diff --git "a/resources/greece/PantheonOrFabulousHistoryOfTheHeathenGods1771_djvu.txt" "b/resources/greece/PantheonOrFabulousHistoryOfTheHeathenGods1771_djvu.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/resources/greece/PantheonOrFabulousHistoryOfTheHeathenGods1771_djvu.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,28274 @@
+1 y J 
+
+
+I ♦ 
+
+
+- r 
+
+
+- a » 
+
+
+i * 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* i i v 
+
+
+
+
+» 9 
+
+
+r ♦ fc « 
+
+
+# r 
+
+
+, * 
+
+
+a j 4 
+
+11 
+
+•* t M 
+^ - 
+
+
+
+, ^ j 
+
+
+#< • 
+
+
+
+' % 
+
+
+* i 
+
+
+
+
+• » 
+
+
+U ' 
+
+T H E 
+
+
+N E W 
+
+
+0 w « 
+
+
+
+
+
+o 
+
+
+^ « 
+
+
+
+
+L* < 
+
+
+> a 
+* % 
+
+
+
+
+
+- * f i 
+
+
+TH* 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+#V 
+
+
+r * 
+
+
+G O D 
+
+
+' % T* 
+% 
+
+t - 
+
+h 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+r * 
+
+^ . 
+
+
+
+
+
+l « 
+
+
+•* / 
+
+
+« r 
+
+
+> » 
+
+
+*1* 
+
+
+I % 
+
+
+HEROES, &c 
+
+^ ^ ^ * « • - 
+
+ft _ ft 4 - • - * ' . 
+
+^ « • U ft ft • - * v * • ft ► « 
+
+Explained in a Manner entirely new> 
+
+
+♦ft 
+
+
+<* 
+
+
+\* • » 
+
+
+
+
+ft« a « 
+
+
+S ' 
+
+
+< * 
+
+
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+I 0 + 
+
+
+0* « 
+
+
+% ft 
+
+
+And rendered much more ufefulthan any hitherto publiflied. 
+
+
+* - 
+
+
+*V- 
+
+
+^ U 
+
+
+*• 
+
+
+ft V- 
+
+
+. « 
+
+
+
+
+A DOR N ED WIT H 
+
+
+t: « 
+
+
+
+
+
+✓ - 
+
+
+• *. 
+
+
+• ft 
+
+
+ft* - 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+
+
+> 4 
+
+
+rft# 
+
+
+would underhand History, 
+
+♦ * ». . _ ; \ . • "-» % l 
+
+
+s% 
+
+
+POETRY, P A tN TIN G v ST A T UARtt COINS, 
+
+s - -J, “ 'ft. ^ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+WIT H 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+of the Heathens, 
+
+..Egyptian, Gr^ecian, •Roman, 
+
+TORIANS* PHILOSOPHERS, POETS, 
+
+1 •.\ r V .* . 1 .* * . *- • ^ . # '*V ; f .* l v ’• V • ■•* ‘.ft r • 'J* i 
+
+» • - v % . , -J - V ^ * p -ft ' •* - »* . » ***»-« » ^ ^ ± ^ ^ ; 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+1 » 
+
+
+of Oldbury and Did mart on 
+of Enford, in Wilt(hire> and' Chaplain 
+
+* ^ € ? ■ » ? < 4 ^ \ ft • • ^ t w 4 r- ' L .* p^ ♦ r 
+
+
+
+
+
+- ,» - > 
+
+
+• % 
+
+
+“* 1* 
+U ♦ 
+
+
+v . •: 
+r - r ‘ '? . 
+
+
+*' - * ; 
+
+
+- ) 
+
+
+
+
+0*\\' 
+
+
+
+V t * 
+
+
+To which is added, 
+
+ft. ^ •> . f » 4 * * i ^ 
+
+
+- 4 * 
+
+-a. 
+
+
+- J 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+I ft 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+of their Astrology, Prodigies, 
+
+, ?OrAcles, &c. in which the Origin of each ii 
+pointed out5 and an Historical Account - - 
+
+M * * j£‘ ' s _ .w » * ^ *1 ' j 
+
+
+
+■> ^ 
+
+
+
+
+» • 
+
+
+i _* 
+
+: ^ 
+ft 
+
+
+■ ' ' V 
+
+
+. >•* 
+$ S : 
+i,«v> 
+
+
+^ 
+
+• •- '• 
+
+■ : 
+
+
+- 
+
+
+
+
+ft A 
+
+
+P I 
+
+
+Altars, Sacred Groves," Priests, and Temples.--^!":. 
+
+
+&Z-L 
+
+
+
+
+x t. 
+
+
+
+
+.v/»* 
+
+
+i . 
+
+
+
+• j* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* ^ 
+
+
+' .v • 'v* - -*- 4 ?!t‘T ¥fV *•; ■ •; - 
+
+r v' , . -ft » */ < ' * -■ - - -.* 
+
+» . ♦ 4 . . r S V. . ftft I • ft ft»Hfc 
+
+* •, ♦.* ; -* j * 'T\S : * ^ • 
+
+
+
+s A l i s B .u-R y : . 
+
+fentti : ffiC^NiiN:cai»dat the^Bible . 
+
+t d^wDER,dri Paten^r^ and ^rAstON, 
+
+'-Court, Liidgate-Street, London 5 and B. Collin s, Salifbury. 
+
+’ .' " v . M,DCC,LXXL - ! :,^r ‘ 
+
+-1 ■ , , - r . ' - - - x . ’ : . . - ,* ‘ 
+
+» ■ l - * . ' - ~ . « . 4 ■ . ’ % ’f - 
+
+% • f ^ ' - - - . a. -I ' 4 r ^ I- ^ ftV* > ' / ft 4 
+
+; . I - ' * - • . * r * .* * • - . * • V>- # ; *^ J ^.ft 
+
+
+
+
+j 
+
+i ••* a_ v ~ * 
+
+• 1 ft - I / •* ft » 
+
+• ■ -n -?• r. # 1 
+
+' > 
+
+• f ’- * 
+
+
+Xr :■? 
+
+
+i - 
+
+
+A . - 1 
+
+
+» i 
+
+
+.f-'.> 
+
+
+' --if 
+
+; - ~W~ :&*■. - -■ 
+
+- **i> l-v %#2 i, ‘ ■ j 
+
+?*. - J 
+
+
+♦ * - 
+
+
+V J 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+i* - i 
+
+* i ' ' 
+
+
+• . •*» 
+
+* • 
+
+
+' * 
+
+
+' « « 4 
+
+
+‘ v * 
+
+
+. • s 
+
+
+I + 
+
+S “. 
+
+
+.' \ 
+
+
+♦ » 
+
+
+* « I 
+
+
+* ‘ * 
+
+
+
+
+* £ 
+
+
+■4 - » - ■ , 
+
+
+' \ 
+
+
+/ • 
+
+
+' y / 
+
+- I « 
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+*■ 
+
+
+. * *v » 
+
+
+* ': ’ 
+
+
+- . 
+
+*1 4T ' 
+
+^ § <% | i *t* • - ‘ * M «S . - 
+
+• « ■' ** \ : j . . * 
+
+
+• . +* 
+
+
+• ■'» 
+
+
+r , * .* • i ' - ; ‘ . ‘ ■% i > - 
+
+. . V —* •* • “ , * \ * * . > 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+• * *t * * r - i . • *■ ■ r- - 
+
+
+* ' ■ \ 
+
+
+* f * 
+
+
+V 4 
+
+
+: • - 
+
+* “ • • % * . • * 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+. .• - 
+
+
+
+
+'••-a---* •*- /»*«:•«. #w • « . 
+
+
+' * v * ** • -v- « '• •• 
+
+
+
+
+* ' % 
+
+
+* ' 
+
+
+1* '* 
+
+
+
+
+. v I • ». - 
+
+o-'-i. . .£ • . „ . ^ - • 
+
+
+* # 
+
+» 
+
+
+1* * 
+i :* 
+
+
+• * • 
+
+
+-vA. ‘ . ..» 
+
+-1 .: / • * 
+
+
+44 t- •»•+ >■•» 
+
+
+i* •— 
+
+
+.4 4 %-v ,»h . • -i** '« .* 
+
+
+"i- «A — 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+4 » 
+
+•«l 
+
+
+' * 
+
+1 • 
+
+1 - * .h 
+
+
+* : 
+
+
+. -T. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+»'* - ■ •♦ /V/ .. 
+
+
+• » » . 4, 4 . 
+
+
+-fc - » -»V4 
+
+
+«... ,(4- ,*T“ > - •%* 
+
+
+*■ . 
+
+
+* i K r, « * 
+
+• t-*-- t : I . - - • 
+
+. * /*. V. ^* ' w - 4 * 7 * *. r 
+
+. • m j- * - r v v ’ * c t . 
+
+. ?• >* *• * /- * . 
+
+^ * a 
+
+
+■ :* • •% •••;•.'*' ! • • 
+
+
+« « 
+
+
+- 4« 
+
+
+V 
+
+W n 
+
+
+
+
+•• » *# •* • *“■ * **4 . <■« —• V ,1 ' 
+
+
+f •' \ : 
+
+
+% *.»■•*- 
+
+
+I I 4 
+
+
+’ • J f ‘ . ' * ,J ^ 
+
+* * * • 
+
+• ' * • » * -• 
+
+
+• « 
+
+
+\ * * » 
+
+
+<* ^ \ ' 
+
+
+
+
+— • # *»* *H 
+
+
+• '*M<> -A »- «S 
+
+
+t 
+
+* \ 
+
+
+- * t 
+
+
+9 
+
+• I 
+
+
+- 
+
+
+Vf. 
+
+
+* *4 4% j 
+
+
+• f »♦ 
+
+
+• » « • 
+
+
+r 
+
+■. (*.» 
+
+
+; o 
+
+
+V- 
+
+
+- r r 
+
+
+-- n i %,**+*+*. . 
+
+^ V ' _•,.> f ^ > J. . 
+
+- • ' f T 
+
+i s f J ? ; , '. . 
+
+
+
+
+• 4 
+
+
+V f 
+
+
+j T • ♦ 
+
+
+• r 
+
+
+i *. - ^*-44^. V 
+
+
+4 ? •• 
+
+
+• ‘ - 1 J 
+4 '* 
+
+
+
+
+'j* ; • 
+
+
+• j \ 
+
+
+*p f ^ ' * • • • * ■ • 
+
+^ I ^ • 4 * 
+
+
+
+
+*' •• 
+
+
+^ - *4 
+
+
+" * •- 
+
+
+1 4* * • » 
+
+
+I r 
+
+•«■ * 
+
+
+1 l 
+
+» j r*> 1 
+
+
+
+
+■ 4< 
+
+
+• > 
+- > 
+
+
+* V 
+
+
+« _■'* 
+
+
+« * 
+
+
+
+
+f M • 
+
+4 * - - 
+
+t> , <1 4 h ■? >» 
+
+
+r- . •** / 
+
+
+7 ^ 
+
+
+% 
+
+4 /f 
+
+TV 
+
+. 
+
+
+^ ;*/ • *• . - " 
+
+
+S ** 
+
+
+^ - 4 - ^ 
+
+
+- 4 J 
+
+» - • . 
+
+
+V » i ' ’ 
+' ' « « 
+
+
+‘ r'I ' ‘ ’ - •? * 
+
+:' m <r 
+
+• , r ' .^u - • • 
+
+
+•; -* * 
+
+
+J ? 4* 4 1 V {• ^ V /I V 
+
+. 7 , v i--■•’•>'.* ' ••■ (_ , r : * 
+
+^ r 
+
+^ y + ITr Jr^ t i f* - ' *. • V - « ' / 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+1.1 ’ 
+
+
+'*v ♦ 
+
+
+V t 
+
+
+* - 4 . 
+
+
+
+L 
+
+
+
+
+V * 
+
+* . • • < 
+
+
+7r - 
+r » » > 
+
+
+J V 
+
+i *\ 
+
+
+’ ’ ' 11 - . 
+
+
+v i J 
+
+
+
+z£ll * -T t* f (-♦ 
+
+
+. -1 
+
+
+
+
+ap 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+18 
+
+
+JH-V 
+
+
+C@» 
+
+
+. ;. i •- 
+
+
+■ : ‘ • * «v. 
+
+
+|K* 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+\Z. I* 
+
+
+^-V- ?• . 
+
+£\' * *- ♦fJ 
+
+
+i ^ »i 
+
+
+'XT'. - 
+
+
+TWzi; 
+
+
+
+
+>*#*£ 
+
+
+Sgg 
+
+
+sp&y'. \ 
+
+P#-'; 
+
+
+n***. 
+
+
+
+
+'VZZi'&L **'*' 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+
+
+An 
+
+
+- / 
+
+
+, 1 / 
+
+
+■* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+f * 
+
+
+say 
+
+
+****** 
+
+^ ^ ^ r — _ ^ tt 
+
+
+*£gj 
+
+35ggKsS®»5i.'' ;| 
+
+■**&&&&&£ -I 
+
+
+.. __ 
+
+
+
+
+>s&z&i i 
+K£* >"'«* 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ass# 
+
+
+&SK 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+v 
+
+
+s ; «s 
+
+
+
+%Dftg2jg 
+
+
+w 
+
+■<♦ *■ y 
+
+
+
+
+‘i 
+
+
+* »-• 
+
+
+
+
+V. 
+
+
+WV- 
+
+
+,v, .1 
+
+
+4 » 
+
+
+I » 
+
+
+\ 
+
+\ 
+
+
+>-?'->■ A 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+
+>!r>- 
+
+
+JSS. 
+
+
+
+
+/ * 
+
+
+Ml, 
+
+
+- --T " -'■«_ 
+
+
+
+
+Wf 
+
+
+/Vi 
+
+
+
+
+ti 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*fcS^sg 85 
+
+:■**? ££ZjMi£M 
+
+
+%5g 
+
+
+s 3 &a 
+
+
+• • 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+i f .t 
+
+
+# - 
+
+
+
+
+ill 
+
+
+f/, 
+
+
+*> 
+
+
+
+
+< V 
+
+
+
+
+4 c«* 
+
+
+*s 
+
+
+'* /< 
+
+
+Lli 
+
+
+.> • 
+
+
+'jr« 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+% 
+
+
+%: 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+
+WrJ 
+
+
+Sfi 
+
+
+• :* 
+
+
+»;.\VVC. 
+
+
+
+
+L vk * > 
+
+
+
+
+; v-Sift*! 
+
+; r ^s/ 
+
+1 ^p' ** 
+
+'«."•• ASP, 
+
+
+
+
+-%ll 4 
+
+
+
+
+r > 
+
+
+i r« ■ 
+
+
+,V^. 
+
+
+VS 
+
+
+^ ! -.- • 
+
+cv > - 
+
+
+// s 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+y» 
+
+
+4 
+
+% > 
+
+?• ; ; - 
+
+
+: J W; 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+p« \ 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+■»4 
+
+
+.Jp / 
+
+
+'S 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+k's 
+
+
+
+
+- »■ 
+
+
+4 ; 
+
+
+IBS* 
+
+
+jt 4‘nmiimm** 3n.ui«i j 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+^ • 
+
+
+r ri 
+
+
+
+
+r ^j 
+
+
+;r 
+
+
+
+
+wfl 
+
+
+s« 
+
+
+
+
+• f 
+
+
+p •. % 
+
+• l#f 
+
+tiij 
+
+
+«*!&$•- - ->-' : •* -: 
+
+
+?/, 
+
+
+%• 
+
+
+:S 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+
+
+,# 
+
+
+T-. - -- 
+
+?5*_-_ . -;• - 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+m, -. 
+
+V r;-. 
+
+
+
+
+hi 
+
+
+fiR. 
+
+
+ij 
+
+*j 
+
+
+v» rV 
+
+
+'» 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+>w 
+
+
+
+
+*SS 
+
+
+: 
+
+
+K i\v 
+
+
+-A 
+
+
+1 1 
+
+
+v: 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+
+.r r ' x • 
+
+
+<p^~. 
+
+
+
+
+. v 
+
+
+sfk^ 
+
+
+X-H. 
+
+
+
+
+' V - 
+
+
+
+
+% I - 4 
+
+
+• « \ 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+
+
+*«-■ 
+
+
+y * 
+
+
+“■ l 
+
+
+
+
+> 
+
+
+_ » 
+
+
+.-■••'re-, 
+
+• 5 ' '’ — 
+
+• Mi2 
+
+% 
+
+
+m v m -v 4 ^ 
+
+■- m* 1 * ' ’ ^ iTSiln 
+
+• , ^ l J- ^ 1 V7- i.tX »u. 
+
+s . ^*|.. ^ r *■' 4 . *^17^* 
+
+^ .1 * % • 
+
+r*' : .V-^- lSf ?.*£» 
+
+
+’ * 
+
+
+* *1 
+
+
+-<•75*- 
+
+
+a * T '♦ ■ •., •-# »** - ** ■■■ ’ -• f" a r*vr^ p - v t«\•—»^ M 
+
+r '»r . *-- * ■-ir v -" ; -J 
+
+:,v? 
+
+\;ft • ■\v-''i 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+
+
+J * 
+
+
+> • « - 
+V « 
+
+
+* * * 
+
+
+. ' V 
+
+---A 
+
+V- /*v- . 
+
+
+* -v. ' 
+
+
+ns . 
+
+* .-'- 
+
+
+*- ,V^ 
+
+4 / « 
+
+
+- »%' * 
+
+
+^ . , . 
+
+« 
+
+/ • 
+
+
+fi 
+
+
+4 P ► 
+
+
+• » 
+
+
+% * » • 
+
+*-•*.'*' *’* A • 
+
+
+* . *V' ‘ V * * 
+
+* v S. 
+
+. *• JktrfV. v >- /.•> 
+
+- • - ’ 
+
+• % * *. k-yV 
+
+
+' <4 •• y 
+
+» 
+
+
+
+
+# • * 
+
+
+-' v 
+
+
+*» ' 
+
+
+> . 
+
+
+* > 
+
+
+’ v 
+
+" a 
+
+
+
+
+^ «* 
+
+
+' 1 
+
+l ** „ '-*1 
+
+
+. r *. C .r*i 
+
+» - *■ «-r** ► % » * 
+
+. «.• ♦ - > i '* 
+
+
+- r -' ��. 
+
+
+*v v 4 Y'*> . ..;; ’* . * * 
+
+* r /_^ 4 V * « - 4 * 
+
+* ■ *•••<«* c y* «... . •% * - 
+
+1 V ->«••**: ^ • *? ' 
+
+y', '.■. . -•* -. 
+
+.*,•*'. *^ v . , ' "t.' x - j. 
+
+
+
+
+J -v **•*' 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+iv D E D I C A T I O N. 
+
+« ♦ 
+
+" / 
+
+ly dived: It of the marvellous, leaving 
+it rational and accountable, and, at 
+the fame time, make the whole 
+
+fubfervient to the caufe of virtue 
+
+* * 
+
+* %» 
+
+and true religion, will be allowed 
+
+% 
+
+to have rendered an acceptable fer- 
+vice to mankind. 
+
+
+Such was the attempt of the in¬ 
+genious author of this work. It muft 
+be admitted, that he has in great 
+
+fucceeded. Had he lived to re- 
+
+
+
+• f 
+
+
+yife it 
+
+
+
+and to prepare it 
+
+
+For another edition, all foreign affif 
+
+
+tance had probably been needlefs 
+As it is, what feemed wanting, 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+the effe& of inadvertency and error, 
+have endeavoured to fupply and 
+amend. 
+
+
+
+Having thus done what I could 
+
+for this adopted offspring, it is time 
+
+that I recommend it to a better and 
+
+- ' . • * • 
+
+more 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+
+AT 
+
+
+
+O N. 
+
+
+v 
+
+
+more able benefactor, whofe fur 
+ther fupport may be of ufe towards 
+
+
+its fettlement in the world 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+my acquaintance with the goodnefs 
+of your Grace’s fpirit on many oc- 
+
+
+cafions 
+
+
+j 
+
+
+leaves 
+
+
+me 
+
+
+no room 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+doubt, that you will take this or 
+phan alfo into your protection* 
+
+
+Indebted to your Grace’s illuf- 
+trious houfe for all that I am, thi¬ 
+ther every grateful confederation is 
+wont to direct my views and affec¬ 
+tions. An apprehenfion w;hich then 
+ftruck me, that fuch a performance 
+might be particularly ferviceable to 
+your Grace, firft inclined me to 
+
+liften to the overtures which were 
+
+% 
+
+made for preparing another and 
+more complete edition of this work; 
+againft which my little leifure, from 
+other important avocations, had elfe 
+determined me. When, therefore, 
+
+' A 3 I fat 
+
+
+vi DEDICATION. 
+
+1 
+
+V 
+
+I fat down to examine the contents 
+
+• • t 
+
+of it, and faw evidently the gene¬ 
+ral ufefulnefs of the defign, I could 
+with-hold no longer the little affif- 
+tance which I was capable of giv¬ 
+ing. Your Grace’s name will bring 
+it to the public teft. If then it fhall 
+appear in fome fort to anfwer the 
+intent, and be poffefled of intrinfic 
+worth enough to fave it, I fhall 
+find my great and leading expec¬ 
+tation anfwered in the fame degree; 
+which was, that it might be im¬ 
+proved into fomething agreeable 
+and ufeful to your Grace; an end, 
+which will ever principally com¬ 
+mand the attention of, 
+
+' % 
+
+- 1 - 
+
+May it pleafe your Grace* 
+
+♦ * 
+
+Your Grace’s mod dutiful. 
+
+
+And devoted humble Servant, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+J 
+
+
+E have here no defign to raife the re- 
+W||| putation of this work, by depreciating 
+
+
+
+k 
+
+
+
+
+jd the many others that have already been 
+
+
+publifhed on this fubjedt; it is fufficient for us to 
+fay, that we have followed a plan entirely new, 
+and, at the fame time, fuch an one as appeared 
+to us much more ufeful, more rational, and lefs 
+dry than any that has gone before it. 
+
+
+As all works of this kind muft neceftarily 
+confift of materials collected from other authors, 
+no expence, no labour has been fpared 5 the moll 
+celebrated works on this fubjeft have been con- 
+fulted and compared with each other, and it has 
+frequently happened, that fcattered hints, widely 
+difperfed, have ferved to clear up the moll dif¬ 
+ficult and intricate meanings, to a degree of de- 
+monftration; but amongft all the authors to 
+which we have had recourfe, we muft here par¬ 
+ticularly acknowledge the great advantage we 
+have received from that ingenious gentleman the 
+Abbe Pluche, in his hiftory of the heavens. 
+But as that learned and valuable writer Teems 
+
+now 
+
+
+
+Vlll 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+now and then to have carried matters a little too 
+far, the reader will find lefs ufe made of him, 
+than in the firft edition. We have been care¬ 
+ful to allow all things to evidence and reafon ; 
+but as little as might be to conjecture. We have 
+
+alfo received fome ufeful hints from the Abbe 
+
+/ 
+
+Banier’s mythology. But it behoves us efpe- 
+cially, to acknowledge the great fervice which 
+we have received from the writings of the learned 
+Bochart, Pignorius, Cafaliur, Kircher, Lipfius, 
+Montfaucon, and others, who have profefled to 
+treat of the Phoenician, Egyptian, Greek and 
+Roman antiquities. 
+
+% 
+
+Some acquaintance with the heathen gods and 
+the antient fables, is a neceflary branch of polite 
+learning, as without this it is impoflible to obtain 
+a competent knowledge of the daffies, impoffible 
+to form a judgment of antique medals, fiatues 
+or paintings 5 or even to underftand the perfor¬ 
+mances of the moderns in thefe polite arts. 
+
+$ 
+
+•i 
+
+• * 
+
+Hence thefe Audies have been generally ef- 
+
+teemed neceflary for the improvement of youth ; 
+but in works of this kind, fufficient care has not 
+been taken to unfold the origin of the heathen 
+gods, which has generally been miftaken. Seme 
+imagining that they had been kings and princes % 
+o Jiers, that they were the various parts of nature \ 
+and others, that they were the patriarchs and 
+heroes of the Jewilh nation. But each of thefe 
+have been found equally contrary to truth, when 
+
+applied to the Pagan theology, though fome of 
+
+their 
+
+
+
+P R E F A C E. ix 
+
+their fables have been embellifhed with many 
+circumftances related in the Mofaic hiftory. In 
+works of this kind, no care has hitherto been 
+taken to give the leaft intimation of abundance 
+of circumftances necefiary to be known; and a 
+perfon reads the hiftory of the gods without 
+finding any thing added, that can help him to 
+unravel the myfteries he meets with in every page, 
+or to entertain the leaft idea of the religion of 
+their worfhipers. 
+
+4 m • 
+
+The Greeks were entirely ignorant as to the 
+origin of-their gods, and incapable of tranfmit- 
+ting their hiftory to pofterity. Herodotus in¬ 
+forms us, that the gods of the Greeks were ori¬ 
+ginally brought from Egypt and Phoenicia, where 
+they-had been the obje&s of religious worfhip 
+before any colonies from thefe countries fettled 
+in Greece. We ought then to fearch in Egypt 
+and Phoenicia i%r the origin of the godsj for 
+the gods whofe worfhip was chiefly promoted by 
+the Egyptians, and carried by the Phoenicians 
+
+over all the coafts of the world then known. 
+
+• ♦ 
+
+The firft Egyptians, unacquainted with letters, 
+gave all the informations to the people, all the 
+rules of their conduct, by erecting figures, cafily 
+underftood, and which ferved as rules and orders 
+necefiary to regulate their behaviour, and as ad- 
+vertifements to provide for their own fafety. A 
+very few figures deverfified by what they held in 
+their hands, or carried on their heads, were fuf- 
+ficient for this purpofe. Thefe were ingenious 
+contrivances, and fuch as were abfolutely necef. 
+
+fary 
+
+
+
+X PREFACE 
+
+* 
+
+fary in a country, where the leaft miftake in point 
+of time was fufiicient to ruin all their affairs. 
+
+
+But thefe Egyptian fymbols, giving way to the 
+eafy method of reaping inftruftion from the ufe 
+of letters, which were afterwards introduced, foon 
+became obfolete, and the memory of fome par¬ 
+ticular virtues ftill remaining, they were revered- 
+as the images or reprelentations of fuperior and 
+friendly beings, who had frequently delivered 
+them from impending dangers, and foon were 
+worfhiped as the gods of their fathers. Their 
+hiftories were wrote in verfe, and embellifhed 
+with fi&ians founded on antient traditions. The 
+priefts of different countries increafed the delu- 
+lion j they had read the Mofaic hiftory, or, at 
+leaft, had heard that the Tons of God had con- 
+verfation with the daughters of men, and from 
+hence, influenced by Tuft or avarice, cloaked 
+their own debaucheries, and fbmetimes thofe of 
+
+
+god 
+
+
+
+
+princes and great men, under thofe of a 
+and the poets, whenever a princefs failed in point 
+of modefty, had recourfe to the fame method, 
+in order to fhelter her reputation from vulgar 
+cenfure. By this means the deities in after times 
+were faid to live in various countries, and even 
+in far diftant ages. Thus there became three 
+hundred Jupiters, an opinion derived from there 
+being a number of places in which, in different 
+ages, Jupiter was laid to have lived, reigned, and 
+performed fome extraordinary actions, which an¬ 
+cient fables, the fictions- of the poets, and the 
+artifices of the priefts had rendered famous. But 
+
+notwith- 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+PREFACE* 
+
+
+
+notwithftanding all thefe fables, Jupiter was al¬ 
+ways acknowledged by the wifeft heathens to be 
+impeccable, immortal, the author of life, the uni¬ 
+versal creator, and the fountain of goodnefs* 
+
+
+< • 
+
+
+_ - - .J 
+
+This Scheme is here carried on and explained, 
+with refpeCt to each heathen deity, and added to 
+the common hi dories and fables of the gods and 
+^roddeffes. 
+
+
+« , 4 
+
+In the fiiort Diflertation on the Theology of 
+
+the Antients, we have fhewn the rife of idolatry, 
+and its connexion with the antient Symbols. We 
+have there exhibited the Sentiments of the Pagans 
+with regard to the unity of the deity, and the 
+perfections they afcribe to him, from the con¬ 
+current teftimony of the philoSophers in various 
+ages, amongft the Egyptians, Greeks and Ro¬ 
+mans. And the whole is concluded with a fhort 
+account of the progrefs of idolatry. 
+
+
+In the Diflertation on the Mythology of the 
+Antients, we have endeavoured to account for the 
+rife of a variety of fables from the licence of poe¬ 
+try, embellishing the common incidents of life, 
+by perfonating inanimate -beings,, introducing fic¬ 
+titious characters, and Supernatural agents. We 
+have given the hiftory of the creation of the 
+world, the date of innocence, the fall of man, 
+the univerfal deluge, &c. according to the tra¬ 
+ditions of different nations, and the opinions of 
+the poets and moft eminent phiiofophers, and 
+compared them with the account given by Mofes* 
+
+In 
+
+
+
+
+. 
+
+In fliort, we have here given a view of their re 
+ligious, as well as moral fentiments. 
+
+
+r 
+
+To the whole is added, by way of Appendix^ 
+a rational account of the various i'uperftitious ob* 
+
+▼ ► • JL 
+
+fervances of aftrology, and the manner by which 
+influences and powers became afcribed to ‘ the 
+figns and planets 5 of prodigies, auguries, the 
+aufpices and oracles; of altars, facred groves, and 
+facrifices; of priefts and temples, &c. In which 
+the origin of each is pointed out, and the whole 
+mterfperfed with fuch moral reflections, as have 
+a tendency to'preferve the minds of youth from 
+the infection of fuperftitious follies, and to give 
+
+as may be of 
+the greateft fervice in helping them to form juft 
+ideas of the mariners, principles, and condu<S of 
+the heathen nations. 
