Add application file

Dockerfile

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+FROM python:3.11
+WORKDIR /code
+COPY ./requirements.txt /code/requirements.txt
+RUN pip install --no-cache-dir --upgrade -r /code/requirements.txt
+COPY ./s2smodels.py /code/
+COPY ./macros.py /code/
+COPY ./utils/ . /code/ 
+COPY ./modules/ . /code/ 
+COPY ./models/ . /code/ 
+COPY ./data/ . /code/
+COPY ./prompts/ . /code/ 
+COPY ./customs/ . /code/ 
+COPY ./main.py /code/ 
+
+CMD ["uvicorn", "main:app", "--host", "0.0.0.0", "--port", "80"]

data/__init__.py

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+# from .datamodule import *
+# from .tokenizer import *
+from .collation import *

data/collation.py

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+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import List, Tuple
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+from utils import SymbolTable
+
+
+class TextTokenCollater:
+    """Collate list of text tokens
+
+    Map sentences to integers. Sentences are padded to equal length.
+    Beginning and end-of-sequence symbols can be added.
+
+    Example:
+        >>> token_collater = TextTokenCollater(text_tokens)
+        >>> tokens_batch, tokens_lens = token_collater(text)
+
+    Returns:
+        tokens_batch: IntTensor of shape (B, L)
+            B: batch dimension, number of input sentences
+            L: length of the longest sentence
+        tokens_lens: IntTensor of shape (B,)
+            Length of each sentence after adding <eos> and <bos>
+            but before padding.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        text_tokens: List[str],
+        add_eos: bool = True,
+        add_bos: bool = True,
+        pad_symbol: str = "<pad>",
+        bos_symbol: str = "<bos>",
+        eos_symbol: str = "<eos>",
+    ):
+        self.pad_symbol = pad_symbol
+
+        self.add_eos = add_eos
+        self.add_bos = add_bos
+
+        self.bos_symbol = bos_symbol
+        self.eos_symbol = eos_symbol
+
+        unique_tokens = (
+            [pad_symbol]
+            + ([bos_symbol] if add_bos else [])
+            + ([eos_symbol] if add_eos else [])
+            + sorted(text_tokens)
+        )
+
+        self.token2idx = {token: idx for idx, token in enumerate(unique_tokens)}
+        self.idx2token = [token for token in unique_tokens]
+
+    def index(
+        self, tokens_list: List[str]
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        seqs, seq_lens = [], []
+        for tokens in tokens_list:
+            assert (
+                all([True if s in self.token2idx else False for s in tokens])
+                is True
+            )
+            seq = (
+                ([self.bos_symbol] if self.add_bos else [])
+                + list(tokens)
+                + ([self.eos_symbol] if self.add_eos else [])
+            )
+            seqs.append(seq)
+            seq_lens.append(len(seq))
+
+        max_len = max(seq_lens)
+        for k, (seq, seq_len) in enumerate(zip(seqs, seq_lens)):
+            seq.extend([self.pad_symbol] * (max_len - seq_len))
+
+        tokens = torch.from_numpy(
+            np.array(
+                [[self.token2idx[token] for token in seq] for seq in seqs],
+                dtype=np.int64,
+            )
+        )
+        tokens_lens = torch.IntTensor(seq_lens)
+
+        return tokens, tokens_lens
+
+    def __call__(self, texts: List[str]) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
+        tokens_seqs = [[p for p in text] for text in texts]
+        max_len = len(max(tokens_seqs, key=len))
+
+        seqs = [
+            ([self.bos_symbol] if self.add_bos else [])
+            + list(seq)
+            + ([self.eos_symbol] if self.add_eos else [])
+            + [self.pad_symbol] * (max_len - len(seq))
+            for seq in tokens_seqs
+        ]
+
+        tokens_batch = torch.from_numpy(
+            np.array(
+                [seq for seq in seqs],
+                dtype=np.int64,
+            )
+        )
+
+        tokens_lens = torch.IntTensor(
+            [
+                len(seq) + int(self.add_eos) + int(self.add_bos)
+                for seq in tokens_seqs
+            ]
+        )
+
+        return tokens_batch, tokens_lens
+
+
+def get_text_token_collater() -> TextTokenCollater:
+    collater = TextTokenCollater(
+        ['0'], add_bos=False, add_eos=False
+    )
+    return collater

data/datamodule.py

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+# Copyright      2023                          (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import argparse
+import inspect
+import logging
+from functools import lru_cache
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
+
+import torch
+# from icefall.utils import str2bool
+# from lhotse import CutSet, load_manifest_lazy
+# from lhotse.dataset import (
+#     CutConcatenate,
+#     DynamicBucketingSampler,
+#     PrecomputedFeatures,
+#     SingleCutSampler,
+#     SpecAugment,
+# )
+# from lhotse.dataset.input_strategies import OnTheFlyFeatures
+# from lhotse.utils import fix_random_seed
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
+
+from data.collation import get_text_token_collater
+# from data.dataset import SpeechSynthesisDataset
+from data.fbank import get_fbank_extractor
+from data.input_strategies import PromptedPrecomputedFeatures
+
+# PrecomputedFeatures = PrecomputedFeatures
+
+
+class _SeedWorkers:
+    def __init__(self, seed: int):
+        self.seed = seed
+
+    def __call__(self, worker_id: int):
+        fix_random_seed(self.seed + worker_id)
+
+
+def _get_input_strategy(input_strategy, dataset, cuts):
+    if input_strategy == "PromptedPrecomputedFeatures":
+        return PromptedPrecomputedFeatures(dataset, cuts)
+
+    return eval(input_strategy)()
+
+
+class TtsDataModule:
+    """
+    DataModule for VALL-E TTS experiments.
+    It assumes there is always one train and valid dataloader.
+
+    It contains all the common data pipeline modules used in TTS
+    experiments, e.g.:
+    - dynamic batch size,
+    - bucketing samplers,
+    - cut concatenation[not used & tested yet],
+    - augmentation[not used & tested yet],
+    - on-the-fly feature extraction[not used & tested yet]
+
+    This class should be derived for specific corpora used in TTS tasks.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, args: argparse.Namespace):
+        self.args = args
+
+    @classmethod
+    def add_arguments(cls, parser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
+        group = parser.add_argument_group(
+            title="TTS data related options",
+            description="These options are used for the preparation of "
+            "PyTorch DataLoaders from Lhotse CutSet's -- they control the "
+            "effective batch sizes, sampling strategies, applied data "
+            "augmentations, etc.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--manifest-dir",
+            type=Path,
+            default=Path("data/tokenized"),
+            help="Path to directory with train/valid/test cuts.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--max-duration",
+            type=int,
+            default=40.0,
+            help="Maximum pooled recordings duration (seconds) in a "
+            "single batch. You can reduce it if it causes CUDA OOM.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--bucketing-sampler",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=True,
+            help="When enabled, the batches will come from buckets of "
+            "similar duration (saves padding frames).",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--num-buckets",
+            type=int,
+            default=10,
+            help="The number of buckets for the DynamicBucketingSampler"
+            "(you might want to increase it for larger datasets).",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--concatenate-cuts",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=False,
+            help="When enabled, utterances (cuts) will be concatenated "
+            "to minimize the amount of padding.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--duration-factor",
+            type=float,
+            default=1.0,
+            help="Determines the maximum duration of a concatenated cut "
+            "relative to the duration of the longest cut in a batch.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--gap",
+            type=float,
+            default=0.1,
+            help="The amount of padding (in seconds) inserted between "
+            "concatenated cuts. This padding is filled with noise when "
+            "noise augmentation is used.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--on-the-fly-feats",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=False,
+            help="When enabled, use on-the-fly cut mixing and feature "
+            "extraction. Will drop existing precomputed feature manifests "
+            "if available.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--shuffle",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=True,
+            help="When enabled (=default), the examples will be "
+            "shuffled for each epoch.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--drop-last",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=False,
+            help="Whether to drop last batch. Used by sampler.",
+        )
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--return-cuts",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=True,
+            help="When enabled, each batch will have the "
+            "field: batch['supervisions']['cut'] with the cuts that "
+            "were used to construct it.",
+        )
+
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--num-workers",
+            type=int,
+            default=8,
+            help="The number of training dataloader workers that "
+            "collect the batches.",
+        )
+
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--enable-spec-aug",
+            type=str2bool,
+            default=False,
+            help="When enabled, use SpecAugment for training dataset.",
+        )
+
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--spec-aug-time-warp-factor",
+            type=int,
+            default=80,
+            help="Used only when --enable-spec-aug is True. "
+            "It specifies the factor for time warping in SpecAugment. "
+            "Larger values mean more warping. "
+            "A value less than 1 means to disable time warp.",
+        )
+
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--input-strategy",
+            type=str,
+            default="PrecomputedFeatures",
+            help="AudioSamples or PrecomputedFeatures or PromptedPrecomputedFeatures",
+        )
+
+        group.add_argument(
+            "--dataset",
+            type=str,
+            default="ljspeech",
+            help="--input-strategy PromptedPrecomputedFeatures needs dataset name to prepare prompts.",
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--text-tokens",
+            type=str,
+            default="data/tokenized/unique_text_tokens.k2symbols",
+            help="Path to the unique text tokens file",
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--sampling-rate",
+            type=int,
+            default=24000,
+            help="""Audio sampling rate.""",
+        )
+
+    def train_dataloaders(
+        self,
+        cuts_train: CutSet,
+        sampler_state_dict: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
+    ) -> DataLoader:
+        """
+        Args:
+          cuts_train:
+            CutSet for training.
+          sampler_state_dict:
+            The state dict for the training sampler.
+        """
+        transforms = []
+
+        if self.args.concatenate_cuts:
+            logging.info(
+                f"Using cut concatenation with duration factor "
+                f"{self.args.duration_factor} and gap {self.args.gap}."
+            )
+            # Cut concatenation should be the first transform in the list,
+            # so that if we e.g. mix noise in, it will fill the gaps between
+            # different utterances.
+            transforms = [
+                CutConcatenate(
+                    duration_factor=self.args.duration_factor, gap=self.args.gap
+                )
+            ] + transforms
+
+        input_transforms = []
+        if self.args.enable_spec_aug:
+            logging.info("Enable SpecAugment")
+            logging.info(
+                f"Time warp factor: {self.args.spec_aug_time_warp_factor}"
+            )
+            # Set the value of num_frame_masks according to Lhotse's version.
+            # In different Lhotse's versions, the default of num_frame_masks is
+            # different.
+            num_frame_masks = 10
+            num_frame_masks_parameter = inspect.signature(
+                SpecAugment.__init__
+            ).parameters["num_frame_masks"]
+            if num_frame_masks_parameter.default == 1:
+                num_frame_masks = 2
+            logging.info(f"Num frame mask: {num_frame_masks}")
+            input_transforms.append(
+                SpecAugment(
+                    time_warp_factor=self.args.spec_aug_time_warp_factor,
+                    num_frame_masks=num_frame_masks,
+                    features_mask_size=27,
+                    num_feature_masks=2,
+                    frames_mask_size=100,
+                )
+            )
+        else:
+            logging.info("Disable SpecAugment")
+
+        logging.info("About to create train dataset")
+        if self.args.on_the_fly_feats:
+            # NOTE: the PerturbSpeed transform should be added only if we
+            # remove it from data prep stage.
+            # Add on-the-fly speed perturbation; since originally it would
+            # have increased epoch size by 3, we will apply prob 2/3 and use
+            # 3x more epochs.
+            # Speed perturbation probably should come first before
+            # concatenation, but in principle the transforms order doesn't have
+            # to be strict (e.g. could be randomized)
+            # transforms = [PerturbSpeed(factors=[0.9, 1.1], p=2/3)] + transforms   # noqa
+            # Drop feats to be on the safe side.
+            train = SpeechSynthesisDataset(
+                get_text_token_collater(self.args.text_tokens),
+                cut_transforms=transforms,
+                feature_input_strategy=OnTheFlyFeatures(get_fbank_extractor()),
+                feature_transforms=input_transforms,
+            )
+        else:
+            train = SpeechSynthesisDataset(
+                get_text_token_collater(self.args.text_tokens),
+                feature_input_strategy=_get_input_strategy(
+                    self.args.input_strategy, self.args.dataset, cuts_train
+                ),
+                cut_transforms=transforms,
+                feature_transforms=input_transforms,
+            )
+
+        if self.args.bucketing_sampler:
+            logging.info("Using DynamicBucketingSampler")
+            train_sampler = DynamicBucketingSampler(
+                cuts_train,
+                max_duration=self.args.max_duration,
+                shuffle=self.args.shuffle,
+                num_buckets=self.args.num_buckets,
+                drop_last=self.args.drop_last,
+            )
+        else:
+            logging.info(
+                "Using SingleCutSampler and sort by duraton(ascending=True)."
+            )
+            cuts_train = cuts_train.to_eager().sort_by_duration(ascending=True)
+            train_sampler = SingleCutSampler(
+                cuts_train,
+                max_duration=self.args.max_duration,
+                shuffle=self.args.shuffle,
+            )
+        logging.info("About to create train dataloader")
+
+        if sampler_state_dict is not None:
+            logging.info("Loading sampler state dict")
+            train_sampler.load_state_dict(sampler_state_dict)
+
+        # 'seed' is derived from the current random state, which will have
+        # previously been set in the main process.
+        seed = torch.randint(0, 100000, ()).item()
+        worker_init_fn = _SeedWorkers(seed)
+
+        train_dl = DataLoader(
+            train,
+            sampler=train_sampler,
+            batch_size=None,
+            num_workers=self.args.num_workers,
+            persistent_workers=False,
+            worker_init_fn=worker_init_fn,
+        )
+
+        return train_dl
+
+    def valid_dataloaders(self, cuts_valid: CutSet) -> DataLoader:
+        logging.info("About to create dev dataset")
+        if self.args.on_the_fly_feats:
+            validate = SpeechSynthesisDataset(
+                get_text_token_collater(self.args.text_tokens),
+                feature_input_strategy=OnTheFlyFeatures(get_fbank_extractor()),
+                cut_transforms=[],
+            )
+        else:
+            validate = SpeechSynthesisDataset(
+                get_text_token_collater(self.args.text_tokens),
+                feature_input_strategy=_get_input_strategy(
+                    self.args.input_strategy, self.args.dataset, cuts_valid
+                ),
+                cut_transforms=[],
+            )
+        valid_sampler = DynamicBucketingSampler(
+            cuts_valid,
+            max_duration=self.args.max_duration,
+            shuffle=False,
+        )
+        logging.info("About to create dev dataloader")
+        valid_dl = DataLoader(
+            validate,
+            sampler=valid_sampler,
+            batch_size=None,
+            num_workers=4,
+            persistent_workers=False,
+        )
+
+        return valid_dl
+
+    def test_dataloaders(self, cuts: CutSet) -> DataLoader:
+        logging.debug("About to create test dataset")
+        test = SpeechSynthesisDataset(
+            get_text_token_collater(self.args.text_tokens),
+            feature_input_strategy=OnTheFlyFeatures(get_fbank_extractor())
+            if self.args.on_the_fly_feats
+            else _get_input_strategy(
+                self.args.input_strategy, self.args.dataset, cuts
+            ),
+            cut_transforms=[],
+        )
+        sampler = DynamicBucketingSampler(
+            cuts,
+            max_duration=self.args.max_duration,
+            shuffle=False,
+        )
+        logging.debug("About to create test dataloader")
+        test_dl = DataLoader(
+            test,
+            batch_size=None,
+            sampler=sampler,
+            num_workers=self.args.num_workers,
+        )
+        return test_dl
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def train_cuts(self) -> CutSet:
+        logging.info("About to get train cuts")
+        return load_manifest_lazy(
+            self.args.manifest_dir / "cuts_train.jsonl.gz"
+        )
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def dev_cuts(self) -> CutSet:
+        logging.info("About to get dev cuts")
+        return load_manifest_lazy(self.args.manifest_dir / "cuts_dev.jsonl.gz")
+
+    @lru_cache()
+    def test_cuts(self) -> CutSet:
+        logging.info("About to get test cuts")
+        return load_manifest_lazy(self.args.manifest_dir / "cuts_test.jsonl.gz")

data/dataset.py

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+# Copyright      2023                           (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+"""
+modified from lhoste.dataset.speech_synthesis.py
+"""
+
+import torch
+import math
+import h5py
+from tokenizers import Tokenizer
+from typing import Union, List
+import numpy as np
+from tqdm import tqdm
+
+_pad        = '_'
+_punctuation = ',.!?-~…'
+_letters = 'NQabdefghijklmnopstuvwxyzɑæʃʑçɯɪɔɛɹðəɫɥɸʊɾʒθβŋɦ⁼ʰ`^#*=ˈˌ→↓↑ '
+symbols = [_pad] + list(_punctuation) + list(_letters)
+
+language_dict = {
+    'en': 0,
+    'zh': 1,
+    'ja': 2,
+}
+def seq2phone(tokens: Union[List, np.ndarray]):
+    """
+    Convert tokenized phoneme ID sequence back to phoneme string
+    :param tokens: phoneme tokens
+    :return: recovered phoneme sequence
+    """
+    phones = "".join([symbols[i] for i in tokens])
+    return phones
+
+class DynamicBatchSampler(torch.utils.data.Sampler):
+    def __init__(self, sampler, num_tokens_fn, num_buckets=100, min_size=0, max_size=1000,
+                 max_tokens=None, max_sentences=None, drop_last=False):
+        """
+
+        :param sampler:
+        :param num_tokens_fn: 根据idx返回样本的长度的函数
+        :param num_buckets: 利用桶原理将相似长度的样本放在一个batchsize中，桶的数量
+        :param min_size: 最小长度的样本， 小于这个值的样本会被过滤掉。 依据这个值来创建样桶
+        :param max_size: 最大长度的样本
+        :param max_sentences: batch_size, 但是这里可以通过max_sentences 和 max_tokens 共同控制最终的大小
+        """
+        super(DynamicBatchSampler, self).__init__(sampler)
+        self.sampler = sampler
+        self.num_tokens_fn = num_tokens_fn
+        self.num_buckets = num_buckets
+
+        self.min_size = min_size
+        self.max_size = max_size
+
+        assert max_size <= max_tokens, "max_size should be smaller than max tokens"
+        assert max_tokens is not None or max_sentences is not None, \
+            "max_tokens and max_sentences should not be null at the same time, please specify one parameter at least"
+        self.max_tokens = max_tokens if max_tokens is not None else float('Inf')
+        self.max_sentences = max_sentences if max_sentences is not None else float('Inf')
+        self.drop_last = drop_last
+
+    def set_epoch(self, epoch):
+        self.sampler.set_epoch(epoch)
+    def is_batch_full(self, num_tokens, batch):
+        if len(batch) == 0:
+            return False
+        if len(batch) == self.max_sentences:
+            return True
+        if num_tokens > self.max_tokens:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        buckets = [[] for _ in range(self.num_buckets)]
+        sample_len = [0] * self.num_buckets
+
+        for idx in self.sampler:
+            idx_length = self.num_tokens_fn(idx)
+            if not (self.min_size <= idx_length <= self.max_size):
+                print("sentence at index {} of size {} exceeds max_tokens, the sentence is ignored".format(idx, idx_length))
+                continue
+
+            index_buckets = math.floor((idx_length - self.min_size) / (self.max_size - self.min_size + 1)
+                                       * self.num_buckets)
+            sample_len[index_buckets] = max(sample_len[index_buckets], idx_length)
+
+            num_tokens = (len(buckets[index_buckets]) + 1) * sample_len[index_buckets]
+            if self.is_batch_full(num_tokens, buckets[index_buckets]):
+                # yield this batch
+                yield buckets[index_buckets]
+                buckets[index_buckets] = []
+                sample_len[index_buckets] = 0
+
+            buckets[index_buckets].append(idx)
+
+        # process left-over
+        leftover_batch = []
+        leftover_sample_len = 0
+        leftover = [idx for bucket in buckets for idx in bucket]
+        for idx in leftover:
+            idx_length = self.num_tokens_fn(idx)
+            leftover_sample_len = max(leftover_sample_len, idx_length)
+            num_tokens = (len(leftover_batch) + 1) * leftover_sample_len
+            if self.is_batch_full(num_tokens, leftover_batch):
+                yield leftover_batch
+                leftover_batch = []
+                leftover_sample_len = 0
+            leftover_batch.append(idx)
+
+        if len(leftover_batch) > 0 and not self.drop_last:
+            yield leftover_batch
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        # we do not know the exactly batch size, so do not call len(dataloader)
+        pass
+
+
+class AudioDataset(torch.utils.data.Dataset):
+    def __init__(self, h5_path, ann_path, tokenizer_path):
+        self.h5_path = h5_path
+        with open(ann_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            lines = f.readlines()
+        ls = [l.split("|") for l in lines]
+        ls_T = list(zip(*ls))
+        del ls_T[-1]
+        self.h5_paths, self.durations, self.langs, self.texts = \
+            list(ls_T[0]), list(ls_T[1]), list(ls_T[2]), list(ls_T[3])
+        self.durations = [float(dur) for dur in self.durations]
+        self.tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file(tokenizer_path)
+
+        self._archive = None
+
+    def __len__(self):
+        return len(self.h5_paths)
+
+    def get_dur(self, idx):
+        return self.durations[idx]
+
+    @property
+    def archive(self):
+        if self._archive is None:  # lazy loading here!
+            self._archive = h5py.File(self.h5_path, "r")
+        return self._archive
+    def __getitem__(self, idx):
+        archive = self.archive
+        h5_path = self.h5_paths[idx]
+        sub = archive[h5_path]
+        audio_tokens = sub['audio'][()]
+        phone_tokens = sub['text'][()]
+        dur = self.durations[idx]
+        lang = self.langs[idx]
+        text = self.texts[idx]
+        # tokenization should be done within dataloader
+        phones = seq2phone(phone_tokens)
+        phones = phones.replace(" ", "_")
+        if not len(phones):
+            cptpho_tokens = self.tokenizer.encode(text).ids
+        else:
+            cptpho_tokens = self.tokenizer.encode(phones).ids
+        assert len(cptpho_tokens)
+        return {
+            'utt_id': h5_path,
+            'text': text,
+            'audio': None,
+            'audio_lens': None,
+            'audio_features': audio_tokens,
+            'audio_features_lens': len(audio_tokens.T),
+            'text_tokens': np.array(cptpho_tokens),
+            'text_tokens_lens': len(cptpho_tokens),
+            'language': language_dict[lang],
+        }
+
+def collate(batch):
+    utt_id_s = [b['utt_id'] for b in batch]
+    text_s = [b['text'] for b in batch]
+
+    audio_s = [b['audio'] for b in batch]
+    audio_lens_s = [b['audio_lens'] for b in batch]
+
+    audio_features_lens_s = [b['audio_features_lens'] for b in batch]
+    # create an empty tensor with maximum audio feature length
+    audio_features_s = torch.zeros([len(batch), max(audio_features_lens_s), 8], dtype=torch.int64) - 1 # audio pad with -1
+
+    text_tokens_lens_s = [b['text_tokens_lens'] for b in batch]
+    # create an empty tensor with maximum text tokens length
+    text_tokens_s = torch.zeros([len(batch), max(text_tokens_lens_s)], dtype=torch.int64) + 3 # [PAD] token id 3
+
+    language_s = [b['language'] for b in batch]
+
+    for i, b in enumerate(batch):
+        audio_features = b['audio_features']
+        audio_features_lens = b['audio_features_lens']
+        audio_features_s[i, :audio_features_lens, :] = torch.LongTensor(audio_features.T)
+
+        text_tokens = b['text_tokens']
+        text_tokens_lens = b['text_tokens_lens']
+        text_tokens_s[i, :text_tokens_lens] = torch.LongTensor(text_tokens)
+
+    batch = {
+        'utt_id': utt_id_s,
+        'text': text_s,
+        'audio': audio_s,
+        'audio_lens': audio_lens_s,
+        'audio_features': audio_features_s,
+        'audio_features_lens': torch.LongTensor(np.array(audio_features_lens_s)),
+        'text_tokens': text_tokens_s,
+        'text_tokens_lens': torch.LongTensor(np.array(text_tokens_lens_s)),
+        'languages': torch.LongTensor(np.array(language_s)),
+    }
+    return batch
+
+def create_dataloader(data_dir="/root/valle/egs/mix", n_gpus=1, rank=0, num_workers=0, num_buckets=10, max_duration=120):
+    train_dataset = AudioDataset(h5_path=f"{data_dir}/audio_sum.hdf5",
+                                 ann_path=f"{data_dir}/audio_ann_sum.txt",
+                                 tokenizer_path=f"{data_dir}/bpe_69.json")
+    ran_sampler = torch.utils.data.distributed.DistributedSampler(
+            train_dataset,
+            num_replicas=n_gpus,
+            rank=rank,
+            shuffle=True,
+        )
+    dynamic_sampler = DynamicBatchSampler(ran_sampler, train_dataset.get_dur, num_buckets=num_buckets, max_size=20,
+                                          max_tokens=max_duration)
+
+
+    train_loader = torch.utils.data.DataLoader(train_dataset, num_workers=num_workers, collate_fn=collate,
+                                               batch_sampler=dynamic_sampler)
+
+    return train_loader

data/fbank.py

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+# Copyright      2023                          (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+# from lhotse.features.base import FeatureExtractor
+# from lhotse.utils import EPSILON, Seconds, compute_num_frames
+from librosa.filters import mel as librosa_mel_fn
+
+
+@dataclass
+class BigVGANFbankConfig:
+    # Spectogram-related part
+    # Note that frame_length and frame_shift will be converted to milliseconds before torchaudio/Kaldi sees them
+    frame_length: Seconds = 1024 / 24000.0
+    frame_shift: Seconds = 256 / 24000.0
+    remove_dc_offset: bool = True
+    round_to_power_of_two: bool = True
+
+    # Fbank-related part
+    low_freq: float = 0.0
+    high_freq: float = 12000.0
+    num_mel_bins: int = 100
+    use_energy: bool = False
+
+    def to_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
+        return asdict(self)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_dict(data: Dict[str, Any]) -> "BigVGANFbankConfig":
+        return BigVGANFbankConfig(**data)
+
+
+def dynamic_range_compression_torch(x, C=1, clip_val=1e-5):
+    return torch.log(torch.clamp(x, min=clip_val) * C)
+
+
+def spectral_normalize_torch(magnitudes):
+    output = dynamic_range_compression_torch(magnitudes)
+    return output
+
+
+# https://github.com/NVIDIA/BigVGAN
+# bigvgan_24khz_100band https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1EpxX6AsxjCbbk0mmAhE0td6eYiABr8Oz
+class BigVGANFbank(FeatureExtractor):
+    name = "fbank"
+    config_type = BigVGANFbankConfig
+
+    def __init__(self, config: Optional[Any] = None):
+        super(BigVGANFbank, self).__init__(config)
+        sampling_rate = 24000
+        self.mel_basis = torch.from_numpy(
+            librosa_mel_fn(
+                sampling_rate,
+                1024,
+                self.config.num_mel_bins,
+                self.config.low_freq,
+                self.config.high_freq,
+            ).astype(np.float32)
+        )
+        self.hann_window = torch.hann_window(1024)
+
+    def _feature_fn(self, samples, **kwargs):
+        win_length, n_fft = 1024, 1024
+        hop_size = 256
+        if True:
+            sampling_rate = 24000
+            duration = round(samples.shape[-1] / sampling_rate, ndigits=12)
+            expected_num_frames = compute_num_frames(
+                duration=duration,
+                frame_shift=self.frame_shift,
+                sampling_rate=sampling_rate,
+            )
+            pad_size = (
+                (expected_num_frames - 1) * hop_size
+                + win_length
+                - samples.shape[-1]
+            )
+            assert pad_size >= 0
+
+            y = torch.nn.functional.pad(
+                samples,
+                (0, pad_size),
+                mode="constant",
+            )
+        else:
+            y = torch.nn.functional.pad(
+                samples,
+                (int((n_fft - hop_size) / 2), int((n_fft - hop_size) / 2)),
+                mode="reflect",
+            )
+
+        y = y.squeeze(1)
+
+        # complex tensor as default, then use view_as_real for future pytorch compatibility
+        spec = torch.stft(
+            y,
+            n_fft,
+            hop_length=hop_size,
+            win_length=win_length,
+            window=self.hann_window,
+            center=False,
+            pad_mode="reflect",
+            normalized=False,
+            onesided=True,
+            return_complex=True,
+        )
+        spec = torch.view_as_real(spec)
+        spec = torch.sqrt(spec.pow(2).sum(-1) + (1e-9))
+
+        spec = torch.matmul(self.mel_basis, spec)
+        spec = spectral_normalize_torch(spec)
+
+        return spec.transpose(2, 1).squeeze(0)
+
+    def extract(
+        self, samples: Union[np.ndarray, torch.Tensor], sampling_rate: int
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        assert sampling_rate == 24000
+        params = asdict(self.config)
+        params.update({"sample_frequency": sampling_rate, "snip_edges": False})
+        params["frame_shift"] *= 1000.0
+        params["frame_length"] *= 1000.0
+        if not isinstance(samples, torch.Tensor):
+            samples = torch.from_numpy(samples)
+        # Torchaudio Kaldi feature extractors expect the channel dimension to be first.
+        if len(samples.shape) == 1:
+            samples = samples.unsqueeze(0)
+        features = self._feature_fn(samples, **params).to(torch.float32)
+        return features.numpy()
+
+    @property
+    def frame_shift(self) -> Seconds:
+        return self.config.frame_shift
+
+    def feature_dim(self, sampling_rate: int) -> int:
+        return self.config.num_mel_bins
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def mix(
+        features_a: np.ndarray,
+        features_b: np.ndarray,
+        energy_scaling_factor_b: float,
+    ) -> np.ndarray:
+        return np.log(
+            np.maximum(
+                # protection against log(0); max with EPSILON is adequate since these are energies (always >= 0)
+                EPSILON,
+                np.exp(features_a)
+                + energy_scaling_factor_b * np.exp(features_b),
+            )
+        )
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def compute_energy(features: np.ndarray) -> float:
+        return float(np.sum(np.exp(features)))
+
+
+def get_fbank_extractor() -> BigVGANFbank:
+    return BigVGANFbank(BigVGANFbankConfig())
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    extractor = BigVGANFbank(BigVGANFbankConfig())
+
+    samples = torch.from_numpy(np.random.random([1000]).astype(np.float32))
+    samples = torch.clip(samples, -1.0, 1.0)
+    fbank = extractor.extract(samples, 24000.0)
+    print(f"fbank {fbank.shape}")
+
+    from scipy.io.wavfile import read
+
+    MAX_WAV_VALUE = 32768.0
+
+    sampling_rate, samples = read(
+        "egs/libritts/prompts/5639_40744_000000_000002.wav"
+    )
+    print(f"samples: [{samples.min()}, {samples.max()}]")
+    fbank = extractor.extract(samples.astype(np.float32) / MAX_WAV_VALUE, 24000)
+    print(f"fbank {fbank.shape}")
+
+    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+
+    _ = plt.figure(figsize=(18, 10))
+    plt.imshow(
+        X=fbank.transpose(1, 0),
+        cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"),
+        aspect="auto",
+        interpolation="nearest",
+    )
+    plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
+    plt.savefig("egs/libritts/prompts/5639_40744_000000_000002.png")
+    plt.close()
+
+    print("fbank test PASS!")

