Saint Bernadette Soubirous
Immediately in front of the Main Building and facing it, is a copper statue of Christ with arms upraised with the legend "Venite Ad Me Omnes".
Main Building
a Marian place of prayer and reflection
Virgin Mary
September 1876
the Scholastic magazine
The Observer
nine
1987
Rome
Moreau Seminary
Old College
Fatima House
Buechner Prize for Preaching
eight
1920
Civil and mechanical engineering
eight
1870s
Learning Resource Center
one of the five undergraduate colleges at the school
1962
U.S. News & World Report
1924
Master of Divinity
the Alliance for Catholic Education program offers a Master of Education program where students study at the university during the summer
1854
Department of Pre-Professional Studies
Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh CSC, President Emeritus of the University of Notre Dame
1986
Ray Kroc
1986
14
Theodore M. Hesburgh Library
1963
Millard Sheets
Touchdown Jesus
3,577
19.7%
10 to 15
39.1%
1,311
18th
8th
1st overall
10th niciodata
57.6%
C.S.C.
1851–1921
Father John Augustine Zahm
Evolution and Dogma
C.S.C.
1882
Professor Jerome Green
Around 1899
Julius Nieuwland
Albert Zahm
germ-free-life
1950
1950
1958
1928
1939
German Catholic journals
44
1939
John Jenkins
Notre Dame
the Medieval Institute, the Kellogg Institute for International Studies, the Kroc Institute for International Peace studies
2013
Notre Dame Global Adaptation Index
1,593
Around 21–24%
Bookstore Basketball tournament
The annual Bookstore Basketball tournament is the largest outdoor five-on-five tournament in the world with over 700 teams participating each year, while the Notre Dame Men's Boxing Club hosts the annual Bengal Bouts tournament that raises money for the Holy Cross Missions in Bangladesh
1,593
20%
29
14
20%
14
Congregatio a Sancta Cruce
more than 93%
over 100 times per week
Fifty-seven chapels
more than 93%
Washington Hall
April 1879
Rev. William Corby
17th of May
LaFortune Student Center
1919
College of Commerce
1919
1919
Harvard Law School
Knute Rockne
105
1925
George Gipp
George Gipp
Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America
Ku Klux Klan
May 19
week-long Klavern
South Bend
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara
Holy Cross Father John Francis O'Hara
Laetare Medal
1883
notre Dame football
more than half
Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
Hall of Liberal Arts
Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.
Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute
1917–2015
18
18
1952–87
389 to 950
Hesburgh
Rev. Charles E. Sheedy, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Dean of Arts and Letters
Thomas Blantz, C.S.C., Notre Dame's Vice President of Student Affairs
Mary Ann Proctor
mid-1960s
1987–2005
more than 500
more than 500
from $15 million to more than $70 million
more than 500
2005
17th
Malloy
Compton Family Ice Arena
$400m
Congregation of Holy Cross
Basilica of the Sacred Heart
French Revival
Luigi Gregori
1896
Fr. Zahm
1950
Joseph LaFortune
83,000 square feet
$1.2 million
29
Theodore Hesburgh Library
1963
Duncan Hall
Frank Eck Stadium
The University of Notre Dame
40%
Sustainable Endowments Institute
Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies
1968
Trafalgar Square
Beijing, Chicago, Dublin, Jerusalem and Rome.
1998
The College of Arts and Letters
The College of Arts and Letters
1849
Saint Louis University
Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degrees
Father Patrick Dillon
1865
six years
Jordan Hall of Science
1,200
The School of Architecture
Bond Hall
Bachelor of Architecture
Rome
Driehaus Architecture Prize
2015
first floor of Stanford Hall
over three million volumes
over three million
Hitler and other dictators
Anton-Hermann Chroust
classics and law
Max Scheler
sculptor
Notre Dame
Catholic
Our Lady of the Lake
the Virgin Mary
1,250 acres
Fighting Irish football team
Knute Rockne
NCAA Division I
62
62
twenty
four
Driehaus Architecture Prize
more than 50
Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art
1842
Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière
Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross
November 26, 1842
log chapel
1849
1865
Father Lemonnier
ten thousand
1873
NDtv
2002
WSND-FM
WVFI
$215 million
June 3, 2008
Kite Realty
City of South Bend
contractor hired non-union workers
Atlantic Coast Conference
Horizon League
Midwest Fencing Conference
Hockey East
Horizon League
The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East;
The Irish left the Big East for the ACC during a prolonged period of instability in the Big East;
Central Collegiate Hockey Association
Navy Blue and Gold Rush
Notre Dame Leprechaun
University of Notre Dame and Under Armour
$100 million
1846
the oldest university band in continuous existence in the United States
Notre Dame Victory March
Michigan Wolverines
Michigan Wolverines
Ohio State University
Jeweled Shillelagh
Ohio State University
George Gipp
Knute Rockne
Pat O'Brien
George Gipp
80,795
Zahm House's two-story banner
Drummers' Circle
Bond Hall
Notre Dame Alma Mater
Saturday
12
12
12
Austin Carr
Mike Brey
John F. Shea
1904
Rev. Michael J. Shea
1928
her loyal sons are marching, onward to victory
The Gipper
Airplane!
University of Notre Dame
George Zipp
Knute Rockne
state governors, members of the United States Congress, and former United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice
Eric F. Wieschaus
Rev. John Jenkins
professional baseball, basketball, football, and ice hockey
Edward J. DeBartolo, Jr. and astronaut Jim Wetherbee
late 1990s
late 1990s
2003
Houston, Texas
late 1990s
Destiny's Child
five Grammy Awards
Mathew Knowles
Houston
five Grammy Awards
September 4, 1981
Beyoncé Giselle Knowles-Carter
late 1990s
late 1990s
five Grammy Awards
2003
five Grammy Awards
late 1990s
five Grammy Awards
2003
acting
Jay Z
Jay Z
Golden Globe-nominated
2010
Golden Globe-nominated
Jay Z
June 2005
Destiny's Child
Golden Globe-nominated
Jay Z
Sasha Fierce
love, relationships, and monogamy
100
Forbes magazine
The Recording Industry Association of America
Forbes magazine
modern-day feminist
2013 and 2014
118 million
118 million
118 million
20 Grammy Awards
Forbes magazine
Destiny's Child
her mother's maiden name
African-American
Methodist
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
hairdresser and salon owner
Solange
Joseph Broussard
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
Celestine Ann "Tina" Knowles
Solange
Joseph Broussard.
Methodist
Fredericksburg
Darlette Johnson
Houston
Darlette Johnson
St. John's United Methodist Church
music magnet school
Imagine
Fredericksburg
Darlette Johnson
seven
St. John's United Methodist Church
Arne Frager
1995
Elektra Records
Arne Frager
1995
Sony Music
Elektra Records
eight
eight
Girl's Tyme
Arne Frager
1995
Grass Roots Entertainment
Men in Black
"Jumpin' Jumpin'" and "Say My Name"
Marc Nelson
1996
Book of Isaiah
Men in Black
Say My Name
Marc Nelson
Book of Isaiah.
Men in Black.
No, No, No, No
1999
Marc Nelson
media, critics, and blogs
her long-standing boyfriend
her mother
Luckett and Rober son
a couple of years
her mother
Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.
media, critics, and blogs
her mother
LeToya Luckett and Roberson
Independent Women Part I
eleven
Beyoncé
663,000
Georges Bizet
Luckett and Roberson
Charlie's Angels.
Carmen: A Hip Hopera
Luckett and Roberson
Luckett and Roberson
October 2001
Foxxy Cleopatra
the top ten in the UK, Norway, and Belgium
The Fighting Temptations
Missy Elliott
Summertime
Goldmember
$ 73 million
The Fighting Temptations
Fighting Temptations
$30 million
Goldmember
Foxxy Cleopatra
Work It Out
The Fighting Temptations
Fighting Temptations
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
317,000
Crazy in Love
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
Jay Z
Michelle Williams and Kelly Rowland
"'03 Bonnie & Clyde"
Luther Vandross
Jay Z
June 24, 2003
Crazy in Love
Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for "Dangerously in Love 2", Best R&B Song and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration for "Crazy in Love", and Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals for "The Closer I Get to
"Baby Boy" also reached number one, and singles, "Me, Myself and I" and "Naughty Girl", both reached the top- five.
Destiny Fulfilled
March 2006
November 2003
Destiny Fulfilled
Rowland
March 2006
Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
Missy Elliott and Alicia Keys
Super Bowl XXXVIII
Destiny Fulfilled.. and Lovin' It and during the last stop of their European tour, in Barcelona on June 11, 2005, Rowland announced that Destiny's Child would disband following the North American leg of the tour.
541,000
Déjà Vu
Billboard Hot 100
Billboard Hot 100
twenty-fifth birthday
Jay Z
Billboard Hot 100
B'Day
541,000
Jay Z
Green Light
$158.8 million
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
April 2007
24 million
158.8 million
The Beyoncé Experience
B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira "Beautiful Liar".
$158.8 million
Diana Ross.
Listen
The Beyoncé Experience
B'Day was re-released with five additional songs, including her duet with Shakira "Beautiful Liar".
Jay Z
November 18, 2008
more top-ten singles on the list than any other woman during the 2000s
Taylor Swift
$ 119.5 million
a video montage
March 2009
Taylor Swift
$ 119.5 million
April 4, 2008
Jay Z.
Sasha Fierce
Single Ladies
Kanye West
Etta James
Phoenix House
At Last
Ali Larter and Idris Elba in the thriller
MTV Movie Award for Best Fight
Phoenix House
Obsessed
Sharon Charles
60 million
Etta James
Phoenix House
Ali Larter and Idris Elba
Ali Larter and Idris Elba
ten
Lauryn Hill
Lady Gaga
Mariah Carey
Mariah Carey
ten nominations
Telephone
Lady Gaga
Mariah Carey
Lauryn Hill
ten
Lauryn Hill
Lady Gaga
Mariah Carey
January 2010
January 2010
Great Wall of China
January 2010
her mother
her father
nine months
Beyoncé
her mother
her father
nine months
2011
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund
2011 Glastonbury Festival
Rolling Stone
highest-paid performer in the world per minute
WikiLeaks
2011
Rolling Stone
2011 Glastonbury Festival
Muammar Gaddafi.
WikiLeaks
Clinton Bush Haiti Fund.
2011 Glastonbury Festival
4
Love on Top
a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence
the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts
4
310,000
New York Association of Black Journalists
4
4
4
310,000
a cover story written by Beyoncé for Essence
the 4 Intimate Nights with Beyoncé concerts
January 7, 2012
Lenox Hill Hospital
Blue Ivy Carter
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
Revel Atlantic City's Ovation Hall
romance
Life Is But a Dream
Warner/Chappell Music,
January 2013
Nuclear
President Obama
268,000 tweets per minute
January 2013
Nuclear
President Obama's second inauguration
Super Bowl XLVII halftime show
Life Is But a Dream
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
Rise Up
Epic
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
2013 Met Gala
Queen Tara
Rise Up
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour
Back to Black
20th Century Fox
Queen Tara
Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
December 13, 2013
Beyoncé unexpectedly released her eponymous fifth studio album on the iTunes Store
Jay Z
$115 million
$115 million
December 13, 2013
one million
Drunk in Love
On the Run Tour.
three
Morning Phase
Vogue magazine
Coldplay
three
Morning Phase
Coldplay
six awards
Vogue magazine
Coldplay
Coldplay
57th Annual Grammy Awards
three
Morning Phase
Vogue magazine
Coldplay
Tidal
Formation
February 6, 2016
Tidal
Tidal
Tidal
February 6, 2016
Tidal
300 million
Paris
miscarriage
The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse
April 4, 2008
300 million
returned to the studio
Paris
'03 Bonnie & Clyde
April 4, 2008
300 million
miscarriage
Paris
MTV Video Music Awards
unbuttoned her blazer
8,868
MTV Video Music Awards
8,868
most tweets per second recorded for a single event"
Beyonce pregnant
Love on Top
MTV Video Music Awards
Love on Top
8,868
Beyonce pregnant
Lifeandtimes.com
Glory
Blue Ivy Carter
Lenox Hill Hospital
Glory
Blue Ivy Carter
B.I.C.
January 7, 2012
Blue Ivy Carter
Glory
"B.I.C."
B.I.C.
George Zimmerman
America the Beautiful
$ 4 million
same sex marriage
George Zimmerman
America the Beautiful
America the Beautiful
At Last
Tumblr
same sex marriage
Vogue
Ban Bossy campaign
Vogue
April 2013
Ban Bossy
Flawless
uses television and social media to encourage leadership in girls
Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie
Ban Bossy
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
Angela Merkel and Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma
ONE Campaign
ONE Campaign
Freddie Gray
thousands of dollars
Freddie Gray
thousands of dollars
Madonna and Celine Dion
highest-earning power couple
end of 2014
$ 250 million
Madonna and Celine Dion
$80 million
2009 to 2011
115 million
$ 250 million
$80 million
$115 million
MTV
2013
four
Jody Rosen
The Daily Mail
power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
four octaves
versatile
power ballads, soul, rock belting, operatic flourishes, and hip hop
range and power
four
vocal abilities
tart
hip hop
R&B
pop, soul and funk
Spanish
B'Day
Rudy Perez
R&B
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
R&B
Spanish
phonetically
several Spanish songs for Irreemplazable (re-recordings of songs from songs from B'Day for a Spanish-language audience), and the re-release of B'Day.
melodies and ideas
Cater 2 U
Jay Z
Jay Z
Beyoncé
melodies and ideas
Independent Women
Beyoncé
melodies and ideas
Mariah Carey
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards
Diane Warren
Top 20 Hot 100 Songwriters
2001
Mariah Carey
17
Mariah Carey
Pop Songwriter of the Year
American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers Pop Music Awards.
Mariah Carey
17
Michael Jackson
five
Michael Jackson
Mariah Carey's singing and her song "Vision of Love"
Michael Jackson
Vision of Love
Michael Jackson
Michael Jackson
Diana Ross
Whitney Houston
Vision of Love
Dreamgirls
Josephine Baker
Etta James
Dreamgirls
boldness
"Déjà Vu"
"Déjà Vu"
Déjà Vu
Michelle Obama
February 2013
Oprah Winfrey
Michelle Obama
inspiration and a strong woman
lyrical and raw
take control of her own career
lyrical genius
Michelle Obama
Oprah Winfrey
Jean-Michel Basquiat
Madonna
Suga Mama
The Mamas
Montina Cooper-Donnell, Crystal Collins and Tiffany Moniqué Riddick
2006
Suga Mama
Suga Mama
2006 BET Awards
Suga Mama
Suga Mama
B'Day
The Mamas
2006 BET Awards
stage presence and voice
Def Jam L.A. Reid
stage presence and voice
Jarett Wieselman
the greatest entertainer alive
she "takes her role as entertainer so seriously she's almost too good
Jarett Wieselman
Def Jam L.A. Reid
Sasha Fierce
"Crazy in Love"
February 2010
May 2012
too aggressive, too strong
May 2012
Sasha Fierce.
2008
Crazy in Love
Allure magazine
Touré
Touré
Bootylicious
Destiny's Child
Bootylicious
Bootylicious
2006
Touré
Bootylicious
2006
dress sexily
2011
Tom Ford's Spring/Summer 2011 fashion show
"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
January 2013
1
"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
January 2013
1
September 2010
"World's Most Beautiful Woman"
Hottest Female Singer of All Time
Madame Tussauds Wax Museums
Destiny's Style
Tyra Banks
Destiny's Style
2007
Tyra Banks
Tyra Banks
People magazine
The Bey Hive
The Beyontourage
Twitter and online news reports
The Bey Hive
The Beyontourage
The Bey Hive
The Beyontourage
beehive
House of Deréon
L'Officiel
blackface and tribal makeup
2006
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
L'Officiel
blackface and tribal makeup
L'Officiel
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
blackface and tribal makeup
Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming
Emmett Price
L'Oréal
natural pictures be used
it is categorically untrue
Beyoncé's lighter skin color and costuming
Emmett Price
L'Oréal
whitening her skin in their Feria hair color advertisements
L'Oréal
Llewyn-Smith
2013
2014
Artist of the Decade
2013
2014
Baz Luhrmann
Jody Rosen
Llewyn-Smith
Time 100 list
Baz Luhrmann
2014
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Nicki Minaj
Nicki Minaj
Gwyneth Paltrow
Beyoncé's
Country Strong
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Gwyneth Paltrow
Nicki Minaj
Crazy in Love
Rolling Stone
Rolling Stone
a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
July 2014
Crazy in Love
Rolling Stone
8 million copies
Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
Rolling Stone
Destiny Child's "Say My Name"
a species of horse fly found in Northern Queensland, Australia
over 15 million
over 15 million
Recording Industry Association of America
over 15 million
Beyoncé
over 15 million
over 15 million
over 15 million
Legend Award
64 certifications
over 15 million
over 15 million
Recording Industry Association of America
Recording Industry Association of America
Legend Award
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
Adele
Best Song for "Listen" and Best Original Soundtrack for Dreamgirls: Music from the Motion Picture.
20 Grammy Awards
52 nominations
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
Adele
Alison Krauss
Alison Krauss
"Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)"
Best Original Song for "Listen" and Best Actress at the Golden Globe Awards, and Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture
Gladiator-themed
50 million
Center for Science in the Public Interest
70 per cent
2002
Britney Spears, Pink, and Enrique Iglesias
Pepsi
Center for Science in the Public Interest
Gladiator-themed
$50 million
Center for Science in the Public Interest
70 per cent
Tommy Hilfiger
Tommy Hilfiger
Heat
2013
over $ 400 million
Heat
February 2011
Pulse
the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
Tommy Hilfiger
1956
Heat
the world's best-selling celebrity fragrance line, with sales of over $400 million.
18
$100 million
18
$100 million
June 2013
$100 million
$100 million
$100 million
$100 million
June 2013
Topshop
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
an athletic, street wear brand
2015
Topshop
2015
Parkwood Entertainment
Topshop
London
an athletic, street wear brand
March 30, 2015
Jay Z
March 30, 2015
Beyoncé
their low payout of royalties
Tidal.
Tidal, Aspiro
Jay Z
Spotify
Beyoncé and her mother
Agnèz Deréon
Beyond Productions
handbags and footwear
department and specialty stores across the US and Canada
Beyoncé and her mother
2005
Agnèz Deréon
Destiny's Child's shows and tours
Beyoncé and her mother
Deréon.
Beyoncé
Brazil
July 2009
House of Deréon collection
Sasha Fierce for Deréon
May 27, 2010
House of Brands
Beyoncé Fashion Diva
Sasha Fierce for Deréon
C&A
Macy's and Dillard's
Topshop
autumn 2015
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
April 2016
Topshop
Parkwood Topshop Athletic Ltd
Beyoncé
Beyoncé and Rowland
$ 250,000
Hurricane Ike
Beyoncé and Rowland
$250,000
Hurricane Ike
Beyoncé and Rowland
Beyoncé and Rowland
Hurricane Ike
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
Brooklyn Phoenix House
God Bless the USA
$1 million
Brooklyn Phoenix House
New York Police and Fire Widows' and Children's Benefit Fund
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean's Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief
George Clooney and Wyclef Jean
Beyoncé Cosmetology Center
God Bless the USA
Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
I Was Here
Miss a Meal
June 1, 2013
Tina Knowles
a group of 950 US mayors and others designed to influence the federal government into rethinking its gun control laws, following the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.
a Gucci "Chime for Change" campaign that aims to spread female empowerment
Catapult
Demand A Plan
950
I Was Here
Salma Hayek and Frida Giannini
montaa (mountain)
44th
44th
77
montaa
1908
1949
grizzly bear
grizzly bear
Livingston
September 1910
Oro y Plata
"Gold and Silver"
1865
1895
bitterroot
35
129
Billings
Missoula and Great Falls
"mountain"
Montaa del Norte
147,040 square miles
North Dakota and South Dakota
North Dakota and South Dakota
western half of the state
60 percent
north
Saskatchewan
The Beartooth Plateau
Granite Peak
12,799 feet
Democrats currently hold one of the state's U.S. Senate seats, as well as four of the five statewide offices
Steve Daines
Republicans 29 to 21, and the State House of Representatives at 59 to 41.
29 to 21
swing state
1992
60 percent
60 percent
Bozeman Yellowstone International Airport
2013
BNSF Railway
1880s
Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation
spring hunting season
wolves and mountain lions
1930s
Federation of Fly Fishers
walleye
A River Runs Through It
April 26, 1864
1862
$1.75
1886
450 miles (720 km)
Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico, and Hudson Bay
Triple Divide Peak
Pacific Ocean
Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
Three Forks
Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin
1976
Yellowstone National Park, enters Montana near Gardiner, and passes through the Paradise Valley
North Dakota
3,223
Flathead Lake
Fort Peck Reservoir
Fort Peck Reservoir on the Missouri river
25 percent
14 amphibian, 90 fish, 117 mammal, 20 reptile
grizzly bear
five
seven species of trout, walleye and smallmouth bass and at least 29 species of game birds and animals
15 inches
34.70 inches
105 inches
7
from 1 percent to 6.9 percent
no
Approximately 66,000
1851
1887
Great Falls
63%
German
a mining camp
6.5 percent
Big Horn, Glacier, and Roosevelt
27.9 percent
July 2007
July 2007,
combination of warmer weather, attack by beetles, and mismanagement
1855
Isaac Stevens
1859
Flathead Indian Reservation
Camp Cooke
Camp Cooke
Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876
1877
English
94.8 percent
Spanish
13,040
Assiniboine
0.9 percent
0.9 percent
0.9 percent
1,032,949
4.40%
Gallatin County
14,323
1917
1941
conscientious objector status were sent to Montana during the war as smokejumpers and for other forest fire-fighting duties.
13 million
325
General Philip Sheridan
1875
Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east
1882
Yellowstone valley
1874, 1875 and 1876
September 8, 1883
1866
a failed bid for statehood
Helena
1889
President Grover Cleveland
160 acres
160 acres
1868
640 acres
640 acres
640 acres
James J. Hill
1902
1909
Enlarged Homestead Act
June 1917
the Sedition Act of 1918
criticism of the U.S. government, military, or symbols through speech or other means
over 200
78
40,000-plus
40,000-plus
1500
Fort William Henry Harrison
Great Falls, Lewistown, Cut Bank and Glasgow
to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups
the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group
"in whole or in part"
Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33
The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention
biological-physical destruction
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
there had been few cases of genocide under other Convention States municipal laws
ECHR
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Lemkin
Lemkin
United Nations General Assembly
did not provide a legal definition of the crime
political killings
USSR
international intervention in domestic politics
William Schabas
Great Purge
Jorgic v. Germany
national, racial, religious or ethnic group
Jorgic v. Germany
the intent to destroy a national, racial, religious or ethnic group was enough to qualify as genocide.
genocide
Lemming
mobilizing much of the international relations and community
Peg LeVine
Peg LeVine
ritualcide
Peg LeVine
language, culture, and economic infrastructure
the legal aspect of the term
crime
deliberate killing of a certain group
the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area
the Peace of Westphalia
more often than not committed
ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups
the Peace of Westphalia
1944
the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill).
to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
Raphael Lemkin
Winston Churchill
1944
"a crime without a name"
Raphael Lemkin
geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them
determination of when the targeted part is substantial enough to meet this requirement
The numeric size of the targeted part of the group
absolute terms
prominence within the group
the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims
the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims
the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach
The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him
inform the analysis
12 January 1951
12 January 1951
only two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council
Soviet Union ratified in 1954, the United Kingdom in 1970, the People's Republic of China in 1983 (having replaced the Taiwan-based Republic of China on the UNSC in 1971), and the United States in 1988.
the world's most powerful nations
a diplomatic compromise
the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool
international legal credibility
none
the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods
Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel
M. Hassan Kakar
The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
M. Hassan Kakar
a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator.
a state or other authority intends to destroy a group
Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr
the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality."
genocides and politicides
their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality
pogroms
murder
murder
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
eliminate the group
non-killings
Adrian Gallagher
Adrian Gallagher
a process of destruction in order to destroy a group (as defined by the perpetrator), in whole or in substantial part, dependent upon relative group size
a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide
a substantial part of a group has to be destroyed before it can be classified as genocide
prevent and punish acts of genocide
peace and wartime
no claim of genocide could be brought against them at the International Court of Justice
United States
Cyprus and Norway
the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder
the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Raphael Lemkin
the appeal by Nikola Jorgi against his conviction for genocide by a German court
the appeal by Nikola Jorgi against his conviction for genocide by a German court
ethnic cleansing
expel Muslims and Croats from their homes
Momcilo Krajisnik
30
Zdravko Tolimir
committing genocide and conspiracy to commit genocide
aiding and abetting genocide
German courts
11 March 2006
Belgrade
Radovan Karadi and Ratko Mladi
11 March 2006
Slobodan Miloevi
The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
April 1994
the Security Council of the United Nations
the Security Council of the United Nations
the Security Council of the United Nations
Darfur
United States Secretary of State Colin Powell
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur
the Commission cautioned that "The conclusion that no genocidal policy has been pursued and implemented in Darfur by the Government authorities, directly or through the militias under their control, should not be taken in any way as detracting from the gravity of the crimes perpetrated in that
the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court
the Security Council formally referred the situation in Darfur to the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, taking into account the Commission report
Two
the Prosecutor has found "reasonable grounds to believe that the individuals identified [in the UN Security Council Resolution 1593] have committed crimes against humanity and war crimes," but did not find sufficient evidence to prosecute for genocide.
structural conditions leading up to genocide
structural conditions leading up to genocide
Ervin Staub
past violence against the group that becomes the perpetrator
humanizing a devalued group
resistance of bacteria to antibiotics
evolution ary processes
1943
penicillin and erythromycin
Emergence of resistance
bacterial strains with physiologically or genetically enhanced capacity to survive high doses of antibiotics
1943
1943
concentration
eliminate bacterial infection
bacterial growth phase
ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells
concentration
host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
markers of drug efficacy
target bacterial functions or growth processes
penicillins and cephalosporins
polymyxins
tetracyclines
mechanism of action
penicillins and cephalosporins
polymyxins
four
mechanism of action, chemical structure, or spectrum of activity
semisynthetic
beta-lactam antibiotics
aminoglycosides
chemical synthesis
semisynthetic modifications of various natural compounds
2000 atomic mass units
penicillins
penicillins
tuberculosis
their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
in every region of the world
20th century
in every region of the world and has the potential to affect anyone, of any age, in any country
their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
in every region of the world
tuberculosis
widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
tuberculosis
20th century
their effectiveness and easy access led to overuse, especially in livestock raising, prompting bacteria to develop resistance
in every region of the world
in every region of the world
20th century
widespread problems with antimicrobial and antibiotic resistance
livestock raising
tuberculosis
empirical therapy
the identification process make take several days in the laboratory
broad spectrum antibiotic
the doctor will usually administer the best choice of antibiotic that will be most active against the likely cause of infection
before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection
broad spectrum antibiotic
the responsible microorganism is not yet unidentified
before the doctor knows the exact identification of microorgansim causing the infection
fever and nausea
disruption of the species composition in the intestinal flora
vulvo-vaginal
administration of a quinolone antibiotic with a systemic corticosteroid
host microbiota
Antibiotics
approval for clinical use
mild to very serious
fever and nausea
host microbiota
Antibiotics
photodermatitis and anaphylaxis
diarrhea
vulvo-vaginal
tendon damage
increased body mass
subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity
the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.
increased body mass
intestinal microbiota
it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity
contraceptive pills
about 1%
reduced absorption of estrogens in the colon
inconclusive and controversial
extra contraceptive measures
contraceptive pills
about 1%
reduced absorption of estrogens
oral contraceptives
the failure rate of contraceptive pills caused by antibiotics is very low
extra contraceptive measures
about 1%
alcohol and certain antibiotics
interfere with many common antibiotics
serious side-effects
the belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed is widespread
side-effects and decreased effectiveness of antibiotic therapy
moderate alcohol consumption
belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
alcohol and certain antibiotics
serious side-effects
belief that alcohol and antibiotics should never be mixed
Intrinsic
plasmids
an antibiotic target
vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA
a mutation in the bacterial chromosome
vertical transmission of mutations during growth and by genetic recombination of DNA
Plasmids
superbugs
tuberculosis
nearly half a million
MDR-TB
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
Self prescription of antibiotics
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment and overuse of antibiotics
prophylactic antibiotics
prophylactic antibiotics
failure to take the entire prescribed course of the antibiotic, incorrect dosage and administration, or failure to rest for sufficient recovery
Inappropriate antibiotic treatment
respiratory tract infections
US Interagency Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance
US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH)
2002
2003
Swann report 1969
The American Society for Microbiology (ASM), American Public Health Association (APHA) and the American Medical Association (AMA)
S.742 and H.R. 2562
American Holistic Nurses' Association, the American Medical Association, and the American Public Health Association (APHA)
animal husbandry
1977
March 2012
medicinal folklore
over 2000 years ago
mold and plant materials
against life
Jean Paul Vuillemin
The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history
Alexander Fleming
History of penicillin
chemotherapy
Prontosil
Gerhard Domagk
Gerhard Domagk
1939
tyrothricin
1939
Rene Dubos
Rene Dubos
commercially manufactured antibiotics
1942
1945
Norman Heatley
1945
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation
Antibacterial vaccines
attenuated whole cells or lysates
Phage therapy
pathogenic bacteria
the phages will infect "good" bacteria
Infectious Disease Society of America
Gram-negative bacilli
April 2013
clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA
appropriate economic incentives
superbugs
ADAPT
Polish and French
a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
solo piano
the Duchy of Warsaw
20
François Chopin
a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
the Duchy of Warsaw
solo piano
20
17 October 1849
Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin
solo piano
a Polish and French (by citizenship and birth of father) composer and a virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era
François Chopin
the Duchy of Warsaw
20
François Chopin
17 October 1849
21
30
1835
Majorca
tuberculosis
Paris
30
Franz Liszt
1835
Maria Wodziska
21
30
1835
Jane Stirling
1835
Jane Stirling
tuberculosis
the piano
instrumental ballade
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
their nuance and sensitivity
Paris salons
the piano
instrumental ballade
their nuance and sensitivity
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
the piano
piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
their nuance and sensitivity
J. S. Bach, Mozart and Schubert
the piano
piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some songs
Paris salons
indirect
Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death
Romantic era
films and biographies
France
Poland
political insurrection
Romantic era
France
political insurrection
Romantic era
elazowa Wola
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
29
elazowa Wola
Napoleon
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
Napoleon
22 February 1810
1 March
Fridericus Franciscus
elazowa Wola
Napoleon
Justyna Krzyanowska
Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810
1806
1787
1787
Justyna Krzyanowska
Fryderyk Skarbek
Ludwika
1787
1787
Ludwika
French
French
Palace grounds
flute and violin
illnesses
October 1810
Warsaw Lyceum
flute and violin
the piano
French
French
flute and violin
the piano
Saxon Palace.
