , was Roman Emperor from 180 to 192 . He also ruled as co-emperor with his father Marcus Aurelius from 177 until his father 's death in 180 . His accession as emperor was the first time a son had succeeded his biological father since Titus succeeded Vespasian in 79 . He was also the first emperor to have both a father and grandfather ( who had adopted his father ) as the two preceding emperors . Commodus was the first ( and until 337 , the only ) emperor `` born in the purple '' , i.e. , during his father 's reign . Commodus was assassinated in 192 , succeeded by Pertinax whose reign did not last long during the tumultuous Year of the Five Emperors . |
Château_de_Malle | Château de Malle is a sweet white wine ranked as Second Cru Classé ( French , `` Second Growth '' ) in the original Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 . Belonging to the Sauternes appellation in Gironde , in the region of Graves , the winery is located in the commune of Sauternes . The gardens of the chateau are classified among the Notable Gardens of France by the Committee of Parks and Gardens of the French Ministry of Culture . |
Comoros | The Comoros ( -LSB- ˈkɒməroʊz -RSB- جزر القمر , ) , officially the Union of the Comoros ( Comorian : Udzima wa Komori , Union des Comores , الاتحاد القمري ) , is a sovereign archipelago island nation in the Indian Ocean located at the northern end of the Mozambique Channel off the eastern coast of Africa between northeastern Mozambique and northwestern Madagascar . Other countries near the Comoros are Tanzania to the northwest and the Seychelles to the northeast . Its capital is Moroni , on Grande Comore . The Union of the Comoros has three official languages -- Comorian , Arabic and French . The religion of the majority of the population is Islam . At 1660 km2 , excluding the contested island of Mayotte , the Comoros is the third-smallest African nation by area . The population , excluding Mayotte , is estimated at 798,000 . As a nation formed at a crossroads of different civilisations , the archipelago is noted for its diverse culture and history . The archipelago was first inhabited by Bantu speakers who came from East Africa , supplemented by Arab and Austronesian immigration . The country consists of three major islands and numerous smaller islands , all in the volcanic Comoros archipelago . The major islands are commonly known by their French names : northwestern-most Grande Comore ( Ngazidja ) ; Mohéli ( Mwali ) ; and Anjouan ( Nzwani ) . In addition , the country has a claim on a fourth major island , southeastern-most Mayotte ( Maore ) , though Mayotte voted against independence from France in 1974 , has never been administered by an independent Comoros government , and continues to be administered by France ( currently as an overseas department ) . France has vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions that would affirm Comorian sovereignty over the island . In addition , Mayotte became an overseas department and a region of France in 2011 following a referendum passed overwhelmingly . It became part of the French colonial empire in the 19th century before becoming independent in 1975 . Since declaring independence , the country has experienced more than 20 coups d'état or attempted coups , with various heads of state assassinated . Along with this constant political instability , the population of the Comoros lives with the worst income inequality of any nation , with a Gini coefficient over 60 % , while also ranking in the worst quartile on the Human Development Index . about half the population lived below the international poverty line of US$ 1.25 a day . The Comoros is a member state of the African Union , Francophonie , Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , Arab League ( of which it is the southernmost state , being the only member state of the Arab League with a tropical climate and also entirely within the Southern Hemisphere ) and the Indian Ocean Commission . |
Connie_Ray | Constance `` Connie '' Ray ( born July 10 , 1956 ) is an American film and television actress and playwright . Among her highest profile appearances are Thank You for Smoking ( 2006 ) and Stuart Little ( 1999 ) , and the television drama ER ( 1997 ) . She also appeared in Ice Princess ( 2005 ) and on George Lopez ( 2002 ) . Ray wrote the bluegrass gospel musical Smoke On The Mountain , which opened Off Broadway in 1990 , `` Sander 's Family Christmas '' and `` Smoke on the Mountain Homecoming '' ; three of the most produced musicals in the US for the last twenty years . Connie Ray studied acting at East Carolina University . She earned an MFA from Ohio University in the early 1980s . |
