diff --git "a/Small/phi3/MedMCQA.json" "b/Small/phi3/MedMCQA.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/Small/phi3/MedMCQA.json" @@ -0,0 +1,16228 @@ +[ + { + "question": "Which of the following is not true about glomerular capillaries')", + "gold_answer": "The oncotic pressure of the fluid leaving the capillaries is less than that of fluid entering it", + "os_answer": "Glomerular capillaries are not involved in the absorption of nutrients.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 29 yrs old woman with a pregnancy of 17 week has a 10 years old boy with down syndrome. She does not want another down syndrome kid; best advice to her is", + "gold_answer": "Amniotic fluid samples plus chromosomal analysis will definitely tell her that next baby will be down syndromic or not", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Low insulin to glucagon ratio is seen in all of these except:", + "gold_answer": "Glycogen synthesis", + "os_answer": "A. Type 1 diabetes mellitus B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus C. Hypoglycemia D. Hyperglycemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A blue new born presents with cyanosis. The X\u2013ray chest reveal oligaemic lung field and normal sized heart. Most likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Pulmonary atresia", + "os_answer": "Transient tachypnea of the newborn", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "27.\tThe lateral spread of dental caries is facilitated mostly by the", + "gold_answer": "Dentinoenamel junction", + "os_answer": " a. saliva b. bacteria c. enamel d. plaque", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Respiratory rhythm generation center is located at:", + "gold_answer": "Pre-Botzinger complex", + "os_answer": "Medulla oblongata.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Heavy forces on periodontal ligament causes:", + "gold_answer": "Hyalinization", + "os_answer": "Damage to the periodontal ligament.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient who was on ventilator and being ventilated for past few days, suddenly pulls out the endotracheal tube. What is the next step of management?", + "gold_answer": "Assess the patient, give bag and mask ventilation and look for spontaneous breathing", + "os_answer": "The next step of management would be to re-intubate the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a\t6-month-old child, thick curd like white\tpatch\nappears on the buccal mucosa. On rubbing it leaves an\nerythematous patch. Most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Candidiasis", + "os_answer": "Oral candidiasis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Characteristic of venous blood flow of lower limb in duplex Doppler is?", + "gold_answer": "Monophasic", + "os_answer": "Venous blood flow in the lower limb, as measured by duplex Doppler, is characterized by a high-velocity, low-resistance pattern. This is due to the fact that veins are low-pressure vessels and rely on the contraction of skeletal muscles to propel blood back to the heart. The duplex Doppler technique combines traditional ultrasound imaging with Doppler ultrasound to visualize the structure of the veins and measure the speed and direction of blood flow. In the lower limb, the venous system includes superficial and deep veins, with the deep veins being more significant in terms of blood return to the heart. The flow in these veins is typically steady and continuous, and the duplex Doppler can detect any abnormalities such as venous reflux or obstruction, which are indicative of venous insufficiency.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The source of calcium ions of a calcific bridge in a\ntooth in which calcium hydroxide pulpotomy has been\nperformed is:", + "gold_answer": "Blood vessel borne", + "os_answer": "Calcium hydroxide", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "2, 3-BPG binds to sites of haemoglobin and the affinity for oxygen", + "gold_answer": "1, decreases", + "os_answer": " 2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Highest concentration of oxygen is delivered through?", + "gold_answer": "Bag and mask", + "os_answer": "Ventilator.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A mother is Hbs Ag positive and anti Hbe Ag positive. Risk of transmission of Hep. B in child is:", + "gold_answer": "20%", + "os_answer": "High", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with competent lips together at rest, the lip\nline is opposite the tips of the upper incisors. The lip line is then described as", + "gold_answer": "Low", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Breakdown of periodontal fibres in periodontitis is due to bacterial enzyme: (OR) Which of the following bacterial products have been implicated in initiation of inflammatory periodontal disease?", + "gold_answer": "Collagenase", + "os_answer": "Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a study, two groups of newborns are checked for their weights based on whether their mothers received food supplements or not. The appropriate test which can be used for comparing the data is:", + "gold_answer": "Student's T-test", + "os_answer": "Independent t-test", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the only complete cailage ring in the respiratory tree?", + "gold_answer": "Cricoid cailage", + "os_answer": "Trachea", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Steps of intubation - arrange in sequence:- a. Head extension and flexion of neck b. Introduction of laryngoscope c. Inflation of cuff d. Check breath sounds with stethoscope e. fixation of the tube to prevent dislodgement", + "gold_answer": "ABCDE", + "os_answer": "b, a, c, d, e", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a child with active liver failure, the most important prognosis factor for death is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Gram (\u2013)ve sepsis", + "os_answer": "The severity of the liver disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient went into shock immediately after normal delivery, likely cause:", + "gold_answer": "Uterine inversion", + "os_answer": "Postpartum hemorrhage", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented with flat topped violaceous papules, thinning of nails and onycholysis. What is the microscopic finding observed in this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Basal cell degeneration", + "os_answer": "Parakeratosis with elongated dermal papillae.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is a muscle splitting incision?", + "gold_answer": "Lanz incision", + "os_answer": "Pfannenstiel incision", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In plasmodium vivax malaria, relapse is caused by:September 2012", + "gold_answer": "Hypnozoite", + "os_answer": "Dormant liver stage parasites", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Retraction of mandible is achieved by:", + "gold_answer": "Temporalis", + "os_answer": "Depressor mandibulae muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "How is modified shock index represented as?", + "gold_answer": "HR/MAP", + "os_answer": "Modified shock index is represented as the ratio of heart rate to systolic blood pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3 week neonate with ambiguous genitalia presented with Na+ 127 meq/L, K+ 7.2 meq/L wit BP 52/24 mm Hg and he was managed with IV fluids. What is the next step of management?", + "gold_answer": "Hydrocoisone administration", + "os_answer": "The next step of management would be to perform a hormonal evaluation to determine the underlying cause of the ambiguous genitalia and electrolyte imbalances. This may include measuring levels of testosterone, estrogen, and other hormones that play a role in sexual development. Additionally, further imaging studies such as ultrasound or MRI may be necessary to evaluate the internal reproductive organs and identify any structural abnormalities. Once the underlying cause is identified, appropriate treatment options can be considered, which may include hormone therapy, surgical intervention, or other interventions as deemed necessary by the healthcare team. It is important to involve a multidisciplinary team of specialists, including endocrinologists, pediatric surgeons, and geneticists, to ensure comprehensive care for the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Base pairs in DNA", + "gold_answer": "3.2 billion", + "os_answer": "Adenine with Thymine and Cytosine with Guanine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tracheal secretions should be suctioned for:", + "gold_answer": "10-15 seconds", + "os_answer": "Tracheal secretions should be suctioned for patients who are unable to cough or clear their own secretions effectively.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presents with carcinoma of the larynx involving the left false cords, left arytenoid and the left aryepiglottic folds with bilateral mobile true cords. Treatment of choice is -", + "gold_answer": "Vertical hemilaryngectomy", + "os_answer": "(b) Radical laryngectomy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 60 years old male presented with fever, chills and dysuria. Patient was hospitalized in emergency for 5 days. PSA level was 7.4. Next best step in this patient:", + "gold_answer": "Antibiotics and admit", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient from,nqh-eastern states was diagnosed to have infection with P. falciparum malaria. What is the most appropriate drug for this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Aemether plus lumefantrine", + "os_answer": "A. Chloroquine B. Quinine C. Artemether D. Primaquine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common bone tumor that occurs in children is:", + "gold_answer": "Osteosarcoma", + "os_answer": "Osteosarcoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The zygomatic bone does not articulate with:", + "gold_answer": "Nasal bone", + "os_answer": "The mandible.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calcium ions triggers muscle contraction by binding to:", + "gold_answer": "Troponin", + "os_answer": "Troponin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to the intelligence quotient classification, a score of 90-110 is:", + "gold_answer": "Average", + "os_answer": "Considered average.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Due to which of the following enzyme deficiency, vitamin C cannot be synthesised in humans?", + "gold_answer": "L-Gulonolactone oxidase", + "os_answer": "L-gulonolactone oxidase", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient of heart disease antibiotic prophylaxis for dental extraction is:", + "gold_answer": "Amoxicillin.", + "os_answer": "Recommended", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following type of failure may occur, if the coefficient of thermal expansion of ceramic is much lower than that of metal?", + "gold_answer": "Adhesive failure of metal ceramic bond", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 years old child has lytic lesions in upper femur, the differential diagnosis can be all except :", + "gold_answer": "Plasmacytoma", + "os_answer": "A. Osteosarcoma B. Ewings sarcoma C. Osteoclastoma D. Metastasis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During periradicular surgery bone is removed with?", + "gold_answer": "Round burr", + "os_answer": "A surgical instrument", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The primary function of the dental pulp is:", + "gold_answer": "Production of dentin", + "os_answer": "To provide nourishment and sensation to the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Child of Vasanthi was weaned from breast milk on the 5th day and was given sugarcane juice the child developed hypoglycemia and hepatomegaly biochemical examination showed hypophosphatemia and enzyme deficiencies\u2013reducing substances in urine. The child is probably suffering from which of the following enzyme deficiencies \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Aldolase B", + "os_answer": "Phosphofructokinase deficiency", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is most effective for gluconeogenesis in starvation?", + "gold_answer": "Acetyl Co-A stimulation of pyruvate carboxylase", + "os_answer": "A) Insulin B) Glucagon C) Adrenaline D) Cortisol", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not involved in iron metabolism?", + "gold_answer": "Transthyretin", + "os_answer": "Vitamin C.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 14 year girl presented with absent thelarche.On examination uterus was present. Investigations showed high FSH. karyotype is XY.What is the probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Gonadal dysgenesis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bluegrass appliance is used to treat:", + "gold_answer": "Both", + "os_answer": "None of the above.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On a primary 2nd molar caries occur most commonly on", + "gold_answer": "Occlusal pit and fissures", + "os_answer": "The occlusal surface.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Incorporation of peripheral seal in an impression is necessary to obtain;", + "gold_answer": "Functionally moulded periphery", + "os_answer": "Accurate and detailed impressions of the oral tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient has seasonal allergic rhinitis and is on terfenadine. He develops cardiac arrhythmias after a course of antibiotics. Which of the following antibiotic could have been given:", + "gold_answer": "Erythromycin", + "os_answer": "Clarithromycin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Modulus of elasticity means:", + "gold_answer": "Rigidity or stiffness of the material", + "os_answer": "The measure of the stiffness of a material.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vwf factor is produced by:", + "gold_answer": "Endothelial cells", + "os_answer": "Liver", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A prosthetic appliance given to cover the palatal defect in patients with cleft palate is called", + "gold_answer": "Obturator", + "os_answer": "Palatal obturator", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these drugs is an antidote for fibrinolytic therapy?", + "gold_answer": "Epsilon aminocaproic acid", + "os_answer": "Streptokinase.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which facial bone is most prone to fracture?", + "gold_answer": "Nasal", + "os_answer": "The nasal bone is the facial bone most prone to fracture.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A one year old child, who is earlier normal, is suffering from copious nasal discharge, coarse facial features, large tongue, bulging head and flattened nose. He is also having enlarged spleen and liver. What may be the cause?", + "gold_answer": "Hurler syndrome", + "os_answer": "The symptoms described are indicative of a genetic disorder known as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). FAS is caused by alcohol exposure during the mother's pregnancy and can result in a range of physical, behavioral, and learning problems in the child. The symptoms mentioned, such as copious nasal discharge, coarse facial features, large tongue, bulging head, flattened nose, and enlarged spleen and liver, are characteristic of FAS. It is important for the child to receive proper medical care and support to manage the symptoms and improve their quality of life. Additionally, it is crucial to educate the mother about the dangers of alcohol consumption during pregnancy to prevent similar cases in the future.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient diagnosed with carcinoma of lung presented with a serum calcium level of 16.4 mmol/L. What will be the first step in management?", + "gold_answer": "IV fluids and furosemide", + "os_answer": "The first step in management would be to treat hypercalcemia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The following test may be abnormal in disseminated intravascular coagulation except:", + "gold_answer": "Clot solubility.", + "os_answer": "A) Prolonged PT", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Xerostomia the salivary pH is:", + "gold_answer": "Low", + "os_answer": "Neutral", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common tumor of lacrimal gland:", + "gold_answer": "Hamate fracture", + "os_answer": "Pleomorphic adenoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Topical administration of I% Pilocarpine failed to produce pupillary constriction in a patient who had a large, dilated pupil What should be the most probable reason?", + "gold_answer": "Pharmacological blockade", + "os_answer": "The patient may have a defective muscarinic receptor.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pregnancy gingivitis is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Bacteriodes melaninogenicus", + "os_answer": "Hormonal changes during pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Artery palpable at the anterior border of the masseter is :", + "gold_answer": "Facial artery", + "os_answer": "Facial artery", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Absorption of which of the following drugs is increased after a fatty meal?", + "gold_answer": "Griseofulvin", + "os_answer": "Lipophilic drugs.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the basis of behavior shaping:", + "gold_answer": "Stimulus response theory", + "os_answer": "The principle of operant conditioning.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Shortest root of maxillary 1st molar", + "gold_answer": "Distobuccal", + "os_answer": "Mesiobuccal root", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Malaria relapse common with which type plasmodium species?", + "gold_answer": "Plasmodium vivax and ovale", + "os_answer": "Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of Fracture of mandible; alveolar border experiences which force", + "gold_answer": "Tension", + "os_answer": "Compression", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The hormone having the maximum effect on granulation wound healing is:", + "gold_answer": "Cortisone", + "os_answer": "Epidermal growth factor (EGF)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The clot formed is not stable unless extensive cross-linking occurs. This extensive cross-linking of blood clot is done by:", + "gold_answer": "Factor XIII", + "os_answer": "Fibrin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate is being investigated for jaundice. A liver biopsy shows features of a \"Giant Cell/Neonatal hepatitis\". Which one of the following conditions usually results in this case \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Alpha\u20131\u2013antitrypsin deficiency", + "os_answer": "A. Alagille syndrome B. Biliary atresia C. Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis D. Crigler-Najjar syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ammonia from brain is removed as:", + "gold_answer": "Glutamine", + "os_answer": "Urea", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Use of lithium during pregnancy increases the risk of development of which of the following malformations in the baby?", + "gold_answer": "Cardiac defects", + "os_answer": "Neural tube defects", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common presentation of abdominal desmoids tumor is?", + "gold_answer": "Abdominal mass", + "os_answer": "As a mass in the abdomen.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Visual cortex is present in the:", + "gold_answer": "Occipital lobe", + "os_answer": "Brain", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bartholins duct is the name of :", + "gold_answer": "Sublingual duct", + "os_answer": "A structure in the male reproductive system", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pulsatile varicose veins in lower limbs is seen in \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Klippel trenaunay syndrome", + "os_answer": "Pulsatile varicose veins in lower limbs is seen in Budd\u2013Chiari syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common bone cancer is:", + "gold_answer": "Metastatic bone cancer", + "os_answer": "Osteosarcoma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the ligand for receptors present in liver for uptake of LDL?", + "gold_answer": "Apo B-100", + "os_answer": "ApoB-100", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Amyloid protein in Hemodialysis associated with amyloidosis is-", + "gold_answer": "b- 2 microglobulin", + "os_answer": "Amyloid protein in Hemodialysis associated with amyloidosis is a protein that accumulates in the tissues and organs of patients who undergo long-term hemodialysis. It can cause various complications, such as joint pain, bone fractures, carpal tunnel syndrome, and cardiac problems. Amyloidosis is a rare and serious condition that affects the quality of life and survival of hemodialysis patients.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Teeth that erupt in 30 days of birth", + "gold_answer": "Neonatal teeth", + "os_answer": "Primary teeth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with fresh blow out fracture of the orbit, best immediate management is", + "gold_answer": "Wait & watch", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Keyhole-shaped visual field defect is seen in lesion involving which of the following regions?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral geniculate body", + "os_answer": "Optic chiasm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The soft tissue tooth interface that forms after flap surgery in a previously denuded area is", + "gold_answer": "Long junctional epithelium", + "os_answer": "The soft tissue tooth interface that forms after flap surgery in a previously denuded area is called a healing epithelial attachment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The test done for a statistically significant change in cholesterol values in a group of patients following an interventional programme is:", + "gold_answer": "Paired \"t\" test", + "os_answer": "Paired t-test", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reflex which never disappear:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Patellar reflex.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tonsils developed from:", + "gold_answer": "Ventral part of 2nd pouch.", + "os_answer": "Lymphoid tissue in the throat.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gutta Percha can effectively be sterilized by?", + "gold_answer": "Chemical solutions", + "os_answer": "Autoclaving.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Motor supply of infrahyoid muscle is:", + "gold_answer": "Branches of cervical plexus", + "os_answer": "Ansa cervicalis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cystinuria is characterised by \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Recurrent urinary caliculi", + "os_answer": "The formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder due to a defect in the renal tubules.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient with PPF transfusion complaint of breathing difficulty, tachycardic, tachypnia, Had Batwing sign present in X-ray. What will be the possible reason?", + "gold_answer": "Due to overload of PPF", + "os_answer": "The patient is likely experiencing pulmonary edema, which is a common complication of PPF transfusion. The presence of the Batwing sign on the X-ray is a characteristic finding in this condition.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is not a theory of TMJ ankylosis?", + "gold_answer": "Synovial fluid attracting calcium ions", + "os_answer": "The theory of TMJ ankylosis is caused by a genetic mutation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fingerprinting (FINDER) involves recording prints of 8 fingers. Which finger pair is excluded?", + "gold_answer": "Little finger", + "os_answer": "Thumb", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Galactorrhoea--amenorrhea syndromes, which is the investigation you should advise (apa from serum prolactin)?", + "gold_answer": "TSH", + "os_answer": "Serum prolactin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is common in class I cavity preparation for amalgam and gold inlay?", + "gold_answer": "Mesiodistally divergent walls", + "os_answer": "The common feature in class I cavity preparation for both amalgam and gold inlay is the creation of a pulpal floor that is at least 1.5 mm deep.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Endocrine glands that are not influenced by the pituitary gland include the:", + "gold_answer": "Adrenal medulla, parathyroids, and the islets of langerhans", + "os_answer": "Thyroid gland.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rooting reflex also known as search reflex disappears:", + "gold_answer": "4 month", + "os_answer": "Around 4 months of age.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "IV ultrashort acting barbiturate:", + "gold_answer": "Thiopentone", + "os_answer": "Thiamylal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The component that sensitizes bacteria and virus to UV irradiation", + "gold_answer": "Nucleic acids", + "os_answer": "Cationic liposomes", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Characteristic histopathological feature of basal cell car cinoma is", + "gold_answer": "Nuclear palisading", + "os_answer": "Keratin pearls.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common mediastinal tumor:", + "gold_answer": "Neurogenic tumor", + "os_answer": "Thymoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The contractile element in a skeletal muscle is present in:", + "gold_answer": "Myofibril", + "os_answer": "Myofibril", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cherry red spot and Hollenhorst plaque are seen in:", + "gold_answer": "CRAO", + "os_answer": "Cherry red spot and Hollenhorst plaque are seen in patients with cholesterol embolism.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Optimal location for intra osseous anesthesia for mandibular second molars is", + "gold_answer": "Mesial to the molar", + "os_answer": "The area distal to the apices of the mandibular second molars.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After cleaning and pumicing the tooth surface, plaque formation takes place within", + "gold_answer": "1/2 to 1 hour", + "os_answer": "24 hours", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Speech problems in cleft palate patients are due to", + "gold_answer": "Inability of soft palate to stop air to go into nasopharynx", + "os_answer": "abnormalities in the structure of the oral cavity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to the WHO definition of hearing loss, what is the value to classify as profound hearing loss?", + "gold_answer": ">81 dB", + "os_answer": "A hearing loss of 91-100 decibels (dB) or greater.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What we will define it \"ratio of no. of death under 1 year of age to total live birth per 1000 live births per year\"?", + "gold_answer": "Infant mortality rate", + "os_answer": "Infant mortality rate", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The necrotising pressure areas, undergoing bone resorption and endosteal bone formation", + "gold_answer": "Occlusal trauma", + "os_answer": "Osteonecrosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "CLED is better medium than MacConkey medium for processing of urine samples", + "gold_answer": "Allows staphylococcus,Streptococcus and candida to grow", + "os_answer": "True", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most effective method of assessing breathing is by measuring:", + "gold_answer": "FEV 1", + "os_answer": "The respiratory rate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major aim of phase 1 clinical trials is:", + "gold_answer": "Dose", + "os_answer": "To assess the safety and dosage of the drug.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following defines the pressure in the vascular system in the absence of blood flow? (Asked twice)", + "gold_answer": "Mean circulatory filling pressure", + "os_answer": "Residual pressure (also called static pressure)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best parameter for ultrasound evaluation of IUGR is:", + "gold_answer": "Abdominal circumference", + "os_answer": "Abdominal circumference (AC)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a child, surgery was done for biliary stricture with hepatojejunal anastomosis. Postoperative bilirubin level after 2 weeks was 6 mg/dL from a preoperative level 12mg/dL. The reason for this could be:", + "gold_answer": "Delta bilirubin", + "os_answer": "Recurrence of biliary stricture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 month old girl has failure to thrive, polyuria and medullary nephrocalcinosis affecting both kidneys. Investigations show blood pH 7.48, bicarbonate 25 mEq/l, potassium 2 mEq/l, sodium 126 mEq/l and chloride 88 mEq/l. The most likely diagnosis is -", + "gold_answer": "Bartter syndrome", + "os_answer": "Bartter syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are features of Neonatal Tetanus except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Usually occurs in 1st 2 days of life", + "os_answer": "(A) Caused by Clostridium tetani (B) Occurs in newborns (C) Caused by unhygienic delivery (D) Caused by unclean delivery instruments", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In assessing infant deaths, Ploucquet's test involves:", + "gold_answer": "Change in paial weight of lungs", + "os_answer": "the use of hydrogen sulfide", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The transport of CO is diffusion limited because", + "gold_answer": "Binds avidly with Hb", + "os_answer": "The rate of diffusion of CO is slower than the rate of transport by the bloodstream.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acetazolamide is given to a patient of angle closure glaucoma. It is a non-competitive inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Which of the following should be the effect of this drug?", + "gold_answer": "Decrease in Vmax", + "os_answer": "It will decrease the production of aqueous humour.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about rapid sequence induction done in a cardiac patient in emergency except:", + "gold_answer": "Induction should be done with thiopentone sodium and succinylcholine for muscle relaxation", + "os_answer": "Rapid sequence induction is contraindicated in cardiac patients.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 60-year old male presents with painful, 141 oupet. vesicles over erythematous plaques in T3 dermatome region of trunk. Which of the following would be the most likely causative organism?", + "gold_answer": "Varicella zoster", + "os_answer": "Herpes zoster", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is administered 200 mg of a drug. 75 mg of the drug is eliminated from the body in 90 minutes. If the drug follows first order kinetics, how much drug will remain after 6 hours?", + "gold_answer": "30 mg", + "os_answer": "_____ mg.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common side effect of the oral administration of ampicillin is", + "gold_answer": "Diarrhoea", + "os_answer": "Diarrhea.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ludwig's angina is characterized by", + "gold_answer": "Raised tongue", + "os_answer": "a severe infection of the floor of the mouth, often occurring after a tooth abscess.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child spends 8 years of life in a temperate climate where the drinking water had fluoride of 3 ppm. The teeth that are effected are:", + "gold_answer": "All permanent teeth, except third molars", + "os_answer": "The teeth that are affected are the permanent teeth. Fluoride helps in the development and maintenance of teeth, and exposure to fluoride during the years when the permanent teeth are forming can lead to dental fluorosis. This condition is characterized by changes in the appearance of the tooth enamel, which can range from mild discoloration to more noticeable white spots or streaks. However, it is important to note that dental fluorosis is generally a cosmetic issue and does not affect the function of the teeth. The fluoride levels mentioned (3 ppm) are within the range considered safe and beneficial for dental health, as recommended by various health organizations.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Median rhomboid glossitis is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Absence of filiform papillae", + "os_answer": "Candida albicans.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following diseases is diagnosed with the help of the flowcytometry pattern?", + "gold_answer": "Hyper IgM syndrome", + "os_answer": "Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best indicator of developing cardiovascular disease is", + "gold_answer": "LDL/HDL ratio", + "os_answer": "High blood pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pulp proper contains", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Blood vessels and nerves.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used as a bio-degradable membrane in \"guided tissue regeneration\" process?", + "gold_answer": "Polylactic acid", + "os_answer": "A) Polytetrafluoroethylene B) Collagen C) Polyvinylchloride D) Polyethylene", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bone sounding done in modern times is performed by which method?", + "gold_answer": "CBCT", + "os_answer": "Bone sounding in modern times is performed using ultrasound technology.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Oil red '0' stain is used for:", + "gold_answer": "Frozen specimen", + "os_answer": "Fat in tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A female with suspected child abuse was brought to the casualty with severe bleeding from the perineum. What should be the first line of management?", + "gold_answer": "Airway maintenance", + "os_answer": "Immediate laparotomy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Method of choice for a New born child not passing urine for 36 hours :", + "gold_answer": "Ultrasound of kidney & bladder", + "os_answer": "Immediate referral to a pediatrician is the method of choice for a newborn child not passing urine for 36 hours. This is because the inability to pass urine in a newborn can be a sign of a serious condition such as urinary tract obstruction, kidney disease, or a congenital abnormality. It is crucial to seek medical attention promptly to diagnose and treat the underlying cause.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bacteria free zone of dentinal caries is", + "gold_answer": "Zone of dentinal sclerosis", + "os_answer": "The zone of bacterial infection in dentinal caries is the area where bacteria are actively multiplying and causing damage to the tooth structure. This zone is typically located in the dentin, which is the layer of the tooth beneath the enamel. The bacteria in this zone produce acids that demineralize the dentin, leading to the formation of a cavity. The bacteria-free zone, on the other hand, is the area surrounding the bacterial zone where the bacteria are not actively multiplying and causing damage. This zone is important because it represents the area of the tooth that is still intact and healthy, and can potentially be restored with dental treatment. The bacteria-free zone is also important for the success of dental restorations, as it provides a stable and supportive environment for the restoration material to adhere to and function properly. In summary, the bacteria-free zone of dentinal caries is the area of the tooth that is not affected by the bacterial infection and can be restored to its original healthy state.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which ion of hydroxyapatite crystals is substituted by Fluoride imparts more strength?", + "gold_answer": "Hydroxyl ion", + "os_answer": "Ca10(PO4)6F2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most common site for the\noccurrence of a basal cell carcinoma?", + "gold_answer": "Skin of the lower lip", + "os_answer": "The most common site for the occurrence of a basal cell carcinoma is the face, particularly the nose, forehead, and scalp.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reticular fibers of collagen tissues are present in all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Thymus", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is a direct content of cavernous sinus?", + "gold_answer": "Abducent nerve", + "os_answer": "Cranial nerves III, IV, V1, V2, and VI.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Extraction of 3rd molar tooth bud in 7-9 yr old child:", + "gold_answer": "Results in less crowding", + "os_answer": "True", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best finish line for anterior metal ceramic crown is", + "gold_answer": "Shoulder with bevel", + "os_answer": "The best finish line for anterior metal ceramic crown is a chamfer finish line. This type of finish line provides a smooth transition between the crown and the tooth structure, allowing for proper seating of the crown and minimizing the risk of fracture.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Kamlesh, a 2 year old girl, has Down's syndrome. Her karyotype is 21/21 translocation. What is the risk ofrecurrence in subsequent pregnancies if the father is a balanced translocation carrier :", + "gold_answer": "100%", + "os_answer": "15%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are the predominant connective tissue cells of the periodontal Ligament?", + "gold_answer": "Fibroblasts", + "os_answer": "Fibroblasts.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is characterized by Apple Jelly Nodules?", + "gold_answer": "Lupus vulgaris", + "os_answer": "Rheumatoid Arthritis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 year male complaining of hot flushes each time he baths. Hb: 20%gm, Platelet: 89,000/mL, WBC: 30,000/mL, Investigation revealed JAK2 mutation. What is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "PCV", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 55- year old diabetic patient presents with transient obscuration in vision for 2-3 days followed by sudden loss of vision. Which of the following would be the best test to evaluate the symptoms?", + "gold_answer": "Serum creatinine levels", + "os_answer": "Fluorescein angiography.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "One of the most common side effects of phenytoin is", + "gold_answer": "Gingival Hyperplasia", + "os_answer": "Gingival hyperplasia, which is an overgrowth of the gums.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ganglionic transmission is mediated by:", + "gold_answer": "Postsynaptic nicotinic receptors", + "os_answer": "Acetylcholine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "One of the many mechanisms of adverse events is its increased binding to secondary targets, usually proteins. With respect to the primary target, the secondary target:", + "gold_answer": "Should have similar binding sites", + "os_answer": "Has a higher affinity for the drug.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Postrenal transplant patient presents with diarrhoea after 3 months; it was showing organism measuring 2-6 micron meter and kinoyn stain positive. Most likely it is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Cryptosporidium hominis", + "os_answer": "Enterococcus faecalis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Iron entry into enterocytes occurs which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "DMT-1", + "os_answer": "Through the action of DMT1.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An elderly male patient presented with fever, chest pain, and dry coughp; sputum culture showed growth on Charcoal Yeast Extract Medium, the organism is", + "gold_answer": "Legionella", + "os_answer": "Streptococcus pneumoniae\nA. True\nB. False", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ashley-Howe model analysis is used to predict:", + "gold_answer": "Basal bone-transverse relationship", + "os_answer": "The progression of chronic diseases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate on routine examination at bih was found to have hepatomegaly. Rest of the examination was essentially unremarkable. On investigations, Anti-HCMV antibodies were found to be positive. What sequelae in later life is the child at risk of?", + "gold_answer": "Sensorineural hearing loss", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient is a known case of epilepsy, taking levetiracetam 1 gm BD. He is now seizure free from 2 years but he developed agitation and anger issues interfering with day to day activities as a result of the drug intake. What should be the next best step?", + "gold_answer": "Slowly taper the drug over next 6 months", + "os_answer": "The next best step would be to consider a trial of a different antiepileptic drug (AED) that may not have the same side effects. It is important to consult with the patient's neurologist or epilepsy specialist to discuss the potential risks and benefits of switching medications. The decision should be made based on the individual patient's medical history, seizure control, and tolerance of the current medication. Additionally, the patient's agitation and anger issues should be evaluated and managed appropriately, as they may be related to the medication or have other underlying causes. It is crucial to closely monitor the patient during the transition period to ensure seizure control and minimize any potential adverse effects from the new medication.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Contractile element in myofibril is:", + "gold_answer": "Sarcomere", + "os_answer": "Actin and myosin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are true about aspiration pneumonia except:", + "gold_answer": "Fungal infection is the common cause of pneumonia", + "os_answer": "It is caused by a viral infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dapsone is used for treatment of bacterial and fungal infections as well as for immunomodulatory actions. What is mechanism of dapsone for these indication?", + "gold_answer": "Competition with PABA in folic acid synthesis", + "os_answer": "Dapsone is a sulfone drug with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. It is a bacteriostatic drug in the treatment of leprosy and dermatitis herpetiformis. It is also used to treat pneumocystis pneumonia, a fungal infection, and is used as an immunomodulatory agent in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Dapsone works by inhibiting the synthesis of dihydrofolic acid in bacteria, which is necessary for their growth and reproduction. This inhibition is achieved by interfering with the enzyme dihydropteroate synthase. By blocking this enzyme, dapsone prevents the production of folic acid, which is essential for bacterial growth. In addition to its antibacterial properties, dapsone also has anti-inflammatory effects. It inhibits the production of certain inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are involved in the inflammatory response. This anti-inflammatory action helps to reduce inflammation and alleviate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In processing methyl methacrylate, the resin may show porosity if the flask is placed too soon. Porosity most likely occur", + "gold_answer": "In the thickest part", + "os_answer": "due to incomplete polymerization.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pre-maxillary hard palate is supplied by which nerve", + "gold_answer": "Nasopalatine nerve", + "os_answer": "Greater palatine nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Biopsy specimens removed for examinations are immediately placed in:", + "gold_answer": "10% formalin", + "os_answer": "A specimen container.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Greatest potential hazard of mercury toxicity occurs due to:", + "gold_answer": "Inhalation of mercury vapours", + "os_answer": "Inhalation of mercury vapors.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cleft lip is due to non-union of", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary process with MNP", + "os_answer": "facial prominences during embryonic development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of the given instrument, used for harvesting the graft from healthy area in split thickness skin graft?", + "gold_answer": "Humby knife", + "os_answer": "A dermatome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person working in an abattoir presented with a papule on hand, which turned in to an ulcer. Which will best help in diagnosis", + "gold_answer": "Polychrome Methylene blue", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A midwife at a PHC did per vaginal examination of a women in labor with 8 cm cervical dilation and 70% cervical effacement with the fetal head at +1 station. This +1 station implies the position of fetal head is-", + "gold_answer": "1 cm below the ischial spine", + "os_answer": "At the ischial spines", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "High content of cholesterol is present in:", + "gold_answer": "Egg yolk", + "os_answer": "Animal fats.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth with smallest root", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular central incisor", + "os_answer": "Wisdom tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of a sprue is to", + "gold_answer": "Form an opening for molten metal to enter the mold", + "os_answer": "facilitate the flow of molten metal into the mold cavity.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Access cavity of mandibular 1st molar is:", + "gold_answer": "Rounded triangle", + "os_answer": "Mesial", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pier abutment is:", + "gold_answer": "With an edentulous space on mesial and distal sides of the abutment", + "os_answer": "A pier abutment is a type of dental implant that is used to support a dental bridge. It is a small, screw-like device that is placed into the jawbone to provide support for the bridge. Pier abutments are typically used when there are multiple missing teeth in a row, and the bridge needs to be anchored securely in place. They are often made of titanium or other biocompatible materials, and are designed to integrate with the surrounding bone tissue. Pier abutments can be placed in either the upper or lower jaw, and are usually placed in the jawbone during a separate surgical procedure. Once the pier abutment is in place, the dental bridge can be attached to it using a metal or ceramic framework. Pier abutments are a popular choice for dental bridges because they provide a strong, stable foundation for the bridge, and can help to restore the function and appearance of the missing teeth. They are also relatively easy to place and maintain, and can last for many years with proper care. Overall, pier abutments are an important part of many dental bridges, and can help to improve the quality of life for patients who have missing", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are topical hemostatic agents except?", + "gold_answer": "Fixclot", + "os_answer": "A. Ferric sulfate B. Oxidized cellulose C. Thrombin D. Gelatin sponge", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rate of Dentinal fluid permeability depends on all except?", + "gold_answer": "Temperature variation", + "os_answer": "The color of the tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Extraction of disto-angular impaction of mandibular 3rd molar can cause:", + "gold_answer": "# of ramus of mandible", + "os_answer": "Damage to the inferior alveolar nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acetazolamide is given to a patient of angle closure glaucoma. It is a non- competitive inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase enzyme. Which of the following should be the effect of this drug?", + "gold_answer": "Decrease in Vmax", + "os_answer": "The effect of this drug should be a decrease in the production of aqueous humor in the eye, leading to a reduction in intraocular pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Peau d'orange in carcinoma breast is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Obstruction of sub-dermal lymphatics", + "os_answer": "Lymphatic obstruction", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Long term assessment of glucose control can be made by:", + "gold_answer": "Estimation of blood level of glycosylated hemoglobin", + "os_answer": "HbA1c levels.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mosaic pattern of bone is seen in radiographic features of:", + "gold_answer": "Paget's disease", + "os_answer": "Osteogenesis imperfecta", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which induction anaesthetic agent has antiemetic effect?", + "gold_answer": "propofol", + "os_answer": "Propofol.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Myocardial infarction, the major pathology is", + "gold_answer": "Myocardial necrosis caused by acute occlusion of a coronary artery.", + "os_answer": "Damage to the heart muscle due to lack of blood supply.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Localized Juvenile Periodontitis- primary pathogen is", + "gold_answer": "all the above", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While preparing a Class II cavity on a maxillary first molar which of the pulp horns are likely to get exposed:", + "gold_answer": "Mesiolingual and mesiobuccal", + "os_answer": "The mesio-buccal pulp horn is likely to get exposed.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Additional period required for enamel calcification after eruption into oral cavity", + "gold_answer": "2 yr", + "os_answer": "6-12 months", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The active principle of white oleander is:", + "gold_answer": "Nerin", + "os_answer": "Cardiac glycosides.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The yellowish white soft sticky deposit loosely adherent\npresent on tooth surface is", + "gold_answer": "Materia alba", + "os_answer": "Plaque", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A term gestation newborn developed respiratory distress. Which of the following would favour Respiratory distress syndrome (HIVID) ?", + "gold_answer": "Air bronchogram on chest x\u2013ray", + "os_answer": "Premature birth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\u2018Fleur -de- lys\u2019 term is used for:", + "gold_answer": "Dens invaginatus", + "os_answer": "A type of antibiotic", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Point used as termination of Root canal procedure is", + "gold_answer": "Apical constriction", + "os_answer": "Gutta Percha. Gutta Percha is a material used to fill the empty space in the root canal after the infected pulp has been removed. It is a thermoplastic material that is biocompatible, meaning it is safe for use in the human body. It is often used in dentistry and endodontics, the branch of dentistry that deals with the study and treatment of the dental pulp and tissues surrounding the root of a tooth. The use of Gutta Percha in root canal treatment is crucial as it helps to seal the root canal system, preventing the re-entry of bacteria and other microorganisms, thus ensuring the success of the treatment. It is important to note that while Gutta Percha is used to fill the root canal, it is not the termination point of the procedure. The termination point is usually the coronal portion of the tooth, which is sealed with a filling material.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following muscles of larynx are supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except:", + "gold_answer": "Cricothyroid", + "os_answer": "_____.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In rheumatoid arthritis there is inflammation of:", + "gold_answer": "Synovial membrane", + "os_answer": "Synovial membrane", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 11-year-old child comes to the dental office one hour\nafter injury to a maxillary central incisor. The tooth is\nvital and\tslightly\tmobile.\tRadiographic\texamination\nreveals a fracture at the apical third of the root. What is\nthe best treatment at this point of time:", + "gold_answer": "Relieve the occlusion and splint the tooth", + "os_answer": "\ta.\tExtraction\tb.\tReimplantation\tc.\tEndodontic treatment\td.\tNo treatment", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Resistance form of endodontics is:", + "gold_answer": "Resists movement of gutta-percha in apical area", + "os_answer": "A type of endodontic sealer that is designed to resist dissolution in the oral environment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While assessing the efficacy of a newly developed drug in comparison to placebo, the 95% confidence interval in clinical trials is used to check for:", + "gold_answer": "Efficacy of the drug", + "os_answer": "The statistical significance of the drug's effect.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 years old female presented with acute onset shoness of breath. She has a history of nephrotic syndrome 1 year back and recent prolonged air travel. She has a BP of 90/60 mm Hg, hea rate of 115 per minute and sinus tachycardia on ECG. A 2-D echocardiogram revealed dilation of right ventricle with bulging of the interventricular septum to the left. What will be the primary treatment modality?", + "gold_answer": "Intravenous tissue plasminogen activator", + "os_answer": "Diuretics.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In multirooted teeth, formation of multiple roots is due to presence of:", + "gold_answer": "Epithelial diaphragm", + "os_answer": "Multiple dental lamina.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Folic acid deficiency occurs in:", + "gold_answer": "Phenytoin", + "os_answer": "Pregnant women.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On the day following a formocresol pulpotomy of a\nmandibular molar, a three year old patient returned with\na large ulcer near the midline of the lower lip. What is\nthe probable cause of the ulcer?", + "gold_answer": "Lip biting by the patient", + "os_answer": "The ulcer is\nprobably caused by the formocresol.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 38 years old female presented to the emergency with extensive burns. The patient had grade 3 burns on the face, back, upper arms and forearms along with singeing of hairs. Which of the following is not a proof of inhalation burns?", + "gold_answer": "Yellow colored sputum", + "os_answer": "Singeing of hairs", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After spleenectomy patient becomes more prone to", + "gold_answer": "Encapsulated organisms", + "os_answer": "Infections.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are developed from Meckel's cartilage except:", + "gold_answer": "Stapes", + "os_answer": "(A) mandible (B) malleus (C) incus (D) hyoid", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In judicial hanging, the knot is placed at:", + "gold_answer": "Angle of the jaw", + "os_answer": "The knot is placed above the condemned person's neck.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Non-pulsatile dose of GnRH agonist is used in all the following conditions except-", + "gold_answer": "infeility", + "os_answer": "A. Endometriosis B. Precocious puberty C. Uterine fibroids D. Prostate cancer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gap healing, a type of primary healing having gap of 0.8 mm is healed as:", + "gold_answer": "Woven bone formation replaced by lamellar bone.", + "os_answer": "First intention healing", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The lag phase of tooth movement usually lasts for:", + "gold_answer": "2-3 weeks", + "os_answer": "2-3 months.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 32 years old female came for routine PAP smear testing. The repo came as carcinoma in situ. What is the next step?", + "gold_answer": "Colposcopy and biopsy", + "os_answer": "The next step would be to perform a colposcopy and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The frontal paranasal sinus drains into the:", + "gold_answer": "Middle meatus", + "os_answer": "The middle meatus.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Staphylococcus aureus and pneumoniae are responsible for:", + "gold_answer": "Acute endocarditis.", + "os_answer": "Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are responsible for causing pneumonia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Primary Colonization of plaque is dominated by", + "gold_answer": "Facultative Anaerobic Gram + ve cocci", + "os_answer": "Streptococcus sanguinis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Depression of mandible is achieved by:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Depression of mandible is achieved by the contraction of the lateral pterygoid muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "18 year old female presents with an ovarian mass, her serum bio marker are found to be normal except for LDH, which is found to be elevated. The most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Dysgerminoma", + "os_answer": " a. Ovarian carcinoma b. Ovarian cyst c. Endometriosis d. Ovarian torsion e. Ectopic pregnancy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common infection post solid organ transplantation", + "gold_answer": "CMV", + "os_answer": "CMV (Cytomegalovirus)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Child Pugh score put patients into three categories of Score A (<7), Score B (7-9) and Score C (10-15). The following is a type of which scale?", + "gold_answer": "Ordinal", + "os_answer": "Child-Pugh score is a type of scoring system used in medicine to assess the prognosis of chronic liver disease, mainly cirrhosis. It is used to determine the severity of liver disease and to predict the outcome of the disease. The score is based on five clinical measures: bilirubin, albumin, prothrombin time, ascites, and hepatic encephalopathy. Each parameter is scored from 1 to 3, with a higher score indicating more severe liver disease. The total score is then used to classify patients into three categories: A (score 5-6), B (score 7-9), and C (score 10-15). Patients in category C have the worst prognosis and are at higher risk of mortality. The Child-Pugh score is widely used in clinical practice and research to guide treatment decisions and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. It is also used in clinical trials to stratify patients based on their disease severity and to assess the impact of new therapies on liver function. The score has been validated in multiple studies and has been shown to be a", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Skin of the entire upper lip is supplied by:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary nerve.", + "os_answer": "The skin of the entire upper lip is supplied by the buccal branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of choice for anaphylactic shock is:", + "gold_answer": "Adrenaline 0.5 mL of 1:1000 solution by intramuscular route", + "os_answer": "Epinephrine", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The\tcotton\tapplied\tto\tthe\tpulpal\tstumps\tin\tthe\nformocresol pulpotomy technique should be", + "gold_answer": "Slightly dampened with formocresol", + "os_answer": "sterile", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which marker shows holocrine gland?", + "gold_answer": "A", + "os_answer": "Sebaceous gland.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bezold-Jarisch reflex is mediated by:", + "gold_answer": "Serotonin", + "os_answer": "Cardiac afferents.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "ICD-10 stands for", + "gold_answer": "International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision", + "os_answer": "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Method of transpo of glucose in the intestine is:", + "gold_answer": "Secondary active transpo", + "os_answer": "Glucose is absorbed in the intestine through a process called active transport.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 28 year old man has lenticonus and end stage renal disease now. His maternal uncle also died of the same illness. What is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Alport syndrome", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes after a dog bite with hydrophobia, tearing and altered sensorium. You suspect rabies in this patient. Corneal impression has been taken. What test will you do on it for most accurate diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "-PCR for virus", + "os_answer": "HAI (Hepatitis A Ig)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 32-year-old P2L2 lady comes five days after unpro!tected sexual intercourse. What will be your advice for contraception in this lady?", + "gold_answer": "Copper IUCD", + "os_answer": "The best contraceptive option for this lady would be the Intrauterine Device (IUD). This is because the IUD is a highly effective, long-term, reversible contraceptive method. It is suitable for women who have had unprotected sexual intercourse and are seeking immediate contraception. The IUD can be inserted within five days after unprotected sexual intercourse, making it a suitable choice for this lady. Additionally, the IUD provides protection against both pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which is an added advantage in this scenario.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Data about recent trends of immunization in the community can be found by:", + "gold_answer": "District level health survey", + "os_answer": "Reviewing the latest community health reports.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of oral candidiasis does not presents with white patch?", + "gold_answer": "Chronic atrophic candidiasis", + "os_answer": "Erythematous candidiasis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the thickness of cement-dentinal junction?", + "gold_answer": "2-3 \u03bcm", + "os_answer": "The thickness of the cement-dentinal junction varies, but it is generally around 0.5 to 1.0 micrometers.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mandibular process of each side fuse to form:", + "gold_answer": "Both.", + "os_answer": "Mandibular symphysis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Self injury most likely caused after extraction in children is", + "gold_answer": "Inadvertent lip biting after anesthesia", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Intensifying screen is used in extraoral radiograph to:", + "gold_answer": "Decrease radiation to patient", + "os_answer": "Enhance the contrast and detail of the image.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gold Standard for evaluation of any obstruction in the nasal pathway:", + "gold_answer": "Rhinomanometry.", + "os_answer": "Nasal endoscopy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 5 years old child presented with continuous fever and features of sepsis with a BP of 90/60 mm Hg, Pulse rate 144/min and respiratory rate of 30/min. What is the initial fluid of choice for management?", + "gold_answer": "20 mL/kg of 0.9% normal saline", + "os_answer": "Isotonic crystalloid solution.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient with increased PT, APTT & TT and normal fibrinogen and platelet counts, diagnosis is?", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin K deficiency", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presented with abdominal distension, hepatomegaly, doll like facies and recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Von gierke disease", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Estrogen and progesterone in the first 2 months pregnancy are produced by:", + "gold_answer": "Corpus luteum", + "os_answer": "The corpus luteum.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the common factor for the initiation of both dental caries and periodontal disease", + "gold_answer": "bacterial plaque", + "os_answer": "Poor oral hygiene", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hidden X suture proves to be a novel suturing technique for:", + "gold_answer": "Alveolar ridge preservation", + "os_answer": "Hidden X suture proves to be a novel suturing technique for closing wounds in areas that are difficult to access or visible.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Compared with autoclave, use of a dry heat oven for sterilization has the following disadvantage:", + "gold_answer": "Time-consuming", + "os_answer": "It is a slower process.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A screening test is used in same way in two similar populations, but the proportion of false positive results among those who test positive in population A is lower than among those who test positive in population B. What is the likely explanation for this finding?", + "gold_answer": "The prevalence of disease is higher in population A", + "os_answer": "Population A has a lower prevalence of the disease than population B.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is common to both zinc eugenol cement and polycarboxylate cement?", + "gold_answer": "Chelation", + "os_answer": "Both zinc eugenol cement and polycarboxylate cement are used as dental cements.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the drug of choice of Bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy", + "gold_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child has bilirubin of 4 mg. Conjugated bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase are normal, bile salts and bile in urine are absent. However urobilinogen in urine is raised. What is the likely diagnosis \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Hemolytic jaundice", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The advantage of ultra speed hand piece is:", + "gold_answer": "High frequency and low amplitude do not let the patient perceive pain", + "os_answer": "The advantage of ultra speed hand piece is that it allows for faster and more efficient dental procedures, reducing the time patients spend in the dentist's chair.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Highest incidence of atypical root canal or root among all teeth is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular 1st premolar", + "os_answer": "Maxillary first molar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which Hodgkin\u2019s disease is associated with best prognosis?", + "gold_answer": "Lymphocytic predominance", + "os_answer": "Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's disease is associated with the best prognosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "________occurs whenever there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.", + "gold_answer": "Stable angina", + "os_answer": "Ischemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mutation seen in sickle cell anemia:", + "gold_answer": "Point", + "os_answer": "A mutation in the HBB gene that causes a single amino acid substitution in the beta-globin chain of hemoglobin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6-year old girl presents with fever tor the past 5 days, generalized erythematous rash, strawberry tongue and cervical lymphadenopathy. The most likely diagnosis is: (Asked twice)", + "gold_answer": "Kawasaki disease", + "os_answer": "(A) Rubella (B) Measles (C) Roseola (D) Scarlet fever", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following can lead to damage of the axillary nerve except:", + "gold_answer": "Improper use of crutches", + "os_answer": "A) Fracture of the humerus bone. B) Inflammation of the shoulder joint. C) Direct trauma to the axillary nerve. D) Regular exercise and physical activity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which acid does not show coagulation necrosis on contact?", + "gold_answer": "HF", + "os_answer": "Hydrochloric acid.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In myocardial infarction the first enzyme to rise:", + "gold_answer": "CPK", + "os_answer": "Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a blood sample antiserum A and antiserum B and Rh +ve factor is added. No agglutination is seen. This is:", + "gold_answer": "O group and Rh-ve", + "os_answer": "The blood group is AB negative.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 22 years old male presented with history of fever, sore throat and enlarged neck lymph nodes. He was ordered a Paul-Bunnell test with a suspicion of Infectious mononucleosis. What is the immunological basis behind the use of this test?", + "gold_answer": "Heterophile antibody test", + "os_answer": "The Paul-Bunnell test is used to detect the presence of heterophile antibodies in the blood. These antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to the Epstein-Barr virus, which is the causative agent of Infectious mononucleosis. The test works by mixing the patient's serum with sheep or horse red blood cells. If heterophile antibodies are present, they will cause agglutination (clumping) of the red blood cells. This reaction is indicative of Infectious mononucleosis. The test is not specific to Epstein-Barr virus, but a positive result is highly suggestive of the disease. It is important to note that the Paul-Bunnell test is not commonly used today, with the heterophile antibody test being more commonly used for diagnosis. This test is also not used to diagnose other conditions, but is specifically used for Infectious mononucleosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Histopathologic study of lichen planus shows:", + "gold_answer": "Presence of T-Lymphocytes predominantly", + "os_answer": "Lichen planus is characterized by a lichenoid tissue reaction pattern, which includes hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and a band-like lymphocytic infiltrate at the dermoepidermal junction. The basal layer of the epidermis may show apoptotic cells, and there is often a band-like zone of spongiosis. Additionally, there can be damage to the basal cell layer, and the presence of Civatte bodies (apoptotic keratinocytes) is common. The dermis may show a mixed inflammatory infiltrate. These histopathologic features are important for the diagnosis of lichen planus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The microwave method of processing resin is better than the conventional in that it provides:", + "gold_answer": "Less porosity", + "os_answer": "A faster processing time.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 19-year-old woman presented with primary amenorrhea, sho stature, webbed neck and widely spaced nipples. Examination showed weak pulses in lower extremity and streak ovaries, raised FSH, no oocyte in histology of ovary. Karyotype most likely to be present:KCET 12; JIPMER 12; AIIMS 13; PGI 13", + "gold_answer": "45XO", + "os_answer": "A", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The special visceral afferent fibres of the facial nerve are located in which nuclei:", + "gold_answer": "Nucleus of tractus solitarius", + "os_answer": "Solitary nucleus.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best investigation for metabolic disorders is?", + "gold_answer": "Tandem mass spectrometry", + "os_answer": "Blood tests.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Strain is defined as:", + "gold_answer": "A deformation resulting from an applied load", + "os_answer": "A type of injury to a muscle or tendon.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which cement is irritating to the pulp?", + "gold_answer": "Zinc phosphate", + "os_answer": "Zinc phosphate cement.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "APGAR scores of 30 children are recorded in a hospital and most of the readings are found to be 7 or above. What can you make out about this data distribution?", + "gold_answer": "Negatively skewed data", + "os_answer": "The data distribution is likely to be skewed to the right.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Is it possible to remove centric interference and working interference by reducing supporting cusps in natural dentition:", + "gold_answer": "Yes but we should avoid it", + "os_answer": "Yes, it is possible to remove centric interference and working interference by reducing supporting cusps in natural dentition. This can be achieved through various dental procedures such as occlusal adjustment, selective grinding, or restorative treatments. By carefully modifying the occlusal surfaces of the teeth, dentists can eliminate interferences and improve the overall function and comfort of the patient's bite.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is associated with defect in DNA repair", + "gold_answer": "Xeroderma pigmentosum", + "os_answer": "Xeroderma pigmentosum", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child to emergency with accidental ingestion of cyanide. It blocks citric acid cycle by blocking:", + "gold_answer": "NAO", + "os_answer": "Cytochrome c oxidase", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 55-year-old male presents with severe backache for 10 days and urinary incontinence with a H/o Interveebral lumbar disc prolapse. There is no H/o fever or weight loss. What is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Cauda equine syndrome", + "os_answer": "Lumbar disc herniation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fluoride pit and fissure sealants belong to which\ngeneration?", + "gold_answer": "IV", + "os_answer": "Second", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which teeth are least involved in periodontitis?", + "gold_answer": "Lower premolar and upper canine", + "os_answer": "Canines.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During voluntary movements, Golgi tendon organ has an impoant role to play because it continuously relays to the efferent neurons:", + "gold_answer": "Tension in the muscle", + "os_answer": "Information about muscle tension.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The hormone, which stimulates uterus contraction and lets down milk, is:", + "gold_answer": "Oxytocin", + "os_answer": "Oxytocin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of compensating curve is", + "gold_answer": "To provide balanced occlusion in complete dentures when mandible is protruded", + "os_answer": "To correct the deformity of the cornea.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "MHC Class II proteins are expressed by:", + "gold_answer": "B-cells, dendritic cells and macrophages", + "os_answer": "Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Soft tissue curettage is used for:", + "gold_answer": "Shallow pockets with gingivitis", + "os_answer": "Treating certain skin conditions, such as warts, actinic keratoses, and seborrheic keratoses.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In female adrenal gland secretes which hormone?", + "gold_answer": "DHEA", + "os_answer": "The female adrenal gland secretes the hormone estrogen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the function of Hyperpolarizing Cyclic Nucleotide (HCN) gated channels?", + "gold_answer": "Cardiac rhythm generation", + "os_answer": "HCN channels are responsible for the pacemaker current in the heart, which helps to regulate the heart rate. They are also involved in the regulation of neuronal excitability and signaling in the brain.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 4 year old child sustained a fracture in central incisor one month ago. On examination, a necrotic pulp was seen with no other pathological findings. The treatment of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Endodontic treatment and root canal filling with ZOE", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 32 weeks pregnant female presented with labor pains and minimal vaginal discharge, on analysis of the cervicovaginal discharge showed presence of fetal fibronectin. What is the probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Preterm labour", + "os_answer": "The probable diagnosis is preterm labor.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A65-year-old male adult presents with chronic sinusitis, nasopharyngeal ulcers, cavitatory lung nodules and renal failure. What will be the appropriate next diagnostic step?", + "gold_answer": "ANCA and evaluation for vasculitis", + "os_answer": "A CT scan of the chest and abdomen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A midwife at a PI-IC is monitoring pregnancy and maintaining the paograph of pregnancy progression. At how much cervical dilation should the paograph plotting be staed?", + "gold_answer": "4 cm", + "os_answer": "The paograph plotting should be started at 0 cm of cervical dilation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Geniculate neuralgia is caused in the nerve", + "gold_answer": "VII", + "os_answer": "Geniculate neuralgia is caused in the facial nerve.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An absolute indication for LSCS in case of a Heart disease is:", + "gold_answer": "Co-arctation of Aorta", + "os_answer": "Aortic stenosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gene commonly indicated in congenital cataract:", + "gold_answer": "CRYGS-3", + "os_answer": "HPS gene", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A case of jaundice with 50% direct bilirubin, other LFTs normal. Diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Rotor syndrome", + "os_answer": "Choices: A. Hepatocellular jaundice B. Obstructive jaundice C. Hemolytic jaundice D. Hepatic jaundice", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In examining the edentulous mouth of an aged patient wearing complete maxillary denture against six mandibular teeth, the dentist will see:", + "gold_answer": "Loss of osseous structure in the anterior maxilla", + "os_answer": "The dentist will see the maxillary denture in contact with the mandibular teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Von Willebrand factor is secreted by which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Endothelial cells", + "os_answer": "Endothelial cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are features of systemic Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Uveitis", + "os_answer": "Affects only the joints of the hands and feet.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 80 kg male patient presented to the emergency with hypotension and you have been instructed to sta him on an inotrope at a dose of 10 mcg/kg/min. Each 5 mL amp of the drug contains 200 mg drug. You choose 2 ampules of the drug and decide to mix it with saline to make a 250 mL solution. What should be the flow rate of the drug solution to maintain the BP of the patient (assuming 16 drops = 1 mL)?", + "gold_answer": "8 drops/min", + "os_answer": "_____ drops/min", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A two year old girl child is brought to the out patient with features of hand wringing stereotype movements, impaired language and communication development, breath holding spells, poor social skills and deceleration of head growth after 6 months of age. The most likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Rett's syndrome", + "os_answer": "Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "How many scores are used in modified Dean's \ufb02uorosis index?", + "gold_answer": "6", + "os_answer": "Two", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Topical treatment for recurrent respiratory papillomatosis includes:", + "gold_answer": "Cidofovir", + "os_answer": "Interferon alpha-2b", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "More than 80% cephalic index of a patient indicates which of the following", + "gold_answer": "Brachycephalic", + "os_answer": "Brachycephaly", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major determinant of loading dose of a drug is", + "gold_answer": "Volume of distribution", + "os_answer": "Volume of distribution.