data/input_strategies.py

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+import random
+from collections import defaultdict
+from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from typing import Tuple, Type
+
+# from lhotse import CutSet
+# from lhotse.dataset.collation import collate_features
+# from lhotse.dataset.input_strategies import (
+#     ExecutorType,
+#     PrecomputedFeatures,
+#     _get_executor,
+# )
+# from lhotse.utils import fastcopy
+
+
+class PromptedFeatures:
+    def __init__(self, prompts, features):
+        self.prompts = prompts
+        self.features = features
+
+    def to(self, device):
+        return PromptedFeatures(
+            self.prompts.to(device), self.features.to(device)
+        )
+
+    def sum(self):
+        return self.features.sum()
+
+    @property
+    def ndim(self):
+        return self.features.ndim
+
+    @property
+    def data(self):
+        return (self.prompts, self.features)
+
+
+# class PromptedPrecomputedFeatures(PrecomputedFeatures):
+#     """
+#     :class:`InputStrategy` that reads pre-computed features, whose manifests
+#     are attached to cuts, from disk.
+#
+#     It automatically pads the feature matrices with pre or post feature.
+#
+#     .. automethod:: __call__
+#     """
+#
+#     def __init__(
+#         self,
+#         dataset: str,
+#         cuts: CutSet,
+#         num_workers: int = 0,
+#         executor_type: Type[ExecutorType] = ThreadPoolExecutor,
+#     ) -> None:
+#         super(PromptedPrecomputedFeatures, self).__init__(
+#             num_workers, executor_type
+#         )
+#
+#         self.utt2neighbors = defaultdict(lambda: [])
+#
+#         if dataset.lower() == "libritts":
+#             # 909_131041_000013_000002
+#             # 909_131041_000013_000003
+#             speaker2utts = defaultdict(lambda: [])
+#
+#             utt2cut = {}
+#             for cut in cuts:
+#                 speaker = cut.supervisions[0].speaker
+#                 speaker2utts[speaker].append(cut.id)
+#                 utt2cut[cut.id] = cut
+#
+#             for spk in speaker2utts:
+#                 uttids = sorted(speaker2utts[spk])
+#                 # Using the property of sorted keys to find previous utterance
+#                 # The keys has structure speaker_book_x_y e.g. 1089_134691_000004_000001
+#                 if len(uttids) == 1:
+#                     self.utt2neighbors[uttids[0]].append(utt2cut[uttids[0]])
+#                     continue
+#
+#                 utt2prevutt = dict(zip(uttids, [uttids[1]] + uttids[:-1]))
+#                 utt2postutt = dict(zip(uttids[:-1], uttids[1:]))
+#
+#                 for utt in utt2prevutt:
+#                     self.utt2neighbors[utt].append(utt2cut[utt2prevutt[utt]])
+#
+#                 for utt in utt2postutt:
+#                     self.utt2neighbors[utt].append(utt2cut[utt2postutt[utt]])
+#         elif dataset.lower() == "ljspeech":
+#             utt2cut = {}
+#             uttids = []
+#             for cut in cuts:
+#                 uttids.append(cut.id)
+#                 utt2cut[cut.id] = cut
+#
+#             if len(uttids) == 1:
+#                 self.utt2neighbors[uttids[0]].append(utt2cut[uttids[0]])
+#             else:
+#                 # Using the property of sorted keys to find previous utterance
+#                 # The keys has structure: LJ001-0010
+#                 utt2prevutt = dict(zip(uttids, [uttids[1]] + uttids[:-1]))
+#                 utt2postutt = dict(zip(uttids[:-1], uttids[1:]))
+#
+#                 for utt in utt2postutt:
+#                     postutt = utt2postutt[utt]
+#                     if utt[:5] == postutt[:5]:
+#                         self.utt2neighbors[utt].append(utt2cut[postutt])
+#
+#                 for utt in utt2prevutt:
+#                     prevutt = utt2prevutt[utt]
+#                     if utt[:5] == prevutt[:5] or not self.utt2neighbors[utt]:
+#                         self.utt2neighbors[utt].append(utt2cut[prevutt])
+#         else:
+#             raise ValueError
+#
+#     def __call__(
+#         self, cuts: CutSet
+#     ) -> Tuple[PromptedFeatures, PromptedFeatures]:
+#         """
+#         Reads the pre-computed features from disk/other storage.
+#         The returned shape is``(B, T, F) => (batch_size, num_frames, num_features)``.
+#
+#         :return: a tensor with collated features, and a tensor of ``num_frames`` of each cut before padding.
+#         """
+#         features, features_lens = collate_features(
+#             cuts,
+#             executor=_get_executor(
+#                 self.num_workers, executor_type=self._executor_type
+#             ),
+#         )
+#
+#         prompts_cuts = []
+#         for k, cut in enumerate(cuts):
+#             prompts_cut = random.choice(self.utt2neighbors[cut.id])
+#             prompts_cuts.append(fastcopy(prompts_cut, id=f"{cut.id}-{str(k)}"))
+#
+#         mini_duration = min([cut.duration for cut in prompts_cuts] + [3.0])
+#         # prompts_cuts = CutSet.from_cuts(prompts_cuts).truncate(
+#         #     max_duration=mini_duration,
+#         #     offset_type="random",
+#         #     preserve_id=True,
+#         # )
+#         prompts_cuts = CutSet(
+#             cuts={k: cut for k, cut in enumerate(prompts_cuts)}
+#         ).truncate(
+#             max_duration=mini_duration,
+#             offset_type="random",
+#             preserve_id=False,
+#         )
+#
+#         prompts, prompts_lens = collate_features(
+#             prompts_cuts,
+#             executor=_get_executor(
+#                 self.num_workers, executor_type=self._executor_type
+#             ),
+#         )
+#
+#         return PromptedFeatures(prompts, features), PromptedFeatures(
+#             prompts_lens, features_lens
+#         )

data/tokenizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright    2023                            (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import re
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Pattern, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torchaudio
+from encodec import EncodecModel
+from encodec.utils import convert_audio
+
+try:
+    from pypinyin import Style, pinyin
+    from pypinyin.style._utils import get_finals, get_initials
+except Exception:
+    pass
+
+
+def remove_encodec_weight_norm(model):
+    from encodec.modules import SConv1d
+    from encodec.modules.seanet import SConvTranspose1d, SEANetResnetBlock
+    from torch.nn.utils import remove_weight_norm
+
+    encoder = model.encoder.model
+    for key in encoder._modules:
+        if isinstance(encoder._modules[key], SEANetResnetBlock):
+            remove_weight_norm(encoder._modules[key].shortcut.conv.conv)
+            block_modules = encoder._modules[key].block._modules
+            for skey in block_modules:
+                if isinstance(block_modules[skey], SConv1d):
+                    remove_weight_norm(block_modules[skey].conv.conv)
+        elif isinstance(encoder._modules[key], SConv1d):
+            remove_weight_norm(encoder._modules[key].conv.conv)
+
+    decoder = model.decoder.model
+    for key in decoder._modules:
+        if isinstance(decoder._modules[key], SEANetResnetBlock):
+            remove_weight_norm(decoder._modules[key].shortcut.conv.conv)
+            block_modules = decoder._modules[key].block._modules
+            for skey in block_modules:
+                if isinstance(block_modules[skey], SConv1d):
+                    remove_weight_norm(block_modules[skey].conv.conv)
+        elif isinstance(decoder._modules[key], SConvTranspose1d):
+            remove_weight_norm(decoder._modules[key].convtr.convtr)
+        elif isinstance(decoder._modules[key], SConv1d):
+            remove_weight_norm(decoder._modules[key].conv.conv)
+
+
+class AudioTokenizer:
+    """EnCodec audio."""
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        device: Any = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        # Instantiate a pretrained EnCodec model
+        model = EncodecModel.encodec_model_24khz()
+        model.set_target_bandwidth(6.0)
+        remove_encodec_weight_norm(model)
+
+        if not device:
+            device = torch.device("cpu")
+            if torch.cuda.is_available():
+                device = torch.device("cuda:0")
+            if torch.backends.mps.is_available():
+                device = torch.device("mps")
+
+        self._device = device
+
+        self.codec = model.to(device)
+        self.sample_rate = model.sample_rate
+        self.channels = model.channels
+
+    @property
+    def device(self):
+        return self._device
+
+    def encode(self, wav: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.codec.encode(wav.to(self.device))
+
+    def decode(self, frames: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.codec.decode(frames)
+
+
+def tokenize_audio(tokenizer: AudioTokenizer, audio):
+    # Load and pre-process the audio waveform
+    if isinstance(audio, str):
+        wav, sr = torchaudio.load(audio)
+    else:
+        wav, sr = audio
+    wav = convert_audio(wav, sr, tokenizer.sample_rate, tokenizer.channels)
+    wav = wav.unsqueeze(0)
+
+    # Extract discrete codes from EnCodec
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        encoded_frames = tokenizer.encode(wav)
+    return encoded_frames
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    model = EncodecModel.encodec_model_24khz()
+    model.set_target_bandwidth(6.0)
+
+    samples = torch.from_numpy(np.random.random([4, 1, 1600])).type(
+        torch.float32
+    )
+    codes_raw = model.encode(samples)
+
+    remove_encodec_weight_norm(model)
+    codes_norm = model.encode(samples)
+
+    assert torch.allclose(codes_raw[0][0], codes_norm[0][0])

macros.py

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+NUM_LAYERS = 12
+NUM_HEAD = 16
+N_DIM = 1024
+PREFIX_MODE = 1
+NUM_QUANTIZERS = 8
+SAMPLE_RATE = 24000
+
+lang2token = {
+    'zh': "[ZH]",
+    'ja': "[JA]",
+    "en": "[EN]",
+    "AR": "[AR]",
+    'mix': "",
+}
+
+lang2code = {
+    'zh': 0,
+    'ja': 1,
+    "en": 2,
+    "ar": 3,
+}
+
+token2lang = {
+    '[ZH]': "zh",
+    '[JA]': "ja",
+    "[EN]": "en",
+    "[AR]": "ar",
+    "": "mix"
+}
+
+code2lang = {
+    0: 'zh',
+    1: 'ja',
+    2: "en",
+    3: "ar",
+}
+
+langdropdown2token = {
+    'English': "[EN]",
+    '中文': "[ZH]",
+    '日本語': "[JA]",
+    'عربي':"[AR]",
+    'Mix': "",
+}

main.py

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+from fastapi import FastAPI
+from sqlalchemy import create_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
+from s2smodels import Base, Audio_segment, AudioGeneration
+from pydub import AudioSegment
+import os
+from fastapi import FastAPI, Response
+import torch
+from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
+from utils.prompt_making import make_prompt
+from transformers import AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq, AutoProcessor, pipeline
+from utils.generation import SAMPLE_RATE, generate_audio, preload_models
+from io import BytesIO
+from pyannote.audio import Pipeline
+import soundfile as sf
+from fastapi_cors import CORS
+DATABASE_URL = "sqlite:///./sql_app.db"
+engine = create_engine(DATABASE_URL)
+Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
+
+app = FastAPI()
+""" 
+origins = ["*"]
+
+app.add_middleware(
+    CORS,
+    allow_origins=origins,
+    allow_credentials=True,
+    allow_methods=["*"],
+    allow_headers=["*"],
+)
+"""
+Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
+
+
+@app.get("/")
+def root():
+    return {"message": "No result"}
+
+#add audio segements in Audio_segment Table
+def create_segment(start_time: float, end_time: float, audio: AudioSegment, type: str):
+    session = Session()
+    audio_bytes = BytesIO()
+    audio.export(audio_bytes, format='wav')
+    audio_bytes = audio_bytes.getvalue()
+    segment = Audio_segment(start_time=start_time, end_time=end_time, type=type, audio=audio_bytes)
+    session.add(segment)
+    session.commit()
+    session.close()
+
+    return {"status_code": 200, "message": "success"}
+
+
+#add target audio to AudioGeneration Table
+def generate_target(audio: AudioSegment):
+    session = Session() 
+    audio_bytes = BytesIO()
+    audio.export(audio_bytes, format='wav')
+    audio_bytes = audio_bytes.getvalue()
+    target_audio = AudioGeneration(audio=audio_bytes)
+    session.add(target_audio)
+    session.commit()
+    session.close()
+
+    return {"status_code": 200, "message": "success"}
+"""
+audio segmentation into speech and non-speech using segmentation model
+"""
+def audio_speech_nonspeech_detection(audio_url):
+    pipeline = Pipeline.from_pretrained(
+     "pyannote/speaker-diarization-3.0"
+    )
+    diarization = pipeline(audio_url)
+    speaker_regions=[]
+    for turn, _,speaker in  diarization.itertracks(yield_label=True):
+         speaker_regions.append({"start":turn.start,"end":turn.end})
+    sound = AudioSegment.from_wav(audio_url)
+    speaker_regions.sort(key=lambda x: x['start'])
+    non_speech_regions = []
+    for i in range(1, len(speaker_regions)):
+        start = speaker_regions[i-1]['end'] 
+        end = speaker_regions[i]['start']   
+        if end > start:
+            non_speech_regions.append({'start': start, 'end': end})
+    first_speech_start = speaker_regions[0]['start']
+    if first_speech_start > 0:
+          non_speech_regions.insert(0, {'start': 0, 'end': first_speech_start})
+    last_speech_end = speaker_regions[-1]['end']
+    total_audio_duration = len(sound)  
+    if last_speech_end < total_audio_duration:
+            non_speech_regions.append({'start': last_speech_end, 'end': total_audio_duration})
+    return speaker_regions,non_speech_regions
+
+"""
+save speech and non-speech segments in audio_segment table
+"""
+def split_audio_segments(audio_url):
+    sound = AudioSegment.from_wav(audio_url)
+    speech_segments, non_speech_segment = audio_speech_nonspeech_detection(audio_url)
+    # Process speech segments
+    for i, speech_segment in enumerate(speech_segments):
+        start = int(speech_segment['start'] * 1000)  
+        end = int(speech_segment['end'] * 1000)  
+        segment = sound[start:end]
+        create_segment(start_time=start/1000,
+            end_time=end/1000,
+            type="speech",audio=segment)
+    # Process non-speech segments 
+    for i, non_speech_segment in enumerate(non_speech_segment):
+        start = int(non_speech_segment['start'] * 1000)  
+        end = int(non_speech_segment['end'] * 1000)  
+        segment = sound[start:end]
+        create_segment(start_time=start/1000,
+            end_time=end/1000,
+            type="non-speech",audio=segment)
+
+#@app.post("/translate_en_ar/")
+def en_text_to_ar_text_translation(text):
+    pipe = pipeline("translation", model="facebook/nllb-200-distilled-600M")
+    result=pipe(text,src_lang='English',tgt_lang='Egyptain Arabic')
+    return result[0]['translation_text']
+
+
+def make_prompt_audio(name,audio_path):
+    make_prompt(name=name, audio_prompt_path=audio_path)
+
+# whisper model for speech to text process (english language)
+#@app.post("/en_speech_ar_text/")   
+def en_speech_to_en_text_process(segment):
+    device = "cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+    torch_dtype = torch.float16 if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.float32
+    model_id = "openai/whisper-large-v3"
+    model = AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq.from_pretrained(
+           model_id, torch_dtype=torch_dtype, low_cpu_mem_usage=True, use_safetensors=True)
+    model.to(device)
+    processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)
+    pipe = pipeline(
+     "automatic-speech-recognition",
+      model=model,
+      tokenizer=processor.tokenizer,
+      feature_extractor=processor.feature_extractor,
+      max_new_tokens=128,
+      chunk_length_s=30,
+      batch_size=16,
+      return_timestamps=True,
+      torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
+      device=device,
+    )
+    result = pipe(segment)
+    return result["text"]
+
+#text to speech using VALL-E-X model 
+#@app.post("/text_to_speech/")  
+def text_to_speech(segment_id, target_text, audio_prompt):
+    preload_models()
+    session = Session()
+    segment = session.query(Audio_segment).get(segment_id)
+    make_prompt_audio(name=f"audio_{segment_id}",audio_path=audio_prompt)
+    audio_array = generate_audio(target_text,f"audio_{segment_id}")
+    temp_file = BytesIO()
+    sf.write(temp_file, audio_array, SAMPLE_RATE, format='wav')
+    temp_file.seek(0)
+    segment.audio = temp_file.getvalue()
+    session.commit()
+    session.close()
+    temp_file.close()
+    #os.remove(temp_file)
+
+"""
+reconstruct target audio using all updated segment
+in audio_segment table and then remove all audio_Segment records
+"""
+def construct_audio():
+    session = Session()
+    # Should be ordered by start_time
+    segments = session.query(Audio_segment).order_by('start_time').all()
+    audio_files = []
+    for segment in segments:
+        audio_files.append(AudioSegment.from_file(BytesIO(segment.audio), format='wav'))
+    target_audio = sum(audio_files, AudioSegment.empty())
+    generate_target(audio=target_audio)
+    
+    # Delete all records in Audio_segment table
+    session.query(Audio_segment).delete()
+    session.commit()
+    session.close()
+
+"""
+source  => english speech
+target  => arabic speeech
+"""
+
+#@app.post("/en_speech_ar_speech/")
+def speech_to_speech_translation_en_ar(audio_url):
+    session=Session()
+    target_text=None
+    split_audio_segments(audio_url)
+    #filtering by type
+    speech_segments = session.query(Audio_segment).filter(Audio_segment.type == "speech").all()
+    for segment in speech_segments:
+        audio_data = segment.audio
+        text = en_speech_to_en_text_process(audio_data)
+        if text:
+            target_text=en_text_to_ar_text_translation(text)
+        else:
+            print("speech_to_text_process function not return result. ")
+        if target_text is None:
+            print("Target text is None.")
+        else:
+           segment_id = segment.id
+           segment_duration = segment.end_time - segment.start_time
+           if segment_duration <=15:
+                text_to_speech(segment_id,target_text,segment.audio)
+           else:
+                audio_data=extract_15_seconds(segment.audio,segment.start_time,segment.end_time)
+                text_to_speech(segment_id,target_text,audio_data)
+                os.remove(audio_data)
+    construct_audio()
+    return JSONResponse(status_code=200, content={"status_code":"succcessfully"})
+    
+
+@app.get("/get_ar_audio/")
+async def get_ar_audio(audio_url):
+    #speech_to_speech_translation_en_ar(audio_url)
+    session = Session()
+    # Get target audio from AudioGeneration
+    target_audio = session.query(AudioGeneration).order_by(AudioGeneration.id.desc()).first()
+    # Remove target audio from database
+    #session.query(AudioGeneration).delete()
+    #session.commit()
+    #session.close()
+    if target_audio is None:
+        raise ValueError("No audio found in the database")
+    
+    audio_bytes = target_audio.audio
+    return Response(content=audio_bytes, media_type="audio/wav")
+
+
+# speech to speech from arabic to english  processes
+
+#@app.post("/ar_speech_to_en_text/")   
+def ar_speech_to_ar_text_process(segment):
+    device = "cuda:0" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu"
+    torch_dtype = torch.float16 if torch.cuda.is_available() else torch.float32
+    model_id = "openai/whisper-large-v3"
+    model = AutoModelForSpeechSeq2Seq.from_pretrained(
+           model_id, torch_dtype=torch_dtype, low_cpu_mem_usage=True, use_safetensors=True)
+    model.to(device)
+    processor = AutoProcessor.from_pretrained(model_id)
+    pipe = pipeline(
+     "automatic-speech-recognition",
+      model=model,
+      tokenizer=processor.tokenizer,
+      feature_extractor=processor.feature_extractor,
+      max_new_tokens=128,
+      chunk_length_s=30,
+      batch_size=16,
+      return_timestamps=True,
+      torch_dtype=torch_dtype,
+      device=device,
+    )
+    result = pipe(segment,generate_kwargs={"language": "arabic"})
+    return result["text"]
+
+#@app.post("/ar_translate/")
+def ar_text_to_en_text_translation(text):
+    pipe = pipeline("translation", model="facebook/nllb-200-distilled-600M")
+    result=pipe(text,src_lang='Egyptain Arabic',tgt_lang='English')
+    return result[0]['translation_text']
+
+
+"""
+source  => arabic speech
+target  => english speeech
+"""
+def speech_to_speech_translation_ar_en(audio_url):
+    session=Session()
+    target_text=None
+    split_audio_segments(audio_url)
+    #filtering by type
+    speech_segments = session.query(Audio_segment).filter(Audio_segment.type == "speech").all()
+    for segment in speech_segments:
+        audio_data = segment.audio
+        text = ar_speech_to_ar_text_process(audio_data)
+        if text:
+            target_text=ar_text_to_en_text_translation(text)
+        else:
+            print("speech_to_text_process function not return result. ")
+        if target_text is None:
+            print("Target text is None.")
+        else:
+           segment_id = segment.id
+           segment_duration = segment.end_time - segment.start_time
+           if segment_duration <=15:
+                text_to_speech(segment_id,target_text,segment.audio)
+           else:
+                audio_data=extract_15_seconds(segment.audio,segment.start_time,segment.end_time)
+                text_to_speech(segment_id,target_text,audio_data)
+                os.remove(audio_data)
+    construct_audio()
+    return JSONResponse(status_code=200, content={"status_code":"succcessfully"})
+    
+
+@app.get("/get_en_audio/")
+async def get_en_audio(audio_url):
+    speech_to_speech_translation_ar_en(audio_url)
+    session = Session()
+    # Get target audio from AudioGeneration
+    target_audio = session.query(AudioGeneration).order_by(AudioGeneration.id.desc()).first()
+    # Remove target audio from database
+    #session.query(AudioGeneration).delete()
+    #session.commit()
+    #session.close()
+    if target_audio is None:
+        raise ValueError("No audio found in the database")
+    
+    audio_bytes = target_audio.audio
+    return Response(content=audio_bytes, media_type="audio/wav")
+
+
+
+@app.get("/audio_segments/")
+def get_all_audio_segments():
+        session=Session()
+        segments = session.query(Audio_segment).all()
+        segment_dicts = []
+        for segment in segments:
+            if segment.audio is None:
+                raise ValueError("No audio found in the database")
+
+            audio_bytes = segment.audio
+            file_path = f"segments//segment{segment.id}_audio.wav"
+            with open(file_path, "wb") as file:
+               file.write(audio_bytes)
+            segment_dicts.append({
+                "id": segment.id,
+                "start_time": segment.start_time,
+                "end_time": segment.end_time,
+                "type": segment.type,
+                "audio_url":file_path
+            })
+        session.close()
+        return {"segments":segment_dicts}
+
+
+def extract_15_seconds(audio_data, start_time, end_time):
+    audio_segment = AudioSegment.from_file(BytesIO(audio_data), format='wav')
+    start_ms = start_time * 1000  
+    end_ms = min((start_time + 15) * 1000, end_time * 1000)  
+    extracted_segment = audio_segment[start_ms:end_ms]
+    temp_wav_path = "temp.wav"
+    extracted_segment.export(temp_wav_path, format="wav")
+
+    return temp_wav_path
+

models/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+import argparse
+
+import torch.nn as nn
+# from icefall.utils import AttributeDict, str2bool
+
+from .macros import (
+    NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS,
+    NUM_MEL_BINS,
+    NUM_SPEAKER_CLASSES,
+    NUM_TEXT_TOKENS,
+    SPEAKER_EMBEDDING_DIM,
+)
+from .transformer import Transformer
+from .vallex import VALLE, VALLF
+from .visualizer import visualize
+
+
+def add_model_arguments(parser: argparse.ArgumentParser):
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--model-name",
+        type=str,
+        default="VALL-E",
+        help="VALL-E, VALL-F, Transformer.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--decoder-dim",
+        type=int,
+        default=1024,
+        help="Embedding dimension in the decoder model.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--nhead",
+        type=int,
+        default=16,
+        help="Number of attention heads in the Decoder layers.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-decoder-layers",
+        type=int,
+        default=12,
+        help="Number of Decoder layers.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--scale-factor",
+        type=float,
+        default=1.0,
+        help="Model scale factor which will be assigned different meanings in different models.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--norm-first",
+        type=bool,
+        default=True,
+        help="Pre or Post Normalization.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--add-prenet",
+        type=bool,
+        default=False,
+        help="Whether add PreNet after Inputs.",
+    )
+
+    # VALL-E & F
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--prefix-mode",
+        type=int,
+        default=1,
+        help="The mode for how to prefix VALL-E NAR Decoder, "
+        "0: no prefix, 1: 0 to random, 2: random to random, 4: chunk of pre or post utterance.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--share-embedding",
+        type=bool,
+        default=True,
+        help="Share the parameters of the output projection layer with the parameters of the acoustic embedding.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--prepend-bos",
+        type=bool,
+        default=False,
+        help="Whether prepend <BOS> to the acoustic tokens -> AR Decoder inputs.",
+    )
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--num-quantizers",
+        type=int,
+        default=8,
+        help="Number of Audio/Semantic quantization layers.",
+    )
+
+    # Transformer
+    parser.add_argument(
+        "--scaling-xformers",
+        type=bool,
+        default=False,
+        help="Apply Reworked Conformer scaling on Transformers.",
+    )
+
+
+def get_model(params) -> nn.Module:
+    if params.model_name.lower() in ["vall-f", "vallf"]:
+        model = VALLF(
+            params.decoder_dim,
+            params.nhead,
+            params.num_decoder_layers,
+            norm_first=params.norm_first,
+            add_prenet=params.add_prenet,
+            prefix_mode=params.prefix_mode,
+            share_embedding=params.share_embedding,
+            nar_scale_factor=params.scale_factor,
+            prepend_bos=params.prepend_bos,
+            num_quantizers=params.num_quantizers,
+        )
+    elif params.model_name.lower() in ["vall-e", "valle"]:
+        model = VALLE(
+            params.decoder_dim,
+            params.nhead,
+            params.num_decoder_layers,
+            norm_first=params.norm_first,
+            add_prenet=params.add_prenet,
+            prefix_mode=params.prefix_mode,
+            share_embedding=params.share_embedding,
+            nar_scale_factor=params.scale_factor,
+            prepend_bos=params.prepend_bos,
+            num_quantizers=params.num_quantizers,
+        )
+    else:
+        assert params.model_name in ["Transformer"]
+        model = Transformer(
+            params.decoder_dim,
+            params.nhead,
+            params.num_decoder_layers,
+            norm_first=params.norm_first,
+            add_prenet=params.add_prenet,
+            scaling_xformers=params.scaling_xformers,
+        )
+
+    return model

models/macros.py

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Text
+NUM_TEXT_TOKENS = 2048
+
+# Audio
+NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS = 1024  # EnCodec RVQ bins
+NUM_MEL_BINS = 100  # BigVGAN bigvgan_24khz_100band
+
+
+# Speaker
+NUM_SPEAKER_CLASSES = 4096
+SPEAKER_EMBEDDING_DIM = 64