Cold_war_(general_term) | A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions , propaganda , acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates . The surrogates are typically states that are `` satellites '' of the conflicting nations , i.e. , nations allied to them or under their political influence . Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid , such as weapons , tactical support or military advisors , to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country . |
Classical_Anatolia | Anatolia , also known by the Latin name of Asia Minor , is considered to be the westernmost extent of Asia . Geographically it encompasses the central uplands of modern Turkey , from the coastal plain of the Aegean Sea east to the mountains on the Armenian border and from the narrow coast of the Black Sea south to the Taurus mountains and Mediterranean coast . The earliest representations of culture in Anatolia were Stone Age artifacts . The remnants of Bronze Age civilizations such as the Hattian , Akkadian , Assyrian , and Hittite peoples provide us with many examples of the daily lives of its citizens and their trade . After the fall of the Hittites , the new states of Phrygia and Lydia stood strong on the western coast as Greek civilization began to flourish . Only the threat from the emerging Persian kingdom prevented them from advancing past their peak of success . For the next 200 years , all of Anatolia came under Achaemenid Persian rule . Their system of local government divided in satrapies in Anatolia allowed many port cities to grow and to become wealthy . Their governors revolted periodically but did not pose a serious threat . In the aftermath of the Greco-Persian Wars , all of Anatolia still remained under Persian control . The Greek Alexander the Great finally wrested control of the whole region from Persia in successive battles , proving victorious over the Persian Darius III . After Alexander 's death , his conquests were split amongst several of his trusted generals , but were under constant threat of invasion from both the Gauls and other powerful rulers in Pergamon , Pontus , and Egypt . The Seleucid Empire , the largest of Alexander 's territories , and which included Anatolia , became involved in a disastrous war with Rome culminating in the battles of Thermopylae and Magnesia . The resulting Treaty of Apamea in ( 188 BC ) saw the Seleucids retreat from Anatolia . The Kingdom of Pergamum and the Republic of Rhodes , Rome 's allies in the war , were granted the former Seleucid lands in Anatolia . Anatolia subsequently became contested between the neighboring rivalling Romans and the Parthian Empire , which frequently culminated in the Roman-Parthian Wars Roman control of Anatolia was strengthened by a ` hands off ' approach by Rome , allowing local control to govern effectively and providing military protection . In the early 4th century , Constantine the Great established a new administrative centre at Constantinople , and by the end of the 4th century a new eastern empire was established with Constantinople as its capital , referred to by historians as the Byzantine Empire from the original name , Byzantium . In the subsequent centuries up to including the advent of the Early Middle Ages , the Parthians were succeeded by the Sassanid Persians , who would continue the centuries long rivalry between Rome and Persia , which again culminated in frequent wars over the soil of what is now Anatolia . |
Commercial_paper | Commercial paper , in the global financial market , is an unsecured promissory note with a fixed maturity of not more than 270 days . Commercial paper is a money-market security issued ( sold ) by large corporations to obtain funds to meet short-term debt obligations ( for example , payroll ) , and is backed only by an issuing bank or company promise to pay the face amount on the maturity date specified on the note . Since it is not backed by collateral , only firms with excellent credit ratings from a recognized credit rating agency will be able to sell their commercial paper at a reasonable price . Commercial paper is usually sold at a discount from face value , and generally carries lower interest repayment rates than bonds due to the shorter maturities of commercial paper . Typically , the longer the maturity on a note , the higher the interest rate the issuing institution pays . Interest rates fluctuate with market conditions , but are typically lower than banks ' rates . Commercial paper -- though a short-term obligation -- is issued as part of a continuous rolling program , which is either a number of years long ( as in Europe ) , or open-ended ( as in the U.S. ) . |
