---
license: bigscience-openrail-m
datasets:
- mc4
language:
- sv
library_name: transformers
inference:
  parameters:
    top_p: 0.9
    repetition_penalty: 1.1
    max_new_tokens: 75
    do_sample: true
widget:
- text: ":nyheter:"
  example_title: "News text"
- text: ":wiki:"
  example_title: "Wikipedia text"
- text: ":blogg:"
  example_title: "Blog post"  
---

# SweCTRL-Mini

<!-- Provide a quick summary of what the model is/does. -->

SweCTRL-Mini is a large Swedish language model that can be used for inference and fine-tuning on a single consumer-grade GPU. The model is based on the CTRL architecture by Keskar, McCann, Varshney, Xiong, and Socher
(2019), which means that users of the SweCTRL-Mini model can control the genre of the generated text by inserting special tokens in the generation prompts. Crucially, note that this model is:

- **NOT** trained on following GPT-like instructions
- **NOT** trained for conversations, like ChatGPT
- **NOT** trained on any multi-modal data during training. Only one modality -- text, more than 99% of it in Swedish.

## Model Details

### Model Description

<!-- Provide a longer summary of what this model is. -->

- **Developed by:** Dmytro Kalpakchi (with supervision from Johan Boye)
- **Shared by:** Dmytro Kalpakchi
- **Model type:** Transformer-based language model trained by predicting the next token
- **Language(s) (NLP):** Swedish
- **License:** BigScience Open RAIL-M
- **Finetuned from model:** None, trained from scratch

### Model Sources

<!-- Provide the basic links for the model. -->

- **Website:** https://swectrl.dev/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/dkalpakchi/SweCTRL-Mini
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/pdf/2304.13994.pdf
- **Technical note:** https://zenodo.org/record/7868205

## Uses

<!-- Address questions around how the model is intended to be used, including the foreseeable users of the model and those affected by the model. -->

### Direct Use

<!-- This section is for the model use without fine-tuning or plugging into a larger ecosystem/app. -->
The model should be used for generating texts of various genres in Swedish.


### Out-of-Scope Use

<!-- This section addresses misuse, malicious use, and uses that the model will not work well for. -->
Please refer to Appendix A of the License file for information of use restrictions. The model has a limited context window of 256 tokens, so it will most probably not work well
for text summarization. Additionally, vast majority of its training data was in Swedish, although it contains tokens in other languages as well, so tasks like
Machine Translation would require further fine-tuning.

## Bias, Risks, and Limitations

<!-- This section is meant to convey both technical and sociotechnical limitations. -->
To mitigate the inclusion of personally-identifiable data we attempted to remove sources that could contain such data to the best of our ability (see Technical note for
more details on the data filtering process). However, we have still noted that the model can generate text that includes various forms of biases, which is why we strongly
recommend human curation of the generated texts. Currently we have conducted no systematic investigation on either the kinds of biases are included in the generated texts or how
frequently they occur. The contribution of the community on this matter would be very welcome.

### Recommendations

<!-- This section is meant to convey recommendations with respect to the bias, risk, and technical limitations. -->

For further recommendations on the use of the model, please see the associated paper.

## How to Get Started with the Model

Use the code below to get started with the model.

TODO

## Training Details

### Training Data

<!-- This should link to a Data Card, perhaps with a short stub of information on what the training data is all about as well as documentation related to data pre-processing or additional filtering. -->

The training data includes the *subset* of cleaned Swedish mC4, as well as some documents from Project Runeberg.
The extensive information on the training data is provided in the Section 1 of the Technical note.
The interface to partially mine training data is available at: https://swectrl.dev/data

### Training Procedure 

<!-- This relates heavily to the Technical Specifications. Content here should link to that section when it is relevant to the training procedure. -->

#### Preprocessing [optional]

See Section 1 of the Technical note.

#### Training Hyperparameters

- **Training regime:** fp32

## Evaluation

See Sections 5.3, 6, and 7 in the associated paper, and Section 3 of the Technical note.

## Environmental Impact

<!-- Total emissions (in grams of CO2eq) and additional considerations, such as electricity usage, go here. Edit the suggested text below accordingly -->

Carbon emissions can be estimated using the [Machine Learning Impact calculator](https://mlco2.github.io/impact#compute) presented in [Lacoste et al. (2019)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.09700).

- **Hardware Type:** 8 A100 GPUs
- **Hours used:** 11907.6 GPU-hours for training and experimentation
- **Provider:** BerzeLiUs supercomputer
- **Carbon Emitted:** No public data on carbon efficiency, so hard to estimate

## Technical Specifications
See Section 3 of the associated paper

## Citation

**BibTeX:**
```bibtex
@article{kalpakchi2023swectrl,
  title={SweCTRL-Mini: a data-transparent Transformer-based large language model for controllable text generation in Swedish},
  author={Kalpakchi, Dmytro and Boye, Johan},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.13994},
  year={2023}
}
```

**APA:**

Kalpakchi, D., & Boye, J. (2023). SweCTRL-Mini: a data-transparent Transformer-based large language model for controllable text generation in Swedish. arXiv preprint arXiv:2304.13994.

## Model Card Authors

Dmytro Kalpakchi (dmytroka@kth.se)

## Model Card Contact

Dmytro Kalpakchi (dmytroka@kth.se)

# References
Keskar, N. S., McCann, B., Varshney, L. R., Xiong, C., & Socher, R. (2019). Ctrl: A conditional transformer language model for controllable generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1909.05858.