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
polonaises
1821
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
seven
1816 to 1821
Wojciech ywny
Ludwika
seven
Wojciech ywny
the Saxon Palace
the rectorate of Warsaw University
the Saxon Palace
the Belweder Palace
Nasze Przebiegi
the Saxon Palace
the Saxon Palace
Grand Duke Constantine
the Belweder Palace
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
the Belweder Palace
Grand Duke Constantine
the Belweder Palace
Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
Tsar Alexander I
10 June 1825
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
a diamond ring
Rondo Op. 1
Wilhelm Würfel
Józef Elsner
eolomelodicon
a diamond ring.
Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung
Dominik Dziewanowski
Szafarnia
spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers
Dominik Dziewanowski
Polish rural folk music
Dominik Dziewanowski
The Szafarnia Courier
Szafarnia
1827
Krakowskie Przedmiecie
1830
the Krasiski Palace
Ambroy Mieroszewski
1827
1830
male students
Ambroy Mieroszewski
Emilia
1830
the Krasiski Palace
Ambroy Mieroszewski
the Krasiski Palace
Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
Piano Concerto No. 1
July 1829
Julian Fontana
Konstancja Gadkowska
Tytus Woyciechowski
Piano Concerto No. 1
Pytus Woyciechowski, Jan Nepomucen Biaobocki, Jan Matuszyski
zoologist Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Prince Antoni Radziwi
Op. 3
Gaspare Spontini
zoologist Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Prince Antoni Radziwi
Op. 3
Gaspare Spontini
zoologist Feliks Jarocki
Gaspare Spontini
Gaspare Spontini
1829
Souvenir de Paganini
11 August
two
17 March 1830
Souvenir de Paganini
Vienna
Piano Concerto No. 2
September 1829
the piano-bashing of local artists
Niccol Paganini
Vienna
two
three weeks
2 November 1830
Austria
2 November 1830
Zdzisaw Jachimecki
Zdzisaw Jachimecki
Woyciechowski
Italy
Woyciechowski
western Europe
Woyciechowski
2 November 1830
"I curse the moment of my departure."
September 1831
Polish Great Emigration
France
1835
friends and confidants
Paris
late September 1831
Polish Great Emigration
1835
Adam Zamoyski
he would never return to Poland
France
France
Adam Zamoyski
Polish Great Emigration
Paris
Adam Mickiewicz
verses he set as songs
Adam Mickiewicz
Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Ferdinand Hiller, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, and Alfred de Vigny
Adam Mickiewicz
Polish Literary Society
Julian Fontana
Albert Grzymaa
elder brother
Julian Fontana
Two Polish friends in Paris
England
England
Albert Grzymaa
Albert Grzymaa
Julian Fontana
Warsaw Conservatory
Robert Schumann
Salle Pleyel
keyboard technique
, and in the winter of 1832 he began earning a handsome income from publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe.
Robert Schumann
Salle Pleyel
Rothschild banking family, whose patronage also opened doors for him to other private salons
1831
keyboard technique
publishing his works and teaching piano to affluent students
his own Paris apartment for small groups of friends
pianos
Salle Pleyel
Liszt's Hexameron
Maurice Schlesinger
Adolphe Gutmann
Paris apartment
J.S. Bach
Maurice Schlesinger
Felix Mendelssohn
"a very agreeable day", playing and discussing music at his piano, and met Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow, director of the Academy of Art, and some of his eminent pupils such as Lessing, Bendemann, Hildebrandt
Friedrich Wilhelm Schadow
Carlsbad
Lower Rhenish Music Festival
Hiller
Carlsbad
Countess Wodziska
Countess Wodziska
Felix Mendelssohn
Düsseldorf
Academy of Art
daughter Maria
Woyciechowski
Herz, Liszt, Hiller
Woyciechowski
26 February 1832
Woyciechowski
Salle Pleyel
Rue de la Chaussée-d'Antin
Liszt
seven
Harriet Smithson
the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
2 April 1833
Bonn
the Salle Pleyel and the Paris Conservatory
Rue Lafitte
seven
Harriet Smithson
love-hate relationship
Liszt's theatricality, showmanship and success
he should play the music as written or not play it at all, forcing an apology
my friend Liszt
Chopin's Op. 10 Études
Marie d'Agoult
Liszt
Liszt
Marie d'Agoult
Hiller
George Sand
Marie d'Agoult
My tragedy
Grzymaa
George Sand
poor health
My tragedy
Marie d'Agoult
Maria Wodziska's mother
My tragedy
Grzymaa
Camille Pleyel
earnest
six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me
two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839),
Valldemossa
Camille Pleyel
Camille Pleyel
six years older than the composer, and who had had a series of lovers, wrote at this time: "I must say I was confused and amazed at the effect this little creature had on me
Félicien Mallefille
Carthusian monastery
June 1838
two spent a miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839),
Sand's two children
Félicien Mallefille.
Carthusian monastery
Three
Pleyel piano
the best possible condition
bad health and the incompetence of the doctors
3 December
bad health and the incompetence of the doctors
Pleyel piano
3 December
Pleyel piano
bad weather
the Canuts
Marseilles
Nohant
Square d'Orléans
the Canuts
Marseilles
Nohant
5 rue Tronchet
Square d'Orléans
bad weather
the Canuts.
Marseilles
Square d'Orléans
Nohant
Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
26 July 1840
Adolphe Nourrit
the organ
Die Gestirne
Adolphe Nourrit
Adolphe Nourrit
Berlioz's Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
26 July 1840
Op. 53
Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
7 June 1842
piano technique and composition
Delacroix and the mezzo-soprano Pauline Viardot
piano technique and composition.
Delacroix
1842
Grzymaa
Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
Charles Hallé
temporal lobe epilepsy
1842
Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
temporal lobe epilepsy
1842 onwards
mouth
Beethoven Seventh Symphony arrangement at Erard's
Charles Hallé
temporal lobe epilepsy.
Auguste Clésinger
radical political pursuits
third child
Lucrezia Floriani
1847
1846
Auguste Clésinger
Lucrezia Floriani
Auguste Clésinger.
less of a lover and more of a nurse
Lucrezia Floriani
1847
Op. 58 sonata
more refined than many of his earlier compositions
1841
1841
Op. 58 sonata
1841
1841
three mazurkas
February 1848
Auguste Franchomme
February 1848
Auguste Franchomme
Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso
Auguste Franchomme
three
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Angelo Bozzolini and Roberto Prosseda
Cornel Wilde
Cornel Wilde
1928
Pierre Blanchar
George Sand
Cornel Wilde
Cornel Wilde
Pierre Blanchar
Pierre Blanchar
1901
Giacomo Orefice
Giacomo Orefice
Chopin
opera tic
Giacomo Orefice
Milan
Giacomo Orefice
Leon Ulrich
Marcel Proust and André Gide
1830
Leon Ulrich
1830
biographies
Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
The New York Times
Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin
The New York Times
Paul Pabst
Nocturne in E major Op. 62 No. 2
Paul Pabst
The British Library
Paul Pabst
Methuen-Campbell
International Chopin Piano Competition
1927
Warsaw
every five years
1,500
International Chopin Piano Competition
1927
eighty societies
1,500
Chopiniana
Michel Fokine
Les Sylphides
Alexander Glazunov
Michel Fokine
Chopiniana
Michel Fokine
Michel Fokine
Sergei Diaghilev
London
Jane Stirling
London
his Scottish pupil Jane Stirling and her elder sister
Jane Stirling
Revolution of 1848
Jane Stirling
Dover Street
Broadwood
Stafford House
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert
7 July
Dover Street
Broadwood
Queen Victoria and Prince Albert.
piano lessons
Viardot
Scotland
Adam yszczyski
Scotland
Glasgow
10 Warriston Crescent
16 November 1848
London's Guildhall
a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees.
terminal
London's Guildhall
Delfina Potocka
Chaillot
Princess Obreskoff
November
Delfina Potocka
Chaillot
Princess Obreskoff.
June 1849
June 1849
Place Vendôme 12
June 1849
her husband and daughter
Jane Stirling
Viardot
fear of being buried alive
"No longer"
Clésinger
fear of being buried alive
Clésinger
tuberculosis
Jean Cruveilhier
Permission for DNA testing
tuberculosis
Jean Cruveilhier
cystic fibrosis
Permission for DNA testing, which could put the matter to rest, has been denied by the Polish government.
Church of the Madeleine
almost two weeks
Over 3,000
Paris
almost two weeks
Over 3,000
No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor
Louis Lefébure-Wély
Prince Adam Czartoryski
Funeral March
No. 4 in E minor and No. 6 in B minor
Louis Lefébure-Wély
Père Lachaise Cemetery
Prince Adam Czartoryski
Funeral March
Clésinger
Euterpe
5,000 francs
Jane Stirling
alcohol
Clésinger.
5,000 francs
Jane Stirling
5,000
two hundred
Over 230
the piano
Over 230
solo piano music, as either piano concertos, songs or chamber music.
Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi
Bach and Mozart
Haydn
John Field
ballades and scherzi
the nocturne
ballades and scherzi
the poetic potential of the concept of the concert étude
Liszt, Clementi and Moscheles
nine
nine
mazurkas
waltzes
Chopin also endowed popular dance forms with a greater range of melody and expression.
the concert hall
the concert hall
nine
waltzes
Revolutionary Étude
Funeral March
Sonata No. 2
Sonata No. 2
Revolutionary Étude
Minute Waltz
65
Julian Fontana
Julian Fontana
17
65
Julian Fontana
1857
Krystyna Kobylaska
1857
1857
Kobylaska Catalogue
KK
Kobylaska Catalogue
Breitkopf & Härtel
Jan Ekier
Maurice Schlesinger
19th-century piano anthologies.
Paderewski
Jan Ekier
Improvisation
flexible handling of the four-bar phrase
Improvisation
Nicholas Temperley
flexible handling of the four-bar phrase
the Barcarolle Op. 60
J. Barrie Jones
departure and return
folk features
a coda.
ternary or episodic
drone bass
a canon at one beat's distance
triple time
Zywny and Elsner
triple time
formidable playing technique.
The 21 nocturnes
middle sections marked by agitated expression
The 21 nocturnes
1833
The 21 nocturnes
ternary
ternary
ternary
The Well-Tempered Clavier
Ferruccio Busoni
The preludes
The Well-Tempered Clavier
generic preludes to others of his pieces
Ferruccio Busoni
Op. 35
Kornel Michaowski and Jim Samson
Op. 35
The last movement
Op. 58
Claude Debussy
keyboard improvisation
ordinary appoggiaturas or passing notes with melodic figures
his use of very independent finger technique
Léon Escudier
knowing good fingering
Karol Szymanowski
Chopin's use of national modes and idioms
Nikolai Zverev
Karol Szymanowski
Nikolai Zverev
Nikolai Zverev
Jonathan Bellman
expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring.
"always crescendo to a high note"
you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
chromatic embroidery
elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."
rubato
the practice in performance of disregarding strict time
rubato
mazurkas
Friederike Müller
Friederike Müller
strictest adherence to rhythm.
introducing to music a new sense of nationalism
their appeal to us artists is even stronger
Poland
their appeal to us artists is even stronger
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
mazurkas and polonaises
Schumann
cannon buried in flowers
Carolyne zu Sayn-Wittgenstein
Barbara Milewski
Micha Kleofas Ogiski and Franciszek Lessel
Richard Taruskin
intuitive
a source of strength in their continuing struggle for freedom
polonaise and mazurka
Arthur Hutchings
Liszt and Henri Herz
the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"
Arthur Hutchings
Carnaval
Ballade No. 2
piano six
Alkan
pianist and composer
Carnaval
Ballade No. 2
Liszt
1915
Jacques Durand
Raoul Koczalski
Karol Mikuli
Mainland Chinese scholars
Ming dynasty's shortage of horses for warfare
1402–1424
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
Karma Kagyu school
Nepal
Tibetans
the Mongols
Ganden Phodrang regime
1578
9th century
821
fixed the borders between Tibet and China
Tang China
821
907–960
960–1279
Song dynasty
countering northern enemy states of the Khitan
the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907–1125) and Jurchen
Genghis Khan
gedei Khan
1229–1241
gedei Khan
Godan
Sakya Pandita
Töregene Khatun
1241–1246
Drogön Chögyal Phagpa
Khagan
gedei Khan
Karma Pakshi
Phagpa lama
1279
1271–1368
Song dynasty
universal rule
Song dynasty
1358
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Zhu Yuanzhang
Red Turban Rebellion
Zhu Yuanzhang
1368–1398
the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.
Rolpe Dorje
Rolpe Dorje
the Buddhist link between Tibet and China
4th Karmapa Lama
Han Chinese
1402–1424
Morris Rossabi
1644–1912
1739
É-L-S Army-Civilian Marshal Office
10,000
1739
three Princes of Dharma () and five Princes
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Turrell V. Wylie
Tibet
Morris Rossabi
Tsepon W. D. Shakabpa
Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain
Wang and Nyima
the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371
princes
ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders
Thomas Laird
Mongol khans
Wang and Nyima
A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368,
the line of Mongol rulers in China
Thomas Laird
Rossabi
1271 to 1368
1311–1320
a licensed border market that existed between China and Tibet during the Yuan.
Mongols
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
General of the Ngari Military and Civil Wanhu Office
Ü-Tsang Commanding Office
China Tibetology Research Center in Beijing
Chen Qingying
1,000 households
10,000 households
John Powers
ruling lamas
the Ming emperors sent invitations to ruling lamas, but the lamas sent subordinates rather than coming themselves, and no Tibetan ruler ever explicitly accepted the role of being a vassal of the Ming.
Tarim Basin and oasis of Turpan
Han dynasty
Education Minister
Degsi
the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
the Yuan imperial court and the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Changchub Gyaltsen
Van Praag
University of Washington
to build "nationalist sentiment" amongst Tibetans, and to "remove all traces of Mongol suzerainty
Sagya Gyaincain
the Ming officer of Hezhou
Jamyang Shakya Gyaltsen
the Ming officer of Hezhou
edict
the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
1434
the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
the Phagmodrupa lost its centralizing power over Tibet in 1434, several attempts by other families to establish hegemonies failed over the next two centuries until 1642
Karmapa Kargyu
The Ming dynasty
Je Tsongkhapa
Je Tsongkhapa
Je Tsongkhapa
1407
1413
Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
Chosrje Shkya Yeshes
Dawa Norbu
the Ming appointed titles to eastern Tibetan princes
Laird
Laird
1413
1413
1413
to gain the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
1413
the Gelug
1430s
Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
History of Ming
the Phagmodru myriarchy
Melvyn C. Goldstein
1435–1565
Melvyn C. Goldstein
1565–1642
1398–1402
Yao Guangxiao
Hongwu Emperor
March 10, 1403
Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang
the Karmapa
1407
Khotan
1403
Deshin Shekpa
The Yongle Emperor came out of the palace in Nanjing to greet the Karmapa
Kublai Khan
Yongle Emperor
five
Nanjing
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
Deshin Shekpa
strictly for religious purposes
Thinley
Thinley
Deshin Shekpa
Jianwen Emperor
Deshin Shekpa
Marsha Weidner
the fifth Karmapa
Buddhist artifacts
Buddhist artifacts
1435–1449
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
the Karmapa hierarchs
1446
1415
Chan
Yangzi and Mekong Rivers
to facilitate trade with Tibet in tea, horses, and salt
Yunnan
secure urgently needed horses
Silk workshops
Silk workshops
Van Praag
horses were collected from Tibet as a mandatory "corvée" tax
Tibet
Altan Khan
Altan Khan
Laird
Altan Khan
14th century
John D. Langlois
30,000
30,000
Qu Neng
recovery of the Ordos region
Ming dynasty
the Mongols used as a rallying base to stage raids into Ming China
help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
divide-and-rule
the Sakya regime had fallen
the fifth Karmapa
giving patronage to many different Tibetan lamas
the Phagmodrupa
1498
New Years ceremonies and prayers
1518
1505–1521
8th Karmapa Lama
Mikyö Dorje
Manchu Qing dynasty invasion
China's intervening Ming dynasty
Tibetan Studies
18th century
the Qing dynasty
the Chinese central government
Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
Republic of China and its Communist successors
San Francisco
vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols
patron and priest relationship
13th century
the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet"
1981
the Ming dynasty "inherited the right to rule Tibet"
central government of China
1521–1567
Tibetan Vajrayana
Tibetan lamas
Yang Tinghe
Yang Tinghe
Jiajing
Portuguese embassy of Ferno Pires de Andrade
Portuguese embassy of Ferno Pires de Andrade
Tibetan Buddhism and lamas
Jiajing
the Tumed Mongols
the Tumed Mongols
the Tumed Mongols
1571
Amdo
shamanism and blood sacrifice
Altan Khan
Altan Khan
Dalai Lama
Committed to their religious leader
Tümen Khan
Altan Khan
5th Dalai Lama
1642
Sonam Gyatso
Altan Khan
Zhang Juzheng
Zhang Juzheng
Mongolia
Dalai Lama
allowing him to pay tribute
Dorjichang or Vajradhara Dalai Lama
Qing dynasty
Qing dynasty
Master of Vajradhara
Yonten Gyatso
1616
Yonten Gyatso
he died
the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet
the Ming court's lack of concern for Tibet
1642
Ming court
1565
Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
1611–1621
Karmapa
The fourth Dalai Lama
fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso
protector
fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso
1637–1640
1642
Lozang Gyatso
Lozang Gyatso
Dalai Lama
Sonam Chöpel
Lozang Gyatso
Li Zicheng
the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden
Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson
Lhasa
Lhasa
1720
1751
1735–1796
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
October 23, 2001
three
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
three
October 23, 2001
portable media players and multi-purpose pocket computers
October 2 3
ultra-compact iPod Shuffle
July 15, 2015
external data storage
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
128 GB
iTunes software
iTunes software
iTunes software
Music and Videos
Music and Videos
iOS 5
2010
"Music" and "Videos"
A8
A8
A8
2015
A8
5
2001
2004
Jon Rubinstein
1958 Braun T3 transistor radio
"1,000 songs in your pocket."
2001
"1,000 songs in your pocket."
the Walkman of the twenty-first century"
Jon Rubinstein
Toshiba disk drive
Pixo
Chicago
2007
Helvetica
Steve Jobs
PortalPlayer
Helvetica
iPod 5G
U2
black
33 minutes
U2
black
iPod 5G
Burst.com
Kane Kramer
Kane Kramer
1981
IXI
Burst.com
IXI
Kane Kramer
Vinnie Chieco
a freelance copywriter
2001: A Space Odyssey
Joseph N. Grasso
2005
2001: A Space Odyssey
Vinnie Chieco
Joseph N. Grasso
mid-2015
Pierre Dandumont
12.2
12.2
Pierre Dandumont
weak bass response
the problem is reduced when using high-impedance headphones
an external headphone amplifier
weak bass
DC-blocking capacitors
distortion
R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
clipping
equalizer (EQ) sound settings
R&B, Rock, Acoustic, and Bass Booster
concerns about hearing loss
100 dB
100 dB
France
100 dB
France
FireWire
power adapter
FireWire
30-pin
30-pin dock connector
fifth
fourth
a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector
30-pin
a single 3.5 mm minijack phone connector
30-pin
30-pin
iPod Hi-Fi
Belkin and Griffin
dock connector
paying royalties
third parties
iPod Hi-Fi
Lightning
iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano
30
8
pins
Lightning
iPhone 5, the fifth generation iPod Touch, and the seventh generation iPod Nano,
iPod Hi-Fi
Nike+iPod pedometer
Griffin Technology, Belkin, JBL, Bose, Monster Cable, and SendStation
sound recorders, FM radio tuners, wired remote controls, and audio/visual cables
Nike +iPod pedometer
Apple
BMW
Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen.
standard iPod connectivity
BMW
standard iPod connectivity
JVC, Pioneer, Kenwood, Alpine, Sony, and Harman Kardon
adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries.
audio input jacks
adapter kits (that use the cassette deck or the CD changer port), audio input jacks, and FM transmitters such as the iTrip—although personal FM transmitters are illegal in some countries.
audio input jacks
United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
allow passengers to power and charge an iPod, and view video and music libraries on individual seat-back displays
KLM and Air France
United, Continental, Delta, and Emirates
2007
MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG
a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
a converter for WMA files without Digital Rights Management (DRM)
Mac OS
MP3, AAC/M4A, Protected AAC, AIFF, WAV, Audible audiobook, and Apple Lossless
JPEG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, and PNG
one
iTunes library
host computer
the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
earphone cable
a 3.5" touch screen
the iPhone
the 3rd-generation iPod Shuffle, the 6th & 7th generation iPod Nano, and iPod Touch) have five buttons
3rd-generation iPod Shuffle
the iPhone
April 29, 2003
The iTunes Store
October 12, 2005
September 12, 2006
April 29, 2003
October 12, 2005
September 12, 2006
FairPlay DRM
Up to five authorized computers and an unlimited number of iPods
iTunes Plus
January 6, 2009
April 2009
FairPlay DRM
FairPlay DRM
iTunes Plus
January 6, 2009
Napster and MSN Music
rival-DRM technologies
DRM technologies
Universal Music Group
Universal Music Group
July 3, 2007
The Beat Goes On...
September 5, 2007
September 5, 2007
an iPhone or an iPod Touch
iPods
Brick
Steve Wozniak
Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
Brick
Brick
Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
September 2006
iTunes 7
6th and 5th generation iPod Classic
6th and 5th generation iPod Classic
September 2006
iTunes Store
Namco, Square Enix, Electronic Arts, Sega, and Hudson Soft
entering the video game handheld console market
GamePro and EGM
.zip archives
.zip archives
software development kit
iOS
.zip archives
iOS on the iPod Touch and iPhone
software development kit
iTunes
iTunes
iTunes
iTunes 7 and above
iTunes 7 and above
Media files
the host operating system
manual
2005
Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
Sony, RealNetworks, Napster, and Musicmatch
Ho Keung Tse
Hong Kong-based IP portfolio company called Pat-rights
FairPlay
rotational user inputs
August 2005
Creative Technology
Zen Patent
United States International Trade Commission
rotational user inputs
Creative Technology
August 24, 2006
$100 million
Made for iPod
$100 million
Made for iPod program
over 90%
October 2004
72.7%
Bloomberg Online
over 90%
over 90%
74%
January 8, 2004
Hewlett-Packard
Wal-Mart
5%
unfavorable terms and conditions
HP
one- hundred million
32%
Mac computers
$5.2 billion
April 9, 2007
32%
$6.22 billion
30.69%
US$24.01 billion
$15.4 billion
US$24.01 billion
January 22, 2008
$1.58 billion
42%
42%
Peter Oppenheimer
Phil Schiller
14.21%
exceeded 220 million
2013
fourth
scoring on looks, clean design, and ease of use.
Sony Ericsson and Nokia
WMA
PC World
Sony Ericsson and Nokia
PC World
business
delivery mechanism for business communication and training
Royal and Western Infirmaries
Glasgow, Scotland
Duke University
Entertainment Weekly
Duke University
Entertainment Weekly
album Era
accelerating shifts within the music industry
album Era
album Era
30 GB
MP3.com
2003
battery life
MP3.com
third-party vendors
refurbished replacement iPod
lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
third-party vendors
lithium-ion batteries lose capacity during their lifetime even when not in use
battery replacement program
US $99
soldering tools
Fifth generation iPods
November 14, 2003
US $99
iPod Nano
flawed battery
an Apple product replacement program
alleged short life-span and fragile hard drives
13.7%
13.7%
2005
protective sleeves
20%
surface of the first generation iPod Nano
US$50 per month
Apple's Code of Conduct
over 60 hours a week for 35% of the time, and worked more than six consecutive days for 25 % of the time.
US$50 per month
over 60 hours a week
Verité
Electronic Industry Code of Conduct Implementation Group
Foxconn
a union affiliated with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the Chinese government-approved union umbrella organization.
Foxconn
Verité
December 31, 2006
2010
2009
2010
innovation
"disk mode" as mass storage devices to store data files
FAT32
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
November 2006
December 2006
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
November 2005
November 2006
Link
Hyrule
Midna
Link
Midna
The Wind Waker
Game of the Year
Nintendo Selects
March 2016
Twilight Princess
Game of the Year
2006
March 2016
combat, exploration, and item collection
Ocarina of Time
L-targeting
Clawshot
Clawshot
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess
Ocarina of Time
Clawshot
L-targeting
The context-sensitive button mechanic
The context-sensitive button mechanic
the context-sensitive button will cause Link to throw the rock if he is moving or targeting an object or enemy, or place the rock on the ground if he is standing still.
The context-sensitive button mechanic
The context-sensitive button mechanic
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
chime
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
Nunchuk
only two of Link's secondary weapons can be equipped at a time, as opposed to four in the Wii version.
motion sensors
motion sensors and built-in speaker of the Wii Remote
nine
enemies
a large overworld
Epona
battles enemies, collects items, and solves puzzles
a boss
a large overworld
Wolf Link
biting
Poes
Midna
Epona
Wolf Link
energy field
energy field
artificial intelligence
The Wind Waker
arrows or slingshot pellets
artificial intelligence
arrows or slingshot pellets
nods and facial expressions
the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kmoto.
Akiko Kmoto
Japan
Link
nods and facial expressions
the phonemes of English phrases[better source needed] sampled by Japanese voice actress Akiko Kmoto.
Akiko Kmoto
Twilight Princess
carry off the village's children with Link in pursuit
Midna
Tears of Light
Ordon Village
Bulblins
Tears of Light
Fused Shadows
Zant
Master Sword
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda
Faron, the Gorons of Eldin, and the Zoras of Lanayru
Fused Shadows
Zant
Master Sword
Bringing a dying Midna to Zelda
Shadow Crystal
Midna
Ganondorf
Hyrule Castle
Ganondorf
Shadow Crystal
Gerudo Desert
Midna
Ganondorf
by possessing Zelda's body and eventually by transforming into a beast
Midna's helmet
Ordon Village
Link and Zelda
plunges the Master Sword into his chest
Zelda and the Light Spirits
Link and Zelda
Midna's helmet
Mirror of Twilight
2003
Game Developers Conference
North American sales of The Wind Waker were sluggish
horseback combat
2003
Eiji Aonuma
horseback combat
Aonuma's
Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
Nintendo DS
Phantom Hourglass
Electronic Entertainment Expo 2004
The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes
Aonuma
Revolution
Miyamoto
The story of the game was created by Aonuma, and later underwent several changes
the Wii Remote
pointing-based interface
Developing two versions
Satoru Iwata
Developing two versions
Nintendo DS game cards
2005
Nintendo DS game cards
2005
swinging gesture
Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.
support for the Wii controller did not make it into the GameCube
E3 2006
the GameCube release was pushed back to a month after the launch of the Wii.
Aonuma thought it felt strange to swing the Wii Remote with the right hand to control the sword in Link's left hand, so the entire Wii version map was mirrored.
E3 2006
difficulty of the control scheme
the new item system required use of the button that had previously been used for the sword
E3
right
comfort and ease
Toru Minegishi and Asuka Ohta
Koji Kondo
Michiru shima
Koji Kondo
Michiru shima
Yasuzo Takemoto
orchestral music
50
November 19, 2006
six- and seven-track
orchestral music
November 19, 2006
six- and seven-track
a buffer overflow vulnerability
Executable and Linkable Format
copying exploited save files onto the console
Twilight Hack
copying exploited save files onto the console
copying exploited save files onto the console
Tantalus Media
Wii U
November 12, 2015
March 5, 2016
The Legend of Zelda: Twilight Princess HD
Tantalus Media
Tantalus Media
March 4, 2016
Wolf Link Amiibo figurine
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
Cave of Shadows
Wolf Link Amiibo
Cave of Shadows
Ganondorf
Ganondorf
20
20
Japan, Europe, and Australia
20
1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy.
GameRankings and Metacritic
GameTrailers
Twilight Princess
1UP.com, Computer and Video Games, Electronic Gaming Monthly, Game Informer, GamesRadar, and GameSpy.