Citizens_Bank_Financial_Center | Citizens Bank Financial Center is an architectural landmark in downtown Wilkes-Barre , Pennsylvania . It was designed by the architect D.H. Burnham and completed in 1913 . It is one of Wilkes-Barre 's most famous buildings and also one of its first skyscrapers . The building is 13 stories high ( the top story was added in 1926 ) and rises to a height of 170 ft. It was built as the headquarters for the Miner 's National Bank but over the years has had a number of owners , including the United Penn Bank and Mellon Bank . The building features a recess , giving it an `` H '' shape . Atop the second floor , a sculpture of a nesting eagle and a flag pole can be seen from the Franklin Street side of the building . A frieze at the top of the building is decorated with lion heads and a number of interesting embellishments can be seen climbing the facade . In 1912 , an illuminated sign was placed atop the building by the Miner 's National Bank . The building 's subsequent owners have allowed the sign to remain , and to this day the green `` Citizens Bank '' sign sits at more than 200 ft above street level . In 2013 , Citizens Bank moved from the building after more than a decade , and while the building now houses offices and apartments , the Citizens Bank sign remains , considered a landmark by Wilkes-Barre 's residents . |
Cognitive_test | Cognitive tests are assessments of the cognitive capabilities of humans and other animals . Tests administered to humans include various forms of IQ tests ; those administered to animals include the mirror test ( a test of visual self-awareness ) and the T maze test ( which tests learning ability ) . Such study is important to research concerning the philosophy of mind and psychology , as well as determination of human and animal intelligence . Modern cognitive tests originated through the work of James McKeen Cattell who coined the term `` mental tests '' . They followed Francis Galton 's development of physical and physiological tests . For example , Galton measured strength of grip and height and weight . He established an `` Anthropometric Laboratory '' in the 1880s where patrons paid to have physical and physiological attributes measured . Galton 's measurements had an enormous influence on psychology . Cattell continued the measurement approach with simple measurements of perception . Cattell 's tests were eventually abandoned in favor of the battery test approach developed by Alfred Binet . |
Cognition | Cognition is `` the mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought , experience , and the senses . '' It encompasses processes such as knowledge , attention , memory and working memory , judgment and evaluation , reasoning and `` computation '' , problem solving and decision making , comprehension and production of language , etc. . Human cognition is conscious and unconscious , concrete or abstract , as well as intuitive ( like knowledge of a language ) and conceptual ( like a model of a language ) . Cognitive processes use existing knowledge and generate new knowledge . The processes are analyzed from different perspectives within different contexts , notably in the fields of linguistics , anesthesia , neuroscience , psychiatry , psychology , education , philosophy , anthropology , biology , systemics , logic , and computer science . These and other different approaches to the analysis of cognition are synthesised in the developing field of cognitive science , a progressively autonomous academic discipline . Within psychology and philosophy , the concept of cognition is closely related to abstract concepts such as mind and intelligence . It encompasses the mental functions , mental processes ( thoughts ) , and states of intelligent entities ( humans , collaborative groups , human organizations , highly autonomous machines , and artificial intelligences ) . Thus , the term 's usage varies across disciplines ; for example , in psychology and cognitive science , `` cognition '' usually refers to an information processing view of an individual 's psychological functions . It is also used in a branch of social psychology called social cognition to explain attitudes , attribution , and group dynamics . In cognitive psychology and cognitive engineering , cognition is typically assumed to be information processing in a participant 's or operator 's mind or brain . Cognition can in some specific and abstract sense also be artificial . The term `` cognition '' is often incorrectly used to mean `` cognitive abilities '' or `` cognitive skills . '' |
Cle_Shaheed_Sloan | Cle Shaheed Sloan ( born May 22 , 1969 ) is an American activist , actor and documentary director from Los Angeles , California , USA . While still a member of Athens Park Bloods , a Los Angeles street gang , Sloan worked to reform gang culture to put an end to gang violence from the inside . Sloan was introduced to the film industry by football legend Jim Brown , who helped him secure a job as an assistant when he was released from prison . The job allowed Sloan to meet director Antoine Fuqua and sparked his interest in becoming a cinematographer . Sloan has since appeared in small roles in three of Fuqua 's hit movies Training Day , Tears of the Sun , and Brooklyn 's Finest . During the production of Training Day , Sloan worked as a gang adviser and helped persuade actual gang members to lend their credibility