+
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+* » 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+• 4 * 
+
+« f 
+
+
+V.. 
+
+
+
+
+/* J 
+
+* >• - 
+
+
+
+
+* >* 
+
+% *+ M 
+
+. * > 
+
+
+
+
+4 u ' ^ 
+
+
+1 » 
+
+
+
+
+• » 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+
+Illustrated. 
+
+
+; 7 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+4 » 
+
+
+ft- 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+1 ^ 
+
+Of Chaos. 
+
+
+*% * V, • % ‘ 
+
+
+author 
+
+
+fabulous 
+
+
+w X fyftern of the creation, \ begins his .genealogy, 
+
+H X °f the gods with Chaos. ; incapable of coii- 
+J^CKjd ceiving how fomething could be', produced 
+om" nothing, he afferted; the eternity of matter, ’and 
+nagined to himfejf a confuted mafs lying in the, worn]? 
+
+f nature,: which contained the principles of all __ 
+
+id which afterwards rifing: by degrees into, order and ? 
+
+* •* “the univerie. Thus the ' 
+
+
+
+\>r* 
+
+
+
+
+
+trmony, at length 
+
+eat hen poets e ndeayou red ’to accoun t for thb origh 
+the world s , of which 'they Jknew fo little, tKaf .it 
+> wonder they difguife.d rather: than illulirated the 
+bjeft in their writings;. .W e fine! Virgil repre fen ting 
+laos as one of the infernal deities, and Ovid, at his 
+
+* v # » , % ^ ^ ^ 1 
+
+ft fitting out in the' Me» amorphpfis, or eiansfoiTna- 
+n of the Gods, giving a - v ery poet teal t pidure pf that 
+orderly ftate in which alithe elements' lay blended 
+
+
+
+
+B 
+
+
+without 
+
+
+
+2 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+* 
+
+without order or diftin&ion. It is eafy to fee, under 
+all this confufion and perplexity, the remains of truth : 
+the antient tradition of the creation being obfcufed with 
+a multiplicity of images iand allegories, became an in- 
+exhauftible fund for fidtion to improve upon, and fwelled 
+the heathen theology into an unmeafurable compafs ; 
+fo that, in this fenfe, Chaos may indeed be properly ftiled 
+the father of the gods. 
+
+Though it does not feem eafy to give a p : £ture, or 
+graphical reprefentation of Chaos, a modern painter (ij 
+has been fo bold to attempt it. Beyond the clouds, 
+which compofe the body of his piece, he has repre- 
+fented an immenfe abyfs of darknefs, and in the clouds 
+an odd medley of water, earth, fire, fmoke, winds, &c. 
+Jjftt he has unluckily thrown the figns of the Zodiac 
+into his work, and thereby Tpoiled ,his whole defign. 
+
+Our great Milton in a noble and mafterly manner 
+has painted the ftate in which matter lay before the 
+creation. 
+
+4 « 
+
+On beanj’nly ground they flood, and from the Jhore 
+Whey ’vienv’d the r vafl unmeafurable abyfs 
+Outrageous as a fea y dark, ivaflefuly nvild, 
+
+•Up from the bottom turn’d by furious winds 
+And furging waves , as mountains , to ajfau.lt 
+Heav ns height , and with the center mix the pole. 
+
+Book VII. 1 . 215. 
+
+
+
+c 
+
+
+CHAP. II, 
+
+• • 
+
+Of Cjelus and Terra. 
+
+1 1 
+
+jELUS, or Uranus, as he was called by the Greeks, 
+is faid to be the offspring of Gaia or Terra. This 
+
+
+goddefs' had given 
+rounded and covered by him. 
+
+
+him birth, that fhe might be fur- 
+
+that he might afford 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+* 
+
+(1) The painter’s name was Abraham Diepenbeke. He was 
+born at Bois le Due, and for fome time ftudied under Peter Paul 
+Rubens. M. Meyfens, in his book entitled De Images dt Paintres, 
+gives him the character of a great artift*, efpecialiy in painting on 
+glafs. The piece abovementioned has been conikleied by mod 
+people as a very ingenious jumble, and ’tis plain the painter him- 
+ielf was fond of it 3 Tor he wrote his name in tire mafs to complete 
+
+the confufion,. 
+
+a manfioh 
+
+
+A v ' 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 5 
+
+a manfion fdr the gods. She next bore Ourea, or the 
+mountains, the refidence of the wood-nymphs; and, 
+laftly, (he became the mother of Pelagus, or the ocean. 
+After this fhe married her fon Uranus, and had by him 
+a numerous offspring, among whom _ were Oceanus, 
+Cams, Creus, Hyperion, Japhet,. Theia, Rhea, The¬ 
+mis, Mnemofyne, Phoebe, Tethys, Saturn, the three 
+cvclops, viz. Brontes, Steropes,; and. Arges and the 
+
+
+cyciops, viz. Brontes, fcteropes,; ana arges ana tne 
+giants Cottes, : Gyges, and Briareus. Terra, however, 
+was not fo ftri&ly bound by her conjugal vow, for by 
+Tartarus (he had Typhasus, or Typhon, the great enemy 
+of Jupiter. Caelus having, for fome offence, imprifoned' 
+the cyciops, his wife, to revenge herfelf, incited her fon 
+Saturn, who by - her afiiftance took the opportunity to 
+calf rate his. father with an inffrument fhe furnifhed him 
+with. The blood of the wound produced the three fu¬ 
+ries, the giants and the wood-nymphs. The genital 
+parrs, which fell into rlie fea, impregnating the waters, 
+formed Venus, the moff potent, and charming of the 
+goddeffes. 
+
+According to La&antius, Caelus was an ambitious 
+and mighty prince, who, affefting grandeur, called him- 
+felf the fon of the Jky> which tide his fon Saturn alfo 
+affirmed in his turn. But Diodorus makes Uranus the 
+
+/ % i f ^ # ' s k 
+
+firft monarch of the Atlantides, a nation inhabiting the 
+weffern coaft of Africa, and famous for commerce and 
+hofpitality. From his fkill in aftronomy, the Parry 
+heavens were called by his name, and for his equity and 
+
+
+jbeneficence he w r as denominated king of the univerfe. 
+iNpr: was his queen Titea lefs e deemed for her wifdom 
+|and'good fiefs', Which after her death procured Her the 
+Ihonour of .being deified by the name of Terrd. She is 
+ireprefented in the fame mariner as Veffa, of whom we 
+i (hall have occafion to/pCakftnore particularly. 
+
+
+the univerfe. 
+
+
+i ' 'us' 
+
+
+x * 
+
+
+* /\ 
+
+
+\ * 
+
+
+G H A P. Iir. 
+
+
+* V? ^ 
+
+
+) 
+
+
+Of . Hyper ion. aud Theia, 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+* % 
+
+^T^HEIA, or Bafilea, fucceeded hor parents, Callus 
+
+" Jt and Terra, in the throne-: fhe'was remarkable for 
+her mod eft y and chaftity.j but, being defirous of heirs 
+
+
+B 3 
+
+
+(h 
+
+
+
+4 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+4 
+
+(he married Hyperion her brothe'rr^crwbom fhe bore 
+Helios and Selene (the fun and moon), as al/b a fecond 
+daughter, called Aurora (or the morning) $ but the bro¬ 
+thers of Theia confpiring. againft her hufband, caufed 
+him to be afiafiinated, and drowned her fon Helios in 
+the river Eridanus (2). SeJejne, who; was extremely fond 
+of her brother, on hearing his fate, precipitated herfelf 
+from a high tower. They were both railed to the flcies, 
+and Theia, after wandering diftradied, at laft difappeared 
+in a ftorm of thunder and lightening. After her death 
+the confpirators divided the kingdom. 
+
+Hiftorians fay, that Hyperion was a famous aftrono- 
+tner, who, on account of his difcovering the motions 
+of the ccleftial bodies, and particularly the two great 
+luminaries of Heaven, was called the father of thofe 
+planets. ' ’ . 
+
+
+CHAP. IV. 
+
+
+Of Oceakvs and Tethys. 
+
+
+f * 
+
+
+* ' ’ . * * l 
+
+T HIS deity was one of the eldeft Tons of Ctelus 
+
+and Terra, and married his fitter Tethys, befides 
+whom he had feveral other wives. Each of them pof- 
+felTed an hundred woods and as many fivers. By 
+Tethys he had Ephyre, who was matched to Epime- 
+theus, and Pleione the wife of Atlas. He had feveral 
+other daughters and fons, whole names it would be 
+endlefs te-enumerate, and indeed they : are only thofe. of 
+the principal rivers of the world. ' ■ 
+
+Two of the wives of Oceanus were Parriphyloge and ( 
+Parthenope. By the firft he had two daughters,' Alia; 
+and Lybia; and by the laft, two more called Europa 
+and Thracia,. who gave their names to the count lies fo 
+denominated. He had alfo a daughter, called Cephyra, 
+who educated Neptune, and three Tons, viz. Tripto- 
+
+of Ceres, Nereus, who prefided 
+and Achelous, the deity of fountains 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+lemus, the favourite 
+over fait waters, 
+
+and rivers. 
+
+
+» 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+(2) This feems copied from the ftory of Phaeton. 
+
+
+The! 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. S 
+
+% 
+
+The ancients regarded Oceanus as the father of gOd» 
+and men, on account of the ocecan’s encompafling the 
+earth with his waves, and becaufe he was the principle 
+of that radical moifture diffufed through univerfal matter, 
+without which, according to Thales, nothing could either 
+be produced or fubfift. 
+
+Homer makes Juno vifit him at the remoteft limits of 
+the earth, and acknowledge him and Tethys as the 
+parents of the gods, adding that flie herfelf had been 
+brought up under their tuition. 
+
+Oceanus was depicted wth a bull’s head, to reprefent 
+the rage and bellowing of the ocean when agitated by 
+ftorms. 
+
+
+C H A P. V, 
+
+r 
+
+f 
+
+# 
+
+Of Auroa and Tithonus. 
+
+W E have already obferved, that this goddefs was 
+
+the youngeft daughter of Hyperion and Theia. 
+By the Greeks (he was (tiled ; and by the Latins 
+Aurora, on account of her bright or golden. colour, 
+and the dew which attends her. Orpheus calls her the 
+harbinger of Titan, becaufe the dawn befpeaks the 
+approach of the Sun ; others make her the daughter of 
+
+Titan and the earth. She fell in love with a beautiful 
+
+% 
+
+youth named Cephalus, (whom feme feppofe to be the 
+fame with fun) by whom fhe had Phaeton. She 
+had alfo an amour with Orion, whom fhe firft faw a 
+hunting in the woods, and carried him with her to 
+Delos. By Aftreas her hufband, one of the Titans, 
+fee had the (tars* and the four winds, Argeftes, Ze- 
+phyrus, Boreas, and Notus.' But her greatefl favourite 
+was Tithonus, to whom fee bore .^Emathion and 
+Memnon. This young Prince fee tranfported to Delos, 
+thence to Ethiopia, and laft into Heaven, where fee 
+obtained for him, from the deftinies, the gift of immor¬ 
+tality ; but at the fame time forgot to add youth, which 
+alone could render the prefent valuable. Tithonus 
+grew old, and fo decripit as to be rocked to deep like 
+an infant. His miftrefs, not being able to procure 
+
+B % death. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+* » 
+
+* 
+
+death, to end his mifery changed him into a grafs-hopper; 
+an infedf which by calling its fkin renews its youth, and 
+in its chirping ftill retains the loquacity of old age. 
+
+The hiftorians fay, that Tithonus was a great im¬ 
+prover of aftronomy, and ufed to rife before morning to 
+<n;tke bis obfervations. They add, that his vigilance 
+and temperance were rewarded with a long life 5 but, 
+when the infirmities of old age came on at laft, Aurora, 
+by the help of oriental drugs, reftored him to health and 
+
+Thus have they done juftice to the falubrity 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+This prince is faid to have reigned in 
+
+
+vigour 
+
+of the morning 
+Media, where he founded the city of Sufa on the river 
+Cboafpes, which became afterwards the feat of the Per¬ 
+sian empire. 
+
+The ftoryof Cephalus is related differently. He was 
+the nephew of ^Eolus, and had married Procris, daugh¬ 
+ter of Erichtheus, king of Athens. Aurora feeing him 
+often early in the woods, intent on his fport, conceived 
+a violent pafilon for him, and carried him with her to 
+Heaven, where ihe in. vain ufed all her arts to engage 
+him to violate his conjugal vow. The prince, as fond 
+of his wife as the goddefs was of him, remained inex¬ 
+orably faithful. Aurora therefore, to undeceive him, 
+fent him to Procris in the difguife of a merchant, to 
+
+this artifice 
+
+
+large prefents: 
+his 
+
+
+tempt her conflancy by 
+
+fucceeded, and juft when his fpoufe was on the point 
+of yielding, the unhappy hufband difcovered himfelf, and 
+Procris fled to the woods to hide her fhame. But being 
+afterwards reconciled, file made Cephalus a prefent of 
+an unerring dart. A prefent like this increafed his in¬ 
+clination to hunting, and proved doubly fatal to the 
+donor. It happened the young prince, one day, wearied 
+
+" ~ ‘ ' ' ’ ' called " 
+
+
+and 
+
+him 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+with his toil, fat down in the woods, 
+
+Aurora, or the gentle breeze, to cool him (3): 
+being overheard, was carried to Procris, who,, though 
+
+woman enough to be jealous: influ- 
+
+Ihe followed her hufband, and 
+
+
+inconftant, was 
+enced by this 
+
+
+paflion 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+— 
+
+(3) In a Capital pi« 5 fure, near the Hague, this goddefs is repre- 
+fented in a golden chariot drawn by white horfes winged,- on her 
+head is the morning ftar, and fhe is attended by Phcebus and the 
+
+dawn, ( 
+
+concealed 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+7 
+
+concealed herfelf in a thicket, where (he could obfevve 
+his motions. Unluckily the noife fhe made alarmed "her 
+hufband, who thinking fome wild beaft lay concealed, 
+
+di(charged the infallible arrow, and pierced her to the 
+
+♦ 
+
+^ J* ^ ^ 
+
+Mr. Pope in fome lines upon a lady’s fan of his owp 
+defign, painted with this ftory, has with his wonted deli** 
+
+cacy and judgment applied it: 
+
+
+Come, gentle air! th' JEolian Jhepherd faid , 
+
+While Procris panted in the fecret Jhade ; 
+
+Come, gentle air, the fairer Delia cries. 
+
+While at her feet her /wain expiring lies. 
+
+Lo the glad gales o'er all her beauties fray. 
+
+Breathe on her lips, and in her bofom play / 
+
+In Delia's hand this toy is fatal found. 
+
+Nor could that fabled dart more Jurely wound. 
+
+Both gifts deJiruBive to the givers prove ; 
+
+Alike both lovers fall by thofe they love. 
+
+Tet guiltlefs too this bright dejfroyer lives , 
+
+At random wounds, nor knows the wounds fhe gives 
+She views the fory with attentive eyes , 
+
+And pities Procris while her lover dies. 
+
+
+There is no goddefs of whom we have fo many beau¬ 
+tiful deferiptions in the poets as Aurora. Indeed it is 
+no wonder they are luxuriant on this fubjeft, as there 
+is perhaps no theme in nature which affords fuch an 
+extenfive field for poetry or painting as the varied beau¬ 
+ties of the morning, whofe approach feems to exhilirate 
+
+and enliven the whole animal creation. 
+
+# » 1 
+
+t 
+
++ _ ____ _ 
+
+« k 
+
+i 
+
+CHAP. V. 
+
+• • 
+
+* 9 
+
+Of Atlas. 
+
+
+A TLAS was the fon of Japetus and Clymene, and 
+
+the brother of Prometheus. In the divifion of 
+his father’s dominions, Mauritania fell fo his fhare, 
+where he gave his own name to that mountain, which 
+ftill bears it. As he was greatly fkilled in Aftronomy, 
+he became the firil inventor of the fphere, which gave 
+
+B 4. rife 
+
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+$ FABULOUS HISTO R Y O F 
+
+% 
+
+rife to the fable, of bis fupporting the heavens on his 
+fhoulders. He had many children. Of his Tons the 
+moll famous was Hefperus, (Tooke calls him his bro¬ 
+ther, p. 325) who reign’d fome time in Italy, which 
+fiom him was called Hefperia. It is faid, this prince 
+&eing on mount Atlas to obkrve the motion of the Bars, 
+was carried away by a temped, and, in honour to- his 
+memory, the morning ftar was afterwards called by his 
+name. He left three daughters iEgle, Arethufa, and 
+Hefperithufa, who went by the general appellation of 
+Hefperides, and were pofiefs’d of thofe famous gardens 
+which bore golden fruit, and were guarded by the vigi¬ 
+lance of a formidable dragon. 
+
+. Atlas had feven daughters, called after his own name 
+Atiantides, viz. Maia, Elettra, Taygete, Afterope, Me- 
+rope, Alcyone, and Celseno. All thefe were matched 
+either to gods or heroes, by whom they left a nu¬ 
+merous pofterify. Thefe, from their mother Pleione, 
+were alfo ftiled Pleiades (4). Bufiris, king of Egypt, 
+carried them off by violence ; but Hercules travelling 
+through Africa conquered him, and delivering the prin- 
+eefles, reftored them to their father, who to requite his 
+kindnefs taught him aftronomy, whence arofe the fable, 
+of that hero’s fupporting the heavens for a day to eafe 
+Atlas of his toil. The Pleiades, however, endured 
+a new perfecution from Orion, who purfued them five 
+years, till Jove, prevailed on by their prayers, took 
+them up into the heavens, where they form the con- 
+ftcllation, which beais their name. 
+
+By ^Ethra, Atlas was the father of feven daughters, 
+called Ambrofia, Endora, Pafithoe, Coronis, Plexaris, 
+Pytbo, and Tyche, who bore one common appellation 
+of the Hyades (5). Thefe virgins griev’d fo immode¬ 
+rately for the death of their brother Hyas, devoured by 
+a lion, that Jupiter out of compaffion, changed them 
+into Bars, and placed them in the head of Taurus, 
+
+
+— — 
+
+(4) So call’d from a Greek word, which fign'fies failing $ be- 
+
+caule they were reckon’d favourable to navigation. 
+
+, /r) From the Greek verb to rain, the Latins call’d them fucula?, 
+from the Greek word tijj or fwine, becaufe they feem’d to delight 
+
+ill wet and dirty weather. 
+
+
+where 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 9 
+
+where they ftill retain their grief, their rifing and fet- 
+
+ting being attended with extraordinary rain. Others 
+make thefe laft the daughters of Lycurgus, born in the 
+ifle of Naxos, and tranflated to the fkies, for their care 
+in the education of Bacchus,' probably becaufe thefe 
+fhowers are of great benefit in forwading the vintage.. 
+
+Accordning to Hyginus, Atlas having afiifted the giants 
+in their war againft Jupiter, was by the victorious god 
+doomed,* as a punifhment, fo fuftain the weight of the 
+
+heavens. 
+
+Ovid gives,a very different account of Atlas* who, as 
+he fays, was the fon of Japefus and Afia. He repre- 
+fents him as a powerful and wealthy monarch, pro¬ 
+prietor of the gardens which bore golden fruit; but tells- 
+us, that being warn’d by the oracle of Themis, that 
+he fbould fuffer fome great injury from a fon of JupiteF, 
+he ftrictly forbad all foreigners accefs to his court or 
+prefence. Perfeus, however, had the courage to appear 
+before him, but was ordered to retire, with ftrong .me¬ 
+naces in cafe of difobedience. But the hero prefenting. 
+his fliield wiih the dreadful head of Medufa to him* 
+turned him into the mountain which ftill bears his 
+name. 
+
+The Abbe La Piuche has given a very clear and in¬ 
+genious explication of this fable. Of all nations the 
+Kgyptians had, with the greateft affiduity, cultivated 
+altronomy. To point out the difficulties which attend 
+the ftudy of this fcience, they reprefented it by an 
+image, bearing a globe or fphere on its back, and which 
+they call’d Atlas, a word fignifying (6) great toil or 
+labour . But the word alfo fignifying fupport (yl, ths 
+Phaenicians, led by the reprefentation, took it in this 
+laft fenfe ; and in their voyages to Mauritania, feeing 
+the high mountains of that country covered with fnow, 
+and lofing their tops in the clouds, gave them the name 
+of Atlas, and fo produced the fable, by which the 
+
+ft 
+
+t -, , T1 __ J |r t | . . t ^ _ | 
+
+% 
+
+( 6 ) From Telaah, to ftrive, comes Atlah, toil $ whence the 
+Greeks deriv ed their a.v* 7 *c 9 or labour, and the Romans exaniio, 
+to furmount great difficulties. 
+
+(7) 'From Telah, to fufpend, is derived Atlah, fupport, whence 
+the Greek word Ex** for column or pillar. 
+
+
+
+
+iQ FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+fymbol of aftronomy ufed among the Egyptians, became 
+a Mauritinian king, transformed foto a mountain, whofe 
+head fupports the heavens. 
+
+The reft of the fable is equally eafy to account for. 
+The annual inundations of the Nile obliged that people 
+to be very exadt in obferving the motions of the hea¬ 
+venly bodies. The Hyades or Huades, took their name 
+from the figure V which they form in the head of 
+Taurus. The Pleiades were a remarkable conftella- 
+tion, and of great ufe to the Egyptians in regulating 
+the feafons. Hence they became the daughters of 
+Atlas : and Orion, who riles juft as they fet, was call’d 
+their lover. By the golden apples that grew in the 
+gardens of the Hefperides, the Phaenicians exprefs’d the 
+rich and beneficial commerce they had in the Mediter¬ 
+ranean ; which being carried on during three months 
+of the year only, gave rife to the fable of the Hefpe- 
+rian lifters (8). 
+
+
+
+C H AP. VII. 
+
+
+
+Of Japetus, and his Tons Epimetheds and Prome¬ 
+theus ; of Pandora’s box, and the ftory of Deu¬ 
+calion and Pyrrha, 
+
+A PET US was the Offspring of Caelus and Terra, 
+_ and one^ithe giants who revolted againft Jupiter. 
+He was a powerful and haughty prince, who lived fo 
+long, that his age became .a proverb. Before the war 
+he had a daughter, call’d Anchiale, who founded a city 
+of her own name in Cilicia. He had feveral fons, the 
+chief of whom were Atlas, (mentioned in the preceding 
+chapter) Buphagus, Prometheus (9) and Epimetheus. 
+Of thefe, Prometheus became remarkable, by befog the 
+©bjcf£t of Jupiter’s refentmenr. The occafion is re¬ 
+lated thus: having facrificed two bulls to that deity, 
+nut all the flefh of both in one Ikin. and the bones 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+whofe wif- 
+
+
+
+
+(8) From Efper, the good lhare 
+(p) So called from i n<, vftfM,jfoa, 
+
+n devotion. 
+
+
+that is, his fkill 
+
+
+- » 
+
+
+• ' ♦ 
+
+
+dom 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+< 
+
+■ 
+
+dom for once failed him fo, that he pitched upon the 
+word lot. Jupiter, incenfed at the trick put upon 
+him, took away fire from the earth, *1111 Prometheus, 
+by the afiiftance of Minerva, ftole into heaven, and 
+lighting a flick at the chariot of the fun, recovered 
+the blefling, and brought it down again to mankind. 
+Others fay the caufe of Jupiter’s anger was different, 
+Prometheus being a great arrifl, had fofmed a man ot 
+clay of fuch exquifite workmanfhip, that Pallas, 
+charm’d with his ingenuity, offered him whatever in 
+heaven could contribute to finifli his defign : for this 
+end fhe took him up with her to the celeflial manfions, 
+where, in a ferula, he hid fome of the fire of the 
+fun’s chariot wheel, and ufed it to animate his image 
+(i). Jupiter, either to revenge his theft, or the for¬ 
+mer affront, commanded Vulcan to make a woman, 
+which, when ^e had done, fhe was introduced into the 
+aflembly of the gods, each of whom bellowed on her 
+fome additional charm or perfection. Venus gave her 
+beauty, Pallas wifdom, Juno riches. Mercury taught 
+her eloquence, and Apollo mufick : from all rhefe ac¬ 
+compli fitments, fhe was ftiled Pandora (2), and was the 
+firfl of her fex. Jupiter, to. complete his defigns, pre- 
+fented her a box, in which he had enclofed age, dif- 
+eafes , *war, famine, pejiilence , difcord , envy, calumny, 
+
+and in fhorr, all the evils and vices which he in¬ 
+tended to affliCt the world with. Thus equipped, fhe 
+was fent down to Prometheus, who wifely was on his 
+guard againft the mifchief defign’d him. Epimetheus 
+his brother, though forewarn’d of the danger, had lefs 
+jrefolution; for enamoured with the beauty of Pandora 
+(3}, he married her, and opened the fatal box, the 
+contents of which foon overfpread the world. Hope 
+alone refled at the bottom. But Jupiter, not yet Sa¬ 
+tisfied, difpatched Mercury and. Vulcan to feize Prome. 
+
+
+. (1) Some fay his crime was not the enlivening a man of clay j 
+but the formation of woman. 
+
+(2) So call’d from i. e. loaded with gifts or accomplifh- 
+
+ments, Heliod has given a fine defcription of her in his Theogony,. 
+Cooke, p. 770. 
+
+(3) Others fay Pandora ojrly gave the box to the wife of Epime- 
+theus, who opened it from a curiofity natural to her fex.; 
+
+theu«, 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+F A B U-L O U 5 ; 1 S 'F O R :Y ; O F 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+► r - 
+
+
+
+_ - - • . ‘ A . - " - % ' ? 
+
+tbeus> whom they carried tor mount ; Caucafus, where 
+they chajn’d - him - to a rock, and an eagle or vulture 
+was commiflioned to prey on his liver, which every night 
+was. renewed in proportion as it was confumed by day. 
+But Hercules foon after killed the vulture and delivered 
+him. Others fay, Jtipiter reflor’d him his freedom for 
+difcovering his father Saturn’s confpiracy f/j), and dif- 
+fuading his intended marriage with Thetis. Nicander, 
+to this fable of Prometheus, lends an additidnal cir- 
+cumlfance. He fells us fome ungrateful men difcover- 
+ed the theft- of Prometheus fir ft to Jupiter, who re¬ 
+warded them with perpetual youth. This prefent they 
+loaded on rhe back of an afs, who flopping at a foun¬ 
+tain to quench - his thirfl, was hindered by a water 
+
+fuake, who would not Jet him drink ’till he gave him 
+the 'burthen he carried. Hence the Serpent renews his 
+youth upon changing his fkin. ; 
+
+had an altar ih the academy at Athens, 
+
+f p ^ mm ^ » « 9 +* » 4 
+
+in common with Vulcan and Pallas. His flames are 
+reprefen ted with a fcepter in the hand. 
+
+There is a very ingenious explanation of this fable j 
+it is faid Prometheus was a wile prince, who reclaim¬ 
+ing his fubjedls from a fayage to a focial life, was faid 
+to haye animated men out of clay : he firfl iiiflituted 
+facrifices(according to (5), Pliny) which gave rife to 
+the flory of the two oxen. Being expelled his domi¬ 
+nions, by Jupiter, he fled to Scythia, where he retir’d to 
+mount Caucafus, either to make aflronomical obferva- 
+tions, or to indulge his melancholy for the lofs of his 
+dominions. This occafioned the fable of the vulture 
+feeding upon his liver. As he was alfo the firfl inven¬ 
+tor ot forging metals by fire, he was faid to have Hole 
+the element-from heaven. In fhort, -as the firft know^ 
+
+•• > . ^ , f* , 1 
+
+ledge of agriculture, and even navigation, is afcribed 
+to him, it is no wonder if he was celebrated for form¬ 
+ing a living man from an in^nimated fubflance. - 
+
+Some authors imagine Prometheus to be the fame with 
+Noah. The learned Bochart imagines him to be 
+
+
+4 - 
+
+
+
+
+. L - 
+
+
+
+
+- * , ^ 
+
+(4) Lucian has a way fine Dialogue between Prometheus and 
+
+iter on . this lubjech - 
+
+(5) Pliny, Book 7, cap. 56. 
+
+
+
+
+Magog. 
+
+
+
+(r/fsm 25?'?'* fY/AVl/l'* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. i3 
+
+Magog. Each opinion is fupported by argument?, 
+which do not want a fhew of probability. 
+
+The fiory of Pandora affords very diftindl traces of 
+
+the tradition of the fall of our firft parents, and the fe- 
+duaion of Adam by his wife Eve. 
+
+
+C H A P. VIII. 
+
+0 » 
+
+\ 
+
+Of Deucalion and Pyrrha. 
+
+* 
+
+• * 
+
+D E U C A LI O N was the fon of Prometheus, and 
+
+had married his coufm german Pyrrha the daugh¬ 
+ter of Epimetheus, who bore him a fon, called Helenes, 
+who gave his name to Greece. Deucalion reign¬ 
+ed in Thefialy (6 ), which he governed with equity and 
+juftice ; but his country, for the wickednefs of the in¬ 
+habitants, being deftroy’d by a flood, he and his queen 
+only efcaped by faving themfelves on mount ParnafTus. 