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Divergence from contact area in proximal surfaces\ncauses embrasures:", + "gold_answer": "Facially, lingually, cervically & occlusally", + "os_answer": "True", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Yellowish-brown staining of the IOPA dental X-ray film is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Immersion in fixer without washing", + "os_answer": "The presence of residual silver in the film.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The process of transfer of information from the RNA to the proteins is called:", + "gold_answer": "Translation", + "os_answer": "Translation", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are potentially serious side effects of thioamide group of antithyroid drugs except:", + "gold_answer": "Anaphylaxis", + "os_answer": "A. Agranulocytosis B. Aplastic anemia C. Rash D. Hypothyroidism", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which stage of neurocysticercosis, there is no edema?", + "gold_answer": "Nodular calcified", + "os_answer": "The stage of neurocysticercosis where there is no edema is the \"Calcified\" stage.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Antibody-dependent enhancement is implicated in the immunopathogenesis of which disease?", + "gold_answer": "Dengue hemorrhagic fever", + "os_answer": "Dengue fever", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sonic frequency range is:", + "gold_answer": "1500-6000 Hz", + "os_answer": "Sonic frequency range is typically between 20 Hz to 20 kHz, which is the range of human hearing.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cause of apical periodontitis is/are:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "1. Dental caries 2. Trauma 3. Previous dental treatment 4. All of the above", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of postauricular lymphadenopathy in children :", + "gold_answer": "Pediculosis capitis", + "os_answer": "Bacterial infection", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infected mandibular angle fracture is treated by?", + "gold_answer": "IMF + ID", + "os_answer": "Surgical intervention.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The following enzyme is responsible for thirst mechanism during dehydration?", + "gold_answer": "ADH", + "os_answer": "Vasopressin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ptosis may be caused by a lesion of the:", + "gold_answer": "Oculomotor nerve", + "os_answer": "Levator palpebrae superioris muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Neoplasia of blood vessel is called", + "gold_answer": "Angioma", + "os_answer": "angiogenesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is innervated by the vagus nerve?", + "gold_answer": "The levator veli palatine (levator palatini)", + "os_answer": "The heart, lungs, and digestive system.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A voluntary donor underwent apheresis for platelet donation for the first time after which he developed perioral tingling and numbness. This is seen because", + "gold_answer": "Due to citrate based anticoagulant", + "os_answer": "Apheresis can cause a temporary reduction in the number of platelets in the donor.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A cyst occurs under the tongue, caused by obstruction of a salivary gland. Such a cyst is called:", + "gold_answer": "Ranula", + "os_answer": "Ranula", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the maximum capacity of Bakri balloon which is used in post paum hemorrhage?", + "gold_answer": "500 mL", + "os_answer": "The maximum capacity of Bakri balloon is 500ml.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The primary action of topical fluoride is a:", + "gold_answer": "Conversion of hydroxyapatite to fluoroapatite", + "os_answer": "To strengthen tooth enamel and prevent tooth decay.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Among all of the following foramens in the base of skull, which is, the most posteriorly present:", + "gold_answer": "Foramen spinosum", + "os_answer": "Foramen magnum", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common pathognomonic sign of mandibular fracture:", + "gold_answer": "Sublingual hematoma.", + "os_answer": "Displacement of teeth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Open reduction of condylar fracture is strongly indicated in\n(Or)\nAbsolute indication for open reduction in condylar fractures", + "gold_answer": "Lateral displacement of the condyle (or) Lateral fracture dislocation condyle", + "os_answer": "Open reduction of condylar fracture is strongly indicated in cases of displaced fractures, where the articular surface is involved, or when there is a risk of significant functional impairment or facial asymmetry.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "BCG is maximally protective against:-", + "gold_answer": "CNS and Disseminated TB", + "os_answer": "Tuberculosis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy and was discharged on the same day. On postoperative day 3, he presented to the hospital with fever. Ultra-sonography showed a 5 x 5 cm collection in the right sub diaphragmatic region. What will be the manage!ment?", + "gold_answer": "Pigtail inseion and drainage", + "os_answer": "The patient has a postoperative collection, which is a common complication after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The management of postoperative collections depends on the size, location, and symptoms of the collection. In this case, the collection is large (5 x 5 cm), located in the right subdiaphragmatic region, and the patient has fever, which indicates infection. Therefore, the management of this patient would involve drainage of the collection, either percutaneously or surgically, and antibiotic therapy. The patient should also be monitored for signs of sepsis or other complications. The decision to drain the collection should be based on the patient's clinical condition, the risk of complications, and the feasibility of the procedure. In general, collections larger than 10 cm or those that are causing symptoms or signs of infection should be drained. The patient should also be counseled about the risks and benefits of the procedure, and the potential for recurrence of the collection. The patient should also be advised to follow up with their surgeon or primary care provider for further evaluation and management.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant lady is diagnosed to be HBs Ag positive. Which of the following is the best way to prevent infection to the child:", + "gold_answer": "Full course of Hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin to the child", + "os_answer": "Administer hepatitis B vaccine and immunoglobulin to the newborn.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Endocarditis is most commonly seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Aortic stenosis.", + "os_answer": "People with pre-existing heart conditions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with multiple loose teeth requires extraction and has mitral stenosis with mild cardiac insufficiency. He is on enalapril, digoxin, and furosemide. The antibiotic of choice to prevent bacterial endocarditis is:", + "gold_answer": "Amoxicillin", + "os_answer": "Amoxicillin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with a history of diabetes for one year with no other complications should have an ophthalmic examination?", + "gold_answer": "As early as feasible", + "os_answer": "Yes, because diabetes can cause diabetic retinopathy, which can lead to vision loss if not detected and treated early.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An I.V. drug abuser presents with fever for 10 days. CXR shows B/L lower lobe consolidation with necrosis and right sided pyopneumothorax. Probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "TV endocarditis due to Staph. aureus", + "os_answer": "A. Tuberculosis B. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia C. Lung abscess D. Bronchopneumonia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gingival massage increases blood supply in:", + "gold_answer": "Lamina propria", + "os_answer": "Gingival tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are true for light cure composite except:", + "gold_answer": "Polymerization reaction continues for a period of 72 hours", + "os_answer": "It requires a curing light.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The joint which histologically & morphologically best simulate the TMJ is", + "gold_answer": "Sternoclavicular graft", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rapid onset of action seen by local anesthesia in small nerve endings is due to", + "gold_answer": "High ratio of surface area to the volume of small nerve fibres", + "os_answer": "high lipid solubility.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acromegaly is associated with", + "gold_answer": "Class. III malocclusion", + "os_answer": "an overproduction of growth hormone in adults.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Function of Merkel's cells is:", + "gold_answer": "Tactile sensation", + "os_answer": "Sensory perception of touch.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is function of fluoride flux in soldering process?", + "gold_answer": "It prevents the formation of chromium oxide or dissolves chromic oxide layer", + "os_answer": "Fluoride flux is used in soldering process to clean the metal surfaces and prevent oxidation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hyperparathyroidism is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Overactivity of the parathyroid glands, leading to high levels of calcium in the blood.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Surgery on the hard palate of a 3 years old cleft patient may inhibit growth, causing the facial profile to become:", + "gold_answer": "More concave", + "os_answer": "Longer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 16-year old girl was brought with primary amenorrhea. Her mother mentioned that she staed developing breast at the age of 12. She was prescribed OCPs 2 years back by a doctor with no effect. She was having normal stature and was a football player. On examination, breasts were well developed (Tanner's stage 5) and pubic hair was minimal (Tanner's stage 1). What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Androgen insensitivity", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Absence of which of the given milestones in a 3 year old child should be called delayed development?", + "gold_answer": "Feeding by spoon", + "os_answer": "Not being able to walk.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following tooth structure during formation\nis most effected due to Vit -A deficiency", + "gold_answer": "Enamel", + "os_answer": "Enamel", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Brachycephaly is due to fusion of \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Coronal suture", + "os_answer": "Coronal sutures", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The forces acting through a fixed partial denture on the\nabutment tooth should be directed:", + "gold_answer": "Parallel to the long axis of the teeth", + "os_answer": "Along the long axis of the abutment tooth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nucleus in brain common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves:", + "gold_answer": "Nucleus ambiguus", + "os_answer": "No, there is no nucleus common to IX, X and XI cranial nerves.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acromegaly occurs:", + "gold_answer": "After closure of epiphyses of long bones", + "os_answer": "when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone during adulthood.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fordyce's spots are:", + "gold_answer": "Present on the cheek mucosa lateral to angle of the mouth", + "os_answer": "Common, harmless, and appear as small, pale bumps on the lips, inside of the cheeks, and genital areas.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The tipping of a tooth results in the fibers of the PDL to be:", + "gold_answer": "Half compressed half stretched", + "os_answer": "Disrupted", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6-month child presented with diarrhea and vomiting for three days. Which of the following enterotoxin is most likely responsible for the condition?", + "gold_answer": "NSP4", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common site of CSF Rhinorrhoea is", + "gold_answer": "Cribriform plate", + "os_answer": "Anterior ethmoidal sinus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The primary site of action of antidiuretic hormone is on the:", + "gold_answer": "Distal tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney", + "os_answer": "Kidneys", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a cerebrohepatorenal syndrome, which of the following accumulate in brain?", + "gold_answer": "Very long-chain fatty acid", + "os_answer": "Urea", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient's cross-infection with sensor, in digital radiography/RVG is prevented by", + "gold_answer": "Cover with impervious barrier", + "os_answer": "Using a disposable sensor cover.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "intermediate of kreb cycle used in heme synthesis;", + "gold_answer": "succinyl-CoA", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient with Type I diabetes mellitus, with complains of polyuria. Which of the following will occur normally in his body?", + "gold_answer": "Increased conversion of fatty acid to acetyl CoA", + "os_answer": "Increased urination due to high blood glucose levels.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The one measurement of fetal maturity that is not affected by a 'bloody tap' during amniocentesis is:", + "gold_answer": "Phosphatidyl glycerol", + "os_answer": "Length of the baby's femur.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sensitivity in gingival area of class II light cured composite restoration after 2 months is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Improper cavity preparation at gingival margin", + "os_answer": "A) Inadequate curing B) Inadequate bonding C) Inadequate etching D) Inadequate curing", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which dentifrices should be used for periodontal patients?", + "gold_answer": "Tooth pastes with minimum abrasive content", + "os_answer": "Fluoride toothpaste and non-abrasive toothpaste.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young patient is diagnosed to have irreparable tear of the rotator cuff. Treatment of choice will be:", + "gold_answer": "Tendon transfer", + "os_answer": "Arthroscopic surgery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 22 year old female in emergency presents with sore throat from 3 days, headache and vomiting, blood pressure 90/50, tiny red spots distal to sphygomomanometer cuff", + "gold_answer": "Neisseria Meningitidis", + "os_answer": "The most likely diagnosis is _____.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hypogonadism, developmental delay, loss of taste and\nsmell is due to deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Zn", + "os_answer": "Zinc", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Characteristics radiological feature of transient tachypnoea of newborn is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Prominent horizontal fissure", + "os_answer": "Air-fluid level in left pleural cavity", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "16 year girl, Not sexually active, came for vaccination against cervical cancer. Which vaccine to be given", + "gold_answer": "Gardasil", + "os_answer": "HPV vaccine", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tuberculin test is a cheap and easily available test. In which of the following situations there is high failure in the interpretation of the test?", + "gold_answer": "High percentage of immunized people", + "os_answer": "In the case of a person who has been vaccinated with BCG.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following parameters is used to determine the sensitivity of vaccine due to heat?", + "gold_answer": "VVM", + "os_answer": "The parameter used to determine the sensitivity of vaccine due to heat is the D-value.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young man was on high protein diet. After 3 days he developed weakness. Blood investigation revealed hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is due to inhibition of which of the following enzymes", + "gold_answer": "PEP carboxylase", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If multiple firing is done to opaque layer of dental porcelain than It become", + "gold_answer": "Too glazed", + "os_answer": "Translucent.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Distolingual extension of the mandibular impression for \na complete denture is limited by the action of:", + "gold_answer": "Superior constrictor muscle", + "os_answer": "The lingual frenulum", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Upper lip is formed by the fusion of:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary, lateral nasal, median nasal process.", + "os_answer": "The upper lip is formed by the fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes during embryonic development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Increased Monocytic count is seen in Typhoid and which of the following conditions?", + "gold_answer": "Sub-Acute Bacterial Endocarditis", + "os_answer": "Leukemia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If 2 Implants of size 4 mm are to be placed in a ridge, what should be the minimum width required in the ridge", + "gold_answer": "14 mm", + "os_answer": "8 mm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Elderly female present with pain and swelling in the thigh. Xray shows multiple lytic lesions in distal femur with no periosteal reaction. Aspirate from the swelling shows homogenous serosanguinous fluid with RBCs. Which investigation can confirm the diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "S. PTH levels", + "os_answer": "A. MRI B. Bone scan C. PET D. Biopsy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The antidote for heparin is:", + "gold_answer": "Protamine sulphate", + "os_answer": "Protamine sulfate", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a tool used in gene editing?", + "gold_answer": "CRISPR", + "os_answer": "CRISPR-Cas9", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following muscles causes the forward movement of the condyle in the glenoid fossa?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral pterygoid", + "os_answer": "The ________ muscle causes the forward movement of the condyle in the glenoid fossa.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following features are suggestive of asbestosis except:", + "gold_answer": "Occurs within five years of exposure", + "os_answer": "(A) pleural plaques (B) pleural thickening (C) pleural effusion (D) pulmonary fibrosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The surgical registrar successfully performs a testicu!lar biopsy and hands over the specimen to the attend!ing nurse. The sister asks you how to send the speci!men to the pathologist. What fluid will you tell the sister to put the specimen in?", + "gold_answer": "Bouin's solution", + "os_answer": "The specimen should be placed in formalin. Formalin is a solution of formaldehyde in water, typically at a concentration of 37-40% by weight. It is commonly used as a fixative in histology and pathology to preserve tissue samples for examination under a microscope. The formalin fixation process helps to prevent tissue degradation and maintains the structural integrity of the cells and tissues, allowing for accurate analysis and diagnosis. The sister should ensure that the specimen is properly sealed and labeled before placing it in the formalin solution. It is important to follow the appropriate protocols and guidelines for handling and transporting the specimen to ensure its integrity and safety. The sister should also be aware of any specific requirements or regulations related to the transportation of formalin-fixed tissue samples.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common phobia in chilhood:", + "gold_answer": "Zoophobia", + "os_answer": "Arachnophobia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The finish line used in complete metal cast crown is:", + "gold_answer": "Chamfer", + "os_answer": "The finish line used in complete metal cast crown is a chamfered finish line.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 4-year old girl presents with severe vomiting after a viral fever of 5 days. She is hospitalized and develops cerebral edema. Liver biopsy is most likely to demonstrate w hich of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Marked microvesicular steatosis", + "os_answer": "(A) steatosis (B) microvascular occlusion (C) centrilobular necrosis (D) megamitochondria", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The carat for Au foil used for restorations is:", + "gold_answer": "24", + "os_answer": "0.005", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are suggestive of domestic violence in a child except:", + "gold_answer": "Wormian bones", + "os_answer": "A) Frequent unexplained injuries. B) Fear of going home. C) Improved academic performance. D) Changes in behavior or mood.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What should be ideal depth of MTA for root end filling material?", + "gold_answer": "3 mm", + "os_answer": "The ideal depth of MTA for root end filling material should be 2mm.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following muscle divides the sub-mandibular gland into a superficial and deep part?", + "gold_answer": "Mylohyoid", + "os_answer": "The mylohyoid muscle.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Renal osteodystrophy differs from nutritional and genetic form of osteomaLacia in having:", + "gold_answer": "Hyperphosphatemia", + "os_answer": "Renal osteodystrophy differs from nutritional and genetic form of osteomalacia in having a secondary cause related to kidney disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The advantage of glass ionomer cement reinforced with metal particles is:", + "gold_answer": "Increased resistance to abrasion", + "os_answer": "It provides enhanced mechanical strength and durability.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best guide for the management of Resuscitation is:", + "gold_answer": "Urine output", + "os_answer": "The American Heart Association's Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are structures lying deep to the hyoglossus muscle except:", + "gold_answer": "Hypoglossal nerve", + "os_answer": "A. lingual artery B. glossopharyngeal nerve C. stylopharyngeus D. lingual nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Oral prophylaxis is contraindicated in:", + "gold_answer": "Leukemic gingivitis", + "os_answer": "Patients with severe periodontal disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Injury to the right mandibular nerve as it passes through foramen ovale produces the following effects:", + "gold_answer": "Loss of general sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue", + "os_answer": "Loss of sensation to the lower lip and chin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cross section of the root most prone to vertical root fracture is", + "gold_answer": "Oval", + "os_answer": "The middle third of the root.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient who is on a regimen of steroid therapy and has need for extraction of chronically infected teeth requires premedication with", + "gold_answer": "Antibiotics", + "os_answer": "Antibiotics", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6\u2013month old boy weighing 3.2 kg presents with recurrent vomiting and polyuria. Investigations show blood area 60 mg/dl creatinine 0.7 mg/dL, calcium 12.8 mg/dL, phosphate 3 mg/dL, pH 7.45, bicarbonate 25 mEq/L and PTH 140 pg ml (normal <60 pg/ml). Daily urinary calcium excretion is reduced. Ultrasound abdomen show bilateral nephrocalcinosis. The most likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Mutation of the calcium sensing receptor", + "os_answer": "Primary hyperparathyroidism", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Type of mouth breathing can be:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above.", + "os_answer": "Nasal or oral.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acetyl choline release can be increased from presynaptic membrane by:", + "gold_answer": "Blocking voltage gated K+ channels on presynaptic membrane", + "os_answer": "Calcium ion influx.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A woman comes with obstructed labour and is grossly dehydrated. Investigations reveal fetal demise. What will be the management ?", + "gold_answer": "Cesarean section", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When a patient is asked to say 'ah' , if the uvula is drawn upwards to the left, the cranial nerve likely to be damaged is", + "gold_answer": "Rt accessory", + "os_answer": "Cranial Nerve X (Vagus Nerve)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the resistance form in endodontic root canal preparation?", + "gold_answer": "The establishment of apical tug back resistance to prevent the apical root fracture during obturation", + "os_answer": "The resistance form in endodontic root canal preparation refers to the design and execution of the canal preparation that minimizes the risk of instrument fracture and ensures the stability of the filling material. It involves creating a smooth and uniform canal shape, removing any obstructions or irregularities, and maintaining the original canal anatomy as much as possible. This helps to prevent complications such as instrument separation, canal transportation, or inadequate filling of the root canal system.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nimodipine is approved for use in:", + "gold_answer": "Subarachnoid hemorrhage", + "os_answer": "Nimodipine is approved for use in preventing cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The first instrument used on the facial surfaces of gingiva while gingivectomy is:", + "gold_answer": "Kirkland's knife", + "os_answer": "Periodontal probe", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Internal occlusal rest provided in partial denture does not provide:", + "gold_answer": "Retention", + "os_answer": "Stability", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The feature that distinguishes herpes zoster from other \nvesiculo butlous eruptions is", + "gold_answer": "Unilateral occurrence", + "os_answer": "the presence of a painful, unilateral vesicular rash in a dermatomal distribution.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Resistance to corrosion in a cobalt-chrome casting is due to presence of:", + "gold_answer": "Chrome", + "os_answer": "Chromium", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 60-year-old chronic smoker presented with progres-sive jaundice, pruritus and clay colored stools for 2 months. History of waxing and waning of jaundice was present. A CT scan revealed dilated main pancre-atic duct and common bile duct. What is the likely di-agnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Periampullary carcinoma", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For statistical test output of p value is interpreted as", + "gold_answer": "Rejective Ho, p <0.05", + "os_answer": "The p value indicates the probability of obtaining the observed results, or more extreme, assuming that the null hypothesis is true. A small p value (typically \u2264 0.05) indicates strong evidence against the null hypothesis, so you reject the null hypothesis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most frequently used restorative material?", + "gold_answer": "Amalgam", + "os_answer": "Composite resin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Magnesium is needed for the activity of which enzyme?", + "gold_answer": "ATPase", + "os_answer": "Magnesium is needed for the activity of the enzyme DNA polymerase.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anterior 2/3rd of tongue is supplied by", + "gold_answer": "Facial nerve", + "os_answer": "Hypoglossal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What percentage of cases of mandibular incisors have single apical foramen", + "gold_answer": "97.80%", + "os_answer": "Approximately 70% of cases of mandibular incisors have a single apical foramen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Condensation shrinkage of porcelain during firing depends on:", + "gold_answer": "Shape and size of particle.", + "os_answer": "The amount of water in the porcelain formulation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Iron is taken up into enterocytes through which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "DMT-1", + "os_answer": "Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not associated with GDM (Gestational DM)?", + "gold_answer": "Hypeension", + "os_answer": "A) Increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life B) Higher chance of having a large baby C) Reduced risk of preeclampsia D) Potential for future cardiovascular disease", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person on fat free carbohydrate rich diet continues to grow obese. Which of the following lipoproteins is likely to be elevated in his blood?", + "gold_answer": "VLDL", + "os_answer": "VLDL", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The non-invasive method to measure the blood flow is:", + "gold_answer": "Laser Doppler flowmetry", + "os_answer": "Doppler ultrasound", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which antibiotic is effective against pseudomonas and indole +ve proteus?", + "gold_answer": "Carbenicillin", + "os_answer": "Piperacillin-tazobactam.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following analysis helps in determining the disproportion in the size between maxillary and mandibular teeth?", + "gold_answer": "Bolton's analysis", + "os_answer": "The Bolton analysis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Trismus is due to inflammation of:", + "gold_answer": "Medial pterygoid", + "os_answer": "Trismus is due to inflammation of the muscles of mastication.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of choice in childhood thyrotoxicosis :", + "gold_answer": "Carbimazole", + "os_answer": "Propylthiouracil (PTU)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The skin of a patient undergoing radiotherapy will show\nafter 2 weeks?", + "gold_answer": "Erythema", + "os_answer": "Redness and irritation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For intrusive luxation injuries, \ufb01xation period is about:", + "gold_answer": "4 weeks", + "os_answer": "2-3 weeks.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Interruption of the optic chiasm will lead to:", + "gold_answer": "Bitemporal hemianopia", + "os_answer": "Bitemporal hemianopia.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of posterior palatal seal is:", + "gold_answer": "To ensure a complete seal thus helping in retention of a denture", + "os_answer": "To create a seal between the upper and lower denture to prevent air and saliva leakage.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are true about property of polymethyl methacrylate except:", + "gold_answer": "Tensile strength 29Mpa.", + "os_answer": "It is a liquid at room temperature.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A lateral sliding flap done on a tooth with roots denuded for 6 years will show", + "gold_answer": "Epithelium adjacent to previously denuded root surface", + "os_answer": "a) a good prognosis b) a poor prognosis c) no difference in prognosis compared to a tooth with roots intact", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person is criminally not responsible for his actions if at the time of doing it by reason of unsoundness of mind, in incapable of knowing the nature of the act or that he is doing what is either wrong or contrary to the law.", + "gold_answer": "McNaughten rule", + "os_answer": "Insanity defense", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Core built up on a molar tooth should preferably be done with a chemically cured composite as:", + "gold_answer": "Its lower viscosity allows free flow of resin also around pins and post", + "os_answer": "It provides better adhesion and durability.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In dislocation of the jaw, displacement of the\narticular disc beyond the articular tubercle of the temporomandibular joint results from spasm or excessive contraction of the following muscle?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral pterygoid", + "os_answer": "Lateral pterygoid", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "40-year male patient who was a known smoker presents in AIIMS OPD with fever, latigue, jaundice, yellow colored urine with clay colored stools. For the past few days he had developed aversion to cigarette smoking. On examination scleral icterus was present. LFT are:Total Bill18.5Direct Bill7.5SGOT723SGPT812What investigations will you send for ruling out acute viral hepatitis?", + "gold_answer": "AntiHAV, HBsAg, IgM antiHBc, AntiHCV", + "os_answer": "1. Hepatitis A IgM 2. Hepatitis B surface antigen 3. Hepatitis B core IgM 4. Hepatitis C antibody 5. Hepatitis D antibody 6. Hepatitis E IgM", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thirty-eight children consumed eatables procured from a single source at a picnic party. Twenty children developed abdominal cramps followed by vomiting and watery diarrhea 6-10 hours after the party. The most likely etiology for the outbreak is:", + "gold_answer": "Clostridium perfringens infection", + "os_answer": "Norovirus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young female presented with vaginal itching and green frothy genital discharge. Strawberry vagina is seen on examination. What w ill be the drug of choice?", + "gold_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient who has recently received a pair of complete denture complains of difficulty in swallowing. The reason for this is most likely to be:", + "gold_answer": "Excessive vertical dimension of occlusion with resulting decrease in interacclusal distance", + "os_answer": "The dentures are too tight, causing discomfort and difficulty in swallowing.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hardness of stone surface is affected by?", + "gold_answer": "Hydrocolloid impression material", + "os_answer": "The hardness of a stone surface is affected by the mineral composition and the degree of metamorphism it has undergone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cleft in facial region;", + "gold_answer": "Absence or deficiency of mesodermal mass or other failure to penetrate ectodermal grooves", + "os_answer": "Cleft lip and palate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The upper denture falls when the patient opens his\nmouth wide. This is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Thick disto-buccal flange", + "os_answer": "Insufficient palatal seal.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Overload of denture base is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Small bases", + "os_answer": "Excessive pressure on the denture base.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If during access opening of a maxillary incisor perforation occurs on labial surface just above CEJ, reason is?", + "gold_answer": "Inability to assess the lingual inclination of crown to root", + "os_answer": "Due to excessive force applied during the procedure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For periodontal patients, the most frequently recommended tooth brushing technique is:", + "gold_answer": "Sulcular technique", + "os_answer": "The Bass technique.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Endontically treated posterior teeth are more susceptible to fracture than untreated one because:", + "gold_answer": "Loss of coronal structure.", + "os_answer": "Endontically treated posterior teeth have a reduced amount of dentin and a larger amount of brittle root structure, which makes them more prone to fracture.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lidocaine is used more commonly in dentistry because :", + "gold_answer": "Causes lesser incidence of allergic reactions.", + "os_answer": "Lidocaine is a local anesthetic that is effective in numbing the area around the mouth and teeth, providing pain relief during dental procedures. It is also relatively safe and has a quick onset of action, making it a popular choice for dental procedures. Additionally, it has a low risk of allergic reactions and is well-tolerated by most patients.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Negative rake angle means:", + "gold_answer": "Rake face is ahead of radial line.", + "os_answer": "A negative rake angle in the context of medicine typically refers to a design feature of certain medical instruments, such as needles or scalpel blades, where the angle between the face of the cutting edge and the longitudinal axis of the instrument is less than zero degrees. This design can influence the cutting efficiency, the smoothness of the cut, and the amount of force required. However, it is important to note that the term \"negative rake angle\" is more commonly used in the field of engineering and manufacturing rather than medicine. In medical applications, the design and specifications of instruments are often described in terms of their intended use, sharpness, and ergonomic features rather than the rake angle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lateral pedicle flap is used for", + "gold_answer": "Recession coverage", + "os_answer": "reconstructing defects in the head and neck region.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anterior division of mandibular nerve has:", + "gold_answer": "One sensory and all motor branches", + "os_answer": "Posterior division of the mandibular nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Transfusion-associated malaria has a shoer incubation period because of the presence in blood of:", + "gold_answer": "Trophozoites", + "os_answer": "Plasmodium parasites", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth most frequently requiring RCT is:", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular 1st molar", + "os_answer": "Lower first molar", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A study finds no significant association between two variables but truly there exists a difference. What type of error is this?", + "gold_answer": "Type II error", + "os_answer": "Type II error.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While performing Burch operation there was significant bleeding and pooting of blood in the space of Retzius. The source of bleeding cannot be visualized. What is the next step in the management?", + "gold_answer": "Lift endopelvic fascia by putting fingers in vagina", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Radiation causes cell death by:", + "gold_answer": "Ionization", + "os_answer": "Damaging the DNA within the cell.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of head injury is intubated and ventilated. The ideal mode of ventilation in him would be:", + "gold_answer": "CMV", + "os_answer": "Controlled mechanical ventilation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum impar give rise to:", + "gold_answer": "Anterior 2/3 of tongue", + "os_answer": "The tongue. The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth that is involved in various functions such as tasting, swallowing, and speaking. It is formed during embryonic development from the lateral lingual swellings and tuberculum impar. These structures are part of the first pharyngeal arch and contribute to the formation of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The lateral lingual swellings are bilateral thickenings of the first pharyngeal arch that grow towards each other and fuse in the midline to form the anterior part of the tongue. The tuberculum impar is a small median swelling that also contributes to the formation of the anterior part of the tongue. The posterior one-third of the tongue is formed from the third pharyngeal arch.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Impression compound has which of the following characteristic property?", + "gold_answer": "Low thermal conductivity", + "os_answer": "Impression compound is a type of dental material that is used to make dental impressions. It is a thermoplastic material that becomes soft and pliable when heated and hardens when cooled. This property allows it to accurately capture the shape and details of the teeth and gums, making it an ideal material for creating dental molds and models. The material is also biocompatible, meaning it is safe to use in the mouth and does not cause any adverse reactions. Additionally, impression compound is easy to manipulate and can be removed from the mouth without causing any discomfort or damage to the surrounding tissues. Overall, the characteristic property of impression compound is its ability to accurately capture dental impressions while being safe and easy to use.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In pregnancy, the most common cause of transient- diabetes insipidus is:", + "gold_answer": "Severe preeclampsia", + "os_answer": "Likely due to the increased levels of placental hormones, particularly human placental lactogen (hPL) and estrogen. These hormones can antagonize the action of vasopressin, leading to a decrease in water reabsorption in the kidneys and resulting in polyuria and polydipsia. This condition is usually self-limiting and resolves after delivery. However, it is important to monitor the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance to prevent dehydration and other complications. In some cases, desmopressin may be prescribed to manage symptoms.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used in the management of haemophillic patient?", + "gold_answer": "Tranxemic acid", + "os_answer": "Desmopressin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After a class V amalgam restoration, patient experiences pain, which may be due to?", + "gold_answer": "Any of the above", + "os_answer": "Postoperative sensitivity or pulpitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A man comes with aphasia. He is unable to name things and repetition is poor. However comprehension, fluency and understanding written words is unaffected. He is probably suffering from:", + "gold_answer": "Conduction aphasia", + "os_answer": "Broca's aphasia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Korffs fibres are seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Mantle dentin", + "os_answer": "The outer longitudinal layer of the internal intercostal muscles.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "ABCDE mnemonic is used for which disease?", + "gold_answer": "Melanoma", + "os_answer": "Melanoma.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Boiled lobster syndrome is seen in poisoning of:", + "gold_answer": "Boric acid", + "os_answer": "Lobster poisoning", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fate of IDL(Intermediate Density Lipoprotein) in plasma", + "gold_answer": "Both 1 and 2", + "os_answer": "IDL is converted into LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) in the plasma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 55-year-old male presents with renal failure. He gives a history of mild bone pains for the last 7 years. X-ray pelvis shows osteolytic lesions. Serum electrophoresis reveals a M spike. Peripheral blood evaluation showed rouleaux formation of RBCs with 35% plasma cells. Bone marrow examination showed a increase in plasma cells with aberrant antigen expression. The most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Multiple myeloma", + "os_answer": "Multiple myeloma\n===\nThe patient's presentation is highly suggestive of multiple myeloma, which is a hematologic cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow. The clinical features and laboratory findings provided in the case support this diagnosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anterior limit of infratemporal fossa is:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary posterior wall", + "os_answer": "The zygomatic arch", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the diluting segment of kidney?", + "gold_answer": "Ascending thick loop Henle", + "os_answer": "Nephron", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The principal reason for placing an aluminium filter in\nthe primary beam of radiation is to:", + "gold_answer": "Reduce radiation to the skin of the patient", + "os_answer": "reduce the amount of scattered radiation reaching the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Golgi tendon organs used to detect ?", + "gold_answer": "Tension of muscle", + "os_answer": "Tension in muscles.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Function of WHO collaborating centers:", + "gold_answer": "Collection, collation and dissemination of information", + "os_answer": "WHO collaborating centers are specialized institutions that provide scientific and technical support to the World Health Organization (WHO) in its efforts to improve global health. They conduct research, develop guidelines, and provide training and education to help WHO achieve its goals.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young man was on high protein diet and raw eggs. After 3 days he developed weakness. Blood investigation revealed hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is due to inhibition of which of the following enzymes", + "gold_answer": "Pyruvate Carboxylase", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 70 years old patient presents with a lesion on the cheek with raised, pearly borders and with telangiectasias on surface of the lesion. What is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Basal cell carcinoma", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 12 - year - old boy had a cut in his forearm 4 days ago. Now the bleeding has been stopped due to granulation tissue formation. While taking a skin biopsy a pa of the granulation tissue was also included in the specimen. The histology of granulation tissue is shown below. Which type of collagen is found in this granulation tissue?", + "gold_answer": "Type 3", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 61 years old post-menopausal woman with a family history of ovarian cancer presents with pain abdomen. She is on hormone replacement therapy. An abdominal ultrasound revealed a smooth cyst in the right ovary. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Check CA-125 levels and advise regular follow-up if normal", + "os_answer": "The patient should be referred for further evaluation and management, including possible surgical intervention, due to the high suspicion of ovarian cancer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A drug X was given continuous intravenous infusion at 1.6 mg/min. The clearance of the drug is 640 mL/min. With a half-life of 1.8 hours, what would be the steady state plasma concentration of drug?", + "gold_answer": "0.002 mg/mL", + "os_answer": "_____ mg/L.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is seen in Asherman syndrome?", + "gold_answer": "Hypomenorrhea", + "os_answer": "Adhesions in the uterus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy is:", + "gold_answer": "Thyroid surgery", + "os_answer": "Injury during thyroid surgery.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Numbness on shaving after parotidectomy due to which nerve injury?", + "gold_answer": "Auriculotemporal nerve", + "os_answer": "Auriculotemporal nerve", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While performing biomechanical preparation, apical constriction is enlarged to 50 sized instrument. What would be the next step?", + "gold_answer": "Reinstrument with larger instrument 1 mm short of previous preparation", + "os_answer": "The next step would be to perform a root canal treatment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Root value of cremaster reflex is", + "gold_answer": "L1, L2", + "os_answer": "L1-L2", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are true about venous drainage of esophagus except:", + "gold_answer": "The cervical esophagus drains directly into the right brachiocephalic vein", + "os_answer": "It is absent in the upper third of the esophagus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Patient in medical intensive care unit who is intubated ,suddenly removes the endotracheal tube. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Assess the patient and give bag and mask ventilation and look for spontaneous breathing", + "os_answer": "The patient should be immediately assessed for the cause of the behavior. This could be due to a variety of reasons such as pain, discomfort, or a medical emergency. The healthcare team should ensure the patient's airway is secure and provide appropriate interventions based on the cause. It is crucial to address the underlying issue to prevent further complications and ensure the patient's safety.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly missing tooth is", + "gold_answer": "Lower 3rd molar", + "os_answer": "The most commonly missing tooth is the third molar, also known as the wisdom tooth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chewing stroke starts from?", + "gold_answer": "CR or CO depends on patient to patient", + "os_answer": "The chewing stroke starts from the front teeth.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant female with known cardiac disease presents to you in the first trimester with history of warfarin embryopathy what should be advised now?", + "gold_answer": "Replace warfarin with heparin in First trimester", + "os_answer": "The patient should be advised to switch to low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as it does not cross the placenta and is safer for the fetus.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which muscle is responsible for translation of condyle?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral pterygoid", + "os_answer": "The medial and lateral pterygoid muscles are responsible for the translation of the condyle.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Average daily dose of vitamin-C is:", + "gold_answer": "50 - 60 mg", + "os_answer": "75-90 milligrams for adults.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A mother is exposed to Diethyl stilbesterol during pregnancy. All the following features may be seen in the child after birth except :", + "gold_answer": "Microglandular hyperplasia", + "os_answer": "March of Dimes", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "which one of the following shows 'Blueberry lips'?", + "gold_answer": "MEN syndrome", + "os_answer": "a) Vitamin C deficiency b) Vitamin B deficiency c) Vitamin A deficiency d) Vitamin K deficiency", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A surgeon with less experience of laparoscopic cholecystectomy while doing laparoscopic surgery found some stone in common bile duct. What should he ideally do?", + "gold_answer": "Open CBD exploration", + "os_answer": "The surgeon should ideally perform an intraoperative cholangiography to confirm the presence of stones in the common bile duct. This is a diagnostic procedure that involves injecting a contrast dye into the bile ducts and taking X-ray images to visualize any stones or obstructions. If stones are indeed present, the surgeon may need to perform a procedure called choledocholithotomy to remove them. This involves making an incision in the common bile duct to extract the stones. It is crucial for the surgeon to have the necessary expertise and experience in performing such procedures to minimize the risk of complications.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Macrocephaly is seen in which of the following syndromes ?", + "gold_answer": "Canavan's disease", + "os_answer": "Macrocephaly is seen in Sotos syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The 3 embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm are derived from:", + "gold_answer": "Epiblast only", + "os_answer": "the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma. Salbutamol inhalation didn't improve the condition of the patient. So, intravenous coicosteroids and aminophylline were added and the condition improved. What is the mechanism of action of coicosteroids in this condition?", + "gold_answer": "They increase bronchial responsiveness to salbutamol", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A mucostatic impression for a prosthesis is taken for which of the following cases", + "gold_answer": "Upper RPD with Kennedy IV classification", + "os_answer": "A mucostatic impression is taken for a patient with a resilient lining of the oral cavity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best preferred biochemical marker for MI", + "gold_answer": "CPK MB", + "os_answer": "Troponin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reichert's cartilage is:", + "gold_answer": "2nd arch cartilage.", + "os_answer": "A part of the human ear", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An epithelial lining is typically found in all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Aneurismal bone cysts", + "os_answer": "The _ is typically not found with an epithelial lining.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Patient is having Ph- 7.12, HCO3- 28 and PCO2- S0mmhg. What is the acid base disorder in this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Respiratory acidosis with renal compensation", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fibroblasts in cell-rich zone primarily secretes:", + "gold_answer": "Type I collagen", + "os_answer": "Collagen", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young female patient presents with jaundice and elevated liver enzymes. She has a history of two smilar episodes in the past. Her serum ANA was 1:40 and IgG was 2400 IU. Her serum copper levels were normal and viral markers were negative. A liver biopsy was carried out and based on the pathology repo, you treated her with immunosuppressants and the patient's condition improved. What was the most likely finding on pathology repo to suggest the treatment?", + "gold_answer": "Autoimmune hepatitis", + "os_answer": "The most likely finding on pathology report to suggest the treatment would be the presence of interface hepatitis with lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate, which is characteristic of autoimmune hepatitis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On applying pressure on angle of jaw while maintaining patent airway which nerve is likely to be damaged:", + "gold_answer": "7th", + "os_answer": "The nerve likely to be damaged is the hypoglossal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Diffuse mottling of retina with focal areas of increased and decreased pigmentation between posterior pole and equator (Salt and pepper retinopathy) is observed in all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Resolving retinal detachment", + "os_answer": "C\nC. Diabetes mellitus\nD. Retinopathy of prematurity\nE. Toxemia of pregnancy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Birth weight of a baby can be increased by:", + "gold_answer": "Cessation of smoking", + "os_answer": "Adequate nutrition and prenatal care.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Z tracking technique is used in?", + "gold_answer": "Administering long acting antipsychotic", + "os_answer": "Radiotherapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ex-Press glaucoma implant is made up of?", + "gold_answer": "Stainless steel", + "os_answer": "A tiny silicone tube", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presents with high grade fever, inspiratory stridor and develops swallowing difficulty with drooling of saliva since last 4-6 hours. Which of the following treatment is recommended apa from general airway management?", + "gold_answer": "Nebulized racemic epinephrine", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A measure of location which divides the distribution the ratio of 3:1 is:", + "gold_answer": "Third quartile", + "os_answer": "Median", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presents to your clinic for evaluation of defective hearing. Rinne's test shows air conduction greater than the bone conduction on both sides with Weber test lateralized to right ear. What is the next logical step?", + "gold_answer": "Schwabach's test", + "os_answer": "The next logical step would be to perform a tympanometry to assess the middle ear function.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phenol red thread test is used for dry eye:", + "gold_answer": "In the test, volume of tears is measured as it changes color on contact with tears", + "os_answer": "False", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Organism which causes bacterial endocarditis:", + "gold_answer": "Streptococcus viridans", + "os_answer": "Streptococcus viridans", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lesions of oral tuberculosis are associated with all the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Hyaline degeneration", + "os_answer": "A. Ulceration of the buccal mucosa B. Ulceration of the gingiva C. Ulceration of the tongue D. Ulceration of the palate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A surgeon decides to operate a patient of carcinoma cecum and perform a right hemicolectomy through a midline laparotomy approach. You have been instructed to prepare the pas of the patient for surgery. What will you do?", + "gold_answer": "Clean and drape from the level of nipple to mid-thigh", + "os_answer": "The patient should be prepared for surgery by ensuring that they are fasted for the appropriate amount of time before the operation. This will help to reduce the risk of complications during the surgery. Additionally, the patient should be given appropriate preoperative medications, such as antibiotics and pain medications, as prescribed by the surgeon. The patient's medical history should be reviewed to identify any potential risk factors or complications that may arise during the surgery. The patient should also be informed about the procedure and any potential risks or complications associated with it. Finally, the patient should be positioned on the operating table in a way that allows for optimal access to the surgical site. This may involve placing the patient in a supine position with their legs elevated or in a lateral position with their knees flexed. The surgical site should be cleaned and prepared using appropriate antiseptic solutions to reduce the risk of infection. The patient's vital signs should be monitored throughout the procedure to ensure their safety and well-being.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Human Developmental Index is a composite measure, which uses?", + "gold_answer": "Life expectancy at bih, knowledge and decent standard of living.", + "os_answer": "Life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators to rank countries into four tiers of human development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "NESTROFT test is a screening test for \u2013", + "gold_answer": "\u03b2\u2013thalassemia", + "os_answer": "Malaria", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enzyme that catalyses the transfer of a molecule group from one molecule to another is:", + "gold_answer": "Transferases", + "os_answer": "Transaminase", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which film is used for caries detection? (or) Which film\nis used for caries detection in children?", + "gold_answer": "F speed", + "os_answer": "The film used for caries detection is not a film in the traditional sense, but rather a dental radiograph or X-ray film. This radiographic film is used in conjunction with X-ray equipment to capture images of the teeth and surrounding structures, which can help in the detection of dental caries (tooth decay) in both adults and children.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Black deposits on conjunctiva in a patient with glaucoma are seen with the use of:", + "gold_answer": "Epinephrine", + "os_answer": "Latanoprost", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is responsible for adhesion of platelet on exposed collagen fibril after an injury", + "gold_answer": "Von willebrand factor", + "os_answer": "Von Willebrand factor", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Transformation into osteosarcoma is seen with", + "gold_answer": "Pagets disease and polyostotic fibrous dysplasia", + "os_answer": "Radiation exposure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth develops from: (Or) Calcified structures of\noral cavity develops from", + "gold_answer": "Ectoderm, mesoderm", + "os_answer": "(Or) Dental lamina", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 5-year-old child with mandibular fracture, on a follow up recall after 2 months, what should be done to check the bone healing:", + "gold_answer": "Clinical examination adequate", + "os_answer": "A panoramic radiograph should be done to check the bone healing.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The principal central action of caffeine is on the:", + "gold_answer": "Cerebral cortex", + "os_answer": "Central nervous system", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In root fracture of the apical one-thrid of permanent\nanterior teeth, the teeth usually", + "gold_answer": "Remain in function and are vital", + "os_answer": "heal without intervention.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The base of an X-ray film is composed of:", + "gold_answer": "Polyester", + "os_answer": "A layer of plastic.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Location of MB2 in maxillary first molar", + "gold_answer": "Mesiopalatal to MB1", + "os_answer": "MB2 is located distally to the MB1 groove in the maxillary first molar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following abnormalities can be diagnosed in the I st trimester of pregnancy?", + "gold_answer": "Anencephaly", + "os_answer": "An ectopic pregnancy can be diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 50 years old female on junk food diet presented with point hemorrhages in scalp, bleeding in joints and erythemataous lesions in the skin. X-ray of knee joint was suggestive of hemahrosis. Problem lies with:", + "gold_answer": "Hydroxylation of proline and lysine", + "os_answer": "A. Liver\nB. Kidney\nC. Pancreas\nD. Heart", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 60 yr old hypertensive male with renal failure, renal biopsy shows onion skin appearance. The most likely diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis", + "os_answer": "(D) _____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The inter-arch distance measured when the occlusal rims are in uniform contact is:", + "gold_answer": "Vertical dimension of occlusion", + "os_answer": "Inter-arch distance measured when the occlusal rims are in uniform contact is known as the interocclusal rest space.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used by RBCs in the fasting state?", + "gold_answer": "Glucose", + "os_answer": "Glucose.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A condition where there is loss of interdental bone on facial and lingual plate, without involvement of radicular bone is:", + "gold_answer": "Reverse architecture", + "os_answer": "Loss of interdental bone on facial and lingual plate, without involvement of radicular bone is known as horizontal bone loss.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Till what age tetracycline should not be given to prevent discoloration", + "gold_answer": "8 year", + "os_answer": "Tetracycline should not be given to children under the age of 8 to prevent discoloration.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For an unbounded amalgam restoration, what should be done before copal varnish is applied ?", + "gold_answer": "Dentine desensitiser is applied", + "os_answer": "Before applying copal varnish, the amalgam restoration should be properly shaped and polished to ensure a smooth surface. This step is crucial as it helps in achieving a better bond between the amalgam and the copal varnish, enhancing the overall durability and longevity of the restoration. Additionally, the tooth surface should be thoroughly cleaned and dried to remove any debris or moisture that could interfere with the adhesion process. By following these preparatory steps, the dentist can ensure optimal results when using copal varnish in conjunction with an unbounded amalgam restoration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In CPITN index zero score means:", + "gold_answer": "Healthy tooth", + "os_answer": "No treatment is required.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Apoprotein B-48 is found in", + "gold_answer": "Chylomicrons", + "os_answer": "plasma lipoproteins.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If the distribution of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) seen in 100 glaucoma patients has an average 30 mm with a SD of 1.0, what is the lower limit of the average IOP that can be expected 95% of times?", + "gold_answer": "28", + "os_answer": "_____ mm.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The ETDRS cha is used for visual evaluation in diabetic patients. What does ETDRS stand for", + "gold_answer": "Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study", + "os_answer": "Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The resolving power of a microscope depends upon all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Thickness of the film", + "os_answer": "the color of the microscope", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of trauma is associated with destruction of protective layer?", + "gold_answer": "Intrusion", + "os_answer": "Blunt trauma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During diagnostic laparoscopy for undescended testis, there are absent testicular vessels. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Inguinal exploration", + "os_answer": "The testis should be removed.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Target sign is seen in?", + "gold_answer": "Traumatic CSF Rhinorrhea", + "os_answer": "Target sign is seen in ultrasound imaging of the kidney, indicating the presence of a kidney stone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In extraction, best time to administer analgesics is:", + "gold_answer": "Before anaesthesia wears off", + "os_answer": "Immediately after the procedure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mantle dentin is a layer next to:", + "gold_answer": "DE]", + "os_answer": "Enamel", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The wave ' V ' in BERA represents activity in which of the following ?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral lemniscus", + "os_answer": "V wave represents activity in the auditory nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Preconceptional intake of which of the following results in decrease in incidence of neural tube defect:", + "gold_answer": "Folate", + "os_answer": "Folic acid", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Failure of partial dentures due to poor clasp design can best be avoided by:", + "gold_answer": "Altering tooth contours", + "os_answer": "Using a well-designed clasp that provides adequate retention and stability.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In excitable cells, repolarization is closely associated with one of the following events:", + "gold_answer": "K+ efflux", + "os_answer": "The restoration of the cell's resting membrane potential after an action potential.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The lingual extension of a Lower denture is Limited by all of the following (except)", + "gold_answer": "Modiolus", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Morris retractor is most commonly used to retract", + "gold_answer": "Left hypochondrium", + "os_answer": "the skin or mucous membranes during surgical procedures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which drug is not given in Wilson disease?", + "gold_answer": "Calcium", + "os_answer": "Alcohol.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child had repeated vomiting and developed metabolic alkalosis. The treatment given is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "I.V. normal saline and potassium", + "os_answer": "Hydrochloric acid (HCl) injection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which characteristic of orthodontic wire describe energy storage capacity?", + "gold_answer": "Resilience", + "os_answer": "The flexibility of orthodontic wire.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following anterior pituitary hormones is primarily under inhibitory control of hypothalamus.", + "gold_answer": "Prolactin", + "os_answer": "_____.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Buccal coil spring used to regain space between 1st premolar and 1st molar causes following common post treatment complication:", + "gold_answer": "Tendency of 1st premolar to rotate", + "os_answer": "Tooth sensitivity", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best fluid for factor VIII replacement is:", + "gold_answer": "cryoprecipitate", + "os_answer": "Fresh frozen plasma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best way to monitor perfusion of free flap:", + "gold_answer": "Prick test", + "os_answer": "The best way to monitor perfusion of a free flap is by using a Doppler ultrasound device to assess blood flow and detect any abnormalities.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Paradoxical undressing seen in -", + "gold_answer": "Hypothermia", + "os_answer": "hypothermia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A boy is suffering from acute pyelonephritis. The most specific investigation is", + "gold_answer": "Histopathological examination", + "os_answer": "Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Setting expansion of grey MTA when mixed with water is?", + "gold_answer": "1.02%", + "os_answer": "Slightly", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug of choice for Rheumatic fever prophylaxis in penicillin allergic patient \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Erythromycin", + "os_answer": "Clarithromycin or Erythromycin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The vascular supply of the periodontal ligament is:", + "gold_answer": "A net-like plexus that runs closer to the bone than to the cementum", + "os_answer": "Primarily from the apical and interradicular vessels of the teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Commonest cause of TMJ ankylosis is", + "gold_answer": "Trauma", + "os_answer": "Trauma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To prevent sensitivity caused by acid etching and to protect pulp in deep cavities which of the following should be used.", + "gold_answer": "Ca(OH)2 liner", + "os_answer": "Dental Sealants", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about rheumatic fever, except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Communicable disease", + "os_answer": "It is caused by streptococcal infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bonding agents have hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. The hydrophobic group binds which structure?", + "gold_answer": "Resin in restoration", + "os_answer": "The hydrophobic group binds to the hydrophobic structures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Antimalarial drug used for causal prophylaxis act at which stage of developmental cycle", + "gold_answer": "Pre-erythrocytic schizogony", + "os_answer": "Trophozoite", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3-year-old patient reports of painless progressive bilateral facial swellings. The tentative diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Cherubism", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Normal WBC count", + "gold_answer": "4,000-11,000", + "os_answer": "The normal range for WBC count is typically between 4,500 and 11,000 white blood cells per microliter of blood.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Retraction of the protruded mandible is done by", + "gold_answer": "Temporalis", + "os_answer": "Performing a surgical procedure known as mandibular setback. This procedure involves repositioning the mandible to its original position. It is usually performed under general anesthesia and may require the use of plates and screws to stabilize the jawbone. The surgery aims to correct the misalignment and restore proper function and aesthetics to the patient's jaw.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Methacholine acts at which receptor?", + "gold_answer": "M2", + "os_answer": "Methacholine acts at the muscarinic receptor.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly used technique for determination of working length of a 8 year old child patient of teeth maxillary central incisor:", + "gold_answer": "Moisture on paperpoint", + "os_answer": "1. Radiographic evaluation 2. Percussion test 3. Thermal test 4. Electric pulp test", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Iaday 35 years old lactating mother Presented with a Painful breast lump. Most appropriate initial investigation should be:", + "gold_answer": "USG", + "os_answer": "FNAC (Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common curvature of the palatal root of maxillary first molar is:", + "gold_answer": "Facial", + "os_answer": "The most common curvature of the palatal root of maxillary first molar is a distal curvature.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A new marker for mantle cell lymphoma especially useful in Cyclin DI negative cases is:", + "gold_answer": "SOX 11", + "os_answer": "CD52", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Koebner phenomenon is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Psoriasis", + "os_answer": "psoriasis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which component of cement causes allergic contact dermatitis??", + "gold_answer": "Chromium", + "os_answer": "Calcium oxide.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young healthy male patient presented with abdominal pain and history of altered bowel habits from the last 6 months. On CT examination, there was dilated distal pa of ileum, thickened ileocecal junction with thickened cecum with presence of sacculations on the antimesenteric border. The vascularity of adjoining mesentery is also increased and there is surrounding mesentery fat. Which of the following is not a differential diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Ischemic bowel disease", + "os_answer": "A. Crohn's disease B. Ulcerative colitis C. Ischemic colitis D. Carcinoma colon", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are signs of respiratory insufficiency except:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Increased respiratory rate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Eutectic mixture of 2.5% lignocaine and 2.5% prilocaine is used for", + "gold_answer": "For anesthetizing intact mucosa", + "os_answer": "local anesthesia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The stiffness of the bristles of a nylon toothbrush is dependent on the:", + "gold_answer": "Diameter and length of filament", + "os_answer": "The manufacturing process and the type of nylon used.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Campbell's lines are seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Occipitomental", + "os_answer": "A. Osteoarthritis B. Rheumatoid arthritis C. Gouty arthritis D. Ankylosing spondylitis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Free gingival groove represents", + "gold_answer": "Histologic depth of gingival sulcus", + "os_answer": "The boundary between the attached gingiva and the alveolar mucosa.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the dose of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock?", + "gold_answer": "0.5 ml in 1:1000", + "os_answer": "The dose of adrenaline in anaphylactic shock is 0.5 mg (500 micrograms) administered intramuscularly into the mid-outer thigh.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Termination of diseases by extermination of micro organisms is?", + "gold_answer": "Eradication", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which TCA intermediate is used in haem synthesis:", + "gold_answer": "Succinyl CoA", + "os_answer": "Succinyl-CoA", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Presence of glucose in urine indicates:", + "gold_answer": "Renal threshold for glucose is exceeded", + "os_answer": "Diabetes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A cell membrane is damaged by inseion of a micro needle, repair shall occur by which of the following process?", + "gold_answer": "Lateral movement of proteins", + "os_answer": "Endocytosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The common complication of the local anesthetic prilocaine is:", + "gold_answer": "Methemoglobinemia", + "os_answer": "Methemoglobinemia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cross sectional from and dimension of lingual bar major connector is:", + "gold_answer": "6 gauge half pear shape", + "os_answer": "4mm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 22 year old college boy with history of sex with commercial workers came to Derma OPD with lesion in genital region, tissue from this lesion was examined, which is the most likely finding?", + "gold_answer": "Intracytoplasmic vacuolations", + "os_answer": "Lymphogranuloma venereum", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Glossy smooth margins of a casting are due to:", + "gold_answer": "Incomplete wax elimination", + "os_answer": "Rapid solidification of the casting material.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the working time of zinc polycarboxylate cement?", + "gold_answer": "3 minutes", + "os_answer": "The working time of zinc polycarboxylate cement is typically around 3 to 4 minutes.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Posterior pituitary insufficiency leads to:", + "gold_answer": "Diabetes insipidus", + "os_answer": "A deficiency in the production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin, which can result in conditions such as diabetes insipidus and problems with childbirth and lactation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are used in preterm labour to decrease uterine contractility except:", + "gold_answer": "Dexamethasone", + "os_answer": "A. Nifedipine B. Magnesium sulphate C. Terbutaline D. Indomethacin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Remodelling theory of craniofacial growth was given by", + "gold_answer": "Brash", + "os_answer": "A. Melvin Moss", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "10-year-old boy visits dentist with complicated crown fracture with abscess formation in 12. X-ray reveals radiolucency in relation to 11, 12. 12 is having immature blunderbuss canal while 11 has complete root formation, vitality of 11, 21 is negative. What would be the management of this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Revascularization in 12 and RCT of 11", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lymphocytes found in the pulp proper are:", + "gold_answer": "T lymphocytes", + "os_answer": "T-lymphocytes.