to the project on-screen . Sloan directed and appears in the 2006 documentary film Bastards of the Party which appeared at the 2005 Tribeca Film Festival and at the 2006 Hollywood Black Film Festival . Bastards of the Party aired on HBO on February 6 , 2007 . Sloan was featured on Bill O'Reilly 's The O'Reilly Factor and Anderson Cooper 360 ° speaking out against gang violence on behalf of his non profit organization AKTIVE which is helping to `` Change the gangs from the inside '' by working with active gang members in communities nationwide . Sloan starred in two of David Ayer 's directorial efforts , the 2008 film Street Kings featuring Forest Whitaker and Keanu Reeves , and End of Watch , a 2012 film about the life of two LAPD officers ( Jake Gyllenhaal and Michael Peña ) in South Central Los Angeles . He later appeared on the TNT Drama Southland as Ronnie , a Los Angeles pimp . On January 29 , 2015 , Sloan and Terry Carter were struck by a truck in a hit-and-run accident in Compton , California . The accident , allegedly caused by Suge Knight , killed Carter and injured Sloan . |
Colossus_of_Barletta | The Colossus of Barletta is a large bronze statue of an Eastern Roman Emperor , nearly three times life size ( 5.11 meters , or about 16 feet 7 inches ) and currently located in Barletta , Italy . The statue reportedly washed up on a shore , after a Venetian ship sank returning from the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade in 1204 , but it is not impossible that the statue was sent to the West much earlier . The identity of the Emperor is uncertain . According to tradition , it depicts Heraclius ( reign 610 -- 641 AD ) ; though this is most unlikely on historical and art-historical grounds . More likely subjects are Theodosius II ( reign 408 -- 450 AD ) , who may have had it erected in Ravenna in 439 , Honorius ( reign 393 -- 423 AD ) , Valentinian I ( r. 364 -- 375 ) , Marcian ( r. 450 -- 457 ) , Justinian I ( r. 527 -- 565 ) and especially Leo I the Thracian ( r. 457 -- 474 ) . It is known that a colossal statue was discovered in 1231 -- 1232 during excavations commissioned by Emperor Frederick II in Ravenna , and is not improbable that he had it transported to his southern Italian lands . The first certain news about the statue date however from 1309 , when parts of its legs and arms were used by local Dominicans to cast bells . The missing parts were remade in the 15th century . The statue evidently depicts a bearded emperor , identifiable from his imperial diadem and his commanding gesture that invokes the act of delivering a speech , with his right arm raised , holding a cross . The Emperor wears a cuirass over his short tunic . His cloak is draped over his left arm in a portrait convention that goes back to Augustus . In his outstretched left hand he now holds an orb . His diademed head wears a Gothic jewel , similar to the one worn by Aelia Eudoxia , mother of Theodosius II . |
Conrad_Goode | Conrad Lawrence Goode ( born January 9 , 1962 ) is an American actor , screenwriter , film producer , musician , artist and former professional American football player . He was born in Columbia , Missouri and attended Parkway Central High School . He is the stepson Irv Goode and the son of former Mizzou All-American Conrad Hitchler . He played college football at the University of Missouri and was named a first-team All-American in 1983 by the United Press . He was drafted in the 1984 NFL Draft by the New York Giants . He played two seasons with the Giants and one with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , appearing in 35 games and starting in four of them . After receiving his SAG ( Scree Actors Guild ) card , his acting debut was with Joe Piscopo in a Miller Lite commercial . In 1990 , he moved into episodic television as a bouncer in The Adventures of Superboy . In 1990 , he made the move to Los Angeles . Over the next two decades he appeared in commercials , motion pictures and television . He is a published poet and is also a composer . He produced his first feature film , Watercolor Postcards . Goode has appeared in more than twenty films , including Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 , Do n't Say A Word , Con Air , Anger Management , Me , Myself and Irene and The Longest Yard . He has appeared in 40 national commercials and a dozen television shows . He most recently wrote , produced and starred along with Laura Bell Bundy and Bailee Madison in the film Watercolor Postcards in 2014 . |
Christian_Brückner | Christian Brückner ( born 27 October 1943 ) is one of the most prolific and well-known German voice actors today , as well as a frequent actor . Christian Brückner provides the German voice-dubbing for such actors as Gary Oldman , Robert De Niro , Robert Redford , Martin Sheen , Harvey Keitel , Burt Reynolds , Dennis Hopper , Gérard Depardieu , Donald Sutherland , and Jon Voight . In 2009 , he appeared with a small German-speaking part in the film , Inglourious Basterds by Quentin Tarantino . He has also collaborated with the German trance/techno-band E Nomine on a number of their albums . |