+After the decreaf^ of the waters, this illuftrious pair 
+confulted the oracle of Themis in their diftrefi. The 
+anfwer was in thefe terms, Depart the temple , veil your 
+heads and faces , unloofe your girdles y and throng behind 
+your backs the bones of your grandmother . Pyrrha was 
+fhock’d at an advice, which her piety made her regard 
+with horror: but Deucalion penetrating the myftical 
+fenfe, reviv’d her, by telling her the earth was their 
+grandmother, and that the bones were only ftones. 
+They immediately obey the oracle, and behold its ef¬ 
+fect : the Hones which Deucalion threw, became liv- 
+ing men; thofe caft by Pyrrha rofe into women. With 
+thefe, returning into Theffaly, that prince repeopled 
+his kingdom, and was honour’d as the reftorer of man¬ 
+kind. 
+
+To explain th : s fable it is necefiary to obferve, there 
+were five deluges, of which the one' in queftion wasjhe 
+fourth, in order of time, and lafted, according to Ari- 
+ftotle’s account, the whole winter. It is therefore need- 
+efs to wafte time in drawing a parallel between this 
+
+(6) By the Arundel inn marbles, Deucalion ruled at Lycerea, in 
+the neighbourhood of Parnaffus, about the beginning of the reign 
+of Cecrops king of Athens. 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+14 
+
+
+FABULOUS. H 
+
+
+STORY OF 
+
+♦ 
+
+The circumftance of the 
+
+
+ftory and the Mofaic flood. The circumftance of the 
+ftones (7) feems occasioned by the fame word bearing 
+
+
+two ftgnificalions; fo that thefe myfterious ftones are 
+only the children of fuch as efcaped the general inun¬ 
+dation. 
+
+
+CHAP. IX. 
+
+« • 
+
+Of Saturn. 
+
+S ATURN was the younger fon of Cselus and 
+Terra, and married his After Vefta. Under tire ar¬ 
+ticle of • Caelus, we have taken notice how he treated 
+
+
+his Father. We 
+
+
+his ambition in his 
+
+
+endeavouring, by the afliftance of his mother, to ex¬ 
+clude his elder brother Titan from the throne, in which 
+he fo far fucceeded, that this prince was obliged to re- 
+fign his birthright, on thefe terms, that-Saturn fhould 
+not bring up any male children, fo that the fucceflion 
+might devolve to the right male line again. 
+
+Saturn, it is faid, obfcrved thefe conditions fo faith¬ 
+fully, that he devoured all the fens he had by his wife, 
+as loon as born. But his exa&nefs in this point was at 
+laft fruftrated by the artifice of Vefta, Having brought 
+
+Jupiter and Juno, file prefented the 
+
+
+forth the twins. 
+
+
+however. 
+
+
+latter to her hufband, and concealing the boy, fen.t him 
+to be nurfed on mount Ida in Crete, committing the 
+care of him to the Curetes and Corybantes. Saturn, 
+however, getting feme intelligence of the Affair, de¬ 
+manded the child, in whofe ftead his wife gave him a 
+ftone Twaddled up, which he /wallowed. This ftone 
+had the name of Ab-addir (or the potent father) and re¬ 
+ceiv’d divine honours. 
+
+This fiftion, of Saturn’s devouring his fens, accord- 
+
+
+ing to Mr. Le Clerc (8), was founded upon a cuftom 
+which he -had of baniihing or confining his children, 
+for fear they fhould one day rebel againft him. As to 
+the ftone which Saturn is faid to fwallow, this is ano- 
+
+
+( 7 ) The 1 
+
+and a child} 
+or a people. 
+
+
+The Phcenician' word Aben, or Eben, fignifies both 
+:hild; and the Greek word Aeeet? Aafe? denotes either 
+
+
+a ftone 
+a ftone 
+
+
+(8) Remarks upon Hefted. 
+
+
+th e r 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. i 5 
+
+ther fi£Hon founded bn the doable meaning of the word 
+Eben, which lignifies both a ftone and a. child, and 
+means no more than, that Saturn was deceiv’d by Rhea’s 
+fubftituting another child in the room of Jupiter. 
+
+Titan finding the mutual compact made between him 
+and his brother thus violated, took arms to revenge the 
+injury, and not only defeated Saturn, but made him and 
+his wife Vefta prifoners, whom he confined in Tarta¬ 
+rus, a place fo dark and difmal, that it afterwards be¬ 
+came one of the apellations of the infernal regions. In 
+the mean time Jupiter being grown up, raifed an army 
+
+in Crete for his father’s deliverance. He alfo hired the 
+
+% 
+
+Cecrops to aid him in his expedition; but on their re- 
+fufal to join him after taking the money, he turned them 
+into Apes After this he-marched againft the Titans, 
+and obtained a complete vidtory. The Eagle which ap¬ 
+peared before the engagement, as an aufpicious omen, 
+was ever after chofen to carry his thunder. From the 
+blood bf the Titans, flain in the battle, proceeded fer- 
+pents, fcorpions, and all venomous reptiles. Having 
+lay this fuccefs freed his parents, the young Prince cau£ 
+ed all the gods aflembled, to renew thtir oath of fidelity 
+to Saturn, on an altar, which on that account has been 
+raifed to a conftellation in the heavens. Jupiter after 
+this married Metis daughter of Oceanus, who, it is re¬ 
+ported, gave Saturn a potion, which caufed him to 
+bring up. Neptune and Pluto, with the reft of the chil¬ 
+dren he had formerly devoured (9). 
+
+The merit of the fon, (as it often happens) only 
+ferved to increafe the father’s jealoufy, which received 
+new ftength from an ancient oracle or tradition, that 
+he fhould be dethroned by one of his Tons. Jupiter 
+therefore fecretly informed of the meafures taken to de- 
+ftroy him, fuffered his ambition to get the afeendant over 
+his' duty, and taking up arms, depofed his father, whom, 
+by the advice of Piometheus, he bound in woollen fet¬ 
+ters, and threw into Tartarus with Japetus his uncle. 
+Here Saturn fuffered the. fame barbarous puniftiment of 
+caftration he had inflicted on his father Cselirs. 
+
+
+(9) By tills, Jupiter fhould be the yoimgeff fon of Saturn. 
+
+V * * ‘ I 
+
+Macrobius 
+
+
+x6 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+% 
+
+Macrobias, fearches into the reafon why this god was 
+bound with fetters of wool, and adds from the teftimony 
+of Apolidorus, that he broke thefe cords once a .year at 
+the celebration of the Safurnlia (i). This he explains 
+by faying, that this fable alluded to the corn, which be¬ 
+ing Ihut up in the earth, and detained by chains, foft 
+and eafily broken, fprung forth and annurlly arrived at 
+maturity. The Abbe Banier fays (2), that the Greeks 
+looked upon the places fituated to the eaft as higher 
+than thole that lay weftward; and from hence con¬ 
+cludes, that by Tartarus or hell, they only meant Spain, 
+As to the caftration of Saturn, Mr. Le Cleic conjec¬ 
+tures (3), that it only means that Jupiter had corrupt¬ 
+ed his father’s council, and prevailed upon the moft con- 
+fiderable perfons of his court to defert him. 
+
+The manner in which Saturn efcaped from his prifon 
+is not related. He fled to Italy, where he was. kindly 
+received by Janus, then king of that country, who allb- 
+ciated him in the government. From hence that part of 
+the world obtained the name of Saturnia Tellus, as alfo 
+that of laiium , from lateo to lie hid, becaufe he found 
+a refuge here in his diftrefs. On this account money 
+was coined with a lhip on one fide, to flgnify his arrival, 
+and a Janus with a double head on the other, to denote 
+his lharing the regal authority. 
+
+The reign of Saturn was lo mild and happy, that the 
+poets have given it the name of the Golden Age l and 
+celebrated it with all the pomp and luxuriancy of ima¬ 
+gination (4). According to Varro, this deity, from his 
+inftruding the people in agriculture and tillage, obtained 
+his name (5) of Saturn. The fickle which he ufed in 
+reaping being caft into Sicily, gave that ifland its antient 
+name of Lrepanon, which in Greek fignifies that in- 
+flrument 
+
+The hiftorians givens a very different pidure of Sa¬ 
+turn. Diodorus reprefents him, as a tyrannical, co¬ 
+vetous, and cruel prince, who reigned over Italy and 
+
+(O Sat. Lib. x. c. 8. 
+
+(2) Banier’s Mythology, vol. a. 185. 
+
+(3; Remarks upon Heiiod. 
+
+* (4.) The reader will fee more on this head under the fucceeding 
+
+article. 
+
+{5) From Satus, that, is, Lowing dr feed time. - 
+
+^ A» M 
+
+Sicily, 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+Sicily, and enlarged his dominions by conqueft: he 
+adds, that he opprefs’d his fubjedls by fevere taxes, and 
+kept them in awe by ftrong garrifons This account 
+agrees very well with thofe who make Saturn the firft 
+who inftituted human facrifices, whieh probably gave 
+rife to the fable of his devouring his own children. Cer^ 
+
+offer’d young 
+and amongfl the Romans, his 
+
+
+that the Carthaginians (6) 
+
+
+tain it is, 
+
+childern to this deity; 
+priefts were cloath’d in red, and at his feftivals gladiators 
+were employed to killeach other 
+
+The feafts of this deity were celebrated with great 
+folemnity amongfl the Romans about the middle of De¬ 
+cember. They were firft inftituted by Tullus Hoftilius, 
+though Livy dates them from the confulfhip of Mani- 
+lius and Sempronius. They lafted but one day till the 
+time of Julius Cajfar, who ordered them to be protract¬ 
+ed to three days; and in procefs of time they were ex¬ 
+tended to five. During thefe all public bufinefs was 
+flopp’d, the fenate never affetnbled, no war could 
+be proclaimed, or offender executed. Mutual prefents 
+of all kinds, (particularly wax lights) were fent and re¬ 
+ceiv’d, fervauts wore the pileus or cap of liberty, and 
+were waited on by their mafters at table. All which 
+was defign’d to fhew the equality and happinefs of man¬ 
+kind under the Golden Age, 
+
+The Romans kept in the temple of Saturn the libri 
+ehphantini , .or rolls, containing the names of the Ro¬ 
+man citizens, as alfo the public treafure. This cuftora 
+they borrowed from the Egyptians, who in the temple 
+of Sudec, or Chrone, depofned their genealogies of fa¬ 
+milies ana the public money. 
+
+Saturn, like the other heathen deities, had his amours. 
+He fell in love with the nymph Phyllyra, the daughter 
+of Oceanus, and was by his wife Rhea fo near being 
+furprifed in her company, that he was forced to af- 
+fume the form of a horfe. This fudden transformation 
+
+
+(6) Mr. Selden in his treatifeof the Syrian gods, fpeaking of Mo¬ 
+loch, imagines from the ciudty of his facrifices, he was the fame as 
+Saturn. In the reign of Tiberius, that prince crucify’dthe priefts of 
+Saturn for offering young infants at his altars. This idea of Sa,- 
+turp’s malignity is, perhaps, the rcafon why the planet, which bears 
+this name, was thought fo inaufpicious and unfriendly to mankind. 
+
+had 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+l 
+
+
+FABULOUS 
+
+I 
+
+
+H I ST O R Y 
+
+
+
+had fuch an effeft on his miftrefs, that Ihe bore a crea. 
+ture whofe upper part was like a man, and the reft like 
+a horfe. This Ton of Saturn became famous for his 
+. fkill in mufic and furgery. - 
+
+A modern author, M. La Pluche, has very juftly ac¬ 
+counted for this fabulous hiftory of Saturn, which cer¬ 
+tainly derived its origin from Eygpt. The annual meet¬ 
+ing of the judges in that country was notified by an 
+image with a long beard, and a fcythe in his hand. The 
+firft denoted the age and gravity of the magiftrates, and 
+the latter pointed out the feafon of their affembling, juft 
+before the firft hay-making or harveft. This figure they 
+call’d by the names of Sudec (7), Chrone (8), Chiun 
+(g) y and Saterin (1); and in company with it,, always 
+expofed another ftatue reprefenting Ifis, with feveral 
+breafts, and furrounded with the heads of animals, 
+which they call’d Rhea (^), as thefe images continued 
+expofed till the beginning of the new folar year, or the 
+return of the Ofiris (the Sun), fo Saturn became regard¬ 
+ed as the father of time. Upon other occafions the 
+Egyptians depi&ed him with eyes before and behind, 
+fome of them open, others afleep; and with four wings, 
+two (hut and two expanded (3'., The Greeks took 
+thefe pictures in the literal fen fe, and turned into fabu¬ 
+lous hiftory what was only allegorical. 
+
+Bochart, and fome other learned antiquaries, con¬ 
+ceived Saturn to be the fame with Noah, and drew a 
+parallel, in many inftances, which feem to favour their 
+opinion. 
+
+Saturn was ufually reprefented as an old man, bare¬ 
+headed and bald, with all the marks of age and infirmi¬ 
+ty in his face. In his right hand they fometimes placed 
+a fickle, or fcythe, at others a key, and a fcrpent biting 
+
+its own tail, and circumflex’d in his left. He fome- 
+
+* . 
+
+
+(7) From Tfadic, or Sudec, juftice, or the juft. 
+
+(8) From Keren, Splendor, the name given to Mofes 
+defcent from the mount; hence the greek ^pevo? 
+
+(9) From Choen a prieft, is deriv’d Keimah, or the fac 
+
+office. 
+
+
+- (1) From Seter, a judge, is the plural Seterim, or the judges. 
+
+(2) Frpm Rah^h, to feed, corhes Rehea, or Rhea, a nurfe. 
+
+(3) This figure feems borrowed from the Cherubim of the 
+
+Hebrews. 
+
+
+times 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+T 
+
+
+HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+r 9 
+
+
+rimes was pictured with fix wings, and feet of wcibl, to 
+sw how infenfibly and fwiftly time pafies. The fcythe 
+enoted his cutting down and impairing all things, and 
+
+
+‘qjitur Annus . 
+
+
+Quod in fefe 
+
+
+CHAP. X. 
+
+
+0 
+
+Of the Golden Age. 
+
+0 
+
+0 
+
+9 
+
+D IFFICULT as it is, to reconcile, the incon- 
+
+fifiencies between the poets and hiftorians in the 
+^preceding account of Saturn, yet the concurrent tefti- 
+mony of the former in placing the Golden Age in his 
+times, feems to determine the point in his favour j and 
+to prove that he was a benefa&or and friend to mankind, 
+fince they enjoy’d fuch felicity under his adminiftration. 
+
+
+never fufficiently 
+
+
+the mafterly defcrip- 
+
+
+We 
+
+tion given by Virgil of thefe halcyon days, when peace 
+and innocence adorned the world, and fweeten’d all the 
+bleffings, of untroubled life. Ovid has yet heightened 
+the defcription with thole touches of imagination pecu¬ 
+liar to him. Amongft the Greek poets, Hefiod has 
+touched this fubjedT with that agreeable fimplicity which 
+diftinguilhes all his writings. 
+
+By the Golden Age might be figured out the happi- 
+nefs of the primaeval ftate before the fir ft and univerfal 
+deluge, when the earth, remaining in the fame pofition 
+in which it was firft created, fiourifhed with perpetual 
+fpring, and the air. always temperate and ferene, was 
+neither difcompofed by fiorms, nor darkened by clouds. 
+The reafon of affixing this time to the reign of Saturn, 
+was probably this: the Egyptians held the firft annual 
+aflembjy of their judges in the month of February, and 
+as the decifions of thele fages were always attended with 
+the higheft equity, lo the people regarded that feafon 
+as a time of general jby and happinefs, rather as all 
+nature with them was then in bloom, and the whole 
+country looked like one enamelled garden or carpet. 
+
+But after ail it appears, that thefe halcyon times were 
+but of a fhort duration, fince the character Plato, Py¬ 
+thagoras, and ethers, give of this age, can only relate 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+20 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+to that Rate of perfect innocence which ended with 
+the fall. 
+
+► 
+
+
+-— — - 1-- —»-- —-~ . . i m . --* 
+
+• * 
+
+* “ 
+
+CHAP. XL 
+
+4 _ ' ^ • 
+
+Of the Giants,. 
+
+V 
+
+^ » 
+
+« 
+
+T HE giants were produced fas has been already 
+
+obferv’d) of the the blood--which flow’d from the 
+wound of Saturn, when caftrated by his fon Jupiter,, 
+Proud of their own ftrength, and fired with a daring 
+ambition, they entered into an afTociation to dethrone 
+Jupiter j for which purpofe they piled rocks on rocks, 
+in order to fcale the ikies. This engagement is diffe- 
+renrly related by authors, both as to the place where 
+it happened and the circumftances which attended it; 
+fome writers laying the fcene in Italy (4), others in 
+Greece (5). It feems the father of the gods was ap. 
+prized of the danger, as there was a prophetical rumour 
+amongft the deities, that the giants fhould not be over- 
+come, unlefs a mortal aflifted in the war. For this 
+feafon Jove, by the advice of Pallas, call’d up Her¬ 
+cules, and being aflifted by the reft of the gods, gain’d 
+a complete victory over the rebels, moft of whom pe- 
+rilhed in the conflict. Hercules full flew Alcyon with 
+an arrow, but he ftill furviv’d and grew ftronger, till 
+Minerva drew him out of the moon’s orb, when he 
+expired. This goddefs alfo cut off the heads of Ence* 
+ladus and Pailantes, and afterwards encountering Al- 
+cyoneus at the Corinthinan iftbmus, kill’d him in fpite of 
+his monfterous bulk. Porphyris, about to ravifh Juno, 
+fell by the hands of Jupiter and Hercules. Apollo and 
+Hercules difpatcfr’d Ephialtes, and Hercules flew Eu- 
+rytus, by darting an oak at him. Clytius was flain by 
+Hecate, and Polybotes flying through the fea, came to 
+the ifle of Coos, where Neptune, tearing off part of the 
+land, hurl’d it at him, and form’d the ifle of Nilyros. 
+
+(4) In thePhlegrasan plains, in Campania, near mount Vefuvius, 
+which abounded -with fubterraneous fires, and hot mineral fprings. 
+
+(5) Where they fet mount Ofla on Pelion, in order to'jaicend the 
+ikies. - 
+
+Mercury 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 21 
+
+(Mercury (lew Hyppolitus, Gratian was vanquifli’d by 
+; Diana, and the Parcae claim’d their fbare in the vidtory, 
+by the deftrudtion of Agryus and Thoan. Even Si- 
+lenus his afs, by his opportune braying, contributed to 
+put the giants in confufion, and complete their ruin. 
+During this war, of which. Ovid has left us a fhort 
+defcription, Pallas diftinguiih’d herfelf by her wifdom, 
+Hercules by his flrength, Pan by his trumpet, which 
+ftruck a terror in the enemy, and Bacchus by 'his afti- 
+vity and courage. Indeed their affiftance was no more 
+than feafonable ; for when the giants firft made their 
+audacious attempt, the gods were fo aftonifhed, that 
+they fled into Egypt, where they conceal’d themfelves 
+in various Shapes 
+
+But the mod dreadful of thefe mongers, and the moft 
+difficult to fubdue, was Typhon or Typhaeus; whom, 
+when he had alinofl difeomfited all the gods, Jupiter 
+purfued to mount Caucaufu's, where he wounded him 
+with his thunder; but Typhon turning upon him, took 
+him prifoner; and after cutting with his own fickle the 
+nerves of his hands and feet, threw him on his back, 
+carried him into Cilicia, and impiifon’d him in a cave, 
+whence he was deliver’d by Mercury, who reftor’d him 
+to his former vigour. After this, Jove had a fecond 
+engagement with Typhon, who flying into Sicily, was 
+overwhelm’d by mount AEtna. 
+
+The giants are reprefented by the poeis as men of 
+huge Stature and horrible afpedi, their lower parts be¬ 
+ing of a Terpentine form. But above all, Typhon, or 
+Typhaeus, is deferibed iri the moll Blocking manner. 
+Hefiod has given him an hundred heads of dragons, 
+uttering dreadful founds, and having eyes that darted 
+fire. He makes him, by Echidna, the father of the 
+dog Grthus, or Cerberus, Hydra, Chimaera, Sphinx, 
+the Nemaean lion, the Hefperian dragon, and of llorms 
+and ternpefls. 
+
+Hiftorians fay, Typhaeus was the brother of Ofiris, 
+king of Egypt, who in the abfence of this rhonaicb, 
+form’d a conspiracy to dethrone him at his return ; for 
+which end he invited him to a feaft, at the conclufion 
+
+^ 1 p ^ 
+
+of which, a cheft of eyquifite workmanfhip was brought 
+in, and offer’d to him who lying down in it fhould be 
+
+found 
+
+
+
+22 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+found to fit it bell. Ofiris not diftrufting the contri¬ 
+vance, had no fooner got in but the lid was clofed upon 
+him, and the unhappy king thrown into the Nile, lfis, 
+his queen, to revenge the death of her beloved huftnndj 
+rais’d' an army, the command of which (he gave to her 
+fon Onus, who, after vanquifhing the ufurper,, put him 
+to death. Hence the Egyptians, who defefted his me¬ 
+mory, painted him in their hieroglyphic charafters in 
+fo frightful a manner. The length and multiplicity of 
+his arms denoted his power: the ferpents which form’d 
+his heads, fignify’d his addrefs and cunning: the cro¬ 
+codile fcales which cover’d his body, exprefs’d his cru¬ 
+elty and difiimulation ; and the flight of the gods into 
+Egypt, (hew’d the precautions taken by the great men 
+to (belter themfelves from his fury and refentment. 
+
+It is eafy in this (lory of the giants to trace the. 
+Mofaic hiftory, which informs us how the earth was 
+afflidled with men of uncommon (lature and great 
+wickednefs. The tradition of the tower of. Babel, and 
+the defeat of that impious defign, might naturally give 
+rife to the attempt of thefe monfters, to infult the (kies 
+and make war on the gods. 
+
+But there is another explication of this fable, which 
+feems both more rational and curious. Amonp-ft the 
+names of the giants we find thofe of Briareus (6), 
+Roechus (7), Othus { 3 ), Ephialtes (9), Prophyrion (1), 
+Eneeladus (2), anti, Mimas (3). Now the literal fig- 
+nification of thefe leads us to the fenfe of the allegory, 
+which was defign’d to point out the fatal confequences 
+of the flood, and the confiderable changes it introduced 
+
+
+(6) .From Beri, ferenity 5 and- Harcus, loft, to ftiew the ! tem¬ 
+perature of the air deftrayed. \ ■ , • J 
+
+(y') From Reuach, the winds. 
+
+(8) From Ouitta, or Othus, the times, to tipify the viciffitude 
+or feafons. 
+
+(9) From Evi, or Ephi, clouds 5 and Altah, darknefs,; i. e; 
+
+dark gloomy clouds, ;; i . i: .: 
+
+(1) From Phau, to break, comes Pharpher, to fcparater minute¬ 
+ly ; to denote the general difTohition of the primaeval fyltem. , 
+
+-(2) From Enceled, violent fprings or torrents. 
+
+(3) From Maim, great and heavy rains. Now all thefe were 
+phasnomena hew, and unknown before the flood. See La Pliiche’s 
+
+
+•hiftory of the heavens, .vol. 1, p. 66. 
+
+
+& \ 
+
+
+\ t 
+
+
+* 
+
+with 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 23 
+
+with regard to the face of nature. This is fuFther 
+confirm’d by their tradition, that their Ofiris vanquifhed 
+the giants, and that Orus, his fon, in particular, Hopp’d 
+the purfuit of Rcechus, by appearing before him in the 
+form of a lion. By which they meant, that that in- 
+duftrious people had no way of fecuring themfelves 
+againft the bad effects' of the vernal winds, which 
+brought on their annual inundation, but by exactly 
+obferving the fun’s, entrance into Leo, and then retir¬ 
+ing to the high grounds, to wait the going off of the 
+
+wafers. 
+
+It may not be improper to add, that from the blood 
+of the giants defeated by Jupiter, were produced fer- 
+peots and all kinds of venomous creatures. 
+
+
+1 C H A P. XII. 
+
+ft 
+
+Of Janus. 
+
+0 
+
+r 
+
+^pHE connexion between Saturn and Janus, renders 
+X the account of the latter a proper fupplement to 
+the hiftory of the former. Writers vary as to the birth 
+of this deity, fome making him the fon of Caelus and 
+Hecate, others the offspring of Apollo, by Creufa, 
+daughter of EriCtheus, king of Athens Hefiod is filent 
+about him in his Theogany , and indeed Janus was .a god 
+little known to the Greeks. According to Cato, he 
+was a Scythian prince, who, at the head of a victorious 
+army, fubdued and depopulated Italy. But the molt . 
+probable opinion is that he was an Etrurian king, and 
+one of the. earlieft monarchs of that country, which he 
+governed with gredt wifdom, according to the tefti- 
+mony of Plutarch; who fays, 'whatever he was, whether \ 
+a king or a god, he was a great politician , who tempered 
+the manners of his fubjedls , and taught them civility , on 
+S which account he was regarded as the god of peace, and 
+never invoked during the time of war . The Romans held 
+
+him in peculiar veneration. 
+
+. From Fabius PiCtor, one of the oldeft Roman hilto- 
+rians, we learn, that the antient Tufcans were firlt 
+t taught by this good king to improve the vine, to fovv 
+
+' corn. 
+
+
+
+u 
+
+
+
+
+I' 
+
+
+-H * 
+
+
+F ABTJ L A U.S ,H4ST O R Y O F 
+
+• ; •' '. • . ’v : ^ i. I- . * -* 1 : J + * -* *• “ ^ * • v-t* . ^ 
+
+* 
+
+
+: ^ 
+
+
+* — 
+
+
+.- • 
+
+t i * *» — 
+
+
+•* f. 
+
+
+
+corn, and 1 * to make tread, and: that, he firft raifed tem- 
+
+* * * > * ■* ^ “. • ^ ,1. . -> -7- I ' * * < > * V> € . * .- * *— ♦, V. g. • * * ' . « * 1 
+
+and altars to, the gods, whq were before worthippta 
+in groves, W'e have already ^mentioned Saturn ast the 
+introducer of thefe arts -info Italy, where Janus aflb- 
+ciated him into- a (hare of hii power. Some fay he 
+was married to the. yourigefi Vefta, the^goddefs of /r^ j ; 
+
+others make his wife.'the goddels Cama, or Carmack 4 , 
+
+It is certain thatyhe early? obtained divme.dvqnours at 
+
+inftituted, ah annual 1 
+
+
+
+
+I * 
+
+
+' ''5 
+
+
+
+
+Ronrte, where in umg rompmus 
+
+le Rival' to him in - January, ..which was celebrated with 
+
+, w r * * -» *v j/ I a , % w M 1 • , ' k 4 # * ' ' 
+
+manly exercifes. .Romulus and Tatius had. before 
+erefted him a temple, upon occafion of the union of the; S 
+
+Romans with the Sabines.- Nmna ordained it (hould • f 
+be opened in time ofwar,. and (ljitt in time of peace (5), 
+which happened but ftfi^ice for feveral/Tcenturies. 1. in 
+the reign of. Nuroa^.2.- Jri the.; ; confulate of . Attilius. 
+
+
+Balbus, and ManliusVTorquar us; and,; 3. By Augulius , 
+Ctefar, -after the death'df Anth'onvf and - redudion of ?■ 
+
++ +W? ^ • % 
+
+
+
+* + J 
+
+
+* ► 
+
+
+• * V 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+- f. 
+
+
+Janus was the god \?hp 
+takings.. Hence in all' f 
+vvine ; a nd r wheat word ' 'off< 
+
+
+
+^-. • 
+
+
+• % * * 
+
+
+
+
+r a 
+
+
+
+
+• .. ' i 
+
+over ^alPnew under* 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+
+praVers were, prefa ce d/ wi t ha ih bit add refs .to: h: mV, .T he 
+peculiar orcermgs at his rejlival yvere cakes :or new meal 
+and fait, with new wirie andy : ji ; artkincenfe. '{ 6 ). Then 
+all artificers arid tradefmen began their works, and the 
+
+
+
+
+on 
+
+
+. Roman Cjpnfuls;’vf^t• - the' .newr year Joiemniy entered 
+their ^office. . 'Aii^'ttarreiS/ wtfre : laid afidei- mutual pre- 
+
+
+fents were made;, and the -day concluded with joy and 
+
+mtnh : : l'.* • V ; •- • 
+
+
+# * 
+
+
+.1 
+
+
+iiiirib; 
+
+' Janus was represented with two faces, and, called 
+Bifrons, Byceps, : -a n d.Didyriiieus; 1 as forming another 
+image of himfelf'btiVthe difk of the, modn, and looking 
+to the paft antf approachihg year j vvith keys, as open¬ 
+ing and (hutting -'J:He' is laid -to have 
+
+\ *. * - T' * ** --»* ' ' ** ^____ r «._ ^ _ 1 
+
+
+• y 
+
+
+- •; 
+
+
+***• 
+
+
+! <’ 1 
+
+
+
+parts 
+
+
+fc) Hence Janus toolethemames of rPatuleitis and Clufiu>. 
+
+(6) Xoofce contradiil& Ovid) and uippofes p]iny to prove, that the 
+
+
+aintientsdid not ufe this gum in their facn^ces^ but tlie paflage of that 
+ailthor, only fays itwas not ufed in the time of the Trojan war. 
+
+- '(f) Qua/i itiri}if<que>)jaitu<* c&lejiis pofentetn^ qui exoriens aperiat 
+
+diem y uciaens claudaU Macrob. 1. i, cV 9 . . 
+
+regulated 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+-v. 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+N G 
+
+
+25 
+
+
+emulated the months, the firft of which is diftinguifhed 
+his name, as the firft day of every month was alfo 
+'acred to him. He was therefore feated in the center of 
+welvc altars ; and bad on his hands figures to the 
+.mount .of days m the year. Sometimes his image had 
+bur faces, to exprefs the four feafons of the year over 
+hich he prefided. 