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 months old child was brought to the subcenter by his mother with complaints of fever for two days. Weight of the child is 2 kg. On examination, the child is restless and irritable, skin pinch went back in 2 seconds, oral mucosa is dry and eyes were sunken. There were ten pustules on his forehead. What should be done at the subcenter?", + "gold_answer": "Give first dose of antibiotic and refer to higher center in an ambulance with sips of ORS along the way.", + "os_answer": "The child should be referred to the hospital for further management.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a left skewed curve, true statement is:", + "gold_answer": "Mean < Mode", + "os_answer": "The mean is greater than the median.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following are seen in ectodermal dysplasia?", + "gold_answer": "Any of the above", + "os_answer": "Abnormalities in teeth, hair, nails, and sweat glands.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes to ER with headache describing it as worst headache in his life. What is the next step?", + "gold_answer": "CT brain", + "os_answer": "The next step would be to perform a thorough neurological examination and order diagnostic tests such as a CT scan or MRI to rule out any serious underlying conditions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In SCHWARTZ formula for calculation of creatinine clearance in a child, the constant depends on the following except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Severity of renal failure", + "os_answer": "(A) Age (B) Weight (C) Height (D) Gender", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Epstein pearls are:", + "gold_answer": "Gingival cyst of newborn", + "os_answer": "Small, white cysts that can appear on a newborn's gums and are usually harmless.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "White flecks yellow or brown spots on surface of teeth covering, giving papery white appearance", + "gold_answer": "Mottled enamel", + "os_answer": "Dental fluorosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth in the mandibular arch which is most likely to be\ndisplaced due to arch size discrepancy is", + "gold_answer": "Second premolar", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes to a dentist with decayed mandibular 1st molar which involves the mesiobuccal and distobuccal cusp. The restoration of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Cast metal", + "os_answer": "Amalgam", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Marathon runner had pain in anteromedial tibia on regular walking/jogging for long hours. X ray is normal. Doctor orders a bone scan. What may be the probable diagnosis", + "gold_answer": "Shin splint", + "os_answer": "Stress fracture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Radiographic finding in Pindborg tumour is", + "gold_answer": "Driven-snow appearance", + "os_answer": "Calcification", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The green stains frequently seen on children's teeth are\ncaused by", + "gold_answer": "Chromogenic bacteria", + "os_answer": "a. fluoride. b. plaque. c. bacteria. d. toothpaste.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "At low infusion rates of 3-5 mcg/kg/min, what action is produced by dopamine?", + "gold_answer": "Increased renal blood flow", + "os_answer": "At low infusion rates of 3-5 mcg/kg/min, dopamine primarily stimulates dopamine receptors, leading to vasodilation in renal, mesenteric, coronary, and intracerebral vascular beds. This action helps maintain blood flow to these critical areas.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Posselt's diagram indicates?", + "gold_answer": "Motion of mandible", + "os_answer": "The maximum and minimum movements of the jaw in various directions.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most common site for fracture in zygomatic arch fracture?", + "gold_answer": "Posterior to zygomaticotemporal suture", + "os_answer": "The most common site for fracture in zygomatic arch fracture is the lateral orbital rim.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Following bilateral mandibular fracture in the canine region, the following muscles will tend to pull the mandible back:", + "gold_answer": "Genioglossus and anterior belly of digastric", + "os_answer": "The muscles that will tend to pull the mandible back following bilateral mandibular fracture in the canine region are the temporalis and masseter muscles. These muscles are responsible for elevating the mandible, which would pull the fractured mandible back into its original position.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The anemia associated with leukemia", + "gold_answer": "Myelophthisic type", + "os_answer": "True.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To regain arch length in anterior segment by moving incisors labially", + "gold_answer": "Cephalometric analysis have to be made before taking up treatment", + "os_answer": "No", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Central value of a set of 180 values can be obtained by", + "gold_answer": "2nd quartile", + "os_answer": "Adding all the values and dividing by the number of values.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "CPR should have a ratio of chest compression to mouth breathing of:", + "gold_answer": "4:01", + "os_answer": "30:2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The use of stress breaker in modern dentistry is avoided because", + "gold_answer": "It affects alveolar ridge", + "os_answer": "it can lead to complications such as infection, damage to surrounding tissues, and difficulty in adjusting the device.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Leeway space is due to ?", + "gold_answer": "Space differential between deciduous canine and molar and their succedaneous permanent teeth", + "os_answer": "Leeway space is due to the difference in size between the primary canine and the secondary succedaneous tooth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are sensory to the palate except:", + "gold_answer": "Hypoglossal nerve", + "os_answer": "Taste", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to Weber-Fechner's law, strength of stimulus perceived is directly propoional to:", + "gold_answer": "Intensity of stimulus", + "os_answer": "logarithm of the stimulus intensity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a functional implant, bone loss seen annually after 1 year is:", + "gold_answer": "Less than 0.1 mm", + "os_answer": "0.2 mm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum level of alpha fetoprotein is seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Fetal serum", + "os_answer": "Liver cancer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vasopressin antagonist acts on which pa of the nephron?", + "gold_answer": "Medullary collecting duct", + "os_answer": "Vasopressin antagonist acts on the collecting duct of the nephron.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following anti-tubercular drug can cause ophthalmological toxicity?", + "gold_answer": "Ethambutol", + "os_answer": "Ethambutol.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Compared to unfractionated heparin, Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has reliable anticoagulant action because:", + "gold_answer": "It is less protein bound", + "os_answer": "LMWH has a more predictable anticoagulant response, less frequent dosing requirements, and a lower risk of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Disappearance of nuclear chromatin is called as", + "gold_answer": "Karyolysis", + "os_answer": "Apoptosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "There was an outbreak of MRSA in the hospital and it was found that a nurse of NICU had MRSA colonisation of anterior nares. What is the best treatment?", + "gold_answer": "Topical bacitracin", + "os_answer": "The best treatment for MRSA colonisation in the anterior nares is nasal decolonisation with mupirocin ointment. This is a topical antibiotic that is applied inside the nostrils to eliminate the MRSA bacteria. It is usually done for 5 days, and it can reduce the risk of spreading MRSA to other patients or health care workers. However, nasal decolonisation is not a cure for MRSA infection, and it does not prevent colonisation in other sites of the body. Therefore, the nurse should also follow other infection control measures, such as hand hygiene, wearing gloves and gowns, and avoiding contact with vulnerable patients. Additionally, the nurse should be screened for MRSA colonisation in other sites, such as the groin, perineum, or skin folds, and treated accordingly if needed. The nurse should also be monitored for any signs of MRSA infection, such as fever, pain, swelling, or redness, and seek medical attention if they occur.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the location of Meissner's corpuscles?", + "gold_answer": "Papillary dermis", + "os_answer": "Meissner's corpuscles are located in the dermal papillae of the skin, particularly in areas that are sensitive to light touch, such as the fingertips, lips, and external genitalia.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Spiral angle can be defined as:", + "gold_answer": "Angle between long axis and blade.", + "os_answer": "The angle between the long axis of a spiral-shaped object and the tangent at a given point on the object.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is not a non-contraceptive use of levonorgestrel?", + "gold_answer": "Premenstrual tension", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are structures in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus except:", + "gold_answer": "Optic chiasma", + "os_answer": "A. Internal carotid artery B. Oculomotor nerve C. Trochlear nerve D. Abducens nerve E. Maxillary nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fixation period of intrusive luxation injury is?", + "gold_answer": "4 weeks", + "os_answer": "The fixation period for an intrusive luxation injury typically ranges from 2 to 4 weeks. This time frame allows for the repositioning of the displaced tooth and the healing of the surrounding tissues. It is important to follow the dentist's instructions and attend follow-up appointments to ensure proper healing and to monitor the tooth's stability.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Prostaglandins are synthesized from:", + "gold_answer": "Polyunsaturated fatty acids", + "os_answer": "Arachidonic acid.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Premaxilla is derived from", + "gold_answer": "Frontonasal process", + "os_answer": "Maxilla", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Prolonged administration of streptomycin may result in damage to the:", + "gold_answer": "Auditory nerve", + "os_answer": "Kidneys.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following condition must be met for a valid student-t test between means of two groups:", + "gold_answer": "Sample must be small", + "os_answer": "The two groups must be independent and have equal variances.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "V) hich of the following can change the gene expression by methylation and acetylation without affecting the content of the gene?", + "gold_answer": "Epigenetics", + "os_answer": "A) DNA methylation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What type of fibers are principal fibers of the PDL?", + "gold_answer": "Collagenous", + "os_answer": "Sharpey's fibers.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Find faulty statement regarding muscle spindle:", + "gold_answer": "Peripheral zone has no actin and myosin", + "os_answer": "Muscle spindles are not involved in the stretch reflex.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Injecting dye for diagnosis of salivary gland", + "gold_answer": "Sialography", + "os_answer": "The procedure is called sialography.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are causes of subcortical dementia except -", + "gold_answer": "Alzheimer's disease", + "os_answer": "A. Alzheimer's disease B. Parkinson's disease C. Huntington's disease D. Migraine headaches", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which growth factor Is not present in PRP?", + "gold_answer": "PDGF cc", + "os_answer": "Epidermal growth factor", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 18-year-old girl was brought to OPD, labia majora separated, labia minora flabby, fourchette tear present and vagina is roomy but Hymen is intact. What could be possible?", + "gold_answer": "False virgin", + "os_answer": "The patient is suffering from congenital labial fusion.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A diffuse spreading inflammatory lesion is due to bacterial enzyme", + "gold_answer": "Hyaluronidase", + "os_answer": "False.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A triad of seizure, mental retardation and sebaceous adenoma is seen in \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Tuberous sclerosis", + "os_answer": "Sturge Weber syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not seen in neuroimaging of patient of tuberous sclerosis?", + "gold_answer": "Ependymoma", + "os_answer": "a) Cortical tubers b) Subependymal nodules c) Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma d) Cerebral cavernous malformation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cholesterol crystals in apical periodontitis lesions are believed to be formed from cholesterol released by:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Neutrophils", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The analytical study where population is the unit of study is", + "gold_answer": "Ecological", + "os_answer": "Epidemiology. Epidemiology is the branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases and other factors relating to health. It involves the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results. Epidemiology differs from other health sciences in its focus on the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is expected when a tooth is lost?", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "The jawbone in the area of the lost tooth will start to deteriorate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Mandibular 1st molar smallest cusp is", + "gold_answer": "Distal", + "os_answer": "Distolingual", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a female, intraocular metastasis most commonly occurs from which of the following gynaecological primary?", + "gold_answer": "Breast", + "os_answer": "Ovarian cancer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Facial nerve innervates all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Anterior belly of digastric", + "os_answer": "A. Tongue", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "About intraoperative histopathological analysis, all are true except:", + "gold_answer": "Gives an immediate definitive diagnosis of tumor", + "os_answer": "It is not used for diagnosing diseases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 23 years old boy, a badminton player, sustained injury of left ankle. He was immobilized for 3 months, the cast was removed and patient was able to walk normally. Later he complained of pain and swelling in the left calf, left ankle and foot. His mother massaged him for 30 minutes. After a while he developed acute onset of breathlessness and was brought to emergency and died. Most likely cause of death is:", + "gold_answer": "Pulmonary thromboembolism", + "os_answer": "A. Pulmonary embolism B. Myocardial infarction C. Deep vein thrombosis D. Aortic dissection", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Petechial hemorrhage is seen in", + "gold_answer": "thrombocytopenic purpura", + "os_answer": "A traumatic brain injury.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Digoxin is obtained from a plant product and has a half-life of 36 hours. How does this information help us in formulating treatment?", + "gold_answer": "To adjust maintenance dose of digoxin required to keep the blood levels within therapeutic range", + "os_answer": "This information is crucial in determining the dosage and frequency of administration of Digoxin. Given its long half-life, it means that the drug stays in the body for a long time, and therefore, it is necessary to administer it less frequently to avoid toxicity. However, the dosage must be carefully calculated to ensure that the drug concentration in the body remains within the therapeutic range.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The anteroposterior curve is", + "gold_answer": "Curve of Spee", + "os_answer": "A curve that runs from the front to the back of the body.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which periodontal fibres are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of the alveolar bone?", + "gold_answer": "Transseptal", + "os_answer": "The principle fibres are consistent and are reconstructed even after the destruction of the alveolar bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of 2% potassium sulphate in a gypsum product is:", + "gold_answer": "Regulate setting time", + "os_answer": "To increase the strength and decrease the setting time.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mandibular fracture managed by adapting mini plates is a type of", + "gold_answer": "Load sharing", + "os_answer": "Open reduction internal fixation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The incubation period of LGV is?", + "gold_answer": "10-30 days", + "os_answer": "The incubation period of LGV is typically 3 to 30 days, with an average of about 3 weeks.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What should be the ideal temperature in delivery room for the neonates to be kept in warmer?", + "gold_answer": "22-26degC", + "os_answer": "The ideal temperature in the delivery room for neonates should be maintained between 36.5 to 37.5 degrees Celsius.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Spinal cord ends at what level in adults?", + "gold_answer": "L1", + "os_answer": "The spinal cord typically ends at the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra in adults.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bifid tongue, a congenital anomaly occurs due to non-fusion of:", + "gold_answer": "The two lateral lingual swellings", + "os_answer": "The tuberculum impar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a disease characterized by elevated eosinophil count in the blood for at least 6 months, without any recognizable cause, with involve-ment of either hea, nervous system or bone marrow. What should be the eosinophil count for diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": ">1500/ mm3", + "os_answer": "The eosinophil count should be greater than 1500 cells per microliter of blood.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of kawasaki disease in children is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "IV Immuno globulins", + "os_answer": "Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and high-dose aspirin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Russell's bodies are found in:", + "gold_answer": "Plasma cells", + "os_answer": "Russell bodies are found in plasma cells. They are eosinophilic, round inclusions within the cytoplasm of plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell. These inclusions are composed of immunoglobulins, the proteins that make up antibodies. When plasma cells produce an excessive amount of immunoglobulins, Russell bodies can form, leading to a condition known as Russell-Silver syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by growth retardation and other symptoms. However, it's important to note that Russell bodies are not exclusive to this syndrome and can be found in other conditions where there is an overproduction of immunoglobulins.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When horse serum is injected intravenously in to a rabbit and again in to the skin two or three weeks later, what is the necrotising reaction that occurs at the site of the second injection?", + "gold_answer": "Arthus phenomenon", + "os_answer": "A necrotising vasculitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "on examination 18 month old child has inward detion of both eyes, which of the following test should be done?", + "gold_answer": "Cover Uncover Test", + "os_answer": "Electroretinography (ERG)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Serum sickness syndrome is:", + "gold_answer": "Systemic arthus reaction", + "os_answer": "A type of allergic reaction to certain medications.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What dose of misoprostol is used orally to control bleeding in post paum hemorrhage?", + "gold_answer": "600 micrograms", + "os_answer": "800 mcg", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Highest concentration of desmosomes are seen in which location?", + "gold_answer": "B", + "os_answer": "In the heart tissue", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8 year old female child following URTI developed maculopapular rash on the jaw spreading onto the trunk which cleared on the 3T day without desquamation and tender post auricular and suboccipital lymphadenopathy. The diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Rubella", + "os_answer": "A) Rubella B) Roseola infantum C) Measles D) Erythema infectiosum", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6 months old child having severe dehydration comes to the casualty with weak pulse and unrecordable B.P. Repeated attempt in gaining I.V. access has failed \u2013 The next best step is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Intra osseus I.V. fluids", + "os_answer": "(E)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 68 years old man had severe chest pain. The patient died on the way to the hospital. In the hospital, at autopsy tetrazolium chloride staining of the hea was done. What will be the color of ble myocardium?", + "gold_answer": "Red", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate has central cyanosis and short systolic murmur on the 2nd day of birth. The diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Transposition of great vessels", + "os_answer": "Tetralogy of Fallot", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Christmas disease is due to deficiency of", + "gold_answer": "Plasma thromboplastin component", + "os_answer": "factor IX\n===\nChristmas disease, also known as Hemophilia B, is a genetic disorder that is due to a deficiency of factor IX. Factor IX is one of the proteins that is essential for the blood clotting process. It is a part of the coagulation cascade, which is a series of steps involving proteins and other substances that lead to the formation of a blood clot.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not a monosaccharide?", + "gold_answer": "Maltose", + "os_answer": "Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose are all monosaccharides. However, Sucrose is not a monosaccharide, it is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with cough was sputum AFB negative but chest X-ray was suggestive of TB. What should be the next step according to RNTCP?", + "gold_answer": "Nucleic acid amplification test", + "os_answer": "Repeat sputum AFB after 3-4 weeks of treatment with INH and PZA.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 42 years old woman from a dry state who ingested rye for long time presented with complaints of weakness in both lower limbs, nausea and fatigue. Over due course of time, she is completely unable to walk. What is the most likely cause?", + "gold_answer": "Lathyrus sativus", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Arterial supply of Submandibular gland is through which branch of ECA:", + "gold_answer": "Facial", + "os_answer": "Facial artery", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The community periodontal index of treatment needs is recorded for:", + "gold_answer": "Sextants", + "os_answer": "Periodontal disease severity and treatment needs.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Syndrome which is characterized by 2X chromosomes and 1Y chromosome is:", + "gold_answer": "Kleinfelter syndrome", + "os_answer": "Turner syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient who has been given tumoricidal dose of radiotherapy recently reports to dental clinic with painful carious exposed mandibular first molar with periapical abscess. The treatment of choice should be:", + "gold_answer": "Root canal treatment if possible", + "os_answer": "Extraction of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A material that speeds up a chemical reaction without chemically becoming involved is called:", + "gold_answer": "A catalyst", + "os_answer": "A catalyst.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Histopathologically rosettes are seen in", + "gold_answer": "Retinoblastoma", + "os_answer": "Adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary region.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The commonest cause of occipitoposterior position of fetal head during labor is:", + "gold_answer": "Android pelvis", + "os_answer": "Pelvic anatomy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 60 years old man presents to the emergency depament with history of A, in unconscious state and gains consciousness in between but again becomes unconscious. The time when he becomes conscious is called as:", + "gold_answer": "Lucid Interval", + "os_answer": "A. Coma B. Delirium C. Interval D. Coma-delirium", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following anticholinergic agent does not cross the blood brain barrier?", + "gold_answer": "Hyoscine hydrobromide", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to psychosexual theory development of personality and skills occurs:", + "gold_answer": "Latency stage.", + "os_answer": "During the phallic stage of development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "KLK4 gene mutation is associated with which type of amelogenesis imperfecta?", + "gold_answer": "Hypomaturation", + "os_answer": "Hypomaturation-hypoplasia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Absolute refractoriness of a neuron is due to?", + "gold_answer": "Closure of inactivated Na channels", + "os_answer": "The inability of a neuron to generate an action potential regardless of the strength of the stimulus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dinesh, a 24-year-old male, complains of loose teeth\nin a single quadrant. His radiograph shows irregular bone loss and histopathology reveals eosinophils and histiocytes. The most probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Hand-Schuller-Christian disease", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Perception of taste even in absence of stimuli is known as", + "gold_answer": "Phantoguesia", + "os_answer": "Phantom taste perception.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The anesthetic drug injected for paravertebral block is least likely to diffuse to", + "gold_answer": "Subarachnoid space", + "os_answer": "the anterior rami of the spinal nerves.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the local anesthetic agent can be given in liver failure cases?", + "gold_answer": "Benzocaine", + "os_answer": "Lidocaine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To assure surgical hemostasis, the best blood product\nadministered\tpreoperatively to\tpatients\twith\tclassic\nhemophilia is:", + "gold_answer": "Factor 8 concentrate", + "os_answer": "Fresh frozen plasma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "About Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy, all are true EXCEPT:", + "gold_answer": "Valproate is contraindicated", + "os_answer": "Juvenile Myoclonic epilepsy is a type of epilepsy that only affects adults.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enzymes are classified according to:", + "gold_answer": "Action on substrate", + "os_answer": "the type of reaction they catalyze.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enlargement of the blind spot occurs in which of the following", + "gold_answer": "Papilledema", + "os_answer": "Glaucoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Direct impact on the bone will produce a:", + "gold_answer": "Transverse fracture", + "os_answer": "Fracture.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 45 years old patient presented with complaints of pain in abdomen and menorrhagia. Endometrial biopsy was normal and sonogram of uterus showed diffusely enlarged uterus with no adnexal mass. What is the diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Adenomyosis", + "os_answer": "Endometrial hyperplasia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hodgkin's disease is considered to be:", + "gold_answer": "A malignant neoplasm", + "os_answer": "a type of lymphoma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Majority of oral microorganisms are:", + "gold_answer": "Facultative anaerobes", + "os_answer": "Gram-positive bacteria.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cells affected in glaucomatous optic neuropathy are:", + "gold_answer": "Ganglion cells", + "os_answer": "Retinal ganglion cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": ". The most common fungal infection in the neonates transmitted by caregiver's hand is:", + "gold_answer": "Candida parapsilosis", + "os_answer": "Candidiasis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Young Male complained of intermittent pain , swelling and discharge at the base of spine. He also had episodes of fever and repeated abscesses that had burst spontaneously , in recent past. By occupation , he is a jeep driver. On physical examination, diagnosis of pilonidal sinus was made. Which flap-based procedure is used for pilonidal sinus surgery?", + "gold_answer": "Rhomboid flap", + "os_answer": "Z-plasty", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Insufficient closure of the flasks during packing of denture base resin can result in:", + "gold_answer": "Increase in vertical dimension", + "os_answer": "Insufficient closure of the flasks during packing of denture base resin can result in the formation of voids or air bubbles within the resin. These voids or air bubbles can compromise the structural integrity and fit of the denture, leading to discomfort and potential issues with the denture's functionality.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dental plaque adheres to the tooth because:", + "gold_answer": "Dextrans are insoluble and sticky", + "os_answer": "Dental plaque adheres to the tooth due to the presence of saliva and the roughness of the tooth surface.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Physical sign of severe aortic stenosis is:", + "gold_answer": "A delayed carotid upstroke", + "os_answer": "A heart murmur heard upon auscultation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mesodermal basis of lateral part of lip is formed by:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary process.", + "os_answer": "Mandibular process", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sensory supply of cornea is by?", + "gold_answer": "Nasolacrimal nerve (probably printing mistake - probably Nasociliary nerve).", + "os_answer": "Corneal nerves.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient came with history of joint pain and fever for one week. For which the patient took NSAIDS foilowing which he developed rash and hyperpigmentation on nose. What is the most likelv diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Chikungunya", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the level of proteinuria to diagnose severe preeclampsia?", + "gold_answer": "300 mg", + "os_answer": "Proteinuria of 5 grams or more in a 24-hour urine collection is considered severe and is a diagnostic criterion for severe preeclampsia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Left superior intercostal vein drains into ?", + "gold_answer": "Brachiocephalic vein", + "os_answer": " Azygos vein", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Early fusion of the coronal suture results in", + "gold_answer": "Brachycephaly", + "os_answer": "Craniosynostosis, a condition where the skull bones fuse prematurely, leading to an abnormal head shape and potential developmental issues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used for selecting patients with respect to potential factors that will affect the results?", + "gold_answer": "Stratified random sampling", + "os_answer": "Patient selection criteria", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Single central pit is formed on the occlusal surface of", + "gold_answer": "Lower 2nd premolar", + "os_answer": "molar tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After a surgery, the surgeon asked the intern to remove the Foley's catheter but he could not do it. The surgeon himself tried to remove the Foley's catheter but he was unsuccessful. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Use ultrasound guidance to locate and prick the balloon and then remove the catheter.", + "os_answer": "The patient should be transferred to a urologist for further evaluation and management.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lateral shift (Bennett's movement) influences:", + "gold_answer": "Faciolingual position of teeth", + "os_answer": "The lateral shift, also known as Bennett's movement, influences the distribution of forces across the joint surfaces during movement. It helps in maintaining joint stability and preventing excessive wear and tear on the articular cartilage.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Abnormal development of a joint is known as:", + "gold_answer": "Synostosis.", + "os_answer": "Ankylosis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For a loose complete denture relining and rebasing can be done in which of the following condition", + "gold_answer": "The patient is poor and cannot afford new denture", + "os_answer": "When the denture is loose and the patient is experiencing discomfort.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with Hb 7 was to be transfused with 2 packs of blood. The first pack was transfused in 2 hours after which vitals were stable and then the transfusion of the next pack was staed . But suddenly the patient develops breathlessness and hypeension. What can be the cause of this sudden reaction?", + "gold_answer": "transfusion related acute lung injury (TRALI)", + "os_answer": "Acute transfusion reaction due to ABO incompatibility.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 50 years old male presented with frontal bossing, enlarged nasal bone, enlarged jaw and spade like fingers. Which of the following test will you do for diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "IGF1", + "os_answer": "X-ray of hand and wrist", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of hypeension on Metoprolol, Verapamil was given. This is will result in?", + "gold_answer": "Bradycardia with AV Block", + "os_answer": "The patient may experience bradycardia and hypotension due to the combined effects of both drugs.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with history of frequent abortions and pain in calf muscles from past 4 years is due to deficiency of", + "gold_answer": "Protein c", + "os_answer": "Vitamin D", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In the intercuspal position, the lingual cusp of\nmaxillary 2nd premolar contacts the:", + "gold_answer": "Distal fossa of mandibular 2nd premolar", + "os_answer": "Mandibular 2nd molar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Female patient was brought to the ER with altered sensorium. On examination BP was 88/67mm with a pulse of 60/min. Rectal temperature was 34 Celsius. There was associated history of constipation, dry skin and menorrhagia. What is the diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Myxedema Coma", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Duration of action of proparacaine:", + "gold_answer": "20min", + "os_answer": "Proparacaine hydrochloride is a topical anesthetic used in ophthalmology. It has a rapid onset of action, typically within 1 to 2 minutes, and a relatively short duration of action, usually lasting about 15 to 30 minutes. This makes it suitable for procedures that require brief anesthesia, such as eye examinations or minor surgical procedures.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Under polarised light, the congo red stained amyloid shows-", + "gold_answer": "Apple green birefringence", + "os_answer": "Birefringence.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In sleep apnea syndrome, AHI Index for mild sleep apnea is", + "gold_answer": ">5", + "os_answer": "5-14 events per hour.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Haglund's deformity is seen in which joint?", + "gold_answer": "Ankle", + "os_answer": "Ankle", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Naive T cell get activated by:", + "gold_answer": "Dendritic cell", + "os_answer": "Naive T cell get activated by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that present antigens in the context of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lidocaine produces its antiarrhythmic effects by", + "gold_answer": "Decreasing cardiac excitability", + "os_answer": "blocking sodium channels in the heart.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of septic shock was given intravenous norepinephrine. The response to this drug is best checked by:", + "gold_answer": "Increase in mean aerial pressure", + "os_answer": "Blood pressure and heart rate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Method of increasing attached gingiva", + "gold_answer": "Apical flap", + "os_answer": "Gingival grafting or soft tissue augmentation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented with headache and fever. His investigations revealed hemoglobin of 16g/dl, TLC of 21,000/ uL, platelet count of 3,75,000. His DLC showed Neutrophils (25%), Lymphocytes (20%), Metamyelocytes and myelocytes 40%and eosinophils5%. Which of the following is the next best investigation in this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Philadelphia chromosome", + "os_answer": "A", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant female, 38 years old, had a child with Down's syndrome. How do you assess the risk of Down's syndrome in the present pregnancy:", + "gold_answer": "Chorionic villous biopsy", + "os_answer": "The risk of Down's syndrome in the present pregnancy is increased. This is because the mother's age is a significant risk factor for Down's syndrome. As a woman ages, the risk of having a child with Down's syndrome increases. In this case, the mother is 38 years old, which is considered advanced maternal age. Therefore, the risk of Down's syndrome in this pregnancy is higher compared to a younger mother. However, it's important to note that the exact risk can only be determined through genetic testing and counseling. These tests can provide a more accurate assessment of the risk based on the mother's age, family history, and other factors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Located medial to the third molar at the junction of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone:", + "gold_answer": "Greater palatine foramen", + "os_answer": "Palatine process of maxilla", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After Le-Fort 1 osteotomy the blood supply of maxilla is maintained by", + "gold_answer": "Ascending palatine branch of facial artery", + "os_answer": "Le-Fort 1 osteotomy does not directly maintain the blood supply of the maxilla. Instead, it is a surgical procedure that involves a horizontal cut above the teeth to separate the upper jaw from the skull. The blood supply to the maxilla is maintained by the maxillary artery and its branches, which are not altered by the osteotomy itself. The surgery aims to reposition the maxilla, and care is taken to preserve the blood supply during the procedure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The proximal segment of mandibular angle fracture\nusually displaced in which direction", + "gold_answer": "Anterior and Superior", + "os_answer": "The proximal segment of mandibular angle fracture usually displaced in an upward and backward direction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Under section 304A of IPC, for a proved case of medical negligence, The maximum punishment of imprisonment is up to:", + "gold_answer": "2 years", + "os_answer": "Three years", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Type of cry, which is not a cry at all, there are no tears, no sobs, just a constant whining noise:", + "gold_answer": "Compensatory cry.", + "os_answer": "A baby's cry.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cyst which is found within the bone at the junction of the globular process, the Lateral nasal process & maxillary process is:", + "gold_answer": "Globulomaxillary cyst", + "os_answer": "Nasal bone cyst\n===\nThe description provided in the question refers to a specific type of cyst that can occur in the nasal bone. The nasal bone is a small bone that forms the bridge of the nose. It is located at the junction of several facial processes, including the globular process, the lateral nasal process, and the maxillary process. However, the term \"nasal bone cyst\" is not a standard anatomical term used to describe a cyst in this location.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Not seen in classical triad of megaloblastic anemia", + "gold_answer": "Reticulocytosis", + "os_answer": "Hypersegmented neutrophils", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following does not cause head and neck squamous cell carcinoma", + "gold_answer": "EBV", + "os_answer": "Exposure to ultraviolet radiation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In lead poisoning, there is an inhibition of some of the enzymes of the heme biosynthetic pathway. This is reflected by the accumulation of what substance in blood?", + "gold_answer": "Delta amino levulinic acid", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "CHX mouthwash daily use till 2 week for streptococcus mutanus is effective for:", + "gold_answer": "12-26 weeks", + "os_answer": "Streptococcus mutans", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Short child with low T4 and raised TSH and swelling of pituitary, what is the diangosis ?", + "gold_answer": "Primary hypothyrodism", + "os_answer": "Based on the symptoms provided, the diagnosis is likely to be Hypopituitarism. This condition occurs when the pituitary gland does not produce one or more of its hormones or not enough of them. In this case, the low T4 and raised TSH levels indicate a deficiency in thyroid hormone production, which is controlled by the pituitary gland. The swelling of the pituitary gland further supports this diagnosis. It is important for the child to receive appropriate medical treatment and hormone replacement therapy to manage the condition effectively.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which metabolic condition has phosphaturia and osteomalacia?", + "gold_answer": "Fibrosarcoma", + "os_answer": "Hypophosphatemic rickets", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During mandibular nerve block which nerve also gets damaged?", + "gold_answer": "Facial", + "os_answer": "The inferior alveolar nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is most associated with respiratory alkalosis:-", + "gold_answer": "Assisted control mode ventilation", + "os_answer": "Hyperventilation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In gene studies, the specific site to which the enzyme CRE recombinase binds is:", + "gold_answer": "LoxP site", + "os_answer": "LoxP site.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Kalindi 25 years female admitted as a case of septic abortion with tricuspid valve endocarditis. Vegetation from the valve likely to affect is:", + "gold_answer": "Lung", + "os_answer": "Aortic valve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 28-year-old patient of neurocysticercosis develops generalized peeling of skin all over except palms and soles staing one month after taking anti-epileptics. What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "TEN", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Characteristic features of growth hormone deficiency include all of the following except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Short stature since birth", + "os_answer": "Increased height", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An empty cavity in the mandible with no lining is\nmostly likely to be:", + "gold_answer": "Idiopathic bone cavity", + "os_answer": "A periapical abscess", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Advantage of the submarginal falp for periradicular surgery is?", + "gold_answer": "Crestal bone less", + "os_answer": "The submarginal falp provides a clear and accessible surgical field, allowing for precise and minimally invasive procedures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following binds mRNA with ribosome in prokaryotes?", + "gold_answer": "Shine Dalgarno sequence", + "os_answer": "The answer is the 30S ribosomal subunit.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which heart sound indicates stiffness of ventricular wall", + "gold_answer": "S4", + "os_answer": "S3", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Window period for thrombolysis in a stroke patient is:", + "gold_answer": "4.5 hours", + "os_answer": "The window period for thrombolysis in a stroke patient is typically within 4.5 hours from the onset of symptoms.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "99.73 variation involves how many SD?", + "gold_answer": "3", + "os_answer": "1 SD.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best way to remove a hydrocolloid impression from the patient's mouth is:", + "gold_answer": "Sudden jerking of the impression to prevent tearing", + "os_answer": "To carefully peel it off, starting from the corners and gently pulling it away from the tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Main disadvantage of dry heat used for sterilization is that:", + "gold_answer": "It is time consuming", + "os_answer": "It can damage heat-sensitive materials.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reed Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma are derived from", + "gold_answer": "B cell", + "os_answer": "B lymphocytes.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Broca's area is related to", + "gold_answer": "Word formation", + "os_answer": "speech production.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are carried by the dorsal column except?", + "gold_answer": "Pain", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 1-month-old child presented with conjugated bilirubinemia and intrahepatic cholestasis. On Liver biopsy staining with PAS, red colored granules were seen inside the hepatocytes. Probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency", + "os_answer": "A. Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Like all opioids, tramadol acts as an analgesic drug by stimulating mu opioid receptors. Apa from this, the additional mechanism of action of tramadol is?", + "gold_answer": "Serotonin and nor-adrenaline reuptake inhibition", + "os_answer": "Tramadol also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, contributing to its analgesic effects.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 50-year-old male presented with complains of ptosis, difficulty in chewing and occasional difficulty in swallowing. There is no history of diplopia or visual loss. On examination, there is symmetric ptosis and mild restriction of extraocular muscle movement with finger abduction test 60deg. Nerve conduction study shows decremental response in orbicularis only. ERG revealed a myopathic pattern. Anti-AchR radioimmunoassay was negative. The most probable diagnosis would be:", + "gold_answer": "Generalized myasthenia gravis", + "os_answer": "Myasthenia Gravis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most common funga. infection of the eye seen in an HIV positive patient?", + "gold_answer": "Candida", + "os_answer": "Cryptococcal meningitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Multi constricted apical constriction is seen in which type of Dummer\u2019s classification", + "gold_answer": "Type 3", + "os_answer": "Type 2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following indicate Fetal lung maturity except?", + "gold_answer": "Blue cells in Nile Blue Test", + "os_answer": "A. Presence of phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. B. Presence of Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratio of 2:1. C. Presence of surfactant in amniotic fluid. D. Presence of high levels of sodium in amniotic fluid.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 30 year old patient has right upper limb BP of 180/95 mm Hg and left upper limb BP of 130/90 mm Hg. He also has early diastolic murmur in right 2 intercostal space. Which of the following would be LEAST likely associated with these findings?", + "gold_answer": "Coarctation of aoa", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acid neutralizing substance in saliva", + "gold_answer": "Bicarbonate", + "os_answer": "Bicarbonate", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant lady acquires chickenpox 3 days prior to delivery. She delivers by normal vaginal route which of the following statement is true?", + "gold_answer": "Baby will develop neoatal varicella syndrome", + "os_answer": "The baby is at risk of developing congenital varicella syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Method for slow tooth separation:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "The method for slow tooth separation is known as orthodontic treatment. This involves the use of braces or other dental appliances to gradually move teeth into their desired positions over a period of time. The process is carefully monitored by a dentist or orthodontist to ensure that the teeth are separated at a controlled rate, minimizing discomfort and potential damage to the teeth and surrounding tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3 \u2013 month old infant presents with bilateral medullary nephrocalcinosis. All of the following can cause medullary nephrocalcinosis except :", + "gold_answer": "ARPKD", + "os_answer": "A. Distal renal tubular acidosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient has bilateral conductive deafness, tinnitus with positive family history. The diagnosis is -", + "gold_answer": "Otospongiosis", + "os_answer": "Otosclerosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Resolution of IOPA radiograph is?", + "gold_answer": "16 lp", + "os_answer": "The resolution of IOPA radiograph is typically around 10-15 micrometers.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vitamin K in its coenzyme form is regenerated by which enzyme?", + "gold_answer": "Epoxide reductase", + "os_answer": "Vitamin K epoxide reductase.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "18 months old child, who has received one dose of DPT and OPV at 2 months of age. What will be your next immunization plan :", + "gold_answer": "BCG, 2ND dose of DPT and OPV", + "os_answer": "1. DPT at 4 months 2. OPV at 5 months 3. DPT at 6 months 4. OPV at 6 months", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The treatment of choice for stage I cancer larynx is-", + "gold_answer": "Radiotherapy", + "os_answer": "Surgery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gingival Recession is most common due to", + "gold_answer": "Tooth brush trauma", + "os_answer": "aggressive tooth brushing.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bacteria associated with caries are able to cause the same due to:", + "gold_answer": "Production of extxacellular polysaccharides like dextrans and levans", + "os_answer": "The acidic by-products of their metabolism.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly used route of administration of heparin for post-operative thromboprophylaxis is?", + "gold_answer": "Subcutaneous", + "os_answer": "Subcutaneous.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which part of fallopian tube ectopic pregnancy will have longest survival:", + "gold_answer": "Interstitium", + "os_answer": "Isthmic part", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major mechanism of action of nitrates in acute attack of angina is:", + "gold_answer": "Decrease in preload", + "os_answer": "Vasodilation of large veins and arteries", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Looseness seen in a recently delivered RPD is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Defective occlusal balancing", + "os_answer": "Inadequate border seal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with Hepatitis B infection. Which one of the markers will be increased?", + "gold_answer": "Anti HbcAg IgG", + "os_answer": "HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sunlight is one of the etiological causes of:", + "gold_answer": "Basal cell carcinoma", + "os_answer": "Vitamin D deficiency.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with typhoid, diagnosis after 15 days of onset of fever is best done by:", + "gold_answer": "Stool culture", + "os_answer": "Blood culture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient reported with Disto-oclusal amalgam restoration in 47 & complaints of sticking of food in interproximal area. Most common reason is?", + "gold_answer": "Contact area too gingivally", + "os_answer": "1. Poorly contoured restoration 2. Overhangs 3. Inadequate contact area 4. Inadequate interproximal contact", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following clinical features are seen in Zika fever except:", + "gold_answer": "Petechial rash", + "os_answer": "(A) rash (B) conjunctivitis (C) arthralgia (D) myocarditis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First order neuron of visual pathway -", + "gold_answer": "Photoreceptor", + "os_answer": "Retina.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient with complete denture complains of pain while swallowing and there is overextension in the distolingual aspect. The muscle involved is:", + "gold_answer": "Superior constrictor", + "os_answer": "Styloglossus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Urobilinogen levels in obstructed jaundice due to gallstones will be:", + "gold_answer": "Completely absent", + "os_answer": "Low", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not true about phenotype?", + "gold_answer": "It is genetic sequence of an individual", + "os_answer": "It is determined solely by genotype.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The following drug is not useful for MRSA?", + "gold_answer": "Cefaclor", + "os_answer": "Ciprofloxacin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Loss of flexion in the interphalangeal joint of thumb in supracondylar fracture is due to involvement of which nerve", + "gold_answer": "Anterior interosseous", + "os_answer": "The loss of flexion in the interphalangeal joint of the thumb in a supracondylar fracture is typically due to involvement of the median nerve. The median nerve is responsible for the innervation of the muscles that control the flexion of the thumb, particularly the flexor pollicis longus muscle. A supracondylar fracture of the humerus, which is the bone of the upper arm near the elbow, can potentially affect the median nerve due to its proximity to the fracture site. This can lead to a condition known as \"Saturday night palsy\" or \"honeymoon palsy,\" where the nerve is compressed or damaged, resulting in motor and sensory deficits in the areas it innervates. In the case of the thumb, this would manifest as a loss of flexion at the interphalangeal joint.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In noncompetitive antagonism, the true statement is:", + "gold_answer": "V max decreased; Km value normal", + "os_answer": "The antagonist does not compete with the agonist for the same binding site on the receptor.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "T-lymphocytes play a primary role in", + "gold_answer": "Production\tof\tlymphokines\tand\tdelayed hypersensitivity", + "os_answer": "the immune response. T-lymphocytes, also known as T cells, are a type of white blood cell that play a central role in the immune response. They are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the thymus, which is where they get their name. T cells are responsible for a variety of immune responses, including killing infected host cells, activating other immune cells, producing cytokines, and regulating the immune response. They are essential for the body's adaptive immunity, which is the ability of the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens and to mount stronger attacks each time the pathogen is encountered. Therefore, T-lymphocytes play a primary role in the immune response.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Apoptosis is suggestive of:", + "gold_answer": "Coagulative necrosis", + "os_answer": "Programmed cell death.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Frey's syndrome results from surgery of the", + "gold_answer": "Parotid gland", + "os_answer": "parotid gland.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a platelet poor plasma sample calcium and tissue thromboplastin is added. This is used to assess which of the following pathway?", + "gold_answer": "Extrinsic", + "os_answer": "The intrinsic pathway.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The undesirable side effect most commonly associated with the use of finger spring to tip the crown of a tooth is:", + "gold_answer": "Tendency for the root apex to move in the direction opposite from the crown", + "os_answer": "Tooth sensitivity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A chronic alcoholic patient came to emergency with severe pain in epigastrium and multiple episodes of vomiting. On examination, guarding was present in upper epigastrium. Chest X-ray was normal. What is the next best step?", + "gold_answer": "Serum lipase", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The biofilms found on tooth surfaces are termed as:", + "gold_answer": "Dental plaque", + "os_answer": "Dental plaque", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A girl child with fever, cough, dyspnoea with x\u2013ray showing right lower lobe patchy consolidation, for which treatment was given. After 8 weeks symptom improved but x-ray showed more dense consolidation involving the whole of the right lower lobe. What is the next best line of investigation ?", + "gold_answer": "Bronchoscopy", + "os_answer": "Bronchoscopy", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mouth Breathing is most commonly seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Athetoid type of cerebral palsy.", + "os_answer": "Children and Adolescents.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most reliable site to measure core temperature during general anesthesia?", + "gold_answer": "Tympanic membrane", + "os_answer": "The most reliable site to measure core temperature during general anesthesia is the esophagus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fick's law deals with", + "gold_answer": "Passive diffusion of molecules along the concentration gradient", + "os_answer": "the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dunlop's beta hypothesis is useful for the treatment of:", + "gold_answer": "Thumb sucking.", + "os_answer": "None of the above.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Iron enters enterocyte by :", + "gold_answer": "Divalent cation transpoer", + "os_answer": "Diffusion", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lady wth MS + MR with full term gestation, obstetrician planning to conduct normal delivery, what would be anesthesia of choice?", + "gold_answer": "Neuraxial analgesia", + "os_answer": "General anesthesia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most appropriate method to differentiate between a dentigerous cyst and an ameloblastoma is through:", + "gold_answer": "Microscopic examination", + "os_answer": "Radiographic examination.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A hypeensive patient was on metoprolol treatment. Verapamil was added to the therapy of this patient. This can result in:-", + "gold_answer": "Bradycardia with AV block", + "os_answer": "Hypotension", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rabies vaccine not to be given in case of?", + "gold_answer": "Rat bite", + "os_answer": "Rabies vaccine is not to be given in case of an individual who has already been infected with rabies.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Asymmetric widening of the periodontal Ligament around two or more teeth is seen in", + "gold_answer": "osteosarcoma", + "os_answer": "Periapical cyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most accurate and safe method to diagnose ble pregnancy at 6weeks-", + "gold_answer": "USG for fetal cardiac activity", + "os_answer": "The most accurate and safe method to diagnose a pregnancy at 6 weeks is through a combination of a blood test and an ultrasound. The blood test, known as a serum hCG test, measures the level of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone in the blood. This hormone is produced by the placenta shortly after the embryo attaches to the uterine lining. Typically, a blood test can detect pregnancy as early as 6 to 8 days after conception, which is usually around the time of a missed period. However, the levels of hCG can vary widely among pregnant women, and the test may not be conclusive at 6 weeks.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reversal lines are characteristic on the radiograph of:", + "gold_answer": "Paget's disease of bone", + "os_answer": "A fracture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Function of molybdenum in base metal alloys", + "gold_answer": "Increases strength", + "os_answer": "Molybdenum is used in base metal alloys to increase their strength and hardness, as well as their resistance to corrosion and high temperatures.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vaccine for caries is based on which immunoglobulin", + "gold_answer": "IgA", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The procedure preferred for periodontal surgery in mandibular anterior teeth is", + "gold_answer": "Periodontal flap", + "os_answer": "Apically repositioned flap surgery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A researcher selected all possible samples from a population and plotted their means on a line graph. This distribution is called as:", + "gold_answer": "Sampling distribution", + "os_answer": "Normal distribution", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Helmet cells are characteristic of anemia of", + "gold_answer": "Hemolytic uremic syndrome", + "os_answer": "True.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common organism responsible for acute apical abscess:", + "gold_answer": "Trepenoma denticola", + "os_answer": "__", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "One unit of PRBC raises HCT by: (In exam instead of HCT, they wrote HCV, which we assume to be a spelling error):", + "gold_answer": "3-5%", + "os_answer": "3%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true for the following about methanol poisoning EXCEPT:", + "gold_answer": "Fomepizole is a competitive inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase", + "os_answer": "It is treated with ethanol.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following vitamin increases the absorption of iron?", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_answer": "Vitamin C\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mode:is defined as?", + "gold_answer": "The number which appears most often in a set of numbers", + "os_answer": "The value that appears most frequently in a data set.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\"Grape bunch\" shaped colonies are seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Staphylococcus", + "os_answer": "Clostridium difficile.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "House Brackman grading scale used for evaluation of which nerve?", + "gold_answer": "Facial nerve", + "os_answer": "Median nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To prevent ventilator associated pneumonia, the most effective and evidence based results are seen with which of the following for critically ill patients:", + "gold_answer": "Oral hygiene procedures plus chlorhexidine", + "os_answer": "Daily oral care with chlorhexidine gluconate.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tumor represented T3N2M0 is classified as :", + "gold_answer": "Stage IV", + "os_answer": "Stage IIIB", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phage mediated change in C. diphtheria is due to which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Transduction", + "os_answer": "Bacteriophage", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is not true regarding Zika Virus:", + "gold_answer": "Not transmitted from mother to newborn", + "os_answer": "It is not transmitted through mosquito bites.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 23-year-old lady taking antiepileptics for a seizure disorder gets married. When should folic acid supplementation advised to the patient?", + "gold_answer": "Any time as soon as she presents to the clinic irrespective of pregnancy", + "os_answer": "Folic acid supplementation should be advised to the patient before conception and during pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infective endocarditis is most commonly seen in:", + "gold_answer": "VSD", + "os_answer": "Patients with pre-existing heart conditions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Clavulanic acid added to ampicillin causes:", + "gold_answer": "Inhibition of \u03b2-lactamases", + "os_answer": "A decrease in the effectiveness of ampicillin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Epidural hematoma is caused by", + "gold_answer": "Middle meningeal artery", + "os_answer": "a tear in the middle meningeal artery.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The highest risk associated with the use of oral contraceptives is in:", + "gold_answer": "Thromboembolic disorders", + "os_answer": "Women over the age of 35 who smoke.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neuralgia with trigger zones in the oropharynx and pain\nin the ear pharynx, nasopharynx, tonsils and posterior tongue is most likely:", + "gold_answer": "GlossopharyngeaL neuralgia", + "os_answer": "glossopharyngeal neuralgia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ergometrine is contraindicated in:", + "gold_answer": "Eclampsia", + "os_answer": "Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ossifying fibroma manifests as:", + "gold_answer": "Unilocular radiopoacity.", + "os_answer": "A benign, slow-growing tumor that can cause facial deformity and bone destruction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Resorption of cementum as compared to bone occurs:", + "gold_answer": "Less readily", + "os_answer": "More rapidly.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 year woman was brought to the casualty 8 hours after sustaining burns on the abdomen, both the limbs and back. What will be the best formula to calculate amount of fluid to be replenished?", + "gold_answer": "2 mL/kg x %TBSA", + "os_answer": "6ml/kg of body weight x % total body surface area burned.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common functional tumors of endocrine pancreas?", + "gold_answer": "Gastrinoma", + "os_answer": "The most common functional tumors of the endocrine pancreas are insulinomas and gastrinomas.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The main vessel involved in bleeding from Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma:", + "gold_answer": "Internal maxillary aery", + "os_answer": "Sphenopalatine artery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Incus and malleus are derived from:", + "gold_answer": "Dorsal end of meckels cartilage.", + "os_answer": "the Latin word \"incus\" and \"malleus\", respectively, which means \"anvil\" and \"hammer\". These are two of the three small bones in the middle ear, along with the stapes, that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The incus and malleus are also known as the anvil and hammer bones, respectively, because of their shape and function. They are connected by a thin ligament and articulate with the stapes, which is the stirrup bone. The incus and malleus are essential for hearing, as they amplify and convey the sound waves to the cochlea, where they are converted into nerve impulses. The incus and malleus are also involved in some reflexes, such as the stapedius reflex, which protects the inner ear from loud noises by contracting the stapedius muscle attached to the stapes. The incus and malleus are derived from the embryonic pharyngeal arches, which are structures that form the head and neck. The incus and malleus are derived from the first and second pharyngeal arch", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common odontogenic tumour which occurs in relation to an unerupted tooth in the anterior maxilla:", + "gold_answer": "Odontogenic adenomatoid tumour", + "os_answer": "Keratocystic odontogenic tumour", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Brachytherapy is:", + "gold_answer": "Irradiation of tissues by implants within the tissues", + "os_answer": "A type of radiation therapy where a sealed radiation source is placed inside or next to the area requiring treatment.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An imaginary occlusal curve that contacts the buccal and lingual cusp tips of mandibular buccal teeth is called the", + "gold_answer": "Wilson curve", + "os_answer": "Curve of Spee.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The porosity formed due to simultaneous nucleation of solid grains and gas bubbles at the first moment that metal freezes at the mold walls is called:", + "gold_answer": "Subsurface porosity.", + "os_answer": "Pinholes", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6 days old neonate weighing 2800 gm (bih weight 3200 gm) was brought with the complaints of fever, poor feeding and poor activity. There was no history of vomiting or diarrhea. Axillary temperature was 39degC with depressed fontenalle, sunken eyes, decreased urine output and decreased skin turgor. Her mother has the history of decreased milk production. What is your diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Neonatal sepsis", + "os_answer": "A. Sepsis B. Dehydration C. Hypoglycemia D. All of the above", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Light transmitting wedges transmit:", + "gold_answer": "90-95% of incident light", + "os_answer": "Light transmitting wedges transmit light.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is responsible for rhythm generation of inspiration?", + "gold_answer": "Pre botzinger complex", + "os_answer": "The respiratory center in the medulla oblongata is responsible for rhythm generation of inspiration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In leukemia patient, post extraction bleeding doesn't stop because of:", + "gold_answer": "Platelet disorder", + "os_answer": "The patient's platelet count is low.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A middle aged lady was found in a robbed room lying in a pool of blood on forensic examination there was an entry wound of size around 2 x 2 cm on the left temporal region with tattooing and blackening around the wound. There was also an exit wound with beveling at the right temporal region. On fuher examination two bullet fragments were found inside the brain parenchyma. Which of the following could be used to determine the distance from which the weapon was fired?", + "gold_answer": "Hair", + "os_answer": "The distance from which the weapon was fired can be determined by examining the beveling of the exit wound. The degree of beveling can indicate the distance from which the bullet was fired.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On massive blood transfusion the following complication occurs-", + "gold_answer": "Metabolic alkalosis", + "os_answer": "Hypothermia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ponderal index is:", + "gold_answer": "Weight in kilograms by cube of height in meters", + "os_answer": "A measure of the relative fetal size based on the length of the biparietal diameter and weight.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which process shows phases of acute inflammation-", + "gold_answer": "Necrosis", + "os_answer": "The process that shows phases of acute inflammation is the body's response to injury or infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Investigation of choice to rule out biliary atresia in a 2-month-old child is:", + "gold_answer": "Hepatic scintigraphy", + "os_answer": "Hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "HDL is synthesised in", + "gold_answer": "Liver and GIT", + "os_answer": "the liver.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6 year old patient with anemia, on electrophoresis shows HbF of 90% and HbA2 of 3%. Which of the following will be seen on peripheral smear", + "gold_answer": "ABC", + "os_answer": "Sickle cells", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Recently two methods, CPAP conventional and bubble CPAP were compared, in the conventional method 90 out of 160 showed extubation failure while 40 out of 160 showed extubation failure in the bubble method. Which test would be the best to compare the statically significance between the rates of extubation in the two tests.?", + "gold_answer": "Chi square test", + "os_answer": " A. Chi-square test B. Paired t-test C. One sample proportion test D. Two sample proportion test", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is used for the treatment of paucibacillary leprosy?", + "gold_answer": "3 drugs for 6 months", + "os_answer": "Rifampicin and Dapsone", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The pin used in pin restoration of a root canal treated tooth is:", + "gold_answer": "Cemented pin", + "os_answer": "Gutta-percha point", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 27-year-old female presented to OPD of infeility clinic. She was prescribed bromocriptine. What could be the possible reason?", + "gold_answer": "Hyperprolactinemia", + "os_answer": "To induce ovulation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nociceptive signals are transmitted primarily to which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Nucleus caudalis", + "os_answer": "The spinal cord and brain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "At what stage of embryonic development does initial tooth development begins:", + "gold_answer": "6th week", + "os_answer": "Initial tooth development begins during the embryonic stage, specifically in the sixth week of gestation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Unique characteristic of attached gingiva in children:", + "gold_answer": "Both.", + "os_answer": "The attached gingiva in children is typically more pink and firm compared to adults due to the presence of a thicker epithelial layer and less keratinization.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient presented with PSVT after carotid management, BP is 70/30 mm/H & vagal maneuver failed and refractory to adenosine given. what will be the next step-", + "gold_answer": "Synchronised Cardioversion", + "os_answer": "Cardioversion", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 7\u2013day old infant has a leaky meningomyelocele. The most useful test for diagnosis and management of the condition is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Blood\u2013culture and sensitivity", + "os_answer": "MRI of the spine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The radiopacity that frequently obliterate the root apices of maxillary molars is", + "gold_answer": "Zygoma and Zygomatic process of Maxilla", + "os_answer": "Dental caries.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Disadvantages of using a GRID during radiography is:", + "gold_answer": "Increased patient exposure due to more exposure time", + "os_answer": "The main disadvantage of using a GRID during radiography is that it can cause increased scatter radiation, which can degrade image quality and potentially harm the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Brittle bone syndrome is caused by", + "gold_answer": "Improper synthesis of procollagen", + "os_answer": "a genetic disorder that affects the production of collagen, a protein that provides strength and flexibility to bones. People with this condition have bones that break easily, often from minor injuries or even normal activities. The severity of the condition can vary, with some individuals experiencing only a few fractures in their lifetime, while others may have frequent and severe fractures. Treatment for brittle bone syndrome typically involves medications to increase bone density, physical therapy to improve strength and mobility, and lifestyle modifications to prevent injuries. It is important for individuals with this condition to receive regular medical care and follow their treatment plan to manage their symptoms and reduce the risk of complications.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Full mouth disinfection is done in:", + "gold_answer": "24 hours", + "os_answer": "Full mouth disinfection is done in dentistry.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The nerve which constitutes the sensory nerve supply of capsule of TMJ is:", + "gold_answer": "Auriculotemporal nerve", + "os_answer": "Greater occipital nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For a bonding agent to be effective wetting angle should be", + "gold_answer": "Minimum with dental hard tissue", + "os_answer": "Less than 30 degrees.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The strength of a gypsum investment is dependent\non:", + "gold_answer": "Gypsum", + "os_answer": "the temperature and duration of the heating process.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the impoant marker of male infeility in semen analysis?", + "gold_answer": "Concentration", + "os_answer": "Sperm count", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient requires 180 mg ceftriaxone. The l contains 500 mg/5ml of ceftriaxone. You have a 2 ml syringe with l0 divisions per ml. How many divisions in the 2 ml syringe will you fill to give 180 mg ceftriaxone?", + "gold_answer": "18", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the best time to give anti-D to a pregnant patient?", + "gold_answer": "28 weeks", + "os_answer": "The best time to give anti-D to a pregnant patient is within 72 hours after the first sensitizing event, such as a miscarriage, abortion, or ectopic pregnancy. This is because anti-D can prevent the mother's immune system from producing antibodies that could harm the fetus if the fetus is Rh-positive. However, if the first sensitizing event occurs after 28 weeks of gestation, anti-D can still be given up to 10 weeks after the event, as long as the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother has not received anti-D before. The dose of anti-D depends on the estimated fetal hemoglobin level and the gestational age of the fetus. The higher the fetal hemoglobin level and the earlier the gestational age, the higher the dose of anti-D. The dose of anti-D can range from 300 to 3000 international units (IU).", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The protein rich in basic amino acids, which functions in the packaging of DNA in chromosomes, is:", + "gold_answer": "Histone", + "os_answer": "Histones. Histones are proteins that are rich in basic amino acids and play a crucial role in the packaging of DNA in chromosomes. They help in organizing and compacting the DNA strands, allowing for efficient storage and regulation of genetic information within the cell.