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---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- nso
datasets:
- allenai/nllb
- allenai/MADLAD-400
- cis-lmu/Glot500
- sil-ai/bloom-lm
- statmt/cc100
- legacy-datasets/wikipedia
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- goldfish
- arxiv:2408.10441
---
# nso_latn_5mb
Goldfish is a suite of monolingual language models trained for 350 languages.
This model is the <b>Pedi</b> (Latin script) model trained on 5MB of data, after accounting for an estimated byte premium of 1.12; content-matched text in Pedi takes on average 1.12x as many UTF-8 bytes to encode as English.
The Goldfish models are trained primarily for comparability across languages and for low-resource languages; Goldfish performance for high-resource languages is not designed to be comparable with modern large language models (LLMs).
Note: nso_latn is an [individual language](https://iso639-3.sil.org/code_tables/639/data) code. It is not contained in any macrolanguage codes contained in Goldfish (for script latn).
All training and hyperparameter details are in our paper, [Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages (Chang et al., 2024)](https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441).
Training code and sample usage: https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish
Sample usage also in this Google Colab: [link](https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1rHFpnQsyXJ32ONwCosWZ7frjOYjbGCXG?usp=sharing)
## Model details:
To access all Goldfish model details programmatically, see https://github.com/tylerachang/goldfish/blob/main/model_details.json.
All models are trained with a [CLS] (same as [BOS]) token prepended, and a [SEP] (same as [EOS]) token separating sequences.
For best results, make sure that [CLS] is prepended to your input sequence (see sample usage linked above)!
Details for this model specifically:
* Architecture: gpt2
* Parameters: 39087104
* Maximum sequence length: 512 tokens
* Training text data (raw): 5.58MB
* Training text data (byte premium scaled): 5.005MB
* Training tokens: 1531392 (x10 epochs)
* Vocabulary size: 50000
* Compute cost: 1158276505927680.0 FLOPs or ~0.1 NVIDIA A6000 GPU hours
Training datasets (percentages prior to deduplication):
* 46.87464%: [NLLB (CommonCrawl and ParaCrawl)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/nllb)
* 28.49201%: [MADLAD-400 (CommonCrawl)](https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/MADLAD-400)
* 22.91655%: [Glot500](https://huggingface.co/datasets/cis-lmu/Glot500), including [BLOOM](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sil-ai/bloom-lm), [CC100](https://huggingface.co/datasets/statmt/cc100), [CORP.NCHLT](https://repo.sadilar.org/handle/20.500.12185/7), [Wortschatz Leipzig Data](https://wortschatz.uni-leipzig.de/en/download), [Wikipedia Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/datasets/legacy-datasets/wikipedia)
* 1.71679%: [Wikipedia 2023/08](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/)
## Citation
If you use this model, please cite:
```
@article{chang-etal-2024-goldfish,
title={Goldfish: Monolingual Language Models for 350 Languages},
author={Chang, Tyler A. and Arnett, Catherine and Tu, Zhuowen and Bergen, Benjamin K.},
journal={Preprint},
year={2024},
url={https://www.arxiv.org/abs/2408.10441},
}
```
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