+
+Though Janus be properly a Roman deity, yet it is 
+imongft the Egyptians, we muft feek for the true ex- 
+
+
+lanation of his hiftory. That 
+
+heir folar year by ai 
+
+
+prefented the 
+with a key in 
+
+
+King Picns 
+
+
+i two faces, one old and the other 
+0 tipily or mark the old and new year, 
+ith a hawk's head, who is ufually drawn near Janus, 
+;aves no doubt but ^that the fymbol of this deity was 
+orrowed from that people. The reader, after putting 
+11 this together, will reafonably conclude, that by this 
+pure could only be intended the fun, the great ruler 
+f the year. 
+
+
+CHAP. XIII. 
+
+
+Of the Elder Vesta, 
+
+
+Cybele 
+
+
+Wife 
+
+
+Satuen 
+
+
+T is highly neceffary, in claffmg the Heathen divi¬ 
+nities, to diftinguifh between this goddefs, who is 
+lfo called Rhea and Ops, from another Vefta, their 
+aughter, becaule the poets have been faulty in con¬ 
+founding them, and afcribing the attributes and actions 
+>f the one to the other. 
+
+% 
+
+% % 
+
+The elder Vella, commonly called Eftia by the 
+reeks, was the daughter cf Cslus and Terra, and 
+arried to her brother Saturn, to whom fhe bore a nu- 
+icrous offspring. She had a multiplicity of names be- 
+■*'" of which the principal were Cybele, Magna Mater, 
+r the great mother of the gods; and Bona Dea, or 
+ie good goddefs, &c. under different facrifices. 
+
+Vefta is generally reprefenfed upon antient coins fit- 
+n g, though fometimes Handing, with a lighted torch 
+one hand, and a fphere in the other. 
+
+
+• P 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+Unde r 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+z6 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+w 
+
+• ~ m y I 
+
+Under the character of Cybele fhe makes a more mag 
+nificent appearance, being feated on a lofty chariot ctaawr 
+by lions, crowned with towers, and having a key ex 
+tended in her hand. 
+
+Some indeed make the Phrygian Cybele a different per. 
+Ion from Vefla : they fay fhe wtis the daughter of Mce- 
+ones,- an. autient king of Phrygia and Dyndima, and 
+that her mother, for fome reafons, expofed. her on 
+mount Cybelus, where fhe was noqrifhed by lions. 
+Her parents afterwards owned her, and (lie fell in love 
+with Atys, by whom conceivings her father caufed her 
+lover to be (lain, and his body thrown to the wild 
+bea'fts; Cybele upon this ran mad;, and, filled the woods 
+with her lamentations. Soon after a plague and. famine 
+laying wafle the country, the oracle was confulted, who 
+advifed them to bury Atys with great pomp, and to 
+worfhip Cybele as a goddefs. Accordingly ,they erefted 
+a temple to her honour at Peflinus, and placed lions 
+at her feet, to denote her being educated by thefe 
+animals. 
+
+Ovid relates the {lory a-little more in the marvellous 
+way: Atys was a boy fo called by Cybele, whom fhe ap> 
+pointed to prefide in her. rites, enjoining him inviolate 
+chaflity ; but the yohth happening to forget his vow, 
+in refentment the goddefs deprived him of his fenfes: 
+but at laft, p.itying his mifery, five turned him into a 
+fine-tree , which, as well as the box , was held facred to 
+her. The animal commonly facrificed to Cybele was 
+the fow, on account of its fecundity. 
+
+The priefls of this deity were the. Corybantes, Cu- 
+retes, Icfei, Dadtyli, and Telchines, who in their my- 
+ftical rites made great ufe of cymbals and other inflrn- 
+ments of brafs, attended with extravagant cries and 
+
+^ \ |) * ^ j m a if 
+
+hovvlings. They facrificed fitting on the earth, andi of¬ 
+fered only the hearts .of the victims. 
+
+The goddefs Cybele was unknown' to the Romans 
+till the time of Hannibal, when confulting the Sybilline 
+oracles, they found that formidable enemy could not be 
+expelled till they fent for the Idcean mother to Rome. 
+Attalus, then king of Phrygia, at the requeft of their 
+embafladors, Tent her flatue, which was of flone. But 
+
+9 * 4 ' . t 
+
+the veflel .which carried it arriving in the Tyber, was 
+
+miraculouily 
+
+
+
+THE HEAT H E N GOD S, 
+
+
+z 7 
+
+
+miraculoufly flopped, till Claudia, one of the Veflal- 
+Virgins, drew it afhore with her girdle. 
+
+This Vefla, to whom the living flame, was facred, is 
+the fame with the ^Egyptian Ifis, and reprefented the 
+pure tether, inclofmg, containing and pervading all things. 
+[ Their exprefiions and attributes are alike. She was con- 
+[ fidered as the caufe of generation and motion, the pa¬ 
+rent of all the luminaries, and is confounded with na¬ 
+ture and the world. She obtained the name of Eftia, 
+as .being the life or efience of all things ( 8 ). 
+
+As to the priefls of Cybele, the Corybantes, Curetes, 
+&c. they are of the fame original. Crete was a colony 
+of the Egyptians, confifting of three clafles of people, 
+i. The Corybantes or priefls (9). 2. The Curetes (1), 
+
+or. hufbandmen, and inhabitants of towns. 3. TheDac- 
+tyli (2), or artificers and labouring poor. All which 
+names are of Egyptain derivation. 
+
+Cybele was honoured at Rome by the title of Bona 
+Dea, or good goddefs. But this devotion was only paid 
+her by the matrons, and the rites were celebrated in To 
+fecret a manner, that it was no lefs than death for any 
+man to be prefent at the aflembly (3). Whence they 
+were called Opertoria. 
+
+The Roman farmers and fhepherds worfhipped Cybele 
+or Vefla, by the title of Magna Pales, or the goddefs 
+of cattle and paflure. • Her feftival was in April, at 
+which .time they purified their flocks and herds with 
+the fumes of rofemary, laurel, and fulphur, offered fa- 
+crifices of milk and millet cakes, and concluded the cere¬ 
+mony by dancing round flraw fires. Thefe annual 
+feafts were called Palilia, and were the fame with. the 
+0£<rp« (pb^tce. of the Greeks, and probably of Phienician or 
+Egyptian original.. 
+
+
+(8) Plato in Ci’atylo. 
+
+(9) From Corban, a facrifice or oblation.' 
+
+(i\ From Keret, a city or town,, comes the plural Keretim, to 
+lignify the inhabitants. 
+
+(2) From dac, poor; and tnl or tyl, a migration : hence our ulti¬ 
+ma Thule! The Greeks for the lame reafon call the fingers Da£tyli, 
+Jecaufe they are the inftruments of labour. 
+
+(3) So we learn from Tibullus, eclogue VI. 
+
+Sacra bona: inaribus non adeunda dea. 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+Th« 
+
+
+
+iB 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+great feftival of Cybele, called Megalefia, was 
+always celebrated in April, and lafted eight days at 
+Rome. 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+CHAP. XIV. 
+
+Gf Vesta the younger. 
+
+O LLECTED fire is the offspring of aether. 
+Hence we have another Vefta, faid to be the 
+daughter of the other, by Saturn, or Time, and the fif- 
+.ter of Ceres, Juno, Pluto, Neptune, and Jupiter. She 
+was fo fond of a fingle life, that when her brother Ju¬ 
+piter afcended the throne, and offered to grant whatever 
+fhe afked, Ifee defired only the prefervation of her vir¬ 
+ginity, and that fhe might have the firft oblation in all 
+facrifices (4), which fhe obtained. According to Lactan- 
+tius, the chaftity of Vefta is meant to exprefs the na¬ 
+ture ,of fire, which is incapable of mixture, producing 
+nothing, but converting all things into itfelf. 
+
+Numa Pompilius, the great founder of religion among 
+the Romans, is faid firft to have reftored the antient rites 
+and worffiip of this goddefs, to whom he erefted a cir¬ 
+cular temple, which, in fucceeding ages, was much im- 
+bellifhed. He alfo appointed four priefhfles to be cho- 
+fen out of the nobleft families in Rome, and of fpot- 
+lefe character, whofe office was to attend the facted 
+
+
+fire kept continually burning near her altar. 
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+Veftal-Virgins continued in their charge for thirty years, 
+and had very great privileges annexed to their dignity. 
+This fire was annually renewed, with great ceremony, 
+from the rays of the fun, on the kalends of March. 
+It was preferved in earthen pots fufpended in the air, 
+and efteemed fo facred, that if by any misfortune it be¬ 
+came extinguifhed, (as happened once) a ceflation en- 
+fued from all bufinefs, till they had expiated the pro- 
+digy. If this accident appeared to be owing to the neg* 
+left of the Veftals, they were feverely punifhed ; and 
+if they violated their vow of chaftity, they were inter¬ 
+red alive. 
+
+
+(4) It is aqueftion if this privilege did not rather belong to the 
+
+elder Vefta, in common with Janus. 
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+2 ^> 
+
+
+As Vefla was the goddefs of fire, the Romans had 
+no images in her temple to reprefent her, the reafon of 
+which we learn in Ovid (c). Yet as file was the 
+
+
+guardian of houfes or hearths, her image was ufually 
+placed in the porch or entry, and daily facrifice offered: 
+her (6 ) 
+
+It is certain nothing could be a flronger or more lively 
+fymbol of the fupreme being, than fire. Accordingly we 
+find this emblem in early ute throughout all the eaft. 
+The Perfia-ns held it in veneration long before Zoroafter, 
+who, in the reign of Darius Hyftafpes reduced the wor- 
+fhip of it to a certain plan. The Prytanei of the 
+Greeks were perpetual and holy fires. We find .ALnea* 
+bringing with him to Italy his Penates, (or houfhold 
+gods) the Palladium and the facred fire. The Vefla of 
+the Etrurians, Sabines, and Romans, was the fame. 
+
+
+CHAP. XV. 
+
+N 
+
+Of J>UF J IT£Rv 
+
+• ' 
+
+W E come now to the great king, or mailer of the- 
+
+gods. This deity was the Ion of Saturn, and 
+Rhea, or Vefla, at leaft this is that Jupiter to whom 
+the adlions of all the others were chiefly afcribed. For 
+there were fo many princes called by his name, that 
+it teems to have been a common appellation In early 
+times for a powerful or vi&orious prince (7). The 
+moft considerable of thefe was certainly the Cretan Jove 
+above mentioned, of whofe education we have very va- 
+
+
+(5) His words are thefe^ 
+
+Effigtem mullam Fejla nec ignis babet . Fafli, Kb. VI.. 
+
+No image Vefta’s femblance can exprefs. 
+
+Fire is too fribtile to admit of drels. 
+
+(6) Hence the word veftibulirm, for a porch or entry; and the 
+Romans called their round tables veftae, as the Greeks ufed the 
+common word E~t% to fignify chimneys in altars. 
+
+(7) Varro reckoned up 3Q0 Jupiters, and each nation feems to 
+
+have hadjone peculiar to itfelf. 
+
+c 3 
+
+
+nous- 
+
+
+
+3 ° 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY! OF 
+
+
+- ' * 
+
+various accounts, as well as the the "place ofliis birth. 
+
+
+The MefTenians pretended to fhew in the neighbour¬ 
+hood of rheir city a fountain called Clepfydfa, where 
+Jupiter was educated by the nymphs Ithomc and Neda, 
+others fay he was born at Thebes in Bceotta ; but the 
+moll general and received opinion is, .that he was brought 
+Up near mount Ida in Crete. Virgil tells us he 
+was fed by the bees, out of gratitude, for which he 
+changed them from an iron to a golden colour. Some 
+fay his nu rfes were Amalthosa and Mellila, daughters of 
+MeliHeus king of Crete, who gave him goats milk and 
+honey; others, that Amalthcea was the name of the 
+goat that nurled him, whofe horn he prefented to thofe 
+princeffes with- this privilege annexed, that whoever pof* 
+Teffed it fhould immediately have whatever they defired ; 
+whence it came to be calied the horn of plenty. After 
+this the goat dying,- Jupiter placed her amongfl the liars, 
+and by the advice of Themis covered his fhield with 
+her fkin to flrike terror in the giants, whence it obtain¬ 
+ed the name of Aigis. According to others, he and his 
+filler Juno fucked the breafts of fortune. Some alledge 
+his mother Vella fuckled him ;'Tome, that he was fed 
+-by wild pigeons, who brought him ambrofia from Oce- 
+■anus, ” and by an eagle, who carried nedtar in his beak 
+from a fleep rock^ in recompence of which fervices, he 
+made the former the- fore-tellers of winter and fummer, 
+and gave the latter the reward of immortality, and the 
+office of bearing his thunder. In fhort the nymphs and 
+the bears claim a fhare in the honour of his education, 
+nor is it yet decided which has the bell title to it. 
+
+Let us now come to the adlions of Jupiter, 
+firft, and indeed the mofl memorable of his exploits, 
+was his expedition againfl the Titans, for his father’s 
+deliverance and refloration, of which we have already 
+ffioken under the article of Saturn. After this lie de¬ 
+throned his father, and..having pofTcffed himfelf of his 
+throne, was acknowledged by all the gods in quality of 
+their fupreme... Apollo,, himfelf, crowned wirh laurel, 
+and robed wirh purple, condefcended to fing his praifes 
+tQ his lyre. Hercules, in order to perpetuate the me¬ 
+mory of his triumphs, inllituted the Olympic games, 
+
+where 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+3 1 
+
+
+4 - 9 
+
+feized, his perfoh. 
+
+
+Hearing of the prevailing wickednefs of 
+
+
+who he 
+
+
+ft * 
+
+where it is faid that Phoebus carried off the firft prize, by 
+overcoming Mercury at the race. After this, Jupiter being 
+fully fettled, divided his dominions with his brothers 
+Neptune and Pluto, as will be (hewn in the fequel. 
+
+Jupiter, however, is thought to ufe his power in a 
+little too tyrannical a manner, for which we find'Juno, 
+Neptune, and Pallas, confpired againft, and actually 
+
+But the giants Cottus, Gyges and 
+Briareus, who were then his guards, and whom Thetis 
+called to his afliftance, fet him at liberty. How thefe 
+giants, with others of their race, afterwards revolted' 
+againft him:, and were overthrown, has been already 
+
+mentioned in its place. 
+
+• The ftory of-Lycaon is not the leaft diftinguifhing of 
+his aftiehS. 
+
+mankind, Jove defcended to the earth, and arriving at 
+the palace of this mon3fch, king of Arcadia, declared 
+
+was*, on which the people prepared facrifices, 
+and the other-'honours due to him. But. Lycaon, both 
+impious and incredulous, killed one of his doroefticks, 
+arid ferved/ up. the flefh drafted at the entertainment he 
+gave the grid,'who deteftihg fuch horrid inhumanity, im¬ 
+mediately confumed the palate’ with lightening', and turn¬ 
+ed the barbarian into a wolf. OVid has related this ftory 
+with his ufual art.- 
+
+But as ambition, when arrived at the height of its wifhes ? 
+feldorri ftridlly adheres to the rules of moderation', fo the 
+air of a court is always in a peculiar manner fatal to 
+virtue. If any monarch deferved the character of encou- 
+raging-gallantry by his example, it was certainly Jupiter, 
+whole amours are as numberlefs as the metamorphofes he 
+affumed to accomplifh them-, and have afforded ah exten- 
+five. field of defcription to the poets and painters, both 
+antient and'modern. - - 
+
+Jupiter had feveral wives. Metis, or Prudence, bis firft, 
+he is faid to have devoured, when big with child, by which 
+himfelf becoming pregnant, Minerva iffued out . of his 
+head adult and compleatly armed. His fecond was Themis, 
+or Juftice, by whom'he had the hours, meaning regulation 
+of time , Eunomia or ; good order, Diche or Law, Eirene 
+or Peace, and the Deftinies. He alfo married Juno, his 
+fifter, whom it , is . reported he deceived under the 
+
+C 4 form 
+
+
+
+
+
+32 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+form of a cuckoo, who, to fhun the violence of a ftorm, 
+fled for fhelter to her lap (8). bhe bore to him Hebe, 
+Mars, Lucina and Vulcan. By Eurynome he had the three 
+Graces; by Ceres, Proferpine; Mnmolyne, the nine 
+Mufes; by Latona, Apollo and Diana; by Maia, Mer- 
+cury. ' . 
+
+Of his intrigues we have a pretty curious detail. One 
+of his firft miftreffes was Califto the daughter of Lycaon, 
+one of the nymphs of Diana. To deceive her, he affum- 
+ed the form of the goddefs of chaftity, and fucceeded 
+fo far as to make the virgin violate her vow. But her 
+difgrace being revealed, as fhe was bathing with her 
+patronefs, the incenfed deity not only difgraced her, but 
+(9) turned her into a bear. Jove, in companion to her 
+punifhment and fufferings, raifed her to a conftellation 
+in the heavens (1). Caliito, however, left a fon called 
+Areas, who having inftrnfted the Pelafgians in tillage 
+and the foeial arts, they from him took the name of Ar¬ 
+cadians, and after his death he was by his divine father, 
+allotted alfb (2) a feat in the fkies. 
+
+There is fcarce any form which Jupiter did not at 
+fbme time or other affume to gratify his defires. Un¬ 
+der the figure of a fatyr he violated Antiope the wife 
+of Lycus king of Thebes, by whom he had two fons, 
+Zethus and Amphion. In the refemblance of a fwan 
+he corrupted Leda the fpoufe of Tyndarus, king of La¬ 
+conia. Under the appearance of a white bull he carried 
+off Europa the daughter of Agenor king of Phaenicia, in¬ 
+to Crete, where he enjoyed her. In the fhape of ail 
+eagle he furprifed Afteria the daughter of Caeus, and 
+bore her away in his talons in fpite of her modeily. 
+Aided by the fame difguife, he feized the beauteous Ga¬ 
+nymede fon of Tros, as he was hunting on mount Ida, 
+and raifed him to the joint functions of his cupbearer 
+and catamite. 
+
+It was indeed difficult to efcape the purfuits of a god, 
+who by his unlimited power made all nature fubfervient 
+to his purpofes. Of this we have a remarkable inftance 
+
+(8) At a mountain near Corinth, hence called Coceyx. 
+
+(9) Sone fay it was Juno turned her into that animal. 
+
+{1) Called Urfa Major by the Latins, and Helice by the Greeks. 
+{2) The Urfa Minor of the Latins, and Cynofura of the Greeks, 
+
+
+I THE HEATHEN GODS. 35. 
+
+in Danae, whofe father, Acrifius, jealous of her con- 
+du£l, had fecured her in a brazen tower; but Jupiter 
+defending in a golden fhower, found means to elude 
+all the vigilance of her keepers He inflamed JEgina, 
+the daughter of ^Efopus, king of Bceotia, in the fimi- 
+litade of a lambent fi e, and then carried her from 
+iEpidaurus to a defert ifle called Oenope, to which fhe 
+Igave her own name (3). Clytoris, a fair virgin of 
+iThefialy, he debauched in the lhape of an ant; but to 
+I corrupt Alcmena, the wife of Amphytrion,. he was oblig¬ 
+ed to afiume the form of her hufband* under- which, 
+the fair one deceived, innocently yielded to his defires. 
+By Thalia he had two ions, called the Pallaci, and two. 
+by Protogenia, viz. ^Ethlius the father of Endymions, 
+and Epaphus the founder of Memphis in Egypt, and fa- 
+ther of Libya, who gave her name to the continent of 
+Africk. Ele&ra bore him Dardahus, Laodamia, Sarpe- 
+don and Argus,. Jodama, Deucalion, with many others., 
+too tedious to enumerate, though mentioned by the r 
+poets. 
+
+It is very evident that mofir, if not all the ftbries ref¬ 
+lating to the amours of the gods, were invented by their.; 
+refpe&ive priefts, to cover their corruption or debauche-, 
+ry. Of which this of Danae feems at leafi a palpable 
+inftance, and may ferve to give fome idea of the reft;:; 
+Acrifius was informed by an oracle,, that, his grandfon 
+would one day deprive him of his crown and life ; or 
+which he fhut up his daughter Danae in a brazen tow¬ 
+er of the temple of Apollo at Delphos, the priefts of 
+which oracle^ probably gave him this information,., with, 
+no other view than to forward their fcbeme, which tend¬ 
+ed to gratify the luft of Praeteus the king's brother, who 
+being let through the roof, pretending to be Jupiter, and 
+throwing large quantities of gold anjtfngft. he^doraeftfcks,* 
+obtained his willies. 
+
+Two particular adventures of his. are too remarkable 
+to be pafted in filence. He had deluded by his arts Se- 
+inele daughter of Cadmus, king of Thebes, who proved; 
+with child. Juno hearing of it, and intent on revenge, 
+inder the dilguife of Beroe, nurfe to the princefs, was. 
+
+
+C3) The ille of /Egina in the Archipelago, 
+
+c 5 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+ad mit ted 
+
+
+34 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+admitted to her prefence, and artfully infinuating to her 
+that fhe might not be deceived in her lover, fhe advifed 
+her the next time he vifited her, to requeft as a proof 
+of his love, that fhe might fee him in the fame majefty 
+with which he embraced Juno. Jupiter granted, not 
+without reludance, a favour he knew would be fo fatal 
+to his miftrefs. The unhappy fair-one unable to bear the 
+dazzling effulgence, perifhed in the flames, and with her, 
+her offspring muft have dene fo too, if the god had not 
+taken it out and inclofed it in his thigh, where it lay 
+the full time, when he came into the world and was nam¬ 
+ed Bacchus. 
+
+Jupiter next fell enamoured with Io the daughter of 
+Inachus, and, as fome fay, the prieftefs of Juno ; hav¬ 
+ing one day met this virgin returning from her father’s 
+grotro, he ’ endeavoured to feduce her to an adjacent 
+foreft; but the nymph flying his embraces, he involved 
+her in fo thick a miff, that fhe loft her way, fo that lie ea¬ 
+sily overtook and enjoyed her. Juno, whole jealoufy al¬ 
+ways kept her watchful, miffing her hufband, and per¬ 
+ceiving a thick darknefs on the earth, defended, dif- 
+pelled the cloud, and had certainly difcovered the in- 
+trigue, had not Jupiter fuddenly transformed Io into a 
+white heifer. Juno pleafed with the beauty of the ani¬ 
+mal, begged her, and to allay her jealoufy, he was 
+obliged to yield her up. The goddefs immediately gave 
+her in charge to Argus, who had a hundred eyes, two 
+of which only flept at a time. Her lover pitying the 
+mifery of Io in fo ftritt a confinement, fent Mercury. 
+
+who with . his flute 
+
+
+down 
+
+
+difguifed 
+
+
+like a fhepherd, 
+to fleep, fealed his 
+
+
+eyes with his cadu- 
+
+
+Juno m regard 
+tail of dhe pea- 
+
+
+charmed Argus 
+
+ceus or rod, and then cut off his head, 
+to his memory,’placed his eyes in the 
+cocky a bird facred to her, and then turning her rage 
+againft Io, fent the furies to purfue her where-ever fhe 
+went (6); fo that the wretched fugitive, weary of life, 
+
+
+
+(6) Dr. King relates this ftory a little differently.^ Io purlued 
+by T-ifiphone, (one of the furies) fell .into the lea and was 
+carried flurft to Thracian Bofphorus, and . thence into Egypt, 
+where the mohfter ftill purfuingher, was repelled by the Nile. After 
+this fhe was deified By Jupiter, and appointed to pfefide over 
+winds and navigation. It is eafy to fee this agrees better with the 
+
+.Egyptian mythology. t , 
+
+implored 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 35 
+
+implored Jove to end her mifery. Accordingly the god 
+
+intreats his fpoufe to fhew her companion, fwearing by 
+Styx never to give her further caufe of jealoufy. Juno 
+on this becomes appeafed, and Io. being reftored to her 
+former fhape, is worfhipped in Egypt by the name of 
+
+J fi s • 
+
+The fable of Io and Argus is certainly of Egyptian 
+birth, and the true mythology is this : the art of weaving 
+firft invented in Egypt, was by the colonies of that nation 
+carried to Greece and Cholchis, where it was pradiifed 
+.with this difference,, that the feafons for working were 
+varied in each country according to the nature of the 
+climate. The months of February, March, April and 
+May, they employed in Egypt:in cultivating their lands ; 
+whereas thefe being winter months with the Grecians, 
+they kept the looms bufy. Now the Ifis, which pointed 
+out the neomenies or monthly feftivals in Egypt, was al¬ 
+ways attended .with an horus or figure expreffive of the 
+labour peculiar to the feafon. Thus the horus of the 
+weaving months was a little figure ftuck. over with eyes, 
+to denote the many lights neceflary. for working by night. 
+-This image was called Argos (7), to fignify his; inten¬ 
+tion. Now the vernal Ifis being depidted'the head of 
+a heifer, to exemplify the fertility and pleafantnefs of 
+Egypt on the Tun’s entrance into, Taurus, at the ap¬ 
+proach of winter fhe quitted this form, and fo was faid 
+to be taken into cuftody of Argo.s, from whom fhe was 
+next feafon delivered, by the horus reprefenting Anubis., 
+(or Mercury) that is the riling of the dog-ftar. The 
+taking thefe Tymbolical repreferitations* in a literal fenfe, 
+gave rife to the fable. , ,. . . , :. . 
+
+It is no wonder if the number of Jupiter’s gallan¬ 
+tries made him the lubjedl of deteftation. among the pri¬ 
+mitive chriffians, as well as the ridicule of the wifer 
+
+amongft the heathens. Tertullian .obferves with judg- 
+
+% 
+
+* 7 * » « » 
+
+*• * ’ > 
+
+(7) From argotb, or argos,' weaver’s work j whence fhe Greeks 
+borrowed their EfV w, opus or a work. Hence the ifle of Amorgos, 
+
+one of the AEgean, ifles, derives its name from Am, mother ; and 
+Orgin, weavers, or the, mother or colony of weavers, being firfl 
+planted from Egypt. 
+
+4 
+
+.» ' ■% - - ' •' * * * ' . 
+
+mentj 
+
+
+3 6 
+
+
+% * 
+
+
+FABULO U S HISTORY OF 
+
+
+
+- t 
+
+
+
+
+w 
+
+m w 
+
+merit-, -That it was no way Jirange to fee all ranis fo de 
+bauched, when they were' encouraged in the mojl infamous 
+crimes by the example of thofe ' they worjhipped, and fro 
+whom they were to expedt rewards andpunijhments . Lucian 
+in his dialogues introduces Momus pleafantly rallyin 
+Jove .with regard to his amorous metamorphofes. 1 ha^\ 
+
+often trembled for you, fays he, left when you appeare 
+like a bull , they Jhould have carried you to the Jhambles , cfj 
+clapped ytu in the plough ; had a goldfmith catched you nvbe 
+•you v if ted Danae , he would have melted down your god* 
+Jhip in his crucible. Or when you courted Leda like a fwant 
+what if her father had put you on the fpit ? * 
+
+Jupiter had a multiplicity of names, either from th 
+places where he was worfhipped, or the attributes 
+cribed to him. He had the epithets of Xenius, or thf 
+hofpitable j Elicious on account of his goodnefs 
+clemency; and Dodonaeus on account of the oracula 
+grove at Dodona, confecrated to him, and famous thro|i 
+all Greece. 
+
+Amongft the Romans he had the apellat-ions of Opti 
+. mus Maximus, on account of his beneficence and power t 
+Almus, from his cherifhing all things; Stabilitor, 
+his fupporting the world; Opitulator from his helpin 
+the diftrefled ; Stator from his fufpending the flight o 
+the Romans at the prayer of Romulus ; and Fraedato 
+on account of part of the plunder being facred to him| 
+in all vidtories. From the temple at the Capitol, 
+the Tarpeian rock, he was called Capitolinus and Tar-< 
+peius. When a Roman king or general flew an enemyf 
+of the fame quality, the fpoils were offered: to him 
+the name of Fererrius. 
+
+The reign of Jupiter, having not been fb- agreeabl 
+to his fubjedts as that of Saturn, gave occafion to th 
+notion of the Silver Age; by which is meant an age|j 
+inferior in happinefs to that which preceded, thp* fugerio’*- 
+to thofe which followed. 
+
+This Father of Gods and Men is commonly figured as] 
+
+a majeftic man with a beard, enthroned. In his lefi 
+
+hand he holds a vidtory, and in his right-hand grafps th 
+
+thunder. At his feet an eagle with his wings difplayed.| 
+
+The Greeks called him Zv* and Aia as the caufe o£ ! 
+
+life 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+f 
+
+
+HE H E A T H E N GQ I> 
+
+
+♦ f 
+
+
+* ^ 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+8 ), the Romans, r Jap 
+
+
+
+
+mg father. • . ^ . .. * N 
+
+• Tfieheathens had amongft their deities different repre- 
+
+fen tatives of the fame thing.- What Vefta, or the Idzeam 
+
+mother, was to the Phrygians, and Ifis to the Egyptians? 
