---
tags:
- text-to-image
- KOALA
---
# KOALA-Lightning-1B Model Card
### Summary
- Trained using a **self-attention-based knowledge distillation** method
- Teacher model: [SDXL-Lightning](https://huggingface.co/ByteDance/SDXL-Lightning)
- Training dataset: a subset of [LAION-POP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Ejafa/ye-pop) dataset
- Training iteration: 500K with a batch size of 128
- Training GPUs: 4 x NVIDIA A100 (80GB)
## KOALA-Lightning Models
|Model|link|
|:--|:--|
|koala-lightning-1b | https://huggingface.co/etri-vilab/koala-lightning-1b|
|koala-lightning-700m | https://huggingface.co/etri-vilab/koala-lightning-700m|
## Abstract
### TL;DR
> We propose a fast text-to-image model, called KOALA, by compressing SDXL's U-Net and distilling knowledge from SDXL into our model. KOALA-Lightning-700M can generate a 1024x1024 image in 0.69 seconds on an NVIDIA 4090 GPU, which is more than 4x faster than SDXL. KOALA-700M can be used as a cost-effective alternative between SDM and SDXL in limited resources.
FULL abstract
As text-to-image (T2I) synthesis models increase in size, they demand higher inference costs due to the need for more expensive GPUs with larger memory, which makes it challenging to reproduce these models in addition to the restricted access to training datasets. Our study aims to reduce these inference costs and explores how far the generative capabilities of T2I models can be extended using only publicly available datasets and open-source models. To this end, by using the de facto standard text-to-image model, Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL), we present three key practices in building an efficient T2I model: (1) Knowledge distillation: we explore how to effectively distill the generation capability of SDXL into an efficient U-Net and find that self-attention is the most crucial part. (2) Data: despite fewer samples, high-resolution images with rich captions are more crucial than a larger number of low-resolution images with short captions. (3) Teacher: Step-distilled Teacher allows T2I models to reduce the noising steps. Based on these findings, we build two types of efficient text-to-image models, called KOALA-Turbo &-Lightning, with two compact U-Nets (1B & 700M), reducing the model size up to 54% and 69% of the SDXL U-Net. In particular, the KOALA-Lightning-700M is 4x faster than SDXL while still maintaining satisfactory generation quality. Moreover, unlike SDXL, our KOALA models can generate 1024px high-resolution images on consumer-grade GPUs with 8GB of VRAMs (3060Ti). We believe that our KOALA models will have a significant practical impact, serving as cost-effective alternatives to SDXL for academic researchers and general users in resource-constrained environments.
These 1024x1024 samples are generated by KOALA-Lightning-700M with 10 denoising steps.
## Architecture
There are two two types of compressed U-Net, KOALA-1B and KOALA-700M, which are realized by reducing residual blocks and transformer blocks.
### U-Net comparison
| U-Net | SDM-v2.0 | SDXL-Base-1.0 | KOALA-1B | KOALA-700M |
|-------|:----------:|:-----------:|:-----------:|:-------------:|
| Param. | 865M | 2,567M | 1,161M | 782M |
| CKPT size | 3.46GB | 10.3GB | 4.4GB | 3.0GB |
| Tx blocks | [1, 1, 1, 1] | [0, 2, 10] | [0, 2, 6] | [0, 2, 5] |
| Mid block | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✗ |
| Latency | 1.131s | 3.133s | 1.604s | 1.257s |
- Tx menans transformer block and CKPT means the trained checkpoint file.
- We measured latency with FP16-precision, and 25 denoising steps in NVIDIA 4090 GPU (24GB).
- SDM-v2.0 uses 768x768 resolution, while SDXL and KOALA models uses 1024x1024 resolution.
