Delete unwanted file

data/general/INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT - Wheat.txt

@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-VII. INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
-Insecticide resistance: Resistance to insecticides may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species’ (IRAC). Cross-resistance occurs when resistance to one insecticide confers resistance to another insecticide, even where the insect has not been exposed to the latter product.
-Causes of resistance development: The causes and rate at which insecticide resistance develops depend on several factors, including the initial frequency of resistance alleles present in the population, how rapidly the insects reproduce, the insects’ level of resistance, the migration and host range of the insects, the insecticide’s persistence and specificity, and the rate, timing and number of applications of insecticide made. For instance, insect pests that survive in large populations and breed quickly are at greater advantage of evolving insecticide, especially when insecticides are misused or over-used.
-General strategy for insecticide resistance management: The best strategy to avoid insecticide resistance is prevention and including insecticide resistance management tactics as part of a larger integrated pest management (IPM) approach.
-1) Monitor pests: Monitor insect population development in fields to determine if and when control measures are warranted. Monitor and consider natural enemies when making control decisions. After treatment, continue monitoring to assess pest populations and their control.
-2) Focus on AESA: Insecticides should be used only as a last resort when all other non-chemical management options are exhausted and P: D ratio is above 2: 1. Apply biopesticides/chemical insecticides judiciously after observing unfavourable P: D ratio and when the pests are in most vulnerable life stage. Use application rates and intervals as per label claim.
-3) Ecological engineering for pest management: Flowering plants that attract natural enemies as well as plants that repel pests can be grown as border/intercrop.
-4) Take an integrated approach to managing pests: Use as many different control measures as possible viz., cultural, mechanical, physical, biological etc. Select insecticides with care and consider the impact on future pest populations and the environment. Avoid broad-spectrum insecticides when a narrow-spectrum or more specific insecticide will work. More preference should be given to green labeled insecticides.
-5) Mix and apply carefully: While applying insecticides care should be taken for proper application of insecticides in terms of dose, volume, timing, coverage, application techniques as per label claim.
-6) Alternate different insecticide classes: Avoid the repeated use of the same insecticide, insecticides in the same chemical class, or insecticides in different classes with same mode of action and rotate/alternate insecticide classes and modes of action.
-7) Preserve susceptible genes: Preserve susceptible individuals within the target population by providing unsprayed areas within treated fields, adjacent “refuge” fields, or habitat attractions within a treated field that facilitate immigration. These susceptible individuals may outcompete and interbreed with resistant individuals, diluting the resistant genes and therefore the impact of resistance.