D._W._Griffith | David Wark Griffith ( January 22 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1948 ) was an American director , writer , and producer who pioneered modern filmmaking techniques . Griffith is best remembered for The Birth of a Nation ( 1915 ) and Intolerance ( 1916 ) . The Birth of a Nation made use of advanced camera and narrative techniques , and its popularity set the stage for the dominance of the feature-length film in the United States . Since its release , the film has sparked significant controversy surrounding race in the United States , focusing on its negative depiction of African Americans and its glorification of the Ku Klux Klan . Today , it is both noted for its radical technique and condemned for its inherently racist philosophy . The film was subject to boycotts by the NAACP and , after screenings of the film had caused riots at several theaters , the film was censored in many cities , including New York City . Intolerance , his next film , was , in part , an answer to his critics . Several of Griffith 's later films , including Broken Blossoms ( 1919 ) , Way Down East ( 1920 ) , and Orphans of the Storm ( 1921 ) , were also successful , but his high production , promotional , and roadshow costs often made his ventures commercial failures . By the time of his final feature , The Struggle ( 1931 ) , he had made roughly 500 films . Griffith is one of the founders of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and widely considered among the most important figures in the history of cinema . He is credited with popularizing the use of the close-up shot . |
Cruiserweight_(professional_wrestling) | In professional wrestling , a cruiserweight is a wrestler weighing 220 lb ( 100 kg ) and less , sometimes 215 . In some cases like the WWE wrestlers must be 205 lb ( 93kg ) or less to compete as a cruiserweight . The older term junior heavyweight , which was used to describe the division , is more favored in Japan , where many titles for lighter-weight competitors are called junior heavyweight titles . Prominent titles include New Japan Pro Wrestling 's IWGP , Pro Wrestling Noah 's GHC , and All Japan Pro Wrestling 's World championships . The weight limit utilized by World Championship Wrestling ( WCW ) and Japanese promotions is `` up to 220 lbs '' ( 100 kg ) . Due to the scripted nature of professional wrestling and that the billed weight of wrestlers can be changed , weight classes usually are not strictly enforced as they are in professional boxing and mixed martial arts . New Japan and Noah also have junior heavyweight tag team titles , for teams composed of junior heavyweights . WCW tested such a format with their own title shortly before the company was purchased by the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF , later WWE ) . Cruiserweight divisions and championships have risen to much greater prominence in wrestling promotions in Japan and Mexico than the United States . Due to the scripted nature of professional wrestling , many American promoters and fans feel that limiting smaller wrestlers by placing them in weight classes relates a message that the smaller wrestlers are inferior to larger ones . While there have been various wrestling companies over the years that have promoted cruiserweight/junior heavyweight titles and divisions in the U.S. , they have had comparatively little prominence . For instance , the National Wrestling Alliance is a governing body of professional wrestling and has actively recognized its own junior heavyweight championship since 1945 , but few champions have become major professional wrestling stars in the U.S. over the decades while many heavyweight champions have become celebrated icons of the industry . |
Coriolanus_(Brecht) | Coriolanus is an unfinished German adaptation by the modernist playwright Bertolt Brecht of the English 17th-century tragedy by William Shakespeare . Brecht wrote it sometime between 1951 and 1953 . This adaptation reveals the influence of Mao Tse-tung on Brecht 's social thought especially the idea of primary and secondary contradictions which Mao discussed in his treatise On Contradiction . Brecht alluded to this text and discusses his development on the original and his ideas for its staging in an essay entitled `` Study of the First Scene of Shakespeare 's Coriolanus '' , which is written in the form of a dialogue with his collaborators at the Berliner Ensemble theatre company . The play was first staged by Heinrich Koch at the Frankfurt Schauspielhaus theatre , where it opened on 22 September 1962 . It was later staged by the Berliner Ensemble in September 1964 . Ruth Berghaus became famous for her staging of the slaughter scenes in this production . The play was published in an English translation by Ralph Manheim in volume nine of Brecht 's Collected Plays . |
