Input: Question: Who was the leader of Moldova in 1917? Passage:Lazo was born in the village of Piatra, Orhei, now in Orhei district, Moldova. He was of boyar origin. In 1917, he was a cadet at the Imperial Russian military academy when he joined the Bolshevik forces and was entrusted with several missions in Siberia during the Russian Civil War. In March–August 1918 he was a commander of the Zabaykalski (trans-Baikalan) Front, and fought against Ataman Grigory Semyonov. Later he fought in Bolshevik partisan units in the Vladivostok and Partizansk areas, commanding the Red Army during the Suchan Valley Campaign against American forces. On January 31, 1920 the Bolsheviks took power in Vladivostok, but on April 5, 1920 Lazo and other commanders were arrested by Japanese troops. Then, Lazo disappeared, along with Vsevolod Sibirtsev and Alexey Lutski. Reportedly they were shot shortly after, but the exact details of the execution have never been known yet. It is widely believed that the Japanese or Cossacks of the White movement burned them in the firebox of a steam engine in Muravyevo-Amurskaya (currently Lazo) station.

Output: b


In this task, you're given a question, along with a context passage which has extra information available on certain terms mentioned in it, i.e., the proper nouns in the passage. Your job is to determine whether information from more than one term is needed to answer the question. Indicate your choice as `a` for Yes or `b` for No.

Input: Question: Who won the all-around the year Filanovsky finished 7th at the Corbeil-Essonnes World Cup? Passage:In 2014, Veinberg Filanovsky finished 7th in all-around at the 2014 Corbeil-Essonnes World Cup, and qualified to all four event finals for the first time in her World Cup competitions. On May 30–June 1, she competed at the 2014 Minsk World Cup. On June 10–15, she competed at the 2014 European Championships and finished 12th in the all-around final. On September 5–7, at the 2014 World World Cup Final in Kazan, Russia, Veinberg Filanovsky finished 9th in all-around behind Neta Rivkin, and qualified to one event final, finishing 7th in clubs. On September 22–28, Veinberg Filanovsky (along with teammates Neta Rivkin and Martina Poplinsky) represented Israel at the 2014 World Championships where Team Israel finished in 4th place. She finished 12th in the all-around finals behind Kseniya Moustafaeva of France. On October 18–20, Veinberg Filanovsky competed at the 2014 Grand Prix Berlin and won the all-around silver behind Russia's Maria Titova, while in event finals she won silver medals in hoop, clubs and ribbon. On November 1–3, Veinberg Filanovsky won the all-around bronze at the 2014 Grand Prix Brno behind compatriot Neta Rivkin. In November 14–16, at the 2014 Grand Prix Final in Innsbruck, Austria, Veinberg Filanovsky finished 4th in the all-around behind Bulgaria's Neviana Vladinova. In event finals, she won silver in ball and two bronze (clubs, ribbon).

Output: b


Input: Question: Which of the two states that some claim the treaty territory also includes parts of has a larger total area (sq mi.)? Passage:A Dish With One Spoon, also known as One Dish One Spoon, is a law used by indigenous peoples of the Americas since at least 1142 CE to describe an agreement for sharing hunting territory among two or more nations. People are all eating out of the single dish, that is, all hunting in the shared territory. One spoon signifies that all Peoples sharing the territory are expected to limit the game they take to leave enough for others, and for the continued abundance and viability of the hunting grounds into the future. Sometimes the Indigenous language word is rendered in English as bowl or kettle rather than dish. The Dish With One Spoon phrase is also used to denote the treaty or agreement itself. In particular, a treaty made between the Anishinaabe and Haudenosaunee nations at Montréal in 1701, as part of the Great Peace of Montreal is usually called the Dish With One Spoon treaty and its associated wampum belt the Dish With One Spoon wampum. The treaty territory includes part of the current province of Ontario between the Great Lakes and extending east along the north shore of the St. Lawrence River up to the border with the current province of Quebec. Some claim it also includes parts of the current states of New York and Michigan.

Output: a


Input: Question: How many total people were killed in the Karachi bus bombing? Passage:Since its exposure in the news media of both France and Pakistan, the scandal has been involved in various investigative journalism and attracted sensations and conspiracy theories in both countries, including this scandal's allegement of financing the political campaign of then-Prime Minister Edouard Balladur in the presidential elections took place in 1995. Upon electing President Jacques Chirac cancelled the commissions and kickbacks, angering many officials in Pakistan and France according to the media reports. Other theories and subsequent investigative journalist reports alleged that the bus bombing on 8 May 2002 in Karachi that killed eleven French engineers in Karachi was in retaliation for the cancellation of these commissions. This theory was rejected by the Government of Pakistan when the FIA and the CID made potential discovery in linking the HuM and the al-Qaeda had carried out the terrorist attack in Karachi, mistaking the French nationals for the Americans.

Output: b


In this task, you are given a question containing a blank (_) and two options. You should pick the best option to answer the question. Please answer with "A" or "B".

Input: Aaron was wrapping Jeffreys present when _ got more tape and let them finish the job. (A) Aaron (B) Jeffrey

Output: B


Input: Jane decided to make changes to her kitchen by replacing the wood counters with granite. The _ is easier to clean. (A) granite (B) wood

Output: A


Input: After cleaning the greenhouse, Felicia loved finding a butterfly, yet Rachel was scared when _ showed it to her. (A) Felicia (B) Rachel

Output: A


Input: Benjamin was not allergic to cats but Matthew was, so _  went to the shelter and gave up two of them. (A) Benjamin (B) Matthew

Output: B


Input: The head of Leslie is aching, but Justin feels just fine, so _ must be the one who is sick. (A) Leslie (B) Justin

Output: A


In this task, you need to generate an appropriate title for the given summary of some paragraph. The generated title must be short and should include the main topic of the given text. Your summary should be less than 20 words long.

Input: Scotland's fishing industry will have access to fewer cod, haddock, whiting and saithe under the new Brexit deal, according to the Scottish government.