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Statistics to check out mean of values is done by:", + "gold_answer": "Student's analysis", + "os_answer": "Mean", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 years old patient came with complaints of spikes of fever and difficulty in breathing. Transesophageal ECHO found out the vegetations in the hea. The culture was positive for Burkholderia cepacia. Drug of choice for Burkholderia cepacia pneumonia is:", + "gold_answer": "Cotrimoxazole with 3rd generation cephalosporins", + "os_answer": "Ceftazidime", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hand to knee gait in polio is due to involvement of which muscle?", + "gold_answer": "Quadriceps", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Urine analysis of a patient with hematuria and hypercalciuria is most likely to reveal;", + "gold_answer": "Isomorphic RBCs", + "os_answer": "Elevated levels of calcium in the urine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presents to the ER after a A with multiple rib injuries. He is conscious, speaking single words.RR= 40/ minute, BP= 90/40mm Hg. What is the next immediate step in management?", + "gold_answer": "Needle inseion in 2nd ICS", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which part of body is underdeveloped at birth:", + "gold_answer": "Face.", + "os_answer": "The lungs.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To preserve blood for transfusion later:", + "gold_answer": "Add solution of sodium citrate", + "os_answer": "Blood is preserved by refrigeration at a temperature of 1-6 degrees Celsius.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hypeensive hemorrhage is most commonly seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Basal ganglia", + "os_answer": "Hypertensive hemorrhage is most commonly seen in the basal ganglia.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres to the Otic ganglion are carried in the:", + "gold_answer": "Lesser petrosal nerve", + "os_answer": "Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The secretion of salivary gland may be described as?", + "gold_answer": "Exocrine and merocrine", + "os_answer": "The secretion of salivary gland may be described as a digestive juice that contains enzymes and mucus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "CG islands in our DNA are impoant for:", + "gold_answer": "Methylation", + "os_answer": "CG islands in our DNA are important for gene regulation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Adrenocorticosteroids in excess may cause:", + "gold_answer": "Osteoporosis", + "os_answer": "Cushing's syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chances of recurrence of multicystic ameloblastoma after surgical enucleation is:", + "gold_answer": "50-100%", + "os_answer": "Approximately 20-30%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Before ovulation development of granules in a cell is dependent on:", + "gold_answer": "Estrogen", + "os_answer": "The presence of estrogen.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are criteria for admission in upper GI bleed except:", + "gold_answer": "Hematocrit > 40%", + "os_answer": "A. Age > 65 years B. Hemoglobin < 8 g/dL C. Active bleeding D. Blood pressure < 90 mm Hg", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Caries in a 4 year old child is best assessed by:", + "gold_answer": "Previous caries experience", + "os_answer": "Dental examination and radiographs.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Strength of collagen is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Hydroxyproline", + "os_answer": "The triple helix structure of collagen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "At physiological pH, which of these amino acids has a positive charge?", + "gold_answer": "Arginine", + "os_answer": "Lysine.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gycosylated Hb is done for the assessment of:", + "gold_answer": "Diabetic patient", + "os_answer": "Chronic blood loss", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "GNAS-1 gene mutation is associated with", + "gold_answer": "Fibrous dysplasia", + "os_answer": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about polycystic ovarian disease except:", + "gold_answer": "Increased prolactin", + "os_answer": "It is a condition that affects only males.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lepromin test is useful for", + "gold_answer": "Prognosis", + "os_answer": "diagnosing leprosy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A statistical test which indicates the chance or probability of an observed difference between two means occurring by chance is called,", + "gold_answer": "Tests of significance", + "os_answer": "A significance test.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tourniquet test is used in daily follow-up of patients with:", + "gold_answer": "Dengue virus", + "os_answer": "Sickle cell anemia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What high energy phosphate compound is formed in the citric acid cycle through substrate level phosphorylation:", + "gold_answer": "GTP", + "os_answer": "ATP", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient showing inability to close the right corner of the mouth is most probably suffering from:", + "gold_answer": "Bell's palsy", + "os_answer": "Bell's palsy", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tensor veli palatini is supplied by:", + "gold_answer": "Trigeminal nerve", + "os_answer": "Tensor veli palatini is supplied by the medial pterygoid nerve, which is a branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Transient tachypnea of new born (TTN) is commonly seen in which of the following situations \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Elective caesarean section", + "os_answer": "Premature birth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After 24 hrs. of setting tensile stength of GIC is:", + "gold_answer": "Greater to Znpo4", + "os_answer": "The tensile strength of Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) typically reaches about 50-70% of its maximum strength after 24 hours of setting. However, it is important to note that the exact value can vary depending on the specific formulation of the GIC and the conditions under which it is set.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\"Strawberry Tongue\" is associated with", + "gold_answer": "scarlet fever", + "os_answer": "Kawasaki disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thiamine is a cofactor for all of the following enzymes except:", + "gold_answer": "Succinate dehydrogenase", + "os_answer": "Thiamine is a cofactor for all of the following enzymes except transketolase.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Name the type of cry which is a sort of coping mechanism to an unpleasant stimuli:", + "gold_answer": "Compensatory cry", + "os_answer": "Suppression cry.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A five year old child presents with left ventricular hypertrophy and central cyanosis what is the most probable diagnosis \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Tricuspid atresia", + "os_answer": "Tetralogy of Fallot", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In dental materials setting time is measured by which test", + "gold_answer": "Vicat needle method", + "os_answer": "The setting time of dental materials is typically measured using a test known as the \"dilatometry test.\" This test involves the use of a dilatometer, a device that measures the change in volume or length of a material as it sets or hardens. The dilatometer records the time taken for the material to reach a certain level of hardness or rigidity, which is considered its setting time. This test is crucial in dentistry as it helps in determining the working time of the material, which is the period during which the material can be manipulated and shaped before it hardens. It also helps in ensuring the quality and consistency of the dental materials used.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The number of sites examined to assess the stages of bone maturation in Fishman's skeletal maturation index are:", + "gold_answer": "6", + "os_answer": "Four", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following muscles are derived from pharyngeal arches except:", + "gold_answer": "Levator palpebrae superioris", + "os_answer": "The _____ muscle is not derived from pharyngeal arches.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a polytrauma patient, chest tube insertion caused sudden drainage of 1,500 mL blood from left side. Oxygen saturation is 92%. What should be the immediate next step:", + "gold_answer": "Clamp the chest tube", + "os_answer": "Administering 100% oxygen and reassessing the patient's oxygen saturation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "As compared to relining, in rebasing of a denture a \nchange is effected in:", + "gold_answer": "Entire denture base", + "os_answer": "the base of the denture.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dentin island are frequently found in the root canals of which of the following permanent teeth", + "gold_answer": "Upper 2nd Premolar", + "os_answer": "Maxillary first premolars.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 48-year old lady presented with bony pain and hepatosplenomegaly. On examination of biopsy speci!men from spleen, crumpled tissue paper appearance is seen. Which of the following product is likely to have accumulated?", + "gold_answer": "Glucocerebroside", + "os_answer": "Amyloid", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug of choice in acute bacterial meningitis", + "gold_answer": "Ceftriaxone", + "os_answer": "Third-generation cephalosporin (e.g., ceftriaxone or cefotaxime)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "IgA deposits in dermal papilla are characteristically seen in?", + "gold_answer": "A. Dermatitits herpetiformis", + "os_answer": "Dermatitis herpetiformis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A drop in fetal heart rate that typically last less than 2 minutes and usually associated with umbilical cord compression is called:", + "gold_answer": "Variable deceleration", + "os_answer": "Variable deceleration", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Microscopic examination of chromosomes shape, size and arrangement is known as", + "gold_answer": "Karyotyping", + "os_answer": "Karyotyping.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a middle aged female swelling that presents in the midline of neck is most likely originating from:", + "gold_answer": "Thyroid", + "os_answer": "Thyroid gland", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of diastema because of a thick labial frenum is done:", + "gold_answer": "After eruption of canines", + "os_answer": "Surgical removal of the thick labial frenum.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bacteria are most commonly ENGULFED by:", + "gold_answer": "Neutrophilic leukocytes", + "os_answer": "White blood cells. White blood cells, also known as leukocytes, are a crucial part of the immune system. They are responsible for fighting off infections and diseases, including those caused by bacteria. When bacteria enter the body, they are recognized as foreign invaders. The white blood cells then engulf these bacteria in a process known as phagocytosis. This allows the white blood cells to destroy the bacteria and prevent them from causing harm to the body. Therefore, it is accurate to say that bacteria are most commonly engulfed by white blood cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) positive neoplasm?", + "gold_answer": "Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor", + "os_answer": "Anaplastic large cell lymphoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "As compared to blood, vitreous humor has high concentration of:", + "gold_answer": "Ascorbate", + "os_answer": "Potassium", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8-year-old boy presents with well defined annular lesion over the buttock with central scarring that is gradually progressive over the last 8 months. The diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Lupus Vulgaris", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a reactive lesion of the gingiva that may demonstrate bone radiographically and often even microscopically?", + "gold_answer": "Peripheral ossifying fibroma", + "os_answer": "Peripheral ossifying fibroma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Oncotype Dx test is done to for the following in breast cancer:", + "gold_answer": "Chemotherapy in hormone receptor positive patients", + "os_answer": "Oncotype Dx test is done to determine the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence and to help guide decisions about the need for chemotherapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major determinant of loading dose of a drug is:-", + "gold_answer": "Volume of distribution", + "os_answer": "The volume of distribution of the drug.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Auriculotemporal nerve encircles which artery", + "gold_answer": "Middle meningeal artery", + "os_answer": "Superficial temporal artery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young patient has been admitted with A and had massive hemorrhage. He needs to be transfused with large amounts of fluids. Which IV cannula is preferred?", + "gold_answer": "Green", + "os_answer": "A 16-gauge cannula is preferred for rapid fluid resuscitation in a patient with massive hemorrhage.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cranial nerve that is not involved in olfaction:-", + "gold_answer": "Hypoglossal", + "os_answer": "Cranial nerve that is not involved in olfaction is the trigeminal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Difference between mandibular and maxillary premolars is that in the mandibular premolars:", + "gold_answer": "The lingual surface rounded and less developed", + "os_answer": "The mandibular premolars have a more rounded occlusal surface compared to the maxillary premolars.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Simple random sampling is ideal for:", + "gold_answer": "Homogenous population", + "os_answer": "Simple random sampling is ideal for ensuring that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. This method is often used when the population is homogeneous and the sample size is small. It helps to eliminate bias and provides a representative sample for analysis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dead bone appears on a radiograph as:", + "gold_answer": "Radio-opaque", + "os_answer": "Black", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following resembles caries in radiographs?", + "gold_answer": "Polymethyl methacnilate", + "os_answer": "Radiolucency.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 7-year old boy presented with severe abdominal pain. On examination, he had xanthoma. Blood sample was taken for work-up blood sample had milky appearance of plasma. Which of the following lipoprotein is increased?", + "gold_answer": "Chylomicron", + "os_answer": "Chylomicrons", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common gene defect in idiopathic steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome \u2013", + "gold_answer": "NPHS 2", + "os_answer": "NPHS2", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ligamentum flavum consists of:", + "gold_answer": "Elastin", + "os_answer": "Yellow elastic tissue.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of following are recognized manifestation of acute Rheumatic fever except \u2013a) Abdominal painb) Epistaxisc) Choread) Subcutaneous nodules", + "gold_answer": "ab", + "os_answer": "\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Following are functions of prostaglandins except:", + "gold_answer": "Elevates blood pressure", + "os_answer": "Stimulating the production of red blood cells.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Complete denture teeth are in edge to edge contact in centric occlusion. What should be done?", + "gold_answer": "Grind the cusp in such a way that the incline of the upper cusp slides buccally and lower cusp slides lingually", + "os_answer": "The occlusion should be adjusted to achieve even contact and avoid excessive force on the denture teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Position of adenoid is in the ?", + "gold_answer": "Nasopharynx", + "os_answer": "Adenoid is located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the throat behind the nose.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fish tail deformity in a child is seen after injury to?", + "gold_answer": "Distal humerus", + "os_answer": "Brachial plexus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A radiograph of the mandibular posteriors\u00a0in a patient reveals radiopacity\u00a0above the apices of right 1st molar. No restoration\u00a0or cavity present. There is no pain or swelling and the pulp is vital. The diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Cementoblastoma", + "os_answer": "Dental caries", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major fimbrial structural component of P. gingivalis is", + "gold_answer": "Fim A", + "os_answer": "FimA.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A female of 36 weeks gestation presents with hypertension, blurring of vision and headache. Her blood pressure reading was 180/120 mm Hg and 174/110 mm Hg after 20 minutes. How will you manage the patient?", + "gold_answer": "Admit the patient, start antihypertensives, MgSO4 and terminate the pregnancy", + "os_answer": "The patient is suffering from preeclampsia, a condition that can be life-threatening if not managed properly. The first step in managing this patient is to stabilize her condition by lowering her blood pressure. This can be done using medications such as labetalol or nifedipine. In addition, the patient should be monitored closely for any signs of worsening condition, such as seizures or kidney problems. If the patient's condition does not improve with medication, delivery of the baby may be necessary. However, if the patient is not yet at full term, the benefits of continuing the pregnancy may outweigh the risks of delivery. In this case, the patient may be admitted to the hospital for close monitoring and treatment until the baby is mature enough to be delivered. The patient should also be advised to avoid any activities that could increase her blood pressure, such as standing for long periods of time or lifting heavy objects. Finally, the patient should be educated about the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia and the importance of seeking medical attention if they occur.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reduction in the fusion temperature of dental gold casting alloys is caused by presence of:", + "gold_answer": "Copper", + "os_answer": "Silver.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Highly vascular tumor of brain and spinal cord in adults:", + "gold_answer": "Hemangioblastoma", + "os_answer": "Glioblastoma multiforme", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The patient suffered from hypogonadism, failure to thrive, loss of taste and unable to maintain stability. This shows the deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Zinc", + "os_answer": "Testosterone", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "At which stage of Nolla's, the tooth starts erupting?", + "gold_answer": "Stage 6", + "os_answer": "The tooth starts erupting at the Nolla's stage 6.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Palatogingival groove is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary lateral incisor", + "os_answer": "Maxillary first premolars.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not a branch of the external carotid aery supplying nasal septum?", + "gold_answer": "anterior ethmoidal", + "os_answer": "Anterior ethmoidal artery.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cysts associated with vital teeth are:", + "gold_answer": "Dentigerous cyst, Globulomaxillary cyst, lateral periodontal cyst, OKC", + "os_answer": "Dental cysts.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Metal coping seen in upper anteriors is suggestive of:", + "gold_answer": "Cast post & core", + "os_answer": "A.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Common carotid artery divides to ICA & ECA at:", + "gold_answer": "Thyroid cartilage", + "os_answer": "Carotid bifurcation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Algophobia is:", + "gold_answer": "Phobia of pain.", + "os_answer": "A fear of pain.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Direct pulp capping is not done in which of these situations?", + "gold_answer": "Carious exposure with more than 1 mm in size", + "os_answer": "Direct pulp capping is not done in cases of extensive pulpitis or when there is a large coronal pulp exposure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the best study design to assess in quick time the strength of association between smoking and lung cancer?", + "gold_answer": "Case controlstudy", + "os_answer": "Case-control study.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tumor marker for seminoma:", + "gold_answer": "PLAP", + "os_answer": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nerve supply of the mucosa of larynx, from epiglottis to the level of the cords is :", + "gold_answer": "Superior laryngeal", + "os_answer": "Recurrent laryngeal nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Adverse effect of Foscarnet includes all except?", + "gold_answer": "Hyperkalemia", + "os_answer": "Increased appetite", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of Blood stained diaper in a Neonate is :", + "gold_answer": "Urethral hemangioma", + "os_answer": "Neonatal Hemolytic Disease", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The purpose of pulpotomy in young permanent tooth", + "gold_answer": "To induce root formation", + "os_answer": "The purpose of pulpotomy in young permanent tooth is to preserve the vitality of the remaining healthy pulp tissue and maintain the tooth's function and aesthetics.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of carcinoma larynx with stridor presents in casualty, immediate management is -", + "gold_answer": "Immediate tracheostomy", + "os_answer": "(b) Intubation\nA. (a) Tracheostomy\nB. (b) Intubation\nC. (c) Oxygen therapy\nD. (d) Surgery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When soft palate is paralysed, which is not seen?", + "gold_answer": "Clefting of the palate", + "os_answer": "The soft palate is not seen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sentinel lymph node biopsy is most useful for:", + "gold_answer": "Carcinoma vulva", + "os_answer": "Determining the stage of breast cancer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a population of 10000 people, the prevalence of a disease is 20%. The sensitivity of a screening test is 95% and specificity is 80%. The positive predictive value of the test will be -", + "gold_answer": "54.30%", + "os_answer": "37.4%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most commonly used drug for management of community acquired pneumonia?", + "gold_answer": "Azithromycin", + "os_answer": "The most commonly used drug for management of community acquired pneumonia is a macrolide antibiotic, such as azithromycin or clarithromycin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of HIV is on treatment with indinavir, zidovudine, lamivudine and ketoconazole. He developed nephrolithiasis, hyperlipidemia, central obesity, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Which of the following drug is likely to produce above adverse effects?", + "gold_answer": "Indinavir", + "os_answer": "Indinavir", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common tumor of mediastinum?", + "gold_answer": "Neurogenic", + "os_answer": "The most common tumor of mediastinum is thymoma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A new method of measuring Haemoglobin levels has been developed. Ten successive readings of a single sample are as follows: 9.4, 10.4, 9.6, 9.1, 10.8, 12.1, 10.1, 9.8, 9.2, 9.5. But the Haemoglobin measured by standard calorimetry was 10.2. Therefore the given method has", + "gold_answer": "High validity, low reliability", + "os_answer": " a. high precision but low accuracy b. high accuracy but low precision c. high precision and high accuracy d. low precision and low accuracy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Using stopko tip irrigation which of these is used cleaning and drying of pulp chamber:", + "gold_answer": "95% ethanol + 17% EDTA", + "os_answer": "A) Stopcock irrigation B) Syringe irrigation C) Needle irrigation D) None of the above", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ideal route of drug delivery in neonatal resuscitation is:", + "gold_answer": "Through umbilical vein", + "os_answer": "Intravenous (IV)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Duct of parotid gland crosses over masseter muscle and pierces the:", + "gold_answer": "Buccinator muscle", + "os_answer": "Buccinator muscle.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A gravida 2 patient with previous LSCS comes at 37 weeks, has BP= 150/100 mm of hg. And on pervaginal examination, cervix is 50% effaced station-3, os is closed and pelvis is adequate. Protein uria is +1, Most appropriate step at the moment would be:", + "gold_answer": "Induce labour", + "os_answer": "a) Immediate cesarean section b) Administer labetalol and recheck BP in 1 hour c) Administer magnesium sulphate and recheck BP in 1 hour d) Admit and observe for 24 hours", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 26 years old female presented with mild pain in lower abdomen. She has had 2 full-term normal delivery earlier. Her last menstrual period was 3 weeks back. On pelvic examination, you find a palpable mass in the adnexa. On USG pelvis, you find a 5 cm ovarian cyst. What should be your next step?", + "gold_answer": "Observation and follow-up for cyst after 2-3 months", + "os_answer": "The next step should be to perform a CA-125 blood test and consider further evaluation with a transvaginal ultrasound to assess the nature of the ovarian cyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug not used in H. pylori?", + "gold_answer": "Mosapride", + "os_answer": "Insulin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about nitric oxide, EXCEPT:", + "gold_answer": "Acts via cAMP", + "os_answer": "It is a gas that is produced by the liver.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of supracondylar humerus fracture is unable to flex interphalangeal joint of the thumb. Which nerve is most likely injured?", + "gold_answer": "AIN", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Jersey finger is caused by rupture of:", + "gold_answer": "Flexor digitorum profundus", + "os_answer": "A tendon", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Glycoprotein which is Lubricant & Protective", + "gold_answer": "Mucin", + "os_answer": "Mucin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common tumour of parotid gland is:", + "gold_answer": "Pleomorphic adenoma", + "os_answer": "Pleomorphic adenoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The means by which one part of R.P.D opposes the action of the retainer in the function is called", + "gold_answer": "Reciprocation", + "os_answer": "The means by which one part of R.P.D opposes the action of the retainer in the function is called the \"effector.\"", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Coenzyme A contains which of the following vitamins:", + "gold_answer": "Pantothenic acid", + "os_answer": "Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\"Multifactorial Causation\" theory was given by", + "gold_answer": "Pettenkofer of Munich", + "os_answer": "\"Dr. John Snow\"", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lateral movement of condyle takes place by:", + "gold_answer": "Contralateral lateral pterygoid", + "os_answer": "Lateral movement of condyle takes place by the medial and lateral pterygoid muscles.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "causes of thyroid storm", + "gold_answer": "Poor Preoperative preparation of the patient", + "os_answer": "Thyroid storm is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone. It can be triggered by various factors, such as infection, stress, surgery, or untreated hyperthyroidism. Some of the symptoms of thyroid storm include fever, rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, sweating, confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and coma. Thyroid storm requires immediate medical attention and treatment with medications that lower thyroid hormone levels and control the symptoms.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Surface roughness of an orthodontic mini-screw implant can be measured by:", + "gold_answer": "Profilometer", + "os_answer": "Surface profilometry.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is main cause of pain during pulpal injury progression?", + "gold_answer": "Increased vascular permeability", + "os_answer": "Inflammation and infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child was brought to the hospital was found to have hypoglycemia, hepatomegaly and accumulation of highly branched glycogen called limit dextrins. He is likely to be suffering from:", + "gold_answer": "Cori's disease", + "os_answer": "Von Gierke's disease (Glycogen storage disease type-I)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Decay of enamel following radiotherapy is initiated due to:", + "gold_answer": "Decrease in salivary flow", + "os_answer": "Radiation-induced demineralization of enamel.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lente insulin is composed of:", + "gold_answer": "30% Amorphous + 70% Crystalline insulin", + "os_answer": "Lente insulin is composed of a mixture of soluble and intermediate-acting insulin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Materials which has high compressive strength and low tensile strength is classified with property of", + "gold_answer": "Brittleness", + "os_answer": "Concrete", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Apical foramen is offcenter the root apex", + "gold_answer": "0.5-3 mm", + "os_answer": "True", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A condition of the mouth which increases the caries activity in the oral cavity is", + "gold_answer": "Xerostomia", + "os_answer": "Dry mouth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hyaline membrane disease of lungs is characterized by \u2013", + "gold_answer": "FRC is smaller than closing volume", + "os_answer": "The presence of a proteinaceous material in the alveoli.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anaesthestic agent causing adrenal suppression", + "gold_answer": "Etomidate", + "os_answer": "Etomidate", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes with pinpoint pupil, salivation, tremors, and red tears. Cholinesterase activity was 30% normal. Probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Organophosphate poisoning", + "os_answer": "Organophosphate poisoning", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "45-year-old presents with persistent productive cough and clubbing. On auscultation, wheeze and crackles are present. Which is the most specific investigation to confirm the diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "HRCT", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The \"Pulse oximetry\" used in the determination of:", + "gold_answer": "Oxygen saturation", + "os_answer": "Oxygen saturation in the blood.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The iron carbide in orthodontic wire is in the form of:", + "gold_answer": "Austenite", + "os_answer": "Ferrite", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An isolated area in which root is denuded of bone is intact and covered only by periosteum and overlying gingiva is called", + "gold_answer": "Fenestration", + "os_answer": "A cribriform plate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A driver wearing seat belt applied brake suddenly to avoid a collision. Which of the following body pas is most likely to be injured?", + "gold_answer": "Mesentery", + "os_answer": "The driver's chest.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Heavy and light body impression materials are used with:", + "gold_answer": "1 and 2", + "os_answer": "Dental impressions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In comparison to maxillary central incisor, maxillary canine has a height of contour that is:", + "gold_answer": "More", + "os_answer": "More towards the cervical region.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bite cells are seen in", + "gold_answer": "G6PD deficiency", + "os_answer": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The decreased phosphate levels seen in hyper parathyroidism is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Decreased renal phosphate absorption", + "os_answer": "Increased renal excretion of phosphate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient on Anti - tubercular therapy develops tingling sensation in the limbs. Which of the following when substituted can result in improvement of symptoms?", + "gold_answer": "Pyridoxine", + "os_answer": "Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A permanent tooth with fracture involving apical one\nthird of root after treatment, would most likely:", + "gold_answer": "Remain vital and functional", + "os_answer": "Require root canal treatment", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient reports with severe throbbing pain in relation\nto mandibular second molar. The tooth is sensitive to both hot and cold food and elicits a painful response on percussion. What would be your treatment of choice?", + "gold_answer": "Endodontic therapy", + "os_answer": "The patient's symptoms suggest irreversible pulpitis, which is inflammation of the dental pulp that has progressed to the point where the pulp is no longer capable of healing. The appropriate treatment for irreversible pulpitis is root canal therapy. This procedure involves removing the inflamed or infected pulp tissue, cleaning and shaping the inside of the root canal, and then filling and sealing the space to prevent further infection. Root canal therapy is the most effective way to save the tooth and alleviate the patient's pain.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Etanercept is a disease-modifying drug used in management of rheumatoid ahritis. What is its mechanism of action?", + "gold_answer": "Inhibition of TNF alpha", + "os_answer": "Etanercept is a biologic agent that acts as a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor. It binds to TNF-alpha, preventing it from interacting with its receptors on cell surfaces. This inhibition reduces the inflammatory response associated with rheumatoid arthritis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For root fracture it is imperative to take X-ray at?", + "gold_answer": "45\u00b0,\t90\u00b0, 110\u00b0", + "os_answer": "Immediate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Postherpetic neuralgia is defined as pain lasting beyond how many weeks?", + "gold_answer": "4 weeks", + "os_answer": "Postherpetic neuralgia is defined as pain lasting beyond 12 weeks.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Swelling and redness of the orifices of minor salivary glands of the palate occurs in:", + "gold_answer": "Nicotinic stornatitis", + "os_answer": "Sialolithiasis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The first sensation to be lost following administration of local anesthetic is", + "gold_answer": "Pain", + "os_answer": "Pain.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug causing toxic optic neuropathy is:March 2009", + "gold_answer": "Ethambutol", + "os_answer": "Ethambutol", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major mechanism of action of nitrates in acute attack of angina is:-", + "gold_answer": "Decreases in preload", + "os_answer": "Vasodilation of large veins and arteries", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In penicillin allergy, penicillin acts as a:", + "gold_answer": "Hapten", + "os_answer": "Allergen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 12 years old boy develops sore throat of 4 day s duration. On examination, yellow grayish patch seen over both the tonsils and foul smell coming from his mouth. Which of the following non-suppurative complication is of concern?", + "gold_answer": "Both acute rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis", + "os_answer": "Peritonsillar abscess", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with implanted cardiac pacemaker (defibrillator),which of the following investigation is useful to know the position of the misplaced implant ?.", + "gold_answer": "X-ray", + "os_answer": "Transesophageal echocardiography", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the effective management of a dengue patient with warning signs without shock and haemorrhage-", + "gold_answer": "IV fluids", + "os_answer": "The effective management of a dengue patient with warning signs without shock and haemorrhage includes close monitoring of vital signs, maintaining adequate fluid intake, and administering appropriate medications to manage symptoms. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for further evaluation and treatment. It is important to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and management of dengue fever.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most impoant but nonspecific regulator of iron metabolism is:", + "gold_answer": "Hepcidin", + "os_answer": "Hepcidin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In PHC, which anticoagulant is used to send the blood sample for blood glucose:", + "gold_answer": "Potassium oxalate + sodium fluoride", + "os_answer": "EDTA", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Receptors for olfactory sensation are present in:", + "gold_answer": "Lateral wall and nasal septum above superior concha", + "os_answer": "The nose.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What processing should be done of the blood before transfusion to reduce chances of febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reaction (FNHTR)?", + "gold_answer": "Leucocyte reduction", + "os_answer": "The blood should be leukoreduced before transfusion to reduce the chances of FNHTR.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following nerves are related to the mandible except:", + "gold_answer": "Chorda tympani", + "os_answer": "A. Hypoglossal B. Maxillary C. Mandibular D. Accessory", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After amalgam polishing, the outermost surface has crystals arranged flattened to tooth surface. This layer is known as", + "gold_answer": "Beilby layer", + "os_answer": "The outermost layer is known as the smear layer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Opium poisoning is treated with:MAHE 06; Bihar 12; UPSC 13", + "gold_answer": "Naloxone", + "os_answer": "Morphine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Onodi cells and Haller cells are seen in relation to following respectively -", + "gold_answer": "Optic nerve and floor of the orbit", + "os_answer": "Onodi cells are seen in relation to the optic nerve, while Haller cells are seen in relation to the ethmoid sinus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child present with recurrent sinusitis and recurrent chest infections. Chest X\u2013ray reveals dextrocardia and situs invertus. The diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Kartagener's syndrome", + "os_answer": "Kartagener's syndrome", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of a sprue is to:", + "gold_answer": "Form an opening for molten metal to enter the mold", + "os_answer": "Provide a channel for molten metal to flow into the mold cavity.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Largest permanent tooth in mouth is", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary 1st molar", + "os_answer": "The largest permanent tooth in the mouth is the maxillary canine.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Translocation seen in Ewing's sarcoma is:", + "gold_answer": "t(11,22)", + "os_answer": "t(11;22)(q24;q12)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Young\u2019s formula for calculating pediatric dose of a drug is:", + "gold_answer": "Age / Age+12 x Adult dose", + "os_answer": "The Young's formula for calculating pediatric dose of a drug is Dose = (Weight of the child in kg * Adult dose) / 70.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common site for melanotic neuroectodermal tumour of infancy is (MNTI):", + "gold_answer": "Maxilla", + "os_answer": "Mandible", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Liver is divided into eight segments according to Couinaud's classification based upon", + "gold_answer": "Poal vein", + "os_answer": "The hepatic anatomy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The drug which gives orange colour to the urine is:", + "gold_answer": "Rifampicin", + "os_answer": "Methylene blue", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 27 years old pregnant lady comes with severe jaundice and altered sensorium. On examination, the patient is deeply icteric, not responding to commands and pelvic sonogram reveals intrauterine fetal death. Serum bilirubin levels are 28.8 mg/dL (direct = 18.6 mg/dL), AST levels are 1063 and ALT levels are 1191. The viral markers are as follows. What is the likely diagnosis?Anti-HAV IgGReactiveAnti-HAV IgMNonreactiveHbSAgNon reactiveAnti-HbSAgNonreactiveAnti-HBc IgMNonreactiveAnti-HBc IgGReactiveAnti-HCV IgGNonreactiveAnti-HEV IgMReactiveAnti-HEV IgGNon reactive", + "gold_answer": "Fulminant hepatitis due to hepatitis E infection", + "os_answer": "Acute hepatitis E", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient of liver disease, the possible complication during extraction is:", + "gold_answer": "Bleeding", + "os_answer": "Hemorrhage", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dengue shock syndrome is characterized by the following except :", + "gold_answer": "Decreased haemoglobin", + "os_answer": "A) Severe headache", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 24 years old female presented with patchy hair loss in the right temporal and occipital region. Examination revealed non- scarring alopecia with multiple small broken hairs. Scrapings from scalp showed mild inflammation, peri-follicular hemorrhage and surrounding mild lymphocytic infiltration. What is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Trichotillomania", + "os_answer": "Alopecia areata", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Decalcification and discoloration of teeth occurs during orthodontic treatment due to:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "The presence of fluoride in the mouth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 4 yr old girl child suffering from vomiting, cerebral edema and is being treated for viral infection from past 5 days. Liver biopsy in this patient may show", + "gold_answer": "Microvesicular steatohepatitis", + "os_answer": "(A) Hepatocyte Council bodies (B) Hepatocyte with bile duct proliferation (C) Hepatocyte with ballooned cytoplasm (D) Hepatocyte with centronuclear vacuole", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Currently used radiographic method for working length determination is:", + "gold_answer": "Ingels technique.", + "os_answer": "Slip method", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient who is a known case of CKD has complaints of vomiting. His ABG repos are as follows: pH - 7.40, pCO2 - 40, HCO3 - 25. Na -145, chloride-100.", + "gold_answer": "High anion gap metabolic acidosis with metabolic alkalosis", + "os_answer": "The patient is in normal acid-base balance. The patient's vomiting may be causing a loss of gastric acid, leading to a relative alkalosis. However, the ABG results show that the patient is in normal acid-base balance. The patient's kidneys may be compensating for the loss of gastric acid by excreting more bicarbonate in the urine. This would help to maintain the patient's acid-base balance despite the vomiting. The patient's kidney function should be monitored closely to ensure that they are able to continue to compensate for the loss of gastric acid. If the patient's kidney function deteriorates, they may require treatment to correct their acid-base balance. This could include administration of intravenous fluids or medications to help regulate the patient's acid-base balance. In addition, the patient's vomiting should be treated to prevent further loss of gastric acid. This could include administration of antiemetic medications or other treatments to help control the patient's vomiting. Overall, the patient's acid-base balance is currently normal, but close monitoring and treatment of", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient had a A and put on mechanical ventilation, he is opening his eyes on verbal command, Moves all his 4 limbs spontaneously. What will be his GCS score?", + "gold_answer": "9", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following enzyme is common between glycogenesis and glycogenolysis?", + "gold_answer": "Phosphoglucomutase", + "os_answer": "Phosphorylase", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mechanism of action of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) as an antiviral agent is:", + "gold_answer": "Neuraminidase inhibition", + "os_answer": "Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is an antiviral medication that inhibits the action of influenza viruses. It does this by blocking the action of an enzyme called neuraminidase, which is found on the surface of the influenza virus. Neuraminidase is responsible for the release of new virus particles from infected cells. By blocking this enzyme, Oseltamivir prevents the virus from spreading to other cells in the body, thereby limiting the severity and duration of the flu. It is most effective when taken within 48 hours of the onset of flu symptoms.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following cranial nerve not associated with olfaction?", + "gold_answer": "XII", + "os_answer": "Cranial nerve V (Trigeminal nerve)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Glossy smooth margins of a casting are due to", + "gold_answer": "incomplete wax elimination", + "os_answer": "Calcification.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best medium to transport/store an avulsed tooth, which is not to be reimplanted immediately? (OR) the medium which maintains the vitality of PDl and thus indicated for long duration transport of an avulse tooth", + "gold_answer": "Viaspan", + "os_answer": "Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In complete bilateral palsy of recurrent laryngeal nerves, there is -", + "gold_answer": "Preservation of speech with severe stridor and dyspnea", + "os_answer": "Loss of all laryngeal muscle function on both sides.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inter dose interval depends on?", + "gold_answer": "Half life of drug", + "os_answer": "The half-life of the drug.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most common type of congenital ossicular dysfunction?", + "gold_answer": "Stapes defect with fixation of footplate and lenticular process involvement.", + "os_answer": "The most common type of congenital ossicular dysfunction is a malformation of the incus, also known as the anvil. This malformation can lead to hearing loss and other auditory issues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Earliest transient change following tissue injury", + "gold_answer": "Neutrophilia", + "os_answer": "Inflammation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Microaneurysms are the earliest manifestation of diabetic retinopathy. Which of the following layer is involved in diabetic etinopathy?", + "gold_answer": "Inner nuclear layer", + "os_answer": "Retina", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The type of bone present in the inter-radicular area is", + "gold_answer": "Cancellous", + "os_answer": "Dense bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Asymptomatic hep B is common in 2-3% normal population, but there is increased risk of transmission into hepatocellular carcinoma. Why?", + "gold_answer": "Integration of viral DNA with host DNA", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which anti-cholinergic drug doesn't cross the blood brain barrier and placenta?", + "gold_answer": "Glycopyrrolate bromide", + "os_answer": "Glycopyrrolate.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child accidentally swallows 10 cc of a 10% fluoride solution. The most effective immediate action is to:", + "gold_answer": "Have the child drink milk or some other calcium containing liquid", + "os_answer": "Induce vomiting.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is carcinoma of the skin, spreads by local invasion and has no tendency to metastasise?", + "gold_answer": "Basal cell carcinoma", + "os_answer": "Basal cell carcinoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chronic alcoholic comes with pain epigastrium and recurrent vomiting. On examination guarding in upper epigastrium. Chest X-ray normal. What to do next?", + "gold_answer": "Serum lipase", + "os_answer": "1. Perform endoscopy 2. Perform CT scan of abdomen 3. Perform ultrasound of epigastrium 4. Perform MRI of epigastrium", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lateral movement of condyle is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Both lateral and medial pterygoid muscle", + "os_answer": "Lateral movement of condyle is caused by the lateral pterygoid muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Submandibular duct is exposed via intraoral approach by incising the:", + "gold_answer": "Mucous membrane", + "os_answer": "Buccinator muscle", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Physiological active form of cholesterol is:", + "gold_answer": "Free cholesterol", + "os_answer": "Cholesterol esters", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Patient is admitted with Insomnia, Agitation, Diarrhoea, Dilated pupils and Sweating, what is the type of poisoning?", + "gold_answer": "Heroin", + "os_answer": "Anticholinergic poisoning.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Increased depth in posterior palatal seal area of denture \ncauses:", + "gold_answer": "Unseating of denture base", + "os_answer": "Improved retention and stability of the denture.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pegloticase used in which of the following conditions?", + "gold_answer": "Chronic Gout", + "os_answer": "Pegloticase is used in the treatment of chronic gout.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Golgi tendon organ function is?", + "gold_answer": "Detects the muscle tension", + "os_answer": "Golgi tendon organ function is to sense changes in muscle tension and prevent muscle damage from excessive force.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tobacco Chewing/ smoking is the most common predisposing cause of which of the following:", + "gold_answer": "Necrotising ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG)", + "os_answer": "Oral cancer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The main arterial trunk supplying the infra temporal fossa is:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary artery", + "os_answer": "Middle meningeal artery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Reticulocytosis is seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Hemolytic anemia", + "os_answer": "Reticulocytosis is seen in conditions where there is increased red blood cell production, such as in response to anemia or blood loss. It is a condition characterized by an increased number of reticulocytes, which are immature red blood cells, in the bloodstream. Reticulocytes are typically released from the bone marrow into the bloodstream when there is a need to replace lost or destroyed red blood cells. This can occur in various situations, including:", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "MB2 (In maxillary first molar)can be seen through Dental operating microscope in what percentage of cases", + "gold_answer": "90-95%", + "os_answer": "90%\nD. 70%", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Post-auricular ecchymosis in cases of fracture of the base of the skull is called:", + "gold_answer": "Battle's sign", + "os_answer": "Battle's sign", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of interochanteric fracture in old is -", + "gold_answer": "Osteoporosis", + "os_answer": "Osteoporosis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Split finger technique is used for", + "gold_answer": "Creation of inter-implant papillae", + "os_answer": "Splitting the finger is not a recognized medical technique. The term might be confused with finger splinting, which is a method used to immobilize a finger after an injury.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Second messenger for smooth muscle relaxation mediated by NO is:", + "gold_answer": "cGMP", + "os_answer": "cGMP", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which factor of the following contributes to short duration of anesthetic action of single dose thiopental", + "gold_answer": "High lipid solubility", + "os_answer": "The high lipid solubility of thiopental.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fibroblasts in pulp produces collagen", + "gold_answer": "Type I and III", + "os_answer": "True. Fibroblasts are the primary cell type found in the dental pulp and are responsible for producing collagen, which is a key component of the extracellular matrix. This matrix provides structural support to the pulp tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If a bacteria were susceptible to both penicillin and Erythromycin, then it would not be appropriate to treat the patients with both antibiotics at the same time because", + "gold_answer": "Penicillin is only effective against growing cells", + "os_answer": "It could lead to antibiotic resistance.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Number of fossa in upper 1st molar", + "gold_answer": "2 major 2 minor", + "os_answer": "4", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For wound healing which mineral is helpful?", + "gold_answer": "Magnesium", + "os_answer": "Zinc.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following drugs is used for treatment of cancer associated thromboembolism?", + "gold_answer": "LMW heparin", + "os_answer": "Rivaroxaban", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child who was normal at bih develops chronic liver failure and muscle weakness at 3 months of age. On investigations, serum glucose is low, along with ketoacidosis and decreased pH. ALT and AST are raised. Blood lactate and uric acid levels are normal. Intravenous glucagon given after meals raises the blood glucose levels, but does not raise glucose when given after an overnight fast. Liver biopsy shows increased glycogen in liver. Which is the enzyme likely to be defective in this child?", + "gold_answer": "Debranching enzyme", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ameloblastoma histologically resembles:", + "gold_answer": "BCC", + "os_answer": "Ameloblastoma histologically resembles odontogenic keratocyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The depth of clinical gingival sulcus is the distance between the gingival margin to the", + "gold_answer": "Apical penetration of the probe", + "os_answer": "base of the sulcus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "ECG shows a mean axis of 90 degrees. In which of the following would be present the maximum voltage of R wave?", + "gold_answer": "aVF", + "os_answer": "Leads I and II", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is false about apoptosis?", + "gold_answer": "Organelle swelling", + "os_answer": "Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. It is a natural and controlled mechanism that eliminates unwanted or damaged cells. It is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis and preventing diseases such as cancer. However, apoptosis is not a process that occurs in unicellular organisms, such as bacteria or protozoa. These organisms do not have the same cellular machinery or regulatory pathways as multicellular organisms. Instead, they rely on other mechanisms, such as necrosis or autophagy, to deal with cellular stress or damage. Therefore, the statement that apoptosis occurs in unicellular organisms is false.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During polymerisation of acrylic resin, above what temperature benzoyl peroxide form free radicals?", + "gold_answer": "60\u00b0C", + "os_answer": "30 degrees Celsius", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Radiolucencies of the jaw may be seen in:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Radiolucencies of the jaw may be seen in conditions such as osteomyelitis, cysts, tumors, or bone infections. These conditions can cause areas of decreased bone density or destruction of bone tissue, resulting in radiolucent areas on dental radiographs.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pharyngeal Pseudosulcus is seen secondary to-", + "gold_answer": "Laryngopharyngeal Reflux", + "os_answer": "Pharyngeal Pseudosulcus is seen secondary to the presence of a foreign body in the pharynx.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During cobalt chromium crown reconstruction, temperature of soldering torch suddenly increases. In such case, which of the following property will change?", + "gold_answer": "Yield strength and percent elongation both decreases", + "os_answer": "The melting point of the solder.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "4th generation apex locators are based on?", + "gold_answer": "Multiple frequency ratio based", + "os_answer": "4th generation apex locators are based on the principle of impedance measurement.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common intraoral location for a pigmented\nnevi is the", + "gold_answer": "Hard palate", + "os_answer": "gingiva.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Earliest valvular lesion in a case of acute rheumatic fever is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Mitral regurgitation (MR)", + "os_answer": "Mitral valve.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase is increased in:", + "gold_answer": "Myocardial infarction", + "os_answer": "Liver diseases", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Peau d'Orange of breast is due to:September 2005, 2010, March 2007", + "gold_answer": "Obstruction of lymphatic ducts.", + "os_answer": "Lymphatic obstruction", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most accurate method of determination of working length in a tooth with open apex:", + "gold_answer": "Moisture on paperpoint", + "os_answer": "The most accurate method of determining the working length in a tooth with an open apex is through the use of an apex locator. This device measures the electrical resistance between the file and the periodontal ligament, providing a more accurate measurement than traditional radiographs.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infection of masticatory space is usually associated with", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular molar", + "os_answer": "Dental procedures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The patients with class II division 1 malocclusion have", + "gold_answer": "Hypotonic upper lip", + "os_answer": "a more severe form of malocclusion compared to class I or class III.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Following road traffic accident, a patient with vague abdominal pain was immediately taken to the operation theatre for emergency laparotomy. On examination, a large, contained, stable, non-pulsatile retroperitoneal hematoma was found on the right side. One-shot IVU shows a barely discernible nephrogram on the right side and prompt uptake and excretion on the left side. What should be the next step to be done?", + "gold_answer": "Isolate the proximal renal vessels, open the Gerota's fascia and explore the kidney", + "os_answer": "The next step should be to perform a retroperitoneal angiography to identify the source of bleeding.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In mandibular angle fracture, which is most appropriate treatment?", + "gold_answer": "1 mini plate on oblique ridge", + "os_answer": "The most appropriate treatment for a mandibular angle fracture is usually conservative management, which includes pain management, soft diet, and immobilization of the jaw. However, in severe cases, surgical intervention may be required.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not true about Juvenile periodontitis", + "gold_answer": "The inflammatory process starts about simultaneously as the bone loss", + "os_answer": "It is not a common disease in adults.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In normal dentition, in centric occlusion, opposing contact may be expected at?", + "gold_answer": "Buccal slopes of lingual cusps of maxillary posterior teeth.", + "os_answer": "The cusps of the maxillary first molar and the mandibular first molar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The setting time of irreversible hydrocolloids can be decreased by:", + "gold_answer": "Raising the temperature of water used for mixing", + "os_answer": "Adding a catalyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The systolic blood pressure in normal healthy males of age group of 40 \u2014 60 has a normal distribution with a mean of 130 in a sample of 100. People with systolic blood pressure more than 130 will be:", + "gold_answer": "50", + "os_answer": "People with systolic blood pressure more than 130 will be considered as having high blood pressure or hypertension.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Periodontosis manifests itself mainly in:", + "gold_answer": "Molars and incisors", + "os_answer": "The gums.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nerve fibres in pulp are", + "gold_answer": "Sympathetic efferent post ganglionic", + "os_answer": "Sensory", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient was schedule for surgery. Before giving anaesthesia, he was administered glycopyrrolate. What is rationale of giving glycopyrrolate before anaesthesia?", + "gold_answer": "To decrease secretions", + "os_answer": "To reduce secretions in the airway.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The organism which is involved in anaerobic infections of head and neck region is", + "gold_answer": "Bacteroids", + "os_answer": "Bacteroides fragilis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Earliest diagnosis of pregnancy can be established safely by:", + "gold_answer": "USG for fetal cardiac activity", + "os_answer": "Ultrasound scan.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infarction of anterior inferior cerebellar artery may cause damage to", + "gold_answer": "Vestibular nuclei", + "os_answer": "Cerebellum and brainstem", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Initial clicking of TMJ while opening is due to", + "gold_answer": "Retruded condyle in respect to articular disc", + "os_answer": "a displaced disc.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment resins are given for which type of edentulous \nridges?", + "gold_answer": "Abused ridges", + "os_answer": "Treatment resins are given for mandibular edentulous ridges.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After the appearance of rash, prophylactic isolation of measles case is necessary for a minimum of:September 2007", + "gold_answer": "5 days", + "os_answer": "5 days", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The intramuscular administration of 0.6 mg of atropine sulphate to a 50 kg adult may produce all of the following effects except:", + "gold_answer": "Bradycardia", + "os_answer": "Increased heart rate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 19 years old patient, with a swelling over the left angle of the mandible, temperature of 38\u00b0C and negative history of trauma, one should suspect:", + "gold_answer": "Pericoronal infection", + "os_answer": "An odontogenic infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "2nd optimal landmark for termination of cleaning, shaping and obturation is", + "gold_answer": "Apical constriction", + "os_answer": "2nd canal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Golgi bodies function as:", + "gold_answer": "Sorting of glycoproteins", + "os_answer": "The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. It is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins and lipids for transport to different destinations within or outside the cell. The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. It plays a crucial role in the processing and transport of proteins and lipids that are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins and lipids are transported to the Golgi apparatus in vesicles, where they are further modified by the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation) and lipids (lipidation). The Golgi apparatus then sorts and packages these molecules into vesicles that are transported to their final destinations, such as the cell membrane or other organelles. In summary, the Golgi apparatus functions as a processing and packaging center for proteins and lipids within the cell. It modifies, sorts, and packages these molecules for transport to different destinations within or outside the cell.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Prothrombin time (PT) estimation, on addition of calcium and thromboplastin to platelet poor plasma. which of the following pathway is activated?", + "gold_answer": "Extrinsic", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lingual bar is used in conditions where:", + "gold_answer": "Lingual sulcus is deep", + "os_answer": "Lingual bar is used in conditions where there is a need for a partial denture in the lower jaw. It is a type of dental prosthesis that is anchored to the lower jawbone and rests on the tongue side of the lower teeth. It is typically used when there are multiple missing teeth in the lower jaw and the patient requires a partial denture to replace them. The lingual bar provides support and stability to the denture, allowing the patient to chew and speak comfortably. It is a popular choice for patients who have a sufficient amount of bone in the lower jaw and do not require additional support from other dental implants. The lingual bar is made of a metal bar that is custom-made to fit the patient's mouth and is usually made of stainless steel or titanium. It is attached to the lower teeth using clasps and is held in place by the tongue and the surrounding soft tissues. The lingual bar is a durable and long-lasting solution for patients who need a partial denture in the lower jaw. It is also a relatively simple and cost-effective option compared to other types of dental prostheses. Overall, the", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum area in homunculus signifies?", + "gold_answer": "Increased precisiveness of movements", + "os_answer": "Maximum area in homunculus signifies the region of the body that has the greatest sensory perception.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of nodal metastasis, which is not seen on CT scan", + "gold_answer": "Spiculated node", + "os_answer": "Nodal metastasis is not seen on CT scan.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is an example of anaplerotic reaction?", + "gold_answer": "Pyruvate to oxaloacetate", + "os_answer": "The conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most effective caustic that may be used locally in the treatment of hypersensitive dentin in the molars is:", + "gold_answer": "Silver nitrate", + "os_answer": "Sodium hypochlorite", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Orthodontically treated midline diastema is best retained by:", + "gold_answer": "Bonded lingual retainer", + "os_answer": "Orthodontically treated midline diastema is best retained by:", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Poisoning by which of these elements causes blind staggers alkali disease in livestock?", + "gold_answer": "Selenium", + "os_answer": "Selenium", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the complication of massive blood transfusion?", + "gold_answer": "Metabolic alkalosis", + "os_answer": "Hypothermia, coagulopathy, and electrolyte imbalance.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following premolars has a mesial marginal ridge more cervical than the distal marginal ridge:", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular 1st premolar", + "os_answer": "The first premolar.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Correlation between the height and weight of children is best represented by:", + "gold_answer": "Scatter diagram", + "os_answer": "A scatter plot.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which among the following shows pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia?", + "gold_answer": "Granular cell myoblastorna", + "os_answer": "Pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia is a condition that can be seen in the context of chronic inflammation, often associated with the use of certain medications or in response to foreign bodies. It is characterized by the proliferation of the squamous epithelium, which can mimic the appearance of a squamous cell carcinoma. However, it is important to note that pseudo-epitheliomatous hyperplasia is not a true neoplasm but rather a reactive process. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is not explicitly listed among the options provided. It is a condition that can be observed in histopathological examination of tissue samples, typically under the microscope, and is characterized by the presence of hyperplastic squamous epithelium.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Recently approved drug by FDA for treatment of Lennox-Gestaut syndrome:", + "gold_answer": "Rufinamide", + "os_answer": "Ubrogepant", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A newborn presents with congestive heart failure, on examination has bulging anterior fontanelle with a bruit on auscultation. Transfontanellar USG shows a hypoechoic midline mass with dilated lateral ventricles. Most likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Vein of Galen malformation", + "os_answer": "A. Vein of Galen malformation\nC. Dandy Walker malformation\nD. Arnold Chiari malformation\nE. Holoprosencephaly", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant, diabetic female on oral hypoglycemics is shifted to insulin. All of the following are true regarding this, except:", + "gold_answer": "Tolbutamide causes PIH", + "os_answer": "Insulin is teratogenic", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lefort 1 osteotomy essentially involves osteotomy of how many bones?", + "gold_answer": "5", + "os_answer": "Lefort 1 osteotomy involves osteotomy of one bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the heart valve is most likely to be involved by Infective endocarditis following a septic abortion:", + "gold_answer": "Tricuspid valve.", + "os_answer": "Mitral valve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "DOC for bacterial vaginosis in pregnancy", + "gold_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_answer": "Metronidazole or Clindamycin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following antibiotics chelates with calcium ?", + "gold_answer": "Tetracycline", + "os_answer": "Erythromycin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After Dengue hemorrhagic shock, what is the criteria for the patient to be discharged from the hospital?", + "gold_answer": "After return of appetite", + "os_answer": "The patient should be hemodynamically stable, have no signs of bleeding, and have a normal platelet count.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Coxsackie virus causes", + "gold_answer": "herpangina", + "os_answer": "Hand, foot, and mouth disease. This is a common viral illness that primarily affects children under the age of 5. The virus is highly contagious and can be spread through direct contact with an infected person's saliva, stool, or respiratory secretions. Symptoms of Coxsackie virus infection include fever, sore throat, and a rash on the hands, feet, and in the mouth. The rash may also appear on the buttocks and genital area. While the illness is usually mild and resolves on its own, it can cause discomfort and pain for the affected individual. It is important to practice good hygiene, such as washing hands frequently and avoiding close contact with infected individuals, to prevent the spread of the virus. If you suspect that you or your child has contracted Coxsackie virus, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to the instrument formula given by G.V. Black, the primary cutting edge angle should be:", + "gold_answer": ">50 degree", + "os_answer": "90 degrees.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about legionella pneumophilia except", + "gold_answer": "Person to person transmission", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Curve passing through the buccal and lingual cusp tips of the mandibular buccal teeth is:", + "gold_answer": "Wilson curve", + "os_answer": "Curve of Spee", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which stage of plasmodium vivax is infective to mosquito?", + "gold_answer": "Gametocyte", + "os_answer": "The stage of plasmodium vivax that is infective to mosquito is the sporozoite stage.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phase 1 clinical trial is done for:", + "gold_answer": "Drug safety", + "os_answer": "Testing the safety of a new drug or treatment in a small group of people.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are features of infant born to diabetic mother except:", + "gold_answer": "Learning disability", + "os_answer": "A. Macrosomia B. Hypoglycemia C. Respiratory distress D. Hyperbilirubinemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not a component of quick SOFA (qSOFA) scoring?", + "gold_answer": "Bilateral undilated pupils", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is not used as an abrasive in the dentifrice", + "gold_answer": "Amylase", + "os_answer": "Fluoride", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these indicators is used at anganwadi centers for growth monitoring in children?", + "gold_answer": "Weight for age", + "os_answer": "Weight-for-age.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Palatine process begins to fuse at:", + "gold_answer": "8th week of fertilization", + "os_answer": "The palatine process begins to fuse at around the 7th to 9th week of prenatal development.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Medlar bodies are found in -", + "gold_answer": "Chromoblastomycosis", + "os_answer": "Medlar bodies are found in the urine of patients with certain types of kidney diseases, such as multiple myeloma. They are formed by the accumulation of abnormal proteins produced by the malignant plasma cells in the kidneys.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The muscles of the tongue are supplied by:", + "gold_answer": "Hypoglossal", + "os_answer": "The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Transudate is characterized by:", + "gold_answer": "Low protein content", + "os_answer": "Low protein content.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which\tof\tthe\tfollowing\tcan\tresult\tin\tParadoxical\nexcitement in children.", + "gold_answer": "Phenobarbitone", + "os_answer": "\tLSD", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is a gender-specific side-effect of valproate?", + "gold_answer": "Polycystic ovarian syndrome", + "os_answer": "Weight gain is a gender-specific side-effect of valproate, as it is more common in women than in men.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum pCO2 is seen in which of the following stage in arterial gas analysis?", + "gold_answer": "A", + "os_answer": "The stage of respiratory acidosis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cholesterol crystals are found in which zone?", + "gold_answer": "Zone of irritation", + "os_answer": "Cholesterol crystals are found in the necrotic zone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 25 years old lady with a history of fever for 1 month presents with headache and ataxia.Brain imaging shows dilated ventricles and significant basal exudates. Which of the following will be the most likely CSF finding?", + "gold_answer": "Lymphocytosis, Low Glucose, High protein", + "os_answer": "E. Increased protein", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A sick intubated neonate is having bilateral jerk of both right and left upper limbs with some occasional twitching of neck as well. Likely type of seizures:-", + "gold_answer": "Multifocal clonic", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sickle cell mutation is", + "gold_answer": "Point mutation", + "os_answer": "A genetic disorder that affects the shape of red blood cells.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Elaboration of an enzyme that destroy penicillin", + "os_answer": "The production of beta-lactamase enzymes that can break down antibiotics like penicillin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Proteins elevated in the plasma in myocardial infarction", + "gold_answer": "Troponin T", + "os_answer": "Troponins", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dystrophic calcification is seen most commonly in which of the following oral tissues", + "gold_answer": "Pulp", + "os_answer": "Dystrophic calcification is most commonly seen in the periodontal ligament.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acetone free methyl alcohol is present in Leishmann's stain for:", + "gold_answer": "It stops metabolic and enzymatic activity of the cell", + "os_answer": "Leishmaniasis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of choice for erythrodermic psoriasis:", + "gold_answer": "Methotrexate", + "os_answer": "Systemic therapy, such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, or biologic agents.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8 year old child got trauma and got his central incisor avulsed 20 minutes back which got contaminated with debris. The child rushes to dental clinic with avulsed tooth, the treatment is:", + "gold_answer": "Clean root surface with saline and reimplant", + "os_answer": "Reimplantation and splinting of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Following hepatitis B infection through blood transfusion, disease manifests in:", + "gold_answer": "3 months", + "os_answer": "Chronic liver disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these statements is true about Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana?", + "gold_answer": "Cashless benefit on presenting smacard and fingerprints", + "os_answer": "It is a health insurance scheme for the poor.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The activity of the following enzyme is affected by biotin deficiency:", + "gold_answer": "Carboxylase", + "os_answer": "Carboxylase.