models/transformer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,394 @@
+# Copyright    2023                             (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+from functools import partial
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+# from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask
+# from torchmetrics.classification import BinaryAccuracy
+
+from models.vallex import Transpose
+from modules.embedding import SinePositionalEmbedding, TokenEmbedding
+from modules.scaling import BalancedDoubleSwish, ScaledLinear
+from modules.transformer import (
+    BalancedBasicNorm,
+    IdentityNorm,
+    TransformerDecoderLayer,
+    TransformerEncoder,
+    TransformerEncoderLayer,
+)
+
+from .macros import NUM_MEL_BINS, NUM_TEXT_TOKENS
+from .visualizer import visualize
+
+IdentityNorm = IdentityNorm
+
+
+class Transformer(nn.Module):
+    """It implements seq2seq Transformer TTS for debug(No StopPredictor and SpeakerEmbeding)
+    Neural Speech Synthesis with Transformer Network
+    https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.08895
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        nhead: int,
+        num_layers: int,
+        norm_first: bool = True,
+        add_prenet: bool = False,
+        scaling_xformers: bool = False,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+          d_model:
+            The number of expected features in the input (required).
+          nhead:
+            The number of heads in the multiheadattention models (required).
+          num_layers:
+            The number of sub-decoder-layers in the decoder (required).
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        self.text_embedding = TokenEmbedding(d_model, NUM_TEXT_TOKENS)  # W_x
+
+        if add_prenet:
+            self.encoder_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                Transpose(),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                Transpose(),
+                nn.Linear(d_model, d_model),
+            )
+
+            self.decoder_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Linear(NUM_MEL_BINS, 256),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Linear(256, 256),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Linear(256, d_model),
+            )
+
+            assert scaling_xformers is False  # TODO: update this block
+        else:
+            self.encoder_prenet = nn.Identity()
+            if scaling_xformers:
+                self.decoder_prenet = ScaledLinear(NUM_MEL_BINS, d_model)
+            else:
+                self.decoder_prenet = nn.Linear(NUM_MEL_BINS, d_model)
+
+        self.encoder_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+            d_model,
+            dropout=0.1,
+            scale=False,
+        )
+        self.decoder_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+            d_model, dropout=0.1, scale=False
+        )
+
+        if scaling_xformers:
+            self.encoder = TransformerEncoder(
+                TransformerEncoderLayer(
+                    d_model,
+                    nhead,
+                    dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+                    dropout=0.1,
+                    batch_first=True,
+                    norm_first=norm_first,
+                    linear1_self_attention_cls=ScaledLinear,
+                    linear2_self_attention_cls=partial(
+                        ScaledLinear, initial_scale=0.01
+                    ),
+                    linear1_feedforward_cls=ScaledLinear,
+                    linear2_feedforward_cls=partial(
+                        ScaledLinear, initial_scale=0.01
+                    ),
+                    activation=partial(
+                        BalancedDoubleSwish,
+                        channel_dim=-1,
+                        max_abs=10.0,
+                        min_prob=0.25,
+                    ),
+                    layer_norm_cls=IdentityNorm,
+                ),
+                num_layers=num_layers,
+                norm=BalancedBasicNorm(d_model) if norm_first else None,
+            )
+
+            self.decoder = nn.TransformerDecoder(
+                TransformerDecoderLayer(
+                    d_model,
+                    nhead,
+                    dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+                    dropout=0.1,
+                    batch_first=True,
+                    norm_first=norm_first,
+                    linear1_self_attention_cls=ScaledLinear,
+                    linear2_self_attention_cls=partial(
+                        ScaledLinear, initial_scale=0.01
+                    ),
+                    linear1_feedforward_cls=ScaledLinear,
+                    linear2_feedforward_cls=partial(
+                        ScaledLinear, initial_scale=0.01
+                    ),
+                    activation=partial(
+                        BalancedDoubleSwish,
+                        channel_dim=-1,
+                        max_abs=10.0,
+                        min_prob=0.25,
+                    ),
+                    layer_norm_cls=IdentityNorm,
+                ),
+                num_layers=num_layers,
+                norm=BalancedBasicNorm(d_model) if norm_first else None,
+            )
+
+            self.predict_layer = ScaledLinear(d_model, NUM_MEL_BINS)
+            self.stop_layer = nn.Linear(d_model, 1)
+        else:
+            self.encoder = nn.TransformerEncoder(
+                nn.TransformerEncoderLayer(
+                    d_model,
+                    nhead,
+                    dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+                    activation=F.relu,
+                    dropout=0.1,
+                    batch_first=True,
+                    norm_first=norm_first,
+                ),
+                num_layers=num_layers,
+                norm=nn.LayerNorm(d_model) if norm_first else None,
+            )
+
+            self.decoder = nn.TransformerDecoder(
+                nn.TransformerDecoderLayer(
+                    d_model,
+                    nhead,
+                    dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+                    activation=F.relu,
+                    dropout=0.1,
+                    batch_first=True,
+                    norm_first=norm_first,
+                ),
+                num_layers=num_layers,
+                norm=nn.LayerNorm(d_model) if norm_first else None,
+            )
+
+            self.predict_layer = nn.Linear(d_model, NUM_MEL_BINS)
+            self.stop_layer = nn.Linear(d_model, 1)
+
+        self.stop_accuracy_metric = BinaryAccuracy(
+            threshold=0.5, multidim_average="global"
+        )
+
+    #     self.apply(self._init_weights)
+
+    # def _init_weights(self, module):
+    #     if isinstance(module, (nn.Linear)):
+    #         module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02)
+    #         if isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and module.bias is not None:
+    #             module.bias.data.zero_()
+    #     elif isinstance(module, nn.LayerNorm):
+    #         module.bias.data.zero_()
+    #         module.weight.data.fill_(1.0)
+    #     elif isinstance(module, nn.Embedding):
+    #         module.weight.data.normal_(mean=0.0, std=0.02)
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: torch.Tensor,
+        y_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        reduction: str = "sum",
+        train_stage: int = 0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Union[torch.Tensor, None]]:
+        """
+        Args:
+          x:
+            A 2-D tensor of shape (N, S).
+          x_lens:
+            A 1-D tensor of shape (N,). It contains the number of tokens in `x`
+            before padding.
+          y:
+            A 3-D tensor of shape (N, T, 8).
+          y_lens:
+            A 1-D tensor of shape (N,). It contains the number of tokens in `x`
+            before padding.
+          train_stage:
+            Not used in this model.
+        Returns:
+          Return the predicted audio code matrix, cross-entropy loss and Top-10 accuracy.
+        """
+        del train_stage
+
+        assert x.ndim == 2, x.shape
+        assert x_lens.ndim == 1, x_lens.shape
+        assert y.ndim == 3, y.shape
+        assert y_lens.ndim == 1, y_lens.shape
+
+        assert torch.all(x_lens > 0)
+
+        # NOTE: x has been padded in TextTokenCollater
+        x_mask = make_pad_mask(x_lens).to(x.device)
+
+        x = self.text_embedding(x)
+        x = self.encoder_prenet(x)
+        x = self.encoder_position(x)
+        x = self.encoder(x, src_key_padding_mask=x_mask)
+
+        total_loss, metrics = 0.0, {}
+
+        y_mask = make_pad_mask(y_lens).to(y.device)
+        y_mask_float = y_mask.type(torch.float32)
+        data_mask = 1.0 - y_mask_float.unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        # Training
+        # AR Decoder
+        def pad_y(y):
+            y = F.pad(y, (0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0), value=0).detach()
+            # inputs, targets
+            return y[:, :-1], y[:, 1:]
+
+        y, targets = pad_y(y * data_mask)  # mask padding as zeros
+
+        y_emb = self.decoder_prenet(y)
+        y_pos = self.decoder_position(y_emb)
+
+        y_len = y_lens.max()
+        tgt_mask = torch.triu(
+            torch.ones(y_len, y_len, device=y.device, dtype=torch.bool),
+            diagonal=1,
+        )
+        y_dec = self.decoder(
+            y_pos,
+            x,
+            tgt_mask=tgt_mask,
+            memory_key_padding_mask=x_mask,
+        )
+
+        predict = self.predict_layer(y_dec)
+        # loss
+        total_loss = F.mse_loss(predict, targets, reduction=reduction)
+
+        logits = self.stop_layer(y_dec).squeeze(-1)
+        stop_loss = F.binary_cross_entropy_with_logits(
+            logits,
+            y_mask_float.detach(),
+            weight=1.0 + y_mask_float.detach() * 4.0,
+            reduction=reduction,
+        )
+        metrics["stop_loss"] = stop_loss.detach()
+
+        stop_accuracy = self.stop_accuracy_metric(
+            (torch.sigmoid(logits) >= 0.5).type(torch.int64),
+            y_mask.type(torch.int64),
+        )
+        # icefall MetricsTracker.norm_items()
+        metrics["stop_accuracy"] = stop_accuracy.item() * y_lens.sum().type(
+            torch.float32
+        )
+
+        return ((x, predict), total_loss + 100.0 * stop_loss, metrics)
+
+    def inference(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: Any = None,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+          x:
+            A 2-D tensor of shape (1, S).
+          x_lens:
+            A 1-D tensor of shape (1,). It contains the number of tokens in `x`
+            before padding.
+        Returns:
+          Return the predicted audio code matrix and cross-entropy loss.
+        """
+        assert x.ndim == 2, x.shape
+        assert x_lens.ndim == 1, x_lens.shape
+
+        assert torch.all(x_lens > 0)
+
+        x_mask = make_pad_mask(x_lens).to(x.device)
+
+        x = self.text_embedding(x)
+        x = self.encoder_prenet(x)
+        x = self.encoder_position(x)
+        x = self.encoder(x, src_key_padding_mask=x_mask)
+
+        x_mask = make_pad_mask(x_lens).to(x.device)
+
+        # AR Decoder
+        # TODO: Managing decoder steps avoid repetitive computation
+        y = torch.zeros(
+            [x.shape[0], 1, NUM_MEL_BINS], dtype=torch.float32, device=x.device
+        )
+        while True:
+            y_emb = self.decoder_prenet(y)
+            y_pos = self.decoder_position(y_emb)
+
+            tgt_mask = torch.triu(
+                torch.ones(
+                    y.shape[1], y.shape[1], device=y.device, dtype=torch.bool
+                ),
+                diagonal=1,
+            )
+
+            y_dec = self.decoder(
+                y_pos,
+                x,
+                tgt_mask=tgt_mask,
+                memory_mask=None,
+                memory_key_padding_mask=x_mask,
+            )
+            predict = self.predict_layer(y_dec[:, -1:])
+
+            logits = self.stop_layer(y_dec[:, -1:]) > 0  # sigmoid(0.0) = 0.5
+            if y.shape[1] > x_lens.max() * 10 or all(logits.cpu().numpy()):
+                print(
+                    f"TransformerTTS EOS [Text {x_lens[0]} -> Audio {y.shape[1]}]"
+                )
+                break
+
+            y = torch.concat([y, predict], dim=1)
+
+        return y[:, 1:]
+
+    def visualize(
+        self,
+        predicts: Tuple[torch.Tensor],
+        batch: Dict[str, Union[List, torch.Tensor]],
+        output_dir: str,
+        limit: int = 4,
+    ) -> None:
+        visualize(predicts, batch, output_dir, limit=limit)

models/vallex.py

@@ -0,0 +1,853 @@
+# Copyright    2023                             (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import random
+from typing import Dict, Iterator, List, Tuple, Union
+
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+# from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask
+# from torchmetrics.classification import MulticlassAccuracy
+
+from data.input_strategies import PromptedFeatures
+from modules.embedding import SinePositionalEmbedding, TokenEmbedding
+from modules.transformer import (
+    AdaptiveLayerNorm,
+    LayerNorm,
+    TransformerDecoderLayer,
+    TransformerEncoder,
+    TransformerEncoderLayer,
+)
+
+from .macros import NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS, NUM_TEXT_TOKENS
+from .visualizer import visualize
+
+
+class Transpose(nn.Identity):
+    """(N, T, D) -> (N, D, T)"""
+
+    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return input.transpose(1, 2)
+
+
+# NOTE: There are two ways to implement the model
+#       1) [VALL-F] standard TransformerDecoder, use x as memory
+#       2) [VALL-E] modified TransformerDecoder like GPT-x(e.g. causal TransformerEncoder),
+#          use x as the prefix of decoder inputs
+class VALLF(nn.Module):
+    """It implements https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02111
+    "Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers"
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        nhead: int,
+        num_layers: int,
+        norm_first: bool = True,
+        add_prenet: bool = False,
+        decoder_cls: Union[
+            nn.TransformerDecoder, nn.TransformerEncoder
+        ] = nn.TransformerDecoder,
+        decoder_layer_cls: Union[
+            TransformerDecoderLayer, TransformerEncoderLayer
+        ] = TransformerDecoderLayer,
+        prefix_mode: int = 0,
+        share_embedding: bool = True,
+        nar_scale_factor: float = 1.0,
+        prepend_bos: bool = True,
+        num_quantizers: int = 8,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+          d_model:
+            The number of expected features in the input (required).
+          nhead:
+            The number of heads in the multiheadattention models (required).
+          num_layers:
+            The number of sub-decoder-layers in the decoder (required).
+        """
+        super().__init__()
+        nar_d_model = int(d_model * nar_scale_factor)
+
+        self.ar_text_embedding = TokenEmbedding(d_model, NUM_TEXT_TOKENS)  # W_x
+        self.nar_text_embedding = TokenEmbedding(nar_d_model, NUM_TEXT_TOKENS)
+
+        # ID NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS     -> PAD
+        # ID NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1 -> BOS
+        self.ar_audio_prepend_bos = prepend_bos
+        self.ar_audio_embedding = TokenEmbedding(
+            d_model, NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1 + int(prepend_bos)
+        )
+
+        # PreNet
+        if add_prenet:
+            self.ar_text_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                Transpose(),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                nn.Conv1d(d_model, d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"),
+                nn.BatchNorm1d(d_model),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                Transpose(),
+                nn.Linear(d_model, d_model),
+            )
+
+            self.ar_audio_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Linear(d_model, 256),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.25),
+                nn.Linear(256, 256),
+                nn.ReLU(),
+                nn.Dropout(0.25),
+                nn.Linear(256, d_model),
+            )
+        else:
+            self.ar_text_prenet = nn.Identity()
+            self.ar_audio_prenet = nn.Identity()
+
+        self.ar_text_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+            d_model,
+            dropout=0.1,
+            scale=False,
+            alpha=True,
+        )
+        self.ar_audio_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+            d_model,
+            dropout=0.1,
+            scale=False,
+            alpha=True,
+        )
+
+        self.ar_decoder = decoder_cls(
+            decoder_layer_cls(
+                d_model,
+                nhead,
+                dim_feedforward=d_model * 4,
+                dropout=0.1,
+                batch_first=True,
+                norm_first=norm_first,
+            ),
+            num_layers=num_layers,
+            norm=LayerNorm(d_model) if norm_first else None,
+        )
+        self.ar_predict_layer = nn.Linear(
+            d_model, NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1, bias=False
+        )
+
+        self.rng = random.Random(0)
+        self.num_heads = nhead
+        self.prefix_mode = prefix_mode
+        self.num_quantizers = num_quantizers
+
+        assert num_quantizers >= 1
+        if num_quantizers > 1:
+            self.nar_audio_embeddings = nn.ModuleList(
+                [TokenEmbedding(nar_d_model, NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1)]
+                + [
+                    TokenEmbedding(nar_d_model, NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS)
+                    for i in range(num_quantizers - 1)
+                ]
+            )  # W_a
+
+            # PreNet
+            if add_prenet:
+                self.nar_text_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                    Transpose(),
+                    nn.Conv1d(
+                        nar_d_model, nar_d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"
+                    ),
+                    nn.BatchNorm1d(nar_d_model),
+                    nn.ReLU(),
+                    nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                    nn.Conv1d(
+                        nar_d_model, nar_d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"
+                    ),
+                    nn.BatchNorm1d(nar_d_model),
+                    nn.ReLU(),
+                    nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                    nn.Conv1d(
+                        nar_d_model, nar_d_model, kernel_size=5, padding="same"
+                    ),
+                    nn.BatchNorm1d(nar_d_model),
+                    nn.ReLU(),
+                    nn.Dropout(0.5),
+                    Transpose(),
+                    nn.Linear(nar_d_model, nar_d_model),
+                )
+                self.nar_audio_prenet = nn.Sequential(
+                    nn.Linear(nar_d_model, 256),
+                    nn.ReLU(),
+                    nn.Dropout(0.25),
+                    nn.Linear(256, 256),
+                    nn.ReLU(),
+                    nn.Dropout(0.25),
+                    nn.Linear(256, nar_d_model),
+                )
+            else:
+                self.nar_text_prenet = nn.Identity()
+                self.nar_audio_prenet = nn.Identity()
+
+            self.nar_text_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+                nar_d_model,
+                dropout=0.0,
+                scale=False,
+                alpha=False,
+            )
+            self.nar_audio_position = SinePositionalEmbedding(
+                nar_d_model,
+                dropout=0.1,
+                scale=False,
+                alpha=False,
+            )
+
+            self.nar_decoder = decoder_cls(
+                decoder_layer_cls(
+                    nar_d_model,
+                    int(nhead * nar_scale_factor),
+                    dim_feedforward=nar_d_model * 4,
+                    dropout=0.1,
+                    batch_first=True,
+                    norm_first=norm_first,
+                    adaptive_layer_norm=True,
+                ),
+                num_layers=int(num_layers * nar_scale_factor),
+                norm=AdaptiveLayerNorm(
+                    nar_d_model, norm=nn.LayerNorm(nar_d_model)
+                )
+                if norm_first
+                else None,
+            )
+            self.nar_predict_layers = nn.ModuleList(
+                [
+                    nn.Linear(nar_d_model, NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS, bias=False)
+                    for i in range(num_quantizers - 1)
+                ]
+            )
+            self.nar_stage_embeddings = nn.ModuleList(
+                [
+                    TokenEmbedding(nar_d_model, 1)
+                    for i in range(num_quantizers - 1)
+                ]
+            )
+
+            if share_embedding:
+                # We share the parameters of the output projection layer with the parameters of the acoustic embedding Wa
+                # NOTE(Feiteng): In the experiment, this undermines accuracy
+                # self.ar_predict_layer.weight = self.ar_audio_embedding.weight
+
+                # We also share the parameters of the acoustic embedding layer and the output prediction layer,
+                # which means the weights of the j-th prediction layer are the same as the (j + 1)-th acoustic embedding layer.
+                for j in range(0, num_quantizers - 2):
+                    self.nar_predict_layers[
+                        j
+                    ].weight = self.nar_audio_embeddings[j + 2].weight
+
+    def stage_parameters(self, stage: int = 1) -> Iterator[nn.Parameter]:
+        assert stage > 0
+        if stage == 1:
+            for name, param in self.named_parameters():
+                if name.startswith("ar_"):
+                    print(f" AR parameter: {name}")
+                    yield param
+
+        if stage == 2:
+            for name, param in self.named_parameters():
+                if name.startswith("nar_"):
+                    print(f"NAR parameter: {name}")
+                    yield param
+
+    def stage_named_parameters(
+        self, stage: int = 1
+    ) -> Iterator[Tuple[str, nn.Parameter]]:
+        assert stage > 0
+        if stage == 1:
+            for pair in self.named_parameters():
+                if pair[0].startswith("ar_"):
+                    yield pair
+
+        if stage == 2:
+            for pair in self.named_parameters():
+                if pair[0].startswith("nar_"):
+                    yield pair
+
+    def pad_y_eos(self, y, y_mask_int, eos_id):
+        targets = F.pad(y, (0, 1), value=0) + eos_id * F.pad(
+            y_mask_int, (0, 1), value=1
+        )
+        # inputs, targets
+        if self.ar_audio_prepend_bos:
+            return (
+                F.pad(targets[:, :-1], (1, 0), value=NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1),
+                targets,
+            )
+
+        return targets[:, :-1], targets[:, 1:]
+
+    def _prepare_prompts(self, y, y_lens, codes, nar_stage, y_prompts_codes, prefix_mode):
+        # 5.1 For the NAR acoustic prompt tokens, we select a random segment waveform of 3 seconds
+        # from the same utterance.
+        # We implement this differently.
+        if prefix_mode == 0:
+            # no prefix
+            prefix_len = 0
+            y_emb = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y)
+            for j in range(1, nar_stage):
+                # Formula (4) (5)
+                y_emb = y_emb + self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](codes[..., j])
+        elif prefix_mode == 1:
+            # prefix at begining
+            int_low = (0.25 * y_lens.min()).type(torch.int64).item()
+            prefix_len = torch.randint(0, int_low * 2, size=()).item()
+            prefix_len = min(prefix_len, 225)  # 24000/320 * 3s = 225 frames
+
+            y_prompts = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y[:, :prefix_len])
+            y_emb = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y[:, prefix_len:])
+            for j in range(1, self.num_quantizers):
+                y_prompts += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](
+                    codes[:, :prefix_len, j]
+                )
+                if j < nar_stage:
+                    y_emb += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](
+                        codes[:, prefix_len:, j]
+                    )
+            y_emb = torch.concat([y_prompts, y_emb], axis=1)
+        elif prefix_mode in [2, 4]:
+            if prefix_mode == 2:
+                # random prefix
+                prefix_len = min(225, int(0.25 * y_lens.min().item()))
+
+                y_prompts_codes = []
+                for b in range(codes.shape[0]):
+                    start = self.rng.randint(0, y_lens[b].item() - prefix_len)
+                    y_prompts_codes.append(
+                        torch.clone(codes[b, start : start + prefix_len])
+                    )
+                    codes[
+                        b, start : start + prefix_len, nar_stage
+                    ] = NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS
+                y_prompts_codes = torch.stack(y_prompts_codes, dim=0)
+            else:
+                prefix_len = y_prompts_codes.shape[1]
+
+            y_prompts = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y_prompts_codes[..., 0])
+            y_emb = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y)
+            for j in range(1, self.num_quantizers):
+                y_prompts += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](
+                    y_prompts_codes[..., j]
+                )
+                if j < nar_stage:
+                    y_emb += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](codes[..., j])
+            y_emb = torch.concat([y_prompts, y_emb], axis=1)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError
+
+        return y_emb, prefix_len
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: Union[torch.Tensor, PromptedFeatures],
+        y_lens: Union[torch.Tensor, PromptedFeatures],
+        reduction: str = "sum",
+        train_stage: int = 0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, Union[torch.Tensor, None]]:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def inference(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: torch.Tensor,
+        enroll_x_lens: Union[torch.Tensor, None] = None,
+        top_k: int = -100,
+        temperature: float = 1.0,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def visualize(
+        self,
+        predicts: Tuple[torch.Tensor],
+        batch: Dict[str, Union[List, torch.Tensor]],
+        output_dir: str,
+        limit: int = 4,
+    ) -> None:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class VALLE(VALLF):
+    """It implements https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.02111
+    "Neural Codec Language Models are Zero-Shot Text to Speech Synthesizers"
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        nhead: int,
+        num_layers: int,
+        norm_first: bool = True,
+        add_prenet: bool = False,
+        prefix_mode: int = 0,
+        share_embedding: bool = True,
+        nar_scale_factor: float = 1.0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+          d_model:
+            The number of expected features in the input (required).
+          nhead:
+            The number of heads in the multiheadattention models (required).
+          num_layers:
+            The number of sub-decoder-layers in the decoder (required).
+        """
+        super(VALLE, self).__init__(
+            d_model,
+            nhead,
+            num_layers,
+            norm_first=norm_first,
+            add_prenet=add_prenet,
+            decoder_cls=TransformerEncoder,
+            decoder_layer_cls=TransformerEncoderLayer,
+            prefix_mode=prefix_mode,
+            share_embedding=share_embedding,
+            nar_scale_factor=nar_scale_factor,
+            **kwargs,
+        )
+        self.language_ID = {
+            'en': 0,
+            'zh': 1,
+            'ja': 2,
+        }
+        self.ar_language_embedding = TokenEmbedding(d_model, len(self.language_ID))
+        self.nar_language_embedding = TokenEmbedding(d_model, len(self.language_ID))
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: Union[torch.Tensor, PromptedFeatures],
+        y_lens: Union[torch.Tensor, PromptedFeatures],
+        reduction: str = "sum",
+        train_stage: int = 0,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        raise NotImplementedError
+    def inference(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: torch.Tensor,
+        enroll_x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        top_k: int = -100,
+        temperature: float = 1.0,
+        prompt_language: str = None,
+        text_language: str = None,
+        best_of: int = 1,
+        length_penalty: float = 1.0,
+        return_worst: bool = False,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+          x:
+            A 2-D tensor of shape (1, S).
+          x_lens:
+            A 1-D tensor of shape (1,). It contains the number of tokens in `x`
+            before padding.
+          y:
+            A 3-D tensor of shape (1, T, 8).
+          top_k: (`optional`) int
+            The number of highest probability tokens to keep for top-k-filtering. Default to -100.
+          temperature: (`optional`) float
+            The value used to module the next token probabilities. Must be strictly positive. Default to 1.0.
+        Returns:
+          Return the predicted audio code matrix.
+        """
+        assert x.ndim == 2, x.shape
+        assert x_lens.ndim == 1, x_lens.shape
+        assert y.ndim == 3, y.shape
+        assert y.shape[0] == 1, y.shape
+
+        assert torch.all(x_lens > 0)
+
+        # NOTE: x has been padded in TextTokenCollater
+        text = x
+        x = self.ar_text_embedding(text)
+        # Add language embedding
+        prompt_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[prompt_language]])).to(x.device)
+        if isinstance(text_language, str):
+            text_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[text_language]])).to(x.device)
+        elif isinstance(text_language, List):
+            text_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[tl] for tl in text_language])).to(x.device)
+        x[:, :enroll_x_lens, :] += self.ar_language_embedding(prompt_language_id)
+        x[:, enroll_x_lens:, :] += self.ar_language_embedding(text_language_id)
+        x = self.ar_text_prenet(x)
+        x = self.ar_text_position(x)
+
+        text_len = x_lens.max()
+        prompts = y
+        prefix_len = y.shape[1]
+
+        # AR Decoder
+        # TODO: Managing decoder steps avoid repetitive computation
+        y = prompts[..., 0]
+        if self.ar_audio_prepend_bos:
+            y = F.pad(y, (1, 0), value=NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS + 1)
+
+        x_len = x_lens.max()
+        x_attn_mask = torch.zeros((x_len, x_len), dtype=torch.bool)
+
+        kv_cache = None
+        use_kv_caching = True
+
+        sum_logprobs = torch.zeros(best_of, device=y.device)  # implement batch decoding here
+        x = x.repeat(best_of, 1, 1)
+        y = y.repeat(best_of, 1)
+        while True:
+            y_emb = self.ar_audio_embedding(y)
+            y_emb = self.ar_audio_prenet(y_emb)
+            y_pos = self.ar_audio_position(y_emb)
+            xy_pos = torch.concat([x, y_pos], dim=1)
+
+            y_len = y.shape[1]
+            x_attn_mask_pad = F.pad(
+                x_attn_mask,
+                (0, y_len),
+                value=True,
+            )
+            y_attn_mask = F.pad(
+                torch.triu(
+                    torch.ones(y_len, y_len, dtype=torch.bool), diagonal=1
+                ),
+                (x_len, 0),
+                value=False,
+            )
+            xy_attn_mask = torch.concat(
+                [x_attn_mask_pad, y_attn_mask], dim=0
+            ).to(y.device)
+
+
+            if use_kv_caching and kv_cache is not None:
+                xy_pos = xy_pos[:, [-1]]
+            else:
+                pass
+
+            xy_dec, kv_cache = self.ar_decoder.infer(
+                xy_pos,
+                mask=xy_attn_mask,
+                past_kv=kv_cache,
+                use_cache=use_kv_caching,
+            )
+            # xy_dec, _ = self.ar_decoder(
+            #     (xy_pos, None),
+            #     mask=xy_attn_mask,
+            # )
+
+            logits = self.ar_predict_layer(xy_dec[:, -1])
+            samples, current_logprobs = topk_sampling(
+                logits, top_k=top_k, top_p=1, temperature=temperature
+            )
+            sum_logprobs += current_logprobs * (y[:, -1] != NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS)
+            samples[y[:, -1] == NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS] = NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS
+            completed = (samples[:, -1] == NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS).all()
+            if (
+                completed
+                or (y.shape[1] - prompts.shape[1]) > x_lens.max() * 16
+            ):
+                if prompts.shape[1] == y.shape[1]:
+                    raise SyntaxError(
+                        "well trained model shouldn't reach here."
+                    )
+                lengths = torch.sum(y != NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS, dim=1)
+                avg_logprobs = sum_logprobs / lengths ** length_penalty
+                # choose the best beam according to sum_logprobs
+                best_beam = y[torch.argmax(avg_logprobs), :]
+                worst_beam = y[torch.argmin(avg_logprobs), :]
+                # strip all eos tokens
+                best_beam = best_beam[best_beam != NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS]
+                worst_beam = worst_beam[worst_beam != NUM_AUDIO_TOKENS]
+                if return_worst:
+                    y = worst_beam.unsqueeze(0)
+                else:
+                    y = best_beam.unsqueeze(0)
+                print(f"VALL-E EOS [{prompts.shape[1]} -> {y.shape[1]}]")
+                break
+
+            y = torch.concat([y, samples], dim=1)
+
+        codes = [y[:, prefix_len + int(self.ar_audio_prepend_bos) :]]
+        if self.num_quantizers == 1:
+            return torch.stack(codes, dim=-1)
+
+        # Non-AR Decoders
+        y_emb = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](
+            y[:, int(self.ar_audio_prepend_bos) :]
+        )
+
+        if self.prefix_mode in [2, 4]:  # Exclude enrolled_phonemes
+            enrolled_len = enroll_x_lens.max().item()
+            # SOS + Synthesis Text + EOS
+            text = torch.concat(
+                [
+                    text[:, :1],
+                    text[:, enrolled_len - 1 :],
+                ],
+                dim=1,
+            )
+            text_len = text_len - (enrolled_len - 2)
+            assert text.shape[0] == 1
+
+        x = self.nar_text_embedding(text)
+        # Add language embedding
+        prompt_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[prompt_language]])).to(x.device)
+        if isinstance(text_language, str):
+            text_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[text_language]])).to(x.device)
+        elif isinstance(text_language, List):
+            text_language_id = torch.LongTensor(np.array([self.language_ID[tl] for tl in text_language])).to(x.device)
+        x[:, :enroll_x_lens, :] += self.nar_language_embedding(prompt_language_id)
+        x[:, enroll_x_lens:, :] += self.nar_language_embedding(text_language_id)
+        x = self.nar_text_prenet(x)
+        x = self.nar_text_position(x)
+
+        if self.prefix_mode == 0:
+            for i, (predict_layer, embedding_layer) in enumerate(
+                zip(
+                    self.nar_predict_layers,
+                    self.nar_audio_embeddings[1:],
+                )
+            ):
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_prenet(y_emb)
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_position(y_pos)
+                xy_pos = torch.concat([x, y_pos], dim=1)
+
+                xy_dec, _ = self.nar_decoder(
+                    (xy_pos, self.nar_stage_embeddings[i].weight)
+                )
+                logits = predict_layer(xy_dec[:, text_len + prefix_len :])
+
+                samples = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
+                codes.append(samples)
+
+                if i < self.num_quantizers - 2:
+                    y_emb[:, :prefix_len] += embedding_layer(
+                        prompts[..., i + 1]
+                    )
+                    y_emb[:, prefix_len:] += embedding_layer(samples)
+        else:
+            for j in range(1, self.num_quantizers):
+                y_emb[:, :prefix_len] += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](
+                    prompts[..., j]
+                )
+
+            for i, (predict_layer, embedding_layer) in enumerate(
+                zip(
+                    self.nar_predict_layers,
+                    self.nar_audio_embeddings[1:],
+                )
+            ):
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_prenet(y_emb)
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_position(y_pos)
+                xy_pos = torch.concat([x, y_pos], dim=1)
+
+                xy_dec, _ = self.nar_decoder(
+                    (xy_pos, self.nar_stage_embeddings[i].weight)
+                )
+                logits = predict_layer(xy_dec[:, text_len + prefix_len :])
+
+                samples = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
+                codes.append(samples)
+
+                if i < self.num_quantizers - 2:
+                    y_emb[:, prefix_len:] += embedding_layer(samples)
+
+        assert len(codes) == self.num_quantizers
+        return torch.stack(codes, dim=-1)
+
+    def continual(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        x_lens: torch.Tensor,
+        y: torch.Tensor,
+    ) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """
+        Args:
+          x:
+            A 2-D tensor of shape (1, S).
+          x_lens:
+            A 1-D tensor of shape (1,). It contains the number of tokens in `x`
+            before padding.
+          y:
+            A 3-D tensor of shape (1, T, 8).
+        Returns:
+          Return the predicted audio code matrix.
+        """
+        assert x.ndim == 2, x.shape
+        assert x_lens.ndim == 1, x_lens.shape
+        assert y.ndim == 3, y.shape
+        assert y.shape[0] == 1, y.shape
+
+        assert torch.all(x_lens > 0)
+        assert self.num_quantizers == 8
+
+        # NOTE: x has been padded in TextTokenCollater
+        text = x
+        x = self.ar_text_embedding(text)
+        x = self.ar_text_prenet(x)
+        x = self.ar_text_position(x)
+
+        text_len = x_lens.max()
+
+        prefix_len = min(int(y.shape[1] * 0.5), 3 * 75)
+
+        # AR Decoder
+        prompts = y[:, :prefix_len]
+
+        codes = [y[:, prefix_len:, 0]]
+        # Non-AR Decoders
+        x = self.nar_text_embedding(text)
+        x = self.nar_text_prenet(x)
+        x = self.nar_text_position(x)
+
+        y_emb = self.nar_audio_embeddings[0](y[..., 0])
+
+        if self.prefix_mode == 0:
+            for i, (predict_layer, embedding_layer) in enumerate(
+                zip(
+                    self.nar_predict_layers,
+                    self.nar_audio_embeddings[1:],
+                )
+            ):
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_position(y_emb)
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_prenet(y_pos)
+                xy_pos = torch.concat([x, y_pos], dim=1)
+
+                xy_dec, _ = self.nar_decoder(
+                    (xy_pos, self.nar_stage_embeddings[i].weight)
+                )
+                logits = predict_layer(xy_dec[:, text_len + prefix_len :])
+
+                samples = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
+                codes.append(samples)
+
+                if i < 6:
+                    y_emb[:, :prefix_len] += embedding_layer(
+                        prompts[..., i + 1]
+                    )
+                    y_emb[:, prefix_len:] += embedding_layer(samples)
+        else:
+            for j in range(1, 8):
+                y_emb[:, :prefix_len] += self.nar_audio_embeddings[j](
+                    prompts[..., j]
+                )
+
+            for i, (predict_layer, embedding_layer) in enumerate(
+                zip(
+                    self.nar_predict_layers,
+                    self.nar_audio_embeddings[1:],
+                )
+            ):
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_prenet(y_emb)
+                y_pos = self.nar_audio_position(y_pos)
+                xy_pos = torch.concat([x, y_pos], dim=1)
+
+                xy_dec, _ = self.nar_decoder(
+                    (xy_pos, self.nar_stage_embeddings[i].weight)
+                )
+                logits = predict_layer(xy_dec[:, text_len + prefix_len :])
+
+                samples = torch.argmax(logits, dim=-1)
+                codes.append(samples)
+
+                if i < 6:
+                    y_emb[:, prefix_len:] += embedding_layer(samples)
+
+        assert len(codes) == 8
+        return torch.stack(codes, dim=-1)
+
+
+# https://github.com/microsoft/unilm/blob/master/xtune/src/transformers/modeling_utils.py
+def top_k_top_p_filtering(
+    logits, top_k=0, top_p=1.0, filter_value=-float("Inf"), min_tokens_to_keep=1
+):
+    """Filter a distribution of logits using top-k and/or nucleus (top-p) filtering
+    Args:
+        logits: logits distribution shape (batch size, vocabulary size)
+        if top_k > 0: keep only top k tokens with highest probability (top-k filtering).
+        if top_p < 1.0: keep the top tokens with cumulative probability >= top_p (nucleus filtering).
+            Nucleus filtering is described in Holtzman et al. (http://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09751)
+        Make sure we keep at least min_tokens_to_keep per batch example in the output
+    From: https://gist.github.com/thomwolf/1a5a29f6962089e871b94cbd09daf317
+    """
+    if top_k > 0:
+        top_k = min(
+            max(top_k, min_tokens_to_keep), logits.size(-1)
+        )  # Safety check
+        # Remove all tokens with a probability less than the last token of the top-k
+        indices_to_remove = logits < torch.topk(logits, top_k)[0][..., -1, None]
+        logits[indices_to_remove] = filter_value
+
+    if top_p < 1.0:
+        sorted_logits, sorted_indices = torch.sort(logits, descending=True)
+        cumulative_probs = torch.cumsum(
+            F.softmax(sorted_logits, dim=-1), dim=-1
+        )
+
+        # Remove tokens with cumulative probability above the threshold (token with 0 are kept)
+        sorted_indices_to_remove = cumulative_probs > top_p
+        if min_tokens_to_keep > 1:
+            # Keep at least min_tokens_to_keep (set to min_tokens_to_keep-1 because we add the first one below)
+            sorted_indices_to_remove[..., :min_tokens_to_keep] = 0
+        # Shift the indices to the right to keep also the first token above the threshold
+        sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 1:] = sorted_indices_to_remove[
+            ..., :-1
+        ].clone()
+        sorted_indices_to_remove[..., 0] = 0
+
+        # scatter sorted tensors to original indexing
+        indices_to_remove = sorted_indices_to_remove.scatter(
+            1, sorted_indices, sorted_indices_to_remove
+        )
+        logits[indices_to_remove] = filter_value
+    return logits
+
+
+def topk_sampling(logits, top_k=10, top_p=1.0, temperature=1.0):
+    # temperature: (`optional`) float
+    #     The value used to module the next token probabilities. Must be strictly positive. Default to 1.0.
+    # top_k: (`optional`) int
+    #     The number of highest probability vocabulary tokens to keep for top-k-filtering. Between 1 and infinity. Default to 50.
+    # top_p: (`optional`) float
+    #     The cumulative probability of parameter highest probability vocabulary tokens to keep for nucleus sampling. Must be between 0 and 1. Default to 1.
+
+    # Temperature (higher temperature => more likely to sample low probability tokens)
+    if temperature != 1.0:
+        logits = logits / temperature
+    # Top-p/top-k filtering
+    logits = top_k_top_p_filtering(logits, top_k=top_k, top_p=top_p)
+    # Sample
+    token = torch.multinomial(F.softmax(logits, dim=-1), num_samples=1)
+    logprobs = F.log_softmax(logits.float(), dim=-1)
+    current_logprobs = logprobs[torch.arange(logprobs.shape[0]), token.squeeze(1)]
+    return token, current_logprobs