Output: Scottish fishing industry 'deeply aggrieved' by Brexit deal


Input: The Chinese PC manufacturer Lenovo has been accused of running a "massive security risk" after researchers found flaws in its software.

Output: Lenovo: researchers find 'massive security risk'

Lenovo accused of running "massive security


Input: Proposals to close roads outside schools during drop-off and pick-up times are among plans to tackle air pollution in Bristol.

Output: Bristol mayor Marvin Rees makes clean air pledges for city

Plans to tackle air pollution in Bristol.


Input: The first "Neolithic" long barrow to be built in the UK for 5,000 years, is attracting interest from all over the world.

Output: All Cannings 'Neolithic' long barrow takes shape


Input: Instagram star Essena O'Neill generated masses of coverage this week when she declared she would quit social media. Why has her announcement caused a big reaction?

Output: The fallout from a social media bombshell

Instagram star Essena O'Neill quit social


You are given a conversation between two people. 'Person1:' and 'Person2:' are used to separate their respective dialogues. You are required to assign a label 'formal' if there is an absence of emotion and a presence of questions anywhere within the conversation. If such pattern is not found assign the label 'informal'.

Input:
 Person1:       Welcome to Super Stereos . What can I do for you ?
 Person2:I'd like to look at your stereo systems . Do you have anything on sale ?
 Person1:        Yes , this system over here is on sale for $ 1,000 . As you can see , all of the components are brand-name .
 Person2:But it doesn't have a turntable . I have a fair number of vinyl records , so I need something to play them on .
 Person1:        Our selection of stereo systems with turntables is somewhat limited , but we do have this system over here .

Output: formal


Input:
 Person1:       The last thing I want to see is to lose face before my friends .
 Person2:That ’ s really unbearable .
 Person1:        But you know , things cannot always go as you expect .
 Person2:So get prepared for everything .

Output: informal


Input:
 Person1:       Hi , Jenny . You look like you are in a hurry to somewhere . Where are you going ?
 Person2:I am going to the bank . I need to cash some checks .
 Person1:        That's great . We can go to the bank together .
 Person2:Why are you going there ?
 Person1:        I will go to Japan on business for 5 days next Tuesday . I want to exchange some Japanese yen .
 Person2:I see . Will you bring a lot of money with you ?
 Person1:        Not really . I plan to bring some cash and withdraw money at the ATM in Japan .
 Person2:Do you have the bank card in Japan ?
 Person1:        Nope . You can use the credit card to withdraw the money in foreign countries .
 Person2:That sounds really convenient . Do you pay extra money to enjoy this service ?
 Person1:        No . It is free of charge .
 Person2:Great ! I will apply for a credit card when I go to the bank later .
 Person1:        I think we are running out of time . The bank is going to close soon .

Output: informal


Input:
 Person1:       My son is alway complaining that I dump on him . He was very rude and told me to mind my own business . I cannot put up with that .
 Person2:What does his dad say ?
 Person1:        John is a peacemaker . He simply doesn ’ t bother . He says he should give him a free hand .

Output: formal


Input:
 Person1:       I lost my wallet .
 Person2:I'm sorry , that's bad luck .

Output: informal


Two analogies that relate actions to the tools used to perform the action is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". "A : B" relates action A to tool B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate tool for the given action C, following the "A : B" relation.

Input: wash : detergent. unlock : ?

Output: key


Input: vacuum : vacuum. spread : ?

Output: knife


Input: wash : soap. clamp : ?

Output: clamp


Input: type : keyboard. unlock : ?

Output: key


Input: bake : oven. clamp : ?

Output: clamp


In this task, you are given a summary for US Congressional and California state bill, your task is to generate a Title for this bill. The preferred titles are under forty words and mention the purpose of the bill.

Input:
Immediate Benefits for Wounded Warriors Act of 2007 - Directs the Secretary of Veterans Affairs, for purposes of the laws administered by the Secretary and at the request of an eligible member of the Armed Forces who has served on active duty in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom, to assign to that member a 30% temporary disability rating upon such member's separation from the Armed Forces, or in the case of an eligible member who has received a medical diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder or traumatic brain injury, upon receipt of such diagnosis.

States that upon assignment of a permanent disability rating to a member who has received such temporary rating: (1) if the permanent rating exceeds 30% payments shall be made for such "temporary rating months" to equal the payments under the higher permanent rating; and (2) if the permanent rating is less than 30% the member shall not be required to repay such amounts.

States that disability compensation payments received by a member who receives such temporary disability rating are not subject to offset even though the member also receives separation or disability severance pay.

Output: To direct the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to assign a temporary disability rating to certain members of the Armed Forces upon separation, and for other purposes.

To provide for the assignment of a temporary


Input:
Troops' Soft Landing, Employment, and Rural Transportation Act - Requires that a member of a reserve component of the Armed Forces who was deployed for more than 179 days for a contingency operation or a homeland defense mission be: (1) retained on active duty in the Armed Forces for 90 days after the end of the member's demobilization from a deployment; (2) allowed to use accrued leave; and (3) paid specified pay and allowances.

Allows a member to be released from such retention if the member requests release after the first 15 days of the retention.

Directs the Secretary of the military department concerned to provide each member so retained (and, as practicable, appropriate family members) reintegration counseling and services.

Amends Internal Revenue Code work opportunity tax credit provisions, with regard to unemployed veterans living in counties where the unemployment is over a specified national threshold, to increase the credit from 40% to 50% and the maximum first-year wages which may be taken into account from $6,000 to $10,000.

Directs the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to establish a competitive grant program to assist veterans in rural areas to travel to Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) medical facilities.

Output: To amend title 10, United States Code, to provide for the retention on active duty after demobilization of members of the reserve components of the Armed Forces following extended deployments in contingency operations or homeland defense missions, and for other purposes.