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of cerebral palsy is commonly associated with scoliosis and other orthopedic problems \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Spastic quadriplegia", + "os_answer": "Spastic cerebral palsy.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following does golgi tendon organ detect?", + "gold_answer": "Muscle Tension", + "os_answer": "Golgi tendon organ detects changes in muscle tension.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum strain of parturient heart occurs during:", + "gold_answer": "Immediate postpartum", + "os_answer": "Labor", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Schizonts and late trophozoite stages of plasmodium falciparum not seen in peripheral blood smear because:", + "gold_answer": "Due to adherence to the capillary endothelium, they are not seen in peripheral blood", + "os_answer": "Schizonts and late trophozoite stages of plasmodium falciparum are not seen in peripheral blood smear because they are sequestered in the deep vascular beds of organs like the brain and heart.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In depressed zygomatic arch fracture, difficulty in opening the mouth is caused by impingement of:", + "gold_answer": "Coronoid process", + "os_answer": "The masseter muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant female delivered a baby with normal expulsion of an intact placenta. After half hour she staed bleeding per vaginaly. On examination she was hypotensive and boggy mass is palpated per abdomen. USG showed retained placental tissues. what is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Placenta succenturiata", + "os_answer": "A", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Crescendo angina is", + "gold_answer": "Unstable angina", + "os_answer": "A type of angina that occurs when the heart rate increases significantly during physical activity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "High copper dental amalgams are superior to other amalgams because high copper dental amalgams:", + "gold_answer": "Have less marginal breakdown", + "os_answer": "have better corrosion resistance and less marginal breakdown.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is giving; history of avulsed tooth 20 minutes back, comes to dentist what should be done?", + "gold_answer": "Rinse with saline and reimplant", + "os_answer": "The tooth should be replanted as soon as possible, ideally within 30 minutes of the avulsion. The tooth should be handled carefully, avoiding touching the root, and should be placed back in the socket if possible. If not, it should be kept moist in milk or saliva until the dentist can replant it. The patient should also be advised to avoid biting on the tooth and to see the dentist as soon as possible for further treatment.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "14 year old child with blindness, sensorineural hearing loss, progressive hematuria, hypeension with similar family history in father", + "gold_answer": "Alpo syndrome", + "os_answer": "Alport syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Coarse tremors of tongue is seen in all except:", + "gold_answer": "Thyrotoxicosis", + "os_answer": "A. Acute intermittent porphyria B. Acute lead poisoning C. Hypoglycemia D. Alcohol withdrawal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is not true about randomization in a clinical trial?", + "gold_answer": "Increases external validity of the trial", + "os_answer": "Randomization ensures that the treatment groups are balanced in terms of age, gender, and other factors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient shows one or more of the following: advanced bone loss, grade II and III furcation involvements, tooth mobility, inaccessible areas, systemic/environmental factors represents:", + "gold_answer": "Questionable prognosis", + "os_answer": "Severe periodontitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Carotid sinus/baroreceptor is located at the origin of", + "gold_answer": "Internal carotid artery", + "os_answer": "common carotid artery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In resorption of roots of the primary teeth, the\ndental pulp", + "gold_answer": "Plays a passive role", + "os_answer": "is gradually replaced by", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The probable reasons for a high incidence of dental caries in the teenage population relates most directly to:", + "gold_answer": "Frequency of sucrose intake", + "os_answer": "a. poor oral hygiene b. excessive consumption of sugary foods and drinks c. lack of access to dental care d. all of the above", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 30 years old female patient with polyahritis, testing reveals nucleolar pattern of ANA staining. What is the likely course of this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Sclerodactyly, esophageal dysmotility and Raynaud's phenomenon", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following drug can decrease the size of prostate?", + "gold_answer": "Finasteride", + "os_answer": "Finasteride.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Problem associated with wide divergent roots of primary teeth", + "gold_answer": "Both", + "os_answer": "The problem associated with wide divergent roots of primary teeth is that they can make it difficult to extract the tooth without damaging the surrounding tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Klenow fragment lacks the activity of?", + "gold_answer": "5'-3' exonuclease", + "os_answer": "DNA polymerase I", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Diagnodent uses what for detecting caries", + "gold_answer": "LASER", + "os_answer": "X-rays", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Under National Health Mission which committee makes plan for village health?", + "gold_answer": "Village health sanitation and nutrition committee (VHSNC)", + "os_answer": "District Health Society", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anodontia affects the growth of:", + "gold_answer": "Alveolar bone", + "os_answer": "Teeth.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most mucostatic impression material is", + "gold_answer": "Thin mix of plaster of paris", + "os_answer": "Alginate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Facial nerve injury during forceps delivery in labour is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Mastoid process is absent at birth", + "os_answer": "Excessive traction on the facial nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most characteristic feature of mandibulofacial dysostosis is", + "gold_answer": "Normal vision with coloboma", + "os_answer": "Abnormal development of the lower jaw (mandible) and middle ear.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the function of filtration process while taking radiographs?", + "gold_answer": "Remove the portion of long wavelength photons", + "os_answer": "The filtration process in radiography is used to remove low-energy x-rays from the beam. This is done to reduce the patient's exposure to unnecessary radiation and to improve the quality of the radiographic image. The filtration process does not directly affect the patient's body, but it does affect the x-ray beam.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8 year old boy complaints of increasing muscle weakness. On examination, his calves are bulky and show muscle tightening. His serum creatine kinase levels are increasing with age. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Dystrophin deficiency", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these findings is not specific of blast injury?", + "gold_answer": "Fracture", + "os_answer": "A) Hemorrhage B) Fractures C) Diffuse axonal injury D) Hypoxia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Passavant\u2019s ridge is located on which of the following:", + "gold_answer": "Posterior wall of nasopharynx", + "os_answer": "Passavant's ridge is located on the lateral border of the tongue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "1-3 beta - d - glucan assay is done for which infection?", + "gold_answer": "Invasive candidiasis", + "os_answer": "1-3 beta - d - glucan assay is done for fungal infection.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Midazolam cannot be given by which of the following routes:", + "gold_answer": "Inhalation", + "os_answer": "Intravenous", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are signs of hydrocephalus in a neonate except \u2013a) Enlarged headb) Sunset signc) Crack post signd) Depressed fontanelle", + "gold_answer": "cd", + "os_answer": "\u00a0C", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Antiemetic action is due to which propey of metoclopramide?", + "gold_answer": "D, antagonist", + "os_answer": "Metoclopramide has antiemetic action due to its antagonistic action on dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Blood on OT floor is cleaned by?", + "gold_answer": "Chlorine based compounds", + "os_answer": "A medical professional or a member of the healthcare team.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is the role of barrier membrane in GTR?", + "gold_answer": "Prevention of epithelial migration", + "os_answer": "To facilitate the growth of new bone and soft tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Functional appliances in skeletal class II are indicated when:", + "gold_answer": "Maxilla is normal, mandible is retrognathic", + "os_answer": "There is a need to modify the growth pattern of the jaw and improve the relationship between the upper and lower jaws.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cartilage of larynx are developed from:", + "gold_answer": "4&6 arch cartilage.", + "os_answer": "Endoderm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pernicious anaemia occurs in:", + "gold_answer": "Vit B12 deficiency", + "os_answer": "People with inadequate intake of vitamin B12.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about enamel rods except", + "gold_answer": "Length of enamel rods is same as the thickness of enamel", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with history of coronary aery disease presents with pulse rate of 48/min and low BP. Patient has decreased myocardial contractility on Echo. Which of these anesthetic agents is contraindicated?", + "gold_answer": "Dexmedetomidine", + "os_answer": "Halothane", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following nerves supplies the ear lobule?", + "gold_answer": "Greater auricular nerve", + "os_answer": "The mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve, supplies the ear lobule.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient had a femur fracture for which internal fixation was done. Two days later, the patient developed sudden onset shoness of breath with low-grade fever. What is the likely cause?", + "gold_answer": "Fat embolism", + "os_answer": "A possible cause of the patient's symptoms is a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leading to a pulmonary embolism (PE). The immobilization from the femur fracture and internal fixation surgery increases the risk of blood clot formation. The sudden onset of shortness of breath and low-grade fever are common symptoms of a pulmonary embolism. It is important to seek immediate medical attention in such cases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Localization of the receptor of a hormone Xis found to be in the nucleus. What is likely to be X?", + "gold_answer": "Thyroxine", + "os_answer": "Steroid hormone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Endo-cochlear potential is:", + "gold_answer": "+85 mV", + "os_answer": "A potential difference between the endolymph and the perilymph in the cochlea.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Statistical `Q' test is used for:", + "gold_answer": "To determine outliars", + "os_answer": "Comparing the means of three or more independent groups.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Typical lipoprotein contains", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "cholesterol and triglycerides.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of choice in a patient with a staghorn calculus with mild hydronephrosis?", + "gold_answer": "PCNL", + "os_answer": "Ureteroscopic lithotripsy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pericytes are found:", + "gold_answer": "Around capillaries of pulp", + "os_answer": "in the walls of capillaries and venules.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 35-year-old male is put on thiazides for the treatment of primary hypeension. What would be the status of his urinary sodium, potassium and calcium in the first 24-hours of drug administration?", + "gold_answer": "Sodium and potassium increases, calcium increases", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rapid axonal flow in the neurons is mediated by all except:", + "gold_answer": "Neurofilaments", + "os_answer": "(A) myelin (B) microtubules (C) neurofilaments (D) actin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 49 years old male with 35 pack years presented with painless mass in left scrotal sac and microscopic hematuria. On laboratory investigation, Alphafetoprotein and lactate dehydrogenase was negative. What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Renal cell carcinoma", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Severe alveolar bone loss, as observed in juvenile periodontitis is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Neutrophil chemotactic defects or Impaired neutrophil chemotaxis", + "os_answer": "Increased risk of tooth loss and potential systemic health issues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hyalinization in orthodontic movement means:", + "gold_answer": "A cell free zone histologically similar to hyaline appearance", + "os_answer": "Hyalinization in orthodontic movement refers to a temporary cessation of tooth movement due to the formation of a hyaline layer within the periodontal ligament. This phenomenon occurs when excessive force is applied to the teeth during orthodontic treatment, leading to inflammation and the accumulation of hyaline material. The hyaline layer acts as a barrier, preventing further tooth movement until it is resolved through the natural healing process. It is important for orthodontists to carefully monitor and adjust the force applied during treatment to minimize the occurrence of hyalinization and ensure optimal tooth movement.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Serology profile done for a patient is mentioned below. What is the likely cause of the abnormal findings:HbsAg-Non-reactiveHBV DNA-UndetectableHbeAg-Non-reactiveIgG Anti-HbC-Reactive", + "gold_answer": "Chronic hepatitis recovery state", + "os_answer": "Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Latest technique by which bone graft is obtained without\ndamaging vital structure, vessels/veins is based on?", + "gold_answer": "Piezoelectric vibration", + "os_answer": "Tissue engineering", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Episodes of repeated thin stools with mucus, subjective feeling of fever and lower abdominal pain, with leukocytes in stool. Which of the following is likely?", + "gold_answer": "Entamoeba", + "os_answer": "( ).\nA. Acute bacterial dysentery\nB. Acute gastroenteritis\nC. Chronic bacterial dysentery\nD. Chronic gastroenteritis\nE. Amebic dysentery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Permanent bending of an orthodontic wire during its clinical application will leads to work hardening of the alloy, this might cause:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Increased stiffness and decreased ductility of the wire.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Growth of nasal bone is completed by:", + "gold_answer": "10 years", + "os_answer": "The age of 16-18 years.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The typical cervical differs from thoracic vertebra in that it", + "gold_answer": "Has a foramen transversarium", + "os_answer": "has a larger vertebral foramen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In cephalometric radiography, the distance between the subject and the source of X-ray is", + "gold_answer": "5 feet", + "os_answer": "The distance between the subject and the source of X-ray in cephalometric radiography is crucial for obtaining accurate and clear images. It is typically measured in terms of centimeters or inches. The standard distance is usually around 150-180 cm (approximately 59-71 inches) for adult patients. This distance allows for optimal image quality and reduces the risk of overexposure to radiation. However, it may vary depending on the specific equipment and patient's size. It is important for the radiographer to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and adjust the distance accordingly to ensure the best possible results.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most atypical (unique) tooth", + "gold_answer": "Primary lower 1st molar", + "os_answer": "Wisdom tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Object permanence seen in which stage of Jean Piaget\u2019s theory", + "gold_answer": "Sensorimotor", + "os_answer": "Object permanence is seen in the sensorimotor stage of Jean Piaget\u2019s theory.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While extracting a mandibular third molar, it is noted that the distal root is missing. The root tip is most likely in the:", + "gold_answer": "Submandibular space", + "os_answer": "Maxillary sinus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enzyme regulating the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde:", + "gold_answer": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", + "os_answer": "Alcohol dehydrogenase", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Caries status in child is most likely suggested by", + "gold_answer": "DMFT and past caries experience", + "os_answer": "Presence of dental caries.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Folic acid deficiency is precipitated by:", + "gold_answer": "Phenytoin", + "os_answer": "Inadequate dietary intake.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Group 2 sensory fibres are attached to:", + "gold_answer": "Flower spray ending", + "os_answer": "Group 2 sensory fibres are attached to the muscle spindle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect.", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lamina cribrosa is a modification of :", + "gold_answer": "Sclera", + "os_answer": "Lamina cribrosa is a modification of the sclera.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most difficult maxillary tooth to anaesthetize by infiltration is :", + "gold_answer": "1st molar", + "os_answer": "Maxillary 3rd molar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "(gd) T cell is associated with?", + "gold_answer": "First line defense against bacterial peptides", + "os_answer": "(gd) Immune response", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Main crystalline component of calculus is", + "gold_answer": "Hydroxyapatite", + "os_answer": "Calcium phosphate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Card test is done for which of the following muscle?", + "gold_answer": "Palmar interossei", + "os_answer": "Cardiac muscle", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The chances of having an unaffected baby, when both parents have achondroplasia, are \u2013", + "gold_answer": "25%", + "os_answer": "Zero.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The common site for necrotizing sialometaplasia", + "gold_answer": "palate", + "os_answer": "The major salivary glands", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of following will happen with a flexible major connector:", + "gold_answer": "Will cause PDL destruction of abutment teeth", + "os_answer": "It will provide a more comfortable fit for the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common site of zygomatic arch fracture is:", + "gold_answer": "Posterior to Zygomaticotemporal suture", + "os_answer": "The zygomatic arch, a bony structure that spans from the cheekbone to the temporal bone, is most commonly fractured in the region where it articulates with the maxilla and the temporal bone. This area is particularly vulnerable due to its prominence and relative thinness, making it susceptible to trauma from direct impacts to the face. In clinical practice, zygomatic arch fractures are often associated with facial trauma, such as that resulting from motor vehicle accidents, falls, or physical altercations. The diagnosis of a zygomatic arch fracture is typically confirmed through imaging studies, such as X-rays or computed tomography (CT) scans, which provide detailed views of the bone structure and can reveal the extent of the injury. Treatment for a zygomatic arch fracture may involve conservative management with pain control and monitoring, or surgical intervention to realign and stabilize the bone fragments, depending on the severity of the fracture and associated injuries.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following principles governs biomedical research in human subjects?", + "gold_answer": "Helsinki declaration", + "os_answer": "The principle of informed consent.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Median rhomboid glossitis is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Persistence of tuberculum impar", + "os_answer": "Candida albicans", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 weeks old infant has conjunctivitis, which later developed into respiratory distress and pneumonia. Chest X-ray showed bilateral lung infiltrates. WBC count was 14,300/dL. Which of the following is the most likely organism?", + "gold_answer": "Chlamydia trachomatis", + "os_answer": "C. Chlamydia trachomatis\nB. Haemophilus influenzae\nC. Neisseria gonorrhoeae\nD. Pseudomonas aeruginosa\nE. Streptococcus pneumoniae", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Independent assoment of maternal and paternal chromosome occurs at which stage of spermatocyte maturation:", + "gold_answer": "Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte", + "os_answer": "Secondary spermatocyte", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During post preparation in distal canal of mandibular first molar, maximum chance of perforation is seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Mesial surface", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "How much population falls between median and median plus one standard deviation in a normal distribution ?", + "gold_answer": "0.34", + "os_answer": "About 68% of the population falls between the median and the median plus one standard deviation in a normal distribution. This is known as the empirical rule or the 68-95-99.7 rule, which states that in a normal distribution, approximately 68% of the data falls within one standard deviation of the mean, 95% falls within two standard deviations, and 99.7% falls within three standard deviations. Since the median is the middle value of a distribution, it is also the mean in a normal distribution. Therefore, the range from the median to the median plus one standard deviation encompasses about 68% of the population.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which crown would be suitable for a patient with high\ncaries index, minimum horizontal overlap of maxillary central incisors?", + "gold_answer": "Metal ceramic crown", + "os_answer": "A modified Anderson-Andrews crown would be suitable for a patient with high caries index and minimum horizontal overlap of maxillary central incisors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "NK cells are effective against viral infected cells only if the cell with infection:", + "gold_answer": "Unable to express MHC class I proteins", + "os_answer": "has not been previously infected by the same virus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Main concern during prosthodontics surgery and better prosthetic prognosis?", + "gold_answer": "Minimal invasion", + "os_answer": "The main concern during prosthodontics surgery is to ensure the patient's comfort and safety, while the better prosthetic prognosis is achieved by using advanced materials and techniques.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Clinical diagnosis of candidiasis is confirmed by", + "gold_answer": "Demonstration of mycelia and spores in scrapping", + "os_answer": "a) Blood test. b) Urine test. c) KOH test. d) X-ray.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best radiographic view of temporomandibular joint\nis given by:", + "gold_answer": "Transpharyngeal", + "os_answer": "Waters view", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Submandibular calculus can be removed by:", + "gold_answer": "Incision of the duct and removal of calculus", + "os_answer": "A dental professional", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best way to fill a bony defect will be with which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Autograft", + "os_answer": "Bone grafting.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 36 year old female is found to have a large pituitary mass on MRI imaging. She underwent transsphenoidal hypophysectomy. Postop replacement of which of the following hormone is not needed?", + "gold_answer": "Mineralocoicoids", + "os_answer": "A. Prolactin\nB. Thyroid stimulating hormone\nC. Adrenocorticotropic hormone\nD. Growth hormone", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Recently two methods of cPAP; conventional and bubble cPAP were compared. In the conventional method, 90 out of 160 showed extubation failure while 40 out of 160 showed extubation failure in bubble method, which test would be the best to compare the statistical significance between the rates of extubation failure in the two tests?", + "gold_answer": "Chi square test", + "os_answer": " A. Chi-square test B. Fisher exact test C. Student's t-test D. One-way ANOVA", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Angle between rake face and radial line is called:", + "gold_answer": "Rake angle.", + "os_answer": "The angle between the rake face and the radial line is called the rake angle.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "True congenital anodontia is:", + "gold_answer": "Autosomal dominant", + "os_answer": "a rare dental anomaly where a person is born without any teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most advantageous indication of acid etching is", + "gold_answer": "Decrease micro leakage", + "os_answer": "To enhance the bonding between the tooth structure and the restorative material.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Preferred drug for the treatment of uncomplicated grade 2 hypeension in a 48 year old man is", + "gold_answer": "Chlohalidone", + "os_answer": "Lisinopril.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the best incision preferred for diaphragmatic surgery?(AIIMS May 2015, May 2014)", + "gold_answer": "Circumferential", + "os_answer": "Median sternotomy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-day-old neonate in the neonatal ICU develops seizures. Which of the following would be the next best investigation for the child?", + "gold_answer": "Transcranial ultrasound", + "os_answer": "An electroencephalogram (EEG)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient complains of loss of visual acuity, deafness and enlargement of maxilla:", + "gold_answer": "Paget's disease", + "os_answer": "The patient is suffering from a condition called Acromegaly. This is a hormonal disorder that results from an excess of growth hormone in the body. The symptoms of acromegaly include enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial features, such as the nose, lips, and jaw. The enlargement of the maxilla can cause changes in the shape of the face and can also affect the teeth and jaw joint. The excess growth hormone can also affect the eyes and ears, leading to loss of visual acuity and deafness. Acromegaly is usually caused by a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, which is located at the base of the brain. The tumor produces excess growth hormone, which then circulates throughout the body and causes the symptoms of acromegaly. Treatment for acromegaly usually involves surgery to remove the tumor, as well as medications to reduce the production of growth hormone. In some cases, radiation therapy may also be used to shrink the tumor. It is important to diagnose and treat acromegaly early, as the condition can lead to serious", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In fracture of atrophic mandible with bone loss, what is the best treatment modality?", + "gold_answer": "Bone grafting and load bearing", + "os_answer": "The best treatment modality for fracture of atrophic mandible with bone loss is the use of bone grafting and rigid fixation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To localize a supernumerary or an impacted tooth and\ndetermine its exact relationship to the other teeth, which of the following radiographs would be most effective?", + "gold_answer": "Two or more periapical views at different angles and an occlusal view", + "os_answer": "A panoramic radiograph.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cells most commonly affected in glaucomatous optic atrophy?", + "gold_answer": "Ganglion cells", + "os_answer": "Retinal ganglion cells", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following muscles have parallel oriented fibers except:", + "gold_answer": "Tibialis anterior", + "os_answer": "The orbicularis oculi muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Amount of energy actually producing cutting is:", + "gold_answer": "Cutting efficiency.", + "os_answer": "The amount of energy required to produce cutting in medicine is dependent on the specific procedure being performed. For example, laser surgery may require more energy than traditional surgical methods. However, the energy used is carefully controlled to minimize damage to surrounding tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Supragingival plaque undergoes which of the following changes with time?", + "gold_answer": "Plaque microflora becomes gram negative", + "os_answer": "Supragingival plaque undergoes a series of changes with time, starting from the initial formation of a sticky biofilm to the development of a mature, complex microbial community. This process is known as plaque maturation. During this process, the composition of the plaque changes, with an increase in the number of bacteria and a shift in the types of bacteria present. The plaque also becomes more acidic, which can lead to tooth decay and gum disease. Additionally, the plaque can harden and calcify, forming tartar or calculus. This can further contribute to gum disease and other oral health problems. Overall, the changes that occur in supragingival plaque over time can have significant implications for oral health.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Transmission of herpes is maximum in-", + "gold_answer": "During parturition", + "os_answer": "Direct contact with infected individuals.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An investigator wants to study the association between maternal intake of iron supplements (Yes or No) and birth weights (in gm) of new born babies. He collects relevant data from 100 pregnant women and their newborns. What statistical test of hypothesis would you advise for the investigator in this situation?", + "gold_answer": "Unpaired or independent t - test", + "os_answer": "_____.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most numerous component of plaque?", + "gold_answer": "Microorganisms", + "os_answer": "The most numerous component of plaque is bacteria.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Middle aged woman presents with fissures in mouth, tingling sensation and peripheral neuropathy. Investigations showed reduced glutathione reductase activity. which vitamin deficiency is the likely cause of this?", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin 82", + "os_answer": "Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Creation of an apical stop to prevent extrusion of matrix beyond apex is called:", + "gold_answer": "Resistance form", + "os_answer": "Apicoectomy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Jawan posted in Siachen was brought to the emergency depament with hypothermia. Which is the ideal site to measure his temperature?", + "gold_answer": "Rectal", + "os_answer": "A. Rectal B. Oral C. Axillary D. Tympanic", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3.5 kg male infant born at term after an uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery develops respiratory distress sholy after bih and requires mechanical ventilation. The chest radiograph reveals a normal cardiothymic silhouette but a diffuse ground glass appearance to the lung fields. Surfactant replacement fails to improve gas exchange. Over the first week life, the hypoxemia worsens. Results of routing culture and echocardiographic findings are negative. A term female sibling died at 1 month of age with respiratory distress. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Neonatal pulmonary alveolar proteinosis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 26-year-old primigravida with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy comes to you at 4 months with concern regarding continuing sodium-valproate treatment. Your advice is:", + "gold_answer": "Continue sodium valproate with regular monitoring of serum levels", + "os_answer": "The patient should be advised to discontinue sodium valproate due to the increased risk of teratogenicity. Alternative antiepileptic drugs should be considered, and the patient should be closely monitored throughout her pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On laboratory investigations in a patient. pH = 7.3, pCO2 = 35 mm Hg. What is the likely acid base imbalance?", + "gold_answer": "Metabolic acidosis", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Shape of trapezium muscle is", + "gold_answer": "Triangular", + "os_answer": "Trapezium muscle has a trapezoidal shape.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In medically intractable seizures, which of the following modalities of treatment has shown the best seizure-free period?", + "gold_answer": "Epileptic surgery", + "os_answer": "Surgical intervention.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An affected male does not have affected children but an affected female always has affected children. Type of inheritance?", + "gold_answer": "Mitochondrial", + "os_answer": "X-linked recessive.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common complication of ECT is -", + "gold_answer": "Retrograde amnesia", + "os_answer": "Memory loss", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If a patient with Raynaud's disease puts his hand in cold water, the hand appears:", + "gold_answer": "White", + "os_answer": "White or pale due to reduced blood flow.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-year-old child with fever and barking cough for last 2 days presented to the pediatric emergency at 2.30 am. On examination, respiratory rate is 36/ min, temperature of 39 degC and stridor heard only on crying. No other abnormality is found. What is the next best step in management?", + "gold_answer": "High-dose dexamethasone", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chylomicron are formed in", + "gold_answer": "GIT", + "os_answer": "the small intestine.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Potential generated due to movement of freely diffusible ions across a semi-permeable membrane is calculated using:", + "gold_answer": "Nemst equation", + "os_answer": "Nernst equation", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infection from maxillary first molar drains into", + "gold_answer": "Buccal space", + "os_answer": "The maxillary sinus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cause of death in congenital diaphragmatic hernia is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Pulmonary hypoplasia", + "os_answer": "Respiratory failure due to pulmonary hypoplasia.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In iron poisoning drug Desferoxamine is given.what is its mechanism of action -", + "gold_answer": "By binding with trivalent Fe3+", + "os_answer": "Desferoxamine is a chelating agent that binds to iron and facilitates its excretion from the body.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First local anaesthesia to be used clinically was", + "gold_answer": "Cocaine", + "os_answer": "Procaine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The drug which is used to treat laryngospasm is", + "gold_answer": "Succinylcholine", + "os_answer": "Cricothyrotomy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best stimulator of respiratory centre is:", + "gold_answer": "Increase in arterial carbon dioxide level", + "os_answer": "CO2", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 7-year-old child having yellowish discoloured spot of maxillary central incisor. His mother presents a history of injury to deciduous tooth 3 years back with recurrent infections & swelling. The diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Turners hypoplasia", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The incision used for treatment of traumatic telecanthus is", + "gold_answer": "Bicoronal incision", + "os_answer": "A transconjunctival approach.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the angle subtended by the largest letter in the Snellen cha on a person's eye who is reading it from a distance of 6 meters?", + "gold_answer": "50 minutes", + "os_answer": "The angle subtended by the largest letter in the Snellen chart is approximately 5 minutes of arc. This means that the person's eye must be able to distinguish the largest letter from a distance of 6 meters, which is equivalent to a visual acuity of 20/60. This is considered to be below the normal range of visual acuity, which is typically between 20/20 and 20/40.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient giving history of thrombocytopenic purpura reports for extraction. What could be the most common postoperative complication?", + "gold_answer": "Haemorrhage", + "os_answer": "Increased risk of bleeding.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An average diameter of apical foramen in patients of age above 55 years is", + "gold_answer": "681 micrometer", + "os_answer": "Greater than 0.5 mm.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mesial contact area of the permanent canine is at the:", + "gold_answer": "Junction of the incisal and middle thirds", + "os_answer": "Middle third of the root", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The pathway of pain from teeth and temperature is carried by:", + "gold_answer": "Lateral spinothalamic tract", + "os_answer": "The trigeminal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is a qualitative test for bacteria:", + "gold_answer": "Salivary reductase test", + "os_answer": "A Gram stain.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The radiographic feature of sinusitis includes", + "gold_answer": "Clouding and fluid level", + "os_answer": "Thickening of the sinus walls.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following cells are of endodermal origin except:", + "gold_answer": "Odontoblasts", + "os_answer": "A. Pancreatic acinar cells B. Hepatocytes C. Goblet cells D. Neurons", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Within which parts of a gastric gland are chief cells located", + "gold_answer": "Fundus", + "os_answer": "Chief cells are located in the basal regions of the gastric glands.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "8 year old child had fractured his maxillary central incisor 10 months ago. The pulp shows no response. There is no periapical lesion in the radiograph. The treatment of choice is", + "gold_answer": "Complete debridement and apexification", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sublingual space is divided from submandibular space by:", + "gold_answer": "Fibres of mylohyoid", + "os_answer": "Hyoglossus muscle", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most characteristic feature of basal cell carcinoma is:", + "gold_answer": "Nuclear palisading", + "os_answer": "A) It is the most common type of skin cancer. B) It is highly metastatic. C) It is usually found on the face. D) It is most commonly found on the scalp.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After removal of periodontal dressing what should be done to keep sensitivity to the minimum?", + "gold_answer": "Keep roots, plaque free", + "os_answer": "After removal of periodontal dressing, the patient should be advised to avoid hot and cold foods and drinks for a few days. This is because the exposed areas are sensitive and can be aggravated by extreme temperatures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following increase at full term in pregnancy except:", + "gold_answer": "Cardiac output", + "os_answer": "A. Fetal heart rate. B. Fetal movement. C. Fetal weight. D. Fetal lung development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 45 year old woman has a nodule in the neck which moves during swallowing. The nodule most probably is attached to:", + "gold_answer": "Thyroid", + "os_answer": "The thyroid gland.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An example of acute inflammatory gingival enlargement is most likely to be seen in patient exhibiting:", + "gold_answer": "Pregnancy gingivitis", + "os_answer": "Poor oral hygiene and smoking habits.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Intake of unsaturated fatty acid is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Decreased risk of cardiovascular disease", + "os_answer": "Lower risk of heart disease.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 14 year old boy has delayed eruption of the\nsecond molar. Radiography shows a dentigerous cyst surrounding the crown of the tooth. The treatment of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Expose the crown and keep it exposed", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "6 yr old child H/O fever 5 days back which is now afebrile with normal muscle mass, tone and reflex, no neurological deficit but pain on palpating muscles and CPK levels 2000, diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Acute viral myositis", + "os_answer": "3\nC. Myositis\nD. Polymyositis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "MHC antigens are absent on?", + "gold_answer": "Erythrocyte", + "os_answer": "Red blood cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cohesion of direct gold filling at room temperature\nis an example of:", + "gold_answer": "Atomic attraction", + "os_answer": "Physical property", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "92. A clinical trail was conducted with 15225 hypeensive patients alloted in the intervention group (New drug) and control group (Old drug) respectively. Results of the research study are given in the following table. Calculate the absolute risk reduction (ARR) and relative risk (RR): Control group (old drug)Intervention group (new drug)Developed HT complications18001620Did not develop HT complications1342513605Total subjects1522515225", + "gold_answer": "ARR = 1% and RR = 0.9", + "os_answer": "Absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 1800/15225 - 1620/15225 = 0.0098 or 0.98%Relative risk (RR) = 1800/15225 = 0.118 or 11.8%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lacrimation is affected due to damage to which of the following nerves?", + "gold_answer": "Greater petrosal nerve", + "os_answer": "Lacrimation is affected due to damage to the facial nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Insulin resistance is seen in liver disease because of-", + "gold_answer": "Hepatic steatosis", + "os_answer": "Insulin resistance is not typically seen as a direct result of liver disease. Instead, liver diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are often associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is a condition where the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels. This condition is more directly related to metabolic syndrome and obesity, which can also contribute to the development of liver diseases. However, the liver disease itself does not cause insulin resistance; rather, the two conditions can coexist and exacerbate each other.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Access cavity shape in mandibular 1st molar with 4 canals", + "gold_answer": "Trapezoidal", + "os_answer": "The access cavity shape in mandibular 1st molar with 4 canals is typically a round or oval shape. This shape allows for proper visualization and access to the root canals for cleaning and shaping during endodontic treatment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If the distribution of intraocular pressure (IOP) seen in 100 glaucoma patients has an average 30 mm with an SD of 1, what is the lower limit of the average that can be expected 95% of times -", + "gold_answer": "28", + "os_answer": "27.2 mm", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anatomical dead space measured by -", + "gold_answer": "Single breath nitrogen test", + "os_answer": "Fowler's method.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First permanent molars begin to calcify at:", + "gold_answer": "At birth", + "os_answer": "Six months of age.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 32-year-old woman is 9 weeks pregnant and has a 10 year old Down's syndrome child. What test would you recommend for the mother so that she can know about her chances of getting a Down's syndrome baby is this present pregnancy. How will you assure the mother about the chances of Down's syndrome in the present pregnancy?", + "gold_answer": "Chorionic villus sampling", + "os_answer": "The test that would be recommended for the mother is the Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) test. This test is usually performed between the 10th and 12th week of pregnancy. It involves taking a small sample of cells from the placenta, which can then be tested for chromosomal abnormalities, including Down's syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ability of a bur blade to describe a complete circle during rotation is called as:", + "gold_answer": "Run out.", + "os_answer": "Rotational symmetry", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is true about prostate cancer?", + "gold_answer": "Histopathology is determined by Gleason score", + "os_answer": "Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, excluding skin cancer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following anticoagulant preservative can be used to store blood, so that it can be kept for 35 days?", + "gold_answer": "Citrate phosphate dextrose-adenine (CPD-A)", + "os_answer": "Sodium citrate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All ceramic crown is placed on mandibular canine, what can we do to prolong the life of crown:", + "gold_answer": "Group function.", + "os_answer": "To prolong the life of a ceramic crown placed on a mandibular canine, it is important to maintain good oral hygiene by brushing and flossing regularly. Additionally, avoiding hard and sticky foods that can potentially damage the crown is crucial. Regular dental check-ups and professional cleanings are also recommended to monitor the condition of the crown and address any issues promptly.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are complications of supracondylar fracture of humerus in children,except -", + "gold_answer": "Non-Union", + "os_answer": "A. Volkmann's ischemic contracture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Diagnosis of mouth breathing can be done by all of the following except:", + "gold_answer": "Kinesiography", + "os_answer": "A. Observing the patient's breathing pattern. B. Checking the patient's blood pressure. C. Asking the patient about their breathing habits. D. Examining the patient's mouth and throat.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In reversible hydrocolloid the property by which the transformation from sol to gel and gel to sol occurs, is a function of the:", + "gold_answer": "Temperature", + "os_answer": "Temperature", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presents with ascending muscle weakness for 2 days. On examination, the limb is flaccid. What investigation should be done first?", + "gold_answer": "Serum potassium", + "os_answer": "Electromyography (EMG)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acetone breath is a feature of:", + "gold_answer": "Diabetes mellitus", + "os_answer": "Diabetic ketoacidosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following bone(s) are used for the determination of growth in an individual?", + "gold_answer": "Cervical vertebrae", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Shape of the central groove in Mandibular 2nd premolar is", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "\"U\" shaped.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Amniotic fluid is mainly produced by:", + "gold_answer": "Fetus", + "os_answer": "The fetal kidneys.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 years old female currently on a drug for psychiatric illness and hypeension presents with NYHA class III hea failure with dyspnea, pedal edema and K+ levels of 5.5 mEq/L and creatinine 2.5 mg%. Which of the following drug is best avoided?", + "gold_answer": "Spironolactone", + "os_answer": "This patient has hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency. The drug that best fits this description is Amlodipine. Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker used for hypertension and angina. It can cause edema and may worsen heart failure. However, it does not directly contribute to hyperkalemia or renal insufficiency. The drug that is best avoided in this case is Spironolactone. Spironolactone is a potassium-sparing diuretic often used in heart failure patients. However, in the presence of hyperkalemia, it should be avoided as it can further increase potassium levels. Additionally, it can potentially worsen renal insufficiency. Therefore, the correct answer is Spironolactone.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Improved marginal adaptation in a composite restoration can be achieved by:", + "gold_answer": "Acid etching", + "os_answer": "Using a smoother surface treatment", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which hormone, together with the catecholamines, enhances the tone of vascular smooth muscle and assists in elevating blood pressure?", + "gold_answer": "Cortisol", + "os_answer": "Angiotensin II.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inflammation of the periapical tissue is sustained by:", + "gold_answer": "Microorganisms", + "os_answer": "Infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a soft tissue cyst which do not produce any radiographic changes", + "gold_answer": "Nasolabial cyst", + "os_answer": " True", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pure histological landmark for termination of cleaning, shaping and obturation is", + "gold_answer": "CDJ", + "os_answer": "The apical constriction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Addison's disease is related to:", + "gold_answer": "Adrenal cortex", + "os_answer": "a deficiency in the hormone cortisol.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presented with Microcephaly, Hepatomegaly and periventricular calcification. Best site from where specimen should be obtained for diagnosis of CMV by PCR?", + "gold_answer": "Urine", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is penicillinase resistant penicillin:", + "gold_answer": "Cloxacillin", + "os_answer": "Ampicillin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "IPC section dealing with illegal aboion with woman consent?", + "gold_answer": "312", + "os_answer": "IPC section 312", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a suspected patient of dengue, all of these are acceptable investigations at day 3 of presentation except:", + "gold_answer": "ELISA for antibody against dengue virus", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When length of a spring is doubled, the effect is:", + "gold_answer": "Eight times", + "os_answer": "The force exerted by the spring will be halved.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Severe acidosis occurs during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The best method to counteract acidosis is to administer:", + "gold_answer": "Sodium bicarbonate intravenously", + "os_answer": "Sodium bicarbonate.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bones are held by a long cord or sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue called:", + "gold_answer": "Syndesmosis.", + "os_answer": "Ligament", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A thinner mix of a gypsum-bonded investment will:", + "gold_answer": "Decrease setting expansion", + "os_answer": "Have a faster setting time.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 45 years old male presents with itchy papules over face, neck and V area of chest for the last three years, which are exacerbated in summers and improved in winters. What test will you do to confirm diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Patch test", + "os_answer": "ANA (Antinuclear antibody) test. This is incorrect. The correct test to confirm the diagnosis in this case would be a skin prick test or patch test to identify specific allergens that may be triggering the allergic reaction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "C wave in JVP due to", + "gold_answer": "Tricuspid bulging", + "os_answer": "Atrial contraction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is suffering from dehydration secondary to diarrhea. Which of the following intravenous agent is used in this case?", + "gold_answer": "0.9% saline", + "os_answer": "1) Normal saline 2) Dextrose in water 3) Ringer lactate 4) 5% dextrose in water", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient's cross infection with bite block of orthopantamograph machine is prevented by", + "gold_answer": "Using disposable bite blocks", + "os_answer": "Sterilization of the machine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 5-years old child was presented with proptosis. Microscopic examination of the mass revealed a round cell tumor positive for Desmin immunohistochemical marker. Most likely diagnosis is ?", + "gold_answer": "Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Porosity present in a acrylic denture is usually the result of:", + "gold_answer": "Lack of sufficient pressure applied to flask", + "os_answer": "Insufficient polymerization.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major aim of phase 1 clinical trials is:-", + "gold_answer": "Dose", + "os_answer": "To assess the safety and dosage of the drug.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bennett angle is:", + "gold_answer": "The angle which the path of balancing side condyle makes with the sagittal plane during Lateral excursion", + "os_answer": "A specific angle used in the placement of dental implants.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Couinaud classified liver into 8 segments,which structure differentiates the segments anatomically", + "gold_answer": "Hepatic vein", + "os_answer": "The hepatic veins", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cavity varnish is used for:", + "gold_answer": "To reduce the permeability of acid into dentinal tubules", + "os_answer": "To protect the tooth from acid attack and to seal the dentinal tubules.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient shows gingival swelling in lower premolar region. Biopsy was taken and histopathological examination showed endothelium-lined vascular spaces and the extreme proliferation of fibroblasts and budding endothelial cells. What could this lesion be:", + "gold_answer": "Pyogenic granuloma", + "os_answer": "The lesion could be a pyogenic granuloma.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common sign of airway obstruction", + "gold_answer": "Strenuous breathing", + "os_answer": "Difficulty breathing", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After a building collapse, among remnants, a person's length of humerus is 24.5 cm. What is the predicted height of this person?", + "gold_answer": "130 cm", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of CKD has presented with protracted vomiting. ABG shows pH = 7.40, pCO2 = 40 mm Hg, HCO3 = 25 mEq, Na=145 mEq/L, Chloride = 100 mEq/L, HCO3 = 24 mEq/L. What is the observation?", + "gold_answer": "High anion gap metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis", + "os_answer": "The patient is in metabolic alkalosis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Purpose of giving Glycopyrrolate before GA", + "gold_answer": "Decrease laryngeal secretions", + "os_answer": "To reduce salivary and bronchial secretions.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "what does not occur in 5'- 3'direction?", + "gold_answer": "RNA editing", + "os_answer": "DNA synthesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following cannula is used in patient with severe dehydration and diarrhea?", + "gold_answer": "Grey", + "os_answer": "A Peripheral Intravenous Cannula (PIVC) is used in patients with severe dehydration and diarrhea. This type of cannula is inserted into a peripheral vein, usually in the hand or arm, and is used to administer fluids and medications directly into the bloodstream. This method is preferred in cases of severe dehydration and diarrhea as it allows for rapid and efficient delivery of fluids and medications to the patient. The use of a PIVC also minimizes the risk of infection and discomfort associated with other types of intravenous access.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Etchant preferred in gel form than in liquid form:", + "gold_answer": "Better control over placement", + "os_answer": "True.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A known HIV patient on anti - retroviral therapy presented with diarrhea of six months duration. Stoll microscopy was done in which 10-30 micrometer cysts were seen, Kinyoun stain was positive. What is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Cystoisospora", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "How long should a child be isolated after being diagnosed with bacterial meningitis to prevent fuher transmission?", + "gold_answer": "Till 24 hours after staing antibiotics", + "os_answer": "A child should be isolated for at least 24 hours after starting antibiotic treatment to prevent further transmission of bacterial meningitis.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On stretching the cheek the lesion disappears in:", + "gold_answer": "Leukoedema", + "os_answer": "Aphthous stomatitis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following indicate superimposed pre-eclampsia in a pregnant female of chronic hypeension except: (Asked twice)", + "gold_answer": "Increase in systolic BP by 30 mm Hg and diastolic by 15 mm Hg", + "os_answer": "(B)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Basic fear of a 2-year-old child during his first visit to\nthe dentist is related to", + "gold_answer": "Fear of separation from parent", + "os_answer": "separation anxiety.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Main mechanism of action of heparin Is to prevent:", + "gold_answer": "Conversion of prothrombin to thrombin", + "os_answer": "Blood clot formation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An avulsed tooth which is replanted shows loss of lamina dura radiographically, high sound on percussion. The type of resorption is", + "gold_answer": "Replacement resorption", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Extra-radicular source of persistent endodontic infection is?", + "gold_answer": "Propionobacterium", + "os_answer": "Periapical lesion", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A motorcyclist after road traffic accident is having raised aerial pCO2 on ABG. Probable cause can be:", + "gold_answer": "Damage to both respiratory apparatus and respiratory centre", + "os_answer": "The probable cause can be due to hypoventilation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\"Hair-on-end\" appearance in a skull roentgenogram is\nseen in :", + "gold_answer": "Thalassemia", + "os_answer": "Pernicious anemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Poor prognostic indicator of ALL is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Hypodiploidy", + "os_answer": "Elevated LDH levels.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "L-asparaginase is used in the treatment of:", + "gold_answer": "ALL", + "os_answer": "Acute lymphoblastic leukemia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of death in case of acute poliomyelitis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Respiratory failure", + "os_answer": "Respiratory failure", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In choriocarcinoma, lung metastasis occurs in which stage?", + "gold_answer": "Stage 3", + "os_answer": "Stage III", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Role of plasticizer in synthetic resins in dentistry is", + "gold_answer": "To reduce softening and fusion temperature", + "os_answer": "To increase flexibility and reduce brittleness.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which of the following disorders a circulating antibody directed to intercellular cementing substance of stratified squamous epithelium is observed:", + "gold_answer": "Pemphigus vulgaris", + "os_answer": "Pemphigus vulgaris", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 year old boy is having polyuria, polydipsia,laboratory data showed (in mEq/lit) \u2013 Na\u2013 154 K\u2013 4.5 HCO3\u2013 \n 22 Serum osmolality \u2013 295 Blood urea \u2013 50 Urine specific gravity \u2013 1.005 The likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Diabetes insipidus", + "os_answer": "Diabetes insipidus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lacunar cells are seen in which type of Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma", + "gold_answer": "Nodular sclerosing", + "os_answer": "Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin's lymphoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with acute history of blistering and denudation involving >30% BSA along with erosions of the lips with hemorrhagic crusting and other mucosa for few days. What is the most common triggering factor?", + "gold_answer": "Drug induced", + "os_answer": "Exposure to sunlight", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Organic component of bone comprises of:", + "gold_answer": "90% collagen protein", + "os_answer": "Collagen", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the difference between RIFLE & KDIGO criteria in differentiating a tubular injury?", + "gold_answer": "Urinary NGAL", + "os_answer": "The RIFLE criteria focuses on the severity of acute kidney injury (AKI) based on changes in serum creatinine, urine output, and the need for renal replacement therapy. On the other hand, the KDIGO criteria provides a more comprehensive approach by incorporating additional parameters such as glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine volume, and the duration of AKI. These criteria are used to classify the severity of AKI and guide treatment decisions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A couple comes for evaluation of infeility. The HSG was normal but semen analysis revealed azoospermia. What is the diagnostic test to differentiate between testicular failure and vas deferens obstruction?", + "gold_answer": "Serum FSH", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, elevated triglyceride and VLDL levels are seen due to:", + "gold_answer": "Increased activity of hormone sensitive lipase and decreased activity of lipoprotein lipase", + "os_answer": "Increased lipolysis and decreased clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 9-year-old child comes with Ellis class-III fracture in 11 after 24 hours, what will be the first step of management?", + "gold_answer": "Take radiograph and Cvek's pulpotomy", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 40 years old patient with head injury, which of the following is the best strategy to decrease the intracerebral pressure?", + "gold_answer": "Limiting pCO, of the patient", + "os_answer": "Administering Mannitol", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following are seen in myasthenia gravis except:", + "gold_answer": "Absent DTRs", + "os_answer": "(A) Improvement of symptoms with rest (B) Muscle weakness that worsens with activity (C) Anticholinesterase medications are used for treatment (D) Thymoma is associated with the disease", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient notices a well demarcated area of depapillation on his tongue which has been there for as long as he can remember. The most probable diagnosis:", + "gold_answer": "Median rhomboid glossitis", + "os_answer": "Geographic tongue", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following should be avoided by a patient with lactose intolerance, EXCEPT:", + "gold_answer": "Yoghu", + "os_answer": "Dairy products.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For testing the statistical significance of the difference in heights of school children among three socio economic groups the most appropriate statistical test is:", + "gold_answer": "One way analysis of variance (one way ANOVA)", + "os_answer": "One-way ANOVA", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Name the parts of the implant assembly", + "gold_answer": "1 - crown, 2 \u2013 abutment screw, 3 - abutment. 4 - fixture", + "os_answer": "The parts of the implant assembly include the implant, abutment, and crown.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a survey of sleep apnea scores among 10 people, the highest sample of 58 was entered by mistake as 85. This will affect the result as:", + "gold_answer": "Increased mean. no change in median", + "os_answer": "The mean will increase.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Localised suppuration of lung is called:", + "gold_answer": "An abscess", + "os_answer": "Lobar pneumonia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Artery of 4th pharyngeal arch:", + "gold_answer": "Right and left subclavian artery and arch of aorta.", + "os_answer": "Superior thyroid artery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Among a 100 women with average Hb of 10 gm%, the standard deviation was 1, what is the standard error?", + "gold_answer": "0.1", + "os_answer": "_____.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The age of the child used in the determination of child mortality rate is:", + "gold_answer": "1-4 years", + "os_answer": "Five years or younger.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The formation of the dental lamina is initiated by", + "gold_answer": "Neural crest cells", + "os_answer": "the oral epithelium.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most outer covering of nerve fibres is called as:", + "gold_answer": "Perineurium", + "os_answer": "The most outer covering of nerve fibres is called the myelin sheath.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 46 years old male patient was given subarachnoid block with bupivacaine (heavy) by the anesthetist. After 10 minutes he was found to have a BP of 72/44 mm Hg and hea rate of 52/min. On checking the level of block it was found to be T6. What is the likely explanation for the bradvcardia?", + "gold_answer": "Bezold-Jarisch reflex", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following has a bifid root?", + "gold_answer": "34, 44", + "os_answer": "The plant known as the \"bifid root\" is the \"Bifid Root Plant\" or \"Bifid Radix.\" It is a rare species of plant that is known for its distinctive bifid root system. The bifid root system consists of two separate roots that branch out from a single main root. This unique characteristic sets the Bifid Root Plant apart from other plants and makes it a fascinating subject of study for botanists and horticulturists. The bifid root system allows the plant to absorb nutrients and water from a larger surface area, enhancing its overall growth and survival. Additionally, the bifid root system provides stability to the plant, preventing it from toppling over in strong winds or heavy rainfall. The Bifid Root Plant is native to certain regions and can be found in specific habitats where the soil conditions and climate are suitable for its growth. It is important to note that the term \"bifid root\" is not commonly used in the field of medicine, as it primarily refers to a botanical characteristic. However, the concept of bifid roots can be metaphorically applied to certain medical conditions or anatomical", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which Bone does not form the wrist joint", + "gold_answer": "Ulna", + "os_answer": "The Ulna", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with obstructive jaundice, what is the possible explanation for a bilirubin level of 40 mg/dL?", + "gold_answer": "Renal failure", + "os_answer": "The bilirubin level of 40 mg/dL in a patient with obstructive jaundice is likely due to the inability of bilirubin to be excreted from the body due to the obstruction in the bile ducts.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drugs used in urea cycle disorders to reduce ammonia?", + "gold_answer": "Phenyl butyrate", + "os_answer": "Sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a complication observed with which of the following vaccines? (Asked twice)", + "gold_answer": "MMR", + "os_answer": "None of the above (ITP is not a complication of any vaccine)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cherry red spot after trauma is seen in children due to:", + "gold_answer": "Berlin's edema", + "os_answer": "Fat embolism", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What does low volume of distribution of a drug mean?", + "gold_answer": "Does not accumulates in tissues", + "os_answer": "A low volume of distribution of a drug indicates that the drug is largely confined to the blood plasma and does not distribute widely into other tissues.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The conversion of glucose-6-P to fructose-6-P is an example of which of the following reactions:", + "gold_answer": "Isomerisation", + "os_answer": "Isomerization", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person with histrionic, shy, anxious avoidant per!sonality comes under which cluster?", + "gold_answer": "C", + "os_answer": "Cluster C", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is third generation cephalosporin?", + "gold_answer": "Cefoperazone", + "os_answer": "Cefotaxime", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Buccopharyngeal membrane is composed of:", + "gold_answer": "Both AB", + "os_answer": "The buccopharyngeal membrane is composed of ectoderm.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sibilant sounds are produced at:", + "gold_answer": "Between rest and occluding position", + "os_answer": "The front part of the mouth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The red blood cells in beta thalassemia are typically:", + "gold_answer": "Microcytic and hypochromic", + "os_answer": "smaller and less in number.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pulpectomy and pulp capping are more successful in\nprimary teeth because of:", + "gold_answer": "Increased blood supply through the wide apex", + "os_answer": "the presence of a vital pulp.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which are all the factors determining the GFR?", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "The factors determining the GFR are the glomerular capillary blood pressure, the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier, and the surface area of the glomerular capillaries.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sclerotic dentin has following features:", + "gold_answer": "Resistant to caries", + "os_answer": "Sclerotic dentin is characterized by a reduction in the size of dentinal tubules and an increase in the mineral content of the dentin. This process is a response to stimuli such as caries or wear and is a protective mechanism for the tooth. The tubules become occluded, which can lead to a decrease in the permeability of the dentin and may affect the transmission of sensations, such as pain. Sclerotic dentin is often found in older teeth and can be identified radiographically as areas of increased density.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a principal etiologic agent of caries because it produces organic acids and it:", + "gold_answer": "Forms a gelatinous matrix", + "os_answer": "adheres to tooth surfaces.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Rh lso Immunisation, exchange transfusion is indicated if \u2013", + "gold_answer": "All of these", + "os_answer": "The newborn has severe hemolytic disease with a high risk of kernicterus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8 year old boy during a routine checkup is found to have E. coli 1,00,000 cc/ml on a urine culture. The urine specimen was obtained by mid\u2013stream clean\u2013catch void. The child is asymptomatic. Which is the most appropriate next step in the management \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Treat as an acute episode of urinary tract infection", + "os_answer": "A. Send the culture to the lab for sensitivity testing B. Send the culture to the lab for sensitivity testing and start antibiotics C. Send the culture to the lab for sensitivity testing and treat with antibiotics D. Send the culture to the lab for sensitivity testing, and if the sensitivity is negative, treat with antibiotics E. Send the culture to the lab for sensitivity testing, and if the sensitivity is positive, treat with antibiotics", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of laser is used in waterlase system?", + "gold_answer": "YSGG Laser", + "os_answer": "A diode laser.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient has had recurrent optic neuritis bilaterally with transverse myelitis. Visual acuity in right eye is 6/60 and left eye is 6/18. Patient showed a 50% response to steroids. Diagnosis is?", + "gold_answer": "Neuromyelitis Optica", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The maxillary sinus drains into the", + "gold_answer": "Middle meatus", + "os_answer": "nasal cavity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug not requiring dose adjustment in renal disease is", + "gold_answer": "Calcium channel blocker", + "os_answer": "Dabigatran", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dried blood spotes test in neonates is used in testing for:-", + "gold_answer": "Inborn error of metabolism", + "os_answer": "Hemoglobin levels", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which acid is formed in the citric acid cycle?", + "gold_answer": "Oxaloacetic acid", + "os_answer": "Citric acid is formed in the citric acid cycle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Open reduction & fixation of fracture of mandibular condyle is indicated when", + "gold_answer": "Shortening of ramal height is more than 5 mm", + "os_answer": "there is a displacement of the fractured segments.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presented with respiratory distress was brought to emergency with bag and mask ventilation. Now child is intubated. Chest X\u2013ray shows right\u2013sided deviation of mediastinum with scaphoid abdomen. His Pulse rate is increased. What is the next step ?", + "gold_answer": "Put a nasogastric tube", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best graft for alveolar cleft surgery\n(Or)\nPatient with cleft palate graft taken from", + "gold_answer": "Posterior iliac crest", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate the base deficit in a patient of weight 75 kg with a pH = 6.96, pCO2 = 30 mm Hg and HCO3- = 6 mEq/L:", + "gold_answer": "500 mEq", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Storage temperature of RBC, Platelet, and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) are:", + "gold_answer": "RBC 2-6oC, Platelet 20-22oC, FFP-30oC", + "os_answer": "RBCs should be stored at 1-6\u00b0C, Platelets at 20-24\u00b0C with agitation, and FFP at -18\u00b0C or lower.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "C shaped root canals are preferably found in (Maximum incidence)", + "gold_answer": "Mand 2nd molar", + "os_answer": "Maxillary molars", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient underwent thyroidectomy for hypehyroidism. Two days later he was presented with features of thyroid storm. What is the most likely cause?", + "gold_answer": "Inadequate preoperative preparation", + "os_answer": "The most likely cause is that the patient had undiagnosed Graves disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Dysphonia plica ventricularis, sound is produced by -", + "gold_answer": "False vocal cords", + "os_answer": "The false vocal cords.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which anesthetic agent can cause pain on IV adminis-tration?", + "gold_answer": "Propofol", + "os_answer": "Lidocaine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bacteria responsible for post-operative endocarditis is:", + "gold_answer": "Staphylococcus epidermidis.", + "os_answer": "Staphylococcus aureus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which tooth has a non functional cusp", + "gold_answer": "Lower 1st premolar", + "os_answer": "The wisdom tooth.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In periodontal flap most important factor to be considered is:", + "gold_answer": "Amount of attached gingiva", + "os_answer": "The thickness of the gingival tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young donor came to the blood bank for the first time for platelet apheresis with platelet count of 1.9L. During the course he developed paresthesias, circumoral numbness during donation. His vitals remain stable though. ECG showed tachycardia with ST-T changes. What is the reason for his symptoms?", + "gold_answer": "Hypocalcemia", + "os_answer": "The young donor is experiencing symptoms of hypocalcemia, which can occur during platelet apheresis due to citrate toxicity. Citrate is used as an anticoagulant during the apheresis process, and in high concentrations, it can bind to calcium in the blood, leading to a decrease in ionized calcium levels. This can result in symptoms such as paresthesias, circumoral numbness, and tachycardia. The ECG changes with ST-T abnormalities are also consistent with hypocalcemia. The donor's stable vitals indicate that the symptoms are not life-threatening at the moment, but appropriate measures should be taken to correct the calcium levels and prevent further complications.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mesiolingual developmental groove is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular 1st premolar", + "os_answer": "Mesiolingual developmental groove is seen in the mandibular first molar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of post neonatal mortality is:", + "gold_answer": "Environmental causes", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with Ludwig's angina comes to you. What will be your first treatment step:", + "gold_answer": "Fiberoptic intubation/tracheostomy under LA", + "os_answer": "The first treatment step would be to secure the airway, as Ludwig's angina can cause life-threatening airway obstruction due to the swelling and infection in the floor of the mouth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Post operative thromboprophylaxis by low molecular weight heparin is best done by which route of administration?", + "gold_answer": "Subcutaneous", + "os_answer": "Subcutaneous.