95
GameTrailers
IGN and GameSpy
Jeff Gerstmann
GameSpot
Javier Glickman
Hyper
IGN and GameSpy
MIDI-formatted songs
Javier Glickman
Best Artistic Design, Best Original Score, and Best Use of Sound
16th
4th
third
IGN and Nintendo Power
Best Console Game
16th
4th
Twilight Princess
1.32 million
1.32 million
PAL region
1.32 million
1.32 million
Akira Himekawa
Japan
Shogakukan
Shogakukan's MangaOne
Eon Productions
Christoph Waltz
Spectre
Skyfall
$245 million,
twenty-four
Spectre
four
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Columbia Pictures
Sam Mendes
Spectre
Diamonds Are Forever
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
Lucia Sciarra
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
Léa Seydoux
1971
26 October 2015
Royal Albert Hall in London
6 November 2015
its action sequences and cinematography
Academy Award
Skyfall
Writing's on the Wall
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
C
Nine Eyes
Garreth Mallory
007 James Bond kills three men plotting a terrorist bombing during the Day of the Dead
MI5 and MI6
steals his ring
Rome
Spectre
Franz Oberhauser
a Spectre assassin
Moneypenny
Rome
Franz Oberhauser
Mr. Hinx
Franz Oberhauser
thallium poisoning
Dr. Madeline Swann
suicide
Hoffler Klinik
Tangier
thallium poisoning.
Dr. Madeline Swann
L'Américain
Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva
Mr Hinx
Hannes
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
MI6 building
Blofeld
Westminster Bridge
M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny;
Q
M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny;
SPecial Executive for Counter-intelligence, Terrorism, Revenge and Extortion
Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
1963
Never Say Never Again
Warhead 2000 A.D.
1963
Never Say Never Again
Ian Fleming and Kevin McClory
MGM and the McClory estate
SPECTRE acronym
Eon Productions
MGM and the McClory estate
MGM and the McClory estate
MGM and the McClory estate
Danjaq
hackers
hackers
John Logan
Eon Productions
November 2014
John Logan
Eon Productions
Christoph Waltz
1983
Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
Octopussy
Charmian Bond
Octopussy
Christoph Waltz.
Neal Purvis and Robert Wade
Ian Fleming's
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
Kingsley Amis
The Hildebrand Rarity
Fleming's
Blofeld
Hildebrand Rarities and Antiques
December 2014
Ralph Fiennes
Daniel Craig
Daniel Craig
Rory Kinnear
four
Rory Kinnear
Daniel Craig
Franz Oberhauser
Ernst Stavro Blofeld
Bérénice Lim Marlohe
Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace
fifty
Bérénice Lim Marlohe
Jesper Christensen
over fifteen hundred extras
Alessandro Cremona
Alessandro Cremona
over fifteen hundred extras
Mexico
Alessandro Cremona was cast as Marco Sciarra, Stephanie Sigman was cast as Estrella, and Detlef Bothe was cast as a villain for scenes shot in Austria.
Alessandro Cremona
Estrella
The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
Dennis Gassner
Roger Deakins
Spectre
Spectre
Spectre
The Living Daylights and Licence to Kill
six
London, Mexico City and Rome
Van Hoytema
Pinewood Studios
8 December 2014
Kodak 35 mm film stock
Pinewood Studios
December 2014
February 2015
Ice Q Restaurant
an injury to Craig, who sprained his knee whilst shooting a fight scene, and later by an accident involving a filming vehicle that saw three crew members injured, at least one of them seriously.
Ice Q Restaurant
a private medical clinic in the Austrian Alps.
tztal Glacier Road, Rettenbach glacier
Ponte Sisto bridge and the Roman Forum
Formula One racing team Williams
Aston Martin DB10
four
Blenheim Palace in Oxfordshire
Blenheim Palace
Aston Martin DB10 and a Jaguar C-X75
Formula One racing team Williams
the engineering division of Formula One racing team Williams, who built the original C-X75 prototype for Jaguar.
March
March
Centro Histórico district
1,500 extras, 10 giant skeletons and 250,000 paper flowers.
Palenque
March
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm Bo 105 helicopter
Centro Histórico district
New York
22 April
New York
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
The London Fire Brigade
17 May 2015
Vauxhall Cross
Westminster and Lambeth Bridges
The London Fire Brigade
Covent Garden.
on a speedboat as well as a low flying helicopter near Westminster Bridge were shot at night
Oujda, Tangier and Erfoud
Largest film stunt explosion
Chris Corbould
128 days
Morocco
Largest film stunt explosion
128
Chris Corbould
$20 million
Michael G. Wilson
Production of Skyfall
Istanbul
Thomas Newman
Decca Records
Decca Records
Thomas Newman
Decca Records
July 2015
July 2015
Writing's on the Wall
under half an hour
in under half an hour before recording a demo
Sam Smith and regular collaborator Jimmy Napes
25 September 2015
Skyfall
Shirley Bassey
Radiohead
Adele
Shirley Bassey
Radiohead
Aston Martin and Eon
Aston Martin and Eon
Williams F1
promotional work
Aston Martin and Eon
Williams F1
clapperboards and video blogs
Skyfall
clapperboards and video blogs
Skyfall
David Walliams
BBC One
July
13 March 2015
David Walliams
David Walliams
Royal Albert Hall
26 October 2015
Skyfall
Mission: Impossible – Rogue Nation
Paramount Pictures
$199.8 million
$199.8 million
$199.8 million
£41.7 million ($63.8 million)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Avatar
$9.2 million
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
Avatar
The Dark Knight
$14.6 million
$4.8 million
Spider-Man 3
$8.7 million
Spider-Man 3
seven weeks straight
$17.1 million
$70.4 million
$5.25 million
Skyfall
$17.1 million
$5.25 million
$15 million
$48.1 million
75%
$84.7 million
$15 million
$84.7 million
60 out of 100
48
274
CinemaScore
64
60 out of 100
Robbie Collin
IGN
four out of five stars
four
Scott Mendelson
Mick LaSalle
Spectre
Spectre
Christopher Orr
Bored
The Washington Post
Bored, James Bored
Indian Central Board of Film Certification
Twitter.
Christoph Waltz
spring 2016
Spectre
69,197
the Great Sichuan earthquake
69,197
69,197
8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
69,197
69,197
69,197
Beijing and Shanghai
80 kilometres (50 mi)
Strong aftershocks, some exceeding magnitude 6, continued to hit the area even months after the main quake, causing new casualties and damage.
Wenchuan earthquake
Wenchuan County, Sichuan
80 kilometres (50 mi)
80 kilometres (50 mi)
69,197
69,197
4.8 million
Approximately 15 million
1 trillion RMB (about US $146.5 billion)
69,197
69,197
69,197
4.8 million
11 million
Wenchuan County, Ngawa Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture
2 minutes
80%
8.0 Ms and 7.9 Mw
2 minutes
80%
Longmenshan fault
Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate
120 sec
deeper than 10 km
Longmenshan fault
Yingxiu-Beichuan fracture
120 sec, with the majority of energy released in the first 80 sec.
9 meters
April 30, 2008
1972
China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo
China Seismological Bureau Geng Qingguo
May 8
Premier Zhou Enlai
the Seismological Bureau had received reports predicting the earthquake
240 km
Tom Parsons
240 km
240 km
displacement of up to 9 meters along a fault approximately 240 km long by 20 km deep
deformations of the surface greater than 3 meters
high risk
over 6,000 people
two stages
Yuji Yagi
shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population
over 6,000
seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power
64 and 104
Between 64 and 104 major aftershocks, ranging in magnitude from 4.0 to 6.1, were recorded within 72 hours of the main quake.
August 5, 2008
64 and 104
42,719
6.0 Ms to 6.4 MS
42,719
August 5, 2008
6.1
6.1
a different fault.
2008 Panzhihua earthquake
6.1
6.1
2008 Panzhihua earthquake
China Seismic Intensity Scale
China Seismic Intensity Scale
very destructive
very disastrous
Yingxiu, Wenchuan
Tibetan Plateau
4.8 metres
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
2.3 metres (7 ft 7 in)
Tibetan Plateau
Tibetan Plateau
4.8 metres
4.8 metres
4.8 metres
Shanghai's financial district
calm
about 10 minutes
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
May 12
the Jin Mao Tower and the Hong Kong New World Tower, were evacuated
Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
disruption in air traffic services
the airport began to be used as a staging area for relief operations
Chengdu
Beijing office towers
Hui County, Gansu
13
Chengdu
Beijing office towers
None
Hui County, Gansu
the rail was distorted
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
80%
Dujiangyan
900
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
All of the highways into Wenchuan, and others throughout the province, were damaged,
80%
80 tons
900
southwestern China
Copper rose
Copper rose
Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
southwestern China
Copper rose
Shanghai Stock Exchange and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange
mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
the government piece by piece
mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
mobile and terrestrial telecommunications
the government piece by piece
a handful of major news and media websites
a handful of major news and media websites
more than 2,300
700
more than 2,300
power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion
Half
China Unicom
700
Wolong National Nature Reserve
280
31
80
Wolong National Nature Reserve
Six
Nine-year-old
Mao Mao
Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
2,000
391
Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
Zipingpu Hydropower Plant
less severe
Tulong reservoir
391
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
68,636
as they tried to repair roads
2,300
2,300
9,000
3,000 to 5,000
3,000 to 5,000
2,300
9,000
3,000 to 5,000
3,000 to 5,000
Eight
poor
Gao Qiang
public health care system in China is insufficient
the earthquake
poor
the "public health care system in China is insufficient
The Vice Minister of Health
shoddy
1,700
1,700
7,000
1, 700
shoddy construction
1,700
1,700
7,000
600
December 2008
May 7, 2009
5,335
5,335
May 7, 2009
artist and architect Ai Weiwei
5,335
5,335
fertility clinics
5 million
11 million
Millions of livestock and a significant amount of agriculture
1 million
5 million
11 million
12.5 million animals
a million pigs
Reginald DesRoches
China
China
1976 Tangshan earthquake
an international reconnaissance team of engineers
to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
an international reconnaissance team of engineers
to make a detailed preliminary survey of damaged buildings
a variety of reasons why many constructions failed to withstand the earthquake.
poorer, rural villages
Swaminathan Krishnan
California Institute of Technology
they were not designed
very strong building codes
some of these buildings presumably were quite old and probably were not built with any regulations overseeing them."
$75 billion
the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.
US$75 billion
one of the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history
the costliest natural disasters in Chinese history.
63
6.0 Mw
6.0 Mw
63
63
Qingchuan, Sichuan
more than 90,000
200,000
200,000
1,300
more than 90,000
more than 90,000
200,000
200,000
200,000
Premier Wen Jiabao
geomechanics
to oversee the rescue work
50,000
90 minutes
ten
50,000
the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter
Level II emergency contingency plan
the most serious class of natural disasters
May 12
Level II
The National Disaster Relief Commission
Level II
The National Disaster Relief Commission
184
184
184
184
184
184
184
Armed Police General Hospital
184
China Digital Times
Book Blade
China Digital Times
Book Blade
Children's Day
relief centres
relief centres, performed ceremonies marking the special day, but also acknowledging the earthquake.
rubble of schools
June 1
relief centres
$48.6 million
10 million yuan
48.6 million
10 million yuan
$457 million
$457 million
$457 million
€40,000,000
€40,000,000
$ 83 million
€40,000,000
$457 million
State Council
3 years
State Council
one province to one affected county
3 years
3 years, and cost no less than one percent of the province or municipality's budget.
the sudden shift of a huge quantity of water into the region could have relaxed the tension between the two sides of the fault, allowing them to move apart, and could have increased the direct pressure on it, causing a violent rupture
Zipingpu Dam
25 times more
the government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area.
the government had disregarded warnings about so many large-scale dam projects in a seismically active area.
seismological and geological data
to model future earthquake predictions
2008
time prediction method
Cyril and Methodius University of Skopje in Macedonia and Strachimir Mavrodiev
earthquake prediction was a global issue
no proven methods exist
earthquake prediction was a global issue
no prediction notification
Gary Gibson
2002
7.0
7.0
2002
7.0
over 30 years
over 30 years
there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible.
statistics related to the quake
there was no consensus within the scientific community that earthquake "prediction" is possible.
Taipei Fire Department
over 300 of the Tibetan villagers were stranded in their demolished village for five days without food and water
Red Cross Society of China
cash
it had not been possible to reach roads that were completely damaged or places that were blocked off by landslides
4000 m above sea level
Persistent heavy rain and landslides
20
15,600
3,000
15
Persistent heavy rain and landslides
20
15,600
3,000
around 9,000
90 helicopters
Premier Wen Jiabao
Premier Wen Jiabao
the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
the total of number of aircraft deployed in relief operations by the air force, army, and civil aviation to over 150
Premier Wen Jiabao
civil aviation industry
Premier Wen Jiabao
Tzu Chi Foundation
Tzu Chi Foundation
May 13
Tzu Chi Foundation
gratefully accept international help
it would gratefully accept international help to cope with the quake
China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
17:00 CST, May 15
May 16
China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
Mandarin Airlines direct chartered flight to Chengdu at 15:00 CST
China Airlines from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Chengdu Shuangliu International Airport
the quake-stricken areas
Chinese authorities
Xinhua
May 16
the quake-stricken areas
tents and generators
Xinhua
The Internet
Xinhua
to find the blind spots of disaster recovery
Wenchuan
The Internet
Xinhua
a student proposed a landing spot online and it was chosen as the first touchdown place for the helicopters
Volunteers
May 31
China
the sealed ruins of the Beichuan county seat
three days
China
a state earthquake relic museum
concerts
to remind people of the terrible disaster
blood
$772 million
people from all over mainland China
blood
booths
$772 million
$772 million
788,000 yuan
788,000 yuan
788,000 yuan
Wenchuan County
30,000
788,000 yuan
Amity Foundation
30,000
the Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless
Amity Foundation
over 7,000
tofu-dregs schoolhouses
over 7,000
over 7,000
tofu-dregs schoolhouses
under 18 years of age
CCTV-1
Bai Yansong
1.5 billion
$1.57 million
Promise
CCTV-1
US$208 million
CCTV -1
1.57 million
Promise
This is the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
Myanmar's blockage of foreign aid
the first time [that] the Chinese media has lived up to international standards
Los Angeles Times
Tangshan earthquake
quake lakes
34
34
magnitude 7.9
large landslides
quake lakes
34
Entire villages
Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan
by foot or air
China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
200,000
200,000 people were evacuated from Mianyang by June 1 in anticipation of the dam bursting
China Flying Dragon Special Aviation Company
Mount Tangjia in Beichuan County, Sichuan
1,200
The State Council
The State Council
Mao Zedong
May 19, 2008
Cars and trucks
The State Council
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
The Ningbo Organizing Committee
Ruijin, Jiangxi
Ruijin, Jiangxi
black and white
limited their homepages to news items and removed all advertisements
various gaming sites
crowds spontaneously burst out cheering various slogans, including "Long Live China".
Macau
Ye Zhiping
the earthquake happened
2,323
400,000 yuan (US$60,000)
Ye Zhiping
2,323
An County
three-year
ten
safety checks
ten
to gain first-hand material of construction quality at the collapsed schools, launch preliminary inquiries and prepare for possible investigations into professional crime
safety checks
ten
forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money
riot police officers broke up protests by parents; the authorities set up cordons around the schools; and officials ordered the Chinese news media to stop reporting on school collapses.
government officials in Beijing and Sichuan have said they are investigating the collapses.
To limit protests
forbade them from holding protests, in exchange of money
some who refused to sign were threatened
to stop reporting on school collapses
Liu Shaokun
suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
Sichuan school teacher
suspicion of the crime of inciting subversion
taken photos of collapsed school buildings, and put them online
in a media interview
one year
2007
January 2010
2007
UNICEF
condolences and assistance
May 14
UNICEF
magnitude of the quake
$214,000 and $71,000
$26 million
10.7 billion yuan
the Chinese public
Yao Ming
26 million
swift and very efficient
"rapidly and with uncharacteristic openness
Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
Burma's secretive response to Cyclone Nargis, which devastated that country 10 days before the earthquake.
Francis Marcus
CCTV-1
CCTV-1
even pay television channels (such as Channel V) had their programmes suspended
Myanmar
the school construction scandal
quake
cutting corners
parents of children lost in collapsed schools complained they had yet to receive any reports
censors
The AP
propaganda bureau
The AP
Globeandmail.com
Globeandmail.com
supervising agencies did not check to see if it met the national standards."
some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice,
some of the corrupt government officials have still not been brought to justice,
not to stage a protest under the threat of arrest
the Times
families who lost their only child
New York
New York
New York
New York
New York City or the City of New York
New York City or the City of New York
five
1898
8,491,079
8,491,079
23.6 million
five
Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island
1898
8,491,079
800
1624
1624
1785 until 1790
1664
1785 until 1790
1624
1626
1664
1785 until 1790
56 million
469
the Financial District of Lower Manhattan
120
New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ
Long Island and Staten Island
Wisconsinan glaciation
over 1,000 feet
Lenapehoking
1524
Giovanni da Verrazzano
1524
"Nouvelle Angoulême"
Nouvelle Angoulême
1524
1524
"Nouvelle Angoulême"
New York Harbor
Estêvo Gomes
New York Harbor
Emperor Charles V
La Anunciada
Rio de San Antonio
Padrón Real
the Halve Maen
Dutch East India Company
1614
ten
North River
Dutch East India Company
1614
the Halve Maen
Santo Domingo
Jan Rodrigues
Juan Rodriguez
159th Street
Santo Domingo
Juan Rodriguez
159th Street to 218th Street
Governors Island
Manhattan Island
1625
Peter Minuit
Peter Minuit
1624
1625
glass beads
New York
King James II
Peter Stuyvesant
New Amsterdam
1664
Peter Stuyvesant
King William III
August 24, 1673
New Orange
1674
Anthonio Colve
Anthonio Colve
King William III
Second Anglo-Dutch War
200
Dutch control of Run
200
Second Anglo-Dutch War
42%
Charleston, South Carolina
Foley Square
tens of thousands
Charleston, South Carolina
1990s
John Peter Zenger
John Peter Zenger
1754
King George II
King George II
John Peter Zenger
1754
October 1765
The Battle of Long Island
the modern-day borough of Brooklyn
August 1776
10,000
1783
The Battle of Long Island
the modern-day borough of Brooklyn
1783
September 11, 1776
Conference House on Staten Island
Great Fire of New York
West Side of Lower Manhattan
Trinity Church
Conference House on Staten Island
Great Fire of New York
1785
George Washington
United States Bill of Rights
Federal Hall on Wall Street
Philadelphia
Congress of the Confederation
Congress of the Confederation
1789
1790
1799
Manhattan
New York Manumission Society
1827
16,000
1799
1827
Commissioners' Plan
The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior
Tammany Hall
Irish and German
The 1825 completion of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior
Central Park
1857
1857
The Great Irish Famine
Over 200,000
Over 200,000
Germans
Germans
The Great Irish Famine
Over 200,000
Fernando Wood
$300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee
$300 (equivalent to $5,766 in 2016) commutation fee
James M. McPherson
eleven black men were lynched over five days, and the riots forced hundreds of blacks to flee the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn, as well as New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820.
more than 200
1898
1904
Bronx
1904
1904
General Slocum
146
146
146
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
36,620
Harlem Renaissance
36,620
London
10 million
Fiorello La Guardia
Fiorello La Guardia
10 million
1952
Paris
Paris
Paris
The Stonewall riots
The Stonewall riots
June 28, 1969
Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
The Stonewall riots
Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan
2000
2000
Silicon Alley
1990s
1970s
1970s
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
July 19, 1909
541.3
July 19, 1909
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
10 of the 19 terrorists associated with Al-Qaeda piloted American Airlines Flight 11 into the North Tower of the World Trade Center and United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower of the World Trade Center, and later destroyed them, killing 2,192 civilians, 343 firefighters, and 71 law enforcement
September 17, 2011
Financial District of Lower Manhattan
Financial District of Lower Manhattan
Financial District of Lower Manhattan
September 17, 2011
William F. Buckley, Jr.
1955
Donald Trump
"New York values"
southeastern
southeastern
Washington, D.C. and Boston
a naturally sheltered harbor
Hudson River
a naturally sheltered harbor
Atlantic Ocean
Manhattan, and Staten Island.
New Jersey
The Harlem River
The Bronx River
New York Bay
New York City and Troy, New York
New Jersey
The Bronx River
The Harlem River
Battery Park City
468.9 square miles
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
Todt Hill
Staten Island
468.9 square miles
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
164.1 sq mi (425 km2)
Todt Hill
Todt Hill
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn
One World Trade Center
Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House
1656
One World Trade Center
550
Hong Kong
550
1913
5
Hong Kong
550
1931
The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building
61st
I-beams
The Condé Nast Building
61st
1931
1930
the Bronx
Brooklyn
Queens
1870 to 1930
Tudor Revival and Victorian
brownstone rowhouses and townhouses and shabby tenements
the Great Fire of 1835
higher than six stories
Jackson Heights
Stone and brick
wooden roof-mounted water towers
July 2014
ten
five
Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx
0 °C (32 °F)
234 days
234 days
humid continental climate
January
0 °C (32 °F)
234 days
USDA 7b Plant Hardiness
the Appalachians
0.3
72%
90 °F (32 °C)
July 9, 1936
106 °F
February 9, 1934
July 9, 1936
1,270
66
October 29, 2012
49.9 inches
Hurricane Sandy
25.8 inches
National Park Service, the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, and the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation
National Park Service
Minneapolis
The Trust for Public Land
Minneapolis
10,521.83
Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden
Jacob Riis Park
Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
Grant's Tomb
the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
the modern gay rights movement
The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum
New York and New Jersey
New York and New Jersey
the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village
Grant's Tomb
69 feet
28
21
69 feet
69 feet
14 miles (23 km)
14 miles (23 km)
Pelham Bay Park
1,093
14 miles (23 km)
14 miles (23 km)
Pelham Bay Park
Pelham Bay Park
Fort Hamilton
1825
1825
North Atlantic Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers
1179th Transportation Brigade
Fort Hamilton
1825
1825
Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens
8,491,079
Los Angeles
316,000
40%
40%
8,491,079
Los Angeles
40
27,858 people per square mile
27,673
Hudson County
25.5%
25.5%
28.6%
28.6%
3
44
Civil War
28.6%
25.5 %
12 million
densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side
Germans
92%
Irish
12 million
12 million
Approximately 37%
Dominican Republic
Bangladeshi
China
37
Andean
Nassau County
6.3%
Andean
1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%
2.7 million
550,000
560,000
65,000
the Bronx
2.7 million
over 20 million
1.5 million
20%
4.8 million
20%
1.3 million
Dominican Republic
Egypt
El Salvador
Ecuador
568,903
June 24, 2011
June 24, 2011
568,903
June 24, 2011
June 24, 2011
59%
33%
1.1 million
Brooklyn
third
1.1 million
Judaism
Brooklyn
24
third
0.5
Manhattan
Michael R. Bloomberg
millionaires per capita
$2,749
$ 2,749
0.5
Silicon Alley
The Atlantic
first half of 2014
2012
One out of ten
FDi Magazine American Cities of the Future
US$914.8 billion
Time Warner Center
450 Park Avenue
$15,887
six
Time Warner Center
660 Madison Avenue
Madison Avenue
$11 billion
$11 billion
Omnicom Group
$11 billion
Omnicom Group and Interpublic Group
19,000
19,000
Brooklyn
US$234 million
"Chocolate District"
Manhattan
US$234 million
US$234 million
Godiva
163,400
163,400
US$3.8 billion
US$360,700
163,400
163,400
Wall Street
165 Broadway
$40 billion
19%
British Bankers Association
Wall Street
165 Broadway
46.5 million m2)
500 million square feet
500 million square feet
Manhattan
140 West Street
140 West Street
300,000
300,000
Cornell Tech
Cornell Tech
Cornell Tech
700,000 square feet
65,000 m2)
Cornell Tech
54 million
54 million
54 million
US$61.3 billion
54 million
54 million
I Love New York
I Love New York
New York State Empire State Development
I Love New York
I Love New York
I Love New York
Greenwich Village
New York Botanical Garden
Rockefeller Center
Summerstage
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park and the Unisphere in Queens
90,000
90,000
Anbang Insurance Group
US$1.95 billion
Waldorf Astoria New York
90,000
Anbang Insurance Group
1.95 billion
one-third
one-third
one-third
Los Angeles
Sony Music Entertainment
New York City
Seven
350
The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
Two
1919
Alexander Hamilton
350
350
25,000
The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times
1919
CBS
NYCTV
MTV, Fox News, HBO, Showtime, Bravo, Food Network, AMC, and Comedy Central
Fox News
Manhattan Neighborhood Network
1971
WNET
WNYC
1997
Manhattan Neighborhood Network
1971
WNYC
New York City Department of Education
1.1 million
1.1 million
nine
1.1 million
nine
New York City Charter School Center
900
Over 600,000
three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people
three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates, and one out of four had a postgraduate degree, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people
The public CUNY system
Over 600,000
The New York Public Library
Queens Borough Public Library
Queens Borough Public Library
Brooklyn Public Library
Manhattan
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation
11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class.
$6.7 billion
$6.7 billion
$6.7 billion
1969
11 acute care hospitals, five nursing homes, six diagnostic and treatment centers, and more than 70 community-based primary care sites, serving primarily the poor and working class.
Bellevue Hospital
Ramanathan Raju
Bellevue Hospital
Bellevue Hospital
Ramanathan Raju, MD
Illinois
Cook County
35,000
New York's Finest
35,000
35,000
New York's Finest
328
Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005,
Provo, Utah
fewer than 500 homicides
328
95.1%
Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
the Five Families
Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards
Black Spades
Tokyo Fire Department
New York City Fire Department
New York's Bravest
New York City Fire Department
The New York City Fire Department
11,080
11,080
New York's Bravest
hundreds of miles
brush fires
9
Randalls Island
Downtown Brooklyn
9
Downtown Brooklyn
Randalls Island
11
1940s
1970s
Harlem Renaissance
jazz
jazz
jazz
New York City
New York Fashion Week
New York School
New York Fashion Week
Global Language Monitor
1880s
more than 2,000
electric lighting
Harrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.
more than 2,000
electric lighting
12.21 million
The Great White Way
US$1.27 billion
US$1.27 billion
12.21 million
11.57 million
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
4,000
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
nearly one thousand
1882
MetLife Stadium, the new Yankee Stadium, Madison Square Garden, and Citi Field
Yankee Stadium and Ebbets Field
1882
National Football League, Major League Baseball, the National Basketball Association, the National Hockey League, and Major League Soccer
The New York metropolitan area
over forty
Capital of Baseball
35
Capital of Baseball
one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area
35
35
one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area
14
14
Super Bowl XLVIII
2014
Super Bowl XLVIII
Super Bowl XLVIII
East Rutherford, New Jersey
Super Bowl XLVIII
2014
New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
Newark
Newark, New Jersey
New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
New York Islanders and the New York Rangers
Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
New York Liberty
1938
New York Liberty
National Invitation Tournament
1938
Brooklyn Nets and the New York Knicks
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
Millrose Games
Belmont Stakes
1932
Boxing
Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Queens
United States Open Tennis Championships
The New York Marathon
Millrose Games
Boxing
Stickball
the late 2000s
the late 2000s
New York City Subway system
469
Grand Central Station
1.75 billion
Grand Central Station
38.4 minutes a day
54.6
22
54.6%
90%
38.4 minutes a day
52%
22%
Port Authority Bus Terminal
200,000
200,000
Port Authority Bus Terminal
John F. Kennedy International Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and LaGuardia Airport
Newark Liberty International Airport
John F. Kennedy International Airport
Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York
109 million
The Staten Island Ferry
The Staten Island Ferry
8.4
The Staten Island Ferry
The Staten Island Ferry
The George Washington Bridge
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
Brooklyn Bridge
1903
The George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge
Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
neo-Gothic
1903
The Lincoln Tunnel
1927
1940
Franklin D. Roosevelt
120,000
120,000
Manhattan Island
Jersey City
Franklin D. Roosevelt
200,000
200,000
21%
10,000
Quinnipiac University
2011 and 2015
Catskill Mountains watershed
Catskill Mountains
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
290 million gallons
51
three
The Mayor and council members
51
three
The New York City Administrative Code, the New York City Rules, and the City Record
four
Democrats
67
Barack Obama
1924
Calvin Coolidge
Democratic Party
67%
1924
Calvin Coolidge
Calvin Coolidge
127
Roosevelt Island
127
one million
one million
one million
one-fifth
one-fifth
lead pollution
end of the crack epidemic
Tom Wolfe
National Library of Australia
New York's Baruch College
Iceland and Latvia
Upper West Side of Manhattan
Lincoln Square
Union Square
New York University
Lee Strasberg Theatre and Film Institute
Fifth Avenue
Upper East Side of Manhattan
1959
2012
Fifth Avenue
New York
Archie Bunker
Carroll O'Connor
New Yawk
New York City FC
Yankee Stadium
Harrison, New Jersey
Pelé
Hofstra University
one in every three
250
250
AirTrain
250
Pennsylvania Station on the West Side of Manhattan
three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
three of the six rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago 'L', the PATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia, and the Copenhagen Metro).
Copenhagen Metro
Port Authority Trans-Hudson
Second Avenue Subway
12,000
Manhattan Island
theater
finance
the theater, finance, advertising
Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway, Wall Street, Madison Avenue, and Seventh Avenue
rush hour
connect the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
connect the city's boroughs to each other as well as to northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut
Long Island
Manhattan and Staten Island
Manhattan and Staten Island
Structural Expressionism
Queensboro Bridge
28%
28%
80%
Hearst Tower
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court
6
110,000
Greenpoint oil spill
mayor-council
1898
Manhattan
Manhattan
executive agencies
Foley Square
Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Foley Square
Manhattan and the Bronx, and the District Court for the Eastern District of New York
Foley Square
Manhattan
10021
83 cents
$11 billion
83 cents
New York City Global Partners
2006
1960
Pulitzer Prize
Harper Lee
Harper Lee
1960
the author's observations of her family and neighbors
tolerance
racial injustice
racial injustice and the destruction of innocence
American Deep South
racial epithets
Mary McDonough Murphy
2006
1962
1990
Robert Mulligan
British librarians
Horton Foote
Robert Mulligan
Monroeville, Alabama
February 2016
Go Set a Watchman
Go Set a Watchman
July 14, 2015
February 2016
Truman Capote
1950
J. B. Lippincott
Monroeville, Alabama
1926
Truman Capote
J. B. Lippincott
J. B. Lippincott
J. B. Lippincott
Go Set a Watchman
Tay Hohoff
Tay Hohoff
mental illness
Atticus
Her father
July 11, 1960
two and a half years
Reader's Digest Condensed Books
Maycomb, Alabama
three years
someone leaves them small gifts in a tree outside the Radley place.