To provide reintegration counseling and services


Input: American Jobs First Act of 2011 - Amends the Internal Revenue Code to extend the election to deduct dividends received by a domestic corporation from a controlled foreign corporation.  Increases the amount of such deduction by increases in the payroll of the domestic corporation over the previous taxable year.  Requires the Secretary of the Treasury to provide, by regulations, for a recapture of any portion of the increased tax deduction allowed to a domestic corporation if such corporation's payroll decreases during either of the two taxable years following the taxable year in which the increased deduction was allowed.

Output: To amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to allow temporarily a reduced rate of tax with respect to repatriated foreign earnings.

To increase the amount of the tax deduction allowed


Input:
Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999 - Establishes within the Treasury an embassy construction and security account for the purpose of constructing, or providing security upgrades to, U.S. diplomatic facilities in order to meet specified security requirements, including that: (1) threat assessments such as the Emergency Action Plan and the Composite Threat List address threats to U.S. missions from large vehicular bombs and transnational terrorism; (2) in the selection of sites for new U.S. diplomatic facilities abroad, that all U.S. Government agencies (except military installations) be located on the same compound; (3) each newly constructed or acquired U.S. diplomatic facility be sited not less than 100 feet from the perimeter of the property on which the facility is situated; (4) appropriate Department of State and U.S. diplomatic personnel undertake crisis management training for mass casualty and mass destruction incidents relating to diplomatic facilities; (5) there is adequate Department of State support for the Foreign Emergency Support Team; (6) the Secretary of State enter into a memorandum of understanding with the Secretary of Defense setting out rapid response procedures for mobilization of personnel and equipment of their respective departments to provide more effective assistance in times of emergency with respect to U.S.  diplomatic facilities; and (7) all U.S. diplomatic missions have emergency equipment and records stored at a secure off-site facility. Authorizes appropriations.
(Sec. 5) Directs the Secretary of State to report to Congress an identification of U.S. diplomatic facilities that are most vulnerable to terrorist attack, setting out, in tiers of 20, those facilities from the most to the least vulnerable to such an attack. Requires account funds allocated for construction of new embassies to be used to rebuild only those embassies in the top three tiers.
(Sec. 7) Directs the Secretary to review, and report to Congress on, the findings of the Overseas Presence Advisory Panel with respect to the closure of vulnerable U.S. diplomatic missions overseas.
(Sec. 8) Directs the Secretary to report to Congress on the role and function of each U.S. diplomatic facility through 2010.
(Sec. 9) Amends the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 to authorize the President to award an overseas service star to any member of the Foreign Service or any other civilian Government employee who while employed at, or assigned permanently or temporarily to, an official mission overseas, or while traveling abroad on official business, incurred a wound or other injury or an illness (whether or not resulting in death): (1) as the person was performing official duties; (2) as the person was on the premises of a U.S. mission abroad; or (3) by reason of the person's status as a U.S. Government employee.  Specifies award requirements.

Output: Secure Embassy Construction and Counterterrorism Act of 1999


Input:
Homeland Security Information Sharing Enhancement Act of 2006 - Amends the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to require the Under Secretary for Information and Analysis to implement a Homeland Security Advisory System to provide advisories and alerts regarding threats to homeland security. Requires such an advisory or alert to: (1) include information on protective measures and countermeasures; (2) be limited in scope to a specific region, locality, or economic sector; and (3) not use color designations as the exclusive means of specifying threat conditions.

Directs the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to: (1) integrate and standardize the information of the Department's intelligence components into a Department information-sharing environment; and (2) designate, for each such component, an information-sharing and knowledge management officer.

Requires the Under Secretary to: (1) establish Department-wide procedures for the review and analysis of information gathered from state, local, tribal, and private-sector sources; (2) develop mechanisms to provide analytical and operational feedback; (3) provide Department employees training and educational opportunities; and (4) evaluate how employees of the Office of Intelligence and Analysis and the Department's intelligence components are utilizing homeland security information.

Directs the Secretary, acting through the Chief Intelligence Officer, to establish a comprehensive information technology architecture for such Office.

Makes the Secretary the executive branch official responsible for disseminating homeland security-related terrorist threat information to state and local government and tribal officials and the private sector. Prohibits any federal official from issuing a homeland security-related analysis, advisory, or alert without the Secretary's approval, with exceptions.

Output: To amend the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to enhance homeland security information sharing, and for other purposes.

To require the Under Secretary for Information and Analysis


In this task you are given a disfluent question, a proper question and a context. A disfluent question is a question that has some interruptions in it while framing and a proper question is the correct form of the question without any disfluency. Classify whether the question is answerable or not based on the given context.

Input:
proper question: Why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?
 disfluent question: Why did King Sigismund III no um why did Warsaw become the capital of the Commonwealth?
 context: In 1529, Warsaw for the first time became the seat of the General Sejm, permanent from 1569. In 1573 the city gave its name to the Warsaw Confederation, formally establishing religious freedom in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Due to its central location between the Commonwealth's capitals of Kraków and Vilnius, Warsaw became the capital of the Commonwealth and the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland when King Sigismund III Vasa moved his court from Kraków to Warsaw in 1596. In the following years the town expanded towards the suburbs. Several private independent districts were established, the property of aristocrats and the gentry, which were ruled by their own laws. Three times between 1655–1658 the city was under siege and three times it was taken and pillaged by the Swedish, Brandenburgian and Transylvanian forces.

Output: Yes


Input:
proper question: What metaphors explained global warming?
 disfluent question: What metaphors explained Kyoto Protocol no no um global warming?
 context: According to Sheldon Ungar's comparison with global warming, the actors in the ozone depletion case had a better understanding of scientific ignorance and uncertainties. The ozone case communicated to lay persons with easy-to-understand bridging metaphors derived from the popular culture and related to immediate risks with everyday relevance, while the public opinion on climate change sees no imminent danger. The stepwise mitigation of the ozone layer challenge was based as well on successfully reducing regional burden sharing conflicts. In case of the IPCC conclusions and the failure of the Kyoto Protocol, varying regional cost-benefit analysis and burden-sharing conflicts with regard to the distribution of emission reductions remain an unsolved problem. In the UK, a report for a House of Lords committee asked to urge the IPCC to involve better assessments of costs and benefits of climate change but the Stern Review ordered by the UK government made a stronger argument in favor to combat human-made climate change.