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to WHO guidelines, latent TB should be ruled out in all the following situations except:", + "gold_answer": "Chronic alcoholics", + "os_answer": "A patient with a positive TST and a history of BCG vaccination.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 36 years old patient underwent breast conservation therapy and chemotherapy for a 1.5 x 1.2 cm ER positive breast cancer with one positive axillary lymph node. She is now on tamoxifen. How will you follow-up the patient?", + "gold_answer": "Routine clinical examination 3 monthly in 1st year with annual mammogram", + "os_answer": "The patient should be followed up with a physical examination every 6 months for the first 2 years, then annually. Imaging studies such as mammography and breast MRI should be performed every 6-12 months for the first 3-5 years, then annually. Lymphoscintigraphy should be performed at 3-5 years to assess for lymphedema. The patient should also be monitored for any side effects of tamoxifen, such as hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and an increased risk of blood clots and endometrial cancer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On laboratory investigations in a patient, LDL was highly elevated but the level of LDL receptors was normal. Which of the following is most probable cause?", + "gold_answer": "Apo B-100 mutation", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is true regarding lathe cut silver alloy:", + "gold_answer": "Has tensile strength both at 15 min & 7 days comparable to high copper unicompositional alloy", + "os_answer": "It is a type of silver alloy that is produced by cutting silver into small pieces using a lathe machine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are indications for thrombolysis in a patient with stroke except:", + "gold_answer": "Sustained BP >185/110 mm Fig despite treatment", + "os_answer": "A history of recent surgery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common site of esophageal carcinoma?", + "gold_answer": "Middle 1/3rd of esophagus", + "os_answer": "A) Middle third B) Lower third C) Upper third D) Entire esophagus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Serum chemistry analysis in a patient reveals pCo2=30mm Hg, pO2=105mm Hg, pH=7.46. This profile indicates", + "gold_answer": "Respiratory alkalosis", + "os_answer": "Respiratory Alkalosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If impacted 3rd molar is to be extracted in patient planned for bilateral sagittal split osteotomy, then extraction should be done", + "gold_answer": "6 month before surgery", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To remove any occlusal pre-maturity, what should be the first step to be done:", + "gold_answer": "Check the occlusion in centric.", + "os_answer": "The first step to remove any occlusal pre-maturity is to perform a thorough examination of the patient's dental history and current oral health status. This includes assessing the patient's occlusion, bite, and any existing dental issues. Additionally, it is important to evaluate the patient's overall health and any underlying medical conditions that may impact their dental treatment. Once a comprehensive evaluation has been completed, the dentist can determine the appropriate treatment plan, which may include occlusal adjustment, orthodontic treatment, or other interventions to address any pre-mature occlusal development. It is important to note that occlusal adjustment should only be performed by a qualified dental professional and should be done with caution to avoid any potential complications. In some cases, occlusal adjustment may not be necessary, and other treatment options may be more appropriate. Ultimately, the goal of any treatment plan is to restore proper occlusion and ensure the long-term health and function of the patient's teeth and jaw.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Swollen joint, anemic, loose teeth & dentin dysplasia are\nbecause of deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "3 weeks after insertion of distal extension partial denture, the patient reports to the dental clinic with complaint of sensitivity to chewing pressure. The most probable reason would be:", + "gold_answer": "Improper occlusion", + "os_answer": " a. Insufficient occlusal vertical dimension b. Insufficient occlusal table c. Insufficient retention d. Insufficient stability", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In the formula for urea clearance, C = U x V/P, U denotes:", + "gold_answer": "Urinary concentration in mg/ml", + "os_answer": "U denotes the urine concentration of urea.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The treatment of choice for stage-I cancer larynx is:", + "gold_answer": "Radiotherapy", + "os_answer": "Surgery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Least pain sensitivity in oral cavity is in which mucosa", + "gold_answer": "Buccal mucosa", + "os_answer": "The least pain sensitivity in the oral cavity is found in the mucosa of the hard palate. This is because the hard palate is covered by a mucous membrane that is less innervated compared to other mucosal surfaces in the mouth, such as the gingiva or the buccal mucosa. The innervation of the oral mucosa is primarily provided by the lingual nerve (for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue) and the greater palatine nerve (for the hard and soft palate), with the latter being less dense in the hard palate region. This reduced innervation results in a lower pain sensation threshold in the hard palate compared to other areas of the oral cavity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Low apparent volume of distribution of a drug indicates That", + "gold_answer": "Drug is not extensively distribution to tissue", + "os_answer": "The drug is not widely distributed in the body tissues.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The tissue response to oral hygiene instruction is best\nassessed by", + "gold_answer": "Reduced tendency to bleed on probing the gingival margin", + "os_answer": "measuring the reduction in plaque and gingival inflammation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient got trauma and a metal rod inserted in superior orbital fissure causes damage of?", + "gold_answer": "Occulomotor and ophthalmic nerve", + "os_answer": "Cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following defines the pressure in the vascular system in the absence of blood flow?", + "gold_answer": "Mean circulatory filling pressure", + "os_answer": "Residual pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the advantage of chromic gut over plain\ngut suture in deep wounds?", + "gold_answer": "Delayed resorption", + "os_answer": "Chromic gut has a slower absorption rate, which means it stays in the wound longer, providing prolonged support and reducing the frequency of suture removal.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pellicle formation involves", + "gold_answer": "Adsorption of acidic glycoproteins from saliva", + "os_answer": "the production of a thin layer of protein that covers the surface of the teeth.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Increase in the residual mercury in silver amalgam filling can:", + "gold_answer": "Cause fracture of the filling", + "os_answer": "Cause mercury poisoning.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Not included in the human poverty index is:", + "gold_answer": "Occupation", + "os_answer": "The number of physicians per 1000 people.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 33 years old male came with pain and watering in the right eye for 36 hours. On examination, a 3 x 2 cm corneal ulcer is seen with elevated margins, feathery hyphae, finger like projections and minimal hypopyon in cornea. What is the likely causative organism?", + "gold_answer": "Aspergillosis", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient of oral & maxillofacial trauma, cervical injury is not ruled out, intubation of preference will be:", + "gold_answer": "Fiberoptic intubation", + "os_answer": "Nasotracheal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 40 years old male with history of fall and one episode of vomiting near an alcohol shop. He was brought to casualty and he was awake with open eyes and had retrograde amnesia. Which of the following is most likely cause?", + "gold_answer": "Concussion", + "os_answer": "Alcohol intoxication", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "DOPA and 5 - Hydroxytryptophan are clinically\nimportant because", + "gold_answer": "They cross Blood Brain Barriers", + "os_answer": "they are precursors to the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, respectively.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is associated with defective apoptosis and increased cell survival", + "gold_answer": "Auto immune disorders", + "os_answer": "Bcl-2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The two roots of auriculotemporal nerve encircles which structure", + "gold_answer": "Middle meningeal artery", + "os_answer": "The external carotid artery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most effective way of preventing tetanus is :", + "gold_answer": "Tetanus toxoid", + "os_answer": "Getting a tetanus vaccine.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not a feature of HELLP syndrome:", + "gold_answer": "Eosinophilia", + "os_answer": "Increased platelet count", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which laboratory test is most useful for patient under\ndicumarol therapy?", + "gold_answer": "PT", + "os_answer": "Prothrombin time (PT) and International Normalized Ratio (INR).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infectious mononucleosis is caused by?", + "gold_answer": "EBV", + "os_answer": "The Epstein-Barr virus.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drugs causing hyperglycemia:", + "gold_answer": "Glucocorticoids", + "os_answer": "Insulin deficiency drugs, corticosteroids, and some diuretics can cause hyperglycemia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In CPR for Infants-1. The sequence followed is Compression - Breathing- Airway2. 30 chest compression is given3. 1 breathe every 15 compressions4. Chest Compression should be 1 1/2 inches in infants5. In infants, the brachial pulse should be assessed.", + "gold_answer": "False True False True True", + "os_answer": "5", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Density of radiograph is affected by all, except:", + "gold_answer": "Cone angulation", + "os_answer": "A) The type of film used B) The amount of radiation used C) The thickness of the object being radiographed D) The color of the object being radiographed", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum spherocytes is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Autoimmune hemolytic anemia", + "os_answer": "Hereditary spherocytosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Medial squint is caused by paralysis of", + "gold_answer": "Abducens nerve", + "os_answer": "Lateral rectus muscle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Difference in transudate & exudate is that the former\nhas a:", + "gold_answer": "Low protein", + "os_answer": "Lower protein content.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a 32 year female patient, left supraclavicular lymph node biopsy histologically shows acidophilic owl eye nucleoli lying freely in empty spaces showing immunohistocompatibility with CD 15 & CD 30, it is suggestive of", + "gold_answer": "Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's lymphoma", + "os_answer": "Hodgkin's Lymphoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "St. Anthony's fire refers to poisoning by:", + "gold_answer": "Ergot alkaloids", + "os_answer": "Ergot, a fungus that grows on rye and other grains.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Odontogenic keratocyst has the following feature", + "gold_answer": "Is developmental in origin", + "os_answer": "It is a benign but locally aggressive cystic lesion.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Streptococci have the ability to adhere to the tooth surfaces and contribute to caries development as they?", + "gold_answer": "Produce extracellular polysachharides", + "os_answer": "produce acid as a byproduct of their metabolism.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In gypsum products thinner mix leads to", + "gold_answer": "Decreased setting expansion", + "os_answer": "faster setting times.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "TNM Staging is what type of scale", + "gold_answer": "Ordinal", + "os_answer": "Numerical", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Child presents with hypotonia and seizures. It was confirmed to be zellweger syndrome. Which of the following accumulates in brain?", + "gold_answer": "Long chain fatty acid", + "os_answer": "Choose from the following options: (A) Succinylcholine (B) Malonyl CoA (C) N-acyl glutamate (D) None of the above", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anaphylaxis is mediated by", + "gold_answer": "All of these", + "os_answer": "IgE antibodies.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mental foramen is located:", + "gold_answer": "Between roots of premolars", + "os_answer": "On the posterior aspect of the mandible, near the third molar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cyst associated with adjoining vital teeth?", + "gold_answer": "Dentigerous cyst", + "os_answer": "Dentigerous cyst.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient presented with imbalance on walking with eyes closed and has to lift up foot and stomp on ground to walk. The tract involved is:-", + "gold_answer": "Dorsal column tract", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Difference between physical characteristic of reamers and files is:", + "gold_answer": "The number of flutes on the blade are more in files than in reamers", + "os_answer": "Reamers have a cylindrical shape with multiple flutes, while files have a flat or tapered shape with ridges.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For determining periodontal disease an epidemiological survey is done by using:", + "gold_answer": "Periodontal index (P.I)", + "os_answer": "Periodontal charting", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Arch length analysis of a dentition shows a discrepancy of more than 10 mm. This indicates:", + "gold_answer": "Extraction of posterior teeth", + "os_answer": "A potential need for orthodontic treatment to correct the discrepancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inorganic component of bone is:", + "gold_answer": "65%", + "os_answer": "Calcium phosphate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient with carcinoma endometrium treated with pelvic external beam irradiation to whole pelvis. Which of the following organs is most radiosensitive in the pelvic region?", + "gold_answer": "Ovary", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Repeated fracture of a porcelain fused to metal restoration is primarily due to", + "gold_answer": "Inadequately designed framework", + "os_answer": "Insufficient thickness of the porcelain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "White patch is seen on the buccal mucosa consisting of\npseudomycelium and chalmydospores with desquamated\nepithelium adjacent to it, the patient is suffering from", + "gold_answer": "candidiasis", + "os_answer": "Oral candidiasis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First step in major connector construction is", + "gold_answer": "Design of the stress bearing areas", + "os_answer": "Selecting the appropriate material.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "SI unit of X-ray", + "gold_answer": "Gray", + "os_answer": "Rad", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Father of statistics", + "gold_answer": "John Graunt", + "os_answer": "John Graunt", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Odontoblasts are derived from ____________", + "gold_answer": "Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells", + "os_answer": "dental papilla", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The deepest layer of cervical fascia is:", + "gold_answer": "Prevertebral fascia", + "os_answer": "The prevertebral layer.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10\u2013year old male child was presented to the pediatrician for evaluation of a seizure disorder. On examination a vascular plaque was found along the ophthalmic and maxillary divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The mother informed the pediatrician that the lesion was present since birth and there was no change in morphology. The most likely possibility is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Sturge Weber syndrome", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dry heat destroys microorganisms by", + "gold_answer": "Oxidation", + "os_answer": "denaturing their proteins.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hyponatremia is defined as a serum Na+ level", + "gold_answer": "< 135 mmol/L", + "os_answer": "below 135 mEq/L.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A middle-aged woman came to OPD with a twin pregnancy. She already had 2 first trimester aboion and she has a 3 years old female child who was born at the end of ninth month of gestation. Which of the following is her accurate representation? C = gravid, P = para?", + "gold_answer": "G4P1 0+1+2", + "os_answer": "C = 3, P = 2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The aspirate from a keratocyst will have:", + "gold_answer": "A low soluble protein content", + "os_answer": "Keratin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Initially compression osteosynthesis was used for:", + "gold_answer": "Non union", + "os_answer": "Treating fractures", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Property affected due to diameter of nerve fiber/axon?", + "gold_answer": "Conduction velocity", + "os_answer": "Speed of impulse transmission.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A surgeon decides to operate a patient under epidural anesthesia. 3% Xylocaine with adrenaline is used for administering epidural anesthesia. The patient suddenly develops hypotension after 3 minutes of administration. What is the most likely cause for this?", + "gold_answer": "Penetration into the subarachnoid space", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person after consuming raw eggs presents with weakness, fatigue & hypoglycemia. Doctor gave him vitamin tablets. Which enzyme deficiency is causing hypoglycemia in this patient:", + "gold_answer": "Pyruvate carboxylase", + "os_answer": "Glucose-6-phosphatase", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mandibular fossa is a part of:", + "gold_answer": "Temporal bone", + "os_answer": "The human skull.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\u03b2-oxidation of odd-chain fatty acids produce:", + "gold_answer": "Propionyl CoA", + "os_answer": "Propionyl-CoA", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 years old boy came to emergency with complains of severe pain in right scrotum that is not relieved for the past 1 hour. On examination, testicular torsion of the right side is suspected. The surgical intervention should be:", + "gold_answer": "Immediate exploration of the affected side and operate opposite side even if asymptomatic", + "os_answer": "Immediate surgical intervention is required to untwist the spermatic cord and restore blood flow to the testis. Delay in treatment can lead to testicular necrosis and infertility.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enzymes help by:", + "gold_answer": "Lowering the activation energy", + "os_answer": "breaking down substances in the body.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best biochemical description of glucose is?", + "gold_answer": "Its C-4 epimer is galactose", + "os_answer": "Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is a monosaccharide and is one of the primary molecules which serve as energy sources for both plants and animals. It is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration in both plants and animals.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to otic ganglion from:", + "gold_answer": "Glossopharyngeal nerve", + "os_answer": "glossopharyngeal nerve\nB: Preganglionic parasympathetic fibres travel to otic ganglion from: glossopharyngeal nerve", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a non-diabetic high risk pregnancy the ideal time for non stress test monitoring is:", + "gold_answer": "72 hrs", + "os_answer": "Between 32-34 weeks of gestation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Age of preoperational stage is", + "gold_answer": "2-7 years", + "os_answer": "2 to 7 years.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Patient presented to emergence after A with multiple rib fractures. He is conscious speaking single words. On examination, respiratory rate was 40/minute and BP was 90/40 mmHg. What is immediate next step?", + "gold_answer": "Needle inseion in 2nd intercostal space", + "os_answer": "A. Endotracheal intubation B. IV fluid resuscitation C. Analgesia D. Chest X-ray", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In class 2 inlay preparation, How should the pulpal floor be placed in comparison with pulpal floor in amalgam class 2 preparation?", + "gold_answer": "Pulpal floor for amalgam should be placed deeper in dentin", + "os_answer": "In class 2 inlay preparation, the pulpal floor should be placed more coronal than in amalgam class 2 preparation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The fourth root canal if present in a maxillary 1st molar\nis usually present in:", + "gold_answer": "Mesiobuccal", + "os_answer": "The distal root", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which drug causes flagellate pigmentation of skin?", + "gold_answer": "Bleomycin", + "os_answer": "The drug that causes flagellate pigmentation of skin is Methamphetamine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which material undergoes hysteresis?", + "gold_answer": "Reversible hydrocolloid", + "os_answer": "Magnetic materials.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In 3rd nerve palsy all seen except?", + "gold_answer": "Pupil dilation", + "os_answer": "B\nC. Pt has medial deviation of the right eye\nD. Pt has upward and outward gaze\nE. Pt has ptosis of right eye", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Focal sclerosing osteomyelitis is:", + "gold_answer": "Due to low grade chronic infection", + "os_answer": "A bone infection that affects only a small area of the bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Arch perimeter can be measured with", + "gold_answer": "Brass wire", + "os_answer": "A ruler. However, in the context of medicine, the term \"arch perimeter\" is not a standard term. It is possible that the question refers to the \"arch of the foot\" or the \"arch of the hand,\" which are anatomical structures. The arch of the foot is the curved structure formed by the bones and ligaments in the foot, and the arch of the hand is the curved structure formed by the bones and ligaments in the hand. Neither of these arches would be measured with a ruler, as they are not linear structures. Instead, they are typically assessed through physical examination and, if necessary, imaging studies such as X-rays.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ideal depth for root end filling with MTA is?", + "gold_answer": "3mm", + "os_answer": "3mm.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis usually occurs:", + "gold_answer": "Prior to age 10", + "os_answer": "in children and young adults.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young female presents to OPD with a spontaneous aboion and secondary amenorrhea since then. FSH was found to be 6 IU/mL. What is the most probable cause of amenorrhea?", + "gold_answer": "Uterine synechiae", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common route for metastasis of oral cancer is by:", + "gold_answer": "Lymphatics", + "os_answer": "Lymphatic spread", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following are features of Addison's disease, EXCEPT:", + "gold_answer": "Hypocalcaemia", + "os_answer": "Increased blood pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Electric nerve tester detects pain by stimulating which nerve fibres (OR) Sharp, shooting pain in reversible pulpitis indicates stimulation of (OR) In pulp hyperemia which nerve fibers are stimulated", + "gold_answer": "A delta", + "os_answer": "(OR) Sharp, shooting pain in reversible pulpitis indicates stimulation of (OR) A. A and B B. A only C. B only D. Neither A nor B", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Who discovered the structure and amino acid sequence of insulin as well as the interspecies differences in molecular structure and won the Nobel prize for?", + "gold_answer": "Frederick Sanger", + "os_answer": "Frederick Sanger.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If rate of loading is decreased, the mechanical properties of material:", + "gold_answer": "Decreases", + "os_answer": "Improve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In relaxed state, chest wall and lung recoil are balanced at:", + "gold_answer": "FRC", + "os_answer": "At functional residual capacity", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 35 years old lady has chromosomal translocation 21/21. The risk of down syndrome in the child is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "100%", + "os_answer": "100%", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Suganti Devi is 30 weeks pregnant with idiopathic cholestasis, is likely to present with following features except:", + "gold_answer": "Prolongation of prothrombin time", + "os_answer": "a) Fatigue b) Pruritus c) Jaundice d) Elevated serum bile acid levels", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which syndrome consists of flushing, warmness and perspiration over the cheek and pinna of the ear on the side following the ingestion of highly seasoned food?", + "gold_answer": "Auriculotemporal syndrome", + "os_answer": "The syndrome is known as the carcinoid syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The shape of the occlusal surface of the permanent maxillary first molar is:", + "gold_answer": "Rhomboidal", + "os_answer": "Hexagonal.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented with a steering wheel injury to the right side of chest with breathlessness and shock. How will you differentiate tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade?", + "gold_answer": "Breath sound", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following causes vasodilation?", + "gold_answer": "Histamine", + "os_answer": "Nitroglycerin.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A I 6-y ear-old girl presented with abdominal pain after administration of a sulfa drug. She was incoherent and suffered a seizure. Which of the following is the most likely possibility?", + "gold_answer": "Acute intermittent porphyria", + "os_answer": "A Metabolic acidosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Microdontia is most commonly seen affecting:", + "gold_answer": "Max. Lateral incisor", + "os_answer": "The maxillary central incisors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Condylar fracture which leads to disruption of TMJ anteriorly is an example of:", + "gold_answer": "Complex fracture", + "os_answer": "Posterior dislocation of TMJ", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of :", + "gold_answer": "Thyrocervical trunk", + "os_answer": "Inferior thyroid artery is a branch of the thyrocervical trunk.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person presented to OPD with complaints of rotatory veigo and nausea in the morning on change in position of the head. WHat is your diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "BPPV", + "os_answer": "Meniere's disease. Meniere's disease is a disorder of the inner ear that causes severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing in the ears (tinnitus), hearing loss, and a feeling of fullness or congestion in the ear. The exact cause of Meniere's disease is unknown, but it is believed to be related to the fluid buildup in the inner ear. The symptoms of Meniere's disease can vary from person to person and can be triggered by changes in body position, such as looking up or down. The diagnosis of Meniere's disease is based on the patient's symptoms, medical history, and physical examination. Additional tests, such as hearing tests and imaging studies, may be performed to rule out other conditions and confirm the diagnosis. Treatment for Meniere's disease may include medications to relieve symptoms, dietary changes, and in some cases, surgery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is an obligate intracellular parasite?", + "gold_answer": "Ehrlichia chaffeensis", + "os_answer": "Chlamydia trachomatis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Portion of tooth covered by calculus or altered cementum is:", + "gold_answer": "Instrumentation zone", + "os_answer": "The portion of the tooth covered by calculus or altered cementum is the tooth surface.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Annealing is also known as:", + "gold_answer": "Soft hardening treatment", + "os_answer": "Annealing in medicine refers to a process of heating and cooling a metal to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness. However, in the context of biology and medicine, annealing is often used to describe a process of reducing the stress in a biological system, such as the body's response to a disease or injury. This can be achieved through various methods, such as rest, medication, or therapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fetal ECHO shows congenital hea block, what should be the mother screened for?", + "gold_answer": "SLE", + "os_answer": "Maternal autoimmune diseases.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During exercise in physiological limits what is the effect on end systolic volume?", + "gold_answer": "ESV decreases", + "os_answer": "It decreases.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young girl hospitalised with anorexia nervosa is on treatment, Even after taking adequate food according to the recommended diet plan for last 1 week, there is no gain in weight, what is the next step in management:", + "gold_answer": "Observe patient for 2 hours after meal", + "os_answer": "Continue with the diet plan and monitor weight gain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "RBCs are stored at what temperature?", + "gold_answer": "2-6 degC", + "os_answer": "RBCs are stored at a temperature of 1-6\u00b0C.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common complication during ridge split or bone spreading is", + "gold_answer": "Facial plate splitting", + "os_answer": "Infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Compression of bone is resisted by:", + "gold_answer": "Mineral component", + "os_answer": "Ligaments.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Golgi tendon organs detect:", + "gold_answer": "Muscle tension", + "os_answer": "Muscle tension.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A properly designed rest on lingual surface of a canine is preferred to a rest on incisal surface because:", + "gold_answer": "Less Leverage is exerted against the tooth by Lingual rest", + "os_answer": "A properly designed rest on lingual surface of a canine is preferred to a rest on incisal surface because it helps in maintaining the vertical dimension of occlusion and prevents any undue stress on the incisors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sequential order of sperm formation: Spermatogonia Spermatocyte Spermatids Spermatozoa", + "gold_answer": "1234", + "os_answer": "Spermatogonia -> Spermatocyte -> Spermatids -> Spermatozoa", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inlay wax is used to:", + "gold_answer": "Make inlay wax patterns", + "os_answer": "Create accurate models of dental restorations.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "find false statement regarding sensory endings", + "gold_answer": "Annulospiral wrap the ends", + "os_answer": "Sensory endings are not involved in the transmission of pain signals.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dentition of humans is:", + "gold_answer": "Omnivorous", + "os_answer": "Dentition of humans is divided into four types of teeth: incisors, canines, premolars, and molars.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Glycogen synthesis and breakdown takes place in the same cell, having enzymes necessary for both the pathways. Why the glucose-6-phosphate, freshly synthesized during glycogenesis in cytoplasm of hepatocytes, is not immediately degraded by the enzyme glucose!6-phosphatase?", + "gold_answer": "Glucose-6-phosphatase is present in the endoplasmic reticulum and cannot act on glycogen formed in the cytoplasm", + "os_answer": "The enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase is not present in hepatocytes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tachycardia in a patient in shock is response to:", + "gold_answer": "CNS anoxia", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not a branch of external carotid artery", + "gold_answer": "Ophthalmic artery", + "os_answer": "Pulmonary artery", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is NOT a socio-economic indicator?", + "gold_answer": "Life expectancy at birth", + "os_answer": "The number of hospitals in a city.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "LA acts on nerve membrane by:", + "gold_answer": "Blocking conductance of Na+ from exterior to interior", + "os_answer": "Inhibiting the release of acetylcholine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sudden death in a patient with an acute myocardial\ninfarction is most commonly due to", + "gold_answer": "Ventricular fibrillation", + "os_answer": "ventricular fibrillation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pulmonary manifestation for inhalational anthrax", + "gold_answer": "Hemorrhagic mediastinitis", + "os_answer": "Severe respiratory distress, cough, and shortness of breath.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The inter radicular bone is:", + "gold_answer": "Cancellous", + "os_answer": "The interradicular bone is the bone located between the roots of multirooted teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Investigation of choice for diagnosis of Zenker's diveiculum is:", + "gold_answer": "Barium swallow", + "os_answer": "Barium swallow", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The bacteria of oral flora which plays least role in periodontitis is:", + "gold_answer": "Actinomyces", + "os_answer": "Streptococcus salivarius", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cell membrane consists of:", + "gold_answer": "Lipids and proteins", + "os_answer": "Phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient complains of numbness of lower lip. There is no history of tooth extraction . It could be:", + "gold_answer": "Metastatic neoplasia.", + "os_answer": "Bell's palsy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lymph from lower lip-middle part drains directly into:", + "gold_answer": "Submental nodes", + "os_answer": "Submental lymph nodes.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Saliva is increased by:", + "gold_answer": "Cholinergic drugs", + "os_answer": "Eating or drinking.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inferior oblique muscle of the eye is responsible for all of the following, except:", + "gold_answer": "Downward rotation", + "os_answer": "A. Elevation of the eye in all positions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Craniopagus is defined as fusion of:", + "gold_answer": "Head only", + "os_answer": "Craniopagus is defined as the fusion of two or more cranial bones.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "11 yr female in the school brought to principle by teacher that she is always crying unattentive not taking interest in any activity. On fuher investigation the girl told that she was inappropriately touched by her uncle at private pas at her home. Principle inform to whom ?", + "gold_answer": "Police", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mw vaccine is made from which bacteria?", + "gold_answer": "M. Indicus pranii", + "os_answer": "Mumps vaccine is made from a weakened form of the mumps virus, not bacteria.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Wound that does not involve dermis is", + "gold_answer": "Abrasion", + "os_answer": "Epidermal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not a dimorphic fungi?", + "gold_answer": "Pneumocystis jirovecii", + "os_answer": "Candida albicans.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If the interstitial hydrostatic pressure is 2 mm Hg, interstitial oncotic pressure is 7 mm Hg and capillary hydrostatic pressure is 25 mm Hg. What should be the capillary oncotic pressure to allow a net filtration pressure of 3 mm Hg?", + "gold_answer": "27", + "os_answer": "_____ mm Hg.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient was given ampicillin 2 g intravenously. After that, the person developed rash on skin, hypotension and difficulty in breathing. The patient should be managed by", + "gold_answer": "0.5 ml of 1:1000 adrenaline by intramuscular route", + "os_answer": "administering epinephrine", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Interstitial fluid volume can be determined by:", + "gold_answer": "Radioactive sodium and radioactive labelled albumin", + "os_answer": "Measuring the concentration of a substance that is freely filtered at the glomerulus and neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the kidneys.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 28 year old eclamptic woman develop convulsions.The first measure to be done is:", + "gold_answer": "Care of airway", + "os_answer": "Administer magnesium sulphate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a coho study, to study association between factor and disease, the risk ratio was calculated to be equal to 1. What does this signifies?", + "gold_answer": "There is no association present between the factor and the disease", + "os_answer": "There is no association between the factor and the disease.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Minimum age of screening of osteoporosis:", + "gold_answer": "65 years", + "os_answer": "The minimum age for screening of osteoporosis is generally recommended to start at age 65 for women and age 70 for men, but it may vary based on individual risk factors.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The total number of vertebrae present in the vertebral column are?", + "gold_answer": "34", + "os_answer": "There are 33 vertebrae in the vertebral column.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a caries-free individual the saliva has:", + "gold_answer": "High buffering capacity for acids", + "os_answer": "A caries-free individual's saliva has a balanced pH level, high mineral content, and antimicrobial properties. These factors help to neutralize acids, remineralize tooth enamel, and inhibit the growth of cariogenic bacteria, thus preventing the development of dental caries.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phallic stage of Freud corresponds to which of the following stages of Piaget", + "gold_answer": "Pre operational", + "os_answer": "Preoperational stage", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common site of primary for intraocular metastasis is from-", + "gold_answer": "Breast", + "os_answer": "Lung cancer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cortex of lymph node contains:", + "gold_answer": "Lymphatic nodules", + "os_answer": "Lymphocytes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Occluded submandibular salivary duct can be best observed by", + "gold_answer": "Sialography", + "os_answer": "Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). This is because MRI provides detailed images of soft tissues, including the salivary glands and ducts, making it an ideal tool for diagnosing conditions like duct obstruction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of facial injuries with voluntary control lost over tongue, the best emergency treatment to prevent tongue from falling back is", + "gold_answer": "Towel clipping of Tongue", + "os_answer": "A) Applying a tongue depressor. B) Administering a sedative. C) Performing a tracheostomy. D) Placing the patient in a recovery position.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chances of ankyloses of mandibular molar which is autotransplanted depends on?", + "gold_answer": "Surgical extraction of molar", + "os_answer": "The age of the patient and the condition of the donor bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a MO cavity prepared for inlay, mechanical advantage\nto prevent proximal displacement of the restoration is\nby establishing:", + "gold_answer": "Occlusal dovetail", + "os_answer": "a) a tight contact with the adjacent tooth\nb) a tight contact with the opposing tooth\nc) a tight contact with the adjacent tooth and the opposing tooth\nd) a tight contact with the adjacent tooth and the proximal surface of the adjacent tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major drawback of pro-root MTA is its increased setting time which is decreased by addition of ?", + "gold_answer": "5% CaCl", + "os_answer": "Bismuth subnitrate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An elderly male presents 2 months after renal trans-planatation with nephropathy. Which of the following can be a viral etiological agent?", + "gold_answer": "Polymoa virus BK", + "os_answer": "Polyoma virus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Erythropoietin acts on:", + "gold_answer": "Burst forming unit (BFU)", + "os_answer": "Red blood cell production.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Expansion of the contrast filled space in myelography is seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Intramedullary tumor", + "os_answer": "Spinal cord", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Stainless steel orthodontic wire can be hardened by: (OR) Bending orthodontic wire at room temperature is an example of", + "gold_answer": "Work/ Strain hardening", + "os_answer": "Cold working", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A lady delivered a normal vaginal delivery and was discharged. On third day she came back with fever, tachycardia and seizures. Fundus showed papilledema with no focal deficits. What is the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Coical vein thrombosis", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infeility in kaagener syndrome is due to which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Asthenozoospermia", + "os_answer": "Impaired spermatogenesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Regeneration leads to formation of which layer of cementum:", + "gold_answer": "Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum", + "os_answer": "The formation of cementum is a complex process that involves the deposition of minerals onto the root surface of a tooth. It is not directly related to regeneration. However, regeneration can play a role in the repair and maintenance of cementum. The cementum layer is formed by cells called cementoblasts, which are responsible for the production and mineralization of cementum. These cells are not directly regenerated but are part of the normal development and maintenance of the tooth structure. Therefore, regeneration does not lead to the formation of a specific layer of cementum. Instead, the formation of cementum is a continuous process that occurs throughout the life of a tooth, aiding in the attachment of the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which cells are decreased in chronic periodontitis?", + "gold_answer": "T-lymphocytes", + "os_answer": "The cells that are decreased in chronic periodontitis are the osteoclasts.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common mode of spread of retinoblastoma:", + "gold_answer": "Optic nerve invasion", + "os_answer": "Inherited genetic mutations", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mechanism of adhesion of GIC restoration with tooth surface is by means of?", + "gold_answer": "Carboxyl group", + "os_answer": "Hydrogen bonding.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 year old child came to the OPD with pain and mass in right lumbar region with no fever, with right hip flexed. The pain increased on extension and X ray showed spine changes. Most probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Psoas abscess", + "os_answer": "Lymphoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The process by which the amount of a drug in the body decreases after administration, but before entering the systemic circulation is called:", + "gold_answer": "First pass effect", + "os_answer": "First-pass metabolism.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Eugenol may be replaced in the zinc oxide eugenol cement by:", + "gold_answer": "Ortho-ethoxy acid", + "os_answer": "Zinc oxide eugenol cement may be replaced by zinc oxide eugenol cement with synthetic resin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cross-linking in resins helps increasing:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "The strength and durability of the resin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Nutrients are mainly absorbed in:", + "gold_answer": "Small intestine", + "os_answer": "The small intestine.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "70-74.9% cephalic index indicates:", + "gold_answer": "Dolichocephalic", + "os_answer": " B. dolichocephalic", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly used tooth numbering system in books is", + "gold_answer": "Universal system", + "os_answer": "Universal Numbering System.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child who has an avulsed tooth 1/2 hour back should\ncarry the tooth to the dentist in:", + "gold_answer": "Cold milk", + "os_answer": "1 hour", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The term poikilokaryosis refers to", + "gold_answer": "Division of nuclei without division of cytoplasm", + "os_answer": "The variability of the nucleus in a cell.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Example of Dystrophic calcification-", + "gold_answer": "Myositis ossificans", + "os_answer": "In the case of atherosclerosis, calcium deposits can form in the arterial walls, leading to dystrophic calcification.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Autoinnoculation is seen with?", + "gold_answer": "Papilloma", + "os_answer": "Autoinnoculation is seen with the spread of infection within the body.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A middle-aged man comes after a road traffic accident with bleeding from the scalp. He is unconscious. A card in his pocket reveals that he is a known diabetic on Tab Glimepiride + Metformin 2 tablets twice daily. What should the next step in management?", + "gold_answer": "Airway, CT scan. Blood sugar if <70 sta dextrose", + "os_answer": "The next step in management should be to control the bleeding and stabilize the patient's condition. This may involve applying pressure to the bleeding site, assessing vital signs, and initiating appropriate interventions such as intravenous fluids or blood transfusions if necessary. Additionally, it is important to consider the patient's medical history, including his diabetes, as it may impact his overall condition and treatment plan.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mother to children's transmission is a key feature of which pattern of inheritance?", + "gold_answer": "Mitochondrial inheritance", + "os_answer": "Autosomal dominant", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sublingual tablet or sublingual GTN metered dose aerosol usually relieve angina in", + "gold_answer": "2-3 min", + "os_answer": "Sublingual tablet", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 6\u2013month\u2013old infant presents to the 'diarrhoea clinic' unit with some dehydration. The most likely organism causing diarrhea is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Rotavirus", + "os_answer": "Rotavirus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lip and mentalis muscle contraction are not seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Mature swallow", + "os_answer": "The heart.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most reliable method of recording centric relation", + "gold_answer": "Graphic tracing with excursive movements", + "os_answer": "The most reliable method of recording centric relation is through the use of a gothic arch mounted articulator and facebow transfer. This method allows for the most accurate transfer of the patient's jaw movements and positioning to the dental laboratory, ensuring a precise and well-fitting prosthesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Diagnosis of CI. Difficile infection is made by which of the following methods?", + "gold_answer": "Toxin gene detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)", + "os_answer": "Stool culture, stool antigen test, and PCR test.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 37-year-old patient presented to you with hyper-extension of 4th and 5th metacarpophalangeal joint with flexion at proximal interphalangeal joint. This deformity is due to injury to:", + "gold_answer": "Deep branch of ulnar nerve", + "os_answer": "A. Extensor digitorum tendon", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Myofunctional appliance is given at which stage:", + "gold_answer": "Mixed dentition", + "os_answer": "Myofunctional appliance is given at the mixed dentition stage.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Model plaster (white) used to cast study models before mixing with water, is largely composed of:", + "gold_answer": "CaSO4\u00a0 \u2022 \u00bdH2O", + "os_answer": "Gypsum", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A female in labor ward was administered opioid analgesic. Which of the following drugs should be kept ready for emergency?", + "gold_answer": "Naloxone", + "os_answer": "Naloxone", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When we try to find out significance of difference in height of children between 2 classes in a school, which test is used?", + "gold_answer": "Unpaired test", + "os_answer": "Student's t-test.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "SPIKES protocol is used for:", + "gold_answer": "Communication with patients/attendants regarding bad news", + "os_answer": "Breaking bad news to patients.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following drugs is a P-glycoprotein inducer?", + "gold_answer": "Rifampicin", + "os_answer": "Rifampin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A male child presented with coarse facies, protuberant abdomen , frontal head enlargement, thickening of cardiac valve, hepatosplenomegaly, hearing impairement. What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Hunter's disease", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most preferred route for drug administration in the management of chronic pain", + "gold_answer": "Oral", + "os_answer": "Intravenous administration is the most preferred route for drug administration in the management of chronic pain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Weber-Fechner law related to:", + "gold_answer": "Intensity of stimulus", + "os_answer": "The perception of pain intensity.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "White, spongy, folded thick mucosa is seen in", + "gold_answer": "White spongy nevus", + "os_answer": "Stomach", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calculate net filtration pressure with the following data: PGC = 42 mm Hg pGC = 12 mm Hg PBC= 16 mm Hg Assume that no proteins were filtered.", + "gold_answer": "14 mm Hg", + "os_answer": "_____ mm Hg", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While drilling an implant, bone necrosis occurs at what temperatures:", + "gold_answer": "45", + "os_answer": "Bone necrosis can occur at temperatures above 45\u00b0C (113\u00b0F) during drilling of an implant.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Non radiographic method of working length determination:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Ultrasonic measurement.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most important factor in rapid progression of Bacteria resulting in pulpal necrosis is?", + "gold_answer": "Pulp vitality", + "os_answer": "The presence of a high bacterial load.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following processes take place in mitochondria except:", + "gold_answer": "Fatty acid synthesis", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cephalometric analysis are used to evaluate growth changes by superimposing on:", + "gold_answer": "Sella - Nasion plane", + "os_answer": "Cephalometric analysis are used to evaluate growth changes by superimposing on lateral cephalometric radiographs.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Presented edema, oliguria and frothy urine. He has no past history of similar complaints. On examination, his urine was positive for 3+ proteinuria, no RBCs/WBCs and no casts. His serum albumin was 2.5 gm/L and serum creatinine was 0.5 mg/dL. The most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Minimal change disease", + "os_answer": "Nephrotic syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A parent is homozygous and a parent heterozygous for an autosomal recessive gene. What will be the outcome \u2013", + "gold_answer": "50% children affected, rest are carriers", + "os_answer": "The child will have a 50% chance of being a carrier and a 50% chance of being affected by the disorder.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient on dental chair during extraction becomes unconscious; patient is breathing but not responsive. Your first step will be:", + "gold_answer": "Recline chair and shout for help and give oxygen", + "os_answer": "Call for emergency medical assistance and begin CPR if necessary.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following structures is not present on the internal surface of mandible?", + "gold_answer": "Mental foramen", + "os_answer": "The hyoid bone.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A mother and her 4 year old son are seated alone in\na reception area with the child staring off into space,\nrocking and constantly twisting a strand of hair about\nhis fingers. Upon entry of another person, the child\nbegins to beat his fist against the side of his face and\nbehaves as though he does not hear his mother speaking\nto him. This behavior is most characteristic of:", + "gold_answer": "An autistic child", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "ZnPO4 setting time is 4-7 min. All of the following methods are employed to prolong its setting time except:", + "gold_answer": "Addition of drop of distilled water", + "os_answer": "Adding more zinc oxide", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An abnormal resorption pattern in primary teeth, delayed\neruption of permanent teeth and a Large tongue are the\nfeatures of:", + "gold_answer": "Hypothyroidism", + "os_answer": "Pierre Robin syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are features of non paralytic polio except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Absent deep tendon reflexes", + "os_answer": "(b) It is a viral disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of addition silicones what should be done for better cast", + "gold_answer": "Delay pouring of cast", + "os_answer": "The addition silicones should be mixed thoroughly to ensure a homogeneous mixture. This will help in achieving a better cast.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "contractile part of intrafusal fibres", + "gold_answer": "Ends", + "os_answer": "nuclear bag fibres", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The type of strain develop when force is applied perpendicular to surface", + "gold_answer": "Compressive strain", + "os_answer": "Tensile strain", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Km value indicates:", + "gold_answer": "The substrate concentration at half maximal velocity", + "os_answer": "The affinity of an enzyme for its substrate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Majority of the syndromic craniosynosteses are associated with:", + "gold_answer": "FGFR mutations", + "os_answer": "Mutations in fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cold agglutinin is", + "gold_answer": "IgM", + "os_answer": "A type of autoantibody that can cause the agglutination of red blood cells at low temperatures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thiamine deficiency is assessed by:", + "gold_answer": "Erythrocyte transketolase activity", + "os_answer": "Measuring the levels of thiamine in the blood.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cardiac dysarrythmia during extraction is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "TrigeminaL nerve", + "os_answer": "A) Increased heart rate B) Decreased heart rate C) Irregular heartbeat D) Stable heartbeat", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A Pediatrician was called for attending a new born baby in the labour ward. The serum unconjugated bilirubin of this baby was 33 mg/dL. Which of the following drug taken by mother in late 3rd trimester may have lead to this problem?", + "gold_answer": "Cotrimoxazole", + "os_answer": "Cocaine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Syncope is usually caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Cerebral ischemia", + "os_answer": "A temporary loss of consciousness due to a drop in blood flow to the brain.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The enamel has no capacity of self \u2014repair because", + "gold_answer": "Its formative cells are lost once it is completely formed", + "os_answer": "It is made up of dead cells.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If resin is packed in sandy stage what will be seen in the processed denture?", + "gold_answer": "Porosity", + "os_answer": "The processed denture will have a smooth and clear surface with no visible sand particles.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The speed with which the electrons travel from the\nfilament of cathode to the anode depends upon", + "gold_answer": "Potential difference between the two electrodes", + "os_answer": "the voltage applied across the filament.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Recurrent abdominal pain in children in most often due to \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Emotional/behavioural problems", + "os_answer": "Functional abdominal pain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with suspected cardiac tamponade presents to the AIIMS emergency. You are asked to monitor BP of this patient. All the following precautions should be taken except:", + "gold_answer": "The cuff should be slowly deflated until the first Korotkoff sound is heard only during expiration", + "os_answer": "A. Monitoring of BP should be done in the sitting position.B. Monitoring of BP should be done in the supine position.C. Monitoring of BP should be done in the left lateral position.D. Monitoring of BP should be done in the left upright position.E. Monitoring of BP should be done in the right lateral position.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An asymptomatic tooth has deep caries on occlusal surface. Radiograph shows radiopaque mass at apex of the tooth; this mass is most likely to be:", + "gold_answer": "Condensing osteitis", + "os_answer": "A pulpal cyst.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best diagnostic investigation for acute appendicitis in children is:", + "gold_answer": "USG", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to piagets, the period of pre operational stage is:", + "gold_answer": "2-6 years.", + "os_answer": "The period of pre operational stage is from 2 to 7 years of age.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Increase in muscle mass at adolescence is probably caused by \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Growth harmone", + "os_answer": "Increased levels of testosterone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Epidemiological surveillance is defined as", + "gold_answer": "passive surveillance", + "os_answer": "the continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hydrocephalus is best detected antenately by:", + "gold_answer": "Ultrasonography", + "os_answer": "Ultrasound", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If the pulp of the single rooted canal is triangular in cross-section with the base of the triangle located facially and apex located lingually with the mesial arm longer than the distal, the tooth is most likely:", + "gold_answer": "Max. central incisor", + "os_answer": "Mandibular first premolar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Slow wave potential originates in which pa of intestine:", + "gold_answer": "Interstitial cells of Cajal", + "os_answer": "Slow wave potential originates in the pacemaker cells of the intestine, specifically in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Good contacts in primary teeth with lack of spacing predicts?", + "gold_answer": "Crowding in permanent teeth", + "os_answer": "Increased risk of crowding in permanent dentition.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Determining level of fluoride in community water fluoridation programme depends on:", + "gold_answer": "Mean annual temperature of the place", + "os_answer": "The level of fluoride in community water fluoridation programme depends on the dental health needs of the community.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 35 years old male comes with complain of baldness. On examination, well-defined bald patches were seen with no scarring. Small broken hairs were seen in the surrounding area. What is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Alopecia areata", + "os_answer": "Alopecia areata", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Incomplete casting is the result of", + "gold_answer": "Narrow sprue diameter", + "os_answer": "Incomplete casting is the result of improper mixing of the components.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The occlusal clearance of an onlay is best detected by:", + "gold_answer": "Wax chew-in", + "os_answer": "Using a dental explorer to feel for any interference between the onlay and the opposing tooth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The probability of a test detecting a truly positive person from the population of diseased is the", + "gold_answer": "Sensitivity of the test", + "os_answer": "Sensitivity.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chronic mercury toxicity results from:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Long-term exposure to mercury", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Suitable\ttechnique\tused\tfor\tdiagnosis\tof\tposterior\ninterproximal caries in children", + "gold_answer": "Bite wing with RVG", + "os_answer": "Bitewing radiographs", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dentin is composed of", + "gold_answer": "70% inorganic", + "os_answer": "Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The optimal time to employ an orthodontic appliance that takes advantage of growth is during:", + "gold_answer": "Late mixed dentition", + "os_answer": "Adolescence.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Guiding planes on abutment teeth provide:", + "gold_answer": "Predictable clasp retention", + "os_answer": "Stability and support for the dental prosthesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient's lab value of Na+ 137, K+4, Urea 54, Bicarbonate 15, Phosphate 3, Chloride 110, Calcium 10. Calculate the Anion gap?", + "gold_answer": "12", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following intravenous anesthetic agents is contraindicated in epileptic patients posted for general anaesthesia", + "gold_answer": "Ketamine", + "os_answer": "Thiopentone", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What does the red cell distribution width represents?", + "gold_answer": "Anisocytosis", + "os_answer": "The red cell distribution width represents the variation in the size of red blood cells.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sublingual salivary gland lies:", + "gold_answer": "Superior to mylohyoid", + "os_answer": "True. The sublingual salivary gland is one of the three major salivary glands in the human body, and it is located beneath the tongue, hence the name \"sublingual.\" It is responsible for secreting saliva, which aids in digestion and helps maintain oral hygiene. The gland is indeed located beneath the tongue, making the statement true.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is primarily located in", + "gold_answer": "Lamina propria", + "os_answer": "the small intestine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with acute pulpitis, it is difficult for the patient to locate the pain. This is because?", + "gold_answer": "Less proprioceptors are present in the pulp", + "os_answer": "The pain from acute pulpitis is often referred to other areas of the face or head, making it difficult for the patient to pinpoint the exact location of the pain.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In an adult, the spinal cord ends at the level of:", + "gold_answer": "Lower border of L1", + "os_answer": "L1-L2 vertebrae.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Upper 1st premolar resembles upper 2nd premolar from which aspect", + "gold_answer": "Lingual", + "os_answer": "The upper 1st premolar resembles the upper 2nd premolar from the aspect of having two cusps.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To prevent porosity in dental porcelain it should be\nbaked:", + "gold_answer": "In vacuum", + "os_answer": "at a high temperature for a specific duration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of simple endometrial hyperplasia with atypia in 45 yr female:", + "gold_answer": "Hysterectomy", + "os_answer": "Endometrial ablation or hysterectomy", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The highest (longest) and sharpest cusp on the deciduous mandibular first molar is:", + "gold_answer": "Mesiolingual", + "os_answer": "Mesiobuccal.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calcification of roots of deciduous teeth is completed by:", + "gold_answer": "4 years", + "os_answer": "The completion of calcification of roots of deciduous teeth occurs by the age of 10-12 years.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which one of the following mixed dentition analysis of deciduous dentition, there is no use of radiographs?", + "gold_answer": "Moyer's analysis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An intubated patient with eye opening to pain with abnormal flexion. What is the GCS score?", + "gold_answer": "E2VNTM3", + "os_answer": "5. The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) is a neurological scale that aims to give a reliable, objective way of recording the conscious state of a person. It is used by healthcare professionals to quickly assess the level of consciousness in a patient and to monitor changes in a patient's level of consciousness over time. The GCS is composed of three tests: eye, verbal, and motor responses. Each of these tests has a set of responses that are scored and then summed to give a total score. The minimum score is 3 (deep coma or death), and the maximum is 15 (fully awake person).", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a male after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, the specimen is sent for histopathology which shows carcinoma gallbladder stage T1a. What is the most appropriate management in this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Simple cholecystectomy", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mechanism of action of chlortetracycline:", + "gold_answer": "Inhibition of protein synthesis", + "os_answer": "Chlortetracycline is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that works by inhibiting protein synthesis in bacteria. It binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, preventing the attachment of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. This action halts the growth and multiplication of bacteria, ultimately leading to their death.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A glass factory worker presented with complaints of numbness in hands and feet, generalized weakness and constipation. Radiograph showed linear lines on metaphyses of knee and wrist joints. How will you diagnose this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Amino levulinic acid levels in urine", + "os_answer": "The patient's symptoms and radiographic findings are indicative of lead poisoning. Lead poisoning can occur in individuals who are exposed to high levels of lead, such as those working in industries where lead is present. The numbness in the hands and feet, generalized weakness, and constipation are common symptoms of lead poisoning. The linear lines on the metaphyses of the knee and wrist joints, known as lead lines, are a characteristic radiographic finding in lead poisoning. To confirm the diagnosis, a blood lead level test should be performed to measure the amount of lead present in the patient's blood. Treatment for lead poisoning involves removing the source of lead exposure and chelation therapy to remove the lead from the body.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Non-visualization of gallbladder in hepatic scintigraphy is suggestive of:", + "gold_answer": "Acute cholecystitis due to gallstones", + "os_answer": "Acalculous cholecystitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bismuth Oxide incorporated in MTA results in grey discolouration of crown. In newer material this Bismuth Oxide is replaced with?", + "gold_answer": "Tantalam Oxide", + "os_answer": "Bismuth subgallate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most appropriate method of isolation during tooth preparation in vital tooth:", + "gold_answer": "Isolation with rubber dam", + "os_answer": "The most appropriate method of isolation during tooth preparation in a vital tooth is the use of a rubber dam. This is because a rubber dam provides a clean and dry working area, which is essential for the success of the procedure. It also prevents contamination of the tooth and surrounding tissues by saliva and bacteria. Furthermore, it allows for better visibility and access to the tooth, which is crucial for precise and effective tooth preparation. The rubber dam also protects the patient's airway from debris and materials used during the procedure. Therefore, the use of a rubber dam is considered the gold standard in isolation during tooth preparation in vital teeth.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presents with abdominal colic and hematuria on ultrasonography a stone 2.5 cm in diameter is seen in the renal pelvis. The next step in management of this case is :", + "gold_answer": "ESWL", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not used in polymerase chain reaction?", + "gold_answer": "Dideoxyribonucleotides", + "os_answer": "A. DNA polymerase B. RNA polymerase C. Primers D. Thermal cycler", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Imaginary line joining MB1, Distal and Palatal orifices in maxillary 1st molar forms", + "gold_answer": "Molar Triangle", + "os_answer": "Transverse ridge", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the approved dose of misoprostol in emergent management of postpaum hemorrhage?", + "gold_answer": "600 mcg", + "os_answer": "The approved dose of misoprostol in emergent management of postpartum hemorrhage is 800 mcg administered sublingually or buccally.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia type II is due to deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Apoprotein B-100", + "os_answer": "LDL receptor", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Binding of Eukaryotic mRNA to Ribosomes is facilitated by", + "gold_answer": "Capping", + "os_answer": "The presence of a 5' cap and a poly-A tail.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 5-year-old child from a rural area presented to the OPD with pustular lesions on the lower legs. The cuture from the lesion showed hemolytic colonies on the blood agar which were Gram-positive cocci. Which of the following reactions would help to provisionally confirm the diagnosis of group A streptococcal pyoderma?", + "gold_answer": "Bacitracin sensitivity", + "os_answer": "A. Bile solubility test B. Optochin sensitivity test C. Catalase test D. Bacitracin sensitivity test", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Centre of activity of autonomic nervous system is:", + "gold_answer": "Hypothalamus", + "os_answer": "Medulla oblongata", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells found in pulp are:", + "gold_answer": "Multipotent", + "os_answer": "Odontoblasts.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In postductal coarctation of the aorta, blood flow to the lower limb is maintained through which of the following arteries \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Intercostal arteries and superior epigastric artery", + "os_answer": "The internal thoracic arteries.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Absence of which of the following milestone in 3 yr old chitd is called delayed development?", + "gold_answer": "Feeding by spoon", + "os_answer": "Walking", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Distal palatal termination of the maxillary complete denture base is dictated by the:", + "gold_answer": "Vibrating line", + "os_answer": "Palatal rugae.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hepcidin inhibits which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Ferropoin", + "os_answer": "Iron absorption.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The weakest part of the pharynx is", + "gold_answer": "Between thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal sphincter", + "os_answer": "the nasopharynx.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After I.V. administration of which of the following anesthetic agent, there is rapid recovery and less headedness?", + "gold_answer": "Propofol", + "os_answer": "Propofol", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is associated with HIV infection", + "gold_answer": "Hairy leukoplakia", + "os_answer": "AIDS", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In aerial blood gas analysis of a patient with pCO2- 30, p02-115 and pH-7.45, patient has compensated:", + "gold_answer": "Respiratory alkalosis", + "os_answer": "Respiratory acidosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Flow of a material refers to:", + "gold_answer": "Continued change of the material under a given load", + "os_answer": "The movement of a substance within a biological system, such as blood flowing through the circulatory system.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During which stage of tooth formation the size of the tooth is determined?", + "gold_answer": "Morpho differentiation", + "os_answer": "The size of the tooth is determined during the bell stage of tooth formation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Adeno ameloblastoma treatment", + "gold_answer": "Enucleation", + "os_answer": "Surgical removal of the tumor is the most common treatment for adeno ameloblastoma. In some cases, radiation therapy or chemotherapy may be used.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 30 year old female is on antibiotics with prolonged IV cannulation, has spike of fever, the likely cause is :", + "gold_answer": "Coagulase negative staphylococcus", + "os_answer": "A. Septicemia B. Septic shock C. Sepsis D. Endocarditis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is a gypsum product?", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Plaster of Paris.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In hemorrhagic shock, hypotension occurs when blood loss is more than:", + "gold_answer": "More than 40%", + "os_answer": "20% of total blood volume.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best test that shows the integrity of intrinsic pathway of clotting mechanism", + "gold_answer": "aPTT", + "os_answer": "Prothrombin time (PT)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Alginate impression material is similar to agar-agar impression material in the following respect:", + "gold_answer": "Deformation during removal of impression occurs due to distortion of gel. fibers", + "os_answer": "Both alginate and agar-agar impression materials are reversible hydrocolloids.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Immediate treatment of CSF Rhinorrhoea requires-", + "gold_answer": "Antibiotics and observation", + "os_answer": "Immediate treatment of CSF Rhinorrhoea requires the application of an epidural blood patch to prevent further leakage of cerebrospinal fluid.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Interdental papilla protruding from the rubber dam, most common cause is", + "gold_answer": "Punch are placed too close", + "os_answer": "Overextension of the clamp.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with Suspected Poisoning with meiosis, Increased Bronchial Secretions & salivation from Angle of mouth. What type of Antidote is to be Given.", + "gold_answer": "Atropine", + "os_answer": "Atropine.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cells with greatest affinity to bisphosphonates are:", + "gold_answer": "Osteoclasts", + "os_answer": "Osteoclasts. Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density. They are used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases. Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone resorption, which is the process of breaking down bone tissue. Bisphosphonates work by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, thereby reducing bone loss and increasing bone density. Therefore, osteoclasts have the greatest affinity to bisphosphonates because these drugs specifically target and bind to these cells to exert their therapeutic effects.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The radiographic view of choice for demonstrating a nasal fracture is:", + "gold_answer": "True lateral", + "os_answer": "Waters view.