## Latency and memory usage comparison on different GPUs
We measure the inference time of SDM-v2.0 with 768x768 resolution and the other models with 1024x1024 using a variety of consumer-grade GPUs: NVIDIA 3060Ti (8GB), 2080Ti (11GB), and 4090 (24GB). We use 25 denoising steps and FP16/FP32 precisions. OOM means Out-of-Memory. Note that SDXL-Base cannot operate in the 8GB-GPU.
## Key Features
- **Efficient U-Net Architecture**: KOALA models use a simplified U-Net architecture that reduces the model size by up to 54% and 69% respectively compared to its predecessor, Stable Diffusion XL (SDXL).
- **Self-Attention-Based Knowledge Distillation**: The core technique in KOALA focuses on the distillation of self-attention features, which proves crucial for maintaining image generation quality.
## Model Description
- Developed by [ETRI Visual Intelligence Lab](https://huggingface.co/etri-vilab)
- Developer: [Youngwan Lee](https://youngwanlee.github.io/), [Kwanyong Park](https://pkyong95.github.io/), [Yoorhim Cho](https://ofzlo.github.io/), [Young-Ju Lee](https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=6goOQh8AAAAJ&hl=en), [Sung Ju Hwang](http://www.sungjuhwang.com/)
- Model Description: Latent Diffusion based text-to-image generative model. KOALA models uses the same text encoders as [SDXL-Base-1.0](https://huggingface.co/stabilityai/stable-diffusion-xl-base-1.0) and only replace the denoising U-Net with the compressed U-Nets.
- Teacher model: [SDXL-Lightning](https://huggingface.co/ByteDance/SDXL-Lightning)
- Training dataset: a subset of [LAION-POP](https://huggingface.co/datasets/Ejafa/ye-pop) dataset
- Training iteration: 500K with a batch size of 128
- GPUs: 4 x NVIDIA A100 (80GB)
- Resources for more information: Check out [KOALA report on arXiv](https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.04005) and [project page](https://youngwanlee.github.io/KOALA/).
## Usage with 🤗[Diffusers library](https://github.com/huggingface/diffusers)
The inference code with denoising step 25
```python
import torch
from diffusers import StableDiffusionXLPipeline, EulerDiscreteScheduler
pipe = StableDiffusionXLPipeline.from_pretrained("etri-vilab/koala-lightning-1b", torch_dtype=torch.float16)
pipe = pipe.to("cuda")
# Ensure sampler uses "trailing" timesteps and "sample" prediction type.
pipe.scheduler = EulerDiscreteScheduler.from_config(
pipe.scheduler.config, timestep_spacing="trailing"
)
prompt = "A portrait painting of a Golden Retriever like Leonard da Vinci"
negative = "worst quality, low quality, illustration, low resolution"
image = pipe(prompt=prompt, negative_prompt=negative, guidance_scale=3.5, num_inference_steps=10).images[0]
```
## Uses
### Direct Use
The model is intended for research purposes only. Possible research areas and tasks include
- Generation of artworks and use in design and other artistic processes.
- Applications in educational or creative tools.
- Research on generative models.
- Safe deployment of models which have the potential to generate harmful content.
- Probing and understanding the limitations and biases of generative models.
- Excluded uses are described below.
### Out-of-Scope Use
The model was not trained to be factual or true representations of people or events, and therefore using the model to generate such content is out-of-scope for the abilities of this model.
## Limitations and Bias
- Text Rendering: The models face challenges in rendering long, legible text within images.
- Complex Prompts: KOALA sometimes struggles with complex prompts involving multiple attributes.
- Dataset Dependencies: The current limitations are partially attributed to the characteristics of the training dataset (LAION-aesthetics-V2 6+).
## Citation
```bibtex
@misc{Lee@koala,
title={KOALA: Empirical Lessons Toward Memory-Efficient and Fast Diffusion Models for Text-to-Image Synthesis},
author={Youngwan Lee and Kwanyong Park and Yoorhim Cho and Yong-Ju Lee and Sung Ju Hwang},
year={2023},
eprint={2312.04005},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
```