Output: No


Input:
proper question: What interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, not the gold standard of their religion?
 disfluent question: When or wait what interpretation of Islam is, for many of the adherents, not the gold standard of their religion?
 context: The interpretation of Islam promoted by this funding was the strict, conservative Saudi-based Wahhabism or Salafism. In its harshest form it preached that Muslims should not only always oppose infidels in every way, but hate them for their religion ... for Allah's sake, that democracy is responsible for all the horrible wars of the 20th century, that Shia and other non-Wahhabi Muslims were infidels, etc. While this effort has by no means converted all, or even most Muslims to the Wahhabist interpretation of Islam, it has done much to overwhelm more moderate local interpretations, and has set the Saudi-interpretation of Islam as the gold standard of religion in minds of some or many Muslims.

Output: No


Input:
proper question: Who in Warsaw has the power of legislative action?
 disfluent question: How many er who in Warsaw has the power of legislative action?
 context: Legislative power in Warsaw is vested in a unicameral Warsaw City Council (Rada Miasta), which comprises 60 members. Council members are elected directly every four years. Like most legislative bodies, the City Council divides itself into committees which have the oversight of various functions of the city government. Bills passed by a simple majority are sent to the mayor (the President of Warsaw), who may sign them into law. If the mayor vetoes a bill, the Council has 30 days to override the veto by a two-thirds majority vote.

Output: Yes


Input:
proper question: What session did the IPCC panel attend before the opening ceremonies?
 disfluent question: What people did the IPCC panel I meant session did they attend before the opening ceremonies?
 context: The IPCC Panel is composed of representatives appointed by governments and organizations. Participation of delegates with appropriate expertise is encouraged. Plenary sessions of the IPCC and IPCC Working groups are held at the level of government representatives. Non Governmental and Intergovernmental Organizations may be allowed to attend as observers. Sessions of the IPCC Bureau, workshops, expert and lead authors meetings are by invitation only. Attendance at the 2003 meeting included 350 government officials and climate change experts. After the opening ceremonies, closed plenary sessions were held. The meeting report states there were 322 persons in attendance at Sessions with about seven-eighths of participants being from governmental organizations.

Output: No


Two analogies on manipulating items in a kitchen is given in the form "A : B. C : ?". The phrase "A : B" relates item A to its appropriate manipulation B. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate manipulation of item C, following the "A : B" relation. Your answer should be a verb which shows a way to manipulate the given object.

Input: backpack : unzip. banana : ?

Output: peel


Input: present : open. bottle : ?

Output: pour

Output: squeeze


Input: jug : pour. bottle : ?

Output: pour

Output: squeeze


Input: banana : peel. faucet : ?

Output: turn


Input: shoe : untie. pump : ?

Output: pump


Given a premise and two alternatives, choose the alternative that is a more plausible cause or effect of the situation described by the premise. The input format is "premise
(1)alternative_1(2)alternative_2", the output should either be "1" or "2" based on your judgment.

Input:
I added sugar to the coffee.
(1)The coffee smelled strong.(2)The coffee tasted sweet.

Output: 2


Input:
The man was denied for a loan.
(1)He was in debt.(2)He started a business.

Output: 1


Input:
The boy threw a temper tantrum.
(1)His brother took his toys from him.(2)He shared his toys with his brother.

Output: 1


Input:
The boy put his feet up on the table.
(1)His father sat down at the table.(2)His father lectured him.

Output: 2


Input:
The woman pressed down on the piano key.
(1)A sound played.(2)The key got stuck.

Output: 1


Two analogies that signify affordances are given in the form "A : B. C : ?". Affordance is the possibility of an action being done on an object, for example book is an affordance of writing. The phrase "A : B" implies that B is an affordance of A. Your task is to replace the question mark (?) with the appropriate affordance of the given action C, following the "A : B" relation. Your answer should be a single object without further explanation.

Input: drive : car. brush : ?

Output: hair


Input: reload : gun. paint : ?

Output: picture


Input: open : door. write : ?

Output: letter

Output: book


Input: hunt : goose. give : ?

Output: gift


Input: swat : fly. chase : ?

Output: thief


In this task, you will be given a sentence, followed by ", so". You should complete the given text with another sentence, such that the whole text is plausible. The sentence you enter must be a likely result of the given sentence.

Input: The cowgirl threw her lasso towards the horse, so

Output: it worked out pretty well

Output: she was able to catch it quickly

Output: the lasso grabbed onto the horse

Output: the horse trotted into the barn

Output: I hopped on the horse


Input: The baby was wailing in his crib, so

Output: I took him to the doctor

Output: the mother picked up the baby

Output: I went to check on him

Output: I got up to check on him

Output: we had to get up early

Output: I decided to take him to the doctor


Input: The mirror in the bathroom fogged up, so

Output: I could not see what was going on in the bathroom

Output: she couldn't see what was going on

Output: I couldn't see what was going on

Output: she turned to the other side of the room

Output: it was hard to tell what was going on

Output: I turned around to see what was going on

Output: I could not see what was going on

Output: I couldn't see what I was doing

Output: I could not see anything


Input: The tenant misplaced his keys to his apartment, so

Output: there was nothing he could do

Output: he had to leave the door open

Output: we had to take him home

Output: he went to his friend's house

Output: he took matters into his own hands

Output: he had to get a new one

Output: he went to his neighbor's house

Output: he couldn't call for help

Output: he couldn't get back to him

Output: he did the next best thing

Output: he couldn't go back to his home

Output: he left the door open

Output: his landlord repaired the door

Output: his landlord unlocked the door


Input: The clock stopped ticking, so

Output: I could get a good night's sleep

Output: I gave up and went to sleep

Output: we had to act fast

Output: i took extra time to get ready

Output: I was able to get a good look at the clock

Output: I went back to sleep

Output: I don't know what the problem was

Output: I thought it was time

Output: I could get my sleep

Output: I don't know what was going on

Output: I had to check it out

Output: I decided it was time

Output: I could get a good look at what was going on

Output: I called it a day

Output: the clock showed the wrong time

Output: I decided to try again


You are given a sentence from a conversation between a human and a virtual assistant. Your task is to identify whether the sentence is a question or not. Answer with Yes or No.