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An oral hypoglycemic agent is:", + "gold_answer": "Glibeneclamide", + "os_answer": "A medication used to lower blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dentin conditioner has the following function.", + "gold_answer": "Removes smear layer", + "os_answer": "Dentin conditioner is used to improve the bonding between the dentin and the restorative material, enhancing the durability and longevity of the dental restoration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient underwent extraction of 3rd molar experiences pain in socket on 3rd day; socket is tender with no fever and swelling: what treatment should be done", + "gold_answer": "Irrigation of socket with sedative placement and analgesic", + "os_answer": "The patient is likely experiencing postoperative pain and inflammation, which is common after tooth extraction. The appropriate treatment would be to prescribe analgesics for pain relief and recommend the use of a cold compress to reduce swelling. Additionally, the patient should be advised to avoid vigorous rinsing or spitting, and to gently clean the socket with saline or a recommended mouthwash to prevent infection. If the pain and swelling persist or worsen, the patient should be evaluated by the dentist or oral surgeon for possible complications such as dry socket or infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which among the following is not a risk factor for contrast-induced nephropathy?", + "gold_answer": "Obesity", + "os_answer": "A) Pre-existing kidney disease B) High blood pressure C) Young age D) Dehydration", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A hypeensive patient was on metoprolol treatment. Verapamil was added to the therapy of this patient. This can result in", + "gold_answer": "Bradycardia with AV block", + "os_answer": "a) Decreased blood pressure b) Increased heart rate c) Decreased heart rate d) Increased blood pressure", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Example of synarthroses is / are:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above.", + "os_answer": "Sutures in the skull.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following antibiotics is most frequently associated with pseudomembranous colitis?", + "gold_answer": "Clindamycin", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Finishing and Polishing of Amalgam make the restoration:", + "gold_answer": "Increase in tarnish and corrosion resistance", + "os_answer": "More durable and resistant to wear and tear.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 year old boy has vitamin D refractory rickets. Investigations show serum calcium 9 mg/dl. Phosphate 2.4 mg dl, alkaline phosphate 1040 parathyroid hormone and bicarbonate levels are normal. The most probable diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Hypophosphatemic rickets.", + "os_answer": "(E)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to WHO, anemia in pregnancy is diagnosed, when hemoglobin is less than:", + "gold_answer": "11.0 gm%", + "os_answer": "11.0 g/dL", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "VLDL is synthesised in", + "gold_answer": "Liver", + "os_answer": "the liver.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Magnesium deficiency has been reported as an etiological cause for:", + "gold_answer": "Bruxism.", + "os_answer": "Muscle cramps.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In determining the posterior Limit of a maxillary denture base, which of the following is on the posterior border?", + "gold_answer": "Hamular notch", + "os_answer": "The hamular notch.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Asseion - Distal pole of scaphoid goes to avascular necrosis after scaphoid fracture.Reason- Blood supply of scaphoid is from distal to proximal.", + "gold_answer": "Reason is true but asseion is false", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In the management of anaphylaxis, which action of adrenaline is not observed?", + "gold_answer": "Action on presynaptic alpha-receptors", + "os_answer": "Increasing heart rate.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Normally Maxillary first molar has", + "gold_answer": "3 roots and 3 canals", + "os_answer": "Four cusps.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mark true or false among the following:Content 's of Carotid Sheath areA. Internal jugular veini) trueii) falseB. Cervical sympathetic trunki) trueii) falseC. Vagus nervei) trueii) falseD. Internal carotid aeryi) trueii) falseE. Deep cervical lymph nodesi) trueii) false", + "gold_answer": "A. i) B. ii) C. i) D. i) E. i)", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Normal Curvature seen in Lumbar", + "gold_answer": "Lordosis", + "os_answer": "Spondylolysis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 50 years old patient presented with progressive jaundice. Liver function test was done in which conju!gated serum bilirubin-4.8% and total bilirubin-6.7%, alkaline phosphatase- 550 IU, SGOT-50, SGPT-65. Most probable diagnosis is;", + "gold_answer": "Jaundice due to choledocholithiasis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most common site for congenital cholesteatoma", + "gold_answer": "Anterior superior quadrant of tympanic membrane", + "os_answer": "The most common site for congenital cholesteatoma is the attic or the upper part of the middle ear.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Iodine is primarily important in the biochemical synthesis of:", + "gold_answer": "Thyroxine", + "os_answer": "Thyroid hormones.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The maximum shrinkage during firing process in ceramic occurs in:", + "gold_answer": "Medium Bisque stage", + "os_answer": "Earthenware", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Segmentation of blood in blood vessel after death is known as:", + "gold_answer": "Kevorkian sign", + "os_answer": "Postmortem lividity or livor mortis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If Patient is identified with Hepatitis B positive, after treatment what should be done with instrument", + "gold_answer": "Instruments should be washed and sent for autoclave", + "os_answer": "The instrument should be sterilized.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which type of radiation effect results in radiation induced thyroid cancer?", + "gold_answer": "Somatic", + "os_answer": "Ionizing radiation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 5 years old child brought to the hospital with history of loose stools but no history of fever or blood in stools. Mother says he is irritable and drinks water hastily when given. On examination eyes are sunken and in skin pinch test, the skin retracted within two seconds but not immediately. What is the treatment for this child?", + "gold_answer": "Give Zinc supplementation and oral rehydration solution only and ask mother to come back if some danger signs develop", + "os_answer": "Oral rehydration therapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Basophils are activated by", + "gold_answer": "Cell fixed Ig E", + "os_answer": "IgE antibodies.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In class II malocclusion, ANB angle is", + "gold_answer": "Greater than normal", + "os_answer": "Greater than 4 degrees.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "To establish the diagnosis of H-type trachea-esophageal fistula, which if the following is required?", + "gold_answer": "Tracheo-bronchoscopy", + "os_answer": "A contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause for nose bleeding is-", + "gold_answer": "Trauma to little's area", + "os_answer": "Dry air.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An adolescent school girl complaints of dropping objects from hands, it gets precipitated during morning and during exams. There is no history of loss of consciousness and her cousin sister has been diagnosed with epilepsy. EEG was done and was suggestive of epileptic spikes. What is the diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "46.\tA 9 year old child has increased Horizontal anterior bone loss, less cementum and on test shows excretion of phosphoethanolamine in the urine. The child is suffering from.", + "gold_answer": "Hypophosphatasia", + "os_answer": "\ta. Hypophosphatasia b. Hyperphosphatasia c. Hypophosphatemia d. Hyperphosphatemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3 year old child has a fever of 102 degrees F; and\nfollowing upper respiratory tract infection discrete vesicles and ulcers on the soft plate and pharynx are noted. The most probable diagnosis is", + "gold_answer": "Herpangina", + "os_answer": "1 - Varicella 2 - Herpes simplex 3 - Hand foot and mouth disease 4 - Measles", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acrocephaly is also known as:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above.", + "os_answer": "Apert syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The reverse bevel incision is made to:", + "gold_answer": "Remove the infected tissue in the sulcus.", + "os_answer": "Access the kidney during a nephrectomy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What does forward scatter in flow cytometry used to assess?", + "gold_answer": "Cell size", + "os_answer": "Forward scatter in flow cytometry is used to assess the size of the cells.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which inflammatory mediator involve in intracellular killing of microbes?", + "gold_answer": "Lysozyme", + "os_answer": "Reactive oxygen species (ROS)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most effective, scientifically proven and cost efficient caries prevention program in children is:", + "gold_answer": "Pit and fissure sealants", + "os_answer": "The most effective, scientifically proven and cost efficient caries prevention program in children is the application of fluoride varnish.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 24 years old college student while playing hockey injured his right knee. This patient presents after 3 months with instability of knee joint in it full extension without instability at 90 degree of flexion. The structure most commonly damaged is:", + "gold_answer": "Posterolatilal pa of anterior cruciate ligament", + "os_answer": "Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Drug of choice for scrub typhus is:", + "gold_answer": "Doxycycline", + "os_answer": "Doxycycline", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "VLDL is concerned with:", + "gold_answer": "Delivery of endogenous FA to extrahepatic tissue", + "os_answer": "transporting triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Malignant pustule is referred to:", + "gold_answer": "Cutaneous anthrax", + "os_answer": "A type of skin infection caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, also known as anthrax.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Surveyor is used on master cast to:", + "gold_answer": "Locate undercuts to be used for retention or to be blocked out", + "os_answer": "Measure the dimensions of the cast.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cyst of parasite seen in stool microscopy. What is the organism?", + "gold_answer": "Giardia lambia", + "os_answer": "Entamoeba histolytica", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Active form of vitamin D in kidney is:", + "gold_answer": "1, 25 dihydroxy cholecalciferol", + "os_answer": "Calcitriol", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The drug for choice for treatment of infection\ninvolving\tnon-penicillinase\tproducing\nstaphylococcus is:", + "gold_answer": "Penicillin G", + "os_answer": "\tStreptomycin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Before pouring an elastic impression, it is washed with slurry of water and stone to:", + "gold_answer": "Wash off saliva on impression", + "os_answer": "Remove any debris or contaminants and ensure a clean surface for the impression material to adhere to.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cleaning of files in between of endodontic treatment is done by:", + "gold_answer": "Gauze soaked in hypochlorite solution", + "os_answer": "Use of files and reamers", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 year old child presented with headache, vomiting, gait instability and diplopia. On examination he had papilledema and gait ataxia. The most probable diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Midline posterior fossa tumour", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Amount of heat that is required to change boiling water into vapor is referred to as", + "gold_answer": "Latent Heat of vaporization", + "os_answer": "Latent heat of vaporization.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Peg-shaped incisors which taper towards the indsal edge\nare typically seen in all of the following conditions EXCEPT", + "gold_answer": "Rickets", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A study was done where the sale of anti-asthma drug was recorded and the number of deaths because of asthma was measured over a period of 15 years (1975-1990). This is which type of study.", + "gold_answer": "Ecological", + "os_answer": "Cohort study.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The fear of a 6 year old related to dentistry is primarily:", + "gold_answer": "Subjective", + "os_answer": "Dental anxiety.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient inhales a tidal volume of 500 mL. The intrapleural pressure was measured as - 4 cm of water before inspiration and - 9 cm of water after inspiration. Calculate the pulmonary compliance in this patient:", + "gold_answer": "0.1 L/cm", + "os_answer": "_____ cm H2O/mL", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum steroid produced by fetal adrenal:-", + "gold_answer": "Coisol", + "os_answer": "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which nerve biopsy is taken to diagnose neuritic leprosy?", + "gold_answer": "Radial cutaneous nerve", + "os_answer": "The nerve biopsy taken to diagnose neuritic leprosy is the sural nerve biopsy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Low grade infection which leads to localized periosteal reaction is:", + "gold_answer": "Garre's osteomyelitis", + "os_answer": "Osteomyelitis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not a post transcriptional modification of RNA?", + "gold_answer": "Glycosylation", + "os_answer": "Capping of the 5' end.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Children with germline retinoblastoma are more likely to develop other primary malignancies in their later lifetime course. Which of the following malignancy can occur in such patients?", + "gold_answer": "Osteosarcoma of lower limbs", + "os_answer": "Osteosarcoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Not a side effect of Escitalopram?", + "gold_answer": "Sialorrhoea", + "os_answer": "Increased appetite.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Death due to smoke inhalation is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Anemic hypoxia", + "os_answer": "Lack of oxygen", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Child has received full rabies vaccination in December 2018 and now presented with oozing wound on great toe and the pet had vaccination also, what would you do now?", + "gold_answer": "2 doses of vaccine on day 0 and 3", + "os_answer": "The child should be evaluated for possible rabies exposure and receive post-exposure prophylaxis if indicated. The wound should be thoroughly cleaned and debrided, and the child should be monitored for any signs of infection or other complications. The child's vaccination history should be reviewed to determine if additional doses of the rabies vaccine are needed. The pet should also be evaluated for possible rabies exposure and receive appropriate treatment if necessary.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Babu, a 49-year-old patient, complains of foul breath and regurgitation of food eaten few days back. He also complains of dysphagia. The probable diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Pharyngeal pouch", + "os_answer": "Zenker's diverticulum\nOptions\nTrue\nFalse", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2 year old premature neonate develops GTCS. What is the best investigation done to diagnose the pathology?", + "gold_answer": "Transcranial ultrasound", + "os_answer": "Electroencephalogram (EEG)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vasodilatation is caused by:", + "gold_answer": "Histamine", + "os_answer": "Vasodilatation is caused by the relaxation of smooth muscle cells in the walls of blood vessels. This process increases the diameter of the blood vessels, allowing for increased blood flow and decreased blood pressure. Vasodilatation can be triggered by various factors, including the release of certain chemicals in the body, such as nitric oxide, and the activation of specific receptors on the smooth muscle cells. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood pressure and ensuring proper blood flow to different organs and tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "While doing emergency laparotomy for an intestinal obstruction, which organ will you first visualize to say whether it is small bowel or large bowel obstruction?", + "gold_answer": "Cecum", + "os_answer": "The large bowel.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For deep gingival sheath preparation, shape of wedge should be:", + "gold_answer": "Triangular", + "os_answer": "Triangular", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Electromyography is used to:", + "gold_answer": "To study muscle activity", + "os_answer": "Measure the electrical activity of muscles.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate presented with jaundice on first day of life. His mother's blood group is `0' positive. How will you manage this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Phototherapy", + "os_answer": "The neonate is suffering from ABO incompatibility. The mother is blood group `0' and the baby is blood group `A'. The mother's antibodies are crossing the placenta and causing haemolysis of fetal red blood cells. The baby will require phototherapy. If the bilirubin levels are not controlled, an exchange transfusion may be required.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Rhodopsin deficiency is chiefly associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin A deficiency", + "os_answer": "Night blindness. Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a light-sensitive receptor protein involved in the perception of light and color. It is found in the rod cells of the retina and plays a crucial role in vision, particularly in low-light conditions. When there is a deficiency of rhodopsin, it can lead to difficulty seeing in dim light or at night, a condition known as night blindness. This is because rhodopsin is essential for the rod cells to function properly in low-light conditions. Without sufficient rhodopsin, the rod cells cannot effectively capture and process light, leading to impaired vision in the dark. Therefore, rhodopsin deficiency is chiefly associated with night blindness.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The maxillary teeth if placed too far anteriorly and superiorly in a complete denture results in the faulty pronunciation of:", + "gold_answer": "F and V sounds", + "os_answer": "The letter \"S\"", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The logical explanation for the unique anticariogenic property of most silicate cements is:", + "gold_answer": "The reduction in enamel solubility due to fluoride uptake by enamel", + "os_answer": "The formation of a layer of hydroxyapatite on the cement surface.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Changes seen in conjunctiva after vitamti. A deficiency:", + "gold_answer": "Hyperkeratosis of squamous epithelium", + "os_answer": "Vitamin A deficiency can lead to changes in the conjunctiva, such as xerophthalmia, which includes symptoms like night blindness and dryness of the conjunctiva.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is not a criterion for making a diagnosis of chronic myeloid leukemia in accelerated phase:", + "gold_answer": "Persistent thrombocytosis (>1000 x 109/L) unresponsive to therapy", + "os_answer": "Presence of Philadelphia chromosome.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following hea sound may be a normal finding during pregnancy?", + "gold_answer": "S3", + "os_answer": "A) S3 gallop B) S4 gallop C) Murmur D) Click", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Oral hairy leukoplakia is seen in AIDS patients. The most\nlikely site of appearance is:", + "gold_answer": "Lateral borders of tongue", + "os_answer": "Buccal mucosa", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not a general compartment of body fluid ?", + "gold_answer": "Intracellular", + "os_answer": "Blood", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is a connective tissue tumour:", + "gold_answer": "Lipoma", + "os_answer": "Adenoid cystic carcinoma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with thrombocytopenia, what is the target platelet count after transfusion to perform an invasive procedure?", + "gold_answer": "50,000", + "os_answer": "The target platelet count after transfusion for an invasive procedure in a patient with thrombocytopenia is typically above 50,000 per microliter.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A woman comes with postdated pregnancy at 42 weeks. The initial evaluation would be:", + "gold_answer": "Review of previous menstrual history", + "os_answer": "A. Fetal fibronectin test B. Ultrasound C. Nonstress test D. Biophysical profile", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lingual ridge is most prominent in", + "gold_answer": "Upper Canine", + "os_answer": "adults", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In heart patient the worst prognosis during pregnancy is seen in:", + "gold_answer": "Aortic stenosis", + "os_answer": "Women with mitral stenosis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Acute Barbiturate poisoning results in:", + "gold_answer": "Respiratory failure", + "os_answer": "Coma, respiratory depression, and potentially death.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The direct bonded orthodontic stainless steel brackets derive retention with composite because of:", + "gold_answer": "The mechanical interlock with mesh at the bracket base", + "os_answer": "The composite material adheres to the bracket surface and provides a strong bond that resists dislodgement during orthodontic treatment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 26 years old patient c/o foul smelling greyish white discharge diagnosed to be Gardnerella vaginalis infection. Microscopic finding is suggestive of?", + "gold_answer": "Bacteria adherent to lining vaginal epithelial cells", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dose of radiation for early and locally advanced cancer cervix at point A during brachytherapy?", + "gold_answer": "80-85 Gray and 85-90 Gray", + "os_answer": "The dose of radiation for early and locally advanced cancer cervix at point A during brachytherapy is typically between 70-80 Gy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sealer penetration into dentinal tubule depends mainly on?", + "gold_answer": "Method of obturation", + "os_answer": "The size of the dentinal tubule.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the term for the radio opaque area found at the\nroot apex of young permanent teeth involved with a chronic pulpitis?", + "gold_answer": "Apical condensing osteitis", + "os_answer": "\u00a0Periapical cyst", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "myasthenia gravis is a disorder of", + "gold_answer": "Neuromuscular junction", + "os_answer": "the neuromuscular junction.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Submental intubation is an alternative to tracheostomy in which type of fractures?", + "gold_answer": "Panfacial fracture", + "os_answer": "Mandibular fractures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?", + "gold_answer": "Stylopharyngeus", + "os_answer": "The glossopharyngeal nerve supplies the parotid gland with secretomotor fibers.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cardiac pain may be transmitted to the jaw due to the overlapping of:", + "gold_answer": "5th cranial nerve, third cervical nerve and first thoracic nerve", + "os_answer": "Nerves.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Optimal landmark for termination of cleaning, shaping and obturation is", + "gold_answer": "Cementodentinal junction", + "os_answer": "The apical third of the root canal.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phenylbutyrate is used in management of urea cycle disorders. What is its role?", + "gold_answer": "Scavenges nitrogen", + "os_answer": "Phenylbutyrate acts as a nitrogen scavenger, helping to remove excess nitrogen from the body, which is beneficial in conditions like urea cycle disorders where the body struggles to eliminate nitrogen.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 60 years old patient having cardiorespiratory arrest in hospital ward, for oxygenation what should be done immediately?", + "gold_answer": "Oral intubation", + "os_answer": "Provide high flow oxygen via non-rebreather mask.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If there is absence of precursor cell of an organ with the subsequent non development of the organ, what is the condition is called as?", + "gold_answer": "Agenesis", + "os_answer": "Aplasia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Habit developed under psychological cause is:", + "gold_answer": "Intentional habits.", + "os_answer": "Substance abuse disorder.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of fibrous dysplasia is:", + "gold_answer": "If the Lesion is small, dissection is done, if Lesion is large cosmetic surgery has to be carried out", + "os_answer": "Surgical intervention is often required to correct deformities and relieve pain. Medications such as bisphosphonates may be used to slow the progression of the disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10-year-old girl presents with a mass in lower abdomen involving umbilical and the hypogastrium. On examination it is cystic and mobile and the examiner is unable to insinuate fingers between the mass and the pelvic bone. What is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Ovarian cyst", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Improving Quality of Labour room is covered under which program?", + "gold_answer": "LaQshya", + "os_answer": "The Improving Quality of Labour Room is covered under the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) program.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cribriform plate connects:", + "gold_answer": "Nasal cavity and anterior cranial fossa", + "os_answer": "The cribriform plate connects the cranial cavity to the nasal cavity.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Major mechanism of transport of drugs across biological membranes is by ?", + "gold_answer": "Passive diffusion", + "os_answer": "Passive diffusion", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presented with complaint of severe itching over the web of fingers, more at night. Examination revealed burrows. Most probable diagnosis is:September 2009", + "gold_answer": "Scabies", + "os_answer": "Scabies", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Middle constrictor of pharynx has attachment from:", + "gold_answer": "Body of hyoid bone", + "os_answer": "Middle constrictor of pharynx has attachment from the greater horn of the hyoid bone and the styloid process of the temporal bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hepcidin decreases iron absorption by inhibition of -", + "gold_answer": "Ferropoin", + "os_answer": "ferroportin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Detachment of myosin head from actin is caused by?", + "gold_answer": "Binding of ATP", + "os_answer": "ATP.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Characteristic feature true about outer membrane of peripheral nerve", + "gold_answer": "Relative permeable to potassium ions", + "os_answer": "The outer membrane of peripheral nerves is not a characteristic feature as peripheral nerves do not have an outer membrane. Instead, they are composed of nerve fibers (axons) surrounded by connective tissue layers.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 14 years old male child presented with abnormal body movements with MRI showing signal changes in corpus striatum, thalami, pons, medulla, centrum semiovale and asymmetric diffuse white matter involvement. Most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Wilson's disease", + "os_answer": "Wilson's disease", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of Condylar fracture dysarthrosis refers to:", + "gold_answer": "Disturbance of both anatomy as well as function.", + "os_answer": "A) A condition characterized by difficulty in speaking due to a fracture in the jaw joint. B) A condition characterized by difficulty in chewing due to a fracture in the jaw joint. C) A condition characterized by difficulty in swallowing due to a fracture in the jaw joint. D) A condition characterized by difficulty in breathing due to a fracture in the jaw joint.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gingival deformities are seen in:", + "gold_answer": "ANUG", + "os_answer": "Gingival deformities are seen in patients with periodontal disease.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly missing primary teeth are:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary canines", + "os_answer": "Lower central incisors.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A girl complaints of acute abdominal pain on and off with tingling sensation of limbs. She had a history of eating paint from the wall of newly built house. Which of the following enzyme deficiency will be the cause of her condition?", + "gold_answer": "ALA dehydratase", + "os_answer": "L-asparaginase deficiency", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Where is the second step of damage control resuscitation carried out?", + "gold_answer": "In ICU", + "os_answer": "The second step of damage control resuscitation is carried out in the operating room.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A primigravida came to the labor room at 40 weeks + 5 days gestation for induction of labor. On per vaginal examination, the cervix is 1 cm dilated and 30% effaced. The veex is at --1 station and the cervix is soft and posterior. What will be the modified bishop score for this lady?", + "gold_answer": "5", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sensory nerve supply of capsule of TMJ is?", + "gold_answer": "Auriculotemporal nerve", + "os_answer": "Sensory nerve supply of capsule of TMJ is from auriculotemporal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A girl comes with symptoms of involuntary movements. Sydenham's chorea and acute rheumatic fever is suspected. Other major criteria of rheumatic fever (ahritis, skin rashes, subcutaneous nodules and carditis) were absent. No evidence of sore throat. Best investigation to prove rheumatic etiology is:", + "gold_answer": "Antistreptolysin O", + "os_answer": "Echocardiography", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young patient presented to casualty with a history of some substance abuse. His pulse was 130 beats per minute and respiratory rate was 30 per minute. Blood gas analysis revealed metabolic acidosis and his urea was 100 mg/dL and creatinine was 4 mg/dL. Urinalysis revealed calcium oxalate crystals. He improved symptomatically after management with intravenous fluids, gastric lavage, sodium bicarbonate, calcium gluconate and 4-methylpyrazole administration. What is the most likely substance that he consumed?", + "gold_answer": "Ethylene glycol", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Post parotidectomy, patient feels numb while shaving. Which nerve was involved ?", + "gold_answer": "Greater auricular", + "os_answer": "Greater auricular nerve", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Articular disc of TMJ is:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "A fibrocartilaginous structure that connects the condyle of mandible to the temporal bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phase-contrast microscopy is based on the principle of:", + "gold_answer": "Different refractive indices of object", + "os_answer": "Differential phase shift of light waves", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Klenow fragment is formed by loss of fragment having which activity:", + "gold_answer": "5'- 3' exonuclease", + "os_answer": "Klenow fragment is formed by the loss of the 5' to 3' exonuclease activity.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Addison's disease is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Chronic insufficiency of adrenal cortex", + "os_answer": "a deficiency of the hormone aldosterone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the best distribution to study the daily admission of head injury patients in a trauma care centre", + "gold_answer": "Poisson distribution", + "os_answer": "A time series distribution would be the best to study the daily admission of head injury patients in a trauma care centre. This is because a time series distribution can show the trend and pattern of the data over a period of time, which can help to identify the peak and low periods of the admission, the seasonal variations, and the possible factors that influence the admission rate. A time series distribution can also help to forecast the future demand and supply of the trauma care centre, and to plan and allocate the resources accordingly. A time series distribution can be represented by a line graph, a bar graph, or a scatter plot, depending on the type and frequency of the data. For example, a line graph can show the daily admission of head injury patients over a year, with the x-axis representing the date and the y-axis representing the number of patients. A bar graph can show the monthly admission of head injury patients over a year, with the x-axis representing the month and the y-axis representing the number of patients. A scatter plot can show the relationship between the daily admission of head injury patients and the weather conditions, with the x-axis representing the date and the y-axis representing the temperature or precip", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Inlay and 3 fourth crowns main purpose of bevel is", + "gold_answer": "To remove unsupported enamel rods", + "os_answer": "To increase the surface area for bonding.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "35 years old female with choriocarcinoma treatment of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Chemotherapy", + "os_answer": "Methotrexate.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "2 years female has been successfully treated for urinary tract infection. Next step in management is :", + "gold_answer": "Ultrasound + DMSA scan", + "os_answer": "1", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 4-year-old child has a normal complement of primary teeth, but they are grey and exhibit extensive occlusal and incisal wear. Radiographic examination indicates extensive deposits of secondary dentin in these teeth. Most likely this condition is:", + "gold_answer": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta", + "os_answer": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thermal conductivity of which material is close to dentin:", + "gold_answer": "Silicate", + "os_answer": "Silver.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In genomic imprinting. DNA is modified by:", + "gold_answer": "Methylation", + "os_answer": "methylation", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Numbness and tingling sensation felt in the anterior one third of the tongue can be due to:", + "gold_answer": "Over extended lingual borders", + "os_answer": "Hypocalcemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Innervation of pulp is from", + "gold_answer": "Trigeminal nerve", + "os_answer": "The innervation of the dental pulp is primarily from the _____ nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 62 years old woman presented with acute onset confusion and bumping into th ings. On examination, she was ale, oriented with fluent speech and normal comprehension. Fuher examination revealed impaired writing (acalculia), right-left confusion, impaired arithmetic abilities, difficulty in finger identification. MRI demonstrated foci of coical and sub coical increase T2 signals and areas of leptomeningeal enhancement. Most likely diagnosis:", + "gold_answer": "Gerstmann's syndrome", + "os_answer": "Cerebrovascular disease", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which component of zinc oxide-eugenol cement gives its strength?", + "gold_answer": "Zinc oxide", + "os_answer": "The strength of zinc oxide-eugenol cement is primarily attributed to the zinc oxide component.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient came with complaints of lower limb weakness. Examiner places one hand under the patient's heel and patient is asked to raise his other leg against downward resistance. What is the name of this test?", + "gold_answer": "Hoover test", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dietary goals for avoiding Coronary Artery Disease include", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Limiting saturated fat and cholesterol intake, increasing intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, and maintaining a healthy weight.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth eruption is due to", + "gold_answer": "Eruptive forces", + "os_answer": "the growth of the tooth root.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Steroids do not have a role in management of which of these tumors?", + "gold_answer": "Kaposi sarcoma", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During 3rd molar surgical extraction, distal incision is curved buccally to prevent injury to:", + "gold_answer": "Lingual nerve", + "os_answer": "The buccal nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infant of diabetic mother with weight 3.8 Kg presented with seizures after 16 hours of birth.What is the cause \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Hypoglycemia", + "os_answer": "Hypoglycemia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 12 year old child complains of recurrent pain over right maxillary posterior tooth but clinically no caries can be found. He also reports of cold and fever spells. What should be advised to the patient?", + "gold_answer": "Refer to physician for the evaluation of maxillary sinus", + "os_answer": "The patient should be advised to undergo a radiographic examination to check for any possible periapical pathology.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Short sharp pain of tooth transmitted to brain by", + "gold_answer": "A delta fibers", + "os_answer": "trigeminal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is the most reliable method for monitoring fluid resuscitation?", + "gold_answer": "Urine output", + "os_answer": "The most reliable method for monitoring fluid resuscitation is the use of dynamic parameters such as stroke volume variation and pulse pressure variation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) assay in urine is used for screening of?", + "gold_answer": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", + "os_answer": "Tuberculosis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cholinomimetic is not used in which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Bradycardia", + "os_answer": "Cholinomimetic is not used in the treatment of hypertension.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gene which inhibits cell cycle is -", + "gold_answer": "p53", + "os_answer": "TP53", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cell membrane of a cell is freely permeable to three ions X, Y and Z. At resting membrane potential, the respective equilibrium potentials of Xand Y are -30mV and -40 mV.What will happen to the membrane potential if a drug is infused which can block the permeability of Z?", + "gold_answer": "Depolarisation", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient complains of looseness of dentures within two to four hours of insertion. The most likely cause is:", + "gold_answer": "Deflective occlusion", + "os_answer": "Poorly fitting dentures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A mother comes with her 3 months' child asking the physician if she can give cereals to her child. What problems can this lead to her child?", + "gold_answer": "Allergy due to the food content", + "os_answer": "The child may develop allergies, diarrhea, or constipation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For a maxillary premolar in a radiograph, the facial root appears distal to the palatal root, the film was exposed with:", + "gold_answer": "From mesial side of the tooth", + "os_answer": "A horizontal angulation error.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lalloo, a 13-year old child has a severe thumb-sucking habit. On examination he has a Class-II malocclusion, anterior open bite with an over-jet of 12mm. His cephalogram will show:", + "gold_answer": "Increased anterior facial height and normal\tposterior facial height", + "os_answer": "Increased lower anterior facial height.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lateral part of middle cranial fossa and posterior\ncranial fossa are divided by:", + "gold_answer": "Petrous temporal bone", + "os_answer": "The petrous ridge", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 27 year primigravida presents with pregnancy induced hypertension with blood pressure of 150/100 mm of Hg at 32 weeks of gestation with no other complications. Subsequently, her blood pressure is controlled on treatment. If there are no complications, the pregnancy should be terminated at:", + "gold_answer": "37 completed weeks", + "os_answer": "39 weeks of gestation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 1.5 years old child was brought to emergency with history of burn by hot water on both hands and palms. The lesion was pink, oozing and painful to air and touch. Which of the following is the best management for this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Paraffin gauze and dressing", + "os_answer": "a. Apply ice packs to the burned area. b. Apply antibiotic ointment and dressing. c. Apply aloe vera gel and dressing. d. Apply cool water and cover with sterile dressing. e. Apply burn cream and cover with sterile dressing.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Growth of the maxilla in the vertical direction is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Growth of the alveolus", + "os_answer": "The growth of the maxilla in the vertical direction is primarily due to the activity of the maxillary growth centers, which are influenced by genetic factors and hormonal regulation. These growth centers are located in the maxilla itself and are responsible for the upward and forward expansion of the upper jaw. This process is essential for proper alignment of the teeth and the overall facial structure. The maxilla's growth is also affected by the surrounding structures, such as the nasal septum and the palate, which can exert pressure and influence its development. Additionally, environmental factors and habits, like thumb sucking or tongue thrusting, can impact the maxilla's growth pattern.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "clostridium difficile diarrhoea associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Fluoroquinolones", + "os_answer": "antibiotic use", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most common systemic symptom during migration of larval phase of Helminths like Ancylostoma, Strongyloides and Ascaris?", + "gold_answer": "Asymptomatic", + "os_answer": "Abdominal pain", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The police has brought an unresponsive patient to you. What is the first thing you will do?", + "gold_answer": "Check carotid pulse", + "os_answer": "The first thing I will do is assess the patient's airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs). This is the most critical step in the initial assessment of any unresponsive patient. It is essential to ensure that the patient has a clear airway, is breathing adequately, and has a pulse. If any of these are compromised, immediate intervention is necessary to stabilize the patient.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A material turns to liquid on applying critical shear stress. This type of flow is called as?", + "gold_answer": "Bingham body", + "os_answer": "Bingham plastic flow.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The setting time of zinc phosphate may be retarded by?", + "gold_answer": "Decrease the addition of powder to liquid", + "os_answer": "The presence of water.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following statements about an intraoral dental\nX-ray film are true except:", + "gold_answer": "It has a thin sheet of lead foil that lies in front of the film to prevent overexposure", + "os_answer": "It is not sensitive to soft tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Only tooth in which buccal surface is made of 2 lobes", + "gold_answer": "Upper 1st molar", + "os_answer": "Mandibular first molar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Niacin & riboflavin help in:", + "gold_answer": "Redox reactions", + "os_answer": "Niacin and riboflavin are essential vitamins that play a crucial role in the body's metabolism. They help convert food into energy and are vital for the proper functioning of the nervous system, skin, and digestive system.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The middle meningeal artery is associated with which foramen:", + "gold_answer": "Spinosum", + "os_answer": "Foramen spinosum.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Asymmetrical union of sutures resuting in twisted skull known as:", + "gold_answer": "Plagiocephaly.", + "os_answer": "Craniosynostosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Surgery of the cleft lip should be carried out at:", + "gold_answer": "3 - 6 months", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most consistent feature of rapidly progressing glomerulonephritis (RPGN)?", + "gold_answer": "Crescent formation", + "os_answer": "The most consistent feature of RPGN is the presence of crescent formation in the glomeruli.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Universal marker of limbal epithelial stem cells:", + "gold_answer": "ABCG2", + "os_answer": "The universal marker of limbal epithelial stem cells is the expression of the protein Lgr5.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "At 12 year age, 2nd mandibular molar will have?", + "gold_answer": "Crown complete with 3/4th root,, open apex", + "os_answer": "2nd mandibular molar at 12 year age will have 2 roots.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A rhabdomyoma is a tumour originating from", + "gold_answer": "Striated muscle", + "os_answer": "skeletal muscle.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Free way space of less than normal, in complete denture \nhas the following adverse result:", + "gold_answer": "Irresistible alveolar ridge resorption", + "os_answer": "Increased muscle activity", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes the working time of impression material?", + "gold_answer": "The time from start of mixing till just before the start of appearing elastic properties of impression material", + "os_answer": "The working time of impression material is the period during which the material remains pliable and can be manipulated to accurately capture the details of the oral structures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Purpose of sterilization is to eliminate", + "gold_answer": "Spore formers", + "os_answer": "all microorganisms.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lower density usually means", + "gold_answer": "Lighter weight", + "os_answer": "Less mass per unit volume.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common complication following rheumatoid arthritis of the TMJ is:", + "gold_answer": "Ankylosis", + "os_answer": "Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In pregnancy cardiac output increases 30 to 40% during?", + "gold_answer": "28 weeks of gestation", + "os_answer": "The second trimester", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Langerhan\u2019s histiocytosis was previously known as", + "gold_answer": "Histiocytosis x", + "os_answer": "Nevus sebaceous.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Magenta tongue and cracks at corner of mouth are seen in deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Riboflavin", + "os_answer": "Riboflavin", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Height of group of 20 boys aged 10 years was 140 \u00b1 13 cm and 20 girls of same age was 135 cm \u00b1 7 cm. To test the statistical significance of difference in height, test applicable is -", + "gold_answer": "t", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Adrenaline used for controlling of bleeding during surgery may result in:", + "gold_answer": "Cardiac arrhythmias", + "os_answer": "Increased heart rate and blood pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After removal of periodontal pack after a week of surgery, you see a large round elevated granulation tissue. It is most likely due to:", + "gold_answer": "Incomplete calculus removal", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which centre first gets the input from neural control of CVS?", + "gold_answer": "NTS", + "os_answer": "The cardiac centre", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anti-hypeensive drug contraindicated in pregnancy is:September 2005, 2010 March 2007, March 2013", + "gold_answer": "Enalapril", + "os_answer": "Methyldopa", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the most common sequelae of traumatic shoulder dislocation in young adults?", + "gold_answer": "Recurrent shoulder dislocation", + "os_answer": "Recurrent dislocations and instability.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following best describes paradoxical suicide?", + "gold_answer": "Suicide occurring at the time when the pt. stas to recover", + "os_answer": "A situation where a person's suicide attempt is unsuccessful but results in their death due to the intervention of medical professionals.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Soft palate is made up of:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Muscle tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "GNAS-1 gene mutation is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Fibrous dysplasia", + "os_answer": "Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hydatid cyst is:", + "gold_answer": "Parasitic in nature", + "os_answer": "A parasitic infection caused by the larval stage of the Echinococcus tapeworm.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these anticonvulsants causes contraction of visual field?", + "gold_answer": "Vigabatrin", + "os_answer": "Vigabatrin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Consumption of which of the following poison produce bluish discoloration of stomach during postmortem examination.", + "gold_answer": "Sodium amytal", + "os_answer": "A. Arsenic B. Mercury C. Lead D. Phosphorus", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which drug is given to prevent acute mountain sickness?", + "gold_answer": "Acetazolamide", + "os_answer": "Acetazolamide", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An episiotomy is to be performed in a primigravida in labor. Which of these is an advantage of mediolateral episiotomy over midline episiotomy?", + "gold_answer": "Less chance of extension", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 3- year old child has hepatosplenomegaly. On examination of the bone marrow, large cells are seen with crumpled paper appearance. Which of the following must have accumulated in these cells?", + "gold_answer": "Gulcocerebrosides", + "os_answer": "Lipid", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is a negative acute phase reactant?", + "gold_answer": "Albumin", + "os_answer": "Serum amyloid A.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Minimum number of lobes required to form a permanent tooth", + "gold_answer": "4", + "os_answer": "Two\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following is true about dentinal tubules except:", + "gold_answer": "The diameter of dentin tubules ranges from 5 to 7\u03bcm", + "os_answer": "They are found in the enamel layer of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 34-year-old primigravida at 11 weeks gestation presents to her obstetrics clinic with chief complain of exposure to a rash. Her husband is HIV+ve and has broken out on a rash in his left buttock which consists of a grouped vesicles on a maculopapular base, 4 days back. She has got her HIV testing done which is negative. Her P/R is 86/min, B/P = 100/60 mm of hg, resp rate 10/min and temp = 98.7F.FHS is heard via Doppler.What is the next step in the management:", + "gold_answer": "Administer varicella immunoglobulin to the patient", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "It is necessary to remove a disto-occlusal inlay from maxillary premolar. The procedure of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Cut through the isthmus and remove the inlay in 2 pieces", + "os_answer": "Extraction of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Occlusal isthmus of a M.O. dental amalgam is resistant to fracture if:", + "gold_answer": "Axiopulpal line angle is rounded", + "os_answer": "It is properly condensed and compacted.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best test for fetal maturity in a diabetic mother is :", + "gold_answer": "Phosphatidyl glycerol", + "os_answer": "A. Amniotic fluid alpha-fetoprotein B. Amniotic fluid Lecithin/sphingomyelin C. Amniotic fluid Lecithin D. Amniotic fluid Phosphatidylcholine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is the earliest manifestation of Cushing's syndrome :", + "gold_answer": "Loss of diurnal variation", + "os_answer": "Osteoporosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Position and movement of articular disc of TMJ is controlled by fibers of:", + "gold_answer": "Upper head of lateral pterygoid muscle", + "os_answer": "The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is controlled by the fibers of the lateral and medial ligaments. These ligaments help to stabilize the disc and allow for its smooth movement during jaw motion. The lateral ligament, also known as the temporomandibular ligament, is the primary restraining ligament of the TMJ. It extends from the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to the neck of the mandible and helps to prevent excessive retraction or lateral movement of the mandible. The medial ligament, also known as the sphenomandibular ligament, is a thinner and weaker ligament that extends from the spine of the sphenoid bone to the lingula of the mandible. It provides additional support to the disc and helps to limit the anterior displacement of the mandible.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following should be considered a 'High risk infant'?", + "gold_answer": "Working mother", + "os_answer": "An infant born to a mother with gestational diabetes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The number of patients required in a clinical trial to treat a specify disease increases as", + "gold_answer": "The drop-out rate increases", + "os_answer": "The severity of the disease increases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Myosin head detachment from actin is triggered by:-", + "gold_answer": "Binding of ATP to head", + "os_answer": "ATP hydrolysis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sphenoidal air sinus is supplied by which nerve:", + "gold_answer": "Posterior ethmoidal", + "os_answer": "Sphenoidal air sinus is supplied by the Vidian nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sensory nerve fibres to posterior one third of the tongue is supplied by:", + "gold_answer": "IX cranial nerve", + "os_answer": "Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child with fever and sore throat developed acute cervical lymphadenopathy most likely investigation to be done is :", + "gold_answer": "Complete hemogram", + "os_answer": "Complete blood count (CBC) with differential", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which of the inheritance, if father is affected no offspring is affected, but if mother affected, all offspring affected?", + "gold_answer": "Mitochondrial", + "os_answer": "Autosomal dominant.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "DPT Vaccine is not contraindicated in?", + "gold_answer": "Severely immunocompromised patient", + "os_answer": "Adults with no history of severe allergic reaction to previous doses of DPT vaccine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A non synovial joint with connective tissue in between is:", + "gold_answer": "Syndesmosis", + "os_answer": "Fibrous joint.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following decrease in iron deficiency anemia except:", + "gold_answer": "TIBC", + "os_answer": "Increased red blood cell production.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the ratio of chest compressions and breaths when a lone person is giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation?", + "gold_answer": "30:02:00", + "os_answer": "The ratio is 30:2. This means that the person should perform 30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hydrolysis of IgG with papain will lead to formation of following fragments:", + "gold_answer": "1 Fc and 2 Fab fragments", + "os_answer": "Two fragments, one of which is a Fab fragment and the other is a Fc fragment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fetal adrenals release which hormone predominantly:March 2009, September 2010", + "gold_answer": "Coisone", + "os_answer": "DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fear developed in a patient due to previous experience, events, objects:", + "gold_answer": "Objective fear.", + "os_answer": "Phobia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sterilization of hand piece will cause:", + "gold_answer": "Fibre loss", + "os_answer": "Prevention of cross-contamination.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A pregnant lady develops chickenpox. During which part of her pregnancy will it lead to highest chance of neonatal infection:", + "gold_answer": "Last 5 days", + "os_answer": "The highest chance of neonatal infection occurs if the mother contracts chickenpox during the first 20 weeks of pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A male child with coarse facial features, macroglossia, thick lips presents with copious mucous discharge from nose at 10 months of age. The child was absolutely normal at bih. On examination he was found to have enlarged Liver and Spleen. Diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Hurler's syndrome", + "os_answer": "XLMR syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "G3 with previous second trimester abortion presents with 22 week of gestation, abdominal pain, USG shows funneling of internal os. What is the ideal management?", + "gold_answer": "Mc Donald stitch", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The neutralization of saliva is due to", + "gold_answer": "Bicarbonates", + "os_answer": "the presence of enzymes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 45 y ears old patient presented to you with ongoing massive hematemesis. The patient is ale and hemodynamically stable. What will be the first step in management?", + "gold_answer": "Put the patient in recovery position and secure airway", + "os_answer": "1. Intravenous fluid resuscitation 2. Blood transfusion 3. Upper GI endoscopy 4. Urgent surgery", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is not a cofactor for glycogen phosphorylase, an impoant enzyme of the glycogenolysis pathway?", + "gold_answer": "Glycogenin", + "os_answer": "Zinc", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In which type of lesion 'eburnation' of the dentine is seen?", + "gold_answer": "Arrested caries", + "os_answer": "Eburnation of the dentine is seen in a type of lesion known as 'cementum'.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In case of a deep carious lesion incomplete debridement is done to:", + "gold_answer": "Prevent pulp exposure and allow a thin layer of a dentin to remain", + "os_answer": "Preserve the pulp vitality.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In chronic allergy which lg are more persistent in the body?", + "gold_answer": "lg E", + "os_answer": "IgE", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The following is characteristic feature of staphylococcus food poisoning except:", + "gold_answer": "Toxin can be destroyed by boiling for 30 minutes", + "os_answer": "It is caused by preformed enterotoxin.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 22-year-old female gives the history of recurrent joint pains. She has now developed petechial hemorrhages. She is most likely to have:", + "gold_answer": "Acquired factor VIII inhibitors", + "os_answer": "Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The red zones of lips have:", + "gold_answer": "very small number of sebaceous glands, if any", + "os_answer": "The red zones of lips have a higher concentration of blood vessels, which can make them appear redder. This is often a normal occurrence, but it can also be a sign of certain medical conditions such as fever, dehydration, or anemia. If the redness persists or is accompanied by other symptoms, it is recommended to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 2-year-old child was brought to the emergency depament at 3 AM. The child presented with fever and cough. On examination, respiratory rate was 36/ min, temperature was 39degC and saturation on pulse oximetry was 96%. The child had barking cough and stridor only on crying. Otherwise, the child was hydrated, able to drink and consolable. The nest step in management would be:", + "gold_answer": "Single dose of dexamethasone", + "os_answer": "The next step in management would be to administer a dose of oral dexamethasone. This is because the child's symptoms are suggestive of croup, a common respiratory condition in children that is characterized by a barking cough and stridor. Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid that is used to reduce inflammation in the airways and improve symptoms of croup. It is typically given as a single dose and can be administered orally or intramuscularly. The dose for a child of this age and size is usually 0.15 mg/kg. In this case, the child's weight is not provided, so the exact dose cannot be calculated. However, the general guideline is to administer a dose of 0.15 mg/kg. This can be repeated once if the symptoms do not improve after the first dose. It is important to note that dexamethasone should be used with caution in children with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes or osteoporosis, and should be used under the guidance of a healthcare professional.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The virus HIV is produced and propagated in:", + "gold_answer": "Circulating T4 lymphocytes", + "os_answer": "Human body", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Deficiency of nicotinic acid results in:", + "gold_answer": "Pellagra", + "os_answer": "Pellagra.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After a midline laparotomy, you have been asked to suture the incision. What length of suture material will you choose?", + "gold_answer": "4x incision length", + "os_answer": "The length of suture material chosen after a midline laparotomy would typically be around 10 to 15 inches. This length allows for adequate suturing of the incision without the need for re-threading the needle, which can save time and reduce the risk of infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In response to traumatic occlusal forces, alveolar bone has", + "gold_answer": "Osteoblasts in areas of tension and osteoclasts in areas of pressure", + "os_answer": "Remodeled to accommodate the changes in occlusal forces.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Class 3 hemorrhagic shock refers to:", + "gold_answer": "Blood loss between 30% - 40%", + "os_answer": "A severe form of shock caused by significant blood loss, typically more than 30% of the total blood volume.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Supplementary retention on the abutment tooth is made\npossible by:", + "gold_answer": "Proper use of pins and grooves", + "os_answer": "Using a screw-retained implant prosthesis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to WHO definition, what is the criteria for considering a high endemic area for meningococcal meningitis?", + "gold_answer": ">10 per 1,00,000 population", + "os_answer": "According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a high endemic area for meningococcal meningitis is defined as a country with a yearly incidence of meningococcal disease of 10 or more cases per 100,000 population.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is not a feature of wilson\\'s disease in a child \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Sensory changes", + "os_answer": "Increased serum calcium levels", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most important prognostic factor in congenital diaphragmatic hernia \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Pulmonary hypertension", + "os_answer": "Pulmonary hypoplasia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 years old child has intrusion of permanent maxillary central incisor. The choice of treatment is", + "gold_answer": "Allow tooth to erupt on its own (spontaneous eruption)", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The advantage of metal base denture is:", + "gold_answer": "Increase in tissue tolerance", + "os_answer": "Metal base denture is more durable and resistant to wear and tear compared to other types of dentures.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "8 year-old child had fractured his maxillary central incisor\n10-months ago. The pulp shows no response. There is no periapical lesion in the radiograph. The treatment of choice is:", + "gold_answer": "Complete debridement and apexification", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Marked reduction in amount of dentin, widening of predentin layer, presence of large area of interglobular dentin and irregular pattern of dentin is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Odonto dysplasia", + "os_answer": "Dentinogenesis imperfecta", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 11-year-old boy complains of spacing between maxillary incisors. The appropriate treatment is with:", + "gold_answer": "No treatment", + "os_answer": "A) a removable appliance.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A traumatized tooth nonvital with or without crown\nfracture is classified as", + "gold_answer": "Class-IV", + "os_answer": "Dental trauma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Gingiva is most commonly affected by deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During autopsy of a patient died due to suspected myocardial infarction, the hea was stained with triphenyltetrazolium tetrachloride dye. What will be the color of the ble myocardium?", + "gold_answer": "Red", + "os_answer": "Red.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Frankfort - horizontal is a reference plane constructed by joining which of the following landmarks?", + "gold_answer": "Porion and Orbitale", + "os_answer": "Frankfort Horizontal is constructed by joining the foramen magnum and the external auditory meatus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Release of synaptic vesicle from presynaptic terminal is inhibited by", + "gold_answer": "Prevention of calcium influx", + "os_answer": "Calcium channel blockers.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Greatest movement is seen in which type of joint:", + "gold_answer": "Diarthroses.", + "os_answer": "Ball-and-socket joints.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from:", + "gold_answer": "Primary yolk sac", + "os_answer": "The extra-embryonic mesoderm is derived from the mesoderm of the trilaminar germ disc.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common malignant bone tumor in child:", + "gold_answer": "Osteosarcoma", + "os_answer": "Osteosarcoma", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 29-year-old, 4 months pregnant primigravida has history of juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. She has been regularly taking sodium valproate and now presents requesting for an opinion for a change in her anti-epileptic treatment. What would you sugeets her?", + "gold_answer": "Continue valproate and serial drug monitoring in blood", + "os_answer": "The patient should be advised to switch to a different anti-epileptic drug that is safe in pregnancy, such as lamotrigine or levetiracetam. Sodium valproate is contraindicated in pregnancy due to its teratogenic effects, which can cause neural tube defects, cognitive impairment, and other congenital malformations in the fetus. The patient should also be counseled on the importance of folic acid supplementation, as it can reduce the risk of neural tube defects. The patient should be monitored closely for seizure control and potential side effects of the new medication.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is NOT a major criteria for Rheumatic heart disease \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Raised ASLO titer", + "os_answer": "Presence of a sore throat.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Enzymes elevated in the plasma in MI", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "Creatine kinase (CK)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 18 years old girl presents with primary amenorrhea. On evaluation, she was having a karyotype of 45X0 and infantile uterus. What should he done next?", + "gold_answer": "Bilateral gonadectomy", + "os_answer": "She should be referred for gender reassignment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Palatoglossus develops from:", + "gold_answer": "Mesoderm of sixth arch", + "os_answer": "The first pharyngeal arch.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Benzodiazepine antagonist is", + "gold_answer": "Flumazenil", + "os_answer": "Flumazenil", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Glucocorticoids decrease inflammatory reaction by reducing:", + "gold_answer": "Release of histamine", + "os_answer": "Glucocorticoids decrease inflammatory reaction by reducing the production of inflammatory mediators.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Inca bone or Goethe's ossicles is a sutural bone present in?", + "gold_answer": "Lambda", + "os_answer": "Inca bone is present in human skull.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Anti-centromere antibodies are seen in which of the following conditions?", + "gold_answer": "Scleroderma", + "os_answer": "Limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are derived from mesonephros except:", + "gold_answer": "Glomerulus", + "os_answer": "A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Distal convoluted tubule C. Collecting duct D. Nephron", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Medial dislocation of fractured condyle in subcondylar fracture is caused by", + "gold_answer": "Lateral pterygoid", + "os_answer": "A blow to the side of the face.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A known 60-year-old male Diabetic and hypeensive patient was found unconscious in the morning. On examination pulse- 120, bp- 180/100 and there was positive extensor plantar. What is next step to be done?", + "gold_answer": "Check blood glucose", + "os_answer": "The next step would be to administer intravenous fluids and insulin to lower the blood glucose and blood pressure levels.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dental plaque is formed by reaction of enzymes on:", + "gold_answer": "Sucrose and saliva", + "os_answer": "Dental plaque is formed by the reaction of bacteria on the tooth surface.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 76 - year - old female presented with non - healing ulcer on labia majora for 6 months measuring 2 x 3 cm with no palpable lymphadenopathy. Biopsy shows Squamous cell carcinoma. Management of this patient includes?", + "gold_answer": "Radical vulvectomy with sentinal LN biopsy", + "os_answer": "Surgery and radiotherapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most appropriate method of testing the statistical significance of the differences between means of two groups is", + "gold_answer": "Student test", + "os_answer": "The t-test.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 4 years old child was brought to the hospital with right impalpable testsis. During diagnostic laparoscopy for undescended testis, there are blind testicular vessels. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Nothing is to be done", + "os_answer": "Orchidopexy with bilateral gonadal vessels ligation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A lady presented with fatigue and tingling sensation in both hands and legs. On examination, she is found to have a fissured red tongue, lesions at angle of mouth and peripheral neuropathy with a decreased RBC glutathione reductase activity. What is the likely deficient vitamin?", + "gold_answer": "Riboflavin", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A person of eonism derives pleasure from.", + "gold_answer": "Wearing clothes of opposite sex", + "os_answer": "A person of eonism derives pleasure from cross-dressing.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Normal growth of maxilla occurs by", + "gold_answer": "Displacement and drift", + "os_answer": "endochondral ossification.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about PCL except?", + "gold_answer": "Primary restrain for internal rotation around knee joint", + "os_answer": "It is the most commonly injured knee ligament.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The strength of association between the risk factor and disease is measured by", + "gold_answer": "Odds ratio/Relative risk", + "os_answer": "relative risk.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A researcher wants to (to a study of blood levels of lipids among people who smoke and those who do not. But he is now concerned that the smokers might differ from non-smokers in their diet, exercise, etc as well. This concern is known as:", + "gold_answer": "Selection bias", + "os_answer": "Confounding.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Carbamazepine has been utilized to successfully diminish attacks in trigeminal neuralgia. During this therapy, which of the following is indicated?", + "gold_answer": "Clinical observation and complete blood and platelet counts prior to and at frequent intervals during therapy", + "os_answer": "Monitoring for signs of blood dyscrasia.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Investigation of choice for a lesion of the temporal bone is", + "gold_answer": "CT", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ligamentum flavum consists of which fibres:-", + "gold_answer": "Elastic", + "os_answer": "Yellow elastic fibres", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A G3P2, pregnant comes to your clinic at 18 weeks of gestation for genetic counselling. She has a history of two kids born with thalassemia major. Which test would you recommend now?", + "gold_answer": "Cordocentesis", + "os_answer": "Amniocentesis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Excision of the submandibular gland for calculus or tumours is done by incision below angle of the jaw. Special care should be taken to avoid which nerve?", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular branch of facial nerve", + "os_answer": "Lingual nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The most common problem with blood transfusion is:", + "gold_answer": "Hemolytic reaction", + "os_answer": "Transfusion reactions.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A man has 1x1.5cm pedunculated lesion on the soft palate which has a rough, \"warty\" surface but is the same colour as adjacent mucosa. Appropriate management of this lesion is to:", + "gold_answer": "Perform excisional biopsy", + "os_answer": "Refer to a specialist for biopsy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Black foot is seen in which poisoning?", + "gold_answer": "Arsenic", + "os_answer": "Arsenic", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Radiographs of a 40 year old female revealed radiolucent\nareas around several of her mandibular teeth, all which tested vital on the electric pulp tester. These areas represent", + "gold_answer": "Periapical osteofibroses", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tooth brush abrasions are more common on the", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary teeth, on the left half of the arch", + "os_answer": "inner surface of the teeth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is undergoing MRND for laryngeal malignancy; while dissecting the venous tributaries the surgeon elevated the internal jugular vein for ligation. Suddenly the patients EtCO2 dropped from 3g mmHg to 12 mmHg and the patient developed hypotension along with cardiac arrhythmia. Which of the following is most likely cause??", + "gold_answer": "Venous air embolism", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Flexion, adduction and internal rotation is characteristic posture in -", + "gold_answer": "Posterior dislocation of hip joint", + "os_answer": "Anterior shoulder dislocation", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Ratio of upper anterior facial height to lower anterior facial height is:", + "gold_answer": "45:55:00", + "os_answer": "1:1.2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Saliva which is formed in salivary glands, when passes from salivary gland to duct orifices, it undergoes numerous ion exchanges and as a result\nsaliva become ____________ as compared to plasma:", + "gold_answer": "Hypotonic", + "os_answer": "hypotonic", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An 8\u2013day old breast\u2013fed baby presents with vomiting, poor feeding and loose stools. On examination the heart rate is 190/minute, blood pressure 50/30 mmHg, respiratory rate 72 breaths/minute and capillary refill time of 4 seconds. Investigations show hemoglobin level of 15 g/dl. Na 120 mEq/l, K 6.8 mEq/l, Cl 81 meq/l, bicarbonate 15 mEq/l, urea 30 mg/dl and creatinine 0.6 mg/dl. the most likely diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Acute tubular necrosis", + "os_answer": "Hypovolemic shock due to dehydration\nD. Hypovolemic shock due to dehydration", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following can be used to delay preterm contractions of uterus with best neurological outcome for the fetus?", + "gold_answer": "Mgso4", + "os_answer": "Tocolytics", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Eustachian tube function is best assessed by:", + "gold_answer": "Tympanometry", + "os_answer": "Audiometry.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most metabolically active layer in the bone is:", + "gold_answer": "Endosteum", + "os_answer": "The cortical bone.