Dill
Maycomb, Alabama
three years
Jean Louise Finch (Scout)
Mayella Ewell
Tom Robinson
Scout, Jem, and Dill
Atticus
colored balcony
by invitation of Rev. Sykes, Jem, Scout, and Dill watch from the colored balcony
the hapless Tom is shot and killed while trying to escape from prison.
Jem and Scout
Halloween pageant
Boo Radley
Bob Ewell
Boo Radley
Bob Ewell
simply fell on his own knife
to Kill a Mockingbird is not an autobiography
1919
25
Monroeville
Scout
1960
Cold Blood
Truman Capote
Underwood
apart people
a black man named Walter Lett
a black man named Walter Lett
Emmett Till
Civil Rights Movement
Southern prejudices
Emmett Till
Satire and irony
parody, satire, and irony
Sunday school classmate
Calpurnia
ham
ham costume
coming-of-age or Bildungsroman novel
To Kill a Mockingbird
Atticus
Miss Maudie
separations of race and class
Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers
race relations
any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set
shot seventeen times
any transgressions by black males that merely hinted at sexual contact with white females during the time the novel was set
poor white farmers
lynched, he is killed with excessive violence during an attempted escape from prison, shot seventeen times.
a rabid dog
Carolyn Jones argues that the dog represents prejudice within the town of Maycomb, and Atticus, who waits on a deserted street to shoot the dog, must fight against the town's racism without help from other white citizens.
Calpurnia
Aunt Alexandra
Walter Cunningham
Jane Austen
social status quo
' poor white trash'
how issues of gender and class intensify prejudice, silence the voices that might challenge the existing order, and greatly complicate many Americans' conception of the causes of racism and segregation.
gaining a greater understanding of people's motives and behavior
morphine
impulsive inclination to fight students who insult Atticus
different forms of courage
Charles Shields
Charles Shields
Harper Lee
Mayella Ewell
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Calpurnia and Miss Maudie
Mrs. Dubose
Jean Louise
Bob Ewell
Atticus
Boo Radley
Lawyers
she refuses to wear frilly clothes
Songbirds
Finch
Uncle Jack
Uncle Jack
Uncle Jack
to kill that which is innocent and harmless
Reader's Digest Condensed Books.
Reader's Digest Condensed Books.
To Kill a Mockingbird
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
more than 30 million
Scout, Atticus, and Boo
Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee
Scout, Atticus, and Boo
the reason he became a lawyer
Atticus Finch's
1997
Alabama State Bar
Lee herself received an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar
1963
21
1963
21
1966
rape
Tom Robinson
Little Black Sambo
racial tensions
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Archulus Persons
Truman Capote
Alice
Truman Capote
Lippincott
1961
41
1962
1964
Pulitzer Prize
1964
2001
25
Richard M. Daley
Richard M. Daley
25
University of Notre Dame
President George W. Bush
To Kill a Mockingbird
University of Notre Dame
President George W. Bush
Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck
Gregory Peck
her father's pocketwatch
"Harper"
her father's pocketwatch
"Harper"
May 2005
"She's like a national treasure
Christopher Sergel
1990
Monroeville
May
racially segregated
Duncan Preston
Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
Duncan Preston
July 14, 2015
1957
controversially
Tonja Carter
Go Set a Watchman
1957
controversially
rape and racial inequality
Atticus Finch
Lee's talent for narration
narrator's voice of a child observing her surroundings
the heritage of all Southerners
the children's fascination with Boo Radley and their feelings of safety and comfort in the neighborhood
Southern romantic regionalism
fine folks
The South itself
Tom Robinson
Boo Radley
he was real nice
the book takes on elements of a classical tragedy
The Chicago Sunday Tribune
Granville Hicks
Flannery O'Connor
William Faulkner
Jane Austen
Alabamian Allen Barra
Akin Ajayi
Calpurnia
black students
classist stereotyping and demonization of poor rural "white trash"
every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality
an act of protest
Scripture
Mockingbird groupies
radiant light and heat
radiant light and heat
solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
radiant light and heat
174,000 terawatts
30%
150 to 300 watts per square meter
174,000 terawatts
30%
150 to 300 watts per square meter or 3.5 to 7.0 kWh/m2 per day
clouds, oceans and land masses
71
Sunlight
photosynthesis green plants
71%
rises
water vapor condenses into clouds
convection
photosynthesis green plants
3,850,000
this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
3,000
this was more energy in one hour than the world used in one year
3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year
3,000
coal, oil, natural gas, and mined uranium combined
solar radiation
passive or active
passive or active
geothermal and tidal
direct or indirect
photovoltaics, concentrated solar power, solar thermal collectors, pumps, and fans
choosing materials with favorable thermal properties, designing spaces that naturally circulate air, and referencing the position of a building
solar thermal collectors
circulate air
supply side
supply side
Frank Shuman
Sun Power Company
1912
black pipes
1897
steam engine
Sun Power Company
1912
Maadi, Egypt
45–52 kilowatts
World War I
Maadi, Egypt
45–52 kilowatts
45–52 kilowatts
World War I
World War I
60 to 70 %
sunlight
60 to 70%
evacuated tube collectors
evacuated tube collectors
154
Israel and Cyprus
154
China
Israel and Cyprus
18 GWth
30% (4.65 EJ/yr)
30%
30%
Solar heating, cooling and ventilation technologies
Thermal mass
heat
stone, cement and water
to keep buildings cool by absorbing solar energy during the day and radiating stored heat to the cooler atmosphere at night
arid climates or warm temperate regions
auxiliary heating and cooling equipment
passive solar ventilation system
passive solar ventilation system
a vertical shaft connecting the interior and exterior of a building
greenhouses
the bare limbs allow light to pass during the winter
Deciduous trees and plants
1/3 to 1/2
they will interfere with winter solar availability
east and west sides
1767
315 °C (599 °F)
cooking, drying and pasteurization
box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers
Horace de Saussure
90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
315 °C (599 °F)
114
The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years)
parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
114
salt from sea water
Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
1872
Solar distillation
16th-century Arab alchemists
1872
22,700 L
single-slope
World Health Organization
weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
household water treatment and safe storage
Over two million
carbon dioxide
to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
carbon dioxide
2050
2050
354 MW
less than 1%
354 MW
Mojave Desert of California
India
Charles Fritts
1954
becoming a mainstream electricity source
a device that converts light directly into electricity
Charles Fritts
Dr Bruno Lange
Russell Ohl
a working fluid
Concentrating Solar Power
a conventional power plant
Stirling dish
concentrated sunlight
Megaron House
orientation relative to the Sun
they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range
Megaron House
pumps, fans and switchable windows
Urban heat islands
3 °C
Urban heat islands
asphalt and concrete
to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
fruit walls
power grape presses
to optimize the productivity of plants
staggered heights
fruit walls
keeping plants warm
cucumbers
Europe
convert solar light to heat
Greenhouses
Tiberius
Europe
3,021 kilometres
67 kilometres per hour
a biannual solar-powered car race
1987
67 kilometres per hour
90.87 kilometres per hour (56.46 mph)
North American Solar Challenge and the planned South African Solar Challenge
1975
1975
Kenichi Horie
Kenichi Horie
Solar Riser
Solar Impulse
1974
29 April 1979
July 1981
Eric Scott Raymond
allows the aircraft to remain airborne for 36 hours
hydrogen production from protons
solar energy
artificial photosynthesis
a 1 MW solar furnace
pure zinc
Hydrogen production technologies
concentrators
a 1 MW solar furnace
thermal mass systems
thermal mass systems
water, earth and stone
lower peak demand, shift time-of-use to off-peak hours and reduce overall heating and cooling requirements
paraffin wax
The "Dover House"
paraffin wax
64 °C or 147 °F
Dover House
they are low-cost, have a high specific heat capacity and can deliver heat at temperatures compatible with conventional power systems
1.44 terajoules
rechargeable batteries
rechargeable batteries
Net metering programs
'rolling back' the meter whenever the home produces more electricity than it consumes
Most standard meters accurately measure in both directions
a hydroelectric power generator
when energy is available from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation one
a hydroelectric power generator
1973
1973
Federal Photovoltaic Utilization Program in the US and the Sunshine Program in Japan
SERI, now NREL
NEDO
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE
1920s
20%
1890s
falling petroleum prices
20%
154 GW
The International Energy Agency
The International Energy Agency
glass
solar water heaters
glass
glass
passive solar or active solar
photovoltaic
orienting a building to the Sun
559.8
1,575–49,837 exajoules (EJ)
large magnitude of solar energy
1,575–49,837 exajoules
reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource
mitigating global warming
learning investments
lower than otherwise
geography, time variation, cloud cover, and the land available to humans
areas that are closer to the equator have a greater amount of solar radiation
photovoltaics
during the nighttime there is little solar radiation on the surface of the Earth for solar panels to absorb
clouds block incoming light from the sun and reduce the light available for solar cells
solar panels can only be set up on land that is unowned and suitable for solar panels
they can collect energy directly from their homes this way
insolation, cloud cover, and the land that is usable by humans
1,575–49,837 EJ
conversion of sunlight into electricity
concentrated solar power (CSP)
lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
photoelectric effect
Sunlight
Greeks and Chinese
solar architecture and urban planning methods
ordinary air
upward buoyancy force
surface-area to payload-weight ratio
relatively high
an expectation that coal would soon become scarce
availability, economy, and utility of coal and petroleum
photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power
greenhouse gas emitters
the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
Sarazm
1991
1992 to 1997
Oxus civilization, Andronovo culture, Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
the Achaemenid Empire, Sassanian Empire, Hephthalite Empire, Samanid Empire, Mongol Empire, Timurid dynasty, and the Russian Empire
1991
1992 to 1997
1939
1939
Between 60,000(4%) and 120,000(8%)
Nikita Khrushchev's Virgin Lands Campaign
clan loyalties
30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition
Abdumalik Abdullajanov
More than 500,000
Tajik–Afghan border
Dushanbe Airport
15 km southwest of Dushanbe
United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration.
25
STRATFOR
November 2010
August
a republic
Kokhir Rasulzoda
Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova
November 1994
Parliament
independent press outlets remain restricted
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
no public criticism of the regime is tolerated
avesta.tj, Tjknews.com, ferghana.ru, centrasia.ru
Tajikistan
Pamir range
the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
a pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) tribe
the "Land of the Tajiks"
"place of" or "country"
the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia."
650–680
650–680
Samarkand and Bukhara
Khorasan
650–680
650–680
650–680
Samarkand and Bukhara
650–680
Samarkand and Bukhara
Khorasan
Khorasan
650–680
710
The Kara-Khanid Khanate
The Samanid Empire
the late 19th century's Imperial Era
the Emirate of Bukhara and Khanate of Kokand
cotton
Russian Turkestan
Emirate of Bukhara
the Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region
pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian
between 1910 and 1913
the threat of forced conscription during World War I
basmachi
independence
four-year
Islam, Judaism, and Christianity
Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic
southern region
collectivization of agriculture and a rapid expansion of cotton production took place
violence against peasants
Two rounds of Soviet purges directed by Moscow (1927–1934 and 1937–1938)
10,000 people
Ethnic Russians
less than 1% to 13%
first secretary
four seats in Parliament
President Emomalii Rahmon corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment
the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."
will of the Tajik people
143,100 km2
143,100 km2
143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
Wakhan Corridor
Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
143,100 km2
143,100 km2
Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China
500 BCE
Achaemenid Empire
Alexander the Great
Yuezhi tribes
early eighth century
Arabs
Buddhism, Nestorian Christianity, Zoroastrianism, and Manichaeism
9.6%
aluminium production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers
45%
Tajik Aluminum Company
Tajikistan's rivers, such as the Vakhsh and the Panj, have great hydropower potential,
great hydropower potential
Nurek Dam
1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan
US$1.25 per day
$2.1 billion US dollars
cheap labor
remittances
opium poppy
a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking
heroin and raw opium confiscations
Tajikistani Drug Control Agency
roads, air, and rail.
Iran and Pakistan
1,300 km (810 mi)
2012
26 airports
Dushanbe International Airport
Russia
Khorog Airport
7,349,145
7,349,145
7,349,145
7,349,145
Tajikistanis
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
the highest parts of the Pamir Mountains
Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school
freedom of religion
Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
98%
minority religious groups undermine national unity
political sphere
Hizb ut-Tahrir
an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state
the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities
a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location
Religious groups who do not have a physical structure
large fines and closure of place of worship
improve and expand health care
104,272
1%
World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
11 years
11 years
76
17%
Anthropology
social anthropology
linguistic anthropology
social anthropology
United States
1870
1869
1902
1865
Darwin's conclusions lacked empirical foundation
anthropological societies and associations
anthropological societies and associations
major theorists
American Association for the Advancement of Science
American Association for the Advancement of Science
late 19th and early 20th centuries
gender equality and sexual liberation
cross-cultural comparisons
racial ideology
cultural critiques
Anthropology
Anthropology
Anthropology
Classical Greece and Persia
cognitive science, global studies, and various ethnic studies
structuralist and postmodern theories
1970s and 1990s
positivist traditions
archaeology and biological anthropology
the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.
Sociocultural anthropology
Sociocultural anthropology
helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.)
There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.
the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world
cultural relativism
Ethnography
Participant observation
participant-observation
moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports,
consumption and exchange
kinship and social organization
Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports,
economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution
Archaeology
to deduce patterns of past human behavior and cultural practices
to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups
to gain a better understanding of the evidence left behind by past human groups, who are presumed to have lived in similar ways
artifacts, faunal remains, and human altered landscapes are evidence of the cultural and material lives of past societies
Linguistic anthropology
linking the analysis of linguistic forms and processes to the interpretation of sociocultural processes
Linguistic anthropology
sociolinguistics, pragmatics, cognitive linguistics, semiotics, discourse analysis, and narrative analysis
universality
do not exist
certain evident 'aesthetic' qualities
1983
culturally specific 'aesthetics'
anthropology and ethnography
anthropology and ethnography
anthropology and ethnography
France
The Société Ethnologique de Paris
Anthropology
similarities between animals, languages, and folkways
processes or laws unknown to them then
Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species
comparison of species he had seen in agronomy and in the wild.
Darwin and Wallace
social sciences
Paul Broca
Paul Broca
Transformisme
neurosurgeon
pathology of speech
speech center
psychology
six
the science of the nature of man
animist
comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
empirical
The history of civilization as well as ethnology
British ethnologists
Richard Francis Burton
Richard Francis Burton
Representatives from the French Société
Waitz
anthropology departments in the majority of the world's higher educational institutions
Anthropology
forensic archaeologist
a forensic archaeologist to recreate the final scene
World Council of Anthropological Associations
Media anthropology
Media anthropology
the early 1990s
contexts of media reception
cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education.
Visual anthropology
anthropological study of visual representation
sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs
ethnographic film
Economic anthropology
Economic anthropology
the discipline of economics
Bronislaw Malinowski
Polish-British
Historical Materialism
history and colonialism
Hunter-gatherers
complex revolutionary wars
industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
Applied Anthropology
change or stability in specific cultural systems
change or stability in specific cultural systems
applied anthropology
applied anthropology
Anthropology
pondering
poverty increasing
why is there such a gap between plans and outcomes?
why does so much planned development fail
Kinship
anthropology
Over its history
one's social relations during development
marriage
Feminist anthropology
Feminist anthropology
Feminist anthropologists
gender
birth anthropology
Nutritional anthropology
economic systems, nutritional status and food security
globalization
overall health status, work performance potential, and the overall potential for economic development
Nutritional anthropology
Psychological anthropology
ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group—with its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories—shape processes of human cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health.
its own history, language, practices, and conceptual categories
ways in which humans' development and enculturation within a particular cultural group
understanding of cognition, emotion, motivation, and similar psychological processes
cognitive sciences
cognitive sciences
experimental psychology and evolutionary biology
what people from different groups know and how that implicit knowledge changes the way people perceive and relate to the world around them.
Political anthropology
the basis of the structure of societies
1960s
anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts
Geertz
Cyborg anthropology
1993
STS and the Society for the Social Studies of Science
Donna Haraway
technological systems
Environmental anthropology
political ecology
more informed with culture, politics and power, globalization, localized issues, and more.
The focus and data interpretation
Hyde Park
by examining historical records
ethnic groups
historical and ethnographic data as its foundation
documents and manuscripts
the utility of such source material as maps, music, paintings, photography, folklore, oral tradition, site exploration, archaeological materials, museum collections, enduring customs, language, and place names.
Urban anthropology
Ulf Hannerz
Ulf Hannerz
examining the types of cities
examining the types of cities
human–animal studies
Anthrozoology
a number of other disciplines
the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party
anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy
Evolutionary anthropology
natural science and social science
biological and cultural evolution of humans, past and present
a scientific approach, and brings together fields such as archaeology, behavioral ecology, psychology, primatology, and genetics.
dynamic and interdisciplinary
mutilation
mutilation
racism, slavery, and human sacrifice
racism, slavery, and hu man sacrifice
to illustrate the depth of an anthropological approach
Boas' anthropologist contemporaries
Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, and Imperial Japan
armed forces
intelligence
David H. Price's work on American anthropology during the Cold War provides detailed accounts of the pursuit and dismissal of several anthropologists from their jobs for communist sympathies.
the benefit of the state
codes of ethics or statements
The Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth
AAA
no secret research, no secret reports or debriefings of any kind should be agreed to or given
US military
Afghanistan
Counterinsurgency
Iraq
CEAUSSIC
Biological anthropologists
Biological anthropologists
into the field
traveling to a community in its own setting
population genetic
anthropologists typically divide the world up into relevant time periods and geographic regions
material
cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.
cultural traditions based on material, such as the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, of particular use in archaeology.
comparative method
other cultures
time (past societies) and space
non-European/non-Western societies
Ulf Hannerz
late 1960s
North Atlantic region
limiting research to a single locale
broadening the focus beyond the daily life of ordinary people
scientific laboratories
1980s
assassination
Távora family and the Duke of Aveiro
The Jesuits
1759
every person involved, even women and children
1770
1779
autocracy
Count of Oeiras knew no opposition
autocracy
Napoleon
1822
Brazil
the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
the 20th century
the French Invasion of Portugal
the Liberal Revolution of 1820
Porto
the French Invasion of Portugal
the Portuguese royal family
the turn of the 20th century
Conference of Berlin of 1884
the Scramble for Africa
the Scramble for Africa
Beira, Moçâmedes, Lobito, Joo Belo, Nacala and Porto Amélia
1 February 1908
10 May 1902
Manuel II
5 October 1910
Political instability and economic weaknesses
António de Oliveira Salazar
1933
five
Angola and Mozambique,
United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, OECD, NATO and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries
18th highest
18th highest
France, Spain and Italy
decriminalized the usage of all common drugs
to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors
Battle of Covadonga
722 AD
Reconquista Crist
dynastic divisions of inheritance among the kings offspring
King Alfonso III of Asturias
868 AD
King Alfonso III of Asturias
Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália
Leonese culture
Kingdom of Portugal
Galician
Spanish
Castilian (Spanish Language)
Leopold Josef, Count von Daun
Sebastio José de Carvalho e Melo
The Queen consort of Portugal
The Queen consort of Portugal
King John V of Portugal
resist subsequent earthquakes
marching troops around the models
calamity and huge death toll, Lisbon suffered no epidemics
Pombaline City Centre
every parish in the country
Portuguese Republic
Southwestern Europe
Atlantic Ocean
1,214 km (754 mi)
Azores and Madeira
Portuguese Republic
Southwestern Europe
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
1,214 km (754 mi)
The Celts and the Romans
Visigothic and the Suebi Germanic peoples
1139
Age of Discovery
15th and 16th centuries
Lisbon
1822
Portuguese First Republic
Macau
250 million
Portus Cale
Pre-Celts and Celts
Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
298 AD
Germanic Alankerk
27 BC
Gallaecia
Conmbriga and Mirobriga
hill forts
16 km
a few months
711
750
Abd-ar-Rahman I
almost two centuries
governors of the taifas
the Christian kingdoms of the north
Taifa of Badajoz
Morocco
Battle of Sagrajas
Muwallad or Muladi
Oman
Atlas mountains and Rif mountains
the Algarve region, and south of the Tagus
800
León
Galicia
Oviedo as his capital
910
1230
1348 and 1349
England
England
NATO
Oporto region
the Age of Discovery
King Joo I
the Azores, Madeira, and Cape Verde
Cape of Good Hope
Brazil
the King's confidence in de Melo increased
Prime Minister
British
Sebastio de Melo
Sebastio de Melo
economic and financial
ensure the wine's quality
high nobility
Sebastio de Melo
imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class
April 1974
a bloodless left-wing military coup in Lisbon
social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces
Junta de Salvaço Nacional
Portuguese Socialist Party
Mário Soares
1983 to 1985
neoliberal model
1976
to accommodate socialist and communist principles
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
Mediterranean climate (Csa in the South, interior, and Douro region; Csb in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo;
900 metres (3,000 ft)
Azores and Madeira
rough topography
Maritime Temperate (Cfb) and Humid subtropical
Arrábida mountain
Tertiary period
Pyrenean oak
Boars
seven
Laurisilva
fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat
migratory birds
more than 100
Tagus International Natural Park
habitat loss, pollution and drought
Bioluminescent species
five
Anbal Cavaco Silva
230
230
thirteen
Socialist Party and the Social Democratic Party
national-, regional- and local-levels
the Left Bloc and the Democratic and Social Centre – People's Party
between 5 and 15%
President of the Republic
five
direct, universal suffrage
President of the Republic
The Council of Ministers – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers)
a mandatory period of debate
failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies
Portuguese law
civilian police force who work in urban areas
Polcia Judiciária
Polcia Judiciária
2001
10 days worth of personal use
a rehab facility
50 percent
30,092
30,092
18
three
Navy, Army and Air Force
a self-defense force
39,200
2.1 percent of GDP
21,000
Pandur II APC
Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113 APC
paratroopers, commandos and rangers
10,700
World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War
1961–1974
East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah) and Lebanon
1992
Pedro Passos Coelho
improve the State's financial situation
on top of the government's spending cuts
25%
the Diário de Notcias
numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms
the Diário de Notcias
2007–08
Banco Português de Negócios (BPN) and Banco Privado Português (BPP)
bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
size, market share, and the political implications
bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud
the euro (€)
Portuguese Escudo
Banco de Portugal
Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas
Setbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra and Leiria districts
1974
the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the PREC period
exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector
textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
textiles, clothing, footwear and cork
European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
2011
€78 billion
May 2014
15.3 percent
small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units
Grupo RAR's Vitacress, Sovena, Lactogal, Vale da Rosa, Companhia das Lezrias and Valouro
edible mushrooms
tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, corn, barley, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef
Ramirez
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese fish
Portugal
tin, tungsten and uranium
hydrocarbon exploration
north
1974 revolution and the consequent economic globalization
Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
Embraer and OGMA
Palmela
Embraer
Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
Travel and tourism
competition from Eastern European destinations
niche attractions
health, nature and rural tourism
The Economist
65%
10.2%
negative
July 2011
IMF and the European Financial Stability Facility
third
Carnation's Revolution
financial weakness
70.8
62.4
slow and inefficient
Italy
over 30 per 100,000
30,000
35 to 40 hours
€4.8 billion
European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund
65 to 66
cuts in the pensions, unemployment benefits, health, education and science expenses
Passos Coelho
social unrest and to confrontations between several institutions
third quarter of 2014
17.7%
7.3%
December 2009
Coimbra
4-5 million
4-5 million
Porto Santo, and Alentejo
Lisbon
consumption and purchase of new automobiles
the country built many new motorways
68,732 km (42,708 mi)
1944
89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
a stopover
TAP Portugal
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain
Comboios de Portugal
2,791 km (1,734 mi)
2,791 km (1,734 mi)
2,791 km (1,734 mi)
Porto Metropolitan Area
Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo
Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris)
over a century
INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovaço and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos.
Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education
Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation
neuroscience and oncology research centre
one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world
1779
Lisbon Oceanarium
the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population
Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium
several science parks
Madeira Tecnopolo (in Funchal)
to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support
wind and river power
near Moura, in the south
Norte
66%
Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN)
to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants
hydropower plants
wind-driven turbines
The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
48%
48%
48%
Catholicism
Cristos Novos
Paleolithic peoples
Paleolithic peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago
Paleolithic peoples
colonial history
Atlantic Ocean
Angola and Mozambique
emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), has now become a country of net immigration, and not just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999
332,137
81.0%
Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baha'i, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist
8.3%
8.3%
Christian
the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the reconquest, its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system,
The growth of liberal and nascent republican movements during the eras leading to the formation of the First Portuguese Republic
1910–26
25 July 1139
Afonso
to create an empire which would carry His name to unknown lands
Portuguese
Galician-Portuguese,
Galicia and Northern Portugal
Galician-Portuguese
the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
the Latin spoken by the romanized Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula
between 1415 and 1999
five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country
five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country
99 percent
close to 100 percent
35%
35%
1290
Lisbon
Coimbra
the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificaço e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro
the Escola Médico-Cirrgica of Goa
2006
public money
over 23 years old
developing health policy as well as managing the SNS
Five
implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery
noncommunicable diseases
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease
12%
12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years
self-reporting
one third
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation
Lisbon
Casa da Msica
15 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.
Portuguese late Gothic
16th century
traditional architecture
Eduardo Souto de Moura, lvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne
stadium design
late 19th century
Fernando Lopes
Diogo Morgado
late 19th century
Fernando Lopes
Diogo Morgado
Virgil's Aeneid
"Os Lus Lusadas" (The Lusiads)
Virgil's Aeneid
neoclassic and contemporary styles
Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes and Miguel Torga
bacalhau
grilled sardines and caldeirada
grilled sardines and caldeirada, a potato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish
beef, pork, lamb, or chicken
arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood)
Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto, and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches
the many medieval Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country
almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor
pastéis de Belém
the times of the Romans
Bacchus
Port Wine, Madeira Wine
Port and Madeira
Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros
Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto
one of the largest international Goa trance festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years
Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010
2005
Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa
the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria Joo Pires, Sequeira Costa, the violinists Carlos Damas, Gerardo Ribeiro
Joly Braga Santos
Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira
The 20th century
Delaunays
Canço Popular a Russa e o Fgaro
Vieira da Silva, Jlio Pomar, Helena Almeida, Joana Vasconcelos, Julio Sarmento and Paula Rego
Football
Eusébio
Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
Lus Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo
José Mourinho, André Villas-Boas, Fernando Santos, Carlos Queiroz and Manuel José
SL Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP
"os três grandes" ("the big three")
eight
roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, and volleyball
Federaço Portuguesa de Futebol
June 8, 1977
Kanye Omari West
Kanye Omari West
June 8, 1977
Roc-A-Fella Records
Jay-Z and Alicia Keys
Graduation (200 7
Roc-A-Fella Records
Chicago
Roc-A-Fella Records
The College Dropout
Graduation (200 7
more than 32 million
more than 32 million
21
more than 3 2 million
Rolling Stone's 2012 "500 Greatest Albums of All Time
more than 32 million
21
more than 3 2 million
2005 and 2015
a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
Atlanta
Good Water Store and Café
a professor of English at Clark Atlanta University, and the Chair of the English Department at Chicago State University
Polaris High School
Nanjing, China
settled in well
A's and B's
10
Nanjing University
poetry
$25 an hour
DJ No I.D.
poetry
Green Eggs and Ham
producer/DJ No I.D.
American Academy of Art
20
American Academy of Art
English
20
College Dropout
burgeoning local artists
speeding up vocal samples from classic soul records
Go-Getters
mid-1990s
mid-1990s
Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie
Go-Getters
Hustle Period
1999
Foxy Brown
guest appearances
Foxy Brown
Tell 'Em Why U Madd
Roc-A-Fella Records
The Blueprint
2000
The Blueprint
rapper
Capitol Records
rapper
gangsta image
Capitol Records
Joe Weinberger
Damon Dash
Jay-Z
Joe Weinberger
Damon Dash
Through The Wire
"Through The Wire"
The College Dropout
October 23, 2002
"Through The Wire"
Get Well Soon
leaked
August 200 3
Los Angeles
August 200 3
August 2003
Roc-A-Fella
Roc-A-Fella
Jesus Walks
GOOD Music
February 2004
"Slow Jamz"
Hot 10
GOOD Music
string orchestra
Jon Brion
Late Registration
2.3 million
Portishead
Late Registration
2.3 million
Best New Artist
2004
posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.
Best New Artist
Mike Myers
posed on the cover of Rolling Stone wearing a crown of thorns.