Input: The restaurant is located in Burlingame.

Output: No


Input: The reservation is for what time?

Output: Yes


Input: Yes that is correct. Are the prices inexpensive and do they have live music?

Output: Yes


Input: No, don't bother. I'm set.

Output: No


Input: Yes, the information is correct. Is the restaurant very expensive? Do they have live music?

Output: Yes


In this task, you are given a statement spoken by a politician in natural language. Your task is to generate the subject of the discussion for the given statement. The subject generated is not necessarily a part of the given input. Your answer should contain one or more words.

Input: From 2008 to 2011, the pages in the conforming bills have gone from 400 pages to 2,200.

Output: state-budget


Input: Says Lloyd Doggett voted for the health care, stimulus and cap-and-trade bills.

Output: cap-and-trade

Output: climate-change

Output: economy

Output: health-care

Output: message-machine


Input: Have the suburbs been inundated with former residents of Atlanta housing projects? Absolutely not.

Output: housing


Input: My opponent was on both the city of Chicago payroll and the state of Illinois payroll simultaneously, taking full salary, funding her full pension benefits both as a city worker and as a state worker for 10 years.

Output: pensions


Input: Last year the (Medicaid Fraud Control Unit) in Virginia alone recovered over $200 million!

Output: medicaid


In this task, you're given five sentences, numbered 1 through 5. Your job is to generate a title for the story that makes complete sense. The title must be short, with less than three words, use simple language, and include the main topic of the story.

Input: Sentence 1: Jim went fishing in a boat. Sentence 2: Jim caught a catfish. Sentence 3: He dropped the catfish trying to remove the hook. Sentence 4: The the catfish's spine went into Joe's foot. Sentence 5: Joe had to get a tetanus shot.

Output: A fish story


Input: Sentence 1: I went to my cousins house for a party. Sentence 2: Her dog tried to rest on me. Sentence 3: After I tried to moved it away, I started to cough. Sentence 4: The coughing continued until the end of the night. Sentence 5: I had to take pills in order to heal the coughing.

Output: Allergies


Input: Sentence 1: Will wasn't sure who he liked in the US presidential election. Sentence 2: Will talked with his friends, who were all undecided as well. Sentence 3: Will watched a debate where the two candidates sparred. Sentence 4: Will decided he liked one candidate's answers over the other's. Sentence 5: Will cast his vote for that candidate.

Output: Election Choices


Input: Sentence 1: A student ran around the classroom. Sentence 2: He yelled at the other students. Sentence 3: The teacher spoke to him calmly. Sentence 4: He began to calm down. Sentence 5: The student learned a lot.

Output: Calm Words


Input: Sentence 1: Grady had a big aquarium. Sentence 2: He filled it with tropical fish. Sentence 3: He loved looking at the tank while he drifted off to sleep. Sentence 4: He had big plans for adding more fish. Sentence 5: The fish had become his favorite entertainment.

Output: The Fish


In this task, you're given a pair of sentences, sentence 1 and sentence 2. Your job is to choose whether the two sentences clearly agree (entailment)/disagree (contradiction) with each other, or if this cannot be determined (neutral). Your answer must be in the form of the letters E, C, and N respectively.

Input: Sentence 1: An orchestra practicing their composition. Sentence 2: The orchestra is practicing a very difficult composition.

Output: N


Input: Sentence 1: A man crossing a natural stone bridge jumps while in the middle of it. Sentence 2: A Girl was running in the bridge.

Output: C


Input: Sentence 1: An older woman sits next to a small girl who is wearing a striped dress. Sentence 2: People on the train can't help but stare-down an homeless man at the end of the coach of the train

Output: C


Input: Sentence 1: A hostess in a restaurant, wearing a uniform and a black hat is cleaning one of the tables. Sentence 2: One of the waitresses did not show up so the restaurant hostess is bussing tables.

Output: N


Input: Sentence 1: A young woman in an "I Heart Bill Clinton" T-Shirt cooks meat on a grill in a public picnic area, while two young men converse behind her and a bicyclist and motorcyclist ride by on a nearby road in the background. Sentence 2: a woman heats up a frozen dinner in a microwave

Output: C


In this task, you're given a statement and three sentences as choices. Your job is to determine which sentence can be inferred from the statement. Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or have details that are not mentioned in the statement. Indicate your answer as 1,2, or 3 corresponding to the choice number of the selected sentence.

Input: Statement: Formal and informal areas are landscaped with pools and fountains, while terraces tumble down the hillsides. Choices:  1. Pools and fountains were used in the landscaping of formal areas. 2. There were no pools or fountains in the informal areas. 3. The architect of the pools and fountains drew inspiration from the gardens of Versailles.

Output: 1


Input: Statement: You there Rennie! Drew saw the involuntary spasm of Don Cazar's lips, the shadow of an expression which might mean he anticipated a distasteful scene to come. Choices:  1. Drew knew Don Cazar's expression well because he has known him for a long time. 2. Drew knew Don Quixote. 3. Drew knew Don Cazar's expression well.

Output: 3


Input: Statement: Each June, the Malaysian Nature Society supports an international bird race, where teams compete to identify the largest number of birds. Choices:  1. There is an international bird race every year. 2. There is a special prize for one of the rarest birds. 3. Each June, the Malaysian Nature Society has shunned the international bird race.

Output: 1


Input: Statement: Some states have established insurance-buying groups that employers can join. Choices:  1. Employers will not be able to join state established insurance-buying groups. 2. Employers can join state established insurance-buying groups. 3. Almost all of the states have established at least one insurance-buying group.