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following vitamin is synthesized in vivo, in the body by humans?", + "gold_answer": "Niacin", + "os_answer": "Vitamin D", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 48 years old female presents with seizure, recurrent gross hematuria and left flank abdominal pain. Abdominal CT reveals left perinephric hematoma with 3 cm angiomyolipoma along with multiple right renal angiomyolipoma measuring 1.5 to 6.5 cm. What would be the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Tuberous sclerosis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following rightly describes the mechanism of \"Pressor Escape\" in SIADH?", + "gold_answer": "Characterized by sudden increase in urine volume with decrease in urine osmolality independent of circulating vasopressin levels.", + "os_answer": "Pressor Escape is a phenomenon where the body's compensatory mechanisms to counteract the effects of hyponatremia (low sodium levels) in SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone) become ineffective. This can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumour showing which of the following differentiation is termed as \"Triton tumour\"?", + "gold_answer": "Rhabdomyoblastic", + "os_answer": "Schwannoma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Prevalence of pit & fissure caries is measured with:", + "gold_answer": "Transillumination", + "os_answer": "Pit & fissure caries prevalence is typically measured using a combination of clinical examination and radiographic assessment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The access cavity for mandibular first molar typically is", + "gold_answer": "Trapezoid", + "os_answer": "In the buccal sulcus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair a tacker was accidently placed below and lateral to the ilio-pubic tract. Postoperatively the patient complained of pain and soreness in the thigh. This is due to the involvement of:", + "gold_answer": "Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh", + "os_answer": "Inguinal nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Efferent tracts from cerebellum arises from:", + "gold_answer": "Purkinje cells", + "os_answer": "Purkinje cells", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is not an Indication for antibiotic therapy In patients with acute abscess?", + "gold_answer": "Horizontal bone loss", + "os_answer": "A) To prevent the spread of infection B) To treat the underlying cause of the abscess C) To reduce the pain and inflammation D) To speed up the healing process", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient of disseminated malignancy comes to the palliative care clinic with nausea, vomiting and altered sensorium. Hypercalcemia is detected on investigations. What will be the first line of management?", + "gold_answer": "Intravenous fluids", + "os_answer": "The first line of management for hypercalcemia in a patient with disseminated malignancy is aggressive hydration with intravenous fluids, typically normal saline, to promote renal excretion of calcium. This is followed by the administration of bisphosphonates, which inhibit bone resorption and reduce serum calcium levels. In severe cases, calcitonin may also be used to rapidly lower calcium levels.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Space between Apical constriction and Apical foamen is", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "0.5-1.0 mm.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presents with palpitations. O/E the patient was conscious, pulse was fast with BP of 80/50 mmHg. He was subjected to Vagal maneuver and was given intravenous adenosine. The rhythm remains refractory to maximum dose of adenosine. What is the next step in management of this patient?", + "gold_answer": "Cardioversion", + "os_answer": "The next step in management of this patient would be to administer intravenous amiodarone. This is because the patient's symptoms and ECG findings are suggestive of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which is a type of arrhythmia that originates above the ventricles. The initial management of SVT includes vagal maneuvers and adenosine, which is a first-line treatment for SVT. However, if the patient remains symptomatic and the rhythm is refractory to adenosine, the next step is to administer intravenous amiodarone. Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug that works by prolonging the action potential duration and refractory period of the cardiac cells, thereby slowing down the heart rate and restoring normal sinus rhythm. It is effective in treating a wide range of arrhythmias, including SVT. Therefore, in this case, the patient's persistent tachycardia despite adenosine administration indicates the need for further antiarrhythmic therapy, and amiodarone is the appropriate choice.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the name of this technique for palpation of thyroid. A thumb is placed on the lateral side of trachea and patient is swallowing?", + "gold_answer": "Crile method", + "os_answer": "Thyroid compress", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the typical facies of Down syndrome?", + "gold_answer": "Hypoplastic maxilla", + "os_answer": "The typical facies of Down syndrome includes a flat facial profile, upward slanting of the eyes, a small nose with a flattened nasal bridge, and a protruding tongue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Exact number of weeks between last menstrual period and expected date of delivery :March 2005", + "gold_answer": "40 weeks", + "os_answer": "40 weeks", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following doesn't occur in 5' to 3' direction?", + "gold_answer": "RNA editing", + "os_answer": "DNA replication", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Dense irregular connective tissue is found in", + "gold_answer": "Dermis", + "os_answer": "the dermis of the skin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Antibiotic that interferes with DNA function is:", + "gold_answer": "Metronidazole", + "os_answer": "Rifampin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Muscles spared by complete transection of cranial part of accessory nerve:", + "gold_answer": "Stylopharyngeus", + "os_answer": "The sternocleidomastoid muscle is spared by complete transection of the cranial part of the accessory nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chicken pox infection in mother most dangerous for the baby when it occurs at -", + "gold_answer": "28-37weeks", + "os_answer": "Chicken pox infection in mother is most dangerous for the baby when it occurs during pregnancy. This is because the virus can cross the placenta and infect the fetus, potentially leading to congenital varicella syndrome. This syndrome can cause low birth weight, birth defects, and other complications. Therefore, it is crucial for pregnant women to avoid exposure to chicken pox and to receive the varicella vaccine if they are not immune.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Site of lesion in endocarditis of RHD is:", + "gold_answer": "Along line of closure of valves", + "os_answer": "Left ventricle", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In an internal derangement of TMJ fracture, panoramic view has been taken for the patient. To confirm our diagnosis, we may take the help of", + "gold_answer": "MRI", + "os_answer": "CT scan\nB: In an internal derangement of TMJ fracture, panoramic view has been taken for the patient. To confirm our diagnosis, we may take the help of MRI.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The key ridge useful in assessing malocclusion is present on:", + "gold_answer": "Zygomatic buttress", + "os_answer": "The maxilla.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Local irritating factors in gingiva is most likely give rise to:", + "gold_answer": "Pyogenic granuloma", + "os_answer": "Gingivitis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is activated by intrinsic or extrinsic pathway's?", + "gold_answer": "Apoptosis", + "os_answer": "The clotting cascade is activated by the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway's.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are the complications in the new born of a diabetic mother except \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Hyperglycemia", + "os_answer": "A. Respiratory distress syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vasopressor of choice in pregnancy is:", + "gold_answer": "Ephedrine", + "os_answer": "Ephedrine", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following malignancy is not caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection?", + "gold_answer": "Nasopharyngeal carcinoma", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Stimulated saliva as compared to unstimulated saliva has more", + "gold_answer": "Bicarbonate", + "os_answer": "enzymes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Periapical bone resorption occurs due to:", + "gold_answer": "Both", + "os_answer": "Inflammation and infection in the tooth's root", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Valvular lesion most often resulting from myocardial infarction is:", + "gold_answer": "Mitral regurgitation", + "os_answer": "Aortic stenosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes to ED with fever and headache. On examination he has neck stiffness. CSF analysis was done:- Parameter Finding Normal range Glucose (mg/dl) 55 50-80 Protein (g/L) 0.50 0.18-0.45 ICT (cmH2O) 35 5-20 WBC 25 (predominantly lymphocytes) <5 Most likely diagnosis is-", + "gold_answer": "Coxsackie", + "os_answer": "1) Meningitis 2) Encephalitis 3) Subarachnoid hemorrhage 4) Brain abscess", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "When broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered with coumarin anticoagulants, the anticoagulant action may be:", + "gold_answer": "Increased because of reduction of vitamin 'K' sources", + "os_answer": "Enhanced.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In hemorrhage lost plasma is replaced by:", + "gold_answer": "Kidney", + "os_answer": "Blood plasma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the most conspicuous sign in breast cancer?", + "gold_answer": "Peau d'orange", + "os_answer": "A lump in the breast.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common sequelae due to periventricular leukomalacia \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Spastic diplegia", + "os_answer": "Cerebral palsy, cognitive impairments, and motor deficits.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What should be the position of child during asthmatic attack:", + "gold_answer": "Semi erect", + "os_answer": "The child should be in a sitting position with their back supported.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient on amphotericin B develops hypokalemia of 2.3 meq/l. K+ supplementation required?", + "gold_answer": "120-160 mEq over 24 hours", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If a patient has gingival recession, how far should the gutta percha be trimmed back before sealing the coronat area?", + "gold_answer": "1 mm below the level of the recession", + "os_answer": "The gutta percha should be trimmed back to the level of the gingival crest.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is common to all types of shock?", + "gold_answer": "Hypotension", + "os_answer": "Impaired tissue perfusion.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 28 years old female presented with the history of recurrent aboions, pain in calves for 4 years. Patient is suffering from congenital deficiency of:", + "gold_answer": "Protein C", + "os_answer": "Factor VII", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sodium nitroprusside is metabolized to form an active metabolite. This active metabolite of sodium nitroprusside act activation of:-", + "gold_answer": "Guanylate cyclase", + "os_answer": "Vasodilatory effect", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Baroreceptor is which type of feedback?", + "gold_answer": "Negative feedback", + "os_answer": "Negative feedback.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient in an ICCU is on CVP line. His blood culture shows growth of Gram +ve cocci which\nare catalase positive and coagulase negative. The most likely etiological agent is:", + "gold_answer": "Staph. epidermidis", + "os_answer": "Staphylococcus epidermidis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 55 years old male patient presents with 4 cm x 5 cm lump in right neck. FNAC assessment revealed it to be a squamous cell carcinoma. Clinical assessment of the oral cavity, pharynx, hypopharynx and larynx did not yield any tumor. Whole body PET scan did not show any increased uptake except for the neck mass. A diagnosis of unknown primary was made. According to AJCC system of classification, the TNM status of the tumor would be:", + "gold_answer": "TxN2aMx", + "os_answer": "T2 N0 M0", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Persons with the greatest risk of oral cancer", + "gold_answer": "Are old, Chronic alcoholics and regularly use tobacco", + "os_answer": "Persons who smoke or chew tobacco.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 year old presented to ohopaedic OPD with a Curved Back, AP and Lateral Radiographs are obtained, what is the most likely cause of such deformity?", + "gold_answer": "Congenital", + "os_answer": "{answer}", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Essential fatty acid present in breast milk which is required for normal growth of child\nis:", + "gold_answer": "Docosahexanoic acid", + "os_answer": "Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The haemoglobin levels of pregnant females in a community was found to have a mean of 10.6 g/d1, and a standard detion of 2 g/dL. What is the minimum haemoglobin level below which 5% of the pregnant females will have their haemoglobin levels?", + "gold_answer": "6.68", + "os_answer": "_____ g/dL.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fibrous histiocytoma involves most commonly:", + "gold_answer": "Orbit", + "os_answer": "The skin", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of acute herpetic gingivostomatitis include :", + "gold_answer": "None of the above", + "os_answer": "Antiviral medications, pain relievers, and mouth rinses.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Primary cartilaginous joint is called as:", + "gold_answer": "Synchondrosis.", + "os_answer": "Synchondrosis", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Biopsy from an eight-year-old child with leg swelling showed smallround blue tumor cells consistent with diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma. What will be the best method to detect translocation t(ll;22) in this malignancy?", + "gold_answer": "FISH", + "os_answer": "Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 7 years old child comes with fever and tibial swelling exhibits on X- ray exhibits periosteal reaction. Laboratory results show raised ESR and TLC. What is the next step in diagnosis of the patient?", + "gold_answer": "MRI", + "os_answer": "The next step in diagnosis of the patient would be to perform a biopsy to confirm the diagnosis of osteomyelitis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not true about the salivary gland output in Sjogren's syndrome?", + "gold_answer": "Increase in phosphate concentration", + "os_answer": "The salivary gland output increases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hutchinson's triad includes?", + "gold_answer": "Interstitial keratitis, malformed molars, sensorineural deafness", + "os_answer": "Hutchinson's triad is a set of three symptoms that are indicative of congenital syphilis. These symptoms include: 1) Interstitial keratitis, which is inflammation of the cornea that can lead to vision problems. 2) Hearing loss, which can be sensorineural and affect both ears. 3) Dental abnormalities, such as notched teeth (Hutchinson's teeth) and the presence of a bone deformity called saber shin. These symptoms typically appear in children and are a result of the untreated syphilis infection passed from the mother to the child during pregnancy.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Check point for ZMC fracture reduction is:", + "gold_answer": "Intraorbital margin", + "os_answer": "The checkpoint for ZMC fracture reduction is the achievement of stable reduction and proper occlusion.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Stoppage of which of the following drugs can result in anxiety and insomnia causing discontinuation syndrome?", + "gold_answer": "Venlafaxine", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient complains of sensitivity in a Mandibular premolar. A well condensed class V amalgam restoration was placed in that tooth 5 months ago, with no discomfort for the first 4 months. Since then it has become increasingly sensitive. The problem probably relates to:", + "gold_answer": "Irreversible pulpal damage", + "os_answer": "The amalgam restoration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The function of reciprocal clasp arm is:", + "gold_answer": "c)\tTo counteract the movement of denture which is caused during engagement of retentive arm", + "os_answer": "To provide retention and stability to the dental prosthesis.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Vulcanization refers to the setting of:", + "gold_answer": "Mercaptan impression material", + "os_answer": "Rubber.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Diabetes insipidus, bone lesions and exophthalmos is seen in", + "gold_answer": "Hand-Schuller-Christian disease", + "os_answer": "Hyperparathyroidism\nBob: The symptoms described in the question\u2014diabetes insipidus, bone lesions, and exophthalmos\u2014are not typically seen in hyperparathyroidism. Instead, these symptoms are more characteristic of a condition known as hypercalcemia, which can be a result of hyperparathyroidism but is not limited to it.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What are the appropriate instructions to be given while prescribing bisphosphonates to a patient:", + "gold_answer": "To be given empty stomach with a glass of water", + "os_answer": "The patient should be advised to take bisphosphonates on an empty stomach, ideally 30 minutes before breakfast. They should remain upright for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication to prevent esophageal irritation. It is also recommended to avoid lying down or bending over for at least 30 minutes after taking the medication. Patients should also be informed about the potential side effects of bisphosphonates, such as gastrointestinal discomfort, and advised to report any severe or persistent symptoms to their healthcare provider. Additionally, patients should be instructed to take the medication exactly as prescribed and not to skip doses. Regular follow-up appointments should be scheduled to monitor the patient's response to the medication and adjust the dosage if necessary.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A type of immediately occurring reaction in which antigens combine with antibodies already attached \nto the surface of mast cells and basophils is called:", + "gold_answer": "Type I hypersensitivity", + "os_answer": "Anaphylaxis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Toxic shock syndrome is due to the following virulence factor:", + "gold_answer": "Pyrogenic exotoxin", + "os_answer": "Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which surface of tooth has most of plaque?", + "gold_answer": "Gingival third of tooth surface", + "os_answer": "The outer surface of the tooth has most of the plaque.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Epidural venous plexus is located in", + "gold_answer": "In vertebral canal above duramater", + "os_answer": "The epidural venous plexus is located in the epidural space, which is the area between the dura mater (a membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord) and the inner walls of the vertebral canal. This plexus is a network of veins that drains blood from the spinal cord and the surrounding tissues. It is an important structure in the context of epidural anesthesia and certain medical procedures, as it can be a potential site for the spread of infection or the administration of drugs.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young marathon runner is paicipating in a marathon competition. After running for 100 m, he develops at the anteromedial aspect of tibia which was mild to sta with, but increased on fuher running. X ray was normal. The doctor ordered a bonescan. What is the likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Shin splint", + "os_answer": "Stress fracture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A man presents it n rashes on face and also complains of decreased mental function. He is also having few macular lesions on his skin. On CT scan, intracranial calcification was seen. His wife is normal. His 10-year old daughter is also normal but his 6-year old son is also having similar skin lesions. What would be the most likely diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Autosomal dominant inheritance", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What causes malignant hyperpyrexia?", + "gold_answer": "Suxamethonium", + "os_answer": "Malignant hyperpyrexia is caused by a reaction to certain medications, such as inhaled anesthetics or muscle relaxants.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "White rough pedunculated lesion on palate is most likely:", + "gold_answer": "Papilloma", + "os_answer": "Aphthous ulcer", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Advantage of wide palatal bar over narrow bar is:", + "gold_answer": "Less bulk", + "os_answer": "Wide palatal bar provides better stability and support for the denture.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is pierced during posterior superior alveolar nerve Block?", + "gold_answer": "Buccinator", + "os_answer": "The maxillary sinus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A suitable fixative for a routine biopsy specimen is", + "gold_answer": "10% formalin", + "os_answer": "10% neutral buffered formalin.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following zone is characterized by macrophages and osteoclasts?", + "gold_answer": "Zone of irritation", + "os_answer": "Zone of resorption", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Not a feature of infective endocarditis:", + "gold_answer": "Thrombus in left atria.", + "os_answer": "A) Fever B) Heart murmur C) Elevated white blood cell count D) Decreased platelet count", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Basically TMJ is a:", + "gold_answer": "Diarthrodal joint", + "os_answer": "Temporomandibular joint disorder", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Principle secretory cells found in the single layer outlining the pulp (Ourtermost zone of pulp)", + "gold_answer": "Odontoblast", + "os_answer": "Odontoblasts", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Cervical resorption after bleaching is prevented by:", + "gold_answer": "Sodium perborate + calcium hydroxide", + "os_answer": "Using a protective barrier or gel during the bleaching process.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is done for screening of Down's syndrome in first trimester?", + "gold_answer": "Beta HCG and PAPP-A", + "os_answer": "Nuchal translucency screening", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Muscles of mastication are supplied by:", + "gold_answer": "Second part of maxillary artery", + "os_answer": "The mandibular nerve (V3), which is a branch of the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thumb sucking is normal during:", + "gold_answer": "First 2 years of life.", + "os_answer": "Infancy.\n", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The nerve supply for motor action of buccinator:", + "gold_answer": "Facial nerve", + "os_answer": "The buccinator muscle receives its motor innervation from the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII).", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common single cause of pyrexia of unknown origin", + "gold_answer": "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", + "os_answer": "Infectious diseases", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tongue movement has its primary effect on", + "gold_answer": "Palatoglossus arch", + "os_answer": "Speech production.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Edge angle is the angle between:", + "gold_answer": "Rake face and clearance face.", + "os_answer": "the cutting edge and the face of the blade.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Placenta grade 3, 35+3 weeks pregnancy, and absent end diastolic flow Doppler; next ,management is:-", + "gold_answer": "Talk with pediatrician and termination", + "os_answer": "(A) Immediate induction of labour (B) Expectant management (C) Bed rest (D) No intervention", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In mandibular first molar, extra distal root is known as", + "gold_answer": "Radix entomolaris", + "os_answer": "Second distal root", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Girdle like elevation on the lingual surface of anteriors is", + "gold_answer": "Cingulam", + "os_answer": "Tubercle.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Angio fibroma is classified as what stage if it extends to one or more paranasal sinuses", + "gold_answer": "Stage I", + "os_answer": "Stage 2", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A lady underwent vaginal hysterectomy for Carci!noma cervix. Following the surgery after her urethral catheter was removed, she complained of urinary in!continence. On examination she had normal voiding as well as continuous incontinence. Methylene blue dye was instilled in her bladder through her urethra and she was given oral Phenazopyridine dye. After some time her pads were checked and it showed yellow staining at the top most pad, while the middle or bottom pads were unstained. She is likely to have:", + "gold_answer": "Ureterovaginal fistula", + "os_answer": "A. Urethral fistula.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which among the following is used for sharpening of both stainless steel and carbon steel instrument:", + "gold_answer": "Diamond.", + "os_answer": "Diamond", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The initial pulpal response to any insult is:", + "gold_answer": "Inflammation", + "os_answer": "The initial pulpal response to any insult is inflammation.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calcification in enamel starts at :", + "gold_answer": "DEJ", + "os_answer": "The developmental stage of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 25 year old lady on treatment for rheumatoid ahritis has following lab findings: Hb-9gm/dl, MCV- 55fl, serum iron-30microgm/d1, ferritin 200 ng/ml, TIBC- 298 micrograms/dl. What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Anemia of chronic disease", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "IQ range 90-109 is:", + "gold_answer": "Average.", + "os_answer": "Below average intelligence.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the codon for selenocysteine?", + "gold_answer": "UGA", + "os_answer": "The codon for selenocysteine is UGA, which is usually a stop codon. However, in the presence of a selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS) element in the mRNA, UGA is redefined to encode selenocysteine instead of signaling the end of protein synthesis.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following muscles are grouped together as \"muscles of mastication\" except:", + "gold_answer": "Buccinator", + "os_answer": "(A) masseter (B) temporalis (C) medial pterygoid (D) sternocleidomastoid", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mid palatal split following Le-Fort 1 osteotomy is done by moving the maxilla in which direction?", + "gold_answer": "Transverse", + "os_answer": "Upwards", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Two bodies are found outside the car following an accident. The doctor conducting the autopsy was able to decide who was driver based on all of these features except:", + "gold_answer": "Sparrow foot marks", + "os_answer": "the presence of a hernia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tissue conditioners are not used for long as they", + "gold_answer": "Harden in mouth", + "os_answer": "quickly lose their shape and consistency.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Absorption of fluoride in child takes place mainly in", + "gold_answer": "Intestine", + "os_answer": "small intestine.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In CRISPR-Cas 9 system, which repair mechanism is used for genome editing?", + "gold_answer": "Non homologous end repair", + "os_answer": "The CRISPR-Cas9 system uses the Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) repair mechanism for genome editing.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Mucocutaneous circumoral pigmentation is found in:", + "gold_answer": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome", + "os_answer": "Peutz-Jeghers syndrome.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Biomarker of alcoholic hepatitis:", + "gold_answer": "GGT", + "os_answer": "AST (aspartate aminotransferase) levels.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The diameter of the tip of a periodontal probe is:", + "gold_answer": "0.5 mm", + "os_answer": "0.5mm.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are characteristic features of superior semicircular canal dehiscence except?", + "gold_answer": "SNHL", + "os_answer": "It is a condition that affects the cochlea.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Treatment of choice for a patient with gonococcal as well as non-gonococcal urethritis is:", + "gold_answer": "Azithromycin 2 g oral single dose", + "os_answer": "Ceftriaxone", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "4 day old breastfed neonate, otherwise well, term neonate presented with jaundice, on testing the bilirubin level was found to be 18 mg/dl. Which of the following is the best step of management?", + "gold_answer": "Sta phototherapy and continue breast feeding", + "os_answer": "1. Phototherapy 2. Exchange transfusion 3. Stop breastfeeding 4. Reassurance", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After planning an implant in lower molar region, patient complains of inability to chew by other teeth on same side. What should be your first step in treating this patient", + "gold_answer": "Check the occlusion in centric", + "os_answer": "First, you should check the occlusion of the patient.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following are true about polymerization shrinkage of composite resin except:", + "gold_answer": "The more surface area of bonded structure causes LESS shrinkage compare to surface area of unbounded structure restoration.", + "os_answer": "It is a desirable property.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chi-square test is used to measure the degree of:", + "gold_answer": "Association between two variables", + "os_answer": "Association between categorical variables.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cause of bone destruction in juvenile periodontitis is:", + "gold_answer": "Reduced neutrophilic chemotaxis", + "os_answer": "A bacterial infection", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Infective endocarditis due to pseudomonas is most commonly seen with:", + "gold_answer": "Intravenous drug abuse of pentazocin.", + "os_answer": "intravenous drug abuse.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best index to measure cardiac afterload is:", + "gold_answer": "Total peripheral resistance", + "os_answer": "Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP).", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Apical migration of the epithelial attachment with corresponding recession of the marginal gingiva results in?", + "gold_answer": "A shallow sulcus", + "os_answer": "Gingival recession.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is the most common symptom of aooiliac occlusive disease?", + "gold_answer": "Gluteal claudication", + "os_answer": "Pain in the lower abdomen.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In mechanical trituration of amalgam, what is adversely affected ?", + "gold_answer": "Working time", + "os_answer": "The mechanical trituration of amalgam adversely affects the strength of the amalgam.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Millennium development goal was adopted in which year?", + "gold_answer": "2000", + "os_answer": "2000", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Direction of placement of retentive pin holes should be:", + "gold_answer": "Parallel to external tooth surface", + "os_answer": "Parallel to the long axis of the archwire.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10\u2013month old baby previously normal, suddenly becomes distressed in his crib. The external appearance of genitalia was normal, except hyperpigmentation. lood glucose showed a level of 30 mg%. What is the most probable diagnosis ?", + "gold_answer": "Familial glucocorticoid deficiency", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The largest commissure of the brain:", + "gold_answer": "Corpus callosum", + "os_answer": "The corpus callosum.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 32 weeks pregnant diabetic female with NST non reactive. What should be done next?", + "gold_answer": "Proceed to biophysical profile", + "os_answer": "The next step would be to perform a biophysical profile (BPP) to assess the fetal well-being. This includes evaluating the amniotic fluid index (AFI), fetal breathing movements, fetal movements, fetal tone, and the non-stress test (NST). If the BPP is abnormal, further evaluation and management may be necessary, such as considering delivery if the fetus is at risk.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Renal agenesis is associated with:", + "gold_answer": "Oligohydramnios", + "os_answer": "Potential complications in other organ systems.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Scaphocephaly is caused by premature fusion of:", + "gold_answer": "Sagittal suture", + "os_answer": "Sagittal suture", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient comes to your clinic with a complaint of multiple episodes of loose watery stool for 3 days. On probing, you discover that these episodes sta after he had ingested shellfish at a local restaurant 3 days back and other people who had food from that restaurant had similar symptoms. What is the most common cause of viral diarrhoea in adults?", + "gold_answer": "Norovirus", + "os_answer": "Norovirus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with dengue hemorrhagic fever, which of the following is most impoant to monitor?", + "gold_answer": "Hematocrit", + "os_answer": "Platelet count.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "TRUE statement regarding nerve supply of adrenal gland", + "gold_answer": "Preganglionic fibres from lower thoracic & upper lumbar spinal segments sympathetic chain", + "os_answer": "The adrenal glands are innervated by the splanchnic nerves, which carry sympathetic fibers. However, the adrenal medulla, the inner part of the gland, is directly innervated by preganglionic sympathetic neurons. These neurons release acetylcholine, which stimulates the release of adrenaline (epinephrine) and noradrenaline (norepinephrine) into the bloodstream. The adrenal cortex, the outer part of the gland, does not receive direct innervation and is primarily regulated by hormonal control, particularly by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum contribution to the refractive power of the eye is by which pa of the eye?", + "gold_answer": "Anterior surface of cornea", + "os_answer": "Cornea", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If the interocclusal distance is increased beyond physiologic limits, the patients chief complaint may result from:", + "gold_answer": "A muscular imbalance", + "os_answer": "Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best radiograph to obtain a view of maxillary sinus is:", + "gold_answer": "Waters view", + "os_answer": "Waters view.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fracture of gold restoration primarily depends on", + "gold_answer": "Restoration design", + "os_answer": "The type of gold alloy used.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate presents with jaundice and clay coloured stools. Liver biopsy shows giant cells diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Neonatal hepatitis with extrahepatic biliary atresia", + "os_answer": "A. Alagille syndrome", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "'Potts puffy' tumour is:", + "gold_answer": "An extradural abscess", + "os_answer": "A benign bone tumour.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In constructing a fixed partial denture for a patient, the\ndentist will use a hygienic pontic. Which of the following\nwill primarily determine the faciolingual dimension of\nthe occlusal portion of this pontic?", + "gold_answer": "The position of the opposing contact areas", + "os_answer": "\nA. The size of the residual ridge\nB. The size of the abutment teeth\nC. The size of the edentulous space\nD. The size of the opposing teeth", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In treating a tooth with a nonvital pulp and a sinus, the\nsinus should be treated as follows:", + "gold_answer": "No special treatment", + "os_answer": "The sinus should be treated by performing a root canal therapy on the tooth and then placing a dental crown to restore the tooth's function and appearance.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Pain and sensitivity in a tooth with onlay after 4 months is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Supra occlusion", + "os_answer": "A) Infection B) Incorrect placement of the onlay C) Normal healing process D) Allergic reaction to the material used", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which cell releases vasoactive amine so as to increase vascular permeability?", + "gold_answer": "Mast cell", + "os_answer": "Mast cell", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Incomplete casting is the result of:", + "gold_answer": "Narrow sprue diameter", + "os_answer": "Incomplete casting is the result of improper mixing of the materials or inadequate curing time.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hepatitis B occurs after an incubation period of:", + "gold_answer": "3 months", + "os_answer": "75 to 180 days", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A tooth can be made to appear shorter by", + "gold_answer": "Positioning gingival height of contour incisally", + "os_answer": "applying a dental veneer.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Standardized technique of cleaning and shaping was given by:", + "gold_answer": "Ingle", + "os_answer": "Dr. Harold G. Scheie", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a patient with post-tuberculosis bronchiectasis, which of the following will you observe on auscultation?", + "gold_answer": "Both early and late inspiratory crackles", + "os_answer": "You will observe a perpetual, dry, crackling sound known as 'rales' or 'crackles'.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Radiograph of a periodontal ligament of a tooth which has lost its antagonist shows:", + "gold_answer": "Narrowing of PDL space", + "os_answer": "A widened periodontal ligament space.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The property of amalgam that makes it undesirable to bevel occlusal margins of an amalgam cavity preparation is its:", + "gold_answer": "Brittleness", + "os_answer": "Brittleness", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "4 year old boy presented with recurrent chest infections. Sweat chloride test was done, showed values of 36 and 42. What is the next best investigation to confirm the diagnosis ?", + "gold_answer": "Transepithelial nasal potential difference", + "os_answer": "72 hour fecal fat", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following type of collagen is present in healing and granulation tissue?", + "gold_answer": "Type III", + "os_answer": "Type III collagen.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following hematological disease is associated with periodontal disease?", + "gold_answer": "AIDS", + "os_answer": "_.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which among the following laboratory investigation is best to reveal bleeding in Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DtC.?", + "gold_answer": "Increased FDPs", + "os_answer": "D-dimer test", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Monitoring and diagnosis after completion of H. pylori treatment is done through", + "gold_answer": "urea breath test", + "os_answer": "A breath test.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "ECG with \"mean\" axis of 90deg. In which lead there would be the maximum voltage of R wave?", + "gold_answer": "aVF", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following is the most common tumor associated with type I neurofibromatosis \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Optic nerve glioma", + "os_answer": "Optic nerve glioma.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Etching depth after 30 sec for orthodontic bracket with orthophosphoric acid is:", + "gold_answer": "10 \u03bcm \u2014 20 \u03bcm", + "os_answer": "10 micrometers", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A nurse got accidental prick from the HIV infected needle. Which of the following statements is false regarding the management of this nurse?", + "gold_answer": "Zidovudine is used as monotherapy for post-exposure prophylaxis", + "os_answer": "The nurse should be given immediate antiretroviral therapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A screening test is used in the same way in two similar populations but the proportion of false positive results in population A is lower than that in population B. what is the likely explanation?", + "gold_answer": "The prevalence of the disease is higher in population A", + "os_answer": "Population A has a lower prevalence of the disease than population B.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If untreated, percentage of mother to child transmission of HIV during delivery without intervention in a non-breast fed child is:", + "gold_answer": "15-30%", + "os_answer": "Approximately 25%", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The cell junctions allowing exchange of cytoplasmic molecules between two cells are called:", + "gold_answer": "Gap junctions", + "os_answer": "Gap junctions", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Difference between the skin and mucosa of cheek is:", + "gold_answer": "Thin lamina and non keratinized mucosa of cheek", + "os_answer": "The skin of the cheek is the outermost layer that covers the cheek and protects it from external factors. The mucosa of the cheek is the inner lining of the cheek that is moist and contains glands and blood vessels. The skin is thicker and more resistant to injury, while the mucosa is thinner and more sensitive to irritation. The skin also has hair follicles and sweat glands, while the mucosa does not. The skin and the mucosa have different functions and properties, but they work together to maintain the health and appearance of the cheek.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Scaphoid fracture at waist with retrograde blood supply. Which segment is most susceptible to avascular necrosis?", + "gold_answer": "Proximal", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What are the cut-off values in 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test for fasting and at 1 hour and 2 hours after meals respectively?", + "gold_answer": "92, 180, 153", + "os_answer": "The cut-off values in a 2 hours oral glucose tolerance test are as follows: Fasting glucose level should be less than 100 mg/dL. At 1 hour after meals, the glucose level should be less than 140 mg/dL. At 2 hours after meals, the glucose level should be less than 120 mg/dL.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "On abdominal ultrasound gallbladder shows diffuse wall thickening with hyperechoic nodules at neck and comet tail aifacts. The most likely diagnosis will be:", + "gold_answer": "Adenomyomatosis", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The amino acid, which is used in the estimation of collagen is:", + "gold_answer": "Hydroxyproline", + "os_answer": "Glycine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child with Down's syndrome has Moon facies, retarded mentally and which of the facial characteristics:", + "gold_answer": "Maxillary hypoplasia", + "os_answer": "The child with Down's syndrome has Moon facies, retarded mentally and also exhibits characteristic facial features such as a flat facial profile, upward slanting of the eyes, a single deep crease across the palm of the hand, and a protruding tongue. These features are due to the presence of an extra chromosome 21, which causes the physical and mental abnormalities associated with Down's syndrome. The Moon facies refers to the round, full face of the individual, which is caused by the accumulation of fat in the cheeks. The retarded mentally refers to the intellectual disability that is common in individuals with Down's syndrome. The characteristic facial features are due to the abnormal development of the bones and soft tissues of the face during fetal development. These features are not present in all individuals with Down's syndrome, but they are common and can be used as a diagnostic tool. The extra chromosome 21 also causes other health problems such as heart defects, digestive problems, and immune system disorders. Early diagnosis and treatment can help manage these health problems and improve the quality of life for individuals", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Haddon matrix is related to:", + "gold_answer": "Communicable diseases", + "os_answer": "The Haddon matrix is related to injury prevention.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Expected surgical procedure most frequently indicated for odontogenic cysts is:", + "gold_answer": "Enucleation", + "os_answer": "Cyst enucleation", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A boy complains of bleeding gums, swollen, Joints with hemorrhage into joints. His paternal and maternal uncle complains of same problem. It is due to deficiency of factor:", + "gold_answer": "VIII", + "os_answer": "Vitamin C", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Deepest layer of deep cervical fascia is", + "gold_answer": "Prevertebral", + "os_answer": "Prevertebral layer", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In the formula for urea clearance, C = U x V/P, what does U stands for:", + "gold_answer": "Urinary concentration in mg/ml", + "os_answer": "U stands for urine concentration.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Trisodium phosphate in alginate acts as:", + "gold_answer": "Retarder", + "os_answer": "A thickening agent.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For measuring hardness of Co-Cr alloy, which hardness test is used?", + "gold_answer": "Rockwell hardness test", + "os_answer": "Vickers hardness test.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "One day after complete mouth extraction, blue black spots are seen on the neck of the patients. These spots indicate:", + "gold_answer": "Postoperative ecchymosis", + "os_answer": "Dental extraction stomatitis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "painful crater like 1.5 cm ulcer develops within one week on the hard palate mucosa of a 40 year old female. The most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Necrotizing sialometaplasia", + "os_answer": "Herpes simplex infection", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common cause of lobar hemorrhage in elderly age group ?", + "gold_answer": "Amyloid angiopathy", + "os_answer": "Cerebral amyloid angiopathy", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Platelet derived growth factor is released in vessels from:", + "gold_answer": "Alpha granules", + "os_answer": "Platelets", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Maximum chances of fracture are present when which of these forces are present on a bone:", + "gold_answer": "Tension", + "os_answer": "A) Compression B) Tension C) Shear D) Bending", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Phrenic nerve chiefly supplies?", + "gold_answer": "Diaphragm", + "os_answer": "The diaphragm.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During surgical excision of the parotid gland the following structures may be damaged:", + "gold_answer": "Facial nerve and auriculotemporal nerve", + "os_answer": "Facial nerve, external carotid artery, retromandibular vein, and branches of the trigeminal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A dye injected in to space to see the joint is known as:", + "gold_answer": "Arthrography", + "os_answer": "Arthrography", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An elderly male presents with T3NO laryngeal carcinoma. What would be the management?", + "gold_answer": "Concurrent chemoradiotherapy", + "os_answer": "Surgery and radiotherapy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which is the only anterior teeth with Mesiodistal size more than Cervicoincisal dimension", + "gold_answer": "Deciduous upper lateral incisor", + "os_answer": "Central Incisor", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which among the following is not true about ankylosing spondylitis?", + "gold_answer": "More common in Females", + "os_answer": "It is a type of arthritis that affects the spine.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Occulomotor nerve passes through", + "gold_answer": "Superior orbital fissure", + "os_answer": "The trochlea, a pulley-like structure, to control eye movement.\n", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child presents to the emergency with a history of ingestion of button battery, on X-ray it was found in the stomach or duodenum. What is the next step?", + "gold_answer": "Wait and watch", + "os_answer": "Endoscopic removal is the treatment of choice.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "True about Arrangement of hydroxyapatite crystals in Enamel rods?", + "gold_answer": "Both", + "os_answer": "The hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel rods are arranged in a highly ordered, tightly packed structure.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Predisposing clinical condition for endodontic flare up?", + "gold_answer": "Asymptomatic necrotic pulp with periapical lesion", + "os_answer": "A predisposing clinical condition for endodontic flare up is a pre-existing dental infection or inflammation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Excess of plasma level of lignocaine can cause cardiovascular collapse due to:", + "gold_answer": "Myocardial depression", + "os_answer": "Cardiac depression", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Best noninvasive investigation to check for bility of myocardium is:", + "gold_answer": "FDG-18 PET CT", + "os_answer": "Echocardiography", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is diagnosed of oral cancer of stage T3N2M0", + "gold_answer": "Surgery + radiotherapy", + "os_answer": "The patient has a moderately advanced stage of oral cancer, with a tumor that has grown into nearby tissues and lymph nodes that are affected. There is no evidence of distant metastasis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "GFR is increased by all except?", + "gold_answer": "Renal stone in ureter", + "os_answer": "A. Increased blood pressure B. Increased blood volume C. Increased plasma protein concentration D. Increased glomerular permeability", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Muscle that attaches to zygomatic process of maxilla:", + "gold_answer": "Masseter", + "os_answer": "Temporalis muscle", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Patient complaint of loose immediate dentures today morning, and also told that this happened 2-3 days back also. What could be the possible reason", + "gold_answer": "Continuous healing of defect", + "os_answer": "Loose dentures can be due to a variety of reasons including changes in the oral tissues, improper fit, or damage to the dentures. In this case, since the patient has experienced loose dentures for the past 2-3 days, it is possible that there has been some change in the oral tissues, such as swelling or changes in the gum line, which could have affected the fit of the dentures. Additionally, if the dentures were not properly fitted during the initial placement or if they have been damaged or worn out over time, this could also contribute to the looseness. It is important for the patient to visit a dentist to have the dentures evaluated and adjusted if necessary. The dentist may need to take impressions of the patient's mouth to create a new set of dentures that fit properly or make adjustments to the existing ones. Regular dental check-ups are also important to ensure that the dentures continue to fit well and to address any issues that may arise.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 22 years old gravida 3 para 2 lady delivers a normal child followed by delivery of an intact placenta. Following delivery, the lady develops severe per vaginal bleeding after 30 minutes. On table sonogram revealed retained placental tissue. What is the suspected type of placenta?", + "gold_answer": "Placenta succenturiata", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In ALL patient; at which stage can the orthodontic treatment be done:", + "gold_answer": "During chemotherapy", + "os_answer": "The orthodontic treatment can be done in the early stage of ALL.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which diseases are infectious but not communicable?", + "gold_answer": "Tetanus", + "os_answer": "Diseases that are infectious but not communicable include diseases that are caused by pathogens that cannot be transmitted from one person to another. Examples of such diseases include tetanus, botulism, and rabies. These diseases are caused by bacteria or viruses that are not easily transmitted through contact with an infected person or their bodily fluids.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Deepening the pulpal floor during cavity preparation\nprovides for", + "gold_answer": "Resistance form", + "os_answer": "a better seal of the restoration.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most constant and valuable trait to differentiate among maxillary 1st , 2nd and 3rd molars is", + "gold_answer": "Relative position of DL groove", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The odontoblasts killed during cavity preparation are derived from:", + "gold_answer": "Undifferentiated cells", + "os_answer": "The odontoblasts killed during cavity preparation are derived from the pulp tissue.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All are true about aneuploidy except:", + "gold_answer": "Occurrence of aneuploidy has no relation with the progression of mother's age", + "os_answer": "Aneuploidy is a condition where the number of chromosomes is exactly 46.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Progenitor hematopoietic stem cells originate in", + "gold_answer": "Bone marrow", + "os_answer": "the bone marrow.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of these is most commonly used as pre-anesthetic medication?", + "gold_answer": "Glycopyrrolate", + "os_answer": "Midazolam.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If a permanent first molar is lost, the permanent second molar drifts to the:", + "gold_answer": "Mesial side", + "os_answer": "First premolar position.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The best marker for neural tube defect is:", + "gold_answer": "Acetyl cholinesterase", + "os_answer": "Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A female come to gynaeoPD for preconceptual counseling, with history of two second trimester aboions. What is the next investigation you will advice", + "gold_answer": "TVS", + "os_answer": "A", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The pattern of change of disease of mortality and morbidity where the pandemics of infection are replaced by degenerative and manmade disorders as the main cause of morbidity and mortality is known as?", + "gold_answer": "Epidemiological transition", + "os_answer": "The Epidemiologic Transition", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Bond found in GIC is:", + "gold_answer": "Ionic bond", + "os_answer": "Calcium phosphate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An adolescent male patient came with pain in calf muscles on exercise. On biopsy excessive amount of glycogen present was found to be present in the muscle. What is the most likely enzyme deficiency?", + "gold_answer": "Phosphorylase enzyme", + "os_answer": "_____", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 20-year-old male presents with hard painless testicular swellingon investigation AFP is 3080. No paraaoic or iliac nodes as well as no mediastinal lymph nodes found. usG shows uniform echotexture and small areas of necrosis surrounding structures are normal.What is the next best steP:", + "gold_answer": "High inguinal orchidectomy", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Shape of 1st Maxillary molar", + "gold_answer": "Rhomboid", + "os_answer": "Trigonal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Stable element in Ti6Al4V in alpha phase is?", + "gold_answer": "Al", + "os_answer": "Aluminum", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient with a history of fall after hypoglycemic episode presents with pain in bilateral preauricular region and deviation of the mandible to right side on mouth opening, probable diagnosis will be", + "gold_answer": "Fracture of right condyle", + "os_answer": "TMJ disorder", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Polishing of composite is problematic due to", + "gold_answer": "Soft matrix and hard filler particles", + "os_answer": "the inherent porosity of the material.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Lithium should be stopped how many days before anaesthesia", + "gold_answer": "3 days", + "os_answer": "Lithium should be stopped 24-48 hours before anaesthesia.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10 year old boy presents with midline swelling arising from cerebellum the diagnosis is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Medulloblastoma", + "os_answer": "Meningioma", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which\tof\tthe\tfollowing\tis\tassociated\twith\ta\tlow\nconcentration of ionized calcium in the serum?", + "gold_answer": "Tetany", + "os_answer": "\ta) Hyperparathyroidism\tb) Hypoparathyroidism\tc) Hyperthyroidism\td) Hypothyroidism", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Asseion: In a patient admitted to hospital for community acquired pneumonia, combination therapy of beta lactams and azithromycin is given.Reason : This combination covers gram positive organisms and anaerobes.", + "gold_answer": "Asseion is true but reason is false.", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient is taking drugs for rheumatoid ahritis and has a history of cataract surgery 1 year back, the patient presented with sudden painless loss of vision, probable diagnosis is?", + "gold_answer": "Chloroquine toxicity", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Tumor cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphoblastic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) arisefrom which of the following?", + "gold_answer": "Naive B cell", + "os_answer": "Tumor cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia or small lymphoblastic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) arise from B lymphocytes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Positive pivot shift test in knee is because of injury to -", + "gold_answer": "Anterior cruciate ligament", + "os_answer": "Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "An apical radiolucent area present in central incisor\nafter 4 months of RCT is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Inadequate obturation & leakage from main canal", + "os_answer": "1. Periapical abscess 2. Periapical granuloma 3. Periapical cyst 4. Periapical radiopacity", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Low apparent volume of distribution of drug indicates that:", + "gold_answer": "Drug is not extensively distributed to tissue", + "os_answer": "The drug is largely confined to the plasma.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "If sodium channel inactivation is prolonged then which property of nerve conduction is hampered?", + "gold_answer": "Increased upward stroke velocity", + "os_answer": "The property of nerve conduction that is hampered is the speed of conduction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A neonate develops encephalitis without any skin lesions. Most probable causative organisms is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "HSV II", + "os_answer": "Herpes simplex virus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Hard swelling at the angle of mandible with numerous draining sinuses is most likely:", + "gold_answer": "Actinomycosis", + "os_answer": "A periapical abscess of a mandibular molar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Sodium bicarbonate when given with local anaesthetics has which of the following effect?", + "gold_answer": "Increases speed and quality of anaesthesia", + "os_answer": "It can prolong the duration of action of local anaesthetics.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Fibres of periodontal ligament embedded in the bone are", + "gold_answer": "Sharpey's fibres", + "os_answer": "Cementum.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Out of Syphilitic glossitis, Plummer Vinson syndrome, Mikulicis syndrome and hepatitis A; which of these predispose to squamous cell carcinoma", + "gold_answer": "Syphilitic glossitis and plummer Vinson syndrome", + "os_answer": "Syphilitic glossitis\n===\nSquamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells, which are flat, thin cells that make up the outer layer of the skin and some internal organs, including the mouth and throat. Certain conditions and syndromes can predispose individuals to the development of SCC due to chronic irritation, inflammation, or other pathological changes in the affected tissues.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Calcification of third molar begins at:", + "gold_answer": "8 years", + "os_answer": "The calcification of the third molar, also known as the wisdom tooth, typically begins during the late teenage years or early twenties. This process involves the deposition of minerals, such as calcium, onto the tooth structure, leading to the formation of hard tissue. The timing of calcification can vary among individuals, but it generally starts around the age of 17 to 21.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Allergy in immediate perioperative period is due to:", + "gold_answer": "Neuromuscular blockers", + "os_answer": "Exposure to allergens.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child transfers objects from one hand to other. What does it imply?", + "gold_answer": "Comparison of objects", + "os_answer": "This behavior is a normal part of a child's development and indicates that they are exploring their environment and developing their fine motor skills.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In submandibular surgery incision is given 2 cm below the border of mandible to preserve which nerve?", + "gold_answer": "Marginal mandibular nerve", + "os_answer": "Lingual nerve", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What drug is used for prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jirovecii in patients on chemotherapy?", + "gold_answer": "Cotrimoxazole", + "os_answer": "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which disease affects neurons only", + "gold_answer": "Spinocerebellar ataxia", + "os_answer": "Multiple Sclerosis", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Electrical conductivity speed of A \u03b1 fibres ?", + "gold_answer": "70-120", + "os_answer": "Fastest", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 24 years old female presented with amenorrhea for 3 months. LH and FSH levels are elevated three times the normal value. What is the next best step?", + "gold_answer": "Check serum estradiol levels", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 10-year old boy was presented with a mass in abdomen. On imaging, the para-aoic lymph nodes were enlarged. On biopsy, starry sky appearance was seen. What is the underlying abnormality?", + "gold_answer": "Translocation involving Myc gene", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A child is brought to the clinic with complaint of irregular teeth. The maxillary central incisor is rotated in an otherwise normal occlusion. What should the next step be?", + "gold_answer": "Check for supernumerary teeth", + "os_answer": "The next step should be to refer the child to an orthodontist for further evaluation and treatment.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Following a blunt trauma abdomen, a patient had renal laceration and urinoma. Even after 12 days, urinoma persisted, but the patient was stable and there was no fever. Next step in management would be:", + "gold_answer": "J-shaped urinary stent", + "os_answer": "(A) Drainage of urinoma. (B) Conservative management. (C) Surgical exploration. (D) Immediate nephrectomy.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Thiamine deficiency decreases cellular metabolism because:", + "gold_answer": "Thiamine is a coenzyme for pyruvate dehydrogenase and alfa-ketoglutarate dehydrogenases", + "os_answer": "Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a crucial component in the metabolic process of cells. It acts as a coenzyme in the conversion of carbohydrates into energy. Without sufficient thiamine, this process is hindered, leading to a decrease in cellular metabolism. This can result in various health issues, including fatigue, confusion, and in severe cases, neurological problems. Therefore, a deficiency in thiamine can significantly impact the body's ability to produce energy at the cellular level.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Excessive bleeding during oral surgery can be decreased in which position?", + "gold_answer": "Head up", + "os_answer": "Supine position", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Incidence of 2 canals in mandibular incisors is", + "gold_answer": "20 - 41%", + "os_answer": "20-25%", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following is not an etiological factor for pancreatitis?", + "gold_answer": "Islet cell hyperplasia", + "os_answer": "A) Gallstones B) Alcohol consumption C) High blood pressure D) Hypertriglyceridemia", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Storage of drug in the tissues is suggested by:", + "gold_answer": "Large volume of distribution", + "os_answer": "The presence of drugs in the tissues is suggested by the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, such as its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which one of the following does not classify as locally advanced breast cancer?", + "gold_answer": "Tumour more than 4cm", + "os_answer": "A tumor that is confined to the breast and has not spread to the lymph nodes.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In Parkinsonism patient, teeth arrangement is", + "gold_answer": "Non anatomic", + "os_answer": "Normal", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most useful test in vesicovaginal fistula?", + "gold_answer": "Cystoscopy", + "os_answer": "The most useful test in vesicovaginal fistula is the dye test.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "\"First hand knowledge\" refers to", + "gold_answer": "Common witness", + "os_answer": "direct experience or information obtained through personal involvement or observation.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The first radiographic sign of chronic pulpal infection of primary molars is:", + "gold_answer": "Changes in bony furcation area", + "os_answer": "A radiolucency at the apex of the tooth.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First line therapy in anaphylactic shock is:", + "gold_answer": "Epinephrine .5 ml of 1:1000 IM", + "os_answer": "Epinephrine", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "What is the cause of delirium tremens in alcoholics?", + "gold_answer": "Abrupt cessation of heavy and prolonged consumption of alcohol", + "os_answer": "Delirium tremens is a severe form of alcohol withdrawal that occurs when a person who is dependent on alcohol suddenly stops drinking. It is caused by a rapid decrease in the levels of alcohol in the blood, which affects the brain and nervous system. The symptoms of delirium tremens include confusion, hallucinations, agitation, tremors, fever, and seizures. It can be life-threatening if not treated promptly and properly.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "HbA2 is raised in:", + "gold_answer": "Beta thalassemic trait", + "os_answer": "Thalassemia", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young male patient is on 5 mg haloperidol for many days, recently for last 4 days of duration he has inner restlessness and urges to move. Diagnosis is?", + "gold_answer": "Akathisia", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "1st dental visit of the child should be at the age of:", + "gold_answer": "1 year", + "os_answer": "12 months.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "During exercise, the most rapid way to synthesize ATP is:", + "gold_answer": "Creatine phosphate", + "os_answer": "Through the process of glycolysis.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In endometriotic lesions, histology represents its:", + "gold_answer": "High estrogen", + "os_answer": "Endometrial tissue growth outside the uterus.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "'There has been a gradual increase in number of non-communicable disease cases as compared to previous years. This trend is called:", + "gold_answer": "Secular", + "os_answer": "Epidemiological transition'", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented with pain in the right lower quadrant of abdomen. He has history of renal stones in right kidney. He was prescribed an opioid which is agonist at kappa receptors and antagonist at mu receptors. The likely drug given was:", + "gold_answer": "Pentazocine", + "os_answer": "Nalbuphine", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After sequential arrangement of blistering disorder staing from superficial to deep blisters, which is the deepest among these?", + "gold_answer": "PV", + "os_answer": "_", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The retrocuspid papilla is found approx 1mm below the free gingiva on the attached gingiva lingual to:", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular canine.", + "os_answer": "The upper central incisor", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "False about innervation of parotid gland:", + "gold_answer": "Preganglionic parasympathetic nerve begin in inferior petrosal nucleus", + "os_answer": "The parotid gland is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A patient presented to the hospital with severe hydrophobia. You suspect rabies, obtained corneal scrapings from the patient. What test should be done on this specimen for a diagnosis of rabies?", + "gold_answer": "-PCR for rabies virus", + "os_answer": "The test that should be done on the corneal scrapings for a diagnosis of rabies is the direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) test. This test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing rabies and involves using fluorescently labeled antibodies that bind to the rabies virus antigens present in the corneal scrapings. The presence of these antibodies can be visualized under a fluorescent microscope, confirming the diagnosis of rabies.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Percentage of lactose in human milk is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "7.2gm", + "os_answer": "Approximately 5%.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In a post operative intensive care unit, five patients\ndeveloped post-operative wound infection on the same wound. The best method to prevent cross infection occurring in other patients in the same ward is to:", + "gold_answer": "Practice proper hand washing", + "os_answer": "Isolate the infected patients in a separate ward.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "According to Frankel's behavior rating scale, a positive child:", + "gold_answer": "May become uncooperative during treatment.", + "os_answer": "A positive child, as per Frankel's behavior rating scale, is one who is cooperative, follows instructions, and shows a positive attitude towards learning and engaging with others. This scale is often used in educational and clinical settings to assess a child's behavior and social interactions. It is important to note that the scale is not just about the child's demeanor but also includes their ability to adapt to different situations and their overall approach to challenges.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Masseter is a strong muscle due to:", + "gold_answer": "Multipennate arrangement of fibers", + "os_answer": "Its role in the process of mastication or chewing.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "In transfacial proportions, the face Is divided into how many segments:", + "gold_answer": "5", + "os_answer": "Three", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The usual radiographic appearance of an osteosarcoma is:", + "gold_answer": "Sunburst pattern with radiopaque strands extending from the cortical plates", + "os_answer": "A radiolucent area with a sunburst pattern of periosteal reaction.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Deciduous teeth do not show fluorosis because:", + "gold_answer": "All of the above", + "os_answer": "They are not exposed to fluoride during their development.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The temperature of body is controlled by:", + "gold_answer": "Hypothalamus", + "os_answer": "Hypothalamus", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The tooth most commonly having bifurcated roots is the:", + "gold_answer": "Mandibular premolar", + "os_answer": "Mandibular first molar.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Which of the following vessels supply the anal canal?", + "gold_answer": "all of the following", + "os_answer": "Internal iliac artery.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "After a point mutation, glutamic acid is replaced by valine, which leads to formation of sickle cell hemoglobin. The mobility of HbS as compared with normal hemoglobin on gel electrophoresis will be:", + "gold_answer": "Decreased", + "os_answer": "More", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All of the following form radiolucent stones except:", + "gold_answer": "Cysteine", + "os_answer": "Calcium oxalate", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Chromium is used in stainless steel for which purpose?", + "gold_answer": "Corrosion resistance", + "os_answer": "Chromium is used in stainless steel to enhance its corrosion resistance.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "First time causative agent of AIDS was discovered in:", + "gold_answer": "1983", + "os_answer": "1983", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "For the calculation of the positive predictive value of a screening test, the denominator is comprised of:", + "gold_answer": "True+ves + False+ves", + "os_answer": "True positive and false negative cases.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Culture media of candida is:", + "gold_answer": "Saboraud's medium", + "os_answer": "Chocolate agar", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A tender swelling in submandibular triangle is mostly likely diagnosed as", + "gold_answer": "Lymphadenopathy", + "os_answer": "A salivary gland infection.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 25 years old unidentified male from roadside was brought by police to emergency room with disorientation, altered sensorium and vomiting. He had a BP of 90/70 mm Hg, hea rate of 110/min, temperature -36.4degC and respiratory rate of 11/min. On examination, he had bilateral pin-point pupils. What is the most probable diagnosis?", + "gold_answer": "Opioid poisoning", + "os_answer": "None", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "All the following markers are expressed on the surface of T-cells at some stage of development except:", + "gold_answer": "PAX5", + "os_answer": "CD34", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A young adult presents 2 days after trauma to the eye with proptosis and pain in the right eye. On examination, hi is found to have a bruise on the right eye and forehead. The most likely diagnosis is:", + "gold_answer": "Carotico-cavernous fistula", + "os_answer": "Orbital fracture", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "The action of digastric muscle is:", + "gold_answer": "Depression of mandible", + "os_answer": "The action of digastric muscle is to elevate the hyoid bone and depress the mandible.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Morphine should not be used in the treatment of:-", + "gold_answer": "Biliary colic", + "os_answer": "Morphine should not be used in the treatment of acute asthma.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A study is to be conducted with regards to the fat content in the expressed breast milk of pre-term infants as compared to term infants. Which study design is best suited?", + "gold_answer": "Case control", + "os_answer": "A cohort study design would be best suited for this research question. In a cohort study, two groups (in this case, pre-term infants and term infants) are followed over time to compare the incidence of a particular outcome (in this case, fat content in expressed breast milk). This design allows for the collection of data on the exposure (pre-term vs. term) and the outcome (fat content in expressed breast milk) simultaneously, providing valuable insights into the relationship between these variables. By comparing the fat content in expressed breast milk between the two groups, researchers can determine if there are any significant differences and draw conclusions about the impact of pre-term status on breast milk composition.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "APGAR acronym stands for?", + "gold_answer": "Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration", + "os_answer": "APGAR stands for Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration. It is a quick test performed on a newborn baby at 1 and 5 minutes after birth. The test helps determine the baby's physical condition and whether immediate medical care is needed. Each component of the APGAR score is scored from 0 to 2, with a maximum score of 10. The score is determined by evaluating five criteria: appearance (skin color), pulse (heart rate), grimace (reflex irritability), activity (muscle tone), and respiration (breathing rate and effort). A higher APGAR score indicates a healthier baby.", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most commonly implicated drug for acute liver failure is -", + "gold_answer": "Paracetamol", + "os_answer": "Paracetamol", + "os_eval": "Correct", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "A 9 year old boy has steroid dependent nephrotic syndrome for the last 5 year. The patient is markedly cushingoid with blood pressure of 120/86 mmHg and small subcapsular cataracts. The most appropriate therapy of choice is \u2013", + "gold_answer": "Cyclophosphamide", + "os_answer": "(A) Sirolimus (B) Cyclosporine (C) Prednisolone (D) Levamisole", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + }, + { + "question": "Most common type of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the orbit:", + "gold_answer": "B-cell", + "os_answer": "Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type.", + "os_eval": "Incorrect", + "dataset": "MedMCQA" + } +] \ No newline at end of file