+
+the fame was Jupiter to the Greeks and‘Romans, the great 
+
+fymbcl of Writer. So the author of the life of HOmer, 
+
+fuppofed to be the elder'Dionyfius of Halidarnaflus, and 
+
+the poet himfelf (o). So. Ennius, as quoted by Cicero 
+
+t - \ * ' s. .. / * . %* •’ - * - ' i ' ' “• *. - « 
+
+T 1 ■ ^ ^ ^ • • 
+
+l h _ ^ 
+
+
+Heav'n* which all invoke as % 
+
+
+- .* 
+
+
+a - / 
+
+
+■ ■ —r See thefublhme expanfei 
+
+bound left JBtherfwhich enfold* 
+i hold for 7 0ve i the God Jupret 
+
+
+•; '• - 
+y _ • 
+
+
+• .• t 
+
+
+-. *• 
+
+
+t— * 
+
+
+• * 
+
+
+. / • 
+
+
+— 
+
+
+\ » 
+
+
+^ * 
+
+
+
+
+, f 
+
+
+• ' , \ ' i * . • *7 ’ * 
+
+To conclude with the words of Orpheus? Jove is omm 
+tty he is the firji and the lad ; the head and the middle j 
+ver of all- things ; the foundation of the earth and Jfla 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+d female 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+thing i. 
+
+
+fierce ' of : enlivening ' fre t - and the Jiit.it of dll 
+
+
+*-* ^ • 
+
+
+- * 
+M -W 
+V * 
+
+
+*■ V 
+
+
+» »*■ 
+
+
+' f I <\ 
+
+• * 4 ' * .? 
+
+
+v V< 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+• t 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/ >* v V - : -S 
+
+
+. t 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+XVI 
+
+
+t’ 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+* -'«? 
+
+
+* 
+
+J 
+
+
+U N <D; the fitter and 
+
+
+
+
+J accountIliled the queen of heaven,' and indeed we find 
+her in the ppets v fupporting that dignity with an ambition 
+and Pride fuitahle to the rank The bore. 
+
+
+* ' # 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+- r 
+
+
+v ^ • 1 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+
+
+' • ; 
+
+
+-k 
+
+
+
+
+g - \ ry \ Tv> *** * A * / * /* ’ ■: P h . , \ g/ • ft . t 7 • 
+
+(q; o* o y.oli • 
+
+'■ ry t * -i »• \ j > n / \ K 
+
+o x • ey cuifEgt kc&l vz<p%X4iriv. 
+
+' v . 4 .• * • * • < • { s 1 ^ 
+
+
+'* 4 
+
+
+Mytholog 
+
+
+
+Afpice hoc- fublime candensy quern invocant omnes Jovem* 
+Vides fublime fufumy - immoderahim 'atherdy ' 
+
+Qui.tenera terfam circumjeSlu ampledlititr, 
+
+Hunc fumnium habeto divttm-y hutic perbibeto Jovem. 
+
+Cicero de Nat. Deorum, 1. a. 
+
+Though 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY, OF 
+
+
+38 
+
+• - * • *- . - » *>* - t 
+
+♦ 
+
+Though the poetical hiftorians agree flie came into the 
+world at a birth with her hufband, yet they differ as to the 
+place, Tome placing her nativity at Argos, others at Samos 
+near the river Imbrafus. Some fay (he was nurfed by Eu- 
+baea, Porfymna, and Araea,, daughters of the river Afire- 
+-rion; others by the Nymphs of the ocean. Otes, an 
+
+* * I m w + « M , v ,1 ’ * » 
+
+antient poet, tells us fhe was educated by the,,-Hotce. or 
+hours: and Homer affigps this poft to Oceanus.and Tethys 
+themfelves. 
+
+4 ' J 
+
+It is faid that this goddefs, by bathing annually in the 
+fountain of Canatho near Argos, renewed; her virginity. 
+The places where fhe was principally honoured were 
+Sparta, Mycene, and Argos. At this place the facrifice 
+offered to her confided of 100 oxen. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+' ’ 1 
+
+over marriage and 
+
+
+child-birth ; on the firff occafibn, in facrificing to her, the 
+. gall of. the viblim was always thrown behind, the ^ltar, to 
+
+
+fhould 
+
+
+m 
+
+Women 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+guardian genius. Numa ordered,, that if any. unchafte 
+woman fhould approach her tbmple, fhe fhould offer a fe¬ 
+male lamb to expiate her offence. 
+
+The Lacedemonian s'dy'led her Algophaga,' from the goat 
+which Hercules fabrificed to heril At Elis fhe was called 
+
+
+Hoplofmia 
+
+
+% 
+
+ftatue being compleatly armed. At Co¬ 
+
+
+rinth fhe was termed Buncea, from Buno, who erebled a 
+temple to her there. She had another at Eubsea, to which 
+the emperor Adrian prefented a magnificent offering, 
+.confiding of a crown of . gold, and a purple/mantle 
+embroidered with the marriage ,of Hercules anb Hebe 
+in filver, and a large peacock whole body was gbld, and 
+'his tail compofed of precious ftones refembling the natural 
+colours. . i. .. 
+
+Amongft the Romans, who held her in high venera¬ 
+tion, fhe had a multiplicity of'names. The chief- were 
+Lucina, from her firft (hewing- the light* to infants; 
+• Pronuba, becaufe no : marriage was lawful without pre- 
+
+~ iga drom her. in- 
+motin? matrimo- 
+
+
+vioufly invoking her; Socigena 
+troaucinp- tn 
+
+
+j 
+
+
+nial union. Domiduca on account of her bringing 
+
+.... home 
+
+
+* 1 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+lioine the bride; Uqxia from the anointing the door polls 
+at the ceremony. Cinxia from her unlcofing the virgin- 
+zone, or girdle ; Perfe&a, becaufe marriage completes the 
+fexes; Opigena and Obttetrix from the affifting women in 
+labour; Populo r a, becaufe procreation peoples the world ; 
+and Sofpita from her preferving the. female fex. She was 
+alfo named Quiritis or Curitis, from a fpear reprefented 
+in her ttatues and medals ; Kalendaris, becaufe of the 
+facrifices oifered her the firft day of every month ; and 
+Moneta from her being regarded as the goddefs of riches 
+
+and wealth. 
+
+It is faid when the gods fled into Egypt, Juno difguifed 
+berfelf in the form of a white cow, which animal was, 
+on that account, thought to be acceptable to her in her 
+facrifices^ 
+
+# 
+
+Juno, as the queen of heaven, preferved a good deal of Hate. 
+Her ufual attendants were .terror and boldnefs, Caftor 
+and Pollux, and fourteen nymphs ; but her moft faithful 
+and infeparable conhpanion was Iris, the daughter of Thau- 
+mas, who, for her furprifing beauty, was reprefented 
+with wings, borne upon her own rainbow, to defiote her 
+fwiftnefs. She was the rnefienger of Juno, as Mercury 
+was of Jove; and at deatli feparated the fouls of women 
+from their corporeal chains. 
+
+This goddefs was not the moll: complaifant of wives. 
+We find in Homer, that Jupiter was fometimes obliged 
+to make ufe of his authority to keep her in due fub- 
+jeftion. When Ihe entered into that famous confpiracy 
+again!! him, the fame author relates, that, by way of 
+punilhment, Ihe had two anvils tied to her feet, golden 
+manacles fattened to her hands, arid fo was fufpended in 
+■the air or Iky, where Hie hovered, on account of her levity, 
+while all the.deities looked on without a pottibility of help¬ 
+ing her. By this the rhythologitts fay is meant the harmo¬ 
+ny and connexion of the air with the earth, and the inabili¬ 
+ty of the gods to relieve her, fignifies that no force, human 
+or divine, can diflolve the frame or textureof theuniverfe. 
+According fo Paufanias, the temple of Juno at Athens 
+had neither doors nor roof, to denote that Juno, being 
+the air in which we breathe, can be inclofed in no certain 
+bounds. . 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+4© FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+zfc? The Implacable arrogant temper of Juno once made her 
+
+abandon her throne in heaven, and fly into Eubasa. 
+Jupiter in vain fought a reconciliation, till he confulted 
+Cilheron, king of the Platoeans, then accoun‘ed the 
+wifefl: of men. By his advice the god drefled up 
+a magnificent image, feated it in a chariot, and gave 
+out it was Plataea, the daughter of Aifopus, whom 
+he deflgned to make his queem Juno upon this refu- 
+-Jc ming her ancient jealpufy, attacked the mock bride, and 
+by tearing off its ornaments found the deceit, quieted her 
+ill humour, and was glad to make up the matter with her 
+hufband. 
+
+Though none ever felt her refentment more fenfibly than* 
+Hercules, he was indebted to her'for his immortality; for 
+Pallas brought him to Jupiter while an infant, who, while 
+Juno was afleep, put him to her hreaft. But the goddefs 
+waking haftily, fome of her milk falling upon heaven for¬ 
+med the milky way. The reft dropped on the earth, where 
+it made the lillies white, which before were of a faffron 
+colour. 
+
+Juno is reprefented by Homer as drawn in a chariot adorn* 
+ed with precious ftones, the wheels of ebony nailed with 
+fllver, and drawn by horfes with reins of gold ; but mod 
+commonly her car is drawn by peacocks, her favourite bird. 
+At Corinth fhe was depi&ed in her temple as feated on her 
+throne, crowned with a pomegranate in one hand, and in. 
+the other a fceptre wiih a cuckoo at top. This ftatue was of 
+gold and ivory. That at Hierapolis was fupported by lions, 
+and fo contrived as to participate of Minerva, Venus,,. 
+Luna, Rhea, Diana, Nemefis, and the Deftinies, according 
+to the different points in view. She held in one hand a, 
+fceptre, in the other a diftaff. Her head was crowned with 
+rays and a tower; and fhe was girt with the ceftus of Venus. 
+
+As Jupiter is the <ether, Juno is th q at mo/p here. She is- 
+fhmale on account of its foftnefs; and is called the wife and 
+After of the other, to import the intimate conjunction be* 
+tween thefe two (3). 
+
+* , ^ _ _ _ . - 
+
+.. . . . . 11 m 1 1 1 *■ ■ 1 11 " 1^—'■ 1 
+
+* 
+
+» * 
+
+(3) Aerout 'em* ut Jloici difputant, inter mare & caelum, Junotiis- 
+nomine confeeratur, quce ejl for or & conjux Jo-vis, quod & Jimilitudo, 
+ejl at her is & cum eo fumina conjunfiio. Effeminarunt autem cunt,. 
+Junoniaue tribuerunt, quod nihil ejl eo mollius, Cicero de Nat., 
+
+Deor, 1. 
+
+G.H A ,?i. 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+CHAP. XVII. 
+
+
+Of Neptune. 
+
+
+% a 
+
+T HIS remarkable deity was the Ton of Saturn and 
+
+Vefta, or Ops, and the brother of Jupiter. Some 
+fay he was devoured by his father. Others alledge his 
+mother gave him to fome Ihepherds to be brought up a- 
+mongft the lambs, and pretending to be delivered of a 
+foal, gave it inftead of him to Saturn. Some fay his 
+nurfe’s name was Arno j others, that he was brought up 
+by his filler Juno. 1 
+
+His moft remarkable exploit was his afiilting his bro¬ 
+ther Jupiter in his expeditions, for which that god, when 
+he arrived at the fupreme power, afiigned him the fea 
+and the illands for his empire. Others imagine he was 
+admiral of Saturn’s fleet, or father, according to Pam- 
+phus, generaliffimo of his forces by lea arid land. 
+
+The favourite wife of Neptune was Amphitrite, whom 
+he courted a long time to no purpofe, till he lent the 
+dolphin ,to, intercede for him, who fucceeding, the god 
+
+
+in acknowledgment placed him'amidft the ftars. 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+her he had Triton. Neptune had two other wives, the 
+one called Salacia, from the lalt-water, the other Ve- 
+nilia, from the ebbing and flowing of the tides. 
+
+Neptune is faid to be the-firft inventor of horfeman- 
+Ihip and chariot-racing. Hence Mithridates, king of 
+Pontus, threw chariots drawn by four horfes into the 
+fea in honour of him, and the Romans inflituted horfe- 
+races in the Circus during his feftival, at which time all 
+horfes left working, and the mules were adorned with 
+wreaths of flowers. Probably this idea of Neptune arole 
+from the famous controverfy between him and Minerva, 
+when they dilputed who Ihould give name to Cecropia. 
+The god by (hiking the earth with his trident pro¬ 
+duced a horfe. Pallas raifed an olive-tree, by which 
+Ihe gained the vidtory, and the new city was from her 
+called Athens. But the true meaning of this fable is 
+a (hip, not a horfe ; for the queftion really was, whe¬ 
+ther the Athenians Ihould apply themfelves to naviga¬ 
+tion or agriculture, and as they naiurally inclined to the 
+hill, it was neceflary to (hew them their miltake, by con- 
+
+con- 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+4 2 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+convincing them that hufbandry was preferable to fail¬ 
+ing. However, it is certain Neptune had fome fkill 
+in the management of horfes : for we find in Pamphus, 
+the moft antient writer of divine hymns, this encomium 
+
+of him, ffhat he •-was the benejadlorof mankind in bejio'wing 
+on thetn horfes , and Jhips nvith decks refemblivg to-wers. 
+
+W.hen Neptune was expelled heaven for his confpiracy 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+againft Jupiter, he fled with Apollo to Laomedofh, king 
+of Troy : but he treated them differently : for having 
+employed them in raifing walls round this city, in which 
+the lyre of Apollo was highly ferviceable, he paid that 
+deity divine honours, whereas he difmiifed Neptune un¬ 
+rewarded ; who. in revenge, fent. a vafif fea monfter to 
+
+• * 4 y 7 * O'*. ^ , -- 
+
+lay wafte the.couhtiy, to appeafe which Laomedon was 
+forced to expcfe iiis daughter Hefione. 
+
+On another occasion this deity had a conteft with 
+Vulcan and Minerva in regard to their {kill- The god- 
+defs ; as a proof of her’s made a houfe, Vulcan erefted 
+a man,'and Neptune a bull; whence that animal was 
+ufed in the facrifices paid him.' Bufitis probable, that 
+
+• • ^ • • A ^ ^ 
+
+as the'vidim was to be black, the defigrf: was to point 
+out'the raging, quality add fury of the feaj over which 
+he prefided. %' ; 1 - . 
+
+Neptune fell little fhort of his brother Jupiter in point 
+of gallantry. Ovid, in his epiftles, has. given a cata¬ 
+logue of his miflreffes. By Venus he had a fon called 
+Eryx. Nor did he alfume lefs different fhapes to fucceed 
+in his amours. Ceres fled him in the form of a mare : he 
+
+... i • - * / # 
+
+purfued in that of a horfe ; ; but it is uncertain'whether 
+
+• # * * / • * 
+
+this union produced the Centaur, called Orion, or a 
+daughter. Under the referoblance of the river Enipeus, 
+
+he debauched Tyro, the daughter'of Salmoneus, who 
+bore him Pelias and Neleus. ' In the fame difguife he 
+begot Othus and Ephialtes,'by Ephimedia, wife of the 
+giant Aloecs. Melantho, daughter of Proteus, often 
+diverting herfelf by riding on a dolpin, Neptune in 
+that figure furprifed and enjoyed her. He changed 
+Theophane, a beautiful virgin, info an e\Ve, and affuming 
+the forrh of a ram, begot the golden, fleeced ram, which 
+carried fhryxus to Cholchis, In the likenefs of a bird lie 
+had Pegafus by Medufa. 
+
+f M 
+
+He 
+
+
+
+THE H E A T H E N GODS. 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+- * ’ * 
+
+He was not only fond of his power of transforming 
+himfelf, but he took a pleafure in beftowing it on his 
+favourites: Proteus, his fon poffeffed it in a high degree. 
+He conferred it on Periclimenus, the brother of -Neftor, 
+
+
+wno was 
+the form 
+
+
+as he watched Sum 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+with it. 
+
+
+at laft killed by Hercules, 
+
+even obliged 
+
+in fiance of this in Metra, the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+a fly. 
+
+find 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+his miftreffes 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+Her father for cutting down an 
+
+
+daughter of Erifichton. 
+pah-grove confecrated to Ceres was punifhed with fuch an 
+infatiable hunger, that to fupply it he was forced to fell 
+all he had. His daughter upon this intreated of her lov¬ 
+er the power of changing her form at pleafure; fo that 
+becoming fometimes a mare, a cow, of a fheep, her father 
+fold'her to relieve his wants, while the buyers were. Hill 
+cheated in their purchafe. Having ravifhed Caenis, to 
+
+any faiisfa&ion, on which 
+a man, that fhe might no 
+Her requeft was granted* 
+fhe became a famous war- 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+ppeafe her he promifed her 
+
+file defired to be turned into 
+
+# 
+
+more fuffer the like 
+
+
+and by 
+
+
+injury, 
+the name of Caeueus 
+
+
+rior. 
+
+
+Neptune was a confiderable deity amongft the Greeks. 
+He had a temple in Arcadia by the name of Proclyftius, 
+or the over-flower j becaufe at Juno’s requeft, he de¬ 
+livered the country from an inundation. He was called 
+Hippius, Hippocourius, and Taraxippus, from his re- 
+
+The places moft celebrated 
+
+
+and Calabria, 
+
+
+gulation of horfemanfhip. The places 
+for his worfhip. were Taenarus, Corinth, 
+which laft country was peculiarly dedicated to him. He 
+had alfo a celebrated temple at Rome^ enriched with 
+many naval trophies ; but he received a fignal affront 
+shorn Auguftus Caafar, who pulled down his ftatue, in 
+refentment for a tempefl, which had difperfed his fleet 
+and endangered his life.. Some think Neptune the fame 
+iwith the antient god Cenfus worfhiped at Rome, and 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+jlo called from his advifing Romulus 
+Sabines. 
+
+
+to the rape of the 
+
+
+Let 
+fable. The 
+annual 
+
+
+us now examine 
+
+Egyptians, 
+return of the 
+
+
+r 
+
+the mythological fenfe of the 
+
+
+to denote 
+
+
+and the 
+
+
+navigation, 
+
+Phoenician fleet which viftted their 
+
+
+coaif. 
+
+
+horfe 
+his 
+
+
+ufed the figure of an Ofiris carried on a winged 
+, or holding a 
+
+hand. To this 
+
+
+three-forked fpear or harpoon in 
+
+
+image they gave the names of 
+
+
+Pofeidon 
+
+
+
+44 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Pofeidon (4), or Neptune (5), which the Greeks am 
+Romans afterwards adopted j but which fufficiently prov ( 
+this deity had his birth here. Thus the maritime Ofiii 
+of the Egyptians, became a new deiry with.thole who knes 
+not the meaning of the fymboL But Herodotus, lib. ii 
+is pofitive that the Greeks received not their knowledgi 
+of Neptune from the Egyptians, but from the Lybians 
+The former received him not till afterwards, and ever 
+then, however they might apply the figure to civil pur 
+poles, paid him no divine honours. However, accordins 
+to Plutarch, they called the maritime coaft Neptheu 
+Bochart thinks he has found the origin of this god in tbs 
+perfon of Japbet; and has given reafons which r.endfi 
+the opinion very probable. 
+
+Neptune reprelented as god of the lea, makes a com 
+fxderable figure. He is defcribed with black, or. dark bair, 
+his garment of an azure or fea-green colour, feated in a 
+large Ihell drawn by whales or fea horfes, with his trident 
+in his hand (6), attended by the fea gods Palsemon, 
+'Glaucus, and Phorcy.sj the fea god defies, Thetis, Melita, 
+and Panopcea, and a long train of tritons and fea nymphs, 
+In fome antient gems he appears on Ihore; but always 
+holding in his hand the three forked trident, the emblem 
+of his power, as it is called by Homer and Virgil, who 
+have given us a fine contrail with regard to its ufe. 
+The antient poets all make this in'drument of brajs ; the 
+modem painters of fiver*. 
+
+
+
+{4) From Pajb , plenty, or provifions, and Jedaim.thQ fea-coafi; 
+or ths provifion of the maritime.countries. 
+
+Cs) From Nouph, to difturb or agitate* and a fleet, which 
+forms Neptoni, the arrival of the fleet. _ ^ . 
+
+( 6 ) Some, by a far fetched allufion, imagine the triple forks of 
+
+
+ter, freflx-water,, and that.of lakes or pools. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+
+45 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS 
+
+
+CHAP X\HII. 
+
+
+L$ 4 
+
+
+W 
+
+
+Of Pluto. 
+
+E now come to the third brother of Jupiter, and 
+not the lead formidable, if we confider his power 
+and dominion. He was alfo the fon of Saturn and Ops, 
+and when his viftorious brother had eftablifhed himfelf 
+in the throne, he was rewarded with a fhare in his fa¬ 
+ther’s dominions, which, as fome authors fay, was the 
+eaftern continent and lower part of Alia. Others make 
+his divifion lie in the Weft, and that he fixed his refidente 
+in Spain, which being a fertile country, and abounding in 
+mines, he was efteemed the god of wealth (7), 
+
+Some imagine that his being regarded as the ruler of 
+the dead, and king of the infernal regions, proceeded 
+from his firft teaching men to bury the deceafed, and 
+inventing funeral rites to their honour. Others fay he 
+was a king of the Moloflians in Epirus, called Aidoneus 
+Orcus, that he ftole Proferpine his wife, and kept a dog 
+called Cerberus, who devoured Pirithous, and would have 
+ferved Thefeus in the fame manner, if Hercules had not 
+timely interpofed to fave him. 
+
+The poets relate the matter differently: They tell us 
+that Pluto chagrined to fee himfelf childlefs and 
+married, while his two brothers had large families, 
+mounted his chariot to vifit the world, and arriving in 
+
+t •« • • m ^ • • « m 
+
+
+
+
+un- 
+
+
+Sicily, chanced to view Proferpine, 
+nions, gathering flowers (8). 
+forced her into his chariot. 
+
+
+with her compa- 
+Urged by his pafiion he 
+and drove her to the river 
+
+
+Chemarus, through which he opened himfelf a paffage 
+
+difconfolate for 
+
+
+back to the realms of night. 
+
+
+Ceres, 
+
+
+the lofs of her beloved daughter, lighted two torches at 
+the flames of Mount ./Etna, and wandered through the 
+world in fearch of her; till hearing at laft where fhe 
+was, fhe carried her complaint to Jupiter, who on her 
+repeated folicirations, promifed that Proferpine fhould 
+
+
+-Cr 
+
+ir* 
+
+
+{7) The poets confounded Pluto, the god of hell, with Plutus, 
+od of riches $ whereas they are two very diitindl deities, and were 
+always fb confidered by the antients. 
+
+(8) In the valley of ,/Enna, near mount ./Etna. 
+
+be 
+
+
+
+
+
+.46 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+1 
+
+be reftored to her, provided fhe had not yet tailed any 
+thing in hell. Ceres joyfully bore this commiffion, and 
+her daughter was preparing to return, when Afcalaphus, 
+the Ton of Acheron and Gorgyra, gave information, 
+that he faw Proferpine eat fome grains of a pomegranate 
+fhe had gathered in Pluto’s orchard, fo that her return 
+was immediately countermanded. Afcalaphus was for 
+this malicious intelligence transformed into a toad. But 
+Jupiter, in order to mitigate the grief of Ceres, for her 
+difappointment, granted that her daughter fhould half 
+the year refide with her, and the other half continue in 
+hell with her hufband. It is eafy to fee, that this part 
+of the fable alludes to the corn, which mufl remain all 
+the winter hid in the ground, in order to fprout forth 
+in the fpring and produce the harveft. 
+
+Pluto was extremely revered both amongft the Greeks 
+and Romans. He had a magnificent temple at Pylos, 
+near which was a mountain, that derived its name from 
+the nymph Menthe, whom Proferpine, out of jealoufy 
+at Pluto’s familiarity with her, changed into the. herb 
+called mint. Near the river Corellus, in Bceotia, this 
+deity had alfo an altar in common with Pallas, for fome 
+myflical reafon. The Greeks called him Ageleftus, 
+becaufe all mirth and laughter were banifhed his domi¬ 
+nions; as alfo Hades, on account of the gloominefs of 
+his dominions. Among the Romans he had the name 
+pf Februus, from-the luftrations ufed at funerals, and 
+Summanus, becaufe he was:the chief of ghofts, or rather 
+the prince pf the infernal deities. He was alfo called the 
+terreftrial or infernal Jupiter. 
+
+His 1 "chief feftival was in February, and called Cha- 
+riftia, becaufe . then oblations were made for the dead, 
+at ■ which relations aflifted,' and all quarrels were ami¬ 
+cably adjufted. Black bulls were the victims offered up, 
+and the ceremonies were performed in the night, it not 
+being lawful to facrifice to him in the day-time (9). 
+
+Pluto is ufually reprefented in an ebony chair, drawn 
+by four black horfes, whofe names the poets have been 
+careful to fubmit (ij .to. us. Sometimes he holds a 
+
+h * 
+
+* ; * _ 
+
+■ r ■■ ■ ■ 1^ — ■ - - -- -- -- 1 -- - - ---— | , — - — ♦ 
+
+4 
+
+' ' - i 
+
+(9) On account of his averfion ta the light. ■ 
+
+fi) Orphnasus, JEthoii,; Nyfteus, and Aiallor. 
+
+feeptre 
+
+
+. '1 
+
+
+u . 
+
+
+liV A 
+
+
+
+
+• 
+
+• 
+
+
+(SsS 
+
+m 
+
+
+- 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+A* 
+
+
+
+
+y.-, 
+
+
+.r* >1 
+
+
+fc: 
+
+w. 
+
+
+V: 
+
+
+
+
+£ 
+
+W-* 
+
+£ 
+
+Sr 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+fc* 
+
+
+rd 
+
+&4 
+
+fw.~ 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+M V - 
+
+
+« 
+
+t 
+
+% • m 
+7 -\ 
+
+V*;. 
+
+
+i> • .i 
+
+•. r * 
+
+
+* - 
+
+
+IV,. 
+
+
+i : 
+
+K .* ‘ 
+
+1 \ 
+
+• * 
+
+•-.*■'♦ J 
+
+•f- 
+
+
+I JK* f 1 
+
+
+V.v 
+
+
+
+
+- • 
+
+
+
+
+>' v 
+
+
+I-** . 
+
+
+l£v« 
+
+;i•: • 
+
+lift*- 
+
+
+i;-i 
+
+
+v,\ 
+
+*■*"4 
+
+
+
+
+fceptre to denote his power, at others’a 'ivand, with 
+which he commands and drives the ghofts. - Homer 
+fpeaks of his helmet, as having.the quality of rendering 
+the wear in vifible; and tells us, that Minerva borrow¬ 
+ed it when file fought again# the Trojans, to be conceal¬ 
+ed from Mars. i 
+
+Let us now feek the mythology of the, fable in that 
+country where it firft Pprung, and we fhall find that the 
+myilerious fymbols of truth became, in the Pequel, through 
+abufe, the very fources of-idolatry and error. Pluto-was 
+indeed the funeral Ofiris of the Egyptians. Thefe people 
+(2) every year, at an appointed feafon, affembled to 
+mourn over and offer facrifices for their dead., The image 
+that was expofed, to denote the approach of this Polemnity, 
+had the name of Peloutah (3or the Deliverance, be- 
+caufe they regarded the death of the good, as a deliverance 
+from evil. This figure was represented with a radiant 
+
+
+was represented with a radiant 
+
+
+crown, his body being entwined with a ferpent, accom¬ 
+panied with the figns of the Zodiac, to fignify the dura¬ 
+tion of one fun, or Polar year. 
+
+
+C H A P. 
+
+
+XIX. 
+
+
+Of Proserpine. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+JL and educated in Sicily ; from whence (lie was ftole by 
+Pluto, as is related in the preceding chapter. . Some.fay 
+fhe was brought up with Minerva and Diana, and being 
+
+
+Mars 
+
+
+who could neither of them obtain .her mother’s content. 
+Jupiter, it is Paid, was more fuccefsful, and ravifhed her 
+in the form of a dragon. The Phamici.ans, on the other 
+hand affirm with more reafon, that (he was earlier known 
+to them than to the Greeks or Romans; and that it 
+
+
+MoPes. that fhe 
+
+
+$2 
+
+& 
+
+
+♦ » J 4 * • • ♦ v ^ • « 
+
+was carried off by Aidoneus 
+
+lofiians. 
+
+
+Mo 
+
+
+
+(2) The J evvs retained this cuftom, as we., find, by 
+lamentations of the virgins over Jeptha’s daughter. 
+
+(3) From Palat , to^ free or deliver, ^omes Ptfou 
+ranee, which is eafily by conniption made Pluto. 
+
+
+the annual 
+ah , delive- 
+
+t 
+
+4 
+
+Jupiter, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Jupiter, on her marriage with Piuto, gave her the 
+ifle of Sicily as a dowry,; but (he had, not been long in 
+the infernal regions, when the fame of her charms in¬ 
+duced Thefeus and Pirithous to form an affociation to 
+carry her off. They defcended by way of Taenarus, 
+but fitting to reft themfelves on a rock in the infernal 
+regions, they eould not fife again, but continued fixed, 
+till Hercules delivered Thefeus, becaufe his crime con- 
+fifted only in aflifting his friend, as bound by oath (4); 
+but Pirithous was left in durance, becaufe he had en¬ 
+dangered himfelf through his own wilfulnefs and ralh- 
+nefs. 
+
+Others make Proferpine the fame with Luna, Hecate, 
+and Diana, the fame goddefs being called Luna in hea¬ 
+ven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in hell, when fhe had 
+the name of Triformis or Tergemina. The Greeks call¬ 
+ed her Defpoina, or the Lady, on account of her being 
+queen of the dead. Dogs and barren cows were the 
+facrifices ufually offered to her. 
+
+She is reprefented under the form of a beautiful woman 
+enthroned, having fomething ftern and melancholy in her 
+afpeft. 
+
+The mythological fenfe of the fable is this : The name 
+of Proferpine or Porfephone, amongft the Egyptians, was 
+ufed to denote the change produced in the earth by 
+the deluge (5); which deftroyed its former fertility, and 
+
+rendered tillage and agriculture neceffary to mankind. 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+C.H A P. XX. 