A Concert for Hurricane Relief
U2
anthemic rap songs that could operate more efficiently in large arenas
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
U2
1980s
The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin
Bob Dylan and Johnny Cash
Graduation
50 Cent
957,000
Daft Punk
Graduation
50 Cent
Daft Punk
Alexis Phifer
Auto-Tune
November 2007
Alexis Phifer
Glow in the Dark Tour
Honolulu, Hawaii
"Love Lockdown"
Roland TR-808
808s & Heartbreak
Roland TR-808
November 2008
Heartless
Roland TR-808
808s & Heartbreak
808s & Heartbreak
MTV Video Music Awards
Taylor Swift
Lady Gaga
MTV Video Music Awards
Beyoncé
Lady Gaga
52nd Grammy Awards
Hawaii
threw himself into fashion
Hawaii
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
54th Grammy Awards
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
November 2010
"All of the Lights"
GOOD Fridays
Watch the Throne
Jay-Z
2012 Cannes Film Festival
Watch the Throne
Watch the Throne
"Niggas in Paris"
2012
2012 Cannes Film Festival
sixth
Yeezus
Kendrick Lamar
sixth
architecture
Yeezus
June 18, 2013
Kendrick Lamar
North
Adidas
Paul McCartney
US rappers and UK grime MC's
Kim Kardashian
North
Florence
Paul McCartney
Yeezy Season 1
SWISH
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
135,000
So Help Me God
School of the Art Institute of Chicago
135,000
February 11
Waves
Wiz Khalifa
The Life of Pablo
Tidal
"Facts"
Waves
Wiz Khalifa
Yeezy Season 3
Puff Daddy
Ghostface Killah and Ol' Dirty Bastard
chipmunk soul
Puff Daddy
Puff Daddy
"This Can't Be Life"
Jon Brion
string arrangements, piano chords, brass flecks, and horn riffs among other symphonic instrumentation
a string section
Jon Brion
Portishead
Graduation
atmospheric, rock-tinged, electronic-influenced soundscape
melody and chord progression
2007
808s & Heartbreak
Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
dense drums, lengthy strings, droning synthesizers, and somber piano
Gary Numan, TJ Swan and Boy George
droning synthesizers, and somber
Matthew Trammell
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
Simon Vozick-Levinson
Sean Fennessey
Sean Fennessey
808s & Heartbreak
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
a protest to music
distorted drum machines and "synthesizers that sound like they're malfunctioning, low-resolution samplers
2013
Yeezus
Pastelle Clothing
over the following four years
September 2005
2009
Nike
Louis Vuitton
women
mixed-to-negative reviews
March 6, 2012
October 1, 2011
DW Kanye West
October 1, 2011
DW Kanye West
Style.com
March 6, 2012
Adidas
December 3
Twitter
9000
Twitter
2015
The Life of Pablo
Fatburger
Fatburger
Fatburger
Fatburger
Fatburger
February 2011
KW Foods LLC
GOOD Music
Pusha T
2004
John Legend
Pusha T
"goal to make products and experiences that people want and can afford
Donda West
January 5, 2012
Tidal
Beyoncé and Jay-Z
their low payout of royalties
Tidal
lossless audio and high definition music videos
Jay Z
Spotify
Kanye West Foundation
provide underprivileged youth access to music education
Kanye West Foundation
2007
"Kanye West Foundation"
provide underprivileged youth access to music education
Strong American Schools
August
The Dr. Donda West Foundation
2011
2008
The Dr. Donda West Foundation
2008
Hurricane Katrina relief, the Kanye West Foundation, the Millions More Movement, 100 Black Men of America, a Live Earth concert benefit, World Water Day rally and march, Nike runs, and a MTV special
A Concert for Hurricane Relief
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina
September 2, 2005
Chris Tucker
George Bush
the comment was "one of the most disgusting moments" of his presidency
Matt Lauer
human rights groups
$3 million
poorest human rights records
human rights groups
Shakira and Rage Against The Machine
human rights concerns
Zane Lowe
an apology
Zane Lowe
Zane Lowe
Zane Lowe
oil money
Black people don't have the same level of connections as Jewish people
oil money
December 21, 2013
Bill Cosby
Bill Cosby
Gretchen Wilson
Touch the Sky
Gretchen Wilson
Touch the Sky
November 7, 2006
Saturday Night Live
MTV Video Music Awards
Stronger
MTV Video Music Awards
"Stronger"
Taylor Swift
President Barack Obama
President Barack Obama
"I did not diss Taylor Swift and I've never dissed her...
Famous
September 2010
November 8, 2010
The Life of Pablo
57th
Beyoncé
57th
February 26, 2015
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
2020
Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award
Glastonbury Festival 2015
Pan American Games
Change.org
Glastonbury Festival 2015
50,000
Alexis Phifer
Amber Rose
Kim Kardashian
Alexis Phifer
2002
August 2006
Amber Rose
April 2012
the Cathedral of St. James
58
Andre Aboolian
7:35 pm
heart disease
Andre Aboolian
Jan Adams
Larry King Live
liposuction and mammoplasty"
Ed McPherson
Aboolian
Larry King Live
January 10, 2008
Oklahoma City
Journey's "Don't Stop Believin'"
Oklahoma City
November 20, 2007
November 22
Glow in the Dark tour
New Zealand
New Zealand
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the "Donda West Law"
Robert "Evel" Knievel
November 2007
Robert "Evel" Knievel
Evel Kanyevel
November 2007
Don "Don C." Crowley
$20,000
one count of misdemeanor vandalism, one count of grand theft and one count of battery
September 11, 2008
Don "Don C." Crowley
Don "Don C." Crowley
$20,000
November 14, 2008
November 14, 2008
November 14, 2008
November 14, 2008
Daniel Ramos
misdemeanor criminal battery and attempted grand theft
Daniel Ramos
2 013
two years' probation
250
a Christian
The College Dropout
a Christian
music critics, fans, fellow musicians, artists, and wider cultural figures
David Bowie
Jason Birchmeier
Ben Westhoff
Ben Westhoff
homophobia in hip hop
Rosie Swash
middle-class
50 Cent
Ben Detrick
Elon Musk
Elon Musk
3,08 6
30 million
3,08 6
Yeezus
3,086,000
3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling over 4,000,000, "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000, and "Niggas in Paris"
30 million
21
Pazz & Jop
Time 100
21
8
May 16, 2008
MTV Man of the Year
Pazz & Jop
The College Dropout
The College Dropout
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy
the song "Runaway" (featuring Pusha T) was ranked in the third position in the publication's list of the 200 "best tracks" released since 2010.
Taylor Swift
Taylor Swift
clothing and footwear
DONDA
2013
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
Nepal
through the direct understanding and perception of dependent origination and the Four Noble Truths
elimination of ignorance and craving
Buddhism
Gautama Buddha
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Nepal
Gautama Buddha
Nepal
between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE
Gautama Buddha
6th and 4
Nepal
Gautama Buddha
Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle")
Vajrayana
Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
Pure Land, Zen, Nichiren Buddhism, Shingon, and Tiantai
488 million[web 1] and 535 million
Theravada
Vajrayana
Vajrayana
Indian siddhas
The School of the Elders
Nirvana
Noble Eightfold Path (also known as the Middle Way)
to help other beings reach awakening
Buddhahood or rainbow body
Noble Eightfold Path
Noble Eightfold Path
Tibetan Buddhism
the Middle Way
Mahayana Buddhism
escaping what is seen as a cycle of suffering and rebirth
the Buddha, the Dharma (the teachings), and the Sangha (the community)
cultivation of higher wisdom and discernment
Ten Meritorious Deeds
renouncing conventional living and becoming a monastic
a creator deity and posits that mundane deities such as Mahabrahma are misperceived
giving charity to reduce the greediness
Ten Meritorious Deeds
the Nidnakath of the Jataka tales of the Theravada
the Buddhacarita, the Lokottaravdin Mahvastu, and the Sarvstivdin Lalitavistara Stra
a monastic order
5th century CE
Buddhacarita
Buddha ghoa
Buddha ghoa
he lived, taught and founded a monastic order, but do not consistently accept all of the details contained in his biographies.
Buddhaghoa
Michael Carrithers
birth, maturity, renunciation
Karen Armstrong
Siddhatta Gotama
his disciples
Michael Carrithers
the Buddha
Siddhatta Gotama
fifth century BCE
Siddhrtha Gautama
his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
Siddhrtha Gautama
fifth century BCE
a small republic
Siddhrtha Gautama
an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy
Siddhrtha Gautama
chieftain
Asita
a holy man
whether he saw what life was like outside the palace walls
Asita
Suddhodana
Asita
Asita
Suddhodana
holy man
he prevented him from leaving the palace grounds
29
the suffering of ordinary people
an old man, a sick man, a corpse and, finally, an ascetic holy man
a king
29
four sights
abandon royal life
a king
29
four
four
famous religious teachers of the day
Middle Way
prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
anapanasati meditation
asceticism
milk and rice
Middle Way
they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
milk and rice
Middle Way
Middle Way
35
Bodh Gaya
awakening he had discovered
80
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Bodh Gaya
Bodh Gaya
80
Bodh Gaya
Bodh Gaya
Bodh Gaya
Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
samsara
ignorance
suffering, anxiety, dissatisfaction
liberation from samsara
avidya
physical realm or a psychological state
ignorance
by following the Buddhist path
samsara
physical realm or a psychological state
physical realm or a psychological state
avidya
by following the Buddhist path
action, work
sasra
sla
body, speech or mind
action, work
sla
cetan
body, speech or mind
sasra
sla
result
Theravada Buddhism
Mahyna Mahparinirva Stra
Vajrayana
Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
Theravada Buddhism
Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
Theravada Buddhism
Theravada Buddhism
Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
Japanese Pure Land teacher Genshin
Rebirth
anatt
prattyasamutpda
a process whereby beings go through a succession of lifetimes as one of many possible forms of sentient life, each running from conception to death.
karma
Rebirth
anatta
prattyasamutpda
a permanent self or an unchanging, eternal soul
angmis (non-returners)
meditate on the arpajhnas, the highest object of meditation
31
uddhvsa Worlds or Pure Abodes
31
formless realms
arpajhnas
31
31
arpajhnas
formless realms
intermediate state
Theravada
Theravada
bardo
Theravada
Theravada
intermediate state
intermediate state
Theravada
Theravada
Four Noble Truths
the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
Four Noble Truths
suffering
Four Noble Truths
the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome.
the nature of dukkha
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
suffering
anxiety
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
unsatisfactoriness
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
"suffering", "anxiety", "unsatisfactoriness", "unease", etc.,
the origin of dukkha can be known
craving (Pali: tanha) conditioned by ignorance (Pali: avijja)
the complete cessation of dukkha is possible
a path to this cessation
the origin of dukkha can be known.
craving
craving
the origin of dukkha can be known
craving
ignorance (Pali: avijja) of the true nature of things
the origin of dukkha
The Noble Eightfold Path
the cessation of dukkha
Right View (or Right Understanding), Right Intention (or Right Thought), Right Speech, Right Action, Right Livelihood, Right Effort, Right Mindfulness, and Right Concentration
the fourth
Noble Eight fold
the cessation of dukkha
Right Speech, Right Action
the fourth
fourth
the cessation of dukkha
Ajahn Sucitto
eight significant dimensions of one's behaviour
mental, spoken, and bodily
Ajahn Sucitto
"the immeasurables"
egotism
brahmaviharas, divine abodes, or simply as four immeasurables
mett or loving-kindness meditation
wholesome attitudes towards all sentient beings
Kalama
egotism
Kalama
Pema Chödrön
mett or loving-kindness meditation
his enlightenment
Middle Way
his enlightenment
Abhidharma, Buddhist philosophy and Reality in Buddhism
doctrinal
intellectual theories, philosophies and world view concepts
doctrinal
ignorance
suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths (sasra)
nirva
nirva
dispassion for the objects of clinging, and is liberated from suffering (dukkha) and the cycle of incessant rebirths
three
inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
the cycle of rebirth (sasra), and in any experience of loss
things are impermanent
Everything we can experience through our senses
Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be
sasra
attachment to them is futile
suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
disquietude
neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic
Buddhism
disquietude
disquietude
dukkha
Not-self
gaining release from suffering
the Buddha refused to answer
neither the respective parts nor the person as a whole comprise a self
Not-self
Nikayas anatta
"I have a Self" and "I have no Self"
skandhas
rten cing 'brel bar
"dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
rten cing 'brel bar
Twelve Nidnas
Twelve Nidnas
Twelve Nidnas
cause, foundation, source or origin
The Twelve Nidnas
The Twelve Nidnas
attaining Nirvana
ignorance
absence of the others
sasra
dukkha
attaining Nirvana
ignorance
nyat
emptiness
tman
svabhava
Sarvastivada teachings
Vasubandhu and Asanga
cittamatra
Vasubandhu and Asanga
perfected spiritual insight
perfected spiritual insight
tathgatagarbha
omniscience
tathgatagarbha
craving and ignorance
anybody who has achieved nirvana
arahant
Bodhi
nirvana
bodhi
raga
delusion
bodhisattva
buddha
nirvana
parinirvana
a Buddha
Samsara
Samsara
Amitabha or Vairocana
Maitreya
celestial
realizing the true nature of reality
arahants
Bodhi and nirvana
anagami
earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
earthly projection of a beginningless and endless, omnipresent being
Mahayana
he is living on in other planes of existence
The Buddha's death is seen as an illusion, he is living on in other planes of existence, and monks are therefore permitted to offer "new truths"
bodhisattvas
bodhisattvas
Pure Land
Pure Land
self-exertion
Gautama Buddha
Buddha era
Gautama Buddha
Gautama Buddha
Mahayana Buddhists
Theravada
Pure Land Buddhism
enlightenment being
bodhicitta
bodhisattva-mahsattva
bodhisattva-mahsattva
bodhisattva-mahsattva
bodhisattvas
take the bodhisattva vow
dna, la, kanti, vrya, dhyna, and praj
14th Dalai Lama
Buddhists
bowing, offerings, pilgrimage, and chanting
meditative absorption
early sermons of the Buddha
Brahminic
meditative absorption
Meditation
pre-Buddhist yogic practices
vision
ethics
transcendent wisdom
Buddhist texts
Buddhist texts
yoga
Brahminic or Shramanic
Nasadiya Sukta
Rig Vedic
Three Jewels
Majjhima Nikaya
Tibetan Buddhism
because they have an eternal and immutable essence.
an eternal and unchanging essence and as having an irreversible effect:
Gautama Buddha
The Dharma
The Sangha
sla
pramit
meritorious
la
meritorious
overall principles of ethical behavior
five precepts
eight
training rules
dana and ethical conduct
dana and ethical conduct
sexual misconduct
celibacy
ten
the seventh precept is partitioned into two, and a tenth added:
ten precepts
the vinaya pitaka
227
different schools or subschools
it is the spirit that counts
assure a satisfying life
to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments
islands unto themselves
vegetarianism
vegetarianism
Japan
Zen
eight jhnas
right concentration
samyak samdhi
defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
jhna
vipassan
his mind is ready to penetrate and gain insight
mindful of an object or idea
jhna
calm the mind
nirva
jna
praj Pli
nirva
craving
various defilements
afflictions of the mind that create suffering and stress
Nibbna
The Four Noble Truths
bodhi
Praj (Sanskrit) or pa (Pli)
praj
Nirvana
daily life
Zen Buddhism
Zen Buddhism
Zen Buddhism
scriptures
shikantaza
shikantaza
the grip of the ego
the grip of the ego
the grip of the ego
Mahayana
Diamond Vehicle
Vajrayana
spi ritual and physical techniques
second half of the first millennium BCE
shramanas
shramanas
sacrifices and rituals of Vedic Brahmanism.
Greater Magadha
Rajagrha
2nd or 3rd centuries BCE
Upanishads
Pakudha Kaccayana
Ajnanas
Jains
Vedic animal sacrifice
hymn of the cosmic man
animal sacrifices
the true Veda
Theravadin Pali Canon
dhyana and insight
mastering the Rupa Jhanas
Majjhima Nikaya
Schmithausen
Bruce Matthews
Bronkhorst
Bronkhorst
fourth
liberating insight
"Liberating insight"
Nirvna
the Nikayas
Nirvna
the middle way
eightfold
prajna
liberating insight
person al, "adjusted to the need of each person."
Upanishadic
Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism), Nikaya Buddhism or Sectarian Buddhism: The period of the Early Buddhist schools, Early Mahayana Buddhism, Later Mahayana Buddhism, and Esoteric Buddhism
Pre-sectarian Buddhism
dependent origination, karma and rebirth
Gautama Buddha
parinirva
nanda
stras
abhidhamma
Sangha
Sangha
nearly 100 BCE
Mahasanghikas
Mahasanghika
The Mahsghikas
Theravda
monasteries
schisms were caused by disputes over vinaya, and monks following different schools of thought seem to have lived happily together in the same monasteries, but eventually, by about 100 CE if not earlier, schisms were being caused by doctrinal
Abhidharma
summaries or numerical lists
3rd century BCE
Abhidhamma Pitaka
Mahyna
Mahyna
Mahyna
Mahyna
Guang Xing
the ancient Buddhist sites in the lower Ka Valley, including Amaravati, Ngrjunako and Jaggayyapea
Akira Hirakawa
a separate formal school or sect of Buddhism
Vinaya
both Mahyna and non-Mahyna monks in India often lived in the same monasteries side by side.
Chinese
Lokakema
1st century BCE
1st century BCE
Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic
Yogacara
Mauryan emperor Ashoka
stpas
Buddhist religious memorials
emissaries
Buddhist missionaries
emissaries
changing trends in non-Buddhist Indian religions—themselves
Menander
Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
Sri Lanka and Thailand and Burma
2nd century CE
2nd century CE
Korea and Japan
8th century onwards
Buddhist shrines
the teachings of the Buddha
the Buddhist community
exotic and progressive
Modern influences
second half of the 20th Century
neo-Buddhism
Soka Gakkai
Value Creation Society
12 million
SGI
488 million,[web 1] 495 million, or 535 million
18.2%
18.2%
Theravada
Theravada
Seven million
138 million
138 million
138 million
lesser vehicle
Hinayana
philosophical outlook, or treat the same concepts
Buddhist ecumenical organization
Theravada
ancestral Sthvirya
Pali Canon
west
Theravadin Buddhists
merit
Nland University
Mahayana Sutras
the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra)
the Lotus Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra
Eastern Buddhism
Northern Buddhism
the Pure Land school of Mahayana
Buddhism and Saivism
mantras taught in the Saiva, Garuda and Vaisnava tantras
Padmavajra
Buddhist scriptures
scholastic
Buddhism
Tibetan Buddhists have not even translated most of the gamas
Vinaya Pitaka
The size and complexity of the Buddhist canons
Dhammapada
all of the major principles of Buddhism
condensed'study texts'
Zen
The Buddha and His Dhamma
Pli Tipitaka
the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
Vinaya Pitaka
the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka
the Vinaya Pitaka, the Sutta Pitaka, and the Abhidhamma Pitaka
Pli Tipitaka
five or seven
Mahkyapa
record the Buddha's teachings
Upli
nanda
dhamma
Theravadin
The Theravadins
Mahayana sutras
Mahayana sutras
Sarvastivada Abhidharma
bodhisattva
the Great Vehicle
bodhisattva path
the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
the Mahayana sutras were transmitted in secret, came from other Buddhas or Bodhisattvas, or were preserved in non-human worlds
Mahayana tradition
Approximately six hundred
East Asian Buddhism
5th century CE
Pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.
Mahayana scriptures
Buddhism
Buddhism
Hinayana
rvakayna
comparative study
the Middle way
moral and spiritual parallels
tenets of Christianity
dependent origination
the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion.
the question of whether or not Buddhism should be considered a religion.
American Idol
19 Entertainment
June 11, 2002
Pop Idols
Pop Idols
19 Entertainment
Pop Idols
American Idol
19 Entertainment
June 11, 2002
Pop Idols
Randy Jackson
Brian Dunkleman
Jennifer Lopez
Ryan Seacrest
Brian Dunkleman
Paula Abdul
Jennifer Lopez
Randy Jackson
Paula Abdul
Simon Cowell
Keith Urban
country singer Keith Urban, singer and actress Jennifer Lopez, and jazz singer Harry Connick, Jr.
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
Kelly Clarkson
rival TV executive
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood
Fantasia
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood
Fantasia
Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks
rival TV executive
May 11, 2015
May 11, 2015
May 11, 20 15
2003–04
May 11, 2015
Popstars
Simon Fuller
the executive producer and production leader
the executive producer and production leader
Nigel Lythgoe
Popstars
Nigel Lythgoe
telephone voting by the viewing public
the executive producer and production leader
Nigel Lythgoe
seven
2002
2001
Elisabeth
Rupert Murdoch
American Idol: The Search for a Superstar
season eight
Pop Idol
Angie Martinez
DJ Stryker
Pop Idol
DJ Stryker
Angie Martinez
season eight
Kara DioGuardi
Ellen DeGeneres
two seasons
January 11, 2010
Simon Cowell
Kara DioGuardi
Paula Abdul
January 11, 2010
Ellen DeGeneres
she stayed for two seasons and left the show before season ten
season two
Adam Lambert
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
six
nine
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
Shania Twain in season eight
Lionel Richie and Robin Gibb
Ryan Seacrest
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
Randy Jackson
Randy Jackson
to help guide the contestants with their song choice and performance
Randy Jackson
Randy Jackson
Randy Jackson
fifteen to twenty-eight
season four
cannot have advanced to particular stages of the competition in previous seasons
at least three
audition in front of the judges
10,000
audition in front of the judges
at least three
one of the show's producers
Hollywood
season seven
seasons two and three
three
season twelve
three
individually or in groups
seasons two and three
Las Vegas
five guys and five girls each night (four nights)
five guys and five girls each night (four nights)
178 million
Over 110 million
Telescope Inc
semi-finals
Over 110 million
750 million
ten
contestants who failed to qualify
ten
four groups of eight
season one
ten
12
gender
gender
the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
the bottom two in each groups were eliminated each week until only six of each remained to form the top twelve.
to ensure an equal gender division in the top twelve
four
four
five
season thirteen
season eight
four
four
the top twenty semifinalists were split into gender groups, with five of each gender advancing to form the final 10
CBS Television City
Jimmy Iovine
season thirteen
eleven weeks
CBS Television City
Jimmy Iovine
season one
Initially the contestants sing one song each week, but this is increased to two songs from top four or five onwards, then three songs for the top two or three.
season eight
once
safety
season six
fourteen
a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
Fan Save
a five-minute window to vote for the contestants in danger of elimination by using their Twitter account to decide which contestant will move on to the next show, starting with the Top 8.
Top 8
Nokia Theatre
3,400
two-hour
Dolby Theatre
3,400
6,000
Nokia Theatre
19 Management
Big Machine Records
BMG/Sony
19 Management
19 Management
Big Machine Records
golden ticket
golden ticket
The contestants are voted for by the viewing public, and the outcome of the public votes is then revealed in the results show typically on the following night.
season seven
Ray Chew
American Idol
Rickey Minor
Rickey Minor
Ray Chew
season seven
June 2002
June 2002
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
June 2002
June 2002
Ryan Seacrest and Brian Dunkleman
10,000
10,000
Jim Verraros
Tamyra Gray
she was eliminated while she was in the hospital
10,000
30
Delano Cagnolatti
eliminated at the top four
Christina Christian
September 4, 2002
Justin Guarini
Aretha Franklin's "Natural Woman", and Betty Hutton's "Stuff Like That There",
Justin Guarini
Kelly Clarkson
September 4, 2002
A Moment Like This
From Justin to Kelly
more than 23 million
A Moment Like This
coronation
A Moment Like This
The Beatles
From Justin to Kelly
more than 23 million
January 2003
Kristin Adams
January 2003
Kristin Adams
Corey Clark
Jaered Andrews
Corey Clark
Jaered Andrews
Corey Clark
Jaered Andrews
Jaered Andrews
Ruben Studdard
134,000
Ruben Studdard
134,000
Nigel Lythgoe
Ruben Studdard
Ruben Studdard
134,000
134,000
Ruben Studdard
Flying Without Wings
Josh Gracin
This Is the Night
Flying Without Wings
This Is the Night
Aiken
Josh Gracin
January 19, 2004
William Hung
William Hung
January 19, 2004
William Hung
William Hung
Three Divas
Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
Elton John
Jasmine Trias
Three Divas
Fantasia Barrino, LaToya London, and Jennifer Hudson
Elton John
Jasmine Trias
Diana DeGarmo
I Believe
Dreams
Summertime
Simon Cowell
Diana DeGarmo
Fantasia
I Believe
Nikko Smith
Nikko Smith
Freemantle Media
Mario Vazquez
top 11 week
postponed until the following night
May 2005
over 14 million
Inside Your Heaven
Carrie Underwood
May 2005
Carrie Underwood
Inside Your Heaven
over 14 million
Season five
Brittenum twins
Season five
January 17, 2006
Brittenum twins
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Fuel's new lead singer
Chris Daughtry
I Walk the Line
not crediting the arrangement to Live
Katharine McPhee
Do I Make You Proud
My Destiny
May 30, 2006
Katharine McPhee
Do I Make You Proud
My Destiny
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
Chris Daughtry
January 16, 2007
37.3 million
January 16, 2007
37.3 million
Sanjaya Malakar
Howard Stern
Sanjaya Malakar
April 18
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Sanjaya Malakar
Howard Stern
April 18
$76 million
$76 million
Melinda Doolittle
$76 million
Phil Stacey and Chris Richardson
Melinda Doolittle
Jordin Sparks
Blake Lewis
Jordin Sparks
Jordin Sparks
Jordin Sparks
Blake Lewis
January 18, 2005
100,000
28
Season four
Season four
January 18, 2005
high definition
100,000
28
May 24, 2007
This Is My Now
Thousands of recordings of original songs were submitted by songwriters, and 20 entries selected for the public vote
American Idol Songwriter contest
coronation song
Thousands
This Is My Now
May 24, 2007
January 15, 2008
David Hernandez
Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson
January 15, 2008
David Hernandez
the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers', many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts.
Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson
Billie Jean
David Cook
Chris Cornell
March 11, 2008
March 11, 2008
Chris Cornell
David Cook
David Archuleta
season ten
Hallelujah
Jeff Buckley
leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
John Lennon's "Imagine"
Jennifer Lopez
Jason Castro
Jeff Buckley
leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.
David Cook
David Cook
May 21, 2008
David Cook
The Time of My Life
American Idol Songwriter
May 22, 2008
The Time of My Life
May 22, 2008
January 13, 2009
Danny Gokey
the president of alternative programming
Season eight
January 13, 2009
Mike Darnell
Danny Gokey
Kara DioGuardi
two weeks
So You Think You Can Dance
the Kodak Theatre
global recession
four
Kara DioGuardi
So You Think You Can Dance
the Kodak Theatre
global recession
13
Matt Giraud
13
13
Lil Rounds and Anoop Desai
13
13
Matt Giraud
Kris Allen and Adam Lambert
Kris Allen
AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
Kris Allen
season two
AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties
AT&T employees
No Boundaries
DioGuardi
No Boundaries
DioGuardi
failed to achieve gold album status
platinum album status
January 12, 2010
Paula Abdul
Hollywood Week
January 12, 2010
Paula Abdul
Paula Abdul
Hollywood Week
Crystal Bowersox
Ken Warwick
diabetic ketoacidosis
Crystal Bowersox
diabetic ketoacidosis
to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.
Ken Warwick
Ken Warwick, the show producer
Michael Lynche
Michael Lynche
Adam Lambert
$45 million
Michael Lynche
Adam Lambert
Simon Cowell
Simon Cowell
Simon Cowell
Paula Abdul
Lee DeWyze
Beautiful Day
May 26
Lee DeWyze
Beautiful Day
Up to the Mountain
January 19, 2011
Season ten
Jimmy Iovine
The X Factor
Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
January 19, 2011
Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
Simon Cowell (who left to launch the U.S. version of The X Factor), Kara DioGuardi
Jimmy Iovine
Season ten
Myspace
Myspace
Season ten
Myspace
Chris Medina
Top 40
Casey Abrams
Casey Abrams
Chris Medina
Top 40 round
Casey Abrams
missed the Top 13 result show
Casey Abrams
Pia Toscano
Tom Hanks
Pia Toscano
Tom Hanks
2011
Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
I Love You This Big
Like My Mother Does
Ruben Studdard's Soulful
May 25
Lauren Alaina and Scotty McCreery
Ruben Studdard
January 18, 2012
the Top 25
Jermaine Jones
January 18, 2012
Jermaine Jones
March 14
concealing arrests and outstanding warrants
kidney pain
kidney stones
eight
kidney pain
kidney pain
kidney pain
Jessica Sanchez
Jessica Sanchez
Colton Dixon
two
Jessica Sanchez
Jessica Sanchez
Colton Dixon
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Phillips
Diana DeGarmo
Diana DeGarmo
Home
Change Nothing
Home
Change Nothing
Home
January 16, 2013
Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler
TMZ
January 16, 2013
four
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
Lazaro Arbos
"save"
Candice Glover
Candice Glover
I Am Beautiful
All Cried Out
Candice Glover
Candice Glover
I Am Beautiful
All Cried Out
a music label
Randy Jackson
Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
Randy Jackson
Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj
January 15, 2014
Ryan Seacrest
in-mentor
Gregg Gelfand
January 15, 2014
Keith Urban
Jennifer Lopez
Jennifer Lopez
Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick
Sam Woolf
the Top 3 performance night
the contestants were permitted to perform in the final rounds songs they wrote themselves
Sam Woolf
Top 8
the Top 3 performance night
Jena Irene
Jena Irene
As Long as You Love Me
We Are One
Jena Irene
Jena Irene
As Long as You Love Me
We Are One
January 7, 2015
Ryan Seacrest
Adam Lambert
their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges
Randy Jackson
January 7, 2015
Adam Lambert
one episode a week
Coca Cola
Coca Cola
Big Machine Records
one episode a week
Coca Cola
Coca Cola
Big Machine Records
Nick Fradiani
Clark Beckham
Jax
Beautiful Life
Forcefield
Nick Fradiani
Clark Beckham
Beautiful Life
Champion
Jax
May 11, 2015
May 11, 20
May 11, 201
judges
Ryan Seacrest
May 11, 2015
Ryan Seacrest
48%
2002
ten
North Carolina
North Carolina
ten
Clay Aiken, Kellie Pickler, and Chris Daughtry
85 percent
16 percent
85 percent
85 percent
Taylor Hicks
Alabama
text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing.
text-voting due to the South having the highest percentage of cell-phone only households; and the strong heritage of music and singing, which is notable in the Bible Belt, where it is in church that many people get their start in public singing.