Output: 2


Input: Statement: However, young and old, stranger and Dubliner rub shoulders quite happily. Choices:  1. Dubliners hate outsiders, with a particular contempt for the old.  2. Dubliners and strangers get along well regardless of age.  3. Young and old, stranger and Dubliner give one another shoulder massages.

Output: 2


You are given a conversation between two people. 'Person1:' and 'Person2:' are used to separate their respective dialogues. If the conversation begins with a question, label it '1' otherwise '0'.

Input:
 Person1:     Guess what ? Paul and Susan are engaged .
 Person2:  Really ? When did that happen ?
 Person1:      A week ago ? They met last summer and now just sink . They will be married soon .
 Person2:  Have they set a date for the wedding ?
 Person1:      No , not yet . But Susan says they ’ d like to get married in November or December . Then they ’ ll go to Hawaii for their honeymoon .

Output: 1


Input:
 Person1:     Awful ! My cell phone is out of service again . Fred , can you lend me some money ?
 Person2:  How much do you want ?
 Person1:      200yuan . I bought a computer online , so I have to pay the mortgage .
 Person2:  I am so sorry to hear that . Is that enough ?
 Person1:      It's so nice of you . You really make my day .
 Person2:  Forget it ! We seemingly need to gather money little by little .
 Person1:      What you said is absolutely right . I will pay you back as soon as I get back on my feet .
 Person2:  No rush . You can give it back whenever you have it .

Output: 0


Input:
 Person1:     I'll never ever work together with him !
 Person2:  What happened ? Quarrel again ?
 Person1:      Will you take my materials back from him for me ? Please !
 Person2:  Don't ask me . I don't wanna be involved in your quarrel .

Output: 0


Input:
 Person1:     Where do you want to go ?
 Person2:  I am going to the Capital Hotel .
 Person1:      Get in . I will take you there .
 Person2:  About how much it will cost ?
 Person1:      $ 50 .
 Person2:  On the meter ?
 Person1:      Ye , of course .
 Person2:  OK.let ' s go .

Output: 1


Input:
 Person1:     The stepmother was very wicked . She couldn't stand a happy smile on the boy's face .
 Person2:  And ?
 Person1:      And she did her best to pull out the thorn in her flesh and the boy lost whatever made him happy .
 Person2:  Poor child !

Output: 0


In this task, you are given a part of an article. Your task is to generate headline (title) for this text. Preferred headlines are under fifteen words.

Input: Although traditionally used in the machine translation field, the encoder-decoder framework has been recently applied for the generation of video and image descriptions. The combination of Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks in these models has proven to outperform the previous state of the art, obtaining more accurate video descriptions. In this work we propose pushing further this model by introducing two contributions into the encoding stage. First, producing richer image representations by combining object and location information from Convolutional Neural Networks and second, introducing Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks for capturing both forward and backward temporal relationships in the input frames.

Output: Video Description using Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks


Input: Conventional dependency parsers rely on a statistical model and a transition system or graph algorithm to enforce tree-structured outputs during training and inference. In this work we formalize dependency parsing as the problem of selecting the head (a.k.a. parent) of each word in a sentence. Our model which we call DENSE (as shorthand for Dependency Neural Selection) employs bidirectional recurrent neural networks for the head selection task. Without enforcing any structural constraints during training, DENSE generates (at inference time) trees for the overwhelming majority of sentences (95% on an English dataset), while remaining non-tree outputs can be adjusted with a maximum spanning tree algorithm. We evaluate DENSE on four languages (English, Chinese, Czech, and German) with varying degrees of non-projectivity. Despite the simplicity of our approach, experiments show that the resulting parsers are on par with or outperform the state of the art.

Output: Dependency Parsing as Head Selection


Input: We propose zoneout, a novel method for regularizing RNNs. At each timestep, zoneout stochastically forces some hidden units to maintain their previous values. Like dropout, zoneout uses random noise to train a pseudo-ensemble, improving generalization. But by preserving instead of dropping hidden units, gradient information and state information are more readily propagated through time, as in feedforward stochastic depth networks. We perform an empirical investigation of various RNN regularizers, and find encouraging results: zoneout gives significant performance improvements across tasks, yielding state-ofthe-art results in character-level language modeling on the Penn Treebank dataset and competitive results on word-level Penn Treebank and permuted sequential MNIST classification tasks.

Output: Zoneout: Regularizing RNNs by Randomly Preserving Hidden Activations


Input: The field of Distributed Constraint Optimization has gained momentum in recent years, thanks to its ability to address various applications related to multi-agent cooperation. Nevertheless, solving Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems (DCOPs) optimally is NP-hard. Therefore, in large-scale, complex applications, incomplete DCOP algorithms are necessary. Current incomplete DCOP algorithms suffer of one or more of the following limitations: they (a) find local minima without providing quality guarantees; (b) provide loose quality assessment; or (c) are unable to benefit from the structure of the problem, such as domain-dependent knowledge and hard constraints. Therefore, capitalizing on strategies from the centralized constraint solving community, we propose a Distributed Large Neighborhood Search (D-LNS) framework to solve DCOPs. The proposed framework (with its novel repair phase) provides guarantees on solution quality, refining upper and lower bounds during the iterative process, and can exploit domain-dependent structures. Our experimental results show that D-LNS outperforms other incomplete DCOP algorithms on both structured and unstructured problem instances.

Output: Solving DCOPs with Distributed Large Neighborhood Search

Distributed Large Neighborhood Search for Distributed Cons


Input: We describe here a methodology to identify a list of ambiguous Malay words that are commonly being used in Malay documentations such as Requirement Specification. We compiled several relevant and appropriate requirement quality attributes and sentence rules from previous literatures and adopt it to come out with a set of ambiguity attributes that most suit Malay words. The extracted Malay ambiguous words (potential) are then being mapped onto the constructed ambiguity attributes to confirm their vagueness. The list is then verified by Malay linguist experts. This paper aims to identify a list of potential ambiguous words in Malay as an attempt to assist writers to avoid using the vague words while documenting Malay Requirement Specification as well as to any other related Malay documentation. The result of this study is a list of 120 potential ambiguous Malay words that could act as guidelines in writing Malay sentences.

