license: apache-2.0
Projecte Aina’s Catalan-German machine translation model
Table of Contents
- Model Description
- Intended Uses and Limitations
- How to Use
- Training
- Evaluation
- Additional Information
Model description
This model was trained from scratch using the Fairseq toolkit on a combination of Catalan-German datasets, which after filtering and cleaning comprised 6.258.272 sentence pairs. The model was evaluated on the Flores and NTREX evaluation datasets.
Intended uses and limitations
You can use this model for machine translation from Catalan to German.
How to use
Usage
Required libraries:
pip install ctranslate2 pyonmttok
Translate a sentence using python
import ctranslate2
import pyonmttok
from huggingface_hub import snapshot_download
model_dir = snapshot_download(repo_id="projecte-aina/mt-aina-ca-de", revision="main")
tokenizer=pyonmttok.Tokenizer(mode="none", sp_model_path = model_dir + "/spm.model")
tokenized=tokenizer.tokenize("Benvingut al projecte Aina!")
translator = ctranslate2.Translator(model_dir)
translated = translator.translate_batch([tokenized[0]])
print(tokenizer.detokenize(translated[0][0]['tokens']))
Training
Training data
The model was trained on a combination of the following datasets:
| Dataset | Sentences | Sentences after Cleaning |
|---|---|---|
| Multi CCAligned | 1.478.152 | 1.027.481 |
| WikiMatrix | 180.322 | 125.811 |
| GNOME | 12.333 | 1.241 |
| KDE4 | 165.439 | 105.098 |
| QED | 63.041 | 49.181 |
| TED2020 v1 | 46.680 | 38.428 |
| OpenSubtitles | 303.329 | 171.376 |
| GlobalVoices | 4.636 | 3.578 |
| Tatoeba | 732 | 655 |
| Books | 4.445 | 2049 |
| Europarl | 1.734.643 | 1.734.643 |
| Tilde | 3.434.091 | 3.434.091 |
| Total | 7.427.843 | 6.258.272 |
All corpora except Europarl and Tilde were collected from Opus. The Europarl and Tilde corpora are synthetic parallel corpora created from the original Spanish-Catalan corpora by SoftCatalà.
Training procedure
Data preparation
All datasets are deduplicated and filtered to remove any sentence pairs with a cosine similarity of less than 0.75. This is done using sentence embeddings calculated using LaBSE. The filtered datasets are then concatenated to form a final corpus of 6.159.631 and before training the punctuation is normalized using a modified version of the join-single-file.py script from SoftCatalà
Tokenization
All data is tokenized using sentencepiece, with a 50 thousand token sentencepiece model learned from the combination of all filtered training data. This model is included.
Hyperparameters
The model is based on the Transformer-XLarge proposed by Subramanian et al. The following hyperparameters were set on the Fairseq toolkit:
| Hyperparameter | Value |
|---|---|
| Architecture | transformer_vaswani_wmt_en_de_big |
| Embedding size | 1024 |
| Feedforward size | 4096 |
| Number of heads | 16 |
| Encoder layers | 24 |
| Decoder layers | 6 |
| Normalize before attention | True |
| --share-decoder-input-output-embed | True |
| --share-all-embeddings | True |
| Effective batch size | 48.000 |
| Optimizer | adam |
| Adam betas | (0.9, 0.980) |
| Clip norm | 0.0 |
| Learning rate | 5e-4 |
| Lr. schedurer | inverse sqrt |
| Warmup updates | 8000 |
| Dropout | 0.1 |
| Label smoothing | 0.1 |
The model was trained for a total of 22.000 updates. Weights were saved every 1000 updates and reported results are the average of the last 3 checkpoints.
Evaluation
Variable and metrics
We use the BLEU score for evaluation on the Flores-101 and NTREX test sets
Evaluation results
Below are the evaluation results on the machine translation from Catalan to German compared to Softcatalà and Google Translate:
| Test set | SoftCatalà | Google Translate | mt-aina-ca-de |
|---|---|---|---|
| Flores 101 dev | 26,2 | 34,8 | 27,5 |
| Flores 101 devtest | 26,3 | 34,0 | 26,9 |
| NTREX | 21,7 | 28,8 | 20,4 |
| Average | 24,7 | 32,5 | 24,9 |
Additional information
Author
Language Technologies Unit (LangTech) at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center
Contact information
For further information, please send an email to langtech@bsc.es.
Copyright
Copyright Language Technologies Unit at Barcelona Supercomputing Center (2023)
Licensing information
This work is licensed under a Apache License, Version 2.0
Funding
This work has been promoted and financed by the Generalitat de Catalunya through the [Aina project] (https://projecteaina.cat/).
Limitations and Bias
At the time of submission, no measures have been taken to estimate the bias and toxicity embedded in the model. However, we are aware that our models may be biased since the corpora have been collected using crawling techniques on multiple web sources. We intend to conduct research in these areas in the future, and if completed, this model card will be updated.
Disclaimer
Click to expand
The models published in this repository are intended for a generalist purpose and are available to third parties. These models may have bias and/or any other undesirable distortions. When third parties, deploy or provide systems and/or services to other parties using any of these models (or using systems based on these models) or become users of the models, they should note that it is their responsibility to mitigate the risks arising from their use and, in any event, to comply with applicable regulations, including regulations regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence. In no event shall the owner and creator of the models (BSC – Barcelona Supercomputing Center) be liable for any results arising from the use made by third parties of these models.