Alabama
White guy with guitar
Phillip Phillips
American Idol: The Untold Story
white male
white male
White guy with guitar
Richard Rushfield
Phillip Phillips
the onerous contract contestants had to sign that gave excessive control to 19 Entertainment over their future career, and handed a large part of their future earnings
Ruben Studdard
Ruben Studdard
2013
100 million
Ruben Studdard
season eight
power voting
2010
2013
Idol Gives Back
$185 million
Idol Gives Back
Idol Gives Back
June 2002
9.9 million
23 million
June 2002
June 2002
9.9 million
23 million
26.5 million
21.7 million
Clay Aiken
season four
30.6 million
26.5 million
21.7 million
season four
Season six
Season six
the Death Star
NBC
Season six
the Death Star
steady decline in viewership
the average results show rated higher than the competition stages (unlike in the previous seasons), and became the second highest-rated of the series after the preceding season.
season seven
2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
season seven
Kristy Lee Cook
season seven
strong finish of season seven also helped Fox become the most watched TV network in the country for the first time since its inception, a first ever in American television history for a non-Big Three major broadcast network.
2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike
NBC
CBS
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
NBC's coverage of the 2010 Winter Olympics on February 17
six
47.2
47.2
47.2
47.2
Wednesday-Thursday primetime slots
NBC Sunday Night Football
first time in eight years
13.3 million
13
2002
7.2 million
13.3 million
Coca-Cola
8.03 million
May 11, 20 15
May 11, 2015
8.03 million
Survivor and Who Wants to Be a Millionaire
8
eight
eight
Simon Fuller
non-singing TV shows
The Voice
American Idol
American Idol
American Idol
345
Rich Meyer
Kelly Clarkson
345
Fred Bronson
Kelly Clarkson
Kelly Clarkson
59 million
59 million
59 million
59 million
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
musical theatre
Dreamgirls
Dreamgirls
Debra Byrd
Ken Tucker
the Lincoln Memorial
Ken Tucker
Ken Tucker
Karla Peterson
the Lincoln Memorial
Entertainment Weekly
Simon Cowell
John Mayer
Simon Cowell's cruel critiques
commercialism
Ann Powers
Simon Cowell
John Mayer
Elton John
2006
LeAnn Rimes
Usher
Carrie Underwood
Carrie Underwood
LeAnn Rimes
Elton John
country music
country music
Outstanding Directing For A Variety, Music Or Comedy Series in 200 9
Bruce Gower
200 8
Idol Gives Back
nine years
Bruce Gower
$900 million
$6.4 billion
The American Idol Experience
$900 million
Disney
season four
American Idol
$300,000
$737,000
season four
800 million
season one
season one
AT&T Wireless
AT&T Wireless
season seven
$50 to $60 million
$35 million
AT&T Wireless
Coca-Cola
4,349
PepsiCo
The X Factor
PepsiCo
The X Factor
third
$35 million.
Pretzel Chocolate Candies
a sing-off
Kellogg's Pop-Tarts
Pretzel Chocolate Candies
$35 million.
iTunes
compilation album
iTunes
American Idol
compilation album
Billboard 200
iTunes
19 Recordings
UMG
BMG
19 Entertainment
19 Recordings
BMG
Sony Music Entertainment
UMG's Interscope-Geffen-A&M Records
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
February 14, 2009
August 30, 2014
19 Entertainment
February 14, 2009
Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park
Dream Ticket
August 30, 2014
over 100
CTV and/or CTV Two,
August 2014
Yes TV
over 100
CTV and/or CTV Two
Yes TV
La3
one day
STAR World
Thursday and Friday
STAR World
La3
ringers
seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years
seven consecutive years, or eight consecutive (and total) years
Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris
Canis lupus familiaris
sensory capabilities
a manmade variant of an extant canid species
a manmade variant of an extant canid species
a manmade variant of an extant canid species
starch-rich diet
a manmade variant of an extant canid species
man's best friend
man's best friend
meat
dukkn
diminutive
Old English docga
diminutive
hound
hound
hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.
hound
16th century
types used for hunting
*kwon- "dog"
a litter.
the sire
French poupée
whelping
bitch
bitch
litter
the sire
the dam
a year
Linnaeus
1758
Linnaeus
wolf
Mammal Species of the World
Linnaeus
"Dog-family" or the family dog
Canis lupus
Canis dingo
1982
2003
Mammal Species of the World
a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.
ICZN
a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use Canis familiaris.
ICZN
ICZN
gray wolves
gray wolves
earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers
Taimyr wolf
earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers
Whole genome sequencing
Taimyr wolf
Modern dog breeds
powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
predators and scavengers
powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.
sprinting and endurance
catching and tearing
predators and scavengers
Dogs are highly variable in height and weight.
English Mastiff
English Mastiff
double
a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair
double
a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or "single", with the topcoat only
countershading
dark coloring
countershading
dark coloring
reduces its general visibility
dog tails
communicate their emotional state
dog tails
genetic ailments
parasites
pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat,
pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat,
parasites
chocolate solids
macadamia nuts, xylitol
chocolate solids
theobromine
chocolate solids
nicotine in tobacco
Theobromine
1.2 years
shorter
2013
1.2 years
10 to 13 years.
Dogue de Bordeaux
5.2 years
the shortest lifespan
Dogue de Bordeaux
5.2 years
14 to 15 years.
Bluey
Pusuke
1939
Bluey
1939
Pusuke
six to twelve months
the body prepares for pregnancy.
six to twelve months
the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle
58 to 68 days
63 days
six
toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.
63 days
six
toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.
Neutering
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA)
Neutering
removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
Neutering
removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus
dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered
Neutering
urinary incontinence
Spayed female dogs
urinary incontinence
urinary incontinence
over 200
Chaser
gesturing and pointing
Australian dingos
Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems
Dog intelligence
over 200
advanced memory
the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, "Chaser", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words.
9,000–30,000 years BCE
the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
the social-cognitive skills of human children
the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans.
Dog behavior
understand and communicate with humans
the social-cognitive skills of human children
scents, pheromones and taste
hand signals
gustatory communication
hand signals
domestic dogs.
jaw muscles.
gray wolves
once a year.
dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
11
selection on both morphology and behavior
selection for tameness
reduced fear and aggression
production-related traits
dogs were initially selected for their behaviors.
11
reduced fear and aggression
525 million
525 million
525 million:225
territory disputes
fearless
large wild dogs
territory disputes
wolves kill dogs more frequently than they kill sheep
Russia
Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards.
Striped hyenas
alligators and pythons
Leopards
Tigers
alligators and pythons
Striped hyenas
carnivores or omnivores
vegetables and grains
meat-specific protein
carnivores or omnivores
meat-specific protein
starch digestion
artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors
artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors
selective breeding
Irish Wolfhound
a few hundred years old
behavioral and morphological variation
blue
natural selection and selective breeding
selective breed
Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
natural selection and selective breeding
dog types and dog breeds
Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.
Purebred dogs of one breed
four
Malamute and Shar Pei
herding
four
old world dogs
all others
bite inhibition
a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.
one of the most successful species on the planet today.
bite inhibition
early human hunter-gatherers
dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals.
man's best friend
meat
cleaning up food scraps.
three dog night
the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.
cleaning up food scraps
three dog night
the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.
the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.
the use of dogs' robust sense of smell
domestication of the wolf
sled dogs
sled dogs
sled dogs
12,000 years ago
Athabascan
Apache and Navajo
use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.
Natufian culture site
humans and dogs
World War II
1980s
outside more often than they tend to be today
elites
outside more often than they tend to be today
1980s
commodification
the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour.
two
commodification
the broadening of the concept of the family and the home
commodity forms
barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
18th century
barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking
part of the family
Dog Whisperer.
part of the family
Dog Whisperer
washing-up
washing-up
human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.
washing-up
washing-up
77.5 million
77.5 million
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic resonance imaging
magnetic resonance imaging
friendly social pets
MRI
friendly social pets
man's best friend
hunt
nets
Laika
Laika
man's best friend
pointers and hounds
nets
Laika
1957
guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs
epileptics
breed shows
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
externally observable qualities
externally observable qualities
a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type
externally observable qualities
ability or health
East Asian countries
taboo.
lungs
western hypocrisy
taboo
medicinal properties
gaejang-guk
gaejang-guk
gaejang-guk
boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
summer months
boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder.
4.5 million
17
26
4.5 million
17
bites
12.9
12.9
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch
bites
12.9
Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch
more than 86,000
two-wheeled
two-wheeled vehicles
dog roundworm
Toxocara canis
10,000
retinal damage and decreased vision.
roundworm
14
10,000
24
retinal damage and decreased vision
2005
absenteeism
2005
pet dogs
pet dogs
immune-stimulating microorganisms
social support
2015
anxiety
wheelchair users
dogs and other animals
increase social behaviors
children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.
late 18th century
dogs and other animals
dogs and other animals
Animal-assisted intervention research
Medical detection dogs
40 times
one part per trillion
40 times
93 percent
Cerberus
Cerberus
Garmr
Kimat
thunder
four-eyed dogs
Cerberus
Garmr
thunder
Kimat
Hunter god Muthappan
Yama
the Muthappan Temple
Yama
Naraka
his mount
bronze dog figurines
dogs
scavengers
Hasan Küçük
leather dog booties
scavengers
Hasan Küçük
Lérida, Spain
only their luggage
faithfulness.
feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves
feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them.
faithfulness
kind protectors.
China
kind protectors
when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves.
Hunting scenes
caves
Hunting scenes
individual breeds
humans
Male French Bulldogs
run away
run away
dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.
living in human camps—more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed.
the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.
poorly controlled
Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.
129 days
129 days
one world, one dream
Journey of Harmony
one world, one dream
Beijing, China.
the "Journey of Harmony"
85,000 mi
March 24
Panathinaiko Stadium
March 31
six
Silk Road
Panathinaiko Stadium
March 24
Panathinaiko Stadium
Panathinaiko Stadium
Mount Everest
hundreds
hundreds
Tibetan independence, animal rights, and legal online gambling,
Chinese security officials
the Chinese government
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
the number of supporters were much more than the number of protesters, and in Australia, Japan, South Korea, the counter-protesters overwhelmed the protesters.
skirmishes
Latin America, Africa, and Western Asia
Jacques Rogge
Jacques Rogge
scrap global relays
Jacques Rogge
Jacques Rogge
he stopped short of cancelling the relay altogether despite calls to do so by some IOC members.
scrap global relays
Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
Beijing Games' Organizing Committee
Lucky Cloud
aluminum.
985 grams
ignition key
Lucky Cloud
aluminum.
37 mile per hour
7 2 centimetres high
cans of propane.
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
Beijing Committees of the Olympic Game
137,000 km (85,000 mi)
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
Air China Airbus A330
137,000 km (85,000 mi)
137,000 km (85,000 mi)
six continents
Taipei
Hong Kong and Macau
six continents
the anthem of the Republic of China along the 24 km torch route in Taiwan.
Hong Kong and Macau
24 km
March 24, 2008
three
Alexandros Nikolaidis
Maria Nafpliotou
demonstrators shouted 'Free Tibet' and unfurled banners; some 10 of the 15 protesters were taken into police detention.
three
Maria Nafpliotou
Alexandros Nikolaidis
Alexandros Nikolaidis
police
French hypermart Carrefour
LVMH Group
Nazism's Swastika to the French flag
Kunming
LVMH Group
censorship
French hypermart Carrefour
People's Daily
People's Daily
People's Daily
Almaty
Nursultan Nazarbaev.
Olympic torch
20 km
Uighur activists
Kazakhstan
Nursultan Nazarbaev.
20 km
Uighur activists
April 3
Taksim Square
Sultanahmet Square
Uyghurs
Istanbul
Sultanahmet Square
Taksim Square.
Uyghurs
Several protesters who tried to disrupt the relay were promptly arrested by the police.
April 5
Victory Square
Palace Square
Fedor Emelianenko
Saint Petersburg
Victory Square
20 km, with the start at the Victory Square and finish at the Palace Square.
Fedor Emelianenko
London
O2 Arena
£750,000
London
Wembley Stadium
O2 Arena
30 mi
thugs
80
Sir Steve Redgrave
Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan
Gordon Brown
Sir Steve Redgrave
80
Francesca Martinez and Richard Vaughan
Gordon Brown
Ladbroke Grove
April 7
Eiffel Tower
bus
Teddy Riner
April 7
Paris
Eiffel Tower
3,000
pro-Tibet protests, including an attempt by more than one demonstrator to extinguish the flame with water or fire extinguishers, prompted relay authorities to put out the flame five times (according to the police authorities in Paris)
a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
Jin Jing
Angel in Wheelchair
a Tibetan flag
Jin Jing
Angel in Wheelchair
a Tibetan flag flown from a window in the City Hall by Green Party officials.
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Notre Dame cathedral
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders
Several hundred
Jane Birkin
Thupten Gyatso
Several hundred
Several hundred
Jane Birkin
freedom of speech
National Assembly's session
Respect for Human Rights in China
Freedom for Tibet!
French members of Parliament and other French politicians
National Assembly's session
Respect for Human Rights in China
Freedom for Tibet!
Tibetan flags
Libération
the Trocadéro
Michèle Alliot-Marie
Tibetan flags
The Tibetan flag was forbidden everywhere except on the Trocadéro.
Michèle Alliot-Marie
a police officer
San Francisco
April 9
Lin Li
San Francisco International Airport
Peter Ueberroth
San Francisco
San Francisco, California
Norman Bellingham
Justin Herman Plaza
San Francisco Board of Supervisors
"alarm and protest at the failure of China to meet its past solemn promises to the international community, including the citizens of San Francisco, to cease the egregious and ongoing human rights abuses in China and occupied Tibet."
April 8
April 1, 2008
San Francisco Board of Supervisors
United Nations Plaza
United Nations Plaza
three
KPIX-CBS5
China
three
Laurel Sutherlin
trespassing, conspiracy and causing a public nuisance.
three
2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
2 pm PDT (21:00 UTC)
Van Ness Avenue
April 11
Lola Mora amphitheatre
Mauricio Macri
Buenos Aires
Lola Mora amphitheatre
Mauricio Macri
Mauricio Macri
banks, government offices and businesses took an impromptu half-day holiday for the only Latin American stop on the flame's five-continent journey.
Jorge Carcavallo
the Obelisk to the city hall
Free Tibet
Jorge Carcavallo.
the Obelisk to the city hall
Human Rights Torch.
Free Tibet
Human Rights Torch Relay
Susan Prager
Friends of Falun Gong
Diego Maradona
1200
water balloons
Friends of Falun Gong
Diego Maradona
1200
water balloons
water balloons
Dar es Salaam
April 13
TAZARA Railway
Dar es Salaam
Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium
China
Ali Mohamed Shein.
Muscat
April 14
Sulaf Fawakherji
Muscat
20
Sulaf Fawakherji.
April 16
Jinnah Stadium
Pervez Musharraf and Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani
Islamabad
Jinnah Stadium.
2.3 km
2.3 km
Baichung Bhutia
five
2.3 km
2.3 km
2.3 km
five
Baichung Bhutia
Republic Day celebrations
Nirupama Sen.
India's Commerce Minister
Kamal Nath
2 am
the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations,
the security normally associated with Republic Day celebrations, which are considered terrorist targets.
India's 150,000
India was a democracy
150,000-strong
India's 150,000
wholesale ban on protests
Olympic Holy Flame Protection Unit
"rapid deterioration"
Tibetan government in exile
Kiran Bedi
Kiran Bedi
Soha Ali Khan
April 16
Kiran Bedi
Soha Ali Khan
a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet",
a protest was organised in Delhi "against Chinese repression in Tibet",
caged woman
April 18
M.R. Narisa Chakrabongse
the Chinese Embassy
April 18
10
Thai authorities threatened to arrest foreign protesters and ban them from future entry into Thailand.
Mom Rajawongse Narissara Chakrabongse
April 21
Kuala Lumpur
Independence Square
1964
Independence Square
Petronas Twin Towers.
1964
1000
Falun Gong
Falun Gong
Japanese family with Malaysian citizenship and their 5-year-old child who unfurled a Tibetan flag were hit by a group of Chinese nationals with plastic air-filled batons
Taiwan and Tibet belong to China.
placards
April 22
Chinese embassy
Only invitees and journalists
Olympic flame
20 km
security worries
the streets around the city main's stadium.
Protests
April 24
Agnes Shea
a message stick
a disagreement over the role of the Chinese flame attendants, with Australian and Chinese officials arguing publicly over their function and prerogatives
Canberra
16 km
16 km
Australian Federal Police.
Agnes Shea
People's Liberation Army personnel
to "go defend our sacred torch
Tony Goh
Stephen Smith
People's Liberation Army personnel
Chinese Students and Scholars Association for Chinese Australian students
Tony Goh
Zhang Rongan
Stephen Smith
Lin Hatfield Dodds
Stephen Smith
Lin Hatfield Dodds
Stephen Smith
Ted Quinlan
2,000 and 10,000
Jon Stanhope
Ian Thorpe
2,000 and 10,000
2,000 and 10,000
Ted Quinlan
Jon Stanhope
Nagano
April 26
Nagano
1998 Winter Olympics
Zenk-ji
municipal building
only two Chinese guards
Seoul
1988 Summer Olympics
Olympic Park
Chinese students
Seoul
1988 Summer Olympics
April 28
Kim Yong Nam
Pak Du Ik
Juche Tower
the 19-kilometre route through Pyongyang.
April 28.
Beijing Olympics logo
Pak Du Ik
UNICEF
North Korea
UNICEF
UNICEF withdrew their staff
UNICEF
North Korea
April 29
Ho Chi Minh City
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Tan Son Nhat International Airport
Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
sovereignty of the Spratly and Paracel Islands
Sansha
Chinese government had established a county-level city named Sansha in the disputed territories, resulting in anti-Chinese demonstrations in December 2007 in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.
Prime Minister Nguyn Tn Dng
seven
iu Cày
Lê Minh Phiu
seven
Nguyn Văn Hi
iu Cày
Lê Minh Phiu
the official website appeared to have been updated to remove the disputed islands and dotted lines marking China's maritime claims in the South China Sea.
May 2
Lee Lai Shan
Donald Tsang
Wan Chai
120
Donald Tsang
Donald Tsang
dragon boat
120
celebrities, athletes and pro-Beijing camp politicians.
novelty inflatable plastic Olympic flames
1989
Christina Chan
she and some of the protesters were taken away against their will by the authorities via a police vehicle
claiming her human rights were breached.
Tiananmen Square
Political activist and Legislative Council member Leung Kwok-hung
Christina Chan
The Color Orange democracy group
Pillar of Shame
immigration reasons
Mia Farrow
Cheung Man Kwong
Hong Kong Alliance relay
Pillar of Shame
immigration reasons
Mia Farrow
May 3
Macau Fisherman's Wharf
120
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese
May 3
120
Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
Stanley Ho. Leong Hong Man and Leong Heng Teng
the list of the torchbearers could not fully represent the Macanese
cyberctm.com
orchidbbs.com and cyberctm.com Internet forums
cyberctm.com
cyberctm.com
Bureau of Telecommunications Regulation
Sanya, Hainan
Jackie Chan
Sanya, Hainan
May 4
IOC
Jackie Chan.
partial and censored
Western reporters in Beijing have described Chinese media coverage as partial and censored (for example when Chinese media did not broadcast Reporters Without Borders' disruption of the torch lighting ceremony), whereas Chinese netizens have in turn accused Western media coverage of being biased.
Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame"
Chinese media coverage of the torch relay
partial and censored
Reporters Without Borders
Libération was criticised by the Chinese State press agency Xinhua for its allegedly biased reporting; Xinhua suggested that Libération needed "a stinging slap in the face" for having "insulted the Olympic flame"
a handful of saboteurs
disruptive protesters
condemned the protests
Marie-José Pérec
radicals
Marie-José Pérec
Xinhua
spirit of Olympics
sports and politics
spirit of Olympics
sports and politics
The Daily Telegraph
Libération
Chinese accusations of Western media bias.
Fu Ying
The Daily Telegraph
Libération
CNN
CNN
the Chinese government called on CNN to "apologise" for having allegedly insulted the Chinese people, and for "attempting to incite the Chinese people against the government".
The challenges of reporting in China
Paul Danahar
1,300
Paul Danahar
censorship
People's Daily
People's Daily
anti-CNN
a Beijing citizen.
a Beijing citizen.
anti-cnn
30
August 2007
blue tracksuits
Second Right Brother
30
August 2007
blue tracksuits
Second Right Brother
French hypermart Carrefour
LVMH Group
Dalai Lama
the French flag
LVMH Group
pro-secessionist conspiracy and anti-Chinese racism.
the protests may spiral out of control
People's Daily
Sohu.com
May 1
the anti-Japanese protests in 2005.
People's Daily
the protests may spiral out of control
Beijing, Changsha, Fuzhou and Shenyang
Shoichi Washizawa
great nuisance
an un-identified person
Shoichi Washizawa
great nuisance
an un-identified person
8
8
Michael Mak Kwok-fung
Jin Jing
Chinese media have also reported on Jin Jing, whom the official Chinese torch relay website described as "heroic" and an "angel",
Mainland China
Mainland China
logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
mixed
Kurt Gödel
Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931
Whitehead and Russell's book
Kurt Gödel's incompleteness theorem of 1931
there would in fact be some truths of mathematics which could not be deduced from them
Principia Mathematica
logic, epistemology, and metaphysics
1916
ideas that are disconnected scraps of information, with no application to real life or culture
"education with inert ideas is not only useless: it is, above all things, harmful."
1929
1912 and 1927
1929
1929
inert ideas
a relatively few important concepts
discovering their application in actual life
laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
a relatively few important concepts
the student could organically link to many different areas of knowledge, discovering their application in actual life.
laden with values and general principles that provide students with a bedrock of wisdom and help them to make connections between areas of knowledge that are usually regarded as separate.
he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education
"This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
Bertrand Russell
he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education.
profound ignorance
rank amateur
20th century's foremost metaphysicians.
"Every scientific man in order to preserve his reputation has to say he dislikes metaphysics. What he means is he dislikes having his metaphysics criticized."
they remain unexamined and unquestioned
people need to continually re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress
good science and good philosophy
how the universe works all the time, but such assumptions are not easily seen precisely because they remain unexamined and unquestioned.
they remain unexamined and unquestioned
re-imagine their basic assumptions about how the universe works if philosophy and science are to make any real progress, even if that progress remains permanently asymptotic.
metaphysical investigations
reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another
an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fundamentally interrelated and dependent on one another
so that even inanimate processes such as electron collisions are said to manifest some degree of experience
either exclusively material or else exclusively mental
"philosophy of organism"
Cartesian
Cartesian
Cartesian
experiential
process philosophy
materialists have mistaken the abstract for the concrete
"quality", "matter", and "form"
these "classical" concepts fail to adequately account for change, and overlook the active and experiential nature of the most basic elements of the world.
a continuum of overlapping events
a "society" of events
"classical" concepts
change
quality, "matter", and "form"
society
a continuum of overlapping events
discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space, and jointly make up the enduring person or thing
"defining essence" or a "core identity"
qualitative and secondary to their core identity (e.g. "Mark's hair has turned gray as he has gotten older, but he is still the same person"
defining essence
occasions of experience
the only fundamentally existent things are discrete "occasions of experience" that overlap one another in time and space
all things flow"
Identities do not define people, people define identities
it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
"material substances" or "essences"
the limitations of language
it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.
the limitations of language
the limitations of language
keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
externally related to other things
fundamentally separate in time and space, and not necessarily related to anything
the relata themselves
every object as distinct and discrete from all other objects.
it obscures the importance of relations
materialism
distinct and discrete
an inert clump of matter
its synthesis of and reaction to the world around it
forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
it could not be said to really exist
Relations are not secondary to what a thing is, they are what the thing is.
nothing more and nothing less than the sum of its relations to other entities
if theoretically a thing made strictly no difference to any other entity (i.e. it was not related to any other entity), it could not be said to really exist.
what the thing is
its synthesis of and reaction to the wo rld around it
forces the rest of the universe to in some way conform to it
Europe and China
William Temple
1932-1934
ecology to feminism, practices that unite political struggle and spirituality with the sciences of education
ecology, physics, biology, education, economics, and psychology
University of Chicago's Divinity School
Henry Nelson Wieman
John B. Cobb
Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
China
modernization and industrialization
Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism
John Cobb and David Ray Griffin
an educational system that includes the teaching of values rather than simply bare facts
assertion that matter is an abstraction
sheer difficulty and density of his prose
passé
the most dominant philosophical schools
American pragmatism
William James and John Dewey
Nicholas Rescher
Charles Sanders Peirce
Richard Rorty
severely criticized
Henry Stapp and David Bohm
gravitational waves
they are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
a local approximation
Ideas Improving World Order
Is It Too Late? A Theology of Ecology
For the Common Good: Redirecting the Economy toward Community, the Environment, and a Sustainable Future
Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
Sustaining the Common Good: A Christian Perspective on the Global Economy
Xie Bangxiu
Flexible-goals, Engaged-learner, Embodied-knowledge, Learning-through-interactions, and Supportive-teacher
to "help a person become whole."
Institute for the Postmodern Development of China
Mark Dibben
Whiteheadian and panexperientialist
philosophy of management and business ethics
philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research
mathematics
metaphysics
processes
reality is fundamentally constructed by bits of matter that exist independently of one another
Process and Reality
mathematics
mathematics
metaphysics
metaphysical system
processes
Ramsgate, Kent, England
1861
Alfred North's grandfather
Chatham House Academy
Maria Sarah Buckmaster
Ramsgate, Kent, England
1861
minister
Maria Sarah
Evelyn
University of London system
Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
1924
Bachelor of Science degree
Imperial College London
Dean of the Faculty of Science at the University of London
Imperial College London
1924
Victor Lowe
his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death
almost fanatical belief in the right to privacy
"No professional biographer in his right mind would touch him."
Victor Lowe
Victor Lowe
his family carried out his instructions that all of his papers be destroyed after his death.
right to privacy
Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
professional mathematicians
Principia Mathematica
one of the most important works in mathematical logic of the 20th century
mathematics
Whitehead
Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
1898
Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions drew attention to the need to expand algebraic structures beyond the associatively multiplicative class
the comparative study of their several structures
G. B. Mathews
Lie algebras and hyperbolic quaternions
G. B. Mathews
the comparative study of their several structures
Principia Mathematica
ten years
300
50
Principia Mathematica
Principia Mathematica
ten years
three
300
Cambridge University Press
western canon
1927–28
Process and Reality
professional philosophers
Process and Reality
1927–28
philosophical work
did not negatively affect his interest
without fully grasping all of the details and implications
Henry Nelson Wieman
twenty years
Mathews
Divinity School
Henry Nelson Wieman
Henry Nelson Wieman
twenty years, and for at least thirty years afterward Chicago's Divinity School was closely associated with Whitehead's thought.
Process and Reality
Isabelle Stengers
a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems
Process and Reality
Process and Reality
how the universe works
a number of 21st century scientific and philosophical problems
novel solutions
existence
an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them.
consciousness
inability to predict an electron's movement
existence
an entity is not merely a sum of its relations, but also a valuation of them and reaction to them
causal or mechanistic laws
"to seize."
the mind only has private ideas about other entities
prehension
he coined
to seize
conscious or unconscious
presentational immediacy
a kind of perception that can be conscious or unconscious, applying to people as well as electrons
their perceptions and relations, rather than being independent of them
presentational immediacy (or "conceptual prehension")
a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses
mistaking an image in a mirror
Whitehead
Presentational immediacy
Presentational immediacy
the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."
unconscious interpretation
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
symbolic reference
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
higher organisms
fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations
both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
an ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
"might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
"life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
living, living well, and living better
increasing its own satisfaction
"life is comparatively deficient in survival value
they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
three
increasing its own satisfaction
totally unintelligible
they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
"the brief Galilean vision of humility"
the Church gave unto God the attributes which belonged exclusively to Caesar."
power
religion
the primordial nature of God
the consequent nature
dipolar
an order exist among possibilities, an order that allowed for novelty in the world and provided an aim to all entities.
God's reception of the world's activity
God saves and cherishes all experiences forever
It is the judgment of a tenderness which loses nothing that can be saved.
change the way God interacts with the world
finite creatures
deficient in actuality and change
eternally unrealized possibilities
fulfilling one another
fluent
changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
individual
"religion is what the individual does with his own solitariness... and if you are never solitary, you are never religious."
transformed a person's character
a "dangerous delusion"
solitariness
the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
mutually dependent
his students and admirers
Bruno Latour
liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
Willard Van Orman Quine
Bruno Latour
American progressive theology
Charles Hartshorne
a full-blown process theology
John B. Cobb, Jr., David Ray Griffin, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, C. Robert Mesle, Roland Faber, and Catherine Keller
God's relational nature
temporal events
Hartshorne
the being who can most appropriately respond to the world
C. Robert Mesle, for instance, advocates a "process naturalism", i.e. a process theology without God.
biology and economics
poststructuralist, postcolonialist, and feminist theory
a theologian and a geneticist
Alexander Bard and Jan Söderqvist
process theologians are so diverse and transdisciplinary in their views and interests
the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."
a system of general truths about the world
a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
organizational theory and organizational behavior
a relational process; difference as being related, yet unique; and the purpose of becoming as harmonizing difference."