Dakota_Fanning | Hannah Dakota Fanning ( born February 23 , 1994 ) is an American actress and model . She rose to prominence at age seven for her performance as Lucy Dawson in the drama film I Am Sam ( 2001 ) , for which she was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award at age eight , making her the youngest nominee in history . Thereafter , Fanning received additional recognition for appearances in the films Uptown Girls ( 2003 ) , The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) , Man on Fire ( 2004 ) , War of the Worlds ( 2005 ) , Dreamer ( 2005 ) , and Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) . Fanning then began to transition to more adult roles with Hounddog ( 2007 ) and The Secret Life of Bees ( 2008 ) . Her recent film roles have included the eponymous character in Coraline ( 2009 ) , Cherie Currie in The Runaways ( 2010 ) , Annie James in The Motel Life ( 2013 ) , and Jane in The Twilight Saga ( 2009 -- 12 ) . Although the focus of Fanning 's career is acting , she also has fashion-related jobs . Her debut in modeling came in 2009 when she made the cover of various magazines like Elle , Vanity Fair , and Cosmopolitan , among others . She also appeared in the fashion week in New York in 2014 and at the opening ceremony of Fashion Week New York S/S 2015 . |
Cooking_for_Dads | Cooking for Dads is a YouTube show created by Rob Barrett , Jr. . It was started with the idea of creating video recipes for visual learners who might be challenged by written recipes . The video recipes also include a trip to the grocery store to show which ingredients to buy . Having graduated from the Eastman School of Music in Rochester , NY , Barrett often draws on his musical talent to provide entertainment in his videos . He composed the show 's opening theme . He also composes a year end song highlighting the year 's activities . Barrett describes the show as `` talk radio meets TV '' and `` a communal experience '' . He has no culinary training . Cooking for Dads was the first YouTube show to have corporate sponsorship . ( see first sponsored episode . ) Barrett claims that this provides a quarter of his income . He is often called on to provide cooking segments on The Today Show , Twin Cities Live , `` Fox 9 '' and other local television programs and competes in the cook-off contests these programs offer . Cooking for Dads has received national and international attention . It has been featured in the Today Show , The New York Times , USA Today , The Guardian , and a Barbara Walters television special . Better Homes and Gardens awarded Barrett with the title of `` America 's Next Cooking Celebrity '' in 2009 . The show 's videos have been embedded on thousands of sites worldwide and have , cumulatively , millions of views . |
Daawat-e-Ishq | Daawat-e-Ishq ( English : Feast of Love ) is a 2014 Indian romantic comedy film directed by Habib Faisal and produced by Aditya Chopra under the banner of Yash Raj Films . It features actors Parineeti Chopra and Aditya Roy Kapur in the lead roles . The music was composed by Sajid-Wajid . The film was released on 19 September 2014 , to mostly positive reviews . The Hindu said Daawat-e-Ishq was a `` potent recipe '' , and Times of India gave a 4.0 rating . The film collected at the box office in its first week run . |
Crescent_City,_California | Crescent City ( Chetco-Tolowa : Taa - ' at-dvn , Yurok : Kohpey , Wiyot : Daluwagh ) is the county seat and only incorporated city in Del Norte County , California . Named for the crescent-shaped stretch of sandy beach south of the city , Crescent City had a total population of 7,643 in the 2010 census , up from 4,006 in the 2000 census . The population includes inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison , also within the city limits , and the former census-designated place Crescent City North annexed to the city . The city is also the site of the Redwood National Park headquarters , as well as the historic Battery Point Light . Due to the richness of the local Pacific Ocean waters and the related catch , and ease of access , Crescent City Harbor serves as home port for numerous commercial fishing vessels . The city is located on the Pacific coast in the upper northwestern part of California , about 20 mi south of the Oregon border . Crescent City 's offshore geography makes it unusually susceptible to tsunamis . Much of the city was destroyed by four tsunami waves generated by the Good Friday earthquake off Anchorage , Alaska in 1964 . More recently , the city 's harbor suffered extensive damage and destruction due to tsunamis generated by the March 11 , 2011 earthquake off Sendai , Japan . Several dozen vessels and many of the docks they were moored to were destroyed as wave cycles related to the tsunamis exceeded 8 ft. Its climate is also very moderate , with very cool summers for its latitude as a result of intense maritime moderation . Nearby inland areas behind the mountains have significantly warmer summers . |