models/visualizer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright    2023                           (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+from typing import Dict, List, Tuple, Union
+
+import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+
+
+def visualize(
+    predicts: Tuple[torch.Tensor],
+    batch: Dict[str, Union[List, torch.Tensor]],
+    output_dir: str,
+    limit: int = 4,
+) -> None:
+    text_tokens = batch["text_tokens"].to("cpu").detach().numpy()
+    text_tokens_lens = batch["text_tokens_lens"].to("cpu").detach().numpy()
+    audio_features = batch["audio_features"].to("cpu").detach().numpy()
+    audio_features_lens = (
+        batch["audio_features_lens"].to("cpu").detach().numpy()
+    )
+    assert text_tokens.ndim == 2
+
+    utt_ids, texts = batch["utt_id"], batch["text"]
+
+    encoder_outputs = predicts[0].to("cpu").type(torch.float32).detach().numpy()
+    decoder_outputs = predicts[1]
+    if isinstance(decoder_outputs, list):
+        decoder_outputs = decoder_outputs[-1]
+    decoder_outputs = (
+        decoder_outputs.to("cpu").type(torch.float32).detach().numpy()
+    )
+
+    vmin, vmax = 0, 1024  # Encodec
+    if decoder_outputs.dtype == np.float32:
+        vmin, vmax = -6, 0  # Fbank
+
+    num_figures = 3
+    for b, (utt_id, text) in enumerate(zip(utt_ids[:limit], texts[:limit])):
+        _ = plt.figure(figsize=(14, 8 * num_figures))
+
+        S = text_tokens_lens[b]
+        T = audio_features_lens[b]
+
+        # encoder
+        plt.subplot(num_figures, 1, 1)
+        plt.title(f"Text: {text}")
+        plt.imshow(
+            X=np.transpose(encoder_outputs[b]),
+            cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"),
+            aspect="auto",
+            interpolation="nearest",
+        )
+        plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
+        plt.axvline(x=S - 0.4, linewidth=2, color="r")
+        plt.xlabel("Encoder Output")
+        plt.colorbar()
+
+        # decoder
+        plt.subplot(num_figures, 1, 2)
+        plt.imshow(
+            X=np.transpose(decoder_outputs[b]),
+            cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"),
+            aspect="auto",
+            interpolation="nearest",
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax,
+        )
+        plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
+        plt.axvline(x=T - 0.4, linewidth=2, color="r")
+        plt.xlabel("Decoder Output")
+        plt.colorbar()
+
+        # target
+        plt.subplot(num_figures, 1, 3)
+        plt.imshow(
+            X=np.transpose(audio_features[b]),
+            cmap=plt.get_cmap("jet"),
+            aspect="auto",
+            interpolation="nearest",
+            vmin=vmin,
+            vmax=vmax,
+        )
+        plt.gca().invert_yaxis()
+        plt.axvline(x=T - 0.4, linewidth=2, color="r")
+        plt.xlabel("Decoder Target")
+        plt.colorbar()
+
+        plt.savefig(f"{output_dir}/{utt_id}.png")
+        plt.close()

modules/activation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, List
+import math
+
+import torch
+from torch import Tensor
+from torch.nn import Linear, Module
+from torch.nn import functional as F
+from torch.nn.init import constant_, xavier_normal_, xavier_uniform_
+from torch.nn.modules.linear import NonDynamicallyQuantizableLinear
+from torch.nn.parameter import Parameter
+
+def _in_projection_packed(
+    q: Tensor,
+    k: Tensor,
+    v: Tensor,
+    w: Tensor,
+    b: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+) -> List[Tensor]:
+    r"""
+    Performs the in-projection step of the attention operation, using packed weights.
+    Output is a triple containing projection tensors for query, key and value.
+
+    Args:
+        q, k, v: query, key and value tensors to be projected. For self-attention,
+            these are typically the same tensor; for encoder-decoder attention,
+            k and v are typically the same tensor. (We take advantage of these
+            identities for performance if they are present.) Regardless, q, k and v
+            must share a common embedding dimension; otherwise their shapes may vary.
+        w: projection weights for q, k and v, packed into a single tensor. Weights
+            are packed along dimension 0, in q, k, v order.
+        b: optional projection biases for q, k and v, packed into a single tensor
+            in q, k, v order.
+
+    Shape:
+        Inputs:
+        - q: :math:`(..., E)` where E is the embedding dimension
+        - k: :math:`(..., E)` where E is the embedding dimension
+        - v: :math:`(..., E)` where E is the embedding dimension
+        - w: :math:`(E * 3, E)` where E is the embedding dimension
+        - b: :math:`E * 3` where E is the embedding dimension
+
+        Output:
+        - in output list :math:`[q', k', v']`, each output tensor will have the
+            same shape as the corresponding input tensor.
+    """
+    E = q.size(-1)
+    if k is v:
+        if q is k:
+            # self-attention
+            return F.linear(q, w, b).chunk(3, dim=-1)
+        else:
+            # encoder-decoder attention
+            w_q, w_kv = w.split([E, E * 2])
+            if b is None:
+                b_q = b_kv = None
+            else:
+                b_q, b_kv = b.split([E, E * 2])
+            return (F.linear(q, w_q, b_q),) + F.linear(k, w_kv, b_kv).chunk(2, dim=-1)
+    else:
+        w_q, w_k, w_v = w.chunk(3)
+        if b is None:
+            b_q = b_k = b_v = None
+        else:
+            b_q, b_k, b_v = b.chunk(3)
+        return F.linear(q, w_q, b_q), F.linear(k, w_k, b_k), F.linear(v, w_v, b_v)
+
+def _scaled_dot_product_attention(
+    q: Tensor,
+    k: Tensor,
+    v: Tensor,
+    attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    dropout_p: float = 0.0,
+) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor]:
+    r"""
+    Computes scaled dot product attention on query, key and value tensors, using
+    an optional attention mask if passed, and applying dropout if a probability
+    greater than 0.0 is specified.
+    Returns a tensor pair containing attended values and attention weights.
+
+    Args:
+        q, k, v: query, key and value tensors. See Shape section for shape details.
+        attn_mask: optional tensor containing mask values to be added to calculated
+            attention. May be 2D or 3D; see Shape section for details.
+        dropout_p: dropout probability. If greater than 0.0, dropout is applied.
+
+    Shape:
+        - q: :math:`(B, Nt, E)` where B is batch size, Nt is the target sequence length,
+            and E is embedding dimension.
+        - key: :math:`(B, Ns, E)` where B is batch size, Ns is the source sequence length,
+            and E is embedding dimension.
+        - value: :math:`(B, Ns, E)` where B is batch size, Ns is the source sequence length,
+            and E is embedding dimension.
+        - attn_mask: either a 3D tensor of shape :math:`(B, Nt, Ns)` or a 2D tensor of
+            shape :math:`(Nt, Ns)`.
+
+        - Output: attention values have shape :math:`(B, Nt, E)`; attention weights
+            have shape :math:`(B, Nt, Ns)`
+    """
+    B, Nt, E = q.shape
+    q = q / math.sqrt(E)
+    # (B, Nt, E) x (B, E, Ns) -> (B, Nt, Ns)
+    if attn_mask is not None:
+        attn = torch.baddbmm(attn_mask, q, k.transpose(-2, -1))
+    else:
+        attn = torch.bmm(q, k.transpose(-2, -1))
+
+    attn = F.softmax(attn, dim=-1)
+    if dropout_p > 0.0:
+        attn = F.dropout(attn, p=dropout_p)
+    # (B, Nt, Ns) x (B, Ns, E) -> (B, Nt, E)
+    output = torch.bmm(attn, v)
+    return output, attn
+
+def multi_head_attention_forward(
+        x,
+        ipw,
+        ipb,
+        opw,
+        opb,
+        n_head,
+        attn_mask,
+        past_kv=None,
+        use_cache=False,
+):
+    # x = x.transpose(1, 0)
+    # tgt_len, bsz, embed_dim = x.shape
+    # head_dim = embed_dim // n_head
+    # q, k, v = _in_projection_packed(x, x, x, ipw, ipb)
+    # q = q.contiguous().view(tgt_len, bsz * n_head, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
+    # k = k.contiguous().view(k.shape[0], bsz * n_head, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
+    # v = v.contiguous().view(v.shape[0], bsz * n_head, head_dim).transpose(0, 1)
+
+    # new_attn_mask = torch.zeros_like(attn_mask, dtype=q.dtype)
+    # new_attn_mask.masked_fill_(attn_mask, float("-inf"))
+    # attn_mask = new_attn_mask
+    #
+    # attn_output, attn_output_weights = _scaled_dot_product_attention(q, k, v, attn_mask, 0.0)
+    # attn_output = attn_output.transpose(0, 1).contiguous().view(tgt_len * bsz, embed_dim)
+    # attn_output = torch._C._nn.linear(attn_output, opw, opb)
+    # attn_output = attn_output.view(tgt_len, bsz, attn_output.size(1))
+
+    B, T, C = x.size()
+
+    q, k, v = torch._C._nn.linear(x, ipw, ipb).chunk(3, dim=-1)
+    k = k.view(B, T, n_head, C // n_head).transpose(1, 2)  # (B, nh, T, hs)
+    q = q.view(B, T, n_head, C // n_head).transpose(1, 2)  # (B, nh, T, hs)
+    v = v.view(B, T, n_head, C // n_head).transpose(1, 2)  # (B, nh, T, hs)
+    if past_kv is not None:
+        past_key = past_kv[0]
+        past_value = past_kv[1]
+        k = torch.cat((past_key, k), dim=-2)
+        v = torch.cat((past_value, v), dim=-2)
+
+    FULL_T = k.shape[-2]
+
+    if use_cache is True:
+        present = (k, v)
+    else:
+        present = None
+
+    att = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * (1.0 / math.sqrt(k.size(-1)))
+    att = att.masked_fill(attn_mask[FULL_T - T:FULL_T, :FULL_T], float('-inf'))
+    att = F.softmax(att, dim=-1)
+    y = att @ v  # (B, nh, T, T) x (B, nh, T, hs) -> (B, nh, T, hs)
+    y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().view(B, T, C)  # re-assemble all head outputs side by side
+    y = torch._C._nn.linear(y, opw, opb)
+    return (y, present)
+
+
+class MultiheadAttention(Module):
+    r"""Allows the model to jointly attend to information
+    from different representation subspaces as described in the paper:
+    `Attention Is All You Need <https://arxiv.org/abs/1706.03762>`_.
+
+    Multi-Head Attention is defined as:
+
+    .. math::
+        \text{MultiHead}(Q, K, V) = \text{Concat}(head_1,\dots,head_h)W^O
+
+    where :math:`head_i = \text{Attention}(QW_i^Q, KW_i^K, VW_i^V)`.
+
+    ``forward()`` will use a special optimized implementation if all of the following
+    conditions are met:
+
+    - self attention is being computed (i.e., ``query``, ``key``, and ``value`` are the same tensor. This
+      restriction will be loosened in the future.)
+    - Either autograd is disabled (using ``torch.inference_mode`` or ``torch.no_grad``) or no tensor argument ``requires_grad``
+    - training is disabled (using ``.eval()``)
+    - dropout is 0
+    - ``add_bias_kv`` is ``False``
+    - ``add_zero_attn`` is ``False``
+    - ``batch_first`` is ``True`` and the input is batched
+    - ``kdim`` and ``vdim`` are equal to ``embed_dim``
+    - at most one of ``key_padding_mask`` or ``attn_mask`` is passed
+    - if a `NestedTensor <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nested.html>`_ is passed, neither ``key_padding_mask``
+      nor ``attn_mask`` is passed
+
+    If the optimized implementation is in use, a
+    `NestedTensor <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nested.html>`_ can be passed for
+    ``query``/``key``/``value`` to represent padding more efficiently than using a
+    padding mask. In this case, a `NestedTensor <https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/nested.html>`_
+    will be returned, and an additional speedup proportional to the fraction of the input
+    that is padding can be expected.
+
+    Args:
+        embed_dim: Total dimension of the model.
+        num_heads: Number of parallel attention heads. Note that ``embed_dim`` will be split
+            across ``num_heads`` (i.e. each head will have dimension ``embed_dim // num_heads``).
+        dropout: Dropout probability on ``attn_output_weights``. Default: ``0.0`` (no dropout).
+        bias: If specified, adds bias to input / output projection layers. Default: ``True``.
+        add_bias_kv: If specified, adds bias to the key and value sequences at dim=0. Default: ``False``.
+        add_zero_attn: If specified, adds a new batch of zeros to the key and value sequences at dim=1.
+            Default: ``False``.
+        kdim: Total number of features for keys. Default: ``None`` (uses ``kdim=embed_dim``).
+        vdim: Total number of features for values. Default: ``None`` (uses ``vdim=embed_dim``).
+        batch_first: If ``True``, then the input and output tensors are provided
+            as (batch, seq, feature). Default: ``False`` (seq, batch, feature).
+
+    Examples::
+
+        >>> # xdoctest: +SKIP
+        >>> multihead_attn = nn.MultiheadAttention(embed_dim, num_heads)
+        >>> attn_output, attn_output_weights = multihead_attn(query, key, value)
+
+    """
+    __constants__ = ["batch_first"]
+    bias_k: Optional[torch.Tensor]
+    bias_v: Optional[torch.Tensor]
+
+    def __init__(
+            self,
+            embed_dim,
+            num_heads,
+            dropout=0.0,
+            bias=True,
+            add_bias_kv=False,
+            add_zero_attn=False,
+            kdim=None,
+            vdim=None,
+            batch_first=False,
+            linear1_cls=Linear,
+            linear2_cls=Linear,
+            device=None,
+            dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        factory_kwargs = {"device": device, "dtype": dtype}
+        super(MultiheadAttention, self).__init__()
+        self.embed_dim = embed_dim
+        self.kdim = kdim if kdim is not None else embed_dim
+        self.vdim = vdim if vdim is not None else embed_dim
+        self._qkv_same_embed_dim = (
+                self.kdim == embed_dim and self.vdim == embed_dim
+        )
+
+        self.num_heads = num_heads
+        self.dropout = dropout
+        self.batch_first = batch_first
+        self.head_dim = embed_dim // num_heads
+        assert (
+                self.head_dim * num_heads == self.embed_dim
+        ), "embed_dim must be divisible by num_heads"
+
+        if add_bias_kv:
+            self.bias_k = Parameter(
+                torch.empty((1, 1, embed_dim), **factory_kwargs)
+            )
+            self.bias_v = Parameter(
+                torch.empty((1, 1, embed_dim), **factory_kwargs)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.bias_k = self.bias_v = None
+
+        if linear1_cls == Linear:
+            if not self._qkv_same_embed_dim:
+                self.q_proj_weight = Parameter(
+                    torch.empty((embed_dim, embed_dim), **factory_kwargs)
+                )
+                self.k_proj_weight = Parameter(
+                    torch.empty((embed_dim, self.kdim), **factory_kwargs)
+                )
+                self.v_proj_weight = Parameter(
+                    torch.empty((embed_dim, self.vdim), **factory_kwargs)
+                )
+                self.register_parameter("in_proj_weight", None)
+            else:
+                self.in_proj_weight = Parameter(
+                    torch.empty((3 * embed_dim, embed_dim), **factory_kwargs)
+                )
+                self.register_parameter("q_proj_weight", None)
+                self.register_parameter("k_proj_weight", None)
+                self.register_parameter("v_proj_weight", None)
+
+            if bias:
+                self.in_proj_bias = Parameter(
+                    torch.empty(3 * embed_dim, **factory_kwargs)
+                )
+            else:
+                self.register_parameter("in_proj_bias", None)
+            self.out_proj = NonDynamicallyQuantizableLinear(
+                embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+
+            self._reset_parameters()
+        else:
+            if not self._qkv_same_embed_dim:
+                raise NotImplementedError
+            else:
+                self.in_proj_linear = linear1_cls(
+                    embed_dim, 3 * embed_dim, bias=bias, **factory_kwargs
+                )
+                self.in_proj_weight = self.in_proj_linear.weight
+
+                self.register_parameter("q_proj_weight", None)
+                self.register_parameter("k_proj_weight", None)
+                self.register_parameter("v_proj_weight", None)
+
+                if bias:
+                    self.in_proj_bias = self.in_proj_linear.bias
+                else:
+                    self.register_parameter("in_proj_bias", None)
+
+            self.out_proj = linear2_cls(
+                embed_dim, embed_dim, bias=bias, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+
+            if self.bias_k is not None:
+                xavier_normal_(self.bias_k)
+            if self.bias_v is not None:
+                xavier_normal_(self.bias_v)
+
+        self.add_zero_attn = add_zero_attn
+
+    def _reset_parameters(self):
+        if self._qkv_same_embed_dim:
+            xavier_uniform_(self.in_proj_weight)
+        else:
+            xavier_uniform_(self.q_proj_weight)
+            xavier_uniform_(self.k_proj_weight)
+            xavier_uniform_(self.v_proj_weight)
+
+        if self.in_proj_bias is not None:
+            constant_(self.in_proj_bias, 0.0)
+            constant_(self.out_proj.bias, 0.0)
+
+        if self.bias_k is not None:
+            xavier_normal_(self.bias_k)
+        if self.bias_v is not None:
+            xavier_normal_(self.bias_v)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        # Support loading old MultiheadAttention checkpoints generated by v1.1.0
+        if "_qkv_same_embed_dim" not in state:
+            state["_qkv_same_embed_dim"] = True
+
+        super(MultiheadAttention, self).__setstate__(state)
+
+    def forward(
+            self,
+            query: Tensor,
+            key: Tensor,
+            value: Tensor,
+            key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+            need_weights: bool = True,
+            attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+            average_attn_weights: bool = True,
+    ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Optional[Tensor]]:
+        r"""
+        Args:
+            query: Query embeddings of shape :math:`(L, E_q)` for unbatched input, :math:`(L, N, E_q)` when ``batch_first=False``
+                or :math:`(N, L, E_q)` when ``batch_first=True``, where :math:`L` is the target sequence length,
+                :math:`N` is the batch size, and :math:`E_q` is the query embedding dimension ``embed_dim``.
+                Queries are compared against key-value pairs to produce the output.
+                See "Attention Is All You Need" for more details.
+            key: Key embeddings of shape :math:`(S, E_k)` for unbatched input, :math:`(S, N, E_k)` when ``batch_first=False``
+                or :math:`(N, S, E_k)` when ``batch_first=True``, where :math:`S` is the source sequence length,
+                :math:`N` is the batch size, and :math:`E_k` is the key embedding dimension ``kdim``.
+                See "Attention Is All You Need" for more details.
+            value: Value embeddings of shape :math:`(S, E_v)` for unbatched input, :math:`(S, N, E_v)` when
+                ``batch_first=False`` or :math:`(N, S, E_v)` when ``batch_first=True``, where :math:`S` is the source
+                sequence length, :math:`N` is the batch size, and :math:`E_v` is the value embedding dimension ``vdim``.
+                See "Attention Is All You Need" for more details.
+            key_padding_mask: If specified, a mask of shape :math:`(N, S)` indicating which elements within ``key``
+                to ignore for the purpose of attention (i.e. treat as "padding"). For unbatched `query`, shape should be :math:`(S)`.
+                Binary and byte masks are supported.
+                For a binary mask, a ``True`` value indicates that the corresponding ``key`` value will be ignored for
+                the purpose of attention. For a float mask, it will be directly added to the corresponding ``key`` value.
+            need_weights: If specified, returns ``attn_output_weights`` in addition to ``attn_outputs``.
+                Default: ``True``.
+            attn_mask: If specified, a 2D or 3D mask preventing attention to certain positions. Must be of shape
+                :math:`(L, S)` or :math:`(N\cdot\text{num\_heads}, L, S)`, where :math:`N` is the batch size,
+                :math:`L` is the target sequence length, and :math:`S` is the source sequence length. A 2D mask will be
+                broadcasted across the batch while a 3D mask allows for a different mask for each entry in the batch.
+                Binary, byte, and float masks are supported. For a binary mask, a ``True`` value indicates that the
+                corresponding position is not allowed to attend. For a byte mask, a non-zero value indicates that the
+                corresponding position is not allowed to attend. For a float mask, the mask values will be added to
+                the attention weight.
+            average_attn_weights: If true, indicates that the returned ``attn_weights`` should be averaged across
+                heads. Otherwise, ``attn_weights`` are provided separately per head. Note that this flag only has an
+                effect when ``need_weights=True``. Default: ``True`` (i.e. average weights across heads)
+
+        Outputs:
+            - **attn_output** - Attention outputs of shape :math:`(L, E)` when input is unbatched,
+              :math:`(L, N, E)` when ``batch_first=False`` or :math:`(N, L, E)` when ``batch_first=True``,
+              where :math:`L` is the target sequence length, :math:`N` is the batch size, and :math:`E` is the
+              embedding dimension ``embed_dim``.
+            - **attn_output_weights** - Only returned when ``need_weights=True``. If ``average_attn_weights=True``,
+              returns attention weights averaged across heads of shape :math:`(L, S)` when input is unbatched or
+              :math:`(N, L, S)`, where :math:`N` is the batch size, :math:`L` is the target sequence length, and
+              :math:`S` is the source sequence length. If ``average_attn_weights=False``, returns attention weights per
+              head of shape :math:`(\text{num\_heads}, L, S)` when input is unbatched or :math:`(N, \text{num\_heads}, L, S)`.
+
+            .. note::
+                `batch_first` argument is ignored for unbatched inputs.
+        """
+        is_batched = query.dim() == 3
+        if key_padding_mask is not None:
+            _kpm_dtype = key_padding_mask.dtype
+            if _kpm_dtype != torch.bool and not torch.is_floating_point(
+                    key_padding_mask
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "only bool and floating types of key_padding_mask are supported"
+                )
+        why_not_fast_path = ""
+        if not is_batched:
+            why_not_fast_path = f"input not batched; expected query.dim() of 3 but got {query.dim()}"
+        elif query is not key or key is not value:
+            # When lifting this restriction, don't forget to either
+            # enforce that the dtypes all match or test cases where
+            # they don't!
+            why_not_fast_path = "non-self attention was used (query, key, and value are not the same Tensor)"
+        elif (
+                self.in_proj_bias is not None
+                and query.dtype != self.in_proj_bias.dtype
+        ):
+            why_not_fast_path = f"dtypes of query ({query.dtype}) and self.in_proj_bias ({self.in_proj_bias.dtype}) don't match"
+        elif (
+                self.in_proj_weight is not None
+                and query.dtype != self.in_proj_weight.dtype
+        ):
+            # this case will fail anyway, but at least they'll get a useful error message.
+            why_not_fast_path = f"dtypes of query ({query.dtype}) and self.in_proj_weight ({self.in_proj_weight.dtype}) don't match"
+        elif self.training:
+            why_not_fast_path = "training is enabled"
+        elif not self.batch_first:
+            why_not_fast_path = "batch_first was not True"
+        elif self.bias_k is not None:
+            why_not_fast_path = "self.bias_k was not None"
+        elif self.bias_v is not None:
+            why_not_fast_path = "self.bias_v was not None"
+        elif self.dropout:
+            why_not_fast_path = f"dropout was {self.dropout}, required zero"
+        elif self.add_zero_attn:
+            why_not_fast_path = "add_zero_attn was enabled"
+        elif not self._qkv_same_embed_dim:
+            why_not_fast_path = "_qkv_same_embed_dim was not True"
+        elif attn_mask is not None:
+            why_not_fast_path = "attn_mask was not None"
+        elif query.is_nested and key_padding_mask is not None:
+            why_not_fast_path = (
+                "key_padding_mask is not supported with NestedTensor input"
+            )
+        elif self.num_heads % 2 == 1:
+            why_not_fast_path = "num_heads is odd"
+        elif torch.is_autocast_enabled():
+            why_not_fast_path = "autocast is enabled"
+
+        if not why_not_fast_path:
+            tensor_args = (
+                query,
+                key,
+                value,
+                self.in_proj_weight,
+                self.in_proj_bias,
+                self.out_proj.weight,
+                self.out_proj.bias,
+            )
+            # We have to use list comprehensions below because TorchScript does not support
+            # generator expressions.
+            if torch.overrides.has_torch_function(tensor_args):
+                why_not_fast_path = "some Tensor argument has_torch_function"
+            elif not all(
+                    [
+                        (x is None or x.is_cuda or "cpu" in str(x.device))
+                        for x in tensor_args
+                    ]
+            ):
+                why_not_fast_path = (
+                    "some Tensor argument is neither CUDA nor CPU"
+                )
+            elif torch.is_grad_enabled() and any(
+                    [x is not None and x.requires_grad for x in tensor_args]
+            ):
+                why_not_fast_path = (
+                    "grad is enabled and at least one of query or the "
+                    "input/output projection weights or biases requires_grad"
+                )
+            if not why_not_fast_path:
+                return torch._native_multi_head_attention(
+                    query,
+                    key,
+                    value,
+                    self.embed_dim,
+                    self.num_heads,
+                    self.in_proj_weight,
+                    self.in_proj_bias,
+                    self.out_proj.weight,
+                    self.out_proj.bias,
+                    key_padding_mask
+                    if key_padding_mask is not None
+                    else attn_mask,
+                    need_weights,
+                    average_attn_weights,
+                    1
+                    if key_padding_mask is not None
+                    else 0
+                    if attn_mask is not None
+                    else None,
+                )
+
+        any_nested = query.is_nested or key.is_nested or value.is_nested
+        assert not any_nested, (
+                "MultiheadAttention does not support NestedTensor outside of its fast path. "
+                + f"The fast path was not hit because {why_not_fast_path}"
+        )
+
+        if self.batch_first and is_batched:
+            # make sure that the transpose op does not affect the "is" property
+            if key is value:
+                if query is key:
+                    query = key = value = query.transpose(1, 0)
+                else:
+                    query, key = [x.transpose(1, 0) for x in (query, key)]
+                    value = key
+            else:
+                query, key, value = [
+                    x.transpose(1, 0) for x in (query, key, value)
+                ]
+
+        if not self._qkv_same_embed_dim:
+            attn_output, attn_output_weights = F.multi_head_attention_forward(
+                query,
+                key,
+                value,
+                self.embed_dim,
+                self.num_heads,
+                self.in_proj_weight,
+                self.in_proj_bias,
+                self.bias_k,
+                self.bias_v,
+                self.add_zero_attn,
+                self.dropout,
+                self.out_proj.weight,
+                self.out_proj.bias,
+                training=self.training,
+                key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+                need_weights=need_weights,
+                attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                use_separate_proj_weight=True,
+                q_proj_weight=self.q_proj_weight,
+                k_proj_weight=self.k_proj_weight,
+                v_proj_weight=self.v_proj_weight,
+                average_attn_weights=average_attn_weights,
+            )
+        else:
+            attn_output, attn_output_weights = F.multi_head_attention_forward(
+                query,
+                key,
+                value,
+                self.embed_dim,
+                self.num_heads,
+                self.in_proj_weight,
+                self.in_proj_bias,
+                self.bias_k,
+                self.bias_v,
+                self.add_zero_attn,
+                self.dropout,
+                self.out_proj.weight,
+                self.out_proj.bias,
+                training=self.training,
+                key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+                need_weights=need_weights,
+                attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                average_attn_weights=average_attn_weights,
+            )
+        if self.batch_first and is_batched:
+            return attn_output.transpose(1, 0), attn_output_weights
+        else:
+            return attn_output, attn_output_weights
+
+    def infer(self,
+              x: Tensor,
+              key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+              need_weights: bool = True,
+              attn_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+              average_attn_weights: bool = True,
+              past_kv = None,
+              use_cache = False
+              ):
+        # x = x.transpose(1, 0)
+        y, kv = multi_head_attention_forward(
+                x=x,
+                ipw=self.in_proj_weight,
+                ipb=self.in_proj_bias,
+                opw=self.out_proj.weight,
+                opb=self.out_proj.bias,
+                n_head=self.num_heads,
+                attn_mask=attn_mask,
+                past_kv=past_kv,
+                use_cache=use_cache,
+        )
+        return (y, kv)