Output: MAPPING: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY


Given a question, generate a paraphrase of that question wihout changing the meaning of it. Your answer should reword the given sentence, but not add information to it or remove information from it. The answer to your question should be the same as the answer to the original question.

Input: Question: what is the highest point of puerto rico?

Output: what is the highest point in puerto rico?

Output: highest point in puerto rico?

Output: what is the tallest point in puerto rico?

Output: what is puerto rico's highest point?


Input: Question: what date did hernando de soto die?

Output: what month did hernando de soto die?

Output: when did hernando de soto die?

Output: what is hernando de soto date of death?


Input: Question: what sea divides denmark and sweden?

Output: what sea borders southern sweden and denmark?

Output: which sea lies beside sweeden and denmark?

Output: what sea separates denmark and sweden?

Output: what sea is between denmark and sweden?


Input: Question: president nixon children's names?

Output: what where the names president children?

Output: who was ricahard m nixon children names?

Output: who are nixons children?

Output: names of nixons children?

Output: what was the names of president nixons children?

Output: what is president nixons childrens names?

What are the children's names of President


Input: Question: what was the title of bob dylans first album?

Output: what was bob dylans first album?

Output: what was bob dylan's first album called?


In this task, you will be given two sentences separated by "because". You should decide whether the first sentence can be the result of the second sentence. If you can see a possible cause and effect relationship, answer with "plausible", otherwise answer with "not plausible".

Input: the hospital sent the patient home because he was coughing too much

Output: not plausible


Input: the man went away for the weekend because he wanted to relax

Output: plausible


Input: the benefactor requested to stay anonymous because he didn't want to lose his job

Output: plausible


Input: my flight got delayed because I didn't have a driver's license

Output: not plausible


Input: the trip took a long time because the weather was so bad

Output: plausible


Paraphrase the given questions to have different wording. Your paraphrased questions should have the same answer as the original question. Try to change the sentence as much as possible using synonyms and/or rearranging the structure of the sentence. The questions are in three domains: presidents, national parks, and dogs. Each question has a keyword indicating its domain. Keywords are "this national park", "this dog breed", and "this president", which will be replaced with the name of an actual president, a national park, or a breed of dog. Hence, in paraphrasing, this keyword should also be used the same way. Do not write questions that compare or involve multiple domains. Do not write open-ended or subjective questions (e.g., questions that can be answered differently by different people.) Make your questions specific and concrete. Your question should have the same type of answer as the original question(e.g., if the question is extractive, the paraphrased question should be extractive as well.)

Input: Do any endangered animals live inside this national park?

Output: Are there endangered species at this national park?

Are any endangered animals living in this national park


Input: Is this president usually ranked as one of the better half of all presidents?

Output: Does this president usually get ranked in the top half of all presidents?

Are the presidents of this country generally


Input: Did this president have a pet while in office?

Output: Was there a pet in the white house while this president was there?

Are there any pets in the office of this


Input: Was this president ever shot at?

Output: Did anyone try to shoot this president?


Input: Are there any natural lakes at this national park?

Output: Does this national park have natural lakes?


Given a premise and a hypothesis, determine if the hypothesis (second sentence) can be concluded from the premise and assigning it a label among entailment, neutral, or contradiction. Entailment means thats the hypothesis makes sense/follows after the premise. Neutral means that the hypothesis does not follow the premise but also does not contradict the premise. Contradiction means that the hypothesis clearly contradicts the premise.

Input: A young family enjoys feeling ocean waves lap at their feet. <sep> A young man and woman take their child to the beach for the first time.

Output: neutral


Input: A woman with a green headscarf, blue shirt and a very big grin. <sep> The woman has been shot.

Output: contradiction


Input: A man standing in front of a building on the phone as two men to the side pain on the side. <sep> a busy man stands with bodyguards

Output: neutral


Input: A land rover is being driven across a river. <sep> A vehicle is crossing a river.

Output: entailment


Input: A man in a black shirt is looking at a bike in a workshop. <sep> A man is in a black shirt

Output: entailment


Convert a disfluent question to a proper question. A disfluent question is a question that has some interruptions in it while framing. A proper question is the correct form of the question without any disfluency.

Input: Which idea or uh like theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Output: Which theory states that slow geological processes are still occurring today, and have occurred throughout Earth's history?

Which idea or theory states that slow geological


Input: Who refused to act until Loudoun approved, no, instead disapproved plans?

Output: Who refused to act until Loudoun disapproved plans?


Input: The movements of the Cydippids combs are controlled by what no no I meant movements of the lobates combs not Cydippids?

Output: The movements of the lobates combs are controlled by what?


Input: Ideal strings transmit multiple no what delayed forces?

Output: Ideal strings transmit what delayed forces?

What delayed forces do ideal strings transmit?


Input: Where did French fur trappers travel no wait I want to know where French South Americans settled?

Output: Where were French South Americans settled?


Given an abstract, and a few options, indicate if any of the given options appropriately describe the given abstract. If any of them is a proper keyword, answer 'Yes', otherwise answer 'No'.