+
+* • 
+
+# 
+
+Of the Infernal Regions. 
+
+• « 
+
+* 
+
+I T is evident that the Heathens had a notion of fu¬ 
+ture punifhments and rewards, from the defcrip- 
+tions their poets have given of Tartarus and Elyfium, 
+
+
+( 4 ) They agreed to affift each other in gaining a miftrefs. Piri- 
+
+thous had helped Thefeus to get Helena, who in return attended 
+him in this expedition. ... 
+
+(5) From Peri, fruit, and Patat, to perifh, comes Perephattah, 
+or tne fruit loft ; from Peri, fruit, and Saphon, to hide, comes 
+
+Perfephoneh, or the Corn deftroyed or hid. 
+
+though 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+fr.Z.Jtmlh'!' 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+49 
+
+Accord- 
+
+
+though the whole is overloaded with fidtion. 
+ing to ,Pla>o, Apollo and Ops brought certain brazen 
+tablets from the Hyperboreans to Delos, defcribing the 
+eourt of Pluto as little; inferior to that of Jove; but that 
+
+the approach to it was exceeding difficult on account of 
+the rivers Acheron, Cocytus, Styx and Phlegethon, which 
+
+it was neceffary to pafs in order to reach thefe infernal 
+
+♦ 
+
+regions. > ■ 
+
+Acheron was, according to fome, the fon of Titan and 
+
+Terra, or, as others fay, born of Ceres in a cave, with¬ 
+out a father. The reafon afligned for his being lent to 
+hell is, that,he furnifhed the Titans with water, during 
+their war with the gods. This fhews it was a river not 
+a perfon-; but the place of it is. not afcertained. Some 
+fixing it among!! the Cimmerians near mount Circe. (6 ), 
+and in the neighbourhood of Cocytus; others making it 
+that fulphureous. and .{linking lake near Cape Mifenum 
+in the bay of Naples (7), and not a few tracing its rife 
+from the Acherufion fen in. Epirus, near the city of Pan- 
+dofia ; from whence it flows till it falls into the gulph of 
+Ambracia. . 
+
+The next river of the Plutonian manfions is Styx, 
+though whether, the daughter of OceanUs or Terra, is 
+uncertain. She was married to Pallas or Piras, by 
+
+
+To Acheron ,!he bore Vidlory, 
+
+he 
+
+
+re- 
+
+
+whom fhe had . Hydra. 
+
+jwho having aflifled Jupiter again!! the, giants, 
+
+.warded her mother (8) with this privilege, that the 
+moil folemn oath among!! the gods- Ihould be by her 
+ddty, viz. the river Styx; fo that when any of them 
+were fufpedted of falfliood. Iris was difpatched to bring 
+the Stygian water in a golden cup, by which he fwore ; 
+and if . he afterwards proved perjured, he was deprived 
+for a year of his nedtar and ambrofia, and for nine 
+years more feparated from the celeflial aflembly.. Some 
+place Styx near the lake of Avernus in Italy 4 others 
+make it a fountain near Nonacris in Arcadia, of fo poi- 
+
+
+
+( 6 ) On the coafl: of Naples. 
+
+(7) ‘Near Cuma. 
+
+, 0 Q Some faj r it was on her own account, for difcovering.the com- 
+
+.U. 1.- —., Jupiter. ' • 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+fonous 
+
+
+50 FABULOUS HISTORY GF 
+
+fonous and cold a nature, that it would diflolve all meta! 
+(9), and could be contained in no veflel. 
+
+Cocytus and Phlegethon are faid to flow out of Sty 
+by contrary ways, and re-unite to increafe the vaft chaml 
+of Acheron. The waters of Phlegethon were reprefente 
+as ffreams of fire, probably on account of their hot an 
+fulphureous nature. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXL 
+
+Of the Parcje or Destinies. 
+
+T HESE infernal deities, who prefided over hunra 
+
+life, were in number three, and had each their pf 
+culiar province afiigned, Clotho held the diftaff, Lacked 
+drew or fpun off the thread, and Atropos flood ready vvitl 
+her fciflars to cut it afunder. 
+
+Thefe were three filters, the daughters of Jupiter anc 
+Themis, and filters to the Horae or hours ; according i< 
+others, the children of Erebus and Nox. They werefc 
+cretaries to the gods, whofe decrees they wrote. 
+
+We are indebted to a late ingenious writer for (hi 
+true mythology of thefe characters. They were no¬ 
+thing more originally than the myftieal figure or fyra 
+bols, which reprefented the months of January, Pe< 
+bruary, and March, amongft the Egyptians. They de 
+piCted thefe in female drefles, with the inftruments 0 
+fpinning and weaving, which was the great bufinef 
+carried on in that feafon. Thefe images they called (0 
+Parc, which fignifies linen cloth, to denote the mami 
+failure produced by this induftry. The Greeks, wli( 
+knew nothing of the true fenfe of thefe allegorical figures 
+gave them a turn fuitable to their genius, fertile in 661 ion 
+The Parcas were defcribed or reprefented in robes 0 
+white, bordered with purple, and feated on the thrones 
+with crowns on their heads^ compofed of the flowers 0 
+the Narciflus. 
+
+* 
+
+• 
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+(9) It is' reported Alexander was poifoned with it at Babylon 
+and that it was carried for this purpoie in an afs’s hcof. 
+
+{j) From Parc, or Paroket, a cloth, curtain or fail. 
+
+C H A? 
+
+
+
+
+
+V 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS 
+
+
+CHAP. xxir. 
+
+
+si 
+
+
+Of the Harpyes. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+♦ - > 
+
+H E next group of figures vve meet in the flta- 
+
+
+dowy realms are 
+number, Celeno, Aello 
+
+
+the Harpyes 
+and OcvDet 
+
+
+who were three in 
+
+
+Ocypete, the 
+
+
+daughters of 
+
+i D . 
+
+
+Oceanus, and Terra. They lived in Thrace, had the 
+faces of vire;ins s the ears of bears, the bodies of vul¬ 
+
+
+tures. 
+
+
+r v;rgins s tne ear 
+with human arms 
+
+
+and feet, and 
+
+
+long 
+
+
+claws. 
+
+
+Pheneus king of Arcadia, for revealing the myfteries of 
+
+
+Jupiter, was fo tormented by them, that he was ready 
+to perilh for hunger' they devouring whatever was fet 
+before him, till the Tons of Boreas, who attended Jalon 
+in his expedition to Colchis, delivered the good old 
+king, and drove thefe monfters to the iflands called Echin- 
+ades, compelling them to fwear to return no more. 
+
+This fable is of the fame original with the former one. 
+During the months of April, May, and June, efpeciaUy 
+the two latter, Egypt was greatly fubjedt to ftormy winds, 
+which laid wafte their olive grounds, and brought numerous 
+fwarms of graflioppers and other troublefome infedls from, 
+the fhores of the red fea, which did infinite damage to the 
+country. The Egyptians therefore gave figures which pro¬ 
+claimed thefe three months, a female face, with the bodies 
+and claws of birds, and called them Harop (ij, and a 
+name which fufficiently denoted the true fenle of the fym- 
+bol. All this the Greeks realized, and einbellifihed in 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+All this the Greeks realized, and embellished in 
+way. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXIII. 
+
+
+Of Charon and Cerberus. 
+
+
+C HARON, according to Hefiod’s theogony, was 
+the fon of Erebus and Nox, the parents of the 
+gwateft part of the infernal monfiers. His poffc was to 
+ferry the fouls of the deceafed over the waters of Ache- 
+
+
+H A R O N, according to 
+
+
+A'* 
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+M 00 From Haroph, 
+
+
+or Harop, a noxious fly 5 or from Arbeh, a 
+
+
+ID 2 
+
+
+ron 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+32 FAULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+ron. His fare was never under one halfpenny, norex* 
+ceeding three, which were put in the mouth of the per- 
+fons interred; for as to inch bodies who were denied 
+funeral rites, their ghofts were forced to wander an hun¬ 
+dred years on the banks of the river, Virgil’s ^Eneid VI. 
+330, >efore they could be admitted to a paflage. The 
+Herihonienfes alone claimed a tree paflage, becaufe their 
+country lay fo near Hell. Some mortal heroes alfo, by 
+the favour of the gods, were allowed to vifit the infer, 
+ltal realms, and return to light; f'uch as Hercules, Orphe* 
+us, Ulyfles, Thefeus arid JSneas. 
+
+This venerable boatman ot the lower world, is repre* 
+fented as a fat fqualid old man, with a bufhy grey beard 
+and rheumatic eyes, his tattered rags fcarce covering his 
+nakednefs. His difpofition is mentioned as rough and] 
+morpfe, treating all his pattengers with the fame impar l 
+tial rudenefs, without regard to rank, age or fex. We I 
+fhall in the fequel fee that Charon was indeed a real! 
+perfon, and juftly merited this charadler. I 
+
+After eroding the Acheron, in a den adjoining to the! 
+entrance of Pluto’s palace, was placed Cerberus, or the I 
+three headed dog, born of Typhon and Echidna, and I 
+the dreadful maftifF, who guarded thefe gloomy abodes. I 
+He fawned upon all who entered, but devoured all v\ ho I 
+attempted to get back ; yet Hercules once mattered him,I 
+and dragged him up to earth, where in ftruggling, a fomm 
+dropped from his mouth, which produced the poifonousl 
+Herb, called aconite or wolf-bane. - I 
+
+Hefiod gives Cerberus fifty, and fome a hundred heads;! 
+but he is more commonly reprefented with three. As I 
+to the reft, he had a tail ot a dragon, and inftead of I 
+hair, his body was covered with ferpents of.all kinds, 1 
+The dreadfulnefs of his bark or howl, Virgil’s Aineiiil 
+VI, 416, and the intolerable ftench of his breath, heigh- 1 
+tened the deformity of the picture, which of itfelf was! 
+Sufficiently difagreeable, I 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+T HE HEAT H E N GOD S 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+CHAP XXIV. 
+
+
+* 
+
+9 9 
+
+Of Nox and her Progeny-, Death, Sleep, Sec 
+
+
+- \ 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+OX was the moll antient of the deities, and Orpheus 
+afetibes to her; the generation of gods and men. 
+She was even reckoned older than Chaos. She had a 
+numerous offspring of imaginary children, as Lyfla, or 
+Madnefs, Frys, or Contention, Death, Sleep, and Dreams, 
+all wtiich (he bore vvi.hout a father. 
+
+
+her 
+
+
+wi h Erebus proceeded^old Age, Labour, Love, Fear, De- 
+
+Emulation, Mifery, Darknels, Complaint, Obfii- 
+
+Care, Difappointment, Dif- 
+fhort all the evils which at- 
+
+
+c.eit, 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Want 
+
+
+nacy, 
+
+eafe,-War and Hu 
+
+tend life, and which wait round the palace of Pluto to re¬ 
+ceive his commands. 
+
+Death brings down all mortals to the infernal ferry. It 
+is faid that her mother Nox bellowed a peculiar care in 
+her education^ and that Deatfi had a great affe&ion for 
+
+^ ^ 4 » J • ■ » 4* J , * /■ W ' * 
+
+her brother Somnus.or Sleep, of whofe palace Virgil has 
+given us a fine defcription, jEneid VI. 894. Somnus had 
+leveral children, of whom Morpheus,was the moft remark^ 
+able for his fatyrical humour, and excellent talent in mi¬ 
+micking the actions of mankind. 
+
+
+Amongft 
+
+
+the Eleans, 
+
+
+I 
+
+Nox 
+
+
+reprefented by a woman holding in each hand a boy afleep, 
+with their legs diftortedthat in her right was white, to 
+fignify deep, that in her left black, to figure, or reprefent 
+death. The facrifice offered .to her was a cock, becaufe 
+
+. * ' • . r • . * • ' * » 
+
+
+univerfal fway. 
+
+
+U * 
+
+denote his 
+
+
+i~ : : ’ 
+
+
+
+C-H A P. XXV. 
+
+Of the Infernal Judges, Minos, Rhadam'anthus 
+
+and ^Eacus. 
+
+* 
+
+A FTER entering the infernal regions, jufl at the 
+
+reparation of the two roads which lead to Tarta, 
+rus and Elyfium, is placed the tribunal of the three in- 
+
+D 3 exorable 
+
+
+54 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+#xorable judges, who examine the dead, and pafs a final 
+fentence on departed fouls. The chief of thefe was 
+Minos the fon of Jupiter by Europa, and brother of Rha- 
+damanthus arid Sarpedori. After his father’s death the 
+Cretans would not admit him to fucceed in the kingdom, 
+till praying to Neptune to give him a fign, that god cauf- 
+eti a hbrfe to rife out of the fea, on which, he obtained 
+the kingdom. Some think this alludes to his reducing 
+thefe iflanders to fuhje&ion, by means of a powerful fleet. 
+It is added, that Jove kept him nine years concealed 
+in a cave, to teach him laws and the art of government. 
+
+Rhadamant has his brother was alfo a great legiflator. 
+It is faid that having killed his brother, he fled to Oecha- 
+lia in-Bs'otia, where he married Alcmena the widow of 
+Amphy.rion. His province was to judge fuch as died 
+impenitent. 
+
+. yEacus was the fon of Jupiter by y£gina. When the 
+ifle of ^Egina (fo called from his mother) was depopu¬ 
+lated by a plague, his father in companion to his grief, 
+changed all the ants there into men and women. The 
+
+that , when the pyrates had 
+
+
+meaning of which fable is 
+depopulated the country, 
+
+
+arid 
+
+
+forced the people to fly 
+
+
+to caves, JEiacus encouraged them to come out, and by 
+commerce arid induftry recover what they had lofl. His 
+character, for juftice was fuch, that in a time of univer- 
+fal drought he was nominated by the Delphic oracle to 
+interceded for Greece, and his prayer was anfwered. 
+
+■ Rhadamanthus and .ZEacus were only inferior judges, 
+
+of whom examined the Afiaticks, the latter the 
+, and bore 1 only plain rods as a mark of their 
+office. But all difficult cafes were referred to Minos, 
+
+t ' * ’ 
+
+wno'fat over them with a fcepter of gold. Their court 
+was held in a large meadow, called the field of truth, 
+
+Plato and Tully add Triptolemus to thefe as a fourth 
+
+« tu | 
+
+judge. 
+
+
+
+cans 
+
+
+
+
+C HAP. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+the heathen gods. 
+
+4 
+
+* 
+
+CHAP. XXVI, 
+
+r 
+
+> 
+
+Of Tartarus, and the Eumenides or Furies. 
+
+v • 
+
+% 
+
+r N the recedes of the infernal regions lay the feat of 
+j_ abode of the wicked fouls, called Tartarus, repre- 
+;nted by the poets as a vaft deep pit, furrounded with 
+rails and gates of brafs, and totally deprived of light, 
+rhis dreadful prifon is furrounded by the waters of Phle- 
+ethon, which emit continual flames. The cuftody of 
+he unfortunate wretches doomed to this place of punifh-’ 
+nent, is given to the Eumenides or Furies, who are at 
+ince their gaolers and executioners. 
+
+The names of thefe avengeful lifters were Tifiphone, 
+Uedto, and Megaera ; but they went by the general ap- 
+lellation of the Furiae, on account of the rage and dif- 
+raftion attending a guilty conference : of Erynnite or 
+irynnyes, becaufe of- the feverity of their punilhment ; 
+ind Eumenides, becaufe though cruel they were capa- 
+>le of fupplication, as Orefters found by following the 
+idvice of Pallas. Their birth is fo differently related, 
+hat it is imppffi'ble to fix their genealogy or parentage, 
+ndeed the theogony of the Greeks and Romans requires 
+in uncommon clue to get out of the labyrinth which 
+i&ion has contrived.. 
+
+Though the Furies were implacable, they were fuf- 
+eptible of love. We find an inftance of this in Tifi- 
+ihone,-who growing enamoured with Cythaeron, an a- 
+liable youth-, and fearing to affright him by her form, 
+ot a third perfon to difclofe her ilame. He was fo un¬ 
+aptly to reject her fuit, on which fl\e threw one of her 
+lakes at him, which twining round his body ftrangled 
+im. All the cdnfolation he had in death was to be chang- 
+d into a mountain, which ftill bears his name. 
+
+Thefe goddefles were fo terrible, that it was in fome 
+egree facrilegious to invoke their name. Yet however 
+ie ohjeds of terror, they had their temples, as at 
+uhens near the Areopagus, at Cafma in Arcadia, and 
+t Carmia in the Peloponnefus. But their higheft fo- 
+annities were at Telphufia in Arcadii, where their 
+rieftefles went by the name of Hefychidce, and the 
+
+D 4 facrifices. 
+
+
+
+S 6 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+facrifices were performed at midnight, amidft a profound 
+filence, a black ewe burnt whole being the vidtim. No 
+wine was ufed in the libations, but only limpid water, 
+or a liquor made of honey ; and the wreaths ufed were 
+of the flowers of the NarcifTus and Crocus intermixed. 
+
+The mythologifts have afligned each of thefe tor- 
+mentrefles their particular department. Tifiphone is 
+faid to punifh the fins arifing from hatred and anger; 
+Mag^ra thofe occafioned by envy ; and Ale&o the crimes 
+owing to ambition and luft. Some make but one fury, 
+called Adraflia, the daughter of Jupiter and bJeceffity, 
+and the avenger of all vice. 
+
+The Furies are depidled with hair compofed of fnakes, 
+and eyes inflamed with madnefs, carrying in one hand 
+w hips and iron chains, and in the other flaming torches, 
+yielding a difmal light. Their robes are black, and their 
+feet of brafs, to-fliew their purfuit, though flow, is Heady 
+and certain. 
+
+• 0 i 
+
+Is it poflible to conceive, that after this folemn and hor¬ 
+rid reprefentation, the Eumenidts, or Furies, ihonld be 
+quite harmlefs beings ? And the very deformities afcribed 
+to them the lymbols of national joy and repofe. The 
+Egyptians ufed thefe figures to denote the three months of 
+autumn. The ferpent was with that people, the hiero¬ 
+glyphic of life, light and happinefs. the torch was the pub¬ 
+lic indication of a facrifice, and they placed two quails at 
+the feet of the figure, to fignify that the general lecurity 
+was owing to the plenty of the fiafon, All this is eluci¬ 
+dated by the names of thefe vifionary beings, Tifiphone 
+
+(3), Ale&o (4), and Megsera (5) ; which are all derived 
+Irom ciicumftances relating to the vintage. 
+
+
+(3) From Tfaphan to inclofe 
+of putting wine into pitchers. 
+
+(4) From Leket, to gather. 
+
+(5) From Migherah the finki 
+the'wine. 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+the heathen gods. 
+
+
+£7 
+
+
+C H A P. XXVII. 
+
+
+Of the fabulous Perfons punifhed in Tartarus. 
+
+
+
+H E poets, in order to people this difmal region, 
+have placed here fhe Giants or Titans, who re¬ 
+belled againft Jupiter, and who are bound in everlafting 
+chains. They alfo mention feveral other notorious cri¬ 
+minals condemned to fuffer here, the chief of whom 
+
+follow : 
+
+Tityus was the fon of Jupiter and T , o 
+the river Orchomenius in Theflaly. His father, ap- 
+prehenfive of Juno's jealoufy, it is faid, concealed him 
+in the earth, where he grew to a monfirohs bulk. 
+
+where he became formidable for 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+refided in Panopoea, 
+rapine and cruelty, till Apo 3 o killed him for endeavour¬ 
+ing to ravifh Latona ; though others fay, he was flain 
+by Diana for an attempt on her chattily He was next 
+fent to Tartarus, and chained down on his back, his 
+body taking up fuch a compafs as to cover nine’ acres. 
+In this potture a vulture continually preyed on his liver,, 
+which ftill grew again as fa ft as it was confumed. 
+
+Phlegyas was the fon of Mars, and king of the La- 
+pithoe, a people of Theflaly : Apollo having debauched 
+his daughter Coronis, to revenge the injury he fet fire to 
+the temple of Delphos ; for which facrilege that god kill¬ 
+ed him with his arrows, and ttiruft him into Tartarus, 
+where he is fentenced to fit under a huge rock, which 
+longing over his head, threatens him with perpetual de- 
+ftruction. - : 
+
+
+Ixion was 
+
+
+Mars 
+
+
+1 ^ r 
+
+lay, of .dirhon and Pifione. Having married Dia, the 
+laughter of Dioneus, he promifed very confiderable 
+irefents' to her father for' his content;'but to elude the 
+performance, he invited him to a feaft, and murdered 
+
+Stung with ; remorfe for the crime, he run mad, 
+0 that Jupiter in companion hot only forgave him, but 
+ook him up into heaven, where he had the impiety to 
+
+• - A, . - . . / * • - ■ 1* • “ 
+
+mdeavour to corrupt Juno. Jupiter, to be the better 
+iffured of his wickednefs, formed a cloud in the fhape of 
+tis wife, upon which Ixion begot the Centaurs. But 
+
+
+£ 5 
+
+
+boafting 
+
+
+
+58 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+boafling of his happinefs, Jove hurled him down to Tar- 
+tarus, where he lies fixed on a wheel encompafied with 
+ferpents, and which turns without ceafing. 
+
+Sifiphus was a defcendant of ^Bolus, and married Me- 
+rope, one of the Pleiades, who bore him Glaueus. His 
+refidence was at Epyra in Peioponnefus, and he was a 
+crafty man. , The reafons given for his punifhment are 
+various, though all the poets agree as to its nature, which 
+was to roll a great flone to the top of a hill, from whence 
+it conftantly fell down again, fo that his labour was in- 
+ceilantly renewed (6). 
+
+.Tantalus, a Phrygian monarch, the fon of Jupiter, 
+and the nymph Plota, had the impiety in an entertain, 
+ment he gave.the gods to kill his fon Pelops and fervehim 
+up as one of. the diflies. All the deities perceived the 
+fi'aud but Ceres, who eat one of his fhoulders; but in 
+companion to his fate, fhe reflored him to life by boiling 
+him in a cauldron, and gave him an ivory arm to fupply 
+the defe£l. The crime of the father did not pals unpun. 
+
+
+nlfhed. He was placed in Tartarus, where he was afiMed 
+with,eternal thirll and hunger, having water and the moft 
+delicious fruits (till within his reach ; but not being able 
+to tafte either, becaufe they vaniflied before his touch, 
+Ovid. IV. 44.4. , 
+
+Salmoneus, king of Elis, Virgil, yEn. VT. 585, hsd 
+the. prefumption to perfonate Jupiter, by driving a cha¬ 
+riot* over^a bridge of brafs, and calling flaming torches 
+
+
+amongil the fpedhators, to imitate thunder and lightning. 
+For. this he was doomed to the tortures of this infernal 
+
+‘ • V* » ‘ ' . 
+
+dungeon. 
+
+CJ 4 „ *. * * • • « r * <* __ 
+
+The Belides complete this fabulous catalogue.. They 
+were the daughters of Danaus ■ the fon of Bel’us, who 
+was cotemporary with Cecrops king of Athens. This 
+prince, who came from Egypt into Greece, expelled 
+vitheneins king of the Argives out of his kingdom, and 
+by different wives had thefe fifty, fillers. His brother 
+Egyptus, with whom he had fome difference,, propofed 
+a reconciliation, by marrying his fifty ions with their 
+
+
+
+' ' * - { j 
+
+(6) Some make Syfyphus'a Trojan fecretary, who waspumlnea 
+for difcovering fecrets of ftate. Others fay he was a notorious 
+
+
+robber killed by Theleus. 
+
+
+fair 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+
+I THE HEATHEN GODS. $9 
+
+fair coufin germans. The wedding was agreed,sbut Da- 
+naus perfidioufly dire&ed each of his daughters to murder 
+their hufbands on the marriage . night. Hypermneftra 
+alone fuffered Linceus to efcape to Lyrcea near Argos 
+[ (7'. The Belides, for this, unnatural crime, were con- 
+i demned to draw water out of a well with fieves, and pour 
+; it into a, certain veflVl; fo that their labour was without 
+
+I • 
+
+; end or fuccefs. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXVIII 
+
+
+
+
+Of the El ysian Fields, and Lethe. 
+
+J l.i. - * * 
+
+» ♦ 
+
+B Y way of contrail; fo Tartarus, or the prifon of the 
+
+wicked, let us place the Elyfian fields, or the happy 
+abo'des of the juft and good; of which Virgil, of all the 
+
+
+antient poets, has given us the moft agreeable pi&ure, 
+Virgil’s vEneid VI. 635. It were endlefs to give all the 
+variety of defcriptions, which a fubjett of this nature 
+affords room for. An eternal fprine of flowers and ver- 
+
+
+afiords room for. An eternal fpring of flowers and ver¬ 
+dure, a Iky always ferene, and fanned by ambrofial breez¬ 
+es, an univerfal harmony and uninterrupted joy enbalmed 
+thefe delightful regions. /_But at the end of a certain period 
+the fouls placed here returned to the world tore-animate 
+new bodies, before which they were obliged to drink at 
+the river Lethe (8), whofe waters had the virtue to create 
+an oblivion of all that had palled in the former part of 
+
+\ * • »*' J \** .a,* Jr 
+
+their lives'. 
+
+• ■ 1 * ) 
+
+To jlluftrate, all this complexed. chaos of fable, let 
+us once more have recourfe ip the.Egyptian mythology, 
+where we (hall find the whole fecret of Tartarus and 
+the Elyfian fields unravelled. There was near each of 
+
+
+the Egyptian towns 
+
+
+certain ground appointed for a 
+
+
+common burial-place. That at Memphis, as defcribed 
+by Diodorus, lay on the other fide of the lake Ache- 
+rufia (9). to the Ihofe of which the deceafed perfon was- 
+
+
+t K 
+
+
+1 
+
+. (7) He aftewards dethroned Danaus 
+(<0 or Oblivion, 
+
+(9) From Acharei, after, and ifh, 
+isitftate of man, or Acheron, that is. 
+
+
+
+
+ran, comes Achariis, or the 
+the ultimate condition. 
+
+brought. 
+
+
+6o 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+brought and fet before a tribunal of judges appointed to 
+
+
+examine into his condudt. 
+
+
+his body was delivered to his creditors, till his rela¬ 
+tions releafed it, by collecting the fums due. If he had 
+not faithfully obferved the laws his body was left unburi. 
+ed, or probably thrown into a kind of common Ihore 
+called Tartarus (1). The fame,hiftorian informs us, that 
+
+
+1 f he had not paid his debts 
+his creditors, till his rtla. 
+
+
+delivered to his creditors. 
+
+
+lus rtla- 
+If he had 
+
+
+ed. 
+
+
+•. called Tartarus (i). The fame,hiftorian informs us, that 
+near Memphis there was a leaking vefiel into which they 
+inceflantly poured Nile water, which circumftance gives 
+
+
+ace 
+
+
+were call out, was furrounded with emblems exprefiive of 
+torture or remorfe, fuch as a man tied on a wheel always 
+in motion ; another whofe heart was the prey of a vul. 
+ture ; and a third rolling a ftone up a hiil with fruiilefs 
+toil. Hence the fables of Ixion, Prometheus and Syfi. 
+phus. 
+
+
+When no accufer appeared againft the deceafed, 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Jake, to 
+
+
+the accufer was convi&ed of falfhood, they ceafed to 
+• lament him, and his panegyrick was made ; after which 
+he was delivered to a certain fevere ferryman, who by 
+order of the judges, and never without it, received the 
+body into his boat (i) and tranfported it a-crofs the 
+Jake, to a plain embellilhtd with groves, brooks, and 
+other rural ornaments. This place was called Elizout, 
+
+(3), or the habitation of joy. At the entrance of it, 
+was placed the figure of a dog with three pair! of jaws, 
+which they called Cerberus (4 ); and the ceremony of 
+interment was ended by thrice (5) fprinkling fand over 
+the aperture of the vault, and thrice bidding the de¬ 
+ceafed adieu. All thefe wife lymbols addrelfed as fo 
+many inftrudions to the people, became the fources of 
+endlels fidion, when transplanted to Greece and Rome. 
+
+
+* « * I 
+
+/ ’ J * V * 
+
+(1) From the Chaldaick Tarah, admonition, doubled comes 
+Tartarah, or Tartarus, that is, an extraordinary warning. 
+
+(2) Sometimes the judges denied even their kings funeral rites 
+on account of their mif-government. 
+
+1 3) From Elizout, full fatisfa&ion, or a place of repofe andjoy.t 
+
+(4) They placed this image bn account of that animaf s known 
+
+■fidelity to man.' The three heads denoted the three'funeral cries 
+
+over the corpfe, which is the meaning of the name;: from Ceri or 
+Cri, an exclamation $ and Ber the grave or vault, comes Cerber, 
+. or Cerberus, the cries of die grave. 
+
+(5) Injeffo ter j>id<vere. Horace, book I. ode 28. _ • 
+
+
+TI>e 
+
+
+
+
+
+*F . {fiiri'ths sjif/fedtf&lm. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+- 
+
+
+
+A - 
+
+
+boar of tranfportation they, called Bens (7), or 
+litvzand the waterman who was impartial, in the lulbex* 
+
+:r*V. T _ , . -ui- t - '- 2 rY-:? , t . - -y. * V - >»- * • , >• ••-’•-.ry*/'- 
+
+ecimon of his office* they;,ftyled Charon,‘ which figmifes 
+inflexibility or —^ ' ‘ ' 
+
+
+
+1 *^. 