modules/embedding.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+# Copyright    2023                             (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import math
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+
+
+class TokenEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dim_model: int,
+        vocab_size: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.0,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+
+        self.vocab_size = vocab_size
+        self.dim_model = dim_model
+
+        self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=dropout)
+        self.word_embeddings = nn.Embedding(self.vocab_size, self.dim_model)
+
+    @property
+    def weight(self) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.word_embeddings.weight
+
+    def embedding(self, index: int) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return self.word_embeddings.weight[index : index + 1]
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor):
+        X = self.word_embeddings(x)
+        X = self.dropout(X)
+
+        return X
+
+
+class SinePositionalEmbedding(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        dim_model: int,
+        dropout: float = 0.0,
+        scale: bool = False,
+        alpha: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.dim_model = dim_model
+        self.x_scale = math.sqrt(dim_model) if scale else 1.0
+        self.alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(1), requires_grad=alpha)
+        self.dropout = torch.nn.Dropout(p=dropout)
+
+        self.reverse = False
+        self.pe = None
+        self.extend_pe(torch.tensor(0.0).expand(1, 4000))
+
+    def extend_pe(self, x):
+        """Reset the positional encodings."""
+        if self.pe is not None:
+            if self.pe.size(1) >= x.size(1):
+                if self.pe.dtype != x.dtype or self.pe.device != x.device:
+                    self.pe = self.pe.to(dtype=x.dtype, device=x.device)
+                return
+        pe = torch.zeros(x.size(1), self.dim_model)
+        if self.reverse:
+            position = torch.arange(
+                x.size(1) - 1, -1, -1.0, dtype=torch.float32
+            ).unsqueeze(1)
+        else:
+            position = torch.arange(
+                0, x.size(1), dtype=torch.float32
+            ).unsqueeze(1)
+        div_term = torch.exp(
+            torch.arange(0, self.dim_model, 2, dtype=torch.float32)
+            * -(math.log(10000.0) / self.dim_model)
+        )
+        pe[:, 0::2] = torch.sin(position * div_term)
+        pe[:, 1::2] = torch.cos(position * div_term)
+        pe = pe.unsqueeze(0)
+        self.pe = pe.to(device=x.device, dtype=x.dtype).detach()
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        self.extend_pe(x)
+        output = x.unsqueeze(-1) if x.ndim == 2 else x
+        output = output * self.x_scale + self.alpha * self.pe[:, : x.size(1)]
+        return self.dropout(output)

modules/optim.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1105 @@
+# Copyright      2022  Xiaomi Corp.        (authors: Daniel Povey)
+#
+# See ../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+import contextlib
+import logging
+import random
+from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+from lhotse.utils import fix_random_seed
+from torch import Tensor
+from torch.optim import Optimizer
+
+
+class BatchedOptimizer(Optimizer):
+    """
+    This class adds to class Optimizer the capability to optimize parameters in batches:
+    it will stack the parameters and their grads for you so the optimizer can work
+    on tensors with an extra leading dimension.  This is intended for speed with GPUs,
+    as it reduces the number of kernels launched in the optimizer.
+
+    Args:
+      params:
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, params, defaults):
+        super(BatchedOptimizer, self).__init__(params, defaults)
+
+    @contextlib.contextmanager
+    def batched_params(self, param_group, group_params_names):
+        """
+        This function returns (technically, yields) a list of
+          of tuples (p, state), where
+        p is a `fake` parameter that is stacked (over axis 0) from real parameters
+        that share the same shape, and its gradient is also stacked;
+        `state` is the state corresponding to this batch of parameters
+        (it will be physically located in the "state" for one of the real
+        parameters, the last one that has any particular shape and dtype).
+
+        This function is decorated as a context manager so that it can
+        write parameters back to their "real" locations.
+
+        The idea is, instead of doing:
+        <code>
+          for p in group["params"]:
+             state = self.state[p]
+             ...
+        </code>
+        you can do:
+        <code>
+          with self.batched_params(group["params"]) as batches:
+             for p, state, p_names in batches:
+                 ...
+        </code>
+
+        Args:
+          group: a parameter group, which is a list of parameters; should be
+                one of self.param_groups.
+          group_params_names: name for each parameter in group,
+                which is List[str].
+        """
+        batches = defaultdict(
+            list
+        )  # `batches` maps from tuple (dtype_as_str,*shape) to list of nn.Parameter
+        batches_names = defaultdict(
+            list
+        )  # `batches` maps from tuple (dtype_as_str,*shape) to list of str
+
+        assert len(param_group) == len(group_params_names)
+        for p, named_p in zip(param_group, group_params_names):
+            key = (str(p.dtype), *p.shape)
+            batches[key].append(p)
+            batches_names[key].append(named_p)
+
+        batches_names_keys = list(batches_names.keys())
+        sorted_idx = sorted(
+            range(len(batches_names)), key=lambda i: batches_names_keys[i]
+        )
+        batches_names = [
+            batches_names[batches_names_keys[idx]] for idx in sorted_idx
+        ]
+        batches = [batches[batches_names_keys[idx]] for idx in sorted_idx]
+
+        stacked_params_dict = dict()
+
+        # turn batches into a list, in deterministic order.
+        # tuples will contain tuples of (stacked_param, state, stacked_params_names),
+        # one for each batch in `batches`.
+        tuples = []
+
+        for batch, batch_names in zip(batches, batches_names):
+            p = batch[0]
+            # we arbitrarily store the state in the
+            # state corresponding to the 1st parameter in the
+            # group.  class Optimizer will take care of saving/loading state.
+            state = self.state[p]
+            p_stacked = torch.stack(batch)
+            grad = torch.stack(
+                [
+                    torch.zeros_like(p) if p.grad is None else p.grad
+                    for p in batch
+                ]
+            )
+            p_stacked.grad = grad
+            stacked_params_dict[key] = p_stacked
+            tuples.append((p_stacked, state, batch_names))
+
+        yield tuples  # <-- calling code will do the actual optimization here!
+
+        for ((stacked_params, _state, _names), batch) in zip(tuples, batches):
+            for i, p in enumerate(batch):  # batch is list of Parameter
+                p.copy_(stacked_params[i])
+
+
+class ScaledAdam(BatchedOptimizer):
+    """
+     Implements 'Scaled Adam', a variant of Adam where we scale each parameter's update
+     proportional to the norm of that parameter; and also learn the scale of the parameter,
+     in log space, subject to upper and lower limits (as if we had factored each parameter as
+     param = underlying_param * log_scale.exp())
+
+
+     Args:
+          params:  The parameters or param_groups to optimize (like other Optimizer subclasses)
+              lr:  The learning rate.  We will typically use a learning rate schedule that starts
+                   at 0.03 and decreases over time, i.e. much higher than other common
+                   optimizers.
+     clipping_scale: (e.g. 2.0)
+                   A scale for gradient-clipping: if specified, the normalized gradients
+                   over the whole model will be clipped to have 2-norm equal to
+                   `clipping_scale` times the median 2-norm over the most recent period
+                   of `clipping_update_period` minibatches.  By "normalized gradients",
+                   we mean after multiplying by the rms parameter value for this tensor
+                   [for non-scalars]; this is appropriate because our update is scaled
+                   by this quantity.
+            betas: beta1,beta2 are momentum constants for regular momentum, and moving sum-sq grad.
+                   Must satisfy 0 < beta <= beta2 < 1.
+     scalar_lr_scale: A scaling factor on the learning rate, that we use to update the
+                   scale of each parameter tensor and scalar parameters of the mode..
+                   If each parameter were decomposed
+                   as p * p_scale.exp(), where (p**2).mean().sqrt() == 1.0, scalar_lr_scale
+                   would be a the scaling factor on the learning rate of p_scale.
+              eps:  A general-purpose epsilon to prevent division by zero
+    param_min_rms: Minimum root-mean-square value of parameter tensor, for purposes of
+                   learning the scale on the parameters (we'll constrain the rms of each non-scalar
+                   parameter tensor to be >= this value)
+    param_max_rms: Maximum root-mean-square value of parameter tensor, for purposes of
+                   learning the scale on the parameters (we'll constrain the rms of each non-scalar
+                   parameter tensor to be <= this value)
+       scalar_max: Maximum absolute value for scalar parameters (applicable if your
+                   model has any parameters with numel() == 1).
+    size_update_period: The periodicity, in steps, with which we update the size (scale)
+                   of the parameter tensor.  This is provided to save a little time
+                   in the update.
+     clipping_update_period: if clipping_scale is specified, this is the period
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=3e-02,
+        clipping_scale=None,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.98),
+        scalar_lr_scale=0.1,
+        eps=1.0e-08,
+        param_min_rms=1.0e-05,
+        param_max_rms=3.0,
+        scalar_max=10.0,
+        size_update_period=4,
+        clipping_update_period=100,
+        parameters_names=None,
+        show_dominant_parameters=True,
+    ):
+
+        assert parameters_names is not None, (
+            "Please prepare parameters_names,"
+            "which is a List[List[str]]. Each List[str] is for a group"
+            "and each str is for a parameter"
+        )
+        defaults = dict(
+            lr=lr,
+            clipping_scale=clipping_scale,
+            betas=betas,
+            scalar_lr_scale=scalar_lr_scale,
+            eps=eps,
+            param_min_rms=param_min_rms,
+            param_max_rms=param_max_rms,
+            scalar_max=scalar_max,
+            size_update_period=size_update_period,
+            clipping_update_period=clipping_update_period,
+        )
+
+        super(ScaledAdam, self).__init__(params, defaults)
+        assert len(self.param_groups) == len(parameters_names)
+        self.parameters_names = parameters_names
+        self.show_dominant_parameters = show_dominant_parameters
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        super(ScaledAdam, self).__setstate__(state)
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def step(self, closure=None):
+        """Performs a single optimization step.
+
+        Arguments:
+            closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model
+                and returns the loss.
+        """
+        loss = None
+        if closure is not None:
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                loss = closure()
+
+        batch = True
+
+        for group, group_params_names in zip(
+            self.param_groups, self.parameters_names
+        ):
+
+            with self.batched_params(
+                group["params"], group_params_names
+            ) as batches:
+
+                # batches is list of pairs (stacked_param, state).  stacked_param is like
+                # a regular parameter, and will have a .grad, but the 1st dim corresponds to
+                # a stacking dim, it is not a real dim.
+
+                if (
+                    len(batches[0][1]) == 0
+                ):  # if len(first state) == 0: not yet initialized
+                    clipping_scale = 1
+                else:
+                    clipping_scale = self._get_clipping_scale(group, batches)
+
+                for p, state, _ in batches:
+                    # Perform optimization step.
+                    # grad is not going to be None, we handled that when creating the batches.
+                    grad = p.grad
+                    if grad.is_sparse:
+                        raise RuntimeError(
+                            "ScaledAdam optimizer does not support sparse gradients"
+                        )
+                    # State initialization
+                    if len(state) == 0:
+                        self._init_state(group, p, state)
+
+                    self._step_one_batch(group, p, state, clipping_scale)
+
+        return loss
+
+    def _init_state(self, group: dict, p: Tensor, state: dict):
+        """
+        Initializes state dict for parameter 'p'.  Assumes that dim 0 of tensor p
+        is actually the batch dimension, corresponding to batched-together
+        parameters of a given shape.
+
+
+        Args:
+           group:   Dict to look up configuration values.
+               p: The parameter that we are initializing the state for
+           state: Dict from string to whatever state we are initializing
+        """
+        size_update_period = group["size_update_period"]
+
+        state["step"] = 0
+
+        kwargs = {"device": p.device, "dtype": p.dtype}
+
+        # 'delta' implements conventional momentum.  There are
+        # several different kinds of update going on, so rather than
+        # compute "exp_avg" like in Adam, we store and decay a
+        # parameter-change "delta", which combines all forms of
+        # update.  this is equivalent to how it's done in Adam,
+        # except for the first few steps.
+        state["delta"] = torch.zeros_like(
+            p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format
+        )
+
+        batch_size = p.shape[0]
+        numel = p.numel() // batch_size
+        numel = p.numel()
+
+        if numel > 1:
+            # "param_rms" just periodically records the scalar root-mean-square value of
+            # the parameter tensor.
+            # it has a shape like (batch_size, 1, 1, 1, 1)
+            param_rms = (
+                (p ** 2).mean(dim=list(range(1, p.ndim)), keepdim=True).sqrt()
+            )
+            state["param_rms"] = param_rms
+
+            state["scale_exp_avg_sq"] = torch.zeros_like(param_rms)
+            state["scale_grads"] = torch.zeros(
+                size_update_period, *param_rms.shape, **kwargs
+            )
+
+        # exp_avg_sq is the weighted sum of scaled gradients. as in Adam.
+        state["exp_avg_sq"] = torch.zeros_like(
+            p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format
+        )
+
+    def _get_clipping_scale(
+        self, group: dict, tuples: List[Tuple[Tensor, dict, List[str]]]
+    ) -> float:
+        """
+        Returns a scalar factor <= 1.0 that dictates gradient clipping, i.e. we will scale the gradients
+        by this amount before applying the rest of the update.
+
+        Args:
+           group: the parameter group, an item in self.param_groups
+           tuples: a list of tuples of (param, state, param_names)
+                where param is a batched set of parameters,
+                with a .grad (1st dim is batch dim)
+                and state is the state-dict where optimization parameters are kept.
+                param_names is a List[str] while each str is name for a parameter
+                in batched set of parameters "param".
+        """
+        assert len(tuples) >= 1
+        clipping_scale = group["clipping_scale"]
+        (first_p, first_state, _) = tuples[0]
+        step = first_state["step"]
+        if clipping_scale is None or step == 0:
+            # no clipping.  return early on step == 0 because the other
+            # parameters' state won't have been initialized yet.
+            return 1.0
+        clipping_update_period = group["clipping_update_period"]
+
+        tot_sumsq = torch.tensor(0.0, device=first_p.device)
+        for (p, state, param_names) in tuples:
+            grad = p.grad
+            if grad.is_sparse:
+                raise RuntimeError(
+                    "ScaledAdam optimizer does not support sparse gradients"
+                )
+            if p.numel() == p.shape[0]:  # a batch of scalars
+                tot_sumsq += (
+                    grad ** 2
+                ).sum()  # sum() to change shape [1] to []
+            else:
+                tot_sumsq += ((grad * state["param_rms"]) ** 2).sum()
+
+        tot_norm = tot_sumsq.sqrt()
+        if "model_norms" not in first_state:
+            first_state["model_norms"] = torch.zeros(
+                clipping_update_period, device=p.device
+            )
+        first_state["model_norms"][step % clipping_update_period] = tot_norm
+
+        if step % clipping_update_period == 0:
+            # Print some stats.
+            # We don't reach here if step == 0 because we would have returned
+            # above.
+            sorted_norms = first_state["model_norms"].sort()[0].to("cpu")
+            quartiles = []
+            for n in range(0, 5):
+                index = min(
+                    clipping_update_period - 1,
+                    (clipping_update_period // 4) * n,
+                )
+                quartiles.append(sorted_norms[index].item())
+
+            median = quartiles[2]
+            threshold = clipping_scale * median
+            first_state["model_norm_threshold"] = threshold
+            percent_clipped = (
+                first_state["num_clipped"] * 100.0 / clipping_update_period
+                if "num_clipped" in first_state
+                else 0.0
+            )
+            first_state["num_clipped"] = 0
+            quartiles = " ".join(["%.3e" % x for x in quartiles])
+            logging.info(
+                f"Clipping_scale={clipping_scale}, grad-norm quartiles {quartiles}, "
+                f"threshold={threshold:.3e}, percent-clipped={percent_clipped:.1f}"
+            )
+
+        if step < clipping_update_period:
+            return 1.0  # We have not yet estimated a norm to clip to.
+        else:
+            try:
+                model_norm_threshold = first_state["model_norm_threshold"]
+            except KeyError:
+                logging.info(
+                    "Warning: model_norm_threshold not in state: possibly "
+                    "you changed config when restarting, adding clipping_scale option?"
+                )
+                return 1.0
+            ans = min(1.0, (model_norm_threshold / (tot_norm + 1.0e-20)).item())
+            if ans < 1.0:
+                first_state["num_clipped"] += 1
+            if ans < 0.1:
+                logging.warn(
+                    f"Scaling gradients by {ans}, model_norm_threshold={model_norm_threshold}"
+                )
+                if self.show_dominant_parameters:
+                    assert p.shape[0] == len(param_names)
+                    self._show_gradient_dominating_parameter(tuples, tot_sumsq)
+            return ans
+
+    def _show_gradient_dominating_parameter(
+        self, tuples: List[Tuple[Tensor, dict, List[str]]], tot_sumsq: Tensor
+    ):
+        """
+        Show information of parameter wihch dominanting tot_sumsq.
+
+        Args:
+           tuples: a list of tuples of (param, state, param_names)
+                where param is a batched set of parameters,
+                with a .grad (1st dim is batch dim)
+                and state is the state-dict where optimization parameters are kept.
+                param_names is a List[str] while each str is name for a parameter
+                in batched set of parameters "param".
+            tot_sumsq: sumsq of all parameters. Though it's could be calculated
+                from tuples, we still pass it to save some time.
+        """
+        all_sumsq_orig = {}
+        for (p, state, batch_param_names) in tuples:
+            # p is a stacked batch parameters.
+            batch_grad = p.grad
+            if p.numel() == p.shape[0]:  # a batch of scalars
+                batch_sumsq_orig = batch_grad ** 2
+                # Dummpy values used by following `zip` statement.
+                batch_rms_orig = torch.ones(p.shape[0])
+            else:
+                batch_rms_orig = state["param_rms"]
+                batch_sumsq_orig = ((batch_grad * batch_rms_orig) ** 2).sum(
+                    dim=list(range(1, batch_grad.ndim))
+                )
+
+            for name, sumsq_orig, rms, grad in zip(
+                batch_param_names, batch_sumsq_orig, batch_rms_orig, batch_grad
+            ):
+
+                proportion_orig = sumsq_orig / tot_sumsq
+                all_sumsq_orig[name] = (proportion_orig, sumsq_orig, rms, grad)
+
+        assert torch.isclose(
+            sum([value[0] for value in all_sumsq_orig.values()]).cpu(),
+            torch.tensor(1.0),
+        )
+        sorted_by_proportion = {
+            k: v
+            for k, v in sorted(
+                all_sumsq_orig.items(),
+                key=lambda item: item[1][0],
+                reverse=True,
+            )
+        }
+        dominant_param_name = next(iter(sorted_by_proportion))
+        (
+            dominant_proportion,
+            dominant_sumsq,
+            dominant_rms,
+            dominant_grad,
+        ) = sorted_by_proportion[dominant_param_name]
+        logging.info(
+            f"Parameter Dominanting tot_sumsq {dominant_param_name}"
+            f" with proportion {dominant_proportion:.2f},"
+            f" where dominant_sumsq=(grad_sumsq*orig_rms_sq)"
+            f"={dominant_sumsq:.3e},"
+            f" grad_sumsq = {(dominant_grad**2).sum():.3e},"
+            f" orig_rms_sq={(dominant_rms**2).item():.3e}"
+        )
+
+    def _step_one_batch(
+        self, group: dict, p: Tensor, state: dict, clipping_scale: float
+    ):
+        """
+        Do the step for one parameter, which is actually going to be a batch of
+        `real` parameters, with dim 0 as the batch dim.
+        Args:
+                  group:  dict to look up configuration values
+                    p: parameter to update (actually multiple parameters stacked together
+                       as a batch)
+                  state: state-dict for p, to look up the optimizer state
+        """
+        lr = group["lr"]
+        size_update_period = group["size_update_period"]
+        beta1 = group["betas"][0]
+
+        grad = p.grad
+        if clipping_scale != 1.0:
+            grad = grad * clipping_scale
+        step = state["step"]
+        delta = state["delta"]
+
+        delta.mul_(beta1)
+        batch_size = p.shape[0]
+        numel = p.numel() // batch_size
+        if numel > 1:
+            # Update the size/scale of p, and set param_rms
+            scale_grads = state["scale_grads"]
+            scale_grads[step % size_update_period] = (p * grad).sum(
+                dim=list(range(1, p.ndim)), keepdim=True
+            )
+            if step % size_update_period == size_update_period - 1:
+                param_rms = state["param_rms"]  # shape: (batch_size, 1, 1, ..)
+                param_rms.copy_(
+                    (p ** 2)
+                    .mean(dim=list(range(1, p.ndim)), keepdim=True)
+                    .sqrt()
+                )
+                if step > 0:
+                    # self._size_update() learns the overall scale on the
+                    # parameter, by shrinking or expanding it.
+                    self._size_update(group, scale_grads, p, state)
+
+        if numel == 1:
+            # For parameters with 1 element we just use regular Adam.
+            # Updates delta.
+            self._step_scalar(group, p, state)
+        else:
+            self._step(group, p, state)
+
+        state["step"] = step + 1
+
+    def _size_update(
+        self, group: dict, scale_grads: Tensor, p: Tensor, state: dict
+    ) -> None:
+        """
+               Called only where p.numel() > 1, this updates the scale of the parameter.
+               If we imagine: p =  underlying_param * scale.exp(), and we are doing
+               gradient descent on underlying param and on scale, this function does the update
+               on `scale`.
+
+               Args:
+              group: dict to look up configuration values
+        scale_grads: a tensor of shape (size_update_period, batch_size, 1, 1,...) containing
+                      grads w.r.t. the scales.
+                  p:  The parameter to update
+               state: The state-dict of p
+        """
+
+        param_rms = state["param_rms"]
+        beta1, beta2 = group["betas"]
+        size_lr = group["lr"] * group["scalar_lr_scale"]
+        param_min_rms = group["param_min_rms"]
+        param_max_rms = group["param_max_rms"]
+        eps = group["eps"]
+        step = state["step"]
+        batch_size = p.shape[0]
+
+        size_update_period = scale_grads.shape[0]
+        # correct beta2 for the size update period: we will have
+        # faster decay at this level.
+        beta2_corr = beta2 ** size_update_period
+
+        scale_exp_avg_sq = state[
+            "scale_exp_avg_sq"
+        ]  # shape: (batch_size, 1, 1, ..)
+        scale_exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2_corr).add_(
+            (scale_grads ** 2).mean(
+                dim=0
+            ),  # mean over dim `size_update_period`
+            alpha=1 - beta2_corr,
+        )  # shape is (batch_size, 1, 1, ...)
+
+        # The 1st time we reach here is when size_step == 1.
+        size_step = (step + 1) // size_update_period
+        bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2_corr ** size_step
+        # we don't bother with bias_correction1; this will help prevent divergence
+        # at the start of training.
+
+        denom = scale_exp_avg_sq.sqrt() + eps
+
+        scale_step = (
+            -size_lr
+            * (bias_correction2 ** 0.5)
+            * scale_grads.sum(dim=0)
+            / denom
+        )
+
+        is_too_small = param_rms < param_min_rms
+        is_too_large = param_rms > param_max_rms
+
+        # when the param gets too small, just don't shrink it any further.
+        scale_step.masked_fill_(is_too_small, 0.0)
+        # when it gets too large, stop it from getting any larger.
+        scale_step.masked_fill_(is_too_large, -size_lr * size_update_period)
+        delta = state["delta"]
+        # the factor of (1-beta1) relates to momentum.
+        delta.add_(p * scale_step, alpha=(1 - beta1))
+
+    def _step(self, group: dict, p: Tensor, state: dict):
+        """
+        This function does the core update of self.step(), in the case where the members of
+        the batch have more than 1 element.
+
+        Args:
+            group: A dict which will be used to look up configuration values
+                p: The parameter to be updated
+             grad: The grad of p
+            state: The state-dict corresponding to parameter p
+
+        This function modifies p.
+        """
+        grad = p.grad
+        lr = group["lr"]
+        beta1, beta2 = group["betas"]
+        eps = group["eps"]
+        param_min_rms = group["param_min_rms"]
+        step = state["step"]
+
+        exp_avg_sq = state["exp_avg_sq"]
+        exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(grad, grad, value=(1 - beta2))
+
+        this_step = state["step"] - (
+            state["zero_step"] if "zero_step" in state else 0
+        )
+        bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** (this_step + 1)
+        if bias_correction2 < 0.99:
+            # note: not in-place.
+            exp_avg_sq = exp_avg_sq * (1.0 / bias_correction2)
+
+        denom = exp_avg_sq.sqrt()
+        denom += eps
+        grad = grad / denom
+
+        alpha = -lr * (1 - beta1) * state["param_rms"].clamp(min=param_min_rms)
+
+        delta = state["delta"]
+        delta.add_(grad * alpha)
+        p.add_(delta)
+
+    def _step_scalar(self, group: dict, p: Tensor, state: dict):
+        """
+        A simplified form of the core update for scalar tensors, where we cannot get a good
+        estimate of the parameter rms.
+        """
+        beta1, beta2 = group["betas"]
+        scalar_max = group["scalar_max"]
+        eps = group["eps"]
+        lr = group["lr"] * group["scalar_lr_scale"]
+        grad = p.grad
+
+        exp_avg_sq = state["exp_avg_sq"]  # shape: (batch_size,)
+        exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(grad, grad, value=1 - beta2)
+
+        # bias_correction2 is like in Adam.  Don't bother with bias_correction1;
+        # slower update at the start will help stability anyway.
+        bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** (state["step"] + 1)
+        denom = (exp_avg_sq / bias_correction2).sqrt() + eps
+
+        delta = state["delta"]
+        delta.add_(grad / denom, alpha=-lr * (1 - beta1))
+        p.clamp_(min=-scalar_max, max=scalar_max)
+        p.add_(delta)
+
+
+class LRScheduler(object):
+    """
+    Base-class for learning rate schedulers where the learning-rate depends on both the
+    batch and the epoch.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, optimizer: Optimizer, verbose: bool = False):
+        # Attach optimizer
+        if not isinstance(optimizer, Optimizer):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "{} is not an Optimizer".format(type(optimizer).__name__)
+            )
+        self.optimizer = optimizer
+        self.verbose = verbose
+
+        for group in optimizer.param_groups:
+            group.setdefault("base_lr", group["lr"])
+
+        self.base_lrs = [group["base_lr"] for group in optimizer.param_groups]
+
+        self.epoch = 0
+        self.batch = 0
+
+    def state_dict(self):
+        """Returns the state of the scheduler as a :class:`dict`.
+
+        It contains an entry for every variable in self.__dict__ which
+        is not the optimizer.
+        """
+        return {
+            "base_lrs": self.base_lrs,
+            "epoch": self.epoch,
+            "batch": self.batch,
+        }
+
+    def load_state_dict(self, state_dict):
+        """Loads the schedulers state.
+
+        Args:
+            state_dict (dict): scheduler state. Should be an object returned
+                from a call to :meth:`state_dict`.
+        """
+        self.__dict__.update(state_dict)
+
+    def get_last_lr(self) -> List[float]:
+        """Return last computed learning rate by current scheduler.  Will be a list of float."""
+        return self._last_lr
+
+    def get_lr(self):
+        # Compute list of learning rates from self.epoch and self.batch and
+        # self.base_lrs; this must be overloaded by the user.
+        # e.g. return [some_formula(self.batch, self.epoch, base_lr) for base_lr in self.base_lrs ]
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def step_batch(self, batch: Optional[int] = None) -> None:
+        # Step the batch index, or just set it.  If `batch` is specified, it
+        # must be the batch index from the start of training, i.e. summed over
+        # all epochs.
+        # You can call this in any order; if you don't provide 'batch', it should
+        # of course be called once per batch.
+        if batch is not None:
+            self.batch = batch
+        else:
+            self.batch = self.batch + 1
+        self._set_lrs()
+
+    def step_epoch(self, epoch: Optional[int] = None):
+        # Step the epoch index, or just set it.  If you provide the 'epoch' arg,
+        # you should call this at the start of the epoch; if you don't provide the 'epoch'
+        # arg, you should call it at the end of the epoch.
+        if epoch is not None:
+            self.epoch = epoch
+        else:
+            self.epoch = self.epoch + 1
+        self._set_lrs()
+
+    def _set_lrs(self):
+        values = self.get_lr()
+        assert len(values) == len(self.optimizer.param_groups)
+
+        for i, data in enumerate(zip(self.optimizer.param_groups, values)):
+            param_group, lr = data
+            param_group["lr"] = lr
+            self.print_lr(self.verbose, i, lr)
+        self._last_lr = [group["lr"] for group in self.optimizer.param_groups]
+
+    def print_lr(self, is_verbose, group, lr):
+        """Display the current learning rate."""
+        if is_verbose:
+            logging.info(
+                f"Epoch={self.epoch}, batch={self.batch}: adjusting learning rate"
+                f" of group {group} to {lr:.4e}."
+            )
+
+
+class Eden(LRScheduler):
+    """
+    Eden scheduler.
+    The basic formula (before warmup) is:
+      lr = base_lr * (((batch**2 + lr_batches**2) / lr_batches**2) ** -0.25 *
+                     (((epoch**2 + lr_epochs**2) / lr_epochs**2) ** -0.25)) * warmup
+    where `warmup` increases from linearly 0.5 to 1 over `warmup_batches` batches
+    and then stays constant at 1.
+
+
+     E.g. suggest base_lr = 0.04 (passed to optimizer) if used with ScaledAdam
+
+    Args:
+        optimizer: the optimizer to change the learning rates on
+        lr_batches: the number of batches after which we start significantly
+              decreasing the learning rate, suggest 5000.
+        lr_epochs: the number of epochs after which we start significantly
+              decreasing the learning rate, suggest 6 if you plan to do e.g.
+              20 to 40 epochs, but may need smaller number if dataset is huge
+              and you will do few epochs.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        optimizer: Optimizer,
+        lr_batches: Union[int, float],
+        lr_epochs: Union[int, float],
+        warmup_batches: Union[int, float] = 500.0,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+    ):
+        super(Eden, self).__init__(optimizer, verbose)
+        self.lr_batches = lr_batches
+        self.lr_epochs = lr_epochs
+        self.warmup_batches = warmup_batches
+
+    def get_lr(self):
+        factor = (
+            (self.batch ** 2 + self.lr_batches ** 2) / self.lr_batches ** 2
+        ) ** -0.25 * (
+            ((self.epoch ** 2 + self.lr_epochs ** 2) / self.lr_epochs ** 2)
+            ** -0.25
+        )
+        warmup_factor = (
+            1.0
+            if self.batch >= self.warmup_batches
+            else 0.5 + 0.5 * (self.batch / self.warmup_batches)
+        )
+
+        return [x * factor * warmup_factor for x in self.base_lrs]
+
+
+def _test_eden():
+    m = torch.nn.Linear(100, 100)
+    optim = ScaledAdam(m.parameters(), lr=0.03)
+
+    scheduler = Eden(optim, lr_batches=100, lr_epochs=2, verbose=True)
+
+    for epoch in range(10):
+        scheduler.step_epoch(epoch)  # sets epoch to `epoch`
+
+        for step in range(20):
+            x = torch.randn(200, 100).detach()
+            x.requires_grad = True
+            y = m(x)
+            dy = torch.randn(200, 100).detach()
+            f = (y * dy).sum()
+            f.backward()
+
+            optim.step()
+            scheduler.step_batch()
+            optim.zero_grad()
+
+    logging.info(f"last lr = {scheduler.get_last_lr()}")
+    logging.info(f"state dict = {scheduler.state_dict()}")
+
+
+# This is included mostly as a baseline for ScaledAdam.
+class Eve(Optimizer):
+    """
+    Implements Eve algorithm.  This is a modified version of AdamW with a special
+    way of setting the weight-decay / shrinkage-factor, which is designed to make the
+    rms of the parameters approach a particular target_rms (default: 0.1).  This is
+    for use with networks with 'scaled' versions of modules (see scaling.py), which
+    will be close to invariant to the absolute scale on the parameter matrix.
+
+    The original Adam algorithm was proposed in `Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization`_.
+    The AdamW variant was proposed in `Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization`_.
+    Eve is unpublished so far.
+
+    Arguments:
+        params (iterable): iterable of parameters to optimize or dicts defining
+            parameter groups
+        lr (float, optional): learning rate (default: 1e-3)
+        betas (Tuple[float, float], optional): coefficients used for computing
+            running averages of gradient and its square (default: (0.9, 0.999))
+        eps (float, optional): term added to the denominator to improve
+            numerical stability (default: 1e-8)
+        weight_decay (float, optional): weight decay coefficient (default: 3e-4;
+            this value means that the weight would decay significantly after
+            about 3k minibatches.  Is not multiplied by learning rate, but
+            is conditional on RMS-value of parameter being > target_rms.
+        target_rms (float, optional): target root-mean-square value of
+           parameters, if they fall below this we will stop applying weight decay.
+
+
+    .. _Adam: A Method for Stochastic Optimization:
+        https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6980
+    .. _Decoupled Weight Decay Regularization:
+        https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.05101
+    .. _On the Convergence of Adam and Beyond:
+        https://openreview.net/forum?id=ryQu7f-RZ
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        params,
+        lr=1e-3,
+        betas=(0.9, 0.98),
+        eps=1e-8,
+        weight_decay=1e-3,
+        target_rms=0.1,
+    ):
+        if not 0.0 <= lr:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid learning rate: {}".format(lr))
+        if not 0.0 <= eps:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid epsilon value: {}".format(eps))
+        if not 0.0 <= betas[0] < 1.0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid beta parameter at index 0: {}".format(betas[0])
+            )
+        if not 0.0 <= betas[1] < 1.0:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid beta parameter at index 1: {}".format(betas[1])
+            )
+        if not 0 <= weight_decay <= 0.1:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid weight_decay value: {}".format(weight_decay)
+            )
+        if not 0 < target_rms <= 10.0:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid target_rms value: {}".format(target_rms))
+        defaults = dict(
+            lr=lr,
+            betas=betas,
+            eps=eps,
+            weight_decay=weight_decay,
+            target_rms=target_rms,
+        )
+        super(Eve, self).__init__(params, defaults)
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        super(Eve, self).__setstate__(state)
+
+    @torch.no_grad()
+    def step(self, closure=None):
+        """Performs a single optimization step.
+
+        Arguments:
+            closure (callable, optional): A closure that reevaluates the model
+                and returns the loss.
+        """
+        loss = None
+        if closure is not None:
+            with torch.enable_grad():
+                loss = closure()
+
+        for group in self.param_groups:
+            for p in group["params"]:
+                if p.grad is None:
+                    continue
+
+                # Perform optimization step
+                grad = p.grad
+                if grad.is_sparse:
+                    raise RuntimeError(
+                        "AdamW does not support sparse gradients"
+                    )
+
+                state = self.state[p]
+
+                # State initialization
+                if len(state) == 0:
+                    state["step"] = 0
+                    # Exponential moving average of gradient values
+                    state["exp_avg"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                        p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format
+                    )
+                    # Exponential moving average of squared gradient values
+                    state["exp_avg_sq"] = torch.zeros_like(
+                        p, memory_format=torch.preserve_format
+                    )
+
+                exp_avg, exp_avg_sq = state["exp_avg"], state["exp_avg_sq"]
+
+                beta1, beta2 = group["betas"]
+
+                state["step"] += 1
+                bias_correction1 = 1 - beta1 ** state["step"]
+                bias_correction2 = 1 - beta2 ** state["step"]
+
+                # Decay the first and second moment running average coefficient
+                exp_avg.mul_(beta1).add_(grad, alpha=1 - beta1)
+                exp_avg_sq.mul_(beta2).addcmul_(grad, grad, value=1 - beta2)
+                denom = (exp_avg_sq.sqrt() * (bias_correction2 ** -0.5)).add_(
+                    group["eps"]
+                )
+
+                step_size = group["lr"] / bias_correction1
+                target_rms = group["target_rms"]
+                weight_decay = group["weight_decay"]
+
+                if p.numel() > 1:
+                    # avoid applying this weight-decay on "scaling factors"
+                    # (which are scalar).
+                    is_above_target_rms = p.norm() > (
+                        target_rms * (p.numel() ** 0.5)
+                    )
+                    p.mul_(1 - (weight_decay * is_above_target_rms))
+
+                p.addcdiv_(exp_avg, denom, value=-step_size)
+
+                # if random.random() < 0.0005:
+                #     step = (exp_avg / denom) * step_size
+                #     logging.info(
+                #         f"Delta rms = {(step**2).mean().item()}, shape = {step.shape}"
+                #     )
+
+        return loss
+
+
+def _test_scaled_adam(hidden_dim: int):
+    import timeit
+
+    from scaling import ScaledLinear
+
+    E = 100
+    B = 4
+    T = 2
+    logging.info("in test_eve_cain")
+    # device = torch.device('cuda')
+    device = torch.device("cpu")
+    dtype = torch.float32
+
+    fix_random_seed(42)
+    # these input_magnitudes and output_magnitudes are to test that
+    # Abel is working as we expect and is able to adjust scales of
+    # different dims differently.
+    input_magnitudes = (1.0 * torch.randn(E, dtype=dtype, device=device)).exp()
+    output_magnitudes = (1.0 * torch.randn(E, dtype=dtype, device=device)).exp()
+
+    for iter in [1, 0]:
+        fix_random_seed(42)
+        Linear = torch.nn.Linear if iter == 0 else ScaledLinear
+
+        m = torch.nn.Sequential(
+            Linear(E, hidden_dim),
+            torch.nn.PReLU(),
+            Linear(hidden_dim, hidden_dim),
+            torch.nn.PReLU(),
+            Linear(hidden_dim, E),
+        ).to(device)
+
+        train_pairs = [
+            (
+                100.0
+                * torch.randn(B, T, E, device=device, dtype=dtype)
+                * input_magnitudes,
+                torch.randn(B, T, E, device=device, dtype=dtype)
+                * output_magnitudes,
+            )
+            for _ in range(20)
+        ]
+
+        if iter == 0:
+            optim = Eve(m.parameters(), lr=0.003)
+        elif iter == 1:
+            optim = ScaledAdam(m.parameters(), lr=0.03, clipping_scale=2.0)
+        scheduler = Eden(optim, lr_batches=200, lr_epochs=5, verbose=False)
+
+        start = timeit.default_timer()
+        avg_loss = 0.0
+        for epoch in range(180):
+            scheduler.step_epoch()
+            # if epoch == 100 and iter in [2,3]:
+            #    optim.reset_speedup()  # check it doesn't crash.
+
+            # if epoch == 130:
+            #    opts = diagnostics.TensorDiagnosticOptions(
+            #        2 ** 22
+            #    )  # allow 4 megabytes per sub-module
+            #    diagnostic = diagnostics.attach_diagnostics(m, opts)
+
+            for n, (x, y) in enumerate(train_pairs):
+                y_out = m(x)
+                loss = ((y_out - y) ** 2).mean() * 100.0
+                if epoch == 0 and n == 0:
+                    avg_loss = loss.item()
+                else:
+                    avg_loss = 0.98 * avg_loss + 0.02 * loss.item()
+                if n == 0 and epoch % 5 == 0:
+                    # norm1 = '%.2e' % (m[0].weight**2).mean().sqrt().item()
+                    # norm1b = '%.2e' % (m[0].bias**2).mean().sqrt().item()
+                    # norm2 = '%.2e' % (m[2].weight**2).mean().sqrt().item()
+                    # norm2b = '%.2e' % (m[2].bias**2).mean().sqrt().item()
+                    # scale1 = '%.2e' % (m[0].weight_scale.exp().item())
+                    # scale1b = '%.2e' % (m[0].bias_scale.exp().item())
+                    # scale2 = '%.2e' % (m[2].weight_scale.exp().item())
+                    # scale2b = '%.2e' % (m[2].bias_scale.exp().item())
+                    lr = scheduler.get_last_lr()[0]
+                    logging.info(
+                        f"Iter {iter}, epoch {epoch}, batch {n}, avg_loss {avg_loss:.4g}, lr={lr:.4e}"
+                    )  # , norms={norm1,norm1b,norm2,norm2b}") # scales={scale1,scale1b,scale2,scale2b}
+                loss.log().backward()
+                optim.step()
+                optim.zero_grad()
+                scheduler.step_batch()
+
+        # diagnostic.print_diagnostics()
+
+        stop = timeit.default_timer()
+        logging.info(f"Iter={iter}, Time taken: {stop - start}")
+
+        logging.info(f"last lr = {scheduler.get_last_lr()}")
+        # logging.info("state dict = ", scheduler.state_dict())
+        # logging.info("optim state_dict = ", optim.state_dict())
+        logging.info(f"input_magnitudes = {input_magnitudes}")
+        logging.info(f"output_magnitudes = {output_magnitudes}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    torch.set_num_threads(1)
+    torch.set_num_interop_threads(1)
+    logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    import subprocess
+
+    s = subprocess.check_output(
+        "git status -uno .; git log -1; git diff HEAD .", shell=True
+    )
+    logging.info(s)
+    import sys
+
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1:
+        hidden_dim = int(sys.argv[1])
+    else:
+        hidden_dim = 200
+
+    _test_scaled_adam(hidden_dim)
+    _test_eden()