Daal_Mein_Kala | Daal Mein Kala is an Indian television comedy series , aired on Star Plus in 1998 . |
Cäcilia_Weber | Cäcilia Cordula Stamm ( 23 October 1727 -- 22 August 1793 ) was the mother of Constanze Weber and the mother-in-law of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart . She was born in Mannheim , the daughter of Johann Otto Stamm , a government secretary and Sophia Elisabeth Wimmer . She married Franz Fridolin Weber ( 1733 -- 1779 ) on 14 September 1756 , and had four daughters : Josepha , Aloysia , Constanze , and Sophie . Constanze was the only one who did not become a professional singer , but , according to Mozart , she possessed a fine voice and musical ear . The children were born in Zell im Wiesental , but the family moved to Mannheim soon after Sophie was born . Cäcilia first met Mozart in 1777 , when he came to Mannheim in search of a job . He fell in love with her daughter Aloysia during this stay , and departed for Paris after finding no permanent position in Mannheim . The family later moved to Munich , where both Aloysia and Fridolin had found jobs in the opera . It was here that Mozart encountered them again ( and was rejected by Aloysia ) , during his journey homeward to Salzburg . The Weber family moved to Vienna in September 1779 , still following Aloysia as she pursued her career at the German Opera there . Fridolin died in the following month , and Cäcilia scrambled to keep her family afloat . Aloysia 's suitor Joseph Lange agreed to help support the family with an annual stipend of 700 florins when he married Aloysia , 31 October 1779 . Cäcilia also made some income by taking in boarders . It was in this way that Mozart re-entered the Webers ' lives . In 1781 he settled in Vienna , hoping to pursue his career there , and on 1 or 2 May 1781 he became a boarder in their home ( in a building called Zum Auge Gottes , `` God 's Eye '' ) . Cäcilia asked Mozart to move out when she realized that he had fallen in love with Constanze , for the sake of propriety . Wolfgang and Constanze finally married on 4 August 1782 . Mozart 's relationship with his mother-in-law had a somewhat rocky start , as she did not get along well with Constanze . However , starting with the birth of Constanze 's first child in 1783 , Mozart came to grow quite fond of Cäcilia . Constanze 's sister Sophie remembered in an 1825 letter : Well , Mozart became fonder and fonder of our dear departed mother and she of him . Indeed he often came running along in great haste to the Wieden ( where she and I were lodging at the Golden Plough ) , carrying under his arm a little bag containing coffee and sugar , which he would hand to our good mother , saying ` Here , mother dear , now you can have a little Jause -LSB- afternoon coffee -RSB- . ' She used to be delighted as a child . He did this very often . Cäcilia died in Wieden near Vienna , Austria . |
Cuisine_of_New_Jersey | The cuisine of New Jersey is derived from the long history of immigrants to the state and its close proximity to New York City and Philadelphia . The state of New Jersey is known for its commercial food and industrial production , with the founding of Campbell 's Soup in 1869 . Campbell 's Soup is currently headquartered in Camden , New Jersey . Goya Foods , the largest Hispanic-owned food company in the United States , operates a state-of-the-art and sustainable corporate headquarters in Jersey City , New Jersey . Restaurants make use of locally grown ingredients such as asparagus , blueberries , cranberries , tomatoes , corn , and peaches . The state is the nation 's third largest producer of bell peppers , cranberries , and spinach . With a passionate fast food culture , Italian subs ( called hoagies in southern New Jersey ) , are iconic . New Jersey is home to approximately 525 diners , where disco fries are a long-standing tradition . M&M candy has been produced in Hackettstown since 1958 and the Mars company has been headquartered in New Jersey for over 75 years . Food writer , influencer , and chef Anthony Bourdain was raised in Leonia , New Jersey . He often profiles New Jersey restaurants on his multiple television shows . Carlo 's Bakery in Hoboken , New Jersey is the setting for TLC 's reality television series , Cake Boss . |
Daniel_Booko | Daniel Paul Booko ( born October 17 , 1983 ) is an American actor and model . He has had roles in The O.C , Hannah Montana , and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , and in the film Bratz : The Movie . His father is Pastor Paul Booko of Riverside Church in Three Rivers , Michigan . His mother starred in many commercials in Chicago throughout the 1970s and 1980s . Booko played football and was involved with the music department at North Park University . |