+
+
+> . . < ^ , 4 -.f 1 • * 
+
+•' *.♦?:’*. *.*■���■ 
+
+• ' r '< -i* * 
+
+
+y * - %t 
+
+
+► * 
+
+
+. 1 -:* 
+
+
+A - 
+
+1 .'-Vi 
+
+
+
+‘ VV V! ' f' • t ! f* • V 
+
+*.<• s- . v.- . •; 
+
+A P. 
+
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+- •-> f . 
+
+
+► ' 
+
+
+\ <■ 
+
+
+!*■ Sn 
+
+
+XXIX/ 
+
+
+r * 
+
+
+, I 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+*.r 
+
+
+« < 
+
+
+► / 
+
+
+‘ *vj * 
+
+
+4 - v - 
+
+
+«. % 
+
+
+- * 
+
+
+I*- . 
+
+
+1 . 
+
+
+’ * . 1 
+
+
+Of: AroLLO. 
+
+
+-X J 
+
+
+•- 
+
+
+
+
+■ r-f 
+
+
+• r 
+
+
+one 
+
+
+
+
+
+> ■ 
+
+
+
+; tb isnamb/th e /molt hifnrit 
+
+. ' r '-A >*£ . * ?« ?'? ./ Y ; > ' ? - * t ,• 
+
+
+dn’iieirr of w hem was the foil of 
+
+-*.-0 1 ^' l 
+
+“a 
+
+
+# ^ r • # 
+
+
+
+✓****• 4 , -1 
+
+
+, and commanded 
+
+
+where (he was 
+
+
+i .1 - > * 
+
+
+ailed Diana and Apollo, 
+
+the latter of whbhv/foonF: ^ftci:^ ? liis/^4^1^i ; 'j:-iieftHayed,-7t3&je 
+
+tnoriftef Python- with %b : afhdfw^^lX)V:^V l *k^ f°me defer 
+
+
+the time T of this 'vfSfoi y till ’he came tb 'riper, years. 'Btit 
+Latona’s troubles did not end here^ for flying into Lycla 
+with her children .rtf'” ~“■ “ J 
+
+
+Melh, by "the (h||)Kerd‘ NfocleS aiid^hi? 
+
+
+^ J 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+
+Upon 
+
+
+3 turnecf thiefh ih^o (rogs' , fettling her fon 
+
+, “ * ‘ . •*' .* -V r ' , * • .-** . . ' : ‘r.-* • ‘ - H * .-* v 
+
+' - 5 \ri ' ' r - - ■' «*.»*• -- s- - , i . 
+
+* ^ r %-• ^ ^ K - # * *r t ^j.r # ^. v • - , * » , ‘ 1 
+
+•* ../r: 4 . : •- *' - vr- ^ :" •• 1-1 _IlUl 2 _L‘^ 2 j. • *: - . 
+
+
+r; < 
+
+
+' ^ 
+
+
+
+(7) fieri, quiet, fefenity; whei^e Diodbrus-Sienlus calls Cha¬ 
+ron’s bark Bads. / •■' • -• ■>'^ ; ' ■ ■ 
+
+
+
+
+• ^ v ' t*\ 
+
+^ c'~j t-'i - 
+
+
+- v ’1 
+
+
+(8) The daughter of 0 ®us the|lJtan,“ and Phoebe. 
+
+
+r*« 
+
+
+
+ryg-ia,; 
+
+
+Neptune raifed it out of the Tea to give h?r’ refuge, 
+
+(1) Some aflert that Diana allifted him in liis fight. 
+
+
+
+4 - 
+
+
+Apollo 
+
+
+
+6z 
+
+
+THE HEAT H E N' GOD S. 
+
+
+Apollo in Lycia, fhe returned to Delos, and Diana~went to 
+
+refide in Crete 
+
+The adventures of Apollo are pretty numerous. The 
+moft remarkable, are his quarrels with Jupiter, on account 
+of the death of his foil ./Efculapius, .Killed by that deity 
+on the complaint of Pluto, that he decreafed the number 
+of the dead by the cures..he performed. Apollo fo..re¬ 
+venge this injury killed the Cyclops, who forged Jove’s 
+thunderbolts, for which he was bahifhed. heaven, and en-' 
+dured great fufferings on earth, being forced to hire him- 
+felf as a fhepherd to (z) Ad met us, king of Theflaly, 
+during his exercifing which office, he is faid to have in¬ 
+vented the lyre or lute, to footh his trouble. In this 
+
+m ’ t 
+
+retirement an odd incident happened to .him’; ,’Meccury 
+was born in the morning, by noon he had learned' mu- 
+fick, and compofed the tefiudo; and in, the evening 
+coming to Apollo he fo amufed him with this new 
+
+
+fick, and compofed the teftudo; and in, the evening 
+coming to Apollo he fo amufed him with this new 
+inftrument, that he found an opportunity to ideal his car- 
+tie. Apollo difeovering the theft, and infilling on refii- 
+
+
+tle. Apollo difeovering the theft, and infilling on refii- 
+tutio'n, the fly deity Hole his bow and arrows ; fo that he 
+was forced to change his. revenge into laughter (3). 
+
+From Thelfaly, Apollo removed to Sparta, and fet¬ 
+tled near the river Eurotas, where he fell in love with 
+
+J . - * ' 1 , •/ i * ’ 
+
+a fair boy called Hyacinthus, with whom beipg at play, 
+Zephyrus through envy blew Apollo’s q'uqif at 'his 
+head, and killed hiqn on the fpot. To prelefve Jiis me- 
+mory, the god from his blood railed the flower which 
+
+Though according to. others he 
+
+
+mory, . tne goa iron: 
+bears his name (4}. 
+
+
+only tinged with it the violet (which was white before) 
+into a purple. . [ f < :• V f : 
+
+Cyparillus, a beautiful :b'oy, a favourite of Apollo, 
+being, excelfively grieved for the death, of . a. fawn op 
+
+
+(2) Some give this hiftory another turn, and tell 11s that Apollo 
+being king of the Arcadians, and depoled for his tyranny, fled- to 
+Admetus, who gave him the command of the country lying near 
+the river Arilphryfas, inhabited'by fhepherds. , -. 
+
+(3) bonjes olim, nijireddiaiffes - • : - '• 
+
+Per dolum amotas, quertrn miaaci . • . " l 
+
+Voce dum ter ret', Viduus Pharetra -y ' 
+
+Rifit Aoollo. Horat. Lib. I. Ode X, 1 . 10. 
+
+
+Rilit Apollo. 
+(4) The Hyacinth or viole 
+
+
+deer 
+
+
+
+-the HEATHEN GODS. 6 $ 
+
+deer he loved, was changed by him into a cyprefs tree, 
+which is fince facred to funeral rites. 
+
+Apollo next vifited Laomeden king of Troy, where 
+finding Neptune in the fame condition with himfelf, and 
+exiled from heaven, they agreed with that king to furnifh 
+bricks to build the walls of his capital: he alio aflifted Al- 
+cathous in building a labyrinth, in which was a ftone 
+whereon be ufed to depofit his lyre, and which emitted an 
+harmonious found on the flighYefi: ftroke. 
+
+Though Apollo was diftinguiflied for his excellency in 
+inufic, yet he was extremely jealous of rivalfhip on this 
+head. The Mufes were under his immediate proteftion* 
+and the grafhopper was confecrated to him by the Athe¬ 
+nians on account of its harmony (5). We find Midas 
+king of Phrygia being conftituted judge between.him and 
+Pan, who, pretended to vie with him in .harmony, and 
+giving judgment for the latter, was rewarded with a pair 
+of afs’s ears, to point out his bad tafle (6). Ovid has 
+deferibed this ftory in an agreeable manner. Linus, who 
+excelled all mortals in mufick, pYefuming to fing with 
+Apollo, was punifhed with death; nor did Mariyas the 
+fatyr efcape much better, for having found a flute or pipe,: 
+which Minerva threw away (7), he had the vanity to dif- 
+pute the prize with Apollo, who being decreed viftor, 
+hung up his antagonift on the next pine tree, and flayed 
+him alive; but afterwards changed him into a river, which 
+falls into the Meander. . , 
+
+This deity was fo {killed in the bow, that his arrows 
+were always fatal. Python and the Cyclops experienced 
+their force. When the giant Tityus endeavoured to 
+ravifh Diana, he transfixed and^ threw him into hell, 
+where the vultures preyed on his liver. Niob,e the daugh¬ 
+ter of Tantalus, and wife of Amphion, being happy in 
+
+
+
+(5) The Grecian poets celebrate the grafliopper as a very mu- 
+fical in left, that Tings amongft the highell branches of the trees; 
+fo that it muft have been a very different creature from the grai- 
+liopper known to us. Sec the notes in Cook’s Hefiod. 
+
+(6) Ovid, Book XI. Fab. III. line 90. 
+
+(7) Becaufe as fire blew it, feeing herfelf in a fountain, fire 
+found it deformed her face. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+Teven 
+
+
+64 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+feven Tons and as many daughters, was fo foolifh as to 
+prefer herfelf to Latona. This fo enraged Apollo and 
+Diana, that the former flew her fons with his darts, and 
+the latter killed her daughters in the embraces of their 
+mother, whom Jupiter in compafiion to her inceflant grief, 
+turned into a ftone, which ftiil emits moifture inftead of 
+tears (8 h 
+
+The true meaning of the-fable of Niobe is this; it fjg- 
+nined the annual inundation of Egypt. The affront fhe 
+offered to Latona was a fymbol, to denote the neceflity 
+fhe laid that people under of retreating to the higher 
+grounds. The fourteen children of Niobe are the fourteen 
+cubits, that marked the increafe of the Nile (9). Apollo 
+and Diana killing them with their arrows, reprefenrs la¬ 
+bour arid induftry, with the affiftance of the fun’s warm 
+influence, overcoming rhefe difficulties, after the retreat 
+of the flood. Niobe’s being turned to a ftone, was owing 
+to an equivocation. The continuance of Niobe was the 
+prefervation or Egypt. But the word Selau, which fig- 
+nified fafety, by a fmall alteration (Selaw) exprtlfed a 
+ftone. Thus Niobe became a real perfon metamorphofed 
+to a rock. 
+
+Apollo refembled his father Jupiter, in his great pro- 
+penflty ro love. He fj)ent fome time with Venus in the 
+ifle of Rhodes, and during their interview it is faid the 
+fky rained gold, and the earth was covered with lillies 
+and rofes. His moft celebrated amour was with Daphne, 
+(the daughter of the' river Peneus), a virgin of Thcf- 
+faly, who was herfclf prepoflefied in favour of Lucip- 
+pus, a youth of her own age. Apollo, to be revenged 
+on his rival, put it in his head to dkguife himfelf a- 
+mongft the virgins who went a bathing, who difeo- 
+vering the deceit, ftabbed him. After this the god pur- 
+fued Daphne, who flying to preferve her cl afiity, was, 
+on her intreaties to the gods, changed into a laurel (1), 
+
+
+(8) Ovid, Book VI. 1 . 310. 
+
+(9) The ftatue of Nile in the Tuilleries at'Paris, has fourteen 
+children placed by it, to denote thefe cubits. 
+
+(1) Ovid, Book I. 1 . 556. 
+
+■- K ra fp in s ai em P*y P rai f e 
+
+He finatched at Law, andfilled his arms 'with bays. Waller.. 
+
+* 
+
+whofe 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 65 
+
+\vhofe leaves Apollo immediately confecrated to bind his 
+[ temples, and made that tree the reward of poetry. 
+
+The nymph Bolma, rather than yield to his fait, threw 
+l berfelf into the fea, for which he rendered her immortal: 
+
+| nor was he much more fuccefsful in his courtfhip of the 
+[ nymph Caftalia, who vanifhed from him in the form of 
+; a fountain, which was afterwards facrtd to the mufes (2). 
+He debauched Leucothoe, daughter of Orchanus, king of 
+Babylon, in the fhape of her mother Eurynome. Clytia, 
+her lifter, jealous of her happinefs, difcovered the amour 
+to their father, who ordered Leucothoe to be buried a- 
+live. Her lover, in pity to her fate, poured neftar on the 
+grave, which turned the body into the tree which weeps 
+the gum called frankincenfe. He then abandoned Clytia, 
+vsho pined away, continually looking on the fun, till fhe 
+became the Heliotrope or fun flower (3). 
+
+Of the children of Apollo, we fhall fpeak more at large 
+in the following fediion 
+
+o > 
+
+Apollo had a great variety of names, either taken from 
+his principal attributes, or the chief places where he was 
+worfhipped. He was called the Healer, from his enliven¬ 
+ing warmth and cheering influence, and Paean (4), from 
+the peftilential heats; to fignify the former, the antients 
+placed the graces in his right hand, and for the latter a 
+bow and arrows in his left ; Norr.ius, or the fhepherd, 
+from his fertilizing the earth,: and thence fuftaining the 
+animal creation;, Delius (5), from his rendering all things 
+irtanifeft ; Pythias, from his vidtory over Python; Lycius, 
+Phcebus. and Phaneta, from his purity and fplendor. 
+
+The principal places where he was worfhipped were 
+Chryfus, Tenedos, Smyntha, Cylla, Cyrrha, Patrcea, 
+Claros, Cynthius, Abaea, a city in Lycia, at Miletus, 
+and amongft the Masonians, from all which places he 
+was denominated. He had an oracle and temple at 
+Tegyra, near which were two temarkable fountains. 
+
+
+(2) Thence called Caftalian lifters. 
+
+(3) Ovid, Book IV. 1 . 205. 
+
+1 4 ) ’A«-o t 5 fTx'.i.v 
+
+(5) ’A To rj A Aa TTUllTCi 710 IW, 
+
+
+called 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+called the Palm and the Olive, on account of the fvveet. 
+nefs and tranfparency of the water. He had aK oracle at 
+Delos, for fix months in the fumtner feafon, which for 
+the reft of the year was removed to Patara in Lycia, 
+and thefe removals were made with great folemnity. But 
+his moft celebrated temple was at Delphos, the original 
+of which was thus: Apollo being inftru&ed in the art 
+of divination by Pan, the fon of Jupiter, and the nymph 
+Thymbris, went to this o/acle, where at that time The¬ 
+mis gave her anfwers ; but the ferpent Python hinder¬ 
+ing him from approaching the oracle, he flew him, 
+and fo took pofieftion of it. His temple, here, in pro. 
+e'efs of time, became fo frequented^ that, it was called 
+the oracle of the earth, and all the nations and princes 
+
+in the world vied with each other in their munificence, 
+
+• 1 * 1 
+
+to it. Cfcefus, king of Lyciia, gave at one time a thou-, 
+fand talents of gold to make an altar there, befides pre- 
+fents of immenfe value at other times. Phalaris., the tyrant 
+of Agrigentum, prefented it a brazen bull, a mafter-piece 
+of art. The refponfes here were delivered by a virgin 
+prieftefs (6) called Pythia, or Phceb’as, placed on a tripos 
+(7) or ftool with three feet, called alfo cortina, from, the 
+fkin of the Python with which it was covered. It is. 
+uncertain after what manner thefe oracles were delivered,, 
+though Cicero fuppofes the Pithonefs was infpired, or ra¬ 
+ther intoxicated by certain vapours which afeended from 
+the cave. In Italy, Apollo had a celebrated fhrine at 
+mount Soradte, where .his priefts were fo remarkable 
+for fanttity, that they could walk on burning coals. un¬ 
+hurt. The Romans eredled to him many temples. Af¬ 
+ter the. battle of Aftium, w'bich decided’the fate of the 
+world, and fecured the empire to Auguflqs, this prince 
+not only built him a chapel on that promontory, and 
+renewed the folemn games to him, but foon after railed 
+a moft magnificent temple to him on mount Palatine in 
+Rome, the whole of Clarian marble. The gates were 
+
+
+(6) Some fay that the Pythonefs being once debauched, the ora¬ 
+cles were afterwards delivered by an olclwoman in the drefs of a 
+young maid. 
+
+(7) Authors vary as to the tripos, fome making it a velfel in 
+
+which the prieftefs bathed. 
+
+or 
+
+
+
+I ! THE HEATHEN G O D S. 67 
+
+% 
+
+of ivory exquifirely carved, and over the frontifpeice were 
+the folar chariot and horfes of mafly gold. The portico 
+contained a noblejibrary of (he Greek and Latin authors. 
+Within, the place was decorated with noble paintings, and 
+a ftatue of the god by the famous Scopas, attended by a 
+gigantic figure in brafs fifty feet high. In the area were 
+four brazen cows, reprefenting the daughters of Praetus, 
+Iking of the Argives, who were charged into that form for 
+I prefuming to lival Juno in beauty. 7 hefe flatues were 
+
+| wrought by Myron. 
+
+[ The ufual facrifices to Apollo, were lambs, bulls, and 
+[ oxen. The animals facred to.him were the wolf, from his 
+| acutenefs of fight; the crow from her augury, or foretelling 
+[the weather; the fwan, from its divining its own death; 
+[thehawk, from its boldnefs in flight ; and the cock, from 
+! its foretelling his rife. The grafhopper was alfo reckoned 
+[agreeable to him on account of its mufic. Of trees, the 
+[laurel, palm, olive and juniper, were mofl: in efteem with 
+[him. All young men, when their beards grew, confecrat- 
+| cd their locks in his temple, as the virgins did theirs in the 
+| temple of Diana. ' 
+
+The four great attributes of Apollo were divination , 
+
+! healing , jnufic, and archery ; all which manifeftly refer to 
+the fun. Light difpelling darknefs is a ftrong emblem of 
+truth diflipating ignorance; what conduces more to life 
+and health than the folar warmth, or can there be a jufter 
+fymbol of the planetary harmony than Apollo’s (7) lyre? 
+As his darts are Did to have deftroyed the monfter Python, 
+fo his rays dry up the noxious nioifture, which is perni¬ 
+cious to vegetation and fruitfulnefs. 
+
+The Perfians, who had a high veneration for this planet, 
+adored it, and the light proceeding from it, by the names 
+of Mirhra and Orofmanes ; the Egyptians by thofe of Ofi- 
+ris and Orus ; .and from their antiquities, let us now feek 
+fume iiluflration of the birth and adventures of Apollo. 
+
+The Ifis which pointed out the neomenia , or monthly 
+kftival, before their annual inundation, was the fyrn- 
+
+
+
+(7) The fevers 
+
+planets. 
+
+
+firings of which are faid to reprefent the feven. 
+
+
+bolicai 
+
+
+
+68 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+bolicai figure of a creature with the upper part of a 
+woman, and the hinder of a lizard, placed in a reclining 
+pofture. This they called Leto (8 , and ufed it to fignity 
+to the people the neceflity of laying in the provifions of 
+olives, patched corn, and fuch other kinds of dry food, 
+for their fubflflence, during the flood. Now when the 
+waters of the Nile decreafed time enough to allow them a 
+month, before the entrance of the fun into Sagittarius, 
+the Egyptian farmer was fure of leifure enough to survey 
+and fow his ground, and of remaining in abfolute fecurity 
+till harveft. This conqueft of the Nile was reprefented by 
+an Orus, or image, armed with arrows, and fubduing 
+the monfler Python. This they called Ores (9), or 
+
+
+the monfler Python. This they called Ores (9), or 
+Apollo (1). The figure of Ifis above-mentioned, they 
+alio Ailed Deione, or Diana (2), and they put in her hand 
+the quail, a bird which with them was the emblem of 
+fecurity (3). 
+
+Thefe emblems, carried by the Phoenicians into Greece, 
+gave rife to all the fable of Latona perfecuted by the Python, 
+and flying to Delos in the form of a quail, where fhe 
+bore Orus and Dione, or Apollo and Diana. Thus (as on 
+former occafions) the hieroglyphicks only defigned to point 
+out the regular feftivals r and to inftrudt the people in what 
+they were to do, became in the end the obje&s of a fenfe> 
+lefs and grofs idolatry. 
+
+When Tyre was befieged by Alexander, the citizens 
+bound the flame of Apollo with chains of gold ; but 
+when that conqueror took the place, he releafed the 
+diety, who thence obtained the name of Philalexandrus, 
+or the friend of Alexander. At Rhodes, where he was 
+wnrfhinnpH in a nec.uliar manner, there was a col offal 
+
+
+the citizens 
+gold ; but 
+releafed the 
+
+
+worfhipped in 
+
+
+peculiar manner, there was 
+
+
+image of him at the mouth of the harbour feventy cubits 
+high (4). 
+
+
+(1) 
+
+8J 
+
+hence 
+
+Salus 
+
+
+From Leto, orLetoah, a lizard. * 
+
+From Horesi adeftroyer or waiter. 
+
+Apollo figmfies the fame. 
+
+From Dei, fufficiency, comes Deione, abundance 
+Selave in the Phasnician fignifies fecurity, as alfoaquair? 
+
+they ufed'the quail to figniry the thing. The Latin words 
+and Salvo are derived from hence. 
+
+
+(4) 'Wefliall fpeak of this hereafter. 
+
+
+• > 
+
+Phoebus 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+I THE HEATHEN GODS. 69 
+
+| phcebus (5) was very differently reprefented in different 
+[countries arid times, according to the character he affum- 
+'ed. To depidt the folar light, the Perfians ufed a figure 
+with the head of a lion covered wiih a Tiara, in the Per- 
+fian garb, arid holding a mad bull by the horns, a fym- 
+bol plainly of Egyptian original. The latter people ex- 
+prefied him fometimes by a circle with rays j at other 
+times by a fceptre with an eye over it; but their great em- 
+Iblem of the folar light, as difiinguifhed from the orb 
+itfelf, was the golden feraph, or fiery flying ferpent (6). 
+The Hicropolitans {hewed him with a pointed beard, 
+thereby exprefling the ftrong emifflon of his rays down¬ 
+ward ; over his head was a bafket of gold, reprefenting 
+the ethereal light: he had a breafl-plate on, and in his 
+right-hand held a fpear, on the f'ummit of which flood 
+the image of victory (fo that Mars is but one of his at¬ 
+tributes ); this befpoke him irrefiftable and ruling all 
+things: in his left hand was a flower, intimating the ve¬ 
+getable creation nouriflied, matured, and continued by his 
+beams; around his fhou’ders he wore avert, depidted with 
+gorgons and fnakes ; this takes in Minerva, and by it is 
+exprefled the virtue and vigour of the folar warmth, en¬ 
+livening the apprehenfion and promoting wifdom ; whence 
+alfo he is with great propriety the prefident of the mufes : 
+clots by were the expanded wings of the eagle, repre¬ 
+fenting the aether,-ftretched. out from him as from its pro¬ 
+per center : at his feet were three female figures encircled 
+by a feraph, that in the midrt being the emblem of the 
+earth rifing in beauty from the midft of nature and confu¬ 
+sion (the other two) by the emanation of his lights ftgni- 
+fitd by the feraph or dragon. 
+
+Under the character of the fun, Apollo was depidled 
+in a chariot drawn by four horfes, whole names the 
+poets have taken care to give us as well as thofe of 
+Pluto. The poets feigned each night that he went to 
+rert with Thetis in the ocean, and that the next morn¬ 
+ing the Hours got ready his horfes for him to renew his 
+
+
+
+(5) From Pheob, the fource, and ob the overflowing, or the 
+fource of the inundation , the Egyptians exprefling the annual ex - 
+cels of the Nile by a fun, with a river proceeding from its mouth. 
+'( 6 ) Vide Macrob, Saturn. 1 . 1, c. 17. 
+
+courfe. 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+;o FABULOUS HISTORY, OF 
+
+I 
+
+courfe, (fee Cambray’s Telemaqne for a picture) and un¬ 
+barred the gates of day.-' It is no wonder they have 
+been Javifh on a fubjedt, which affords fuch extenfive 
+room for the imagination to difplay itfelf, as the beauties 
+- of the fun-riling. When reprefented as Liber Pater (7), 
+he bore,a fhield to fhew his protection of mankind. At 
+other times he was drawn as a beardlefs youth, his locks 
+. - difhevelied, and crowned with laurel,'holding a bow in 
+his right hand with his arrows, and the lyre in his left. 
+The palace of the Sun has been admirably defcribed by 
+, Ovid, as well as his carr, in the fecond book of his Me* 
+tamorphofis. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXX. 
+
+* 
+
+; Of the Sons or Offspring of Apollo, ^Esculapius, 
+
+Phaeton, Orpheus, Idmon, Arist^us, &c. 
+
+A S Apollo was a very gallant deity, fo he had a very 
+
+numerous iffue, of which it is neceffary to give 
+fome account, as,they make a confiderable figure in poe¬ 
+tical hiftory. The firft and -molt noted of his fons was 
+.^fculapius, whom he had by the nymph Coronis. Some 
+fay that Apollo fhot his mother, when big with child of 
+him, on account of her infidelity ; but repenting the fad 
+faved the infant, and gave him to Chiron to be inftruc- 
+ted (8) in phyfic. Others report, that as King Phiegyas, 
+her father, was carrying her with him into Pelopormefus, 
+her pains furprifed her on the confines of Epidauria, 
+where, to conceal her fhame, fhe expofed the infant on a 
+mountain. However this be, under the care of this new 
+mafter he made fuch a progrefs in the medical art, as. 
+gained him a high reputation ; fo that he was even re¬ 
+ported to have raifed the dead. His firfl cures were 
+wrought upon Afcles, king of Epidaurus, and Aunes, 
+
+. ^ 
+
+(7) Virgil gives him this name in his firft Georgic. 
+
+- Ftos, O clarijjima ?nundi 
+
+Ltonina, labentem c<zlo qui ducitis annum T 
+Liber & alma Ceres . 
+
+( 8 ) Ovid, who relates the ftory of Coronis liis fanciful way, 
+tells us that Gorvus, or the raven, who difeovered her amour, had, 
+by Apollo, his feathers changed from black to white. 
+
+king 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 71 
+
+
+king of Daunia, which laft was troubled with fore 
+eye3< in ill or t, his fuccefs was fo great, that Pluto, 
+who* faw the number of his ghofts daily decreafe, com¬ 
+plained to Jupiter, who killed him with his thunder- 
+
+bolts# 
+
+Cicero reckons up three of his name. The firft the 
+fon of Apollo, worfhipped in Arcadia, who invented the 
+probe and bandages for wounds ; the fecond the brother 
+of Mercury, killed by lightening ; and the third the fon 
+©f Aifippus and Arfione, who firft taught the art of 
+tooth-drawing and purging. Others make iEfculapius, 
+an Egyptian, king of Memphis, antecedent by a tbou- 
+fatul "years to the iEfculapius of the Greeks. The Ro¬ 
+mans numbered him amongft the Dii Adfcititii, of fuch 
+
+
+as were 
+
+
+raifed to heaven by their merit, as Hercules, 
+
+
+Caftorand Pollux, &c. 
+
+The Greeks received their knowledge of iEfculapius 
+from the Phasnicians and Egyptians.. His chief temples 
+were at Pergamus, Smyrna, at Trica, a city of Ionia, 
+and the ifle of Coos ; in all which, votive tablets were 
+hung up '9), fhewing the difeafes cured by his affiftance ; 
+but his moll famous ihrine was at Epidaurus, where every 
+five years in the fpring, folemn games were irrftituted to 
+him nine days after .the Ifthmian games at Corinth. 
+
+The Romans grew acquainted with him by ah accident; 
+a plague happened in Italy, the oracle was confulted, and 
+the reply was, that they fhould fetch the god yEfculapius 
+from Epidaurus. An embafiy was appointed of ten 
+lenafors, at the head of whom was Ogulnius. Thefe 
+deputies, on their arrival, vifiting the temple of the god, 
+a huge lerpent came from under the altar, and crofting 
+the city, went dire&ly to their fhrp, and lay down in the 
+cabin of Ogulnius; upon which they fet fail immediately, 
+and arriving in the Tiber, the ferpent quitted the Ihip, 
+and retired to a little ifland oppofite the city, where a 
+temple was eredted to the god and the peftilence ceaTed. ' 
+
+
+(9) From thefe tablets or votive infcriptions, Hippocrates is faid 
+
+to have collected his aphorifms„ 
+
+» * 
+
+% 
+
+* 
+
+/ 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+72 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+The animals facrificed to yEfculapius were the goat; 
+fome fay , on account of her nujfing him; others, be. 
+caufe this creature is unhealthy, as labouring under a 
+perpetual fever. The dog and the cock were facred to 
+him, on account of their fidelity and vigilance. The 
+raven was alfo devoted to him for its forecafi, and being 
+(killed in divination. Authors are not agreed as to his 
+being the inventor of phyfie, fome affirming he only 
+perfe&ed that part which relates to the regimen of the 
+fick. 
+
+Let us now feek for the origin of this fable. The 
+public fign or fymbol expofed by the Egyptians in their 
+aflemblies, to warn the people to mark the depth of the 
+inundation, in order to regulate their ploughing accord¬ 
+ingly, was the figure of a man with a dog’s head car¬ 
+rying a pole with ferpents twifted round it, to which 
+they gave the names of Anubis(t), Thaaut (2), and 
+culapius {3). In procefs of time they made ufe of this 
+reprefentation for a real king, who, by the ftudy of 
+phyfie, fought the prefervarion of his ftibje&s. Thus 
+the dog and the ferprnts became the chara&erifticks of 
+./Efculapius amongft the Romans and Greeks, Who were 
+entirely firangers to the original meaning of thefe lhe- 
+roglyphtcks. 
+
+•iSfculapius had, by his wife Epione, two Tons, Mschaon 
+and Podalirius, both {killed in furgery, and who are men¬ 
+tioned by Homer as preTent at the fiege of Troy, and were 
+very ferviceable to the Greeks. He had alfo two daughters, 
+called Hyg'cea and Jafo. 