modules/scaling.py

@@ -0,0 +1,1401 @@
+# Copyright    2022  Xiaomi Corp.        (authors: Daniel Povey)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import collections
+import logging
+import random
+import math
+from functools import reduce
+from itertools import repeat
+from typing import Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+from torch import Tensor
+from torch.nn import Embedding as ScaledEmbedding
+
+from utils import Transpose
+
+
+class ActivationBalancerFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(
+        ctx,
+        x: Tensor,
+        scale_factor: Tensor,
+        sign_factor: Optional[Tensor],
+        channel_dim: int,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        if channel_dim < 0:
+            channel_dim += x.ndim
+        ctx.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        xgt0 = x > 0
+        if sign_factor is None:
+            ctx.save_for_backward(xgt0, scale_factor)
+        else:
+            ctx.save_for_backward(xgt0, scale_factor, sign_factor)
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, x_grad: Tensor) -> Tuple[Tensor, None, None, None]:
+        if len(ctx.saved_tensors) == 3:
+            xgt0, scale_factor, sign_factor = ctx.saved_tensors
+            for _ in range(ctx.channel_dim, x_grad.ndim - 1):
+                scale_factor = scale_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
+                sign_factor = sign_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
+            factor = sign_factor + scale_factor * (xgt0.to(x_grad.dtype) - 0.5)
+        else:
+            xgt0, scale_factor = ctx.saved_tensors
+            for _ in range(ctx.channel_dim, x_grad.ndim - 1):
+                scale_factor = scale_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
+            factor = scale_factor * (xgt0.to(x_grad.dtype) - 0.5)
+        neg_delta_grad = x_grad.abs() * factor
+        return (
+            x_grad - neg_delta_grad,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+
+
+def _compute_scale_factor(
+    x: Tensor,
+    channel_dim: int,
+    min_abs: float,
+    max_abs: float,
+    gain_factor: float,
+    max_factor: float,
+) -> Tensor:
+    if channel_dim < 0:
+        channel_dim += x.ndim
+    sum_dims = [d for d in range(x.ndim) if d != channel_dim]
+    x_abs_mean = torch.mean(x.abs(), dim=sum_dims).to(torch.float32)
+
+    if min_abs == 0.0:
+        below_threshold = 0.0
+    else:
+        # below_threshold is 0 if x_abs_mean > min_abs, can be at most max_factor if
+        # x_abs)_mean , min_abs.
+        below_threshold = (
+            (min_abs - x_abs_mean) * (gain_factor / min_abs)
+        ).clamp(min=0, max=max_factor)
+
+    above_threshold = ((x_abs_mean - max_abs) * (gain_factor / max_abs)).clamp(
+        min=0, max=max_factor
+    )
+
+    return below_threshold - above_threshold
+
+
+def _compute_sign_factor(
+    x: Tensor,
+    channel_dim: int,
+    min_positive: float,
+    max_positive: float,
+    gain_factor: float,
+    max_factor: float,
+) -> Tensor:
+    if channel_dim < 0:
+        channel_dim += x.ndim
+    sum_dims = [d for d in range(x.ndim) if d != channel_dim]
+    proportion_positive = torch.mean((x > 0).to(torch.float32), dim=sum_dims)
+    if min_positive == 0.0:
+        factor1 = 0.0
+    else:
+        # 0 if proportion_positive >= min_positive, else can be
+        # as large as max_factor.
+        factor1 = (
+            (min_positive - proportion_positive) * (gain_factor / min_positive)
+        ).clamp_(min=0, max=max_factor)
+
+    if max_positive == 1.0:
+        factor2 = 0.0
+    else:
+        # 0 if self.proportion_positive <= max_positive, else can be
+        # as large as -max_factor.
+        factor2 = (
+            (proportion_positive - max_positive)
+            * (gain_factor / (1.0 - max_positive))
+        ).clamp_(min=0, max=max_factor)
+    sign_factor = factor1 - factor2
+    # require min_positive != 0 or max_positive != 1:
+    assert not isinstance(sign_factor, float)
+    return sign_factor
+
+
+class ActivationScaleBalancerFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    """
+    This object is used in class ActivationBalancer when the user specified
+    min_positive=0, max_positive=1, so there are no constraints on the signs
+    of the activations and only the absolute value has a constraint.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(
+        ctx,
+        x: Tensor,
+        sign_factor: Tensor,
+        scale_factor: Tensor,
+        channel_dim: int,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        if channel_dim < 0:
+            channel_dim += x.ndim
+        ctx.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        xgt0 = x > 0
+        ctx.save_for_backward(xgt0, sign_factor, scale_factor)
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, x_grad: Tensor) -> Tuple[Tensor, None, None, None]:
+        xgt0, sign_factor, scale_factor = ctx.saved_tensors
+        for _ in range(ctx.channel_dim, x_grad.ndim - 1):
+            sign_factor = sign_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
+            scale_factor = scale_factor.unsqueeze(-1)
+
+        factor = sign_factor + scale_factor * (xgt0.to(x_grad.dtype) - 0.5)
+        neg_delta_grad = x_grad.abs() * factor
+        return (
+            x_grad - neg_delta_grad,
+            None,
+            None,
+            None,
+        )
+
+
+class RandomClampFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(
+        ctx,
+        x: Tensor,
+        min: Optional[float],
+        max: Optional[float],
+        prob: float,
+        reflect: float,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x_clamped = torch.clamp(x, min=min, max=max)
+        mask = torch.rand_like(x) < prob
+        ans = torch.where(mask, x_clamped, x)
+        if x.requires_grad:
+            ctx.save_for_backward(ans == x)
+            ctx.reflect = reflect
+        if reflect != 0.0:
+            ans = ans * (1.0 + reflect) - (x * reflect)
+        return ans
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(
+        ctx, ans_grad: Tensor
+    ) -> Tuple[Tensor, None, None, None, None]:
+        (is_same,) = ctx.saved_tensors
+        x_grad = ans_grad * is_same.to(ans_grad.dtype)
+        reflect = ctx.reflect
+        if reflect != 0.0:
+            x_grad = x_grad * (1.0 + reflect) - (ans_grad * reflect)
+        return x_grad, None, None, None, None
+
+
+def random_clamp(
+    x: Tensor,
+    min: Optional[float] = None,
+    max: Optional[float] = None,
+    prob: float = 0.5,
+    reflect: float = 0.0,
+):
+    return RandomClampFunction.apply(x, min, max, prob, reflect)
+
+
+def random_cast_to_half(x: Tensor, min_abs: float = 5.0e-06) -> Tensor:
+    """
+    A randomized way of casting a floating point value to half precision.
+    """
+    if x.dtype == torch.float16:
+        return x
+    x_abs = x.abs()
+    is_too_small = x_abs < min_abs
+    # for elements where is_too_small is true, random_val will contain +-min_abs with
+    # probability (x.abs() / min_abs), and 0.0 otherwise.  [so this preserves expectations,
+    # for those elements].
+    random_val = min_abs * x.sign() * (torch.rand_like(x) * min_abs < x_abs)
+    return torch.where(is_too_small, random_val, x).to(torch.float16)
+
+
+class RandomGradFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    """
+    Does nothing in forward pass; in backward pass, gets rid of very small grads using
+    randomized approach that preserves expectations (intended to reduce roundoff).
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(ctx, x: Tensor, min_abs: float) -> Tensor:
+        ctx.min_abs = min_abs
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, ans_grad: Tensor) -> Tuple[Tensor, None]:
+        if ans_grad.dtype == torch.float16:
+            return (
+                random_cast_to_half(
+                    ans_grad.to(torch.float32), min_abs=ctx.min_abs
+                ),
+                None,
+            )
+        else:
+            return ans_grad, None
+
+
+class RandomGrad(torch.nn.Module):
+    """
+    Gets rid of very small gradients using an expectation-preserving method, intended to increase
+    accuracy of training when using amp (automatic mixed precision)
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, min_abs: float = 5.0e-06):
+        super(RandomGrad, self).__init__()
+        self.min_abs = min_abs
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor):
+        if (
+            torch.jit.is_scripting()
+            or not self.training
+            or torch.jit.is_tracing()
+        ):
+            return x
+        else:
+            return RandomGradFunction.apply(x, self.min_abs)
+
+
+class SoftmaxFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    """
+    Tries to handle half-precision derivatives in a randomized way that should
+    be more accurate for training than the default behavior.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(ctx, x: Tensor, dim: int):
+        ans = x.softmax(dim=dim)
+        # if x dtype is float16, x.softmax() returns a float32 because
+        # (presumably) that op does not support float16, and autocast
+        # is enabled.
+        if torch.is_autocast_enabled():
+            ans = ans.to(torch.float16)
+        ctx.save_for_backward(ans)
+        ctx.x_dtype = x.dtype
+        ctx.dim = dim
+        return ans
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, ans_grad: Tensor):
+        (ans,) = ctx.saved_tensors
+        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast(enabled=False):
+            ans_grad = ans_grad.to(torch.float32)
+            ans = ans.to(torch.float32)
+            x_grad = ans_grad * ans
+            x_grad = x_grad - ans * x_grad.sum(dim=ctx.dim, keepdim=True)
+            return x_grad, None
+
+
+def softmax(x: Tensor, dim: int):
+    if torch.jit.is_scripting() or torch.jit.is_tracing():
+        return x.softmax(dim)
+
+    return SoftmaxFunction.apply(x, dim)
+
+
+class MaxEigLimiterFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(
+        ctx,
+        x: Tensor,
+        coeffs: Tensor,
+        direction: Tensor,
+        channel_dim: int,
+        grad_scale: float,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        ctx.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        ctx.grad_scale = grad_scale
+        ctx.save_for_backward(x.detach(), coeffs.detach(), direction.detach())
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, x_grad, *args):
+        with torch.enable_grad():
+            (x_orig, coeffs, new_direction) = ctx.saved_tensors
+            x_orig.requires_grad = True
+            num_channels = x_orig.shape[ctx.channel_dim]
+            x = x_orig.transpose(ctx.channel_dim, -1).reshape(-1, num_channels)
+            new_direction.requires_grad = False
+            x = x - x.mean(dim=0)
+            x_var = (x ** 2).mean()
+            x_residual = x - coeffs * new_direction
+            x_residual_var = (x_residual ** 2).mean()
+            # `variance_proportion` is the proportion of the variance accounted for
+            # by the top eigen-direction.  This is to be minimized.
+            variance_proportion = (x_var - x_residual_var) / (x_var + 1.0e-20)
+            variance_proportion.backward()
+        x_orig_grad = x_orig.grad
+        x_extra_grad = (
+            x_orig.grad
+            * ctx.grad_scale
+            * x_grad.norm()
+            / (x_orig_grad.norm() + 1.0e-20)
+        )
+        return x_grad + x_extra_grad.detach(), None, None, None, None
+
+
+class BasicNorm(torch.nn.Module):
+    """
+    This is intended to be a simpler, and hopefully cheaper, replacement for
+    LayerNorm.  The observation this is based on, is that Transformer-type
+    networks, especially with pre-norm, sometimes seem to set one of the
+    feature dimensions to a large constant value (e.g. 50), which "defeats"
+    the LayerNorm because the output magnitude is then not strongly dependent
+    on the other (useful) features.  Presumably the weight and bias of the
+    LayerNorm are required to allow it to do this.
+
+    So the idea is to introduce this large constant value as an explicit
+    parameter, that takes the role of the "eps" in LayerNorm, so the network
+    doesn't have to do this trick.  We make the "eps" learnable.
+
+    Args:
+       num_channels: the number of channels, e.g. 512.
+      channel_dim: the axis/dimension corresponding to the channel,
+        interprted as an offset from the input's ndim if negative.
+        shis is NOT the num_channels; it should typically be one of
+        {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3}.
+       eps: the initial "epsilon" that we add as ballast in:
+             scale = ((input_vec**2).mean() + epsilon)**-0.5
+          Note: our epsilon is actually large, but we keep the name
+          to indicate the connection with conventional LayerNorm.
+       learn_eps: if true, we learn epsilon; if false, we keep it
+         at the initial value.
+    eps_min: float
+    eps_max: float
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_channels: int,
+        channel_dim: int = -1,  # CAUTION: see documentation.
+        eps: float = 0.25,
+        learn_eps: bool = True,
+        eps_min: float = -3.0,
+        eps_max: float = 3.0,
+    ) -> None:
+        super(BasicNorm, self).__init__()
+        self.num_channels = num_channels
+        self.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        if learn_eps:
+            self.eps = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(eps).log().detach())
+        else:
+            self.register_buffer("eps", torch.tensor(eps).log().detach())
+        self.eps_min = eps_min
+        self.eps_max = eps_max
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        assert x.shape[self.channel_dim] == self.num_channels
+        eps = self.eps
+        if self.training and random.random() < 0.25:
+            # with probability 0.25, in training mode, clamp eps between the min
+            # and max; this will encourage it to learn parameters within the
+            # allowed range by making parameters that are outside the allowed
+            # range noisy.
+
+            # gradients to allow the parameter to get back into the allowed
+            # region if it happens to exit it.
+            eps = eps.clamp(min=self.eps_min, max=self.eps_max)
+        scales = (
+            torch.mean(x ** 2, dim=self.channel_dim, keepdim=True) + eps.exp()
+        ) ** -0.5
+        return x * scales
+
+
+def ScaledLinear(*args, initial_scale: float = 1.0, **kwargs) -> nn.Linear:
+    """
+    Behaves like a constructor of a modified version of nn.Linear
+    that gives an easy way to set the default initial parameter scale.
+
+    Args:
+        Accepts the standard args and kwargs that nn.Linear accepts
+        e.g. in_features, out_features, bias=False.
+
+        initial_scale: you can override this if you want to increase
+           or decrease the initial magnitude of the module's output
+           (affects the initialization of weight_scale and bias_scale).
+           Another option, if you want to do something like this, is
+           to re-initialize the parameters.
+    """
+    ans = nn.Linear(*args, **kwargs)
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        ans.weight[:] *= initial_scale
+        if ans.bias is not None:
+            torch.nn.init.uniform_(
+                ans.bias, -0.1 * initial_scale, 0.1 * initial_scale
+            )
+    return ans
+
+
+def ScaledConv1d(
+    *args,
+    initial_scale: float = 1.0,
+    kernel_size: int = 3,
+    padding: str = "same",
+    **kwargs,
+) -> nn.Conv1d:
+    """
+    Behaves like a constructor of a modified version of nn.Conv1d
+    that gives an easy way to set the default initial parameter scale.
+
+    Args:
+        Accepts the standard args and kwargs that nn.Linear accepts
+        e.g. in_features, out_features, bias=False.
+
+        initial_scale: you can override this if you want to increase
+           or decrease the initial magnitude of the module's output
+           (affects the initialization of weight_scale and bias_scale).
+           Another option, if you want to do something like this, is
+           to re-initialize the parameters.
+    """
+    ans = nn.Conv1d(*args, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=padding, **kwargs)
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        ans.weight[:] *= initial_scale
+        if ans.bias is not None:
+            torch.nn.init.uniform_(
+                ans.bias, -0.1 * initial_scale, 0.1 * initial_scale
+            )
+    return ans
+
+
+def TransposeScaledConv1d(
+    *args,
+    initial_scale: float = 1.0,
+    kernel_size: int = 3,
+    padding: str = "same",
+    **kwargs,
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    Transpose -> ScaledConv1d
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        Transpose(),
+        ScaledConv1d(
+            *args,
+            initial_scale=initial_scale,
+            kernel_size=kernel_size,
+            padding=padding,
+            **kwargs,
+        ),
+    )
+
+
+def ScaledConv1dTranspose(
+    *args,
+    initial_scale: float = 1.0,
+    kernel_size: int = 3,
+    padding: str = "same",
+    **kwargs,
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    Transpose -> ScaledConv1d
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        ScaledConv1d(
+            *args,
+            initial_scale=initial_scale,
+            kernel_size=kernel_size,
+            padding=padding,
+            **kwargs,
+        ),
+        Transpose(),
+    )
+
+
+def TransposeConv1d(
+    *args, kernel_size: int = 3, padding: str = "same", **kwargs
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    Transpose -> Conv1d
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        Transpose(),
+        nn.Conv1d(*args, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=padding, **kwargs),
+    )
+
+
+def Conv1dTranspose(
+    *args, kernel_size: int = 3, padding: str = "same", **kwargs
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    ScaledConv1d -> Transpose
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        nn.Conv1d(*args, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=padding, **kwargs),
+        Transpose(),
+    )
+
+
+class SRLinear(nn.Linear):
+    """https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.06296
+    Stabilizing Transformer Training by Preventing Attention Entropy Collapse
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, in_features, out_features, bias=True, **kwargs):
+        super().__init__(in_features, out_features, bias=bias, **kwargs)
+        self.register_buffer(
+            "u", nn.functional.normalize(torch.randn(in_features), dim=0)
+        )
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            sigma = self.get_sigma()
+        self.register_buffer("spectral_norm", sigma)
+        self.sigma = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(1))
+
+    def get_sigma(self):
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            u = self.u
+            v = self.weight.mv(u)
+            v = nn.functional.normalize(v, dim=0)
+            u = self.weight.T.mv(v)
+            u = nn.functional.normalize(u, dim=0)
+            self.u.data.copy_(u)
+        return torch.einsum("c,cd,d->", v, self.weight, u)
+
+    def get_weight(self):
+        sigma = self.get_sigma()
+        if self.training:
+            self.spectral_norm.data.copy_(sigma)
+        weight = (self.sigma / sigma) * self.weight
+        return weight
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        return nn.functional.linear(x, self.get_weight(), self.bias)
+
+
+class SRConv1d(SRLinear):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        in_features,
+        out_features,
+        kernel_size,
+        stride: int = 1,
+        padding: str = "same",
+        bias: bool = True,
+        **kwargs,
+    ):
+        in_features = in_features * kernel_size
+        super().__init__(in_features, out_features, bias=bias, **kwargs)
+        nn.init.kaiming_uniform_(self.weight, a=math.sqrt(5))
+        self.kernel_size = kernel_size
+        self.stride = stride
+        self.padding = padding
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        in_features = self.in_features // self.kernel_size
+        weight = self.get_weight().view(
+            self.out_features, in_features, self.kernel_size
+        )
+        return nn.functional.conv1d(
+            x, weight, bias=self.bias, stride=self.stride, padding=self.padding
+        )
+
+
+def TransposeSRConv1d(
+    *args, kernel_size: int = 3, padding: str = "same", **kwargs
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    Transpose -> SRConv1d
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        Transpose(),
+        SRConv1d(*args, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=padding, **kwargs),
+    )
+
+
+def SRConv1dTranspose(
+    *args, kernel_size: int = 3, padding: str = "same", **kwargs
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    SRConv1d -> Transpose
+    """
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        SRConv1d(*args, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=padding, **kwargs),
+        Transpose(),
+    )
+
+
+class ActivationBalancer(torch.nn.Module):
+    """
+    Modifies the backpropped derivatives of a function to try to encourage, for
+    each channel, that it is positive at least a proportion `threshold` of the
+    time.  It does this by multiplying negative derivative values by up to
+    (1+max_factor), and positive derivative values by up to (1-max_factor),
+    interpolated from 1 at the threshold to those extremal values when none
+    of the inputs are positive.
+
+    Args:
+           num_channels: the number of channels
+           channel_dim: the dimension/axis corresponding to the channel, e.g.
+               -1, 0, 1, 2; will be interpreted as an offset from x.ndim if negative.
+           min_positive: the minimum, per channel, of the proportion of the time
+               that (x > 0), below which we start to modify the derivatives.
+           max_positive: the maximum, per channel, of the proportion of the time
+               that (x > 0), above which we start to modify the derivatives.
+           max_factor: the maximum factor by which we modify the derivatives for
+              either the sign constraint or the magnitude constraint;
+              e.g. with max_factor=0.02, the the derivatives would be multiplied by
+              values in the range [0.98..1.02].
+           sign_gain_factor: determines the 'gain' with which we increase the
+              change in gradient once the constraints on min_positive and max_positive
+              are violated.
+           scale_gain_factor: determines the 'gain' with which we increase the
+              change in gradient once the constraints on min_abs and max_abs
+              are violated.
+           min_abs:  the minimum average-absolute-value difference from the mean
+               value per channel, which we allow, before we start to modify
+               the derivatives to prevent this.
+           max_abs:  the maximum average-absolute-value difference from the mean
+               value per channel, which we allow, before we start to modify
+               the derivatives to prevent this.
+          min_prob: determines the minimum probability with which we modify the
+             gradients for the {min,max}_positive and {min,max}_abs constraints,
+             on each forward().  This is done randomly to prevent all layers
+             from doing it at the same time.  Early in training we may use
+             higher probabilities than this; it will decay to this value.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_channels: int,
+        channel_dim: int,
+        min_positive: float = 0.05,
+        max_positive: float = 0.95,
+        max_factor: float = 0.04,
+        sign_gain_factor: float = 0.01,
+        scale_gain_factor: float = 0.02,
+        min_abs: float = 0.2,
+        max_abs: float = 100.0,
+        min_prob: float = 0.1,
+    ):
+        super(ActivationBalancer, self).__init__()
+        self.num_channels = num_channels
+        self.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        self.min_positive = min_positive
+        self.max_positive = max_positive
+        self.max_factor = max_factor
+        self.min_abs = min_abs
+        self.max_abs = max_abs
+        self.min_prob = min_prob
+        self.sign_gain_factor = sign_gain_factor
+        self.scale_gain_factor = scale_gain_factor
+
+        # count measures how many times the forward() function has been called.
+        # We occasionally sync this to a tensor called `count`, that exists to
+        # make sure it is synced to disk when we load and save the model.
+        self.cpu_count = 0
+        self.register_buffer("count", torch.tensor(0, dtype=torch.int64))
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        if (
+            torch.jit.is_scripting()
+            or not x.requires_grad
+            or torch.jit.is_tracing()
+        ):
+            return _no_op(x)
+
+        count = self.cpu_count
+        self.cpu_count += 1
+
+        if random.random() < 0.01:
+            # Occasionally sync self.cpu_count with self.count.
+            # count affects the decay of 'prob'.  don't do this on every iter,
+            # because syncing with the GPU is slow.
+            self.cpu_count = max(self.cpu_count, self.count.item())
+            self.count.fill_(self.cpu_count)