Integrative Process: Follettian Thinking from Ontology to Administration
over-priced (under-yielding) investments
a conflict of interest between professional investment managers and their institutional clients, combined with a global glut in investment capital,
Professional investment managers
to maximize their compensation
plausible deniability
Countrywide Financial
July 11, 2008
IndyMac
seventh largest
IndyMac Bancorp
April 2008
9.27%
$160 million
$160 million
minimum 10%
more than 37 percent
more than 37 percent
$18.9 billion
June 30
$500 million
June 2008
June 2008
$10.7 billion
Senator Charles Schumer
unsafe and unsound manner in which the thrift was operated
IndyMac Federal Bank, FSB
US$100,000
the funds of all insured accounts up to US$100,000,
July 11, 2008
July 14, 2008
Over 100
Bear Stearns
September and October 2008
Oct. 6, 2008
Lehman Brothers
a bank run on the money market funds
commercial paper
September 2008
$144.5 billion
4.65%
implosion of the shadow banking system
implosion of the shadow banking system
mortgage-backed securities or asset-backed commercial paper, investment banks and other entities in the shadow banking system could not provide funds to mortgage firms and other corporations.
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
nearly one-third
the collapse of the shadow banking system
Brookings Institution
securitization
the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: "It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital
45%
45%
20%
$13 trillion
$13 trillion
a homeowner who has no equity
$6 trillion
Tens of millions
their future profits
November 2008
The continuing development of the crisis has prompted fears of a global economic collapse
UBS
the Eurozone's would last two quarters, the United States' would last three quarters
Iceland
capital injection by governments; injection made systemically; interest rate cuts
more than a third
14.4%
14.4%
spending too much and borrowing too much
recession
3–4%
$251 billion
300,000
Bruno Wenn
falls in trade
Arab World
Foreign Direct Investment
global downturn
lower oil prices
lower oil prices
10.1%
33
6%
10.1%
fewer resources
faulty risk-weightings
AAA-rated
Basel III
Johan Norberg
increased capital ratios
June 2009
June 2009
2008
More Quickly Than It Began, The Banking Crisis Is Over."
January 27, 2010
Advanced economies
31%
Advanced economies
31%
Advanced economies
Krugman
December 2010
2006
commercial mortgage-backed securities
commercial real estate
Wall Street
$70 trillion
doubled
Wall Street
$70 trillion
collateralized debt obligation
collateralized debt obligation
investment-grade ratings
a single pool
lower credit ratings
over 20%
over 20%
1.3 million
2.3 million
14.4%
1.0%
deflation
the Fed "needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble".
excessive credit growth
Lower interest rates
$650 billion
1.5% to 5.8%
emerging economies in Asia and oil-exporting nations
a capital account
foreign funds
The Fed
1-year and 5-year adjustable-rate mortgage
asset prices
The Fed
U.S. housing and financial assets dramatically declined in value after the housing bubble burst.
Richard M. Bowen III
Richard M. Bowen III
60%
60%
over 80%
Clayton Holdings
54%
28%
28%
900,000
Predatory lending
Countrywide Financial
adjustable rate mortgage
negative amortization
bait-and-switch
California Attorney General Jerry Brown
California Attorney General Jerry Brown
homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared
Office of Thrift Supervision
weak credit
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
OECD
Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner
OECD
financial institutions became highly leveraged
off-balance sheet securitization
government bailouts.
bankruptcy
off-balance sheet securitization
the top five U.S. investment banks each significantly increased their financial leverage
financial shock
Changes in capital requirements
$4.1 trillion
Lehman Brothers
saving more during adverse economic conditions
Too many consumers attempting to save (or pay down debt) simultaneously
the paradox of thrift and can cause or deepen a recession
Hyman Minsky
significant declines in the value of their assets
Janet Yellen
it didn’t take long before we were in a recession
recession
cancelling planned investments and laying off workers
balance sheet deleveraging
offsetting a particular risk exposure
adjustable-rate mortgage
CDS
the bundling of subprime mortgages into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) or collateralized debt obligations
The usage of these products expanded dramatically in the years leading up to the crisis.
2007
$20 billion
$20 billion
5% to 36%
$20 billion
innovative financial products
multiplied the number of actors connected to a single mortgage
FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
FICO scores on creditworthiness, appraisals and due diligence checks
a computational model for the mechanism of biased ratings produced by rating agencies, which turned out to be adequate to what actually happened in 2006–2008.
interest rates or fees
incremental compensation
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have,
straightforward, readily understandable format
Several scholars have argued that a lack of transparency about banks' risk exposures prevented markets from correctly pricing risk before the crisis, enabled the mortgage market to grow larger than it otherwise would have,
MBS and CDOs
a variety of reasons
approximately 32 cents on the dollar
approximately five cents for every dollar
$450bn
AIG
credit default swaps
September 2008
over $180 billion
AIG receiving a premium in exchange for a promise to pay money to party A
George Soros
complex
originators of synthetic products
George Soros
international bond rating agencies and bank regulators, who came to rely on them, accepted as valid some complex mathematical models
World Scientific
2007
2007
models rectifying some of the copula limitations
2007
Timothy Geithner
the freezing of credit markets
the "parallel" banking system
shadow banking system
maturity mismatch
2007
2008
More than a third
Brookings Institution
the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009
Mark Zandi
Mark Zandi
$2 trillion
$150 billion
TALF
commodity prices
$50 to $147
$50 to $147
monetary policy
gasoline
Michael Greenberger
IntercontinentalExchange
Michael Greenberger
the IntercontinentalExchange (ICE) had been regulated by both European and U.S. authorities since its purchase of the International Petroleum Exchange
London and New York
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
socially responsible, sensible and accountable subject
Ailsa McKay and Margunn Bjrnholt
Raghuram Rajan
Raghuram Rajan
Alan Greenspan
"Has Financial Development Made the World Riskier?"
tail risks
Raghuram Rajan
Great Moderation
Dirk Bezemer
Alan Greenspan
Alan Greenspan
BusinessWeek
BusinessWeek
Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania's
Nouriel Roubini
"Dr. Doom"
Nassim Nicholas Taleb
David Brooks
Stock trader and financial risk engineer
making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis
Phil Dow
54.7%
54.7%
Floyd Norris
Northern Rock
Bank of England
September 2007
February 2008
Northern Rock
IndyMac
Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral
IndyMac
option-adjustable-rate-mortgages
tighten their issuing criteria
half
63 percent
77 percent
77 percent
half
the European Commission at Brussels
0.1%
1.0%
0.3%
3%
U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world
large fiscal stimulus packages
the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis
the central bank to fulfill its traditional lender-of-last-resort role during the crisis
U.S. Federal Reserve and central banks around the world
credit freeze
US$2.5 trillion
$1.5 trillion
Joseph Stiglitz
investing internationally in emerging markets
Barack Obama
consumer protection
additional regulations
Paul Volcker
Paul Volcker
May 2010
December 2009
Volcker Rule
Senate
bailout of banks
declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars
August 9, 2007
declines in consumer wealth estimated in trillions of U.S. dollars, and a downturn in economic activity
BNP Paribas
2004
2008 and early 2009
housing prices would continue to escalate
overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages
overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages
Levin–Coburn Report
1999
The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
regulators, the credit rating agencies
credit rating agencies and investors failed to accurately price the risk involved with mortgage-related financial products,
mortgage-backed securities
mortgage-backed securities
major global financial institutions that had borrowed and invested heavily in subprime MBS
institutions and investors around the world
mortgage payments and housing prices
trillions of U.S. dollars
providing a financial incentive to enter foreclosure
2006
Defaults and losses on other loan types
2006
investment banks and hedge funds
investment banks and hedge funds
financialization
deregulation
deregulation
significant debt burdens
slowing economic activity
the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to provide funds to encourage lending and restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations.
Governments
did not have a financial cushion sufficient to absorb large loan defaults or MBS losses
January 2011
widespread failures in financial regulation
Federal Reserve
the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
the Federal Reserve’s failure to stem the tide of toxic mortgages; dramatic breakdowns in corporate governance including too many financial firms acting recklessly and taking on too much risk; an explosive mix of excessive borrowing and risk by households and Wall Street
mortgage lenders relaxed underwriting standards
2003
2004–2007
2004–2007
government-sponsored enterprises
government affordable housing policy
Paul Krugman
government affordable housing policy
governmental policies had some role in causing the crisis, they contend that GSE loans performed better than loans securitized by private investment banks, and performed better than some loans originated by institutions that held loans in their own portfolios.
government affordable housing policy
13 million
over $2 trillion
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Peter J. Wallison
13 million
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
the Bush administration
September 10, 2003
OFHEO
Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight
$467 billion
$467 billion
$467 billion
25%
25%
1995
$4.5 trillion
faulty and self-serving assumption that high-interest-rate loans (3 percentage points over average) equal “subprime” loans.
CRA rule changes
September 11, 2001
investment banks and hedge funds
investment banks and hedge funds
Portfolio Magazine
investment banks and hedge funds
credit default swaps, collateralized debt obligations and synthetic CDOs
substandard loans
it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments
substandard loans
1997–2007
Countering Krugman
160
Saint-Barthélemy Channel
Turtle rocks
Renaissance
Île Chevreau
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Barthélemy
500–700
Saint-Barthélemy
geographically, and not racially
Saint Martin
nineteen
March 2012
15 July 2007
nineteen
September 2014
St. Barthélemy
One senator
21 September 2008
six policemen and thirteen gendarmes
Agricultural production
Sweet potato
salt
vegetables, cotton, pineapples, salt, bananas and also fishing
Gustavia
the rich and famous
200,000
€61,200,000
wealth generated by wealthy tourists
airplane or boat
St. Barthélemy
58
Brazil and Portugal
12
400
cacti
The eastern part of the island is greener
irrigated areas
Sea grapes and palm trees
Pacific islands
the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig
cereus
South America
1773
the night blooming cereus, mamillaria nivosa, yellow prickly pear or barbary fig
December till May
December till May.
Turtles
jellyfish
tall sea grasses
The marine aquafauna
reefs
sergeant majors, the blue chromis, brown chromis, surgeon fish; blue tangs
ghost crabs, which always live on the beach in small burrowed tunnels made in sand, and the hermit crabs,
eat garbage and sewerage
Reserve Naturelle
coral reefs, seagrass and endangered marine species including sea turtles
Anchoring
Reserve Naturelle
Anchoring
the Swedes
Gustav Adolph
1787
a modern military building
La Pointe
over 70
hotels
les petits creux
spicier
gastronomic
every alternate year
Concarneau
10 m
10 m
Baie de Saint Jean Beach
Gustaf III Airport
small regional commercial aircraft and charters
Princess Juliana International Airport
Sint Maarten
Gustaf III Airport
France
Saint-Barth élemy
St. Barts or St. Barths in English
Ouanalao
240 kilometres
9,035
9,035
Gustavia
Guadeloupe
winter holiday season
Guadeloupe
2003
2007
Hotel de la Collectivité
senator
Colombier Bay
Grande Saline Bay
a visible coral reef
shallow waters
marine reserve
"Anse de..." etc.
"Anse de..." etc.
leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side
leeward side (calm waters protected by the island itself) and windward side
windsurfing
arid
2,500
1000 mm
May to November
13 °C
1744
1785
Carénage
Gustavia
Caribbean war
St. Barts Municipal Museum
Musée Territorial de St.-Barthélemy
Gustavia
French, Swedish and British
costumes, antique tools, models of Creole houses
molecular biology and genetics
DNA
DNA
Hans Winkler
botany
University of Hamburg
biome, rhizome
half
segregation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts
genomics
the properties of single genes or groups of genes
sequenced
the C-value paradox
trichomoniasis
60,000
almost three times as many
University of Ghent
Bacteriophage MS2
Fred Sanger
The Institute for Genomic Research
1996
The US National Institutes of Health
a mouse
puffer fish
December 2013
130,000
parallel sequencing
Manteia Predictive Medicine
James D. Watson
one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA
a genome map
The Human Genome Project
Jean Weissenbach
Jean Weissenbach
Genome composition
the evolutionary history of a given genome.
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
exon-intron
mammals and plants
pathogenic microbe
more complex than a virus
plasmids
plants, protozoa and animals
plastome
mitochondrial genome
Genome size
morphological complexity
repetitive DNA act
minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms
in vivo and in silico
Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
length of non-repetitive DNA
length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size
lower eukaryotes
C. elegans and fruit fly
20%
tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
length of repetitive DNA divide
slippage
slippage
mammalian
transposable elements
TEs
retrotransposons
DNA transposons
RNA
cut and paste
Class 2 TEs
karyotype
chromosome number
Duplications
creation of genetic novelty
Horizontal gene transfer
many microbes
eukaryotic cells
A comprehensive school
selective school system
England and Wales
90%
The correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule
design and technology and vocational learning
Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges
City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
164
1965
neighbourhood
Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
1970s
everyone is expected to complete the nine grades of peruskoulu, from the age 7 to 16
Germany
college preparatory classes
the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur
more than 50%
more than 50%
Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin
Stadtteilschule in Hamburg and Sekundarschule in Berlin
2010/2011
no college preparatory classes
Abitur
Hauptschule
grade inflation
the Social Democratic Party of Germany
Sigrid Beer
Christian Democratic Union
Alliance '90/The Greens
bright working class students
an achievement gap opens between working class students attending a comprehensive and their middle class peers
Hauptschule
Helmut Fend
tripartite system
1972
sixth form
A-levels
1966
Patrick Hillery
vocational school system
The comprehensive school system is still relatively small and to an extent has been superseded by the community school concept.
1970s
The state owns the school property, which is vested in the trustees in perpetuity.
denominational basis of the schools
unviable local schools
1946
Holyhead County School in Anglesey
Holyhead County School in Anglesey
1949
Coventry
Anthony Crosland
1965
a virtual bipartite system
Margaret Thatcher
Mrs Thatcher
Margaret Thatcher
1975
large neighbourhood comprehensives
Sandwell and Dudley
Sandwell and Dudley
1976
Comprehensive school
1976
1988 Education Reform Act
which school their child should go to or whether to not send them to school at all
specialisation
controversial league tables of school performance
a very different educational system
specialist schools
2005
Scotland
England and Wales
République du Congo
Angolan exclave of Cabinda
the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
the Angolan exclave of Cabinda
Central Africa
Bantu
1960
Denis Sassou Nguesso
Denis Sassou Nguesso
fourth largest
poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues
Pygmy
1500 BC
Bantu
Diogo Co
Diogo Co
Bantu kingdoms
late 19th century
direct European colonization of the Congo river delta began in the late 19th century, subsequently eroding the power of the Bantu societies in the region.
Pierre de Brazza's
Pierre de Brazza
Middle Congo
French Equatorial Africa
construction of the Congo–Ocean Railroad following World War I has been estimated to have cost at least 14,000 lives.
Nazi occupation of France
1944
1946
the Fourth Republic
1958
the AEF
Republic of the Congo
1959
August 15, 1960
Fulbert Youlou
Alphonse Massamba-Débat
Fulbert Youlou
The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.
Massamba-Débat
scientific socialism
several hundred
September 1968
Marien Ngouabi
People's Republic of the Congo
Congolese Labour Party
1972
March 16, 1977
Sassou Nguesso
the Soviet Union
dictatorship
patronage
Pascal Lissouba
IMF
three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility
three-year SDR69.5m (US$100m) enhanced structural adjustment facility
Lissouba and Sassou
Cobras
Angolan socialist régime
October
Andre Milongo
seven years
January 2002
April 2003
Sassou
Congolese Observatory of Human Rights
very low
Congo-Brazzaville
Congolese Labour Party
Congolese Labour Party (French: Parti Congolais du Travail
corruption revelations
over 110 bank accounts and dozens of lavish properties in France
2002
2002
the government
10
10
Bantus
pets
December 30, 2010
4°N and 5°S
11° and 19°E
Atlantic Ocean
Cameroon and the Central African Republic
Angola
Brazzaville
Congo River
Kinshasa
Democratic Republic of the Congo
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins
the Kouilou-Niari River
The southwest of the country is a coastal plain for which the primary drainage is the Kouilou-Niari River; the interior of the country consists of a central plateau between two basins
Forests
Equator
24 °C (75 °F)
between 16 °C (61 °F) and 21 °C (70 °F)
June to August
Ouesso district
the Ouesso district of the Sangha Region
inhospitable swamps
forestry
budget problems and overstaffing
forestry
65%
65%
5%
5%
46%
46%
June 1997
slumping oil prices
December 1998
stimulating recovery and reducing poverty
Natural gas and diamonds
2007
The Republic of the Congo
Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
200,000 hectares
land, air and water
forced laborers
over 1000 km
Atlantic Ocean
southwest
Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway
62
The Kongo
Boulangui
Boulangui
9,000
French
300
Awakening Lutherans
22.3%
19.9%
1.6%
an influx of foreign workers into the urban centers.
8.9%
2.8%
$30 per capita
8.9%
59.34
Female genital mutilation
59.34
16
44%
baccalaureate
French
prime minister
prime minister
a prime minister is the official who is appointed to manage the civil service and execute the directives of the head of state.
Westminster system
head of state or the head of state's official representative
parliament
the royal prerogative
parliament
First Lord of the Treasury and Minister for the Civil Service
Winston Churchill
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu
prime minister of France
Louis XIV
18th century
Sir Robert Walpole
William Cecil, Lord Burghley
William Cecil, Lord Burghley
William Cecil, Lord Burghley
the personal favour of the monarch
the personal favour of the monarch
Harley and St John
Clarendon
the Glorious Revolution of 1688
the Glorious Revolution of 1688
The monarch could no longer establish any law or impose any tax without its permission
Anne
Anne
Hanover
twenty-one years
1721
cabinet solidarity
all ministers must defend it in public, or resign
Lord Melbourne
Walpole
the increasing complexity and expense of government
Benjamin Disraeli
1905
a constitutional monarchy or a ceremonial president
Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
1970
Bahrain
Finland
Finland
Premier of the State Council
Taiwan
the prime minister
(political) cohabitation
the parliament may force the resignation of the government
the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
his/her appointment and dismissal
The People's Republic of China constitution
(Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: Zngl
Constitution Act
1982
composition of conferences of federal and provincial first ministers
the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.
first decade of the twentieth century
First Lord of the Treasury
1905
Margaret Thatcher
1979
1990
to reshuffle her cabinet
Irish Taoiseach
the political party that commands majority of seats in the lower house of parliament
the Irish Taoiseach is formally'renominated' after every general election
lower house of parliament
giving a right to block supply to upper houses
a vote of confidence
a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government.
resignation of the prime minister and his or her government
a head of state may refuse a parliamentary dissolution, requiring the resignation of the prime minister and his or her government.
1918
1922
1922
the cabinet
if s/he loses the majority support of his/her party
the Taoiseach
the Taoiseach
President of the Government (Presidente del Gobierno)
the Taoiseach
president of the council of ministers
statsminister
the equivalent term of premier
Germany and Austria
Minister of State
Secretary of State
President of Iran, who is not actually a head of state, but the head of the government of Iran.
non-Commonwealth countries
Right Honourable
Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
Prime Minister of Canada
Scottish, Northern Irish and Welsh Governments
First Minister
Pradhan Mantri
Wazir-e-Azam
Grand Vizier
Cabinet Office
Cabinet Office
secondary education school
early 19th century
French École Polytechnique
 (pol or pol)
polytechnic
the Berg-Schola
at least the 18th century,
Collegium Carolinum
1794
institutions of higher education
1992
University of Westminster
Regent Street
polytechnics and institutes of technology
University of Technology
College of Advanced Education system
TAFE
Melbourne Polytechnic
2009
seven
tertiary
bachelor's degrees and master's degrees
ammattikorkeakoulu
academization
four
three
Cambodia
Affiliate Schools
Quebec
public funding
Polytechnics Canada
collaborative institute-industry projects
1895
Capital University
half
1997
The Geophysics Institute
Quito Astronomical Observatory
National Polytechnic School
1873
The Nuclear Science Department at EPN
to produce qualified professionals that can apply their knowledge and skills in the country's development
Provisional Governing Board
Instituts de technologie of French-speaking areas
180
160
Finland
"university of applied sciences"
yrkeshögskola
sciences and technology curricula
institut universitaire de technologie
IUT
Fachhochschule
Polytechnicum
French
Polytechnicum
1970s
teaching
social science, medicine, business and design.
TU
research
RWTH Aachen, TU Dresden and TU München
TU9 German Institutes of Technology
290,000
290,000
Saxony
Niedersächsische Technische Hochschule
N.1404/1983 Higher Education Reform Act
The Hong Kong Polytechnic
1972
1984
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
1994
the Berg-Schola
the Berg-Schola
the Berg-Schola
16
16
AICTE
Diploma in Engineering
four
three
Regional Technical College
Dublin Institute of Technology
technical university
two
the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
Imperial College of Engineering
the sciences
Polytechnics
Ministry of Education
Ipoh
87,440
87,440
87,440
Mauritius
technology
New Zealand polytechnics
Universal College of Learning
New Zealand polytechnics
Wellington Polytechnic
1990s
Central Institute of Technology
North Island
Auckland University of Technology
10th grade
to train people in various trades
three years
BE
4 years full-time program
a "technical university" or "university of technology")
bacharelatos
Bologna Process
Millennia Institute
5
three
the Banská Akadémia in Banská tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762
1735
the Banská Akadémia in Banská tiavnica, Slovakia, founded in 1735, Academy since December 13, 1762
1764
teaching
Technikons
1993
the Universities of Technology have not to date acquired all of the traditional rights and privileges of a University (such as the ability to confer a wide range of degrees).
technical colleges
could not grant bachelor's degrees
Pathumwan Institute of Technology Ladkrabang
King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi
Institute of Technology and Vocational Education
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology
Suranaree University of Technology
1989
Suranaree University of Technology
Bursa Technical University
six
Ankara and Trabzon
1970
diplomas and degrees
Central Institutions
Regent Street
Central Institutions
Loughborough University of Technology
1960s
Further and Higher Education Act 1992
CNAA
regional colleges
"technical institute" or "technical school"
"technical institute" or "technical school"
1824
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
a sound middle class economy.
1950s
Caracas
Dr. Federico Rivero Palacio
The Wayback Machine
Internet Archive
San Francisco
Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat
three dimensional index
cached pages
if the content has changed
to archive the entire Internet
The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show
"WABAC machine"
WABAC machine
Netnews (Usenet) bulletin board
crawlers
robots exclusion standard
Archive-It.org
Kahle
Kahle
fifth anniversary
University of California, Berkeley
six months
six months
variable
August 2008
Jeff Kaplan
November 2010
100 terabytes
12 terabytes/month
PetaBox rack systems
Capricorn Technologies
2009
Sun Open Storage
Sun Microsystems' California campus
2011
March 2011
2008
2010
Save a Page
October 2013
Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc.
robots.txt
a motion to compel Netbula to retroactively remove access to previous versions of pages it had archived from Nebula's site, pages that Chordiant believed would support its case.
Internet Archive
Chordiant
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
San Jose Division
Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd
Telewizja Polska
Dish Network
Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys
district Court Judge Ronald Guzman
if a Web page is available as prior art for instance in examining a patent application
providing an authoritative statement of the archivist
technical limitations
screen shots of web pages
Wayback Machine
Wayback Machine
violating copyright laws
the Archive
FAQ
Scientology
a "request by the site owner
lawyers from the Church of Scientology
Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey
Healthcare Advocates
Internet Archive
the DMCA and the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
Robots.txt
Robots.txt
Robots.txt
The Internet Archive
Suzanne Shell
Suzanne Shell
United States District Court for the Northern District of California
United States District Court for the District of Colorado
April 25, 2007
Suzanne Shell
Suzanne Shell
DMCA requests
Federal Court of Canada
United Provinces (Verenigde Provincin), Federated Dutch Provinces (Foederatae Belgii Provinciae), and Dutch Federation (Belgica Foederata)
1795
Batavian Republic, the Kingdom of Holland, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands, and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands
the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg
Flanders
House of Habsburg
Charles V
Protestants
devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces
1579
1579
Act of Abjuration
1581
they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Antwerp
1583
10 July 1584
William of Orange
1588
1783–1795
France
Batavian Republic
1813
Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
1815
the Dutch Republic
The County of Holland
1602
Rotterdam
Rotterdam
Amsterdam
Between 1590–1712
Africa and the Pacific
breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient
seven
the federal government
representatives of each of the seven provinces
the County of Drenthe
this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes
raadspensionaris
the stadtholder
the stadtholder
the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province
William the Silent
Zeeland and usually Utrecht
Orangists
the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans
After the Peace of Westphalia
Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)
Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)
Dutch East India Company
Holland and/or Zeeland
Federalist No. 20,
James Madison
declaration of independence of the United Provinces
20 January 1579
every person should be free in the choice of personal religion
William of Orange
Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
Reformed Church
time period and regional or city leaders
people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city
personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
predestination
Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants
1618
18th century
private churches
Symbiosis
the mutualistic relationship in lichens
Heinrich Anton de Bary
"de Bary" definition
obligate
facultative
lichens
mistletoe
disjunctive symbiosis
endosymbiosis
10%–15% of insects
Frankia
10%–15%
ectoparasites
lice
exosymbiosis
reciprocal altruism
lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact
mutualistic gut flora
Coral reefs
fix carbon from the air
carbon
symbiosis
special mucus
symbiosis
goby fish
the goby fish touches the shrimp with its tail
symbiosis
late 1980s
internal symbionts for nutrition
late 1980s
the host cell lacks some of the nutrients
by producing some specialized cells
genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing population of the endosymbionts
drastic reduction in its genome size
Muller's ratchet phenomenon
lack of selection mechanisms
com- and mensa,
Commensalism
inquilinism
metabiosis
phoresy
parasitic relationship
necrotrophic
they kill their host, or biotrophic
as many as half of all animals have at least one parasitic phase
a tick feeding on the blood of its host.
Amensalism
competition and antibiosis
competition
secreting juglone
the Spanish ibex and weevils of the genus Timarcha
the same type of shrub
Amensalism
Synnecrosis
death
evolution selects against synnecrosis
to protect the hive
endosymbiotic theory
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
endo symbiosis
Dorion Sagan
Symbiosis
nectar and large sticky pollen
the relationship has become dependent
Forces armées canadiennes
the National Defence Act
The Canadian Armed Forces
les Forces canadiennes
four
the National Defence Act
Queen Elizabeth II
Governor General of Canada
Chief of the Defence Staff
the Armed Forces Council.
Cold War
the security of Europe
the Soviet military threat
1950s
early 1990s
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
2002
out of area
Canada First Defence Strategy
2008
six
six
the Canadian Armed Forces
Canadian Defence Attachés
the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces
the Canadian Armed Forces
the System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces), ship and aircraft visits, military training and cooperation, and other such outreach and relationship-building efforts
1867
French and British forces
attacks by other European powers
the defence of their respective territories against attacks by other European powers, Aboriginal peoples, and later American forces
to assist in the defence of British North America against invasion by the United States
British Crown-in-Council
the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units
1906
Department of Militia and Defence
November 1940
Second Boer War
several units were raised to serve under British command
the First World War
The Canadian Crown-in-Council then decided to send its forces into the Second World War
the Korean War
more than 200
more than 200
Cold War, First Gulf War, Kosovo War
United Nations Peacekeeping operations
1957 to 1970
Normandy Landings
the strategic bombing of German cities
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Croatia
fifth-largest naval surface fleet
the fall of the Soviet Union
Japanese and Soviet sources
1 February 1968
Royal Canadian Navy, Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force
Canada gained legislative independence from the United Kingdom in 1931, in part due to the distinguished achievement and sacrifice of the Canadian Corps in the First World War.
1931
First World War
Canadian Armed Forces
1980s
2013
Canadian Forces
Land Forces
2011
ISAF
the Government of Afghanistan
Land Forces
74th
74th
119,000
2020
124,000
Canada First Defence Strategy
purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness
rate of loss of existing members
2006
C-130 Hercules
C-17 Globemaster III strategic transport aircraft and CH-47 Chinook heavy-lift helicopters
2006
medicine, communication, logistics, and administration
1971
vehicle drivers and mechanics, aircraft mechanics, air-traffic controllers
the Department changed its policies to permit women to serve at sea in replenishment ships and in a diving tender, with the army service battalions, in military police platoons and field ambulance units, and in most air squadrons.
Canadian Human Rights Act and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
infantry, armoured corps, field artillery, air-defence artillery
5 February 1987
Minister of National Defence
Combat-Related Employment of Women
1989
submarine service
100 percent
Jean Chretien
mixed-gender force
combat boots
brassiere undergarments
senior-ranking personnel
Commander-in-Chief
the governor general
troop deployment and disposition orders
the monarch or governor general
the advice of his or her ministers in Cabinet
115,349
Chief of the Defence Staff
Chief of the Defence Staff
Ottawa, Ontario
the heads of Canadian Joint Operations Command and Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, the Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, and the heads of the Royal Canadian Navy, the Canadian Army, the Royal Canadian Air Force and other key Level 1 organizations.
27
Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu
Canadian Forces Leadership and Recruit School
Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
Maritime Forces Pacific (MARPAC) at CFB Esquimalt
NATO exercises and operations, and ships are deployed all over the world in support of multinational deployments.
the Commander of the Canadian Army
four divisions
the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
the 2nd Canadian Division, the 3rd Canadian Division, the 4th Canadian Division and the 5th Canadian Division
the Regular Force component of the Army
one
tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
tactical helicopter squadron and a field ambulance
Major training and support establishments
Commander of the Royal Canadian Air Force
Winnipeg
eleven wings
Wings represent the grouping of various squadrons, both operational and support, under a single tactical commander reporting to the operational commander and vary in size from several hundred personnel to several thousand.