+
+This deity is reprefen ted in different attitudes. At 
+Epidaurus his ftatue was of gold and ivory (4), feared 
+on a throne of the fame materials, his head crooned 
+with rays, and a long beard, having a knotty flick in 
+one hand, the other entwined with a ferpent, and a dog 
+lying at his feet. The Phliafians depicted him as beard- 
+
+
+(i)' From Hannobeach, which in Phoenician fignifies the barker 
+or warner, Anubis. ' 
+
+(z) The word Tayant, fignifies the dog. 
+
+(3) From Aith, man, and Caleph, dog, comes Aifcaleph, the 
+
+mandpg, or JEfculapius. . , 
+
+(4) This image was the work of Thrafymedes, the fon of Arig- 
+notus, a native of Paros. 
+
+lefs} 
+
+
+the heathen god 
+
+
+s. 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+mene. 
+ter and 
+
+
+[efs; and the Romans crowned him with laurel, to de- 
+note* his defcent from Apollo. The knots in his fhff 
+fignit/ the difficulties that occur in the ftudy of me¬ 
+dicine. 
+
+Phaeton was the fon of Apollo and the nymph Cly- 
+
+Having a difpute with Epaphus, the fon of Jupi- 
+lo, the latter upbraided him, that he was not 
+really the fon of his father, and that his mother only 
+made ufe of that pretence to cover her infamy. The 
+youth fired at this reproach, by his mother’s advice, car¬ 
+ried his complaint to his father Phcebus, who received 
+him with great tendernefs, and, to allay his difquietude, 
+fwore by Styx to grant him whatever he requefted, as a 
+mark of his acknowledging him for his fon. Phaeton 
+boldly afked the diredlion of the folar chariot for one day. 
+The father at once grieved and furprized at the demand. 
+
+
+ufed all 
+
+
+arguments 
+
+
+in vain to diffuade him ’ from the 
+
+
+[attempt ; but being by his oath reduced to fubmit to his 
+obftinacy, he 
+tions he could 
+
+
+gave 
+
+how 
+
+
+him the 
+
+
+with the belt direc. 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+reins, 
+
+ufe them. The ambition of our 
+
+
+young adventurer was too fatal to himlelf. Pie loft his 
+judgment and way together; and Jupiter, to prevent 
+his letting the world on fire, was obliged with his thunder¬ 
+bolts to hurl him from his feat into the river Eridanus or 
+he Po 
+
+amented his lofs fo incefiantly upon 
+he gods changed them into black 
+
+
+His filters Phaethufa, Lampetia, and Phcsbe, 
+
+the banks, that 
+
+
+igtiria, no 
+
+
+Cycnus, king of 
+
+
+changed them into black poplar trees, vvhofe 
+nice produces the eledtrum or amber. 
+
+lefs grieved for his lofs,- was changed 
+fwan, a bird which became after facred to Apollo, 
+'his 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+ingenious conjecture, with. 
+Linen-cloth was the great 
+
+
+ftory makes a very confiderable figure in Ovid (5). 
+ivho has out-done himfelf on this fubjedt. 
+
+A late author offers an 
+egard to this fable (6). 
+
+anufadture of Egypt, and the bleaching of it confe- 
+jjUtndy of great importance. The image expofed for 
+ireding this, was a youth with rays round his head, 
+nd a whip in his hand, feated on an orb, to which they 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+(5) Ovid Metamorph. lib. II. in principio 
+
+(6) LaPiuche hift. de Cieux. 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+gavg 
+
+
+
+74 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+gave the name of Phaeton (7), and Ben-Climmah (8) 
+Probably the months of May, June, and July, wen 
+the three fillers of Phaeton, becaufe during thpfe month; 
+they wallied their linen vvhi e ; of which Cygnus, 01 
+the fwan, the friend of Phaeton, is a further lyrnbol, 
+Now as the word Albanoth, applied to thefe months 
+(9), fignifies alfo poplar trees, it gave rife to this meta- 
+morphofis. 
+
+Orpheus was the fon of Phcebus, by the mufe Cal* 
+liope (1). He was born in Thrace, and rtfided near 
+mount Rhodope, where he married Eurydice, a prin• 
+cefs of that country. Arifteus, a neighbouring piince, 
+who fell in love with her, attempted to furprize her, 
+and in her flight, to efcdpe his violence, the was killed 
+by the bite of a ferpent. Her difconfolate hufband was 
+fo affedted at his lofs, that he defcended by the way of 
+Taenarus to hell, in order to recover her. As mufic- 
+
+
+poeiry 
+
+
+to him hereditary talents, he exerted 
+
+
+them in lo powerful a manner, that Pluto and Profer- 
+pine were fo far touched,- as to refiore him his beloved 
+-confOrt on one condition, that he Ihould not look back 
+on her, till they came to the light of the world. His im 
+patient fondnefs made him break this article, and he 
+loft her for ever. Grieved at her lofs, he retired to the 
+woodc and forefts, which it is faid were fenfible of his 
+harmony (2). But the Maenades or Baccbre, either in- 
+cenled at his vowing a widowed life, or, as others fay, 
+inftigated by Bacchus, whofe worfhip he negle&ed (3), 
+tore him in pieces, and fcattered his limbs about the 
+fields, which were colle&ed and buried by the Mufes. 
+His head and harp, which were call into the Hebrus, 
+
+
+
+(7) From Pha the month, and Eton linen, is made 1 lueton, 
+
+that is, the indi&ion of the linen works. f 
+
+(8) Ben-Climmah , the ion of hot weather. Hence the ltoij 
+
+Phaeton’s burning the world. . ... rmi, 
+
+(9) Albanoth, or Lebanoth, fignifies the whitening nel 
+
+yards for bleaching. . .. 
+
+(x) Some make him the fon of Oeagnis and Calliope. 
+
+(2) OvidMetam. lib. XI. inprincipio. • 
+
+(A Others fay by Venus, on account of his defpifmg her , 
+and that the nymphs, excited by her, tore him in pieces in a 
+
+_gling who Ihould have him. 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATH 
+
+
+GODS. 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+were canied to Lefbos, and the former interred there. 
+His harp was trardported to the fkies, where it forms one 
+of the confiellations. He himfelf was changed into a 
+fwan, and left a fon called Methon, who founded in 
+Thrace a city of his own name. Ovid has given us this 
+whole ftory (4) ; but contrary to his ufual method, has 
+broke the thread of it by interfperfing it in different part3 
+of his work. 
+
+Jt is certain that Orpheus may be placed as “he earlieft 
+poet of Greece, where he firft introduced aflronomy , divi¬ 
+nity, mujic , and .poetry^ all which he had learned in Egypt. 
+He wrote many volumes in natural philofophy and anti- 
+quines (5), of which only a few im per fed fragments have 
+efcaped the rage of time. In his book of ftones he fays 
+
+
+ft'P 
+
+
+under ft and the flight 
+rfe of rivers, overcame the pcifa 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+( 6 ). 
+
+
+of ft 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Let us feek the origin of this fable once more in 
+Egypt, the mother country of hdion. In July, when 
+the fun entered Leo, the Nile oveificued all the plains. 
+To denote the public joy at feeing the inundation rife 
+to its due height, they exhibited a youth playing on the 
+lyre or fiftium, and fitting by a tame lion. When the 
+
+
+waters did not increafe as they Ihould, this Horus was 
+
+
+eprefented ftretched on 
+
+
+back 
+
+
+
+a lion as dead. 
+
+
+his fymbol they called Oreph or Orpheus (7*, to 
+ignify that agriculture was then quite unreafonable and 
+
+
+'oi'mant. The fongs 
+
+
+amufed themfelves with at 
+
+
+his dull feafon, for want of exercife, were called the 
+
+
+'yams of Orpheus; and 
+lately after, it gave rife to 
+wning from hell. The 
+
+
+hufbandry revived irarae? 
+
+
+fable 
+
+
+Orpheus 
+
+
+re¬ 
+
+
+placed near this Horus, 
+
+
+(4) In his Xth and Xlth books. 
+
+.(5) He wrote a book of hymns, and treat ifes on the generation 
+trie elements $ on the giants war ; on the rape of Prol’erpine ; on 
+
+: labours of Hercules; of ftones; on the rites and myfteries of 
+, gyptians, 
+
+6 ) 1 his probably gave rife to the fable of his making rocks 
+lor efts move to his lyre. 
+
+(7) From Oreph, occiput, or the back part of the head. 
+
+
+E 2 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+
+7 r 6 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+they called Eurydice (8), and as the Greeks took all the! 
+figures in the- literal and not the emblematical fenfe, iht 
+made Eurydice the wile of Orpheus. 
+
+Idraon was the fon of Apollo by Afteria, and amende 
+the Argonauts in their expedition to Colchis, being fam 
+ed for his fkill in augury 5 but wandering from his com 
+,panions, as they occasionally landed, he was killed by 
+wild boar. 
+
+1 % 
+
+Another of the children of Apollo was Linus, v/hon 
+•he had by the nymph Terpfichore. He was born at Thebes 
+and eminent, for learning, if it be true that Thamyri' 
+Orpheus, and Hercules, were all his fcholars. Somefjj 
+he was flain by the latter for ridiculing him ; but if Or 
+pheus, (as others affirm) lived a hundred years before 
+Hercules, it is rather probable that Linus was the difciple 
+of Orpheus. However this be, Linus wrote on the origin 
+of the world, the courfts of the fun and moon, and the 
+produ&ion of animals. 
+
+After all, Linus was only a fymbol of the Egyptians, 
+•which the Greeks, according to coftom, perfonated. Ai 
+the end of autumn or harveft, the Egyptians fell to their 
+Slight-work, of making linen-cloth (9), and the figure 
+then expofed was called Linus (t), and denoted the fit* 
+ting up or watching during the night. 
+
+Ariftaeus was the fon of Apollo, by Cyrene, a virgin nymph, 
+who ufed to accompany him in hunting, and whom fit 
+fifft fell in love with on feeing her'encounter a lion, 
+was born in Lybia, He received his education from lit 
+nymphs, who taught himtoextradt oil from olives, am 
+to make honey, cheefe and butter ; all which artshecora 
+municated to mankind. On this account he was r eg an 
+ed as a rural deity. From Africa he paffed into Sard® 
+and Sicily, from whence he travelled into Thrace, wk 
+Bacchus initiated him in his myfteries. We have alreac] 
+mentioned how his. paffion occasioned the death of Ew 
+dice, to revenge which the wood-nymphs deftroyedf 
+
+
+► ^ j 
+
+(S) From Eri,. a lion, and Daca, tamed, is formed End* 
+Eurydice, or the lion tamed, i. e. the violence or rage of the’ 
+•imdation overcome. 
+
+(9) This was their chief manufafture. . , , 
+
+(1) Linus, from Lyn, to watch, whence our word linen;^ 
+the work* for the time of doing it. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+T H E HEATH E-N GODS. 
+
+
+77 - 
+
+
+bee- hives. Concerned at this lofs, he advifed with his mother, 
+and was told by the oracle to faciifice bulls to appeafe 
+her fhale; which council following, the bees which 
+
+
+•4 • ■* W 
+
+He died near mount Hsemus, and 
+
+
+itlucd from the carcafles fully fupplied the damages he 
+
+had fuftained (2). 
+was deified on account of the fei vices he had done to- 
+
+mankind by his ufeful inventions. He was alfo honour¬ 
+ed in the ifle of Coos, for his calling the Etefian winds to- 
+relieve them in an exceftive time of heat. Herodotus- 
+fays, that he appeared at Cyzicum after his death, and 
+three hundred and forty years after, was feen in Italy 
+
+inhabitants to 
+
+
+at Metapontum,. 
+ereft a iLtoe to him near 
+
+
+where he injoined the 
+
+of Apollo; which-, on 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+confuting the oracle,, they performed,. 
+
+Circe was the daughter of Phcebus, by Perfis the child 
+of Ocean us, and a celebrated forcerefs. Her firft huf- 
+band was a king of the Sarmatae, whom fhe poifoned, for 
+which flte was expelled the kingdom, and fled to a pro¬ 
+montory on the coaft of Tufcany, which afterwards took 
+her name. Here fhe fell in love with Glaucus, one of 
+the fea deities, who preferring Scylla to her, fhe changed 
+her into a fea monfter. Picus, king of the Latins, her 
+next favourite, for rejecting her addrefles, was meta- 
+morphofed into a woodpecker. 
+
+The moft remarkable of Circe’s adventures, was with* 
+Ulyffes. This prince returning from Troy, was call away 
+on her coaft, and his men, by a drink fhe gave them, 
+were transformed to fvvine, and other beafts. Ulyffes was- 
+preferved by Mercury, who gave him the herb moly, to- 
+fecure him from her ir.chantments, and inftru&ed him, 
+wlien fhe attempted to touch him with her wand, to 
+draw his fivord, and make her fwear by Styx, fhe would 
+ufe him as a friend, orherwife he would kill her. By- 
+this means, lie procured the liberty of his companions, 
+and continued a year with Circe, who bore him two chil¬ 
+
+
+dren, viz. 
+
+
+Agrius and Latinus. 
+
+
+Circe had a fepulchre 
+
+
+m one of the ifles, called Pharmacufas, near Salamis. 
+Circe was no other than the Egyptian Ifis, whofe 
+
+
+* 
+
+(a) Virgil has introduced this ftory with great elegance and 
+propriety,. in his IVthGeorgic, 1 . 314. 
+
+
+E- 3- 
+
+
+HoruSi 
+
+
+
+7 8 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Hcrus, or attending image, every month adorning fom t 
+different form, as a human body, with the heads of 
+a lion, dog, ferpent, or toitoife, which gave rile 10 the 
+fable of her changing men by her inchantunnis into tilde 
+animals. Hence the Egyptians gave her the name of 
+-Ciice, which fignifus the Enigma. 
+
+Apollo had many-other children. .ZEthufa the daugh¬ 
+ter of Neptune bore him Elutherus. liy Evadne he had 
+Janus; by Atria, Miletus, Oaxes and Arabus, who gave 
+his name to Arabia; by Melia, he had Jfmenious and 1 's. 
+narus; by Aglaia, Theftor ; by Manto, Mopfus ; by Ana- 
+thrippe, Chius; by Achalide, he had Delphus, and ma¬ 
+ny others too tedious too enumerate. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXXI. 
+
+Of the Muses, and Pegasus, the Graces, and the 
+
+Syrens. 
+
+T HESE celebrated godddfes, the Mufes, were the 
+
+daughters, of Jupiter and Mnemofyne, though 
+
+fome think them born of Ccelus. Their number at firll 
+
+* • * * « . • 
+
+was only three or four (3), but Homer and Hefiod have 
+fixed it at nine (4), which it has never fince exceeded. 
+They were born on mount Pierus, and educated by the 
+nymph Eupheme. ~ 
+
+They had many appellations common to them all, as 
+Pierides from the place of their birth; Heliconides, from 
+mount Helicon in Bteotia ; Parnailides, from the hill of 
+
+• 9 
+
+TarnafTus in Phocis ; Citherides from mount Citheron, a 
+place they much frequented ; Aonides, from Aonia; 
+Hippocranides, Agannipides, and Caftalides, from differ-, 
+ent fountains confecrated to them, or to which they were 
+fuppcfed to refort. 
+
+
+(3) Mneme, Aede, Melete, that is, Memory, Singing, and Me¬ 
+ditation, to which fome add Thelexiope. 
+
+(4) Some affign as a reafon for this, that when the citizens d 
+Sicyon directed three flcilfui Statuaries, to make each three ltauies 
+of the three Mufes, they were all fo well executed, that they die 
+not know which to chufe, but erefbed all the nine, and that Hciiod 
+enly gave them names. 
+
+" ' In 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+l 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+In general they were the 
+
+cred ftftivals and banqne»s, 
+
+They fupported virtue in diftrefs, 
+
+Homer calls 
+
+
+tutelar goddefles of all 
+and the patronefles of 
+
+
+79 
+
+fa- 
+
+
+j,elite and ufeful arts 
+
+and preferred worthy a&ions from oblivion, 
+them the mUlreflcs and correCtreffes of manners (5). 
+With regard to the fciences, thefe fillers had each their 
+particular province or department, though poetry feemed 
+more immediately under their united proteftion. 
+
+Calliope (Co- called from the fvveetnefs of her voice) 
+prefided over rhetoric, and was reckoned the fir ft of J;he 
+nine fillers. 
+
+Clio, the fecond (6), was the Mufe of hiftory, and 
+
+
+takes her 
+records. 
+
+
+immortalizing 
+
+
+Erato {7), was the patronefs of elegiac, or amorous 
+poetry, and the inventrefs of dancing. To Thalia (8 
+belonged comedy, and whatever was gay, amiable, and 
+
+
+pleafant. 
+
+
+terpe, (named from her love of harmony) 
+
+
+from the dignity and excellency 
+
+of lyric and epic 
+
+
+Mufe 
+
+
+had the care of tragedy. 
+
+Melpomene, (fo ftiled 
+of her fong) was the £ 
+poetry (9). 
+
+Terpfichore was the proteftrefs of mufic, particularly 
+the flute (1). The chorus of the antient drama was her 
+province, to which fome add logic. 
+
+To Polyhymnia' (2), belonged that harmony of voice 
+and geflure, which gives a perfection to oratory and po¬ 
+etry, and which flows from juft fentiments and a good 
+
+
+memory, 
+
+Urania was the Mufe 
+
+
+whofe care extended to all di¬ 
+
+
+vine or celeflial fubjeCls, luch as the hymns in praife of 
+
+
+t 
+
+(5) Hence old bards and poets were in fuch high efteem, that 
+when Agamemnon went to the fiege of Troy, he left one with 
+Clytenineftra, to keep her faithful, and Egifthus could not corrupt 
+her, till he had deftroyed this Counlellcr. 
+
+(6) From KGlory (7), from Love (8), from 6 i * 3 
+
+toflourifh or revive (9), from [a,sao. kcIav, to make a concert oxr 
+lymphony. 
+
+(0 v von; to delight in choruies. 
+
+(2) From 7 To?\'j- and p.yux a great memory, 
+
+E 4 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+So FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+the gods, the motions of the heavenly bodies, and what¬ 
+ever regarded phdofophy or aflroriomy (3). 
+
+The Mufes though (aid to be virgins, were no ene¬ 
+mies to love (4). We have already taken nonce or 
+Call iope and Terp-fichore yielding to the addrefl'es of 
+.Apollo. Jf their complaifance was fblcly owing to the 
+refentrnent of Venus, who infpired the flumes of love, 
+to revenge the death of her favourite Adonis ; it triad be 
+
+owned that the Mufes have fince been fufficiently devoted 
+to her fervice. 
+
+The Mufes, were themfelves not wholly fiee from re¬ 
+venge, as appears in the Rory of Thamyris." This per* 
+fon was the (on of Philammon, and the nymph Agtiopa, 
+and borivat Oderfae, once a famous city of Thrace, He 
+became fo excellent a proficient in mufic, that he had the 
+courag-e, or vanity, to contend (5) with the Mufes; but 
+being overcome they not only pnpifhed him with the 
+lofs of fight and memory, but caufed Jupiter to calf him 
+.into hell, to expiate his impiety. 
+
+The Mufes were represented crowned with flowers, 
+or wreaths of palm, each holding fome inftrument or 
+token of the feiepce or art over which fhe prefided. They 
+were depicted as young, and the bird facred to them was 
+the fwan (6 
+
+To trace the origin of thefe fabulous deities, it is 
+neceffary to obferve, that the nine emblematical figures, 
+which were exhibited amongft the Egyptians, to denote 
+the nine months, during which that country was freed 
+from the inundation, had each fome inftrument, or lym> 
+bol, peculiar to the bufinefs of the months, as a pair 
+of compafles, a fltpte, a mafk, a trumpet, &c. All thefe 
+images were purely hitroglyphical, to point out to the 
+people what they were to do, and to afceFtain their .ufe,. 
+
+
+(3) From Heaven. 
+
+(4) The virginity or chaftity of the Mufes, is a point dilputed 
+by the antient writers, though the majority inclines in their favour. 
+
+(5) Thamyris wrote a poem on the wars of the gods with the 
+Titans, which exceeded every thing that appeared or the kind be¬ 
+fore. 
+
+(6) Perhaps becaufe it was confecrated to their mailer Apollo. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+
+THE HEAT H'E N GOD S, 
+
+
+81 
+
+
+they were called the nine Mufes (7). The Greeks, who 
+adopted this groupeof emblems as fo many real divinities* 
+took care to give each a particular name, fuired to rhe- 
+inflruments they bore, and which threw a new difguife 
+
+
+ov 
+
+
+er the truth. 
+
+
+The Graces are alfo attendants of the Mufes, though 
+placed in the train of Venus (8). Some make them the 
+daughter of Jupiter and Eurynome, others of Bacchus 
+and Venus. They were three, Aglaia, Thalia and 
+| Euphrofyne, names relative to their nature (9), The 
+Lacedemonians and Athenians knew but two, to whom. 
+| they gave different appellations (1). Eteoclts, king of 
+| the Orcbomenians, was the fir ft who ereffed a temple 
+I to them. 
+
+j Pegaftts was a winged horfe produced by the blood 
+l which fell from Medula’s head, when fhe was killed by. 
+
+1 Perfeus. He fiew to mount Helicon, the feat of the 
+
+*7 J 
+
+Mules, where, with a ftroke of his hoof,- he opened a? 
+| futmrain called Hippocrene, or the horfes fpring (2;.. 
+
+thefe figures, will convince us how¬ 
+to this article, as they complete its 
+, -- Near the nine'female figures which be¬ 
+
+tokened the dry feafon, were placed three others repre- 
+| fenting the three months of inundation, and were drawn: 
+
+. fometimes fwathed, as incapable of ufing their hands and'; 
+•feet. Thefe were called Charitout (3?, or the divorce. 
+
+refemhlance of this word to the Greek Charites, 
+
+
+The unravelling 
+juftly they belong 
+
+illuftration. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+which fignihes thankfgivings- or favours, gave rife to the 
+
+
+(7) From the word Mofe, that is, faved or difengaged from the 
+waters; whence the name of Mofes given to the Hebrew lawgiver, 
+fo near did the Phaeniciao and Egyptian languages agree, which 
+with fome final! difference of* pronunciation only,'made two dii-- 
+tiuft tongues. 
+
+(8) f chufe to place them here on account of the explanation of 
+the fable under one view. 
+
+(9) Aglaia, or honefty, to fliew that benefits fhould be bellowed 
+freely: Thalia, or flourifhing, to denote that the fenfe of kindnefs 
+ought never .to die; Euphrofyne, or chearfulnefs, to fignify that 
+favours fhould be conferred and received with mutual pleafure. 
+
+(1) The Spartan graces were Clito and Phaena; thole of Athens,. 
+Au.ro and Hegemo. 
+
+(2) Fons Caballinus. See Perfius, Satyr I. 
+
+(3) From Charat, to divide, comes Charitout the reparation of; 
+commerce.. 
+
+E 5 fable 
+
+
+
+82 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+fable of the Graces, or thiee goddefles prefiding over benefits 
+and outward charms. 
+
+Yet, as during the inundation, all parts could not be 
+fo fully fupplied, but that fome commerce was neceflary, 
+they had recourfe to fmall barks, to fail from one ciry to 
+the other. Now the emblematical figure of a fhip or 
+veffel, in Egypt and Phoenicia, was a winged horfe (6), 
+by which name the inhabitants of Cadiz, a Phoenician colo¬ 
+ny, called their veflVls. Now if the Mules and Graces 
+are the goddefles which prefide o er arts and gratitude, 
+this emblem becomes unintelligible. But if we rake the 
+nine Mufes for the months oi afiion and induftry, an 1 
+the th:ee Graces for the three months of inundation and 
+rdf, the vvingtd horfe, or boat with fails, is a true pic¬ 
+ture of the end of navigation, and the return of rural 
+toils. To this figure the Egyptians gave the name of 
+Pegaftts (j), exprt-fiive of i s true meaning. A 11 rhefe 
+images transplanted to Greece, became the foutce of end- 
+lefs confufion and fable. 
+
+♦ 
+
+By the Latin and Greek poet?, the Graces are repre- 
+fented as beautiful young virgins, naked, or bur very 
+ilightjy cloathed (8/, and having wings on their feet. 
+They are alfo joined hand in hand, to denote their unity. 
+
+The Syrens were the daughters of Achelous. Their 
+lower parts were like fifties, and their upper like wo¬ 
+men ; but they, were fo Ikilled in mufic, that they in¬ 
+frared all who heard them to definition. Prduming 
+to contend with the Mufcs, they were vanquifhed and flap¬ 
+ped at once of their feathers and voices, as a punifhment 
+for their folly. 
+
+The Egyptians fometimes reprefented the three months 
+of inundation by figures half female and half fifh, to de¬ 
+note to the inhabitants their living in the midft of the 
+waters. One of thefe images bore in her hand the fif- 
+trum, or Egyptian lyre, to fhew the general joy at the 
+
+
+
+f6) Strabo Geograph. Lib. II. p. 99. Edit. Reg. Paris. 
+
+(7) Fron Pag to" ceafe, and Sus a fiiip, Pegafus, or theceffation 
+
+ef navigation. 
+
+(8) Solutis Gratis? Zonis. Ode XXX. 5. 
+
+Juitflaque nymphis Gratia dcctntes 
+
+Alterno ter ram quatiunt pede. Horace, Lib. I. Cdeiv. 5- 
+
+flood’s 
+
+
+
+the heathen gods. 
+
+
+8 J 
+
+
+flood’s arriving to its due height, which was the affurar.ee 
+of a fucceedir-g year of plenty. To thefe fymbols they 
+gave the name of Syrens (9), exprelfive of their real 
+meaning. The Phoenicians, who carried them into 
+Greece, reprelented them as real perfons, and the Greeks 
+and Romans had too ftrong a tafhe for the fabulous, not 
+to embellifh the flory (1.. 
+
+
+
+
+S3 
+
+
+I 
+
+$ 
+
+r 
+
+.T 
+
+4 / 
+
+I 
+
+w 
+
+>* 
+
+^ S 
+
+1 
+
+
+$ 
+
+Jr 
+
+I 
+
+
+CHAP, xxxir 
+
+
+s 
+
+Of D iana, Luna, or Hecate - . 
+
+% 
+
+H A V IN G treated of the god of wit and har¬ 
+mony, with his offspring anc! train, let us now 
+come to his twine lifter Diana, the goddefs of chaftity. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+Her father, at 
+
+
+her lequeff, granted her perpetual virginity, bellowed 
+her a bow and arrows, appointed her queen of the 
+
+
+on ner a 
+woods and foielts 
+
+
+(2), and afiigned her a guard of 
+f nymphs to attend her (3). She became the patronefs 
+
+
+of hunting thus; Britomarns, a huntrefs-nymph, being 
+one day entangled in her own nets, while the wild boar 
+was approaching her, vowed a temple to Diana, and fo 
+was prefervtd. Hence Diana had the name of Di&yn- 
+na. Others relate the llory differently, and fay that 
+Pritomartis, whom Diana favoured on account of her 
+pa Hi on for the chafe, flying from Minos her lover,, fell' 
+into the lea, and was by her made a goddefs.. 
+
+The adventures of Diana make a pretry confiderable- 
+figure in poetical hiflory, and ferve to fliew that the 
+
+
+virtue of this goddefs, if inviolable, was alfo very 
+vere. Aflseon experienced this truth to his cofl. 
+
+
+fe- 
+
+He 
+
+young prince, the fon of Arillaens and A'utonoe*. 
+die daughter of Cadmus, 
+pallionately fond of the fport, 
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+king of Thebes. 
+
+he had the 
+
+
+As he was 
+misfortune 
+
+
+one day to difeover 
+
+
+Diana bathing 
+
+
+with her nymphs-. 
+
+
+fxng. 
+
+
+(9) From Shur, a hymn, and'ranan to 
+(0 Hence our imaginary form of the Mermaid. 
+
+(2) Montium cujtos nemorumque virgo. Horat. Lib. III. 
+
+(3) Sixty Nymphs, called- Oceaninte,, and twenty of the Afiae.. 
+
+'i he 
+
+
+
+84 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+~ * 
+
+The goddefs incenfed at the intrufion, changed him 
+into a flag ; To that his own dogs miffaking him lor 
+their game, purfued and tore him in pieces. Ovid lias 
+wrought up this fcene with great art and imagina¬ 
+tion ('4). 
+
+The truth of this fable is faid to be as follows j 
+A&seon was a man of Arcadia, a great lover of dogs 
+and hunting, and by keeping many dogs, and fpending 
+his time in hunting on the mountains, he entirely neg- 
+ledled his domtffic affairs, and being brought to ruin, 
+was generally called the wretched Adiaeon, who was de¬ 
+voured by his own dogs. 
+
+Meleager was another unhappy vi£lim of her refent- 
+ment, and the more fo as his punifhment was owing to 
+no crime of his own. Oeneus his lather king of iEto- 
+lia, in offering faciifices to the rural deities, had forgot 
+Diana. The goddefs was not of a character to put up 
+fuch a negledt. She fent a huge wild boar into the 
+fields cf Caledon, who laid every thing waffe before 
+him. Meleager, with Thefeus and the virgin Atalanta, 
+undertook to encounter it. The virgin gave the mon- 
+fter the fiift wound, and Meleager, who killed it, pre- 
+fented her the fkin, vvhich his uncles took from her, for 
+which he flew them. Althaea, h’s mother, hearing her 
+two brothers had perifhed in this quarrel, took an un¬ 
+common revenge. She remembered at the birth of her 
+fon the Fates had thrown a billet in o the chamber, 
+with an affurance the boy would live, as that remain¬ 
+ed