Input:
Abstract: This article describes the circumstances of the diagnosis of three of a group of 12 high-functioning multiple personality disorder patients. All had performed major social and professional activities with consistent competence, and all appeared to be neurotic patients suitable for classical psychoanalysis. All 12 had been misdiagnosed on at least three occasions before the correct diagnosis was made. Aspects of the difficulties encountered in assessing these patients are discussed and guidelines for the preservation of their high level of function during the treatment process are offered.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Animal 2)Antibodies, Monoclonal 3)Antigen-Antibody Complex

Output: No


Input:
Abstract: To assess the prevalence of sports eye injuries in our area a register was kept over the 18 months from October 1982 to March 1984. Squash, association football, badminton, and tennis were the main offenders. The severest injury was from a golf ball, involving a fractured zygoma. There was one retinal dialysis, and one lens dislocation requiring extraction. Spectacles were broken in six cases and a contact lens in one. Glass fragments needed operative removal in one case, but there were no penetrating injuries. The value of eye protection, not worn by any of our patients, is emphasised.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adolescence 2)Adult 3)Athletic Injuries 4)England 5)Eye Injuries 6)Eye Protective Devices 7)Female 8)Human 9)Male 10)Soccer 11)Tennis.

Output: Yes


Input:
Abstract: Twenty-two patients with recurrent nose bleeds and varicose vessels on the nasal septum were subjected to transection of the vessels and followed-up for 2 years. One month after the operation, it was not possible to identify the original vessels. In other locations new varicose vessels began to appear after 1 month, and at the end of the follow-up period were observed on 9 out of 10 operated sides. The transection resulted in an immediate decrease in the frequency of nose bleeds and at the end of the control period 12 (55%) of the patients had had less than 4 bleeds during the previous year in spite of the observed rapid formation of new vessels. Mucosal atrophy with symptoms of increased nasal crusting occurred in 3 patients. Transection of varicose vessels in patients with nose bleeds leads to a decrease in the number of bleeds.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adult 2)Epistaxis 3)Female 4)Follow-Up Studies 5)Human 6)Male 7)Nasal Mucosa 8)Recurrence 9)Support, Non-U.S. Gov't 10)Varicose Veins

Output: Yes


Input:
Abstract: Using a series of graded destabilizing forces, we have developed a simple quantitative test of the postural response: the Postural Stress Test (PST). Suitable for widespread testing of elderly subjects, the test evaluates the subject's ability to avoid a fall as well as the appropriateness of the response. We have determined that by comparison with young subjects, the elderly controls have compromised although functionally effective balance. On the other hand, the balance response was severely compromised in half of the individuals with a history of falls. Experience with the Postural Stress Test suggests it will predict those elderly individuals with a tendency to fall as well as provide a simple mechanism for studying the balance response in the elderly.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Adult 2)Age Factors 3)Education, Premedical

Output: No


Input:
Abstract: Twelve patients with intractable rheumatoid arthritis were treated with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), prednisolone and a cytotoxic agent, usually azathioprine, and were followed for 1 year. There was a significant (p less than 0.05) improvement in the mean score for early-morning stiffness, grip strength and the severity of nodules and vasculitis at 6 weeks and 3 months when compared to the initial visit. However, in most patients, this benefit was not sustained despite continued cytotoxic and steroid therapy. A rise in the haemoglobin and fall in ESR was maintained throughout the study period.
Question Does the following mesh terms have a suitable mesh term for the abstract? 1)Antilymphocyte Serum 2)Arthritis, Rheumatoid 3)Combined Modality Therapy 4)Hemoglobins 5)Human 6)Immunosuppressive Agents 7)Leukocyte Count.

Output: Yes


The answer will be 'yes' if the provided sentence contains an explicit mention that answers the given question. Otherwise, the answer should be 'no'. Instances where the answer is implied from the sentence using "instinct" or "common sense" (as opposed to being written explicitly in the sentence) should be labeled as 'no'.

Input:
Sentence: Those in the shelter wondered if the aircraft had been shot down pursuant to this authorization.
Question: Are they still in the shelter?

Output: Yes.


Input:
Sentence: Delighted , Preetam goes in search of her watch and brings it back .
Question: How often does Preetam lose her things and gets them back?

Output: No.


Input:
Sentence: She told them that she would help take care of the puppy, if she could have one.
Question: How often did she ask for a puppy?

Output: No.


Input:
Sentence: Radio Televizioni Shqiptar (RTSH) is the public radio and TV broadcaster of Albania, founded by King Zog in 1938.
Question: How long has RTSH been established?

Output: Yes.


Input:
Sentence: The Persian Gulf War destroyed much of the country's medical infrastructure, according to a report by the World Health Organization.
Question: How long did it take the Persian Gulf War to destroy the country's medical infrastructure?

Output: No.


Given Sentence 1 and Sentence 2, indicate your answer as yes when the two sentences clearly agree or clearly disagree with each other. If the relationship cannot be determined, answer with 'no'.

Input: A brown dog sniffing at the fence of a brown bull. <sep> The brown dog was looking intently at the bull on the other side.

Output: no


Input: Cityscape with four men on bikes serving as the focal point of picture. <sep> Local robbers escape after stealing an otter

Output: yes


Input: The young lady is giving the old man a hug. <sep> The lady is giving the old man a hug.

Output: yes


Input: A skateboarding youth does a trick on a rail. <sep> A young boy showing his new skateboard tricks to his friends.

Output: no


Input: A man and woman are taking a picture of themselves while a woman in a scarf walks by them. <sep> A man and woman take selfies of themselves.

Output: yes


In this task, you are given concept set (with 3 to 5 concepts) that contain mentions of names of people, places, activities, or things. These concept sets reflect reasonable concept co-occurrences in everyday situations. All concepts given as input are separated by "#". Your job is to generate a sentence describing a day-to-day scene using all concepts from a given concept set.

Input: sit#station#train

Output: a train sits at the station

Output: A train that is sitting in a station.

Output: A red train sitting at an empty station.


Input: farmer#field#plow

Output: A farmer plows his field.

Output: The farmer is plowing his field.

Output: A couple of farmers plowing a field


Input: family#park#picnic

Output: family on the picnic in park

Output: A family has a picnic at the park.

Output: young family having picnic in a park


Input: airport#luggage#wait

Output: People wait for their luggage at an airport.

Output: Man waiting next to his luggage at an airport.

Output: Several men waiting on their luggage at the airport.


Input: come#track#train

Output: train coming down the track

Output: A train is coming along on a track.

Output: a long train in coming down some tracks