+
+        # the prob of doing some work exponentially decreases from 0.5 till it hits
+        # a floor at min_prob (==0.1, by default)
+        prob = max(self.min_prob, 0.5 ** (1 + (count / 4000.0)))
+
+        if random.random() < prob:
+            sign_gain_factor = 0.5
+            if self.min_positive != 0.0 or self.max_positive != 1.0:
+                sign_factor = _compute_sign_factor(
+                    x,
+                    self.channel_dim,
+                    self.min_positive,
+                    self.max_positive,
+                    gain_factor=self.sign_gain_factor / prob,
+                    max_factor=self.max_factor,
+                )
+            else:
+                sign_factor = None
+
+            scale_factor = _compute_scale_factor(
+                x.detach(),
+                self.channel_dim,
+                min_abs=self.min_abs,
+                max_abs=self.max_abs,
+                gain_factor=self.scale_gain_factor / prob,
+                max_factor=self.max_factor,
+            )
+            return ActivationBalancerFunction.apply(
+                x,
+                scale_factor,
+                sign_factor,
+                self.channel_dim,
+            )
+        else:
+            return _no_op(x)
+
+
+def penalize_abs_values_gt(x: Tensor, limit: float, penalty: float) -> Tensor:
+    """
+    Returns x unmodified, but in backprop will put a penalty for the excess of
+    the absolute values of elements of x over the limit "limit".  E.g. if
+    limit == 10.0, then if x has any values over 10 it will get a penalty.
+
+    Caution: the value of this penalty will be affected by grad scaling used
+    in automatic mixed precision training.  For this reasons we use this,
+    it shouldn't really matter, or may even be helpful; we just use this
+    to disallow really implausible values of scores to be given to softmax.
+    """
+    x_sign = x.sign()
+    over_limit = (x.abs() - limit) > 0
+    # The following is a memory efficient way to penalize the absolute values of
+    # x that's over the limit.  (The memory efficiency comes when you think
+    # about which items torch needs to cache for the autograd, and which ones it
+    # can throw away).  The numerical value of aux_loss as computed here will
+    # actually be larger than it should be, by limit * over_limit.sum(), but it
+    # has the same derivative as the real aux_loss which is penalty * (x.abs() -
+    # limit).relu().
+    aux_loss = penalty * ((x_sign * over_limit).to(torch.int8) * x)
+    # note: we don't do sum() here on aux)_loss, but it's as if we had done
+    # sum() due to how with_loss() works.
+    x = with_loss(x, aux_loss)
+    # you must use x for something, or this will be ineffective.
+    return x
+
+
+def _diag(x: Tensor):  # like .diag(), but works for tensors with 3 dims.
+    if x.ndim == 2:
+        return x.diag()
+    else:
+        (batch, dim, dim) = x.shape
+        x = x.reshape(batch, dim * dim)
+        x = x[:, :: dim + 1]
+        assert x.shape == (batch, dim)
+        return x
+
+
+def _whitening_metric(x: Tensor, num_groups: int):
+    """
+    Computes the "whitening metric", a value which will be 1.0 if all the eigenvalues of
+    of the centered feature covariance are the same within each group's covariance matrix
+    and also between groups.
+    Args:
+        x: a Tensor of shape (*, num_channels)
+     num_groups:  the number of groups of channels, a number >=1 that divides num_channels
+    Returns:
+        Returns a scalar Tensor that will be 1.0 if the data is "perfectly white" and
+    greater than 1.0 otherwise.
+    """
+    assert x.dtype != torch.float16
+    x = x.reshape(-1, x.shape[-1])
+    (num_frames, num_channels) = x.shape
+    assert num_channels % num_groups == 0
+    channels_per_group = num_channels // num_groups
+    x = x.reshape(num_frames, num_groups, channels_per_group).transpose(0, 1)
+    # x now has shape (num_groups, num_frames, channels_per_group)
+    # subtract the mean so we use the centered, not uncentered, covariance.
+    # My experience has been that when we "mess with the gradients" like this,
+    # it's better not do anything that tries to move the mean around, because
+    # that can easily cause instability.
+    x = x - x.mean(dim=1, keepdim=True)
+    # x_covar: (num_groups, channels_per_group, channels_per_group)
+    x_covar = torch.matmul(x.transpose(1, 2), x)
+    x_covar_mean_diag = _diag(x_covar).mean()
+    # the following expression is what we'd get if we took the matrix product
+    # of each covariance and measured the mean of its trace, i.e.
+    # the same as _diag(torch.matmul(x_covar, x_covar)).mean().
+    x_covarsq_mean_diag = (x_covar ** 2).sum() / (
+        num_groups * channels_per_group
+    )
+    # this metric will be >= 1.0; the larger it is, the less 'white' the data was.
+    metric = x_covarsq_mean_diag / (x_covar_mean_diag ** 2 + 1.0e-20)
+    return metric
+
+
+class WhiteningPenaltyFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(
+        ctx,
+        x: Tensor,
+        num_groups: int,
+        whitening_limit: float,
+        grad_scale: float,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        ctx.save_for_backward(x)
+        ctx.num_groups = num_groups
+        ctx.whitening_limit = whitening_limit
+        ctx.grad_scale = grad_scale
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, x_grad: Tensor):
+        (x_orig,) = ctx.saved_tensors
+        with torch.enable_grad():
+            with torch.cuda.amp.autocast(enabled=False):
+                x_detached = x_orig.to(torch.float32).detach()
+                x_detached.requires_grad = True
+
+                metric = _whitening_metric(x_detached, ctx.num_groups)
+
+                if random.random() < 0.005 or __name__ == "__main__":
+                    logging.info(
+                        f"Whitening: num_groups={ctx.num_groups}, num_channels={x_orig.shape[-1]}, "
+                        f"metric={metric.item():.2f} vs. limit={ctx.whitening_limit}"
+                    )
+
+                (metric - ctx.whitening_limit).relu().backward()
+                penalty_grad = x_detached.grad
+                scale = ctx.grad_scale * (
+                    x_grad.to(torch.float32).norm()
+                    / (penalty_grad.norm() + 1.0e-20)
+                )
+                penalty_grad = penalty_grad * scale
+        return x_grad + penalty_grad.to(x_grad.dtype), None, None, None
+
+
+class Whiten(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_groups: int,
+        whitening_limit: float,
+        prob: Union[float, Tuple[float, float]],
+        grad_scale: float,
+    ):
+        """
+        Args:
+          num_groups: the number of groups to divide the channel dim into before
+            whitening.  We will attempt to make the feature covariance
+            within each group, after mean subtraction, as "white" as possible,
+            while having the same trace across all groups.
+         whitening_limit: a value greater than 1.0, that dictates how much
+           freedom we have to violate the constraints.  1.0 would mean perfectly
+           white, with exactly the same trace across groups; larger values
+           give more freedom.  E.g. 2.0.
+         prob: the probability with which we apply the gradient modification
+           (also affects the grad scale).  May be supplied as a float,
+           or as a pair (min_prob, max_prob)
+
+          grad_scale: determines the scale on the gradient term from this object,
+            relative to the rest of the gradient on the attention weights.
+            E.g. 0.02 (you may want to use smaller values than this if prob is large)
+        """
+        super(Whiten, self).__init__()
+        assert num_groups >= 1
+        assert whitening_limit >= 1
+        assert grad_scale >= 0
+        self.num_groups = num_groups
+        self.whitening_limit = whitening_limit
+        if isinstance(prob, float):
+            assert 0 < prob <= 1
+            self.prob = prob
+        else:
+            (self.min_prob, self.max_prob) = prob
+            assert 0 < self.min_prob < self.max_prob <= 1
+            self.prob = self.max_prob
+
+        self.grad_scale = grad_scale
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """
+        In the forward pass, this function just returns the input unmodified.
+        In the backward pass, it will modify the gradients to ensure that the
+        distribution in each group has close to (lambda times I) as the covariance
+        after mean subtraction, with the same lambda across groups.
+        For whitening_limit > 1, there will be more freedom to violate this
+        constraint.
+
+        Args:
+           x: the input of shape (*, num_channels)
+
+        Returns:
+            x, unmodified.   You should make sure
+        you use the returned value, or the graph will be freed
+        and nothing will happen in backprop.
+        """
+        if (
+            not x.requires_grad
+            or random.random() > self.prob
+            or self.grad_scale == 0
+        ):
+            return _no_op(x)
+        else:
+            if hasattr(self, "min_prob") and random.random() < 0.25:
+                # occasionally switch between min_prob and max_prob, based on whether
+                # we are above or below the threshold.
+                if (
+                    _whitening_metric(x.to(torch.float32), self.num_groups)
+                    > self.whitening_limit
+                ):
+                    # there would be a change to the grad.
+                    self.prob = self.max_prob
+                else:
+                    self.prob = self.min_prob
+
+            return WhiteningPenaltyFunction.apply(
+                x, self.num_groups, self.whitening_limit, self.grad_scale
+            )
+
+
+class WithLoss(torch.autograd.Function):
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(ctx, x: Tensor, y: Tensor):
+        ctx.y_shape = y.shape
+        return x
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, ans_grad: Tensor):
+        return ans_grad, torch.ones(
+            ctx.y_shape, dtype=ans_grad.dtype, device=ans_grad.device
+        )
+
+
+def with_loss(x, y):
+    if torch.jit.is_scripting() or torch.jit.is_tracing():
+        return x
+    # returns x but adds y.sum() to the loss function.
+    return WithLoss.apply(x, y)
+
+
+def _no_op(x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+    if torch.jit.is_scripting() or torch.jit.is_tracing():
+        return x
+    else:
+        # a no-op function that will have a node in the autograd graph,
+        # to avoid certain bugs relating to backward hooks
+        return x.chunk(1, dim=-1)[0]
+
+
+class Identity(torch.nn.Module):
+    def __init__(self):
+        super(Identity, self).__init__()
+
+    def forward(self, x):
+        return _no_op(x)
+
+
+class MaxEig(torch.nn.Module):
+    """
+    Modifies the backpropped derivatives of a function to try to discourage
+    that any given direction in activation space accounts for more than
+    a specified proportion of the covariance (e.g. 0.2).
+
+
+    Args:
+           num_channels: the number of channels
+           channel_dim: the dimension/axis corresponding to the channel, e.g.
+               -1, 0, 1, 2; will be interpreted as an offset from x.ndim if negative.
+           max_var_per_eig:  the maximum proportion of the variance of the
+               features/channels, after mean subtraction, that can come from
+               any given eigenvalue.
+           min_prob: the minimum probability with which we apply this during any invocation
+               of forward(), assuming last time we applied the constraint it was
+               not active; supplied for speed.
+           scale: determines the scale with which we modify the gradients, relative
+               to the existing / unmodified gradients
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        num_channels: int,
+        channel_dim: int,
+        max_var_per_eig: float = 0.2,
+        min_prob: float = 0.01,
+        scale: float = 0.01,
+    ):
+        super(MaxEig, self).__init__()
+        self.num_channels = num_channels
+        self.channel_dim = channel_dim
+        self.scale = scale
+        assert max_var_per_eig == 0.0 or max_var_per_eig > 1.0 / num_channels
+        self.max_var_per_eig = max_var_per_eig
+
+        # we figure out the dominant direction using the power method: starting with
+        # a random vector, keep multiplying by the covariance and renormalizing.
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            # arbitrary.. would use randn() but want to leave the rest of the model's
+            # random parameters unchanged for comparison
+            direction = torch.arange(num_channels).to(torch.float)
+            direction = direction / direction.norm()
+            self.register_buffer("max_eig_direction", direction)
+
+        self.min_prob = min_prob
+        # cur_prob is the current probability we'll use to apply the ActivationBalancer.
+        # We'll regress this towards prob, each time we try to apply it and it is not
+        # active.
+        self.cur_prob = 1.0
+
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        if (
+            torch.jit.is_scripting()
+            or self.max_var_per_eig <= 0
+            or random.random() > self.cur_prob
+            or torch.jit.is_tracing()
+        ):
+            return _no_op(x)
+
+        with torch.cuda.amp.autocast(enabled=False):
+            eps = 1.0e-20
+            orig_x = x
+            x = x.to(torch.float32)
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                x = x.transpose(self.channel_dim, -1).reshape(
+                    -1, self.num_channels
+                )
+                x = x - x.mean(dim=0)
+                new_direction, coeffs = self._find_direction_coeffs(
+                    x, self.max_eig_direction
+                )
+                x_var = (x ** 2).mean()
+                x_residual = x - coeffs * new_direction
+                x_residual_var = (x_residual ** 2).mean()
+
+                # `variance_proportion` is the proportion of the variance accounted for
+                # by the top eigen-direction.
+                variance_proportion = (x_var - x_residual_var) / (
+                    x_var + 1.0e-20
+                )
+
+                # ensure new direction is nonzero even if x == 0, by including `direction`.
+                self._set_direction(
+                    0.1 * self.max_eig_direction + new_direction
+                )
+
+            if random.random() < 0.01 or __name__ == "__main__":
+                logging.info(
+                    f"variance_proportion = {variance_proportion.item()}, shape={tuple(orig_x.shape)}, cur_prob={self.cur_prob}"
+                )
+
+            if variance_proportion >= self.max_var_per_eig:
+                # The constraint is active.  Note, we should quite rarely
+                # reach here, only near the beginning of training if we are
+                # starting to diverge, should this constraint be active.
+                cur_prob = self.cur_prob
+                self.cur_prob = (
+                    1.0  # next time, do the update with probability 1.0.
+                )
+                return MaxEigLimiterFunction.apply(
+                    orig_x, coeffs, new_direction, self.channel_dim, self.scale
+                )
+            else:
+                # let self.cur_prob exponentially approach self.min_prob, as
+                # long as the constraint is inactive.
+                self.cur_prob = 0.75 * self.cur_prob + 0.25 * self.min_prob
+                return orig_x
+
+    def _set_direction(self, direction: Tensor):
+        """
+        Sets self.max_eig_direction to a normalized version of `direction`
+        """
+        direction = direction.detach()
+        direction = direction / direction.norm()
+        direction_sum = direction.sum().item()
+        if direction_sum - direction_sum == 0:  # no inf/nan
+            self.max_eig_direction[:] = direction
+        else:
+            logging.info(
+                f"Warning: sum of direction in MaxEig is {direction_sum}, "
+                "num_channels={self.num_channels}, channel_dim={self.channel_dim}"
+            )
+
+    def _find_direction_coeffs(
+        self, x: Tensor, prev_direction: Tensor
+    ) -> Tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]:
+        """
+            Figure out (an approximation to) the proportion of the variance of a set of
+            feature vectors that can be attributed to the top eigen-direction.
+            Args:
+             x: a Tensor of shape (num_frames, num_channels), with num_frames > 1.
+          prev_direction:  a Tensor of shape (num_channels,), that is our previous estimate
+                   of the top eigen-direction, or a random direction if this is the first
+                   iteration.  Does not have to be normalized, but should be nonzero.
+
+        Returns: (cur_direction, coeffs), where:
+             cur_direction: a Tensor of shape (num_channels,) that is the current
+                estimate of the top eigen-direction.
+             coeffs: a Tensor of shape (num_frames, 1) that minimizes, or
+                approximately minimizes, (x - coeffs * cur_direction).norm()
+        """
+        (num_frames, num_channels) = x.shape
+        assert num_channels > 1 and num_frames > 1
+        assert prev_direction.shape == (num_channels,)
+        # `coeffs` are the coefficients of `prev_direction` in x.
+        # actually represent the coeffs up to a constant positive factor.
+        coeffs = (x * prev_direction).sum(dim=1, keepdim=True) + 1.0e-10
+        cur_direction = (x * coeffs).sum(dim=0) / (
+            (coeffs ** 2).sum() + 1.0e-20
+        )
+        return cur_direction, coeffs
+
+
+class DoubleSwishFunction(torch.autograd.Function):
+    """
+      double_swish(x) = x * torch.sigmoid(x-1)
+    This is a definition, originally motivated by its close numerical
+    similarity to swish(swish(x)), where swish(x) =  x * sigmoid(x).
+
+    Memory-efficient derivative computation:
+     double_swish(x) = x * s, where s(x) = torch.sigmoid(x-1)
+     double_swish'(x) = d/dx double_swish(x) =  x * s'(x) + x' * s(x) = x * s'(x) + s(x).
+     Now, s'(x) = s(x) * (1-s(x)).
+     double_swish'(x) =  x * s'(x) + s(x).
+                      =  x * s(x) * (1-s(x)) + s(x).
+                     = double_swish(x) * (1-s(x)) + s(x)
+     ... so we just need to remember s(x) but not x itself.
+    """
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def forward(ctx, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        requires_grad = x.requires_grad
+        x_dtype = x.dtype
+        if x.dtype == torch.float16:
+            x = x.to(torch.float32)
+
+        s = torch.sigmoid(x - 1.0)
+        y = x * s
+
+        if requires_grad:
+            deriv = y * (1 - s) + s
+            # notes on derivative of x * sigmoid(x - 1):
+            # https://www.wolframalpha.com/input?i=d%2Fdx+%28x+*+sigmoid%28x-1%29%29
+            # min \simeq -0.043638.  Take floor as -0.043637 so it's a lower bund
+            # max \simeq 1.1990.   Take ceil to be 1.2 so it's an upper bound.
+            # the combination of "+ torch.rand_like(deriv)" and casting to torch.uint8 (which
+            # floors), should be expectation-preserving.
+            floor = -0.043637
+            ceil = 1.2
+            d_scaled = (deriv - floor) * (
+                255.0 / (ceil - floor)
+            ) + torch.rand_like(deriv)
+            if __name__ == "__main__":
+                # for self-testing only.
+                assert d_scaled.min() >= 0.0
+                assert d_scaled.max() < 256.0
+            d_int = d_scaled.to(torch.uint8)
+            ctx.save_for_backward(d_int)
+        if x.dtype == torch.float16 or torch.is_autocast_enabled():
+            y = y.to(torch.float16)
+        return y
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def backward(ctx, y_grad: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        (d,) = ctx.saved_tensors
+        # the same constants as used in forward pass.
+        floor = -0.043637
+        ceil = 1.2
+        d = d * ((ceil - floor) / 255.0) + floor
+        return y_grad * d
+
+
+class DoubleSwish(torch.nn.Module):
+    def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        """Return double-swish activation function which is an approximation to Swish(Swish(x)),
+        that we approximate closely with x * sigmoid(x-1).
+        """
+        if torch.jit.is_scripting() or torch.jit.is_tracing():
+            return x * torch.sigmoid(x - 1.0)
+        return DoubleSwishFunction.apply(x)
+
+
+def BalancedDoubleSwish(
+    d_model, channel_dim=-1, max_abs=10.0, min_prob=0.25
+) -> nn.Sequential:
+    """
+    ActivationBalancer -> DoubleSwish
+    """
+    balancer = ActivationBalancer(
+        d_model, channel_dim=channel_dim, max_abs=max_abs, min_prob=min_prob
+    )
+    return nn.Sequential(
+        balancer,
+        DoubleSwish(),
+    )
+
+
+def _test_max_eig():
+    for proportion in [0.1, 0.5, 10.0]:
+        logging.info(f"proportion = {proportion}")
+        x = torch.randn(100, 128)
+        direction = torch.randn(128)
+        coeffs = torch.randn(100, 1)
+        x += proportion * direction * coeffs
+
+        x.requires_grad = True
+
+        num_channels = 128
+        m = MaxEig(
+            num_channels, 1, 0.5, scale=0.1  # channel_dim  # max_var_per_eig
+        )  # grad_scale
+
+        for _ in range(4):
+            y = m(x)
+
+        y_grad = torch.randn_like(x)
+        y.backward(gradient=y_grad)
+
+        if proportion < 0.2:
+            assert torch.allclose(x.grad, y_grad, atol=1.0e-02)
+        elif proportion > 1.0:
+            assert not torch.allclose(x.grad, y_grad)
+
+
+def _test_whiten():
+    for proportion in [0.1, 0.5, 10.0]:
+        logging.info(f"_test_whiten(): proportion = {proportion}")
+        x = torch.randn(100, 128)
+        direction = torch.randn(128)
+        coeffs = torch.randn(100, 1)
+        x += proportion * direction * coeffs
+
+        x.requires_grad = True
+
+        num_channels = 128
+        m = Whiten(
+            1, 5.0, prob=1.0, grad_scale=0.1  # num_groups  # whitening_limit,
+        )  # grad_scale
+
+        for _ in range(4):
+            y = m(x)
+
+        y_grad = torch.randn_like(x)
+        y.backward(gradient=y_grad)
+
+        if proportion < 0.2:
+            assert torch.allclose(x.grad, y_grad)
+        elif proportion > 1.0:
+            assert not torch.allclose(x.grad, y_grad)
+
+
+def _test_activation_balancer_sign():
+    probs = torch.arange(0, 1, 0.01)
+    N = 1000
+    x = 1.0 * (
+        (2.0 * (torch.rand(probs.numel(), N) < probs.unsqueeze(-1))) - 1.0
+    )
+    x = x.detach()
+    x.requires_grad = True
+    m = ActivationBalancer(
+        probs.numel(),
+        channel_dim=0,
+        min_positive=0.05,
+        max_positive=0.95,
+        max_factor=0.2,
+        min_abs=0.0,
+    )
+
+    y_grad = torch.sign(torch.randn(probs.numel(), N))
+
+    y = m(x)
+    y.backward(gradient=y_grad)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_sign: x = ", x)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_sign: y grad = ", y_grad)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_sign: x grad = ", x.grad)
+
+
+def _test_activation_balancer_magnitude():
+    magnitudes = torch.arange(0, 1, 0.01)
+    N = 1000
+    x = torch.sign(torch.randn(magnitudes.numel(), N)) * magnitudes.unsqueeze(
+        -1
+    )
+    x = x.detach()
+    x.requires_grad = True
+    m = ActivationBalancer(
+        magnitudes.numel(),
+        channel_dim=0,
+        min_positive=0.0,
+        max_positive=1.0,
+        max_factor=0.2,
+        min_abs=0.2,
+        max_abs=0.8,
+        min_prob=1.0,
+    )
+
+    y_grad = torch.sign(torch.randn(magnitudes.numel(), N))
+
+    y = m(x)
+    y.backward(gradient=y_grad)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_magnitude: x = ", x)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_magnitude: y grad = ", y_grad)
+    print("_test_activation_balancer_magnitude: x grad = ", x.grad)
+
+
+def _test_basic_norm():
+    num_channels = 128
+    m = BasicNorm(num_channels=num_channels, channel_dim=1)
+
+    x = torch.randn(500, num_channels)
+
+    y = m(x)
+
+    assert y.shape == x.shape
+    x_rms = (x ** 2).mean().sqrt()
+    y_rms = (y ** 2).mean().sqrt()
+    print("x rms = ", x_rms)
+    print("y rms = ", y_rms)
+    assert y_rms < x_rms
+    assert y_rms > 0.5 * x_rms
+
+
+def _test_double_swish_deriv():
+    x = torch.randn(10, 12, dtype=torch.double) * 3.0
+    x.requires_grad = True
+    m = DoubleSwish()
+
+    tol = (1.2 - (-0.043637)) / 255.0
+    torch.autograd.gradcheck(m, x, atol=tol)
+
+    # for self-test.
+    x = torch.randn(1000, 1000, dtype=torch.double) * 3.0
+    x.requires_grad = True
+    y = m(x)
+
+
+def _test_softmax():
+    a = torch.randn(2, 10, dtype=torch.float64)
+    b = a.clone()
+    a.requires_grad = True
+    b.requires_grad = True
+    a.softmax(dim=1)[:, 0].sum().backward()
+    print("a grad = ", a.grad)
+    softmax(b, dim=1)[:, 0].sum().backward()
+    print("b grad = ", b.grad)
+    assert torch.allclose(a.grad, b.grad)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    torch.set_num_threads(1)
+    torch.set_num_interop_threads(1)
+    _test_softmax()
+    _test_whiten()
+    _test_max_eig()
+    _test_activation_balancer_sign()
+    _test_activation_balancer_magnitude()
+    _test_basic_norm()
+    _test_double_swish_deriv()