Manitoba
Winnipeg and North Bay
Geilenkirchen, Germany
Geilenkirchen
British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador
RCAF and Joint Task Force (North)
a chain of forward operating locations
fighter operations
CF-18 squadrons
CF-18 squadrons
October 2012
Canada Command, the Canadian Expeditionary Force Command and the Canadian Operational Support Command
cost-cutting measures in the 2012 federal budget
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command
generating special operations forces (SOF) elements to support CJOC
CFB Trenton
Joint Task Force 2 (JTF2), the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CJIRU) based at CFB Trenton, as well as the Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) and 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron (SOAS) based at CFB Peta
the conduct of electronic warfare and the protection of the Armed Forces' communications and computer networks
Ottawa
CAF Cyber Task Force, has been tasked to design and build cyber warfare capabilities
Director General Cyber
Director General Cyber
over 120 general or specialized units and detachments providing health services to the Canadian Armed Forces
the Surgeon General
the Surgeon General
a total reserve force of approximately 50,000 primary and supplementary that can be called upon in times of national emergency or threat
50,000
Chief of Reserves and Cadets
NDHQ
60,000
60,000
Cadet Instructors Cadre
Reserve Force Sub-Component COATS who are not employed part-time (Class A) or full-time (Class B) may be held on the "Cadet Instructor Supplementary Staff List" (CISS List) in anticipation of employment in the same manner as other reservists
the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
the Canadian Rangers, who provide surveillance and patrol services in Canada's arctic and other remote areas, are an essential reserve force component used for Canada's exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory.
exercise of sovereignty over its northern territory
service dress
ceremonial occasions
unless service dress is prescribed
Approved parkas
ceremonial/regimental full dress
beret, wedge cap, ballcap
according to the distinctive uniform worn
The beret
CG634 helmet
The Constitution of Canada
CAD$12.5 billion
bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
suburbicarian dioceses
cardinal
ninth century
ninth century
cardinal
The Church of England
deacons
8th century
769
Nicholas II
Papal Bull In nomine Domini
1244
Pope Innocent IV
cardinal
Pope Zacharias
1567
Pope Zacharias
Pope Zacharias
1567
1567
1563
Pope Pius IV
1563
Pope Pius IV
French kings
secular affairs.
Cardinal Richelieu
Cardinal Richelieu
Henry, King of Portugal
70
six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
Pope John XXIII
120
twenty-five
120
set no limit on the number of cardinals generally
a church in the city of Rome or one of the suburbicarian sees
Dean of the College of Cardinals
Ostia
1630
Eminence
Prince
the Pope and crowned monarchs
Eminence
"Cardinal [First name] [Surname]"
Cardinal [First name] [Surname]
placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card.) after their personal name and before their surname
Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis
they do not belong to the Roman clergy
Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
Eminentissimum ac Reverendissimum Dominum, Dominum
1378
1378
at least one
no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate
Cardinal bishops
cardinals of the episcopal order
Cardinal bishops
a Roman priest
apostolic succession
Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
Dean of the College of Cardinals, the Cardinal Bishop of Ostia.
seven
1914
Pope Pius X
Ostia, Albano, Porto and Santa Rufina, Palestrina, Sabina and Mentana, Frascati and Velletri
1962
Ostia
Cardinal Vicar
1962
Ostia
Cardinal Vicar
the College of Cardinals
a "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction
a gold ring
the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal
galero.
1969
scarlet biretta
scarlet
the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith
the rochet
the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture
1460s
the cardinalate expires
Pope Martin V
they were inaccurately called "lay cardinals" and were permitted to marry
1917
those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals
ordination
over the age of 80 or near to it, and so no cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in recent papal conclaves.
1917
1962
College of Cardinals
cardinal protodeacon
Vatican City State
Pope John Paul I
the dalmatics they would don with the simple white mitre
50
10 years
1939
one third
Papal Household
cardinal deacons
cardinal
Brazil
the Pope
suburbicarian see
Cardinal priests
above the cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops
Cardinal priests
Bishop of Rome
Rome
1587
70
Pope John XXIII
Indo-European
Indo-Iranian languages
Indo-European language family
400 BCE
Middle Iranian languages included Middle Persian (a language of Sassanid Iran), Parthian, and Bactrian.
86
Proto-Iranian
Persian and Sanskrit
1836
Christian Lassen
Robert Needham Cust
1878
Proto-Iranian
Central Asia
Andronovo culture
2000 BC
Thracian, Balto-Slavic
southeastern Europe, the Iranian plateau, and Central Asia
great linguistic diversity
two
Behistun inscription
circa 520 BC
4th century BC
Avestan
vohu daena
Rigvedic Sanskrit
Old Persian
Kurdish
Scythian
Old Avestan
Old Persian
Old Avestan
* and *d
Proto-Indo-Iranian first-series palatal consonants
Nuristani languages
*w and *dw
consonant clusters
other distinct dialect groups
hypothethical ancestor languages of Alanian/Scytho-Sarmatian subgroup of Scythian
Old Parthian
9th century
Western and Eastern
Bactrian, Sogdian, Khwarezmian, Saka, and Old Ossetic
Avestan
Aramaic
an adapted Greek script
Pahlavi
3rd century CE
Parthian and Sogdian
Syriac script
Islam
Dari
Saffarid dynasty
875 CE
Khorasan
Arabic script
second half of the 8th century
Tajik
Cyrillicized
the Soviet government
Khuzestan
Sogdian and Bactrian
6th century AD
Zarafshan valley
Zarafshan valley
Daylighting
Proper lighting
energy
artificial light sources
Lighting or illumination
Daylighting
Lighting or illumination
Proper lighting
energy
Lighting or illumination
light fixtures
Indoor lighting
Indoor lighting
light fixtures
Indoor lighting
fluorescent lighting
Recessed lighting
400,000 BCE
birds and fish
campfires or torches
Lascaux caves
incandescent light bulb
early 1800s
street lights
a wide variety of styles
to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare
lumen per watt
2800 to 3000
2800 to 3000
Lower color temperature lamps
Lower color temperature lamps
general, accent, or task
Lightolier
master transformer
cable lighting
12 or 24 volts
torchiere
portable or table lamp
task lighting
dark nightclub
1960s and 1970s
accent lighting
steps in the aisles
LED based versions
low wattage, low voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube
Street Lights
photovoltaic luminaires
Floodlights
security lighting
Entry lights
Tail and brake lights
white or selective yellow lights
1950s
White rear-facing reversing lamps
Flashing turn signals
light bulbs
removable and replaceable
a 60 w att incandescent lamp
800 lumens
architectural lighting design
kno wn
mathematical modeling on a computer using software such as Radiance
tabular data
Daylight factor calculation.
light paint
light paint
Photometric studies
complex theatre lighting systems
stage lighting
candela (cd)
cd/m2
stilb
lumen (lm)
luminosity function
Lux
The Unified Glare Rating
correlated color temperature
correlated color temperature
CRI
CCT
gamut area index
GAI
the well-established CRI along with ano ther metric called gamut area index
ultraviolet
Daysimeter
Daysimeter
up to 30 days
head-mounted device
Specification of illumination requirements
reduce energy usage and cost
wireless mesh open standards
ZigBee
no need to run control wires)
Occupancy sensors
changes in heat
sound above the range of human hearing
when motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off.
Daylighting
daylighting schemes
LEDs
nonimaging optics
higher lighting levels
Alzheimer's Disease
24
the natural circadian cycle
Robert Ulrich
fewer
fewer
University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
University of Toronto Scarborough and Aparna Labroo
Dr. Abraham Gesner
1849
coal-gas
mercury
not all of them are suitable for dimming.
20%
much longer
50,000 hours
20% and energy saving halogen lamps 70%
Light pollution
glare
searchlights and flares
light
night vision
laser-guided and GPS weapons
laser-guided and GPS weapons
International Commission on Illumination
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America
ANSI and ASHRAE
photometric data
The International Association of Lighting Designers
Professional Lighting Designers Association
Professional Lighting Designers Association
NCQLP
The National Council on Qualifications for the Lighting Professions
‘Lighting Certified’
CLEP and CLMC
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
UK
The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive
The Spirit of the Laws
The Spirit of the Laws
United States Constitution
a system of checks and balances
separation of powers
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu
the framers of the United States Constitution
John Locke
Thomas Hobbes
Montesquieu
Parliament
parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
separate and distinct
The United Kingdom
the Court of Appeals
Congress
Clinton v. City of New York
Clinton v. City of New York
Congress
the nondelegation doctrine
Clinton v. City of New York
Clinton v. City of New York
Wayman v. Southard
1825
Chief Justice John Marshall
Congress had delegated to the courts the power to prescribe judicial procedure; it was contended that Congress had thereby unconstitutionally clothed the judiciary
Wayman v. Southard
Chief Justice John Marshall
1930s
A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495
1935
1935
Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
the Advice and Consent of the Senate
impeachment
quasi-judicial
Executive power
President
impeachment
The Constitution
to restrain executive officials to the performance of their duties
INS v. Chadha
1983
vested in a Congress consisting of a Senate and a House of Representatives—and  7—requiring every bill passed by the House and Senate, before becoming law, to be presented to the president,
Supreme Court
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate
constitutional courts
Judicial power
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished
The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate
legislative courts
the United States
The Vice President
two-thirds
The Vice President
The president
The president
civilian Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
Congress
a majority vote of the Senate
executive branch and the legislative branch
Marbury v. Madison
Supreme Court
Congress
the Supreme Court
Senate
James Madison
Federalist 51
Throughout America's history dominance of one of the three branches
John Adams, Thomas Jefferson and John Quincy Adams
James Monroe one
twelve
Andrew Jackson
fifteen
Tenure of Office Act
Grover Cleveland
Grover Cleveland
Panama Refining
Panama Refining
national security
checks and balances
the Supreme Court
Florida Supreme Court
Florida Supreme Court
cultural symbols
architecture (Latin architectura
Architecture
Architectural works
their surviving architectural achievements
Architecture
"chief" and  "builder"
planning, designing, and constructing buildings and other physical structures
cultural symbols and as works of art
Historical civilizations
De architectura
Vitruvius
Vitruvius
firmness, commodity and delight.
De architectura
Vitruvius
Vitruvius
firmitas, utilitas, venustas
firmness, commodity and delight
the 16th century
Vasari
Italian, French, Spanish and English
three
Leon Battista Alberti
proportion
the Golden mean
lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
1836
Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin
1836
modern, industrial world
Gothic
John Ruskin
John Ruskin
The 19th-century English art critic
1849
to his mental health, power, and pleasure
a building is not truly a work of architecture
overriding
it is in some way "adorned"
string courses or rustication
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier
Architect
Le Corbusier
suddenly you touch my heart
this is beautiful.
Function
aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Vitruvius
encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
popularity and skepticism
rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology.
rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism
late 20th century
sustainability
environment ally friendly
to satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and
shelter, security, worship
the name given to the most highly formalized and respected versions of that craft.
craft
architecture
the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means
vernacular buildings
atal Höyük
trial and error
vernacular architecture
rural
atal Höyük
atal Höyük
Egypt and Mesopotamia
Egypt and Mesopotamia
divine and the supernatural
monumentality
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
the 7th–5th centuries BCE
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra
pantheistic religion
Buddhist architecture
3rd century BCE
macrocosm and the microcosm
the Shastras
Buddhist
pantheistic religion
to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
7th century CE
Middle East and Byzantium
Islamic architecture
to influence European architecture of the Medieval period.
the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals.
buildings of abbeys and cathedrals
clerics and tradesmen
clerics and tradesmen
clerics and tradesmen
900 CE onwards
Renaissance Humanism
1400 onwards
Renaissance Europe
Renaissance Humanism
Renaissance Humanism
artist, architect and engineer
planning and designing form, space and ambience
planning and designing form, space and ambience
the pragmatic aspects of realizing buildings and structures, including scheduling, cost estimation and construction administration.
Nunzia Rondanini
Nunzia Rondanini
social life
it will promote social development
Nunzia Rondanini
to restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake
to restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake
to restrict the meaning of (architectural) form alism to art for art's sake
the Greek and the Roman
the Greek and the Roman
the Greek and the Roman
Architectural "style"
ancient time
general advice and specific formal prescriptions
general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons
1st-century BCE Roman Architect
religious
craftsmen
craftsmen
ecclesiastical buildings
Magister lathomorum
science and engineering
generalist
the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects
technical aspects of building design
Neo Gothic or Scottish Baronial
École des Beaux-Arts in France, gave much emphasis to the production of beautiful drawings and little to context and feasibility
offices of other architects
mass production and consumption
ornamented products
Aesthetics
pattern books and architectural journals
pattern books
revivalist architecture
Modern Architecture
1907
to produce better quality machine made objects
Bauhaus school
avant-garde
meeting the needs of the middle and working classes
aristocratic order
to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament
to reduce buildings to pure forms, removing historical references and ornament
Frank Lloyd Wright
Robie House and Fallingwater
Frank Lloyd Wright
Industrial Revolution
steel-frame construction
International Style
Twin Towers of New York's World Trade Center
Minoru Yamasaki
decorative richness
Paul Rudolph, Marcel Breuer, and Eero Saarinen
buildings with expressive sculptural facades made of unfinished concrete
the richness of human experience offered in historical buildings across time and in different places and cultures.
the school of metaphoric architecture
biomorphism and zoomorphic architecture
nature
expressionist architecture
1950s and 1960s
modernism
Christian Norberg-Schulz
modernist and brutalist "ducks"
modernist and brutalist "ducks"
1980s
A large structure can no longer be the design of one person
Modernism and Postmodernism
Environmental sustainability
to focus more on the environment
Frank Lloyd Wright
Ian McHarg and Sim Van der Ryn
U.S. Green Building Council
New Urbanism, Metaphoric architecture and New Classical Architecture
solitary housing estates
smart growth, architectural tradition and classical design
modernist and globally uniform architecture
The Human Development Index
when the life expectancy at birth is longer
Mahbub ul Haq
the United Nations Development Programme
when the life expectancy at birth is longer
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
the IHDI is the actual level of human development
the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development
Mahbub ul Haq
Amartya Sen
shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies
Mahbub ul Haq
Mean years of schooling
Mean years of schooling
5-year-old
5-year-old
transform a raw variable, say
December 14, 2015
2014
July 24, 2014
2013
Inequality
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Cuba
very high human development"
lack of necessary data
North Korea
March 14, 2013
2012
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index
Barbados
Barbados
2011
New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados
New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates, Andorra, Brunei, Malta, Qatar, Bahrain, Chile, Argentina and Barbados
the unavailability of certain crucial data
North Korea
November 4, 2010
The 2010 Human Development Report by the United Nations Development Program
income, life expectancy, and education
New Zealand, Liechtenstein, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Republic of China (Taiwan), Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Malta, Brunei, Qatar, Bahrain and Barbados
the unavailability of certain crucial data
a formal protest
High Human Development country
October 5, 2009
2007
Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development
very high human development
developed countries
being a non-UN member or unable or unwilling to provide the necessary data at the time of publication
statistical update
Human Development Report
2006
November 27, 2007
Fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a divided world
2005
2005
Braslia, Brazil
high income countries
below 0.5
Africa
Gabon
119th and 121st
Gabon and South Africa
0.8
Brazil
Albania, Belarus, Brazil, Libya, Macedonia, Russia
green arrows
green arrows
Blue dash
Norway
Iceland
national performance and ranking
Western models of development, failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilization, focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in
alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism
alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism
11%, 21% and 34%
The authors suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because - they claim - the cut-off values seem arbitrary, can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics,
The Economist
169
169
Mediterranean Europe
Iberian peninsula
Balkan countries
Iberian peninsula
political, economic, and cultural attributes
geography, climate, and flora
Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey
dry hills, small plains, pine forests and olive trees.
Spain and Italy
the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.
the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate
phytochoria
Armen Takhtajan
classical antiquity
classical antiquity
Alexander the Great
Rome
Constantinople
the Germanic peoples of northern Europe
AD 476
300 AD
the Byzantine Empire
Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire
kingdoms and empires of their own
the Crusades
1204
Silk Road
The Reconquista
Byzantine Empire
Late Middle Ages
the Black Death
Ottoman Empire
1453
14th century
Florence
science and theology
14th century
1648
1648
Spain and France
Galileo Galilei
Guglielmo Marconi
colonial empires
Columbian Exchange
manufacturing
The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain
1815 and 1871
Ottoman Empire
1870
The Age of Empire
the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe
1918
the Big Four
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Mussolini
Warsaw Pact
The European Union
market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism
1989
1991
2013
Romance languages
Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican
eastern Spain
Galician
over 50 million
Hellenic languages
Cyprus
Bosnian
Bosnian
Slovenia
English
Spanish
Maltese
Albanian
Maltese
northern Spain and southwestern France
Christianity
380 AD
Roman Catholic
Greek Orthodox
countries under a classification of regions
statistical convenience
Southern Europe, as grouped for statistical convenience by the United Nations
Tourism Decision Metrics
Tourism Decision Metrics
BBC Television
the United Kingdom
1932
2 November 1936
the United Kingdom
more than 30%
one of the world's largest television production companies
Baird Television Ltd.
Long Acre, London
Baird Television Ltd.
June 1932
30 March 1930
Broadcasting House, London
16 Portland Place, London,
16 Portland Place, London,
Portland Place, London
February 1934
Alexandra Palace
Alexandra Palace
240
405
240-line Baird intermediate film system and the 405-line Marconi-EMI
six months
Farnsworth image dissector cameras
Saturday 13 February 1937
1938
1938
1938
a British television set
Brookmans Park
2 August 1932
Opening of the BBC Television Service
King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
September 1939
the VHF transmissions
radar programme
Mickey's Gala Premier
broadcasting was suspended before the end of the cartoon
18,999
Jasmine Bligh
1946
Lime Grove Studios
Mickey Mouse
1949
the opening of the Sutton Coldfield transmitting station
1949
VHF
BBC tv
BBC Television Service
23 November 1963
Alexandra Palace
ITV
BBC1
massive power failure
Battersea Power Station
Denis Tuohy
West German PAL
15 November 1969
soap opera or standard news programming
Sir David Attenborough
Sir David Attenborough
Tom and Jerry
2000
Tom and Jerry
CBBC
David Attenborough
1950s
Life on Earth, The Private Life of Plants, The Blue Planet, The Life of Mammals, Planet Earth and Frozen Planet
fifteen
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland
local announcers
major local events
Give My Head Peace
Give My Head Peace
Gaelic
Erpa and Dè a-nis?
Patrick Kielty Almost Live
25%
The Simpsons
The Simpsons
The BBC
1974
CEEFAX
15
the Astra 2D satellite
14 July
£85 million
Western Europe
Hollywood studios and sporting organisations
Sky Digital
Scottish Premier League and Scottish Cup football
5 July 2004
DVD
television news bulletins
Little Angels
Jana Bennett
BBC Vision
new media outlets and technology
2008
November 2008
Keeping Up Appearances
Keeping Up Appearances
Keeping Up Appearances
a television licence fee which TV viewers are required to pay annually
advertisements and subscription
2013
Danny Cohen
the commissioning, producing, scheduling and broadcasting of all programming on the BBC's television channels,
between December 2004 and April 2006.
December 2004 and April 2006
between December 2004 and April 2006.
July 30, 1947
Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger
38th Governor of California
15
Mr. Olympia
Conan the Barbarian
Mr. Olympia
Arnie
2011
Republican
Gray Davis
January 5, 2007
Graz
Jadrny
Gustav Schwarzenegger
the local chief of police
Meinhard
when the family bought a refrigerator
barbell
if he was 13 when he started weightlifting: "I actually started weight training when I was 15, but he picked up his first barbell in 1960, when his soccer coach took his team to a local gym.
police officer
Steve Reeves
May 20, 1971
Patrick
stroke
Barbara Baker
Schwarzenegger
Mr. Universe title
Junior Mr. Europe
1966
London
Reg Park
improving the muscle definition and power in his legs
business school and working in a health club
Rolf Putziger
10
21
New York
Ric Drasin
2002
Arnold: The Education of a Bodybuilder
Santa Monica College
Transcendental Meditation
Transcendental Meditation
Arnold Classic
Muscle & Fitness
$250,000 a year
executive editor
Junior Mr. Europe
five Mr. Universe (4 – NABBA [England], 1 – IFBB [USA]) wins, and seven Mr. Olympia wins, a record which would stand until Lee Haney won his eighth consecutive Mr. Olympia title in 1991.
half an hour
Munich stone-lifting contest
1969
Sergio Oliva
1970
23
Franco Columbu
1975
Mr. Olympia
Pumping Iron
three months
Jeff Bridges
Conan
seven weeks
seven weeks
performance-enhancing anabolic steroids
Dr. Willi Heepe
$10,000
The Globe
Hercules
"Arnold Strong
Robert Altman
New Male Star of the Year
my body was 'too weird
1991
1980
The Incredible Hulk
The Villain
Conan the Destroyer
1984
James Cameron
Sylvester Stallone
1987
Twins
$10 million
Connecticut
Tales from the Crypt
Terminator 2: Judgment Day
National Association of Theatre Owners
True Lies
Junior
$150 million
82
Forum Stadtpark
The Kid & I
Governator
Stan Lee
With Wings as Eagles
Randall Wallace
May 20
10 years
Escape Plan
Terminator Genisys
Terminator Genisys
2004
"Stop the Madness"
George H.W. Bush
George H.W. Bush
Conan the Republican
1999
The possibility is there, because I feel it inside."
Governor of California
"Total Recall"
Governor Gray Davis
Cruz Bustamante
1.3 million
31%
John G. Downey
Willie Brown
Hans and Franz
four
four
Susan Kennedy
Democrat Phil Angelides
San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom
Schwarzenegger
Wendy Leigh
Eunice and Sargent Shriver
Demolition Man
1983
Austrian
Rudy Giuliani and Senator John McCain
Schwarzenegger's endorsement in the Republican primary of the 2008 U.S. presidential election
their concerns for the environment and economy
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics
89%
23%
Gropegate
six
six
Schwarzenegger
GQ
marijuana
Anna Richardson
The 6th Day
Los Angeles Times
1968
Peter Pilz
September 27, 2006
utilities, refineries and manufacturing plants
2020
Northeast
solar panels
2009
carbon credits
Detroit
Article II, Section I, Clause V
New York Post
Columbia University law professor Michael Dorf
index cards
30
Franco Columbu
San Fernando earthquake
$10,000
Planet Hollywood chain
2000
Hard Rock Cafe
Dimensional Fund Advisors
Columbus, Ohio
Oak Productions, Inc.
Simon & Schuster
Schatzi On Main
Schwarzenegger
little treasure
1998
2011
$38 million
2006
polite society
six to eight months after his arrival in the U.S
Sue Moray
Maria Shriver
August 1978
Schwarzenegger
Hyannis
July 23, 1991
physical therapist Heather Milligan
Shriver and Schwarzenegger
fourteen years
20 years
Joseph
KNX 1070
Bob Kaufman
Schwarzenegger
spousal support
Brigitte Nielsen
bicuspid aortic valve, an aortic valve with only two leaflets
1997
Patrick
his right femur
Sun Valley, Idaho
Van Nuys Airport
6'2"
Herb Wesson
Bob Mulholland
Total Recall
"The Secret"
October 2012
1992
street-legal, civilian
aluminium
6,300 lb
$21,000
California Hydrogen Highway Network
a U.S. Department of Energy grant
Inner City Games Foundation
Shanghai
over 250,000
Sol Price School of Public Policy
2012
chairman
60
Plym
Plym
Devon
Plym
Mount Batten
Sutton
1620
1642 and 1646
Plymouth Colony
imports and passengers from the Americas, and exporting local minerals (tin, copper, lime, china clay and arsenic)
1928
Plymouth Blitz
1967
East Stonehouse
261,546
30th
Plymouth City Council
Santander
Plymouth University
TAMARI OSTIA
Mount Batten
mouth/estuaries of the Tamar
the river silted up in the early 11th century
south town
1211
King Henry VI
mouth of the River Plym
1340
Breton raiders
1596
Sutton Pool
1512
Sir John Hawkins
Sir Francis Drake
1588
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth Colony
the English Civil War Plymouth
the English Civil War Plymouth
Freedom Fields Park
1660
Drake's Island
the city had no means of processing sugar or tobacco imports, although it did play a relatively small part in the Atlantic slave trade during the early 18th century.
Plymouth
1690
eastern bank of the River Tamar
3,000
3,000
1690
grain, timber and then coal
Devonport
The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century
John Foulston
Union Street
China Clay
China Clay
China Clay
John Smeaton
2
John Rennie
1841
1812
to protect the fleet moving in and out of Devonport
maize, wheat, barley, sugar cane, guano
Devonport
Scapa Flow
Devonport
Mount Batten
Royal Australian Air Force
Devonport
59
more than 1,000
more than 1,000
Sir Patrick Abercrombie
over 20,000
over 20,000
Plymouth City Council
Plymouth City Council
Devonport Dockyard
1971
42 Commando of the Royal Marines
1086
1086
Sudtone
1254
1439
Nancy Astor was elected the first ever female member of parliament to take office in the British Houses of Parliament for the constituency of Plymouth Sutton.
Plymouth Sutton
18 October 1928
resident constituents
the town of Plympton and the parish of Plymstock
Michael Foot
Michael Foot
1974 Health and Safety at Work Act
Michael Foot
Plymouth
1971
1971
Tamarside
1 April 1974
Banham Commission
South West England
Oliver Colvile
Oliver Colvile
Plymouth Moor View
17
57
a third of the council is up for election for three consecutive years
Brest
2001
King George V
six
Conservative Party and the Labour Party
Dr John Mahony
3 Elliot Terrace
City of Plymouth
£40m
£40m
£40m
River Plym
River Plym
Hamoaze
Plymouth Sound
1967
Cattewater
1814
Drake's Island
30.83
155
Site of Special Scientific Interest
Lower Devonian slates
limestone, Devonian slate, granite and Middle Devonian
Upper Devonian slates and shales
its geology
Middle Devonian limestone
Dartmoor
Tamar
south edge of Plymouth and in Plymstock
Middle Devonian limestone
a north–south avenue
Sir Patrick Abercrombie
Armada Way
David MacKay
28
temperate oceanic climate
52
between 3 and 4 °C
20 09-10
July and August
Atlantic depressions
autumn and winter
39
November to March
autumn and winter
1,600
South West England
89
26.6 °C
4.25 days
4.1 °C
4.1 °C
25,895
22nd largest
3,000
£160 million
1992
The University of St Mark & St John
teacher training
Plymouth College of Art
26,000
153 years ago
153 years ago
two
71
71
71
Plymouth College
Devonport High School for Girls
Royal Naval Engineering College
1910
1959
1994
University of Southampton
Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre,
Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
National Marine Aquarium
256,384
240,720
15,664
2.3
96.2% White (of 92.9% was White British), with the largest minority ethnic group being Chinese at 0.5
5,169 million GBP
5,169 million GBP
£19,943
£23,755
0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain
26.2%
78.3 years
78.3 years
78.3 years
over 12,000
over 12,000
1793
The Plymouth Gin Distillery
1930s
Devonport Dockyard
Devonport Dockyard
270
500
Hemsley Fraser
1959
1959
29th
1998
£3.4 million
David Mackay
David Mackay
David Mackay
300,000
300,000
Charles Cross
October 2006
wasteland at Cattedown
2003
David Mackay
Bretonside bus station
Plymouth Pavilions
Plymouth Pavilions
The Parkway
Plymouth to the M5 motorway
Tamar Bridge
Plymouth City Airport
First South West
Brittany Ferries
Roscoff
MV Armorique
Stonehouse and the Cornish hamlet
1204
Plymouth City Airport
6
2018
FlyPlymouth
1877
Great Western Railway
Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line
Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.
Great Western Railway
4 February 2014
130
4 April 2014
4 February 2014
150
1858
St Andrew's
Anglican
thirteen
Moses the Jew"
1762
1762
1762
0.8%
0.8%
32.9%
24.7%
7%
1815
Charlie Chaplin
19 30s
sailors from the Royal Navy
tens of thousands
Roy Lowry
Roy Lowry
University of Plymouth
29 Commando Regiment
1,315
200
Plymouth City Council
Plymouth City Council
1961 to 2009
BBC South West
Radio Plymouth
16 February 2009
Radio Plymouth
Radio Plymouth
Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Football League Two
Home Park
The Pilgrims
Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C.
third tier of Professional English Rugby
third tier of Professional English Rugby
third tier of Professional English Rugby
the third tier of Professional English Rugby
1983
1823
September 2011
America's Cup World Series
1973
Plymouth County Borough Corporation
24 April 1591
the River Meavy
1801
Plymouth City Council
Plymouth City Council
Western Power Distribution
2009
Plympton
1836
Charles Cross and Crownhill
Camel's Head, Crownhill, Greenbank, Plympton and Plymstock
Millbay Docks
Devon and Cornwall Constabulary
Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust
6
Royal Eye Infirmary
South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
Exeter
Ford Park Cemetery
Ford Park Cemetery
Drake Memorial Park
Drake Memorial Park
Ford Park Cemetery
1666
1666
1759
23
Armada Memorial
Sutton
1620
1620
400
100
Crownhill Fort
north ern
the Landmark Trust
west
70
south-east Cornwall
Kingsand
Tamar Valley
Henning Larsen
2008
University of Plymouth
2008
the city's central quarter
Plymothians
Janners
Cousin Jan
John
Sir Francis Drake
El Draco
dysentery
dysentery
Sir Joshua Reynolds
Plymouth and Robert Lenkiewicz
Plymouth College of Art
2012
Keith Rowe
Trematon Castle
swimmer Sharron Davies, diver Tom Daley, dancer Wayne Sleep, and footballer
Chris Axworthy
Lyndon B. Johnson
Clear and Present Danger
composer journalist and newspaper editor