modules/scheduler.py

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+# Copyright    2023                           (authors: Feiteng Li)
+#
+# See ../../../../LICENSE for clarification regarding multiple authors
+#
+# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+# You may obtain a copy of the License at
+#
+#     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+#
+# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+# limitations under the License.
+
+
+import torch
+
+from modules.optim import Eden
+
+
+def calc_lr(step, dim_embed, warmup_steps):
+    return dim_embed ** (-0.5) * min(
+        step ** (-0.5), step * warmup_steps ** (-1.5)
+    )
+
+
+class NoamScheduler(torch.optim.lr_scheduler._LRScheduler):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        base_lr: float,
+        optimizer: torch.optim.Optimizer,
+        dim_embed: int,
+        warmup_steps: int,
+        last_epoch: int = -1,
+        verbose: bool = False,
+    ) -> None:
+
+        self.dim_embed = dim_embed
+        self.base_lr = base_lr
+        self.warmup_steps = warmup_steps
+        self.num_param_groups = len(optimizer.param_groups)
+
+        super().__init__(optimizer, last_epoch, verbose)
+
+    def get_lr(self) -> float:
+        lr = self.base_lr * calc_lr(
+            self._step_count, self.dim_embed, self.warmup_steps
+        )
+        return [lr] * self.num_param_groups
+
+    def set_step(self, step: int):
+        self._step_count = step
+
+
+def get_scheduler(params, optimizer):
+    if params.scheduler_name.lower() == "eden":
+        scheduler = Eden(optimizer, 5000, 4, warmup_batches=params.warmup_steps)
+    elif params.scheduler_name.lower() == "noam":
+        scheduler = NoamScheduler(
+            params.base_lr,
+            optimizer,
+            params.decoder_dim,
+            warmup_steps=params.warmup_steps,
+        )
+        # scheduler.set_step(params.start_batch or params.batch_idx_train)
+    elif params.scheduler_name.lower() == "cosine":
+        scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(
+            params.warmup_steps,
+            optimizer,
+            eta_min=params.base_lr,
+        )
+    else:
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"{params.scheduler_name}")
+
+    return scheduler

modules/transformer.py

@@ -0,0 +1,683 @@
+import copy
+import numbers
+from functools import partial
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Optional, Tuple, Union
+
+import torch
+from torch import Tensor, nn
+from torch.nn import functional as F
+
+from .activation import MultiheadAttention
+from .scaling import ActivationBalancer, BalancedDoubleSwish
+from .scaling import BasicNorm as _BasicNorm
+
+_shape_t = Union[int, List[int], torch.Size]
+
+
+class LayerNorm(nn.Module):
+    __constants__ = ["normalized_shape", "eps", "elementwise_affine"]
+    normalized_shape: Tuple[int, ...]
+    eps: float
+    elementwise_affine: bool
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        normalized_shape: _shape_t,
+        eps: float = 1e-5,
+        elementwise_affine: bool = True,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        factory_kwargs = {"device": device, "dtype": dtype}
+        super(LayerNorm, self).__init__()
+        if isinstance(normalized_shape, numbers.Integral):
+            # mypy error: incompatible types in assignment
+            normalized_shape = (normalized_shape,)  # type: ignore[assignment]
+        self.normalized_shape = tuple(normalized_shape)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        self.eps = eps
+        self.elementwise_affine = elementwise_affine
+        if self.elementwise_affine:
+            self.weight = nn.Parameter(
+                torch.empty(self.normalized_shape, **factory_kwargs)
+            )
+            self.bias = nn.Parameter(
+                torch.empty(self.normalized_shape, **factory_kwargs)
+            )
+        else:
+            self.register_parameter("weight", None)
+            self.register_parameter("bias", None)
+
+        self.reset_parameters()
+
+    def reset_parameters(self) -> None:
+        if self.elementwise_affine:
+            nn.init.ones_(self.weight)
+            nn.init.zeros_(self.bias)
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, embedding: Any = None) -> Tensor:
+        if isinstance(input, tuple):
+            input, embedding = input
+            return (
+                F.layer_norm(
+                    input,
+                    self.normalized_shape,
+                    self.weight,
+                    self.bias,
+                    self.eps,
+                ),
+                embedding,
+            )
+
+        assert embedding is None
+        return F.layer_norm(
+            input, self.normalized_shape, self.weight, self.bias, self.eps
+        )
+
+    def extra_repr(self) -> str:
+        return (
+            "{normalized_shape}, eps={eps}, "
+            "elementwise_affine={elementwise_affine}".format(**self.__dict__)
+        )
+
+
+class AdaptiveLayerNorm(nn.Module):
+    r"""Adaptive Layer Normalization"""
+
+    def __init__(self, d_model, norm) -> None:
+        super(AdaptiveLayerNorm, self).__init__()
+        self.project_layer = nn.Linear(d_model, 2 * d_model)
+        self.norm = norm
+        self.d_model = d_model
+        self.eps = self.norm.eps
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, embedding: Tensor = None) -> Tensor:
+        if isinstance(input, tuple):
+            input, embedding = input
+            weight, bias = torch.split(
+                self.project_layer(embedding),
+                split_size_or_sections=self.d_model,
+                dim=-1,
+            )
+            return (weight * self.norm(input) + bias, embedding)
+
+        weight, bias = torch.split(
+            self.project_layer(embedding),
+            split_size_or_sections=self.d_model,
+            dim=-1,
+        )
+        return weight * self.norm(input) + bias
+
+
+class BasicNorm(_BasicNorm):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        eps: float = 1e-5,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ):
+        super(BasicNorm, self).__init__(d_model, eps=eps)
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, embedding: Any = None) -> Tensor:
+        if isinstance(input, tuple):
+            input, embedding = input
+            return (
+                super(BasicNorm, self).forward(input),
+                embedding,
+            )
+
+        assert embedding is None
+        return super(BasicNorm, self).forward(input)
+
+
+class BalancedBasicNorm(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        eps: float = 1e-5,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ):
+        super(BalancedBasicNorm, self).__init__()
+        self.balancer = ActivationBalancer(
+            d_model,
+            channel_dim=-1,
+            min_positive=0.45,
+            max_positive=0.55,
+            max_abs=6.0,
+        )
+        self.norm = BasicNorm(d_model, eps, device=device, dtype=dtype)
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, embedding: Any = None) -> Tensor:
+        if isinstance(input, tuple):
+            input, embedding = input
+            return self.norm((self.balancer(input), embedding))
+
+        assert embedding is None
+        return self.norm(self.balancer(input))
+
+
+class IdentityNorm(nn.Module):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        eps: float = 1e-5,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super(IdentityNorm, self).__init__()
+
+    def forward(self, input: Tensor, embedding: Any = None) -> Tensor:
+        if isinstance(input, tuple):
+            return input
+
+        assert embedding is None
+        return input
+
+
+class TransformerEncoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    __constants__ = ["batch_first", "norm_first"]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        nhead: int,
+        dim_feedforward: int = 2048,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+        activation: Union[str, Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]] = F.relu,
+        batch_first: bool = False,
+        norm_first: bool = False,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+        linear1_self_attention_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear2_self_attention_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear1_feedforward_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear2_feedforward_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        layer_norm_cls: nn.Module = LayerNorm,
+        layer_norm_eps: float = 1e-5,
+        adaptive_layer_norm=False,
+    ) -> None:
+        factory_kwargs = {"device": device, "dtype": dtype}
+        super(TransformerEncoderLayer, self).__init__()
+        self.self_attn = MultiheadAttention(
+            d_model,
+            nhead,
+            dropout=dropout,
+            batch_first=batch_first,
+            linear1_cls=linear1_self_attention_cls,
+            linear2_cls=linear2_self_attention_cls,
+            **factory_kwargs,
+        )
+
+        # Implementation of Feedforward model
+        self.linear1 = linear1_feedforward_cls(
+            d_model, dim_feedforward, **factory_kwargs
+        )
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.linear2 = linear2_feedforward_cls(
+            dim_feedforward, d_model, **factory_kwargs
+        )
+
+        self.norm_first = norm_first
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+
+        # Legacy string support for activation function.
+        if isinstance(activation, str):
+            activation = _get_activation_fn(activation)
+        elif isinstance(activation, partial):
+            activation = activation(d_model)
+        elif activation == BalancedDoubleSwish:
+            activation = BalancedDoubleSwish(d_model)
+
+        # # We can't test self.activation in forward() in TorchScript,
+        # # so stash some information about it instead.
+        # if activation is F.relu or isinstance(activation, torch.nn.ReLU):
+        #     self.activation_relu_or_gelu = 1
+        # elif activation is F.gelu or isinstance(activation, torch.nn.GELU):
+        #     self.activation_relu_or_gelu = 2
+        # else:
+        #     self.activation_relu_or_gelu = 0
+        self.activation = activation
+
+        norm1 = layer_norm_cls(d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs)
+        if layer_norm_cls == IdentityNorm:
+            norm2 = BalancedBasicNorm(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+        else:
+            norm2 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+
+        if adaptive_layer_norm:
+            self.norm1 = AdaptiveLayerNorm(d_model, norm1)
+            self.norm2 = AdaptiveLayerNorm(d_model, norm2)
+        else:
+            self.norm1 = norm1
+            self.norm2 = norm2
+
+    def __setstate__(self, state):
+        super(TransformerEncoderLayer, self).__setstate__(state)
+        if not hasattr(self, "activation"):
+            self.activation = F.relu
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        src: Tensor,
+        src_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        src_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        r"""Pass the input through the encoder layer.
+
+        Args:
+            src: the sequence to the encoder layer (required).
+            src_mask: the mask for the src sequence (optional).
+            src_key_padding_mask: the mask for the src keys per batch (optional).
+
+        Shape:
+            see the docs in Transformer class.
+        """
+        x, stage_embedding = src, None
+        is_src_tuple = False
+        if isinstance(src, tuple):
+            x, stage_embedding = src
+            is_src_tuple = True
+
+        if src_key_padding_mask is not None:
+            _skpm_dtype = src_key_padding_mask.dtype
+            if _skpm_dtype != torch.bool and not torch.is_floating_point(
+                src_key_padding_mask
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "only bool and floating types of key_padding_mask are supported"
+                )
+
+        if self.norm_first:
+            x = x + self._sa_block(
+                self.norm1(x, stage_embedding),
+                src_mask,
+                src_key_padding_mask,
+            )
+            x = x + self._ff_block(self.norm2(x, stage_embedding))
+        else:
+            x = self.norm1(
+                x + self._sa_block(x, src_mask, src_key_padding_mask),
+                stage_embedding,
+            )
+            x = self.norm2(x + self._ff_block(x), stage_embedding)
+
+        if is_src_tuple:
+            return (x, stage_embedding)
+        return x
+
+    def infer(
+        self,
+        src: Tensor,
+        src_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        src_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        past_kv: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        use_cache: bool = False,
+    ):
+        x, stage_embedding = src, None
+        is_src_tuple = False
+        if isinstance(src, tuple):
+            x, stage_embedding = src
+            is_src_tuple = True
+
+        if src_key_padding_mask is not None:
+            _skpm_dtype = src_key_padding_mask.dtype
+            if _skpm_dtype != torch.bool and not torch.is_floating_point(
+                src_key_padding_mask
+            ):
+                raise AssertionError(
+                    "only bool and floating types of key_padding_mask are supported"
+                )
+
+        if self.norm_first:
+            x_attn_out, kv = self.self_attn.infer(
+                self.norm1(x, stage_embedding),
+                attn_mask=src_mask,
+                key_padding_mask=src_key_padding_mask,
+                need_weights=False,
+                past_kv=past_kv,
+                use_cache=use_cache,
+            )
+            x = x + x_attn_out
+            x = x + self._ff_block(self.norm2(x, stage_embedding))
+
+        if is_src_tuple:
+            return (x, stage_embedding)
+        return (x, kv)
+
+    # self-attention block
+    def _sa_block(
+        self,
+        x: Tensor,
+        attn_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+        key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x = self.self_attn(
+            x,
+            x,
+            x,
+            attn_mask=attn_mask,
+            key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+            need_weights=False,
+        )[0]
+        return self.dropout1(x)
+
+    # feed forward block
+    def _ff_block(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        x = self.linear2(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear1(x))))
+        return self.dropout2(x)
+
+
+class TransformerEncoder(nn.Module):
+    r"""TransformerEncoder is a stack of N encoder layers. Users can build the
+    BERT(https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805) model with corresponding parameters.
+
+    Args:
+        encoder_layer: an instance of the TransformerEncoderLayer() class (required).
+        num_layers: the number of sub-encoder-layers in the encoder (required).
+        norm: the layer normalization component (optional).
+        enable_nested_tensor: if True, input will automatically convert to nested tensor
+            (and convert back on output). This will improve the overall performance of
+            TransformerEncoder when padding rate is high. Default: ``True`` (enabled).
+
+    Examples::
+        >>> encoder_layer = TransformerEncoderLayer(d_model=512, nhead=8)
+        >>> transformer_encoder = TransformerEncoder(encoder_layer, num_layers=6)
+        >>> src = torch.rand(10, 32, 512)
+        >>> out = transformer_encoder(src)
+    """
+    __constants__ = ["norm"]
+
+    def __init__(self, encoder_layer, num_layers, norm=None):
+        super(TransformerEncoder, self).__init__()
+        self.layers = _get_clones(encoder_layer, num_layers)
+        self.num_layers = num_layers
+        self.norm = norm
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        src: Tensor,
+        mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        src_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        return_layer_states: bool = False,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        r"""Pass the input through the encoder layers in turn.
+
+        Args:
+            src: the sequence to the encoder (required).
+            mask: the mask for the src sequence (optional).
+            src_key_padding_mask: the mask for the src keys per batch (optional).
+            return_layer_states: return layers' state (optional).
+
+        Shape:
+            see the docs in Transformer class.
+        """
+        if return_layer_states:
+            layer_states = []  # layers' output
+            output = src
+            for mod in self.layers:
+                output = mod(
+                    output,
+                    src_mask=mask,
+                    src_key_padding_mask=src_key_padding_mask,
+                )
+                layer_states.append(output[0])
+
+            if self.norm is not None:
+                output = self.norm(output)
+
+            return layer_states, output
+
+        output = src
+        for mod in self.layers:
+            output = mod(
+                output, src_mask=mask, src_key_padding_mask=src_key_padding_mask
+            )
+
+        if self.norm is not None:
+            output = self.norm(output)
+
+        return output
+
+    def infer(
+        self,
+        src: Tensor,
+        mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        src_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        return_layer_states: bool = False,
+        past_kv: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        use_cache: bool = False,
+    ):
+        if past_kv is None:
+            past_length = 0
+            past_kv = tuple([None] * self.num_layers)
+        else:
+            past_length = past_kv[0][0].size(-2)
+        new_kv = () if use_cache else None
+        output = src
+        for mod, past_layer_kv in zip(self.layers, past_kv):
+            output, kv = mod.infer(
+                output, src_mask=mask, src_key_padding_mask=src_key_padding_mask, past_kv=past_layer_kv, use_cache=use_cache
+            )
+            if use_cache:
+                new_kv = new_kv + (kv,)
+
+        if self.norm is not None:
+            output = self.norm(output)
+
+        return output, new_kv
+
+
+class TransformerDecoderLayer(nn.Module):
+    __constants__ = ["batch_first", "norm_first"]
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        d_model: int,
+        nhead: int,
+        dim_feedforward: int = 2048,
+        dropout: float = 0.1,
+        activation: Union[str, Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]] = F.relu,
+        linear1_self_attention_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear2_self_attention_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear1_feedforward_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        linear2_feedforward_cls: nn.Module = nn.Linear,
+        batch_first: bool = False,
+        norm_first: bool = False,
+        device=None,
+        dtype=None,
+        layer_norm_cls: nn.Module = LayerNorm,
+        layer_norm_eps: float = 1e-5,
+        adaptive_layer_norm=False,
+    ) -> None:
+        factory_kwargs = {"device": device, "dtype": dtype}
+        super(TransformerDecoderLayer, self).__init__()
+        self.self_attn = MultiheadAttention(
+            d_model,
+            nhead,
+            dropout=dropout,
+            batch_first=batch_first,
+            linear1_cls=linear1_self_attention_cls,
+            linear2_cls=linear2_self_attention_cls,
+            **factory_kwargs,
+        )
+        self.multihead_attn = MultiheadAttention(
+            d_model,
+            nhead,
+            dropout=dropout,
+            batch_first=batch_first,
+            linear1_cls=linear1_self_attention_cls,
+            linear2_cls=linear2_self_attention_cls,
+            **factory_kwargs,
+        )
+        # Implementation of Feedforward model
+        self.linear1 = linear1_feedforward_cls(
+            d_model, dim_feedforward, **factory_kwargs
+        )
+        self.dropout = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.linear2 = linear2_feedforward_cls(
+            dim_feedforward, d_model, **factory_kwargs
+        )
+
+        self.norm_first = norm_first
+        self.dropout1 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout2 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+        self.dropout3 = nn.Dropout(dropout)
+
+        # Legacy string support for activation function.
+        if isinstance(activation, str):
+            self.activation = _get_activation_fn(activation)
+        elif isinstance(activation, partial):
+            self.activation = activation(d_model)
+        elif activation == BalancedDoubleSwish:
+            self.activation = BalancedDoubleSwish(d_model)
+        else:
+            self.activation = activation
+
+        if adaptive_layer_norm:
+            norm1 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+            norm2 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+            norm3 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+
+            self.norm1 = AdaptiveLayerNorm(d_model, norm1)
+            self.norm2 = AdaptiveLayerNorm(d_model, norm2)
+            self.norm3 = AdaptiveLayerNorm(d_model, norm3)
+        else:
+            self.norm1 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+            self.norm2 = layer_norm_cls(
+                d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+            )
+            if layer_norm_cls == IdentityNorm:
+                self.norm3 = BalancedBasicNorm(
+                    d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+                )
+            else:
+                self.norm3 = layer_norm_cls(
+                    d_model, eps=layer_norm_eps, **factory_kwargs
+                )
+
+    def forward(
+        self,
+        tgt: Tensor,
+        memory: Tensor,
+        tgt_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        memory_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        tgt_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+        memory_key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor] = None,
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        r"""Pass the inputs (and mask) through the decoder layer.
+
+        Args:
+            tgt: the sequence to the decoder layer (required).
+            memory: the sequence from the last layer of the encoder (required).
+            tgt_mask: the mask for the tgt sequence (optional).
+            memory_mask: the mask for the memory sequence (optional).
+            tgt_key_padding_mask: the mask for the tgt keys per batch (optional).
+            memory_key_padding_mask: the mask for the memory keys per batch (optional).
+
+        Shape:
+            see the docs in Transformer class.
+        """
+        tgt_is_tuple = False
+        if isinstance(tgt, tuple):
+            x, stage_embedding = tgt
+            tgt_is_tuple = True
+        else:
+            x, stage_embedding = tgt, None
+
+        if self.norm_first:
+            x = x + self._sa_block(
+                self.norm1(x, stage_embedding), tgt_mask, tgt_key_padding_mask
+            )
+            x = x + self._mha_block(
+                self.norm2(x, stage_embedding),
+                memory,
+                memory_mask,
+                memory_key_padding_mask,
+            )
+            x = x + self._ff_block(self.norm3(x, stage_embedding))
+        else:
+            x = self.norm1(
+                x + self._sa_block(x, tgt_mask, tgt_key_padding_mask),
+                stage_embedding,
+            )
+            x = self.norm2(
+                x
+                + self._mha_block(
+                    x, memory, memory_mask, memory_key_padding_mask
+                ),
+                stage_embedding,
+            )
+            x = self.norm3(x + self._ff_block(x), stage_embedding)
+
+        if tgt_is_tuple:
+            return (x, stage_embedding)
+        return x
+
+    # self-attention block
+    def _sa_block(
+        self,
+        x: Tensor,
+        attn_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+        key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x = self.self_attn(
+            x,
+            x,
+            x,
+            attn_mask=attn_mask,
+            key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+            need_weights=False,
+        )[0]
+        return self.dropout1(x)
+
+    # multihead attention block
+    def _mha_block(
+        self,
+        x: Tensor,
+        mem: Tensor,
+        attn_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+        key_padding_mask: Optional[Tensor],
+    ) -> Tensor:
+        x = self.multihead_attn(
+            x,
+            mem,
+            mem,
+            attn_mask=attn_mask,
+            key_padding_mask=key_padding_mask,
+            need_weights=False,
+        )[0]
+        return self.dropout2(x)
+
+    # feed forward block
+    def _ff_block(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor:
+        x = self.linear2(self.dropout(self.activation(self.linear1(x))))
+        return self.dropout3(x)
+
+
+def _get_clones(module, N):
+    return nn.ModuleList([copy.deepcopy(module) for i in range(N)])
+
+
+def _get_activation_fn(activation: str) -> Callable[[Tensor], Tensor]:
+    if activation == "relu":
+        return F.relu
+    elif activation == "gelu":
+        return F.gelu
+
+    raise RuntimeError(
+        "activation should be relu/gelu, not {}".format(activation)
+    )

requirements.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+torch
+transformers
+pydub
+soundfile
+numpy
+torchvision
+torchaudio
+tokenizers
+encodec
+langid
+wget
+unidecode
+pyopenjtalk-prebuilt
+pypinyin
+inflect
+cn2an
+jieba
+eng_to_ipa
+openai-whisper
+matplotlib
+gradio==3.41.2
+nltk
+sudachipy
+sudachidict_core
+vocos
+transformers
+accelerate
+pyannote.audio
+onnxruntime
+fastapi
+uvicorn[standard]
+pytest
+fastapi-cors
+sqlalchemy
+sqlalchemy.orm
+

s2smodels.py

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+from sqlalchemy import Column,Integer, String,Float,BINARY
+from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
+Base = declarative_base()
+
+#create audio_segments tables
+class Audio_segment(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "audioSegments"
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    start_time = Column(Float)
+    end_time = Column(Float)
+    type = Column(String)
+    audio=Column(BINARY)
+
+
+#create audio_generation table
+class AudioGeneration(Base):
+    __tablename__ = "audioGeneration"
+    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
+    audio=Column(BINARY)

utils/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+# from icefall.utils import make_pad_mask
+
+from .symbol_table import SymbolTable
+
+# make_pad_mask = make_pad_mask
+SymbolTable = SymbolTable
+
+
+class Transpose(nn.Identity):
+    """(N, T, D) -> (N, D, T)"""
+
+    def forward(self, input: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        return input.transpose(1, 2)

utils/download.py

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import sys
+import requests
+
+
+def download_file_from_google_drive(id, destination):
+    URL = "https://docs.google.com/uc?export=download&confirm=1"
+
+    session = requests.Session()
+
+    response = session.get(URL, params={"id": id}, stream=True)
+    token = get_confirm_token(response)
+
+    if token:
+        params = {"id": id, "confirm": token}
+        response = session.get(URL, params=params, stream=True)
+
+    save_response_content(response, destination)
+
+
+def get_confirm_token(response):
+    for key, value in response.cookies.items():
+        if key.startswith("download_warning"):
+            return value
+
+    return None
+
+
+def save_response_content(response, destination):
+    CHUNK_SIZE = 32768
+
+    with open(destination, "wb", encoding='utf-8') as f:
+        for chunk in response.iter_content(CHUNK_SIZE):
+            if chunk:  # filter out keep-alive new chunks
+                f.write(chunk)
+
+
+def main():
+    if len(sys.argv) >= 3:
+        file_id = sys.argv[1]
+        destination = sys.argv[2]
+    else:
+        file_id = "TAKE_ID_FROM_SHAREABLE_LINK"
+        destination = "DESTINATION_FILE_ON_YOUR_DISK"
+    print(f"dowload {file_id} to {destination}")
+    download_file_from_google_drive(file_id, destination)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

utils/g2p/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+""" from https://github.com/keithito/tacotron """
+import utils.g2p.cleaners
+from utils.g2p.symbols import symbols
+from tokenizers import Tokenizer
+
+# Mappings from symbol to numeric ID and vice versa:
+_symbol_to_id = {s: i for i, s in enumerate(symbols)}
+_id_to_symbol = {i: s for i, s in enumerate(symbols)}
+
+
+class PhonemeBpeTokenizer:
+  def __init__(self, tokenizer_path = "./utils/g2p/bpe_1024.json"):
+    self.tokenizer = Tokenizer.from_file(tokenizer_path)
+
+  def tokenize(self, text):
+    # 1. convert text to phoneme
+    phonemes, langs = _clean_text(text, ['cje_cleaners'])
+    # 2. replace blank space " " with "_"
+    phonemes = phonemes.replace(" ", "_")
+    # 3. tokenize phonemes
+    phoneme_tokens = self.tokenizer.encode(phonemes).ids
+    assert(len(phoneme_tokens) == len(langs))
+    if not len(phoneme_tokens):
+      raise ValueError("Empty text is given")
+    return phoneme_tokens, langs
+
+def text_to_sequence(text, cleaner_names):
+  '''Converts a string of text to a sequence of IDs corresponding to the symbols in the text.
+    Args:
+      text: string to convert to a sequence
+      cleaner_names: names of the cleaner functions to run the text through
+    Returns:
+      List of integers corresponding to the symbols in the text
+  '''
+  sequence = []
+  symbol_to_id = {s: i for i, s in enumerate(symbols)}
+  clean_text = _clean_text(text, cleaner_names)
+  for symbol in clean_text:
+    if symbol not in symbol_to_id.keys():
+      continue
+    symbol_id = symbol_to_id[symbol]
+    sequence += [symbol_id]
+  return sequence
+
+
+def cleaned_text_to_sequence(cleaned_text):
+  '''Converts a string of text to a sequence of IDs corresponding to the symbols in the text.
+    Args:
+      text: string to convert to a sequence
+    Returns:
+      List of integers corresponding to the symbols in the text
+  '''
+  sequence = [_symbol_to_id[symbol] for symbol in cleaned_text if symbol in _symbol_to_id.keys()]
+  return sequence
+
+
+def sequence_to_text(sequence):
+  '''Converts a sequence of IDs back to a string'''
+  result = ''
+  for symbol_id in sequence:
+    s = _id_to_symbol[symbol_id]
+    result += s
+  return result
+
+
+def _clean_text(text, cleaner_names):
+  for name in cleaner_names:
+    cleaner = getattr(utils.g2p.cleaners, name)
+    if not cleaner:
+      raise Exception('Unknown cleaner: %s' % name)
+    text, langs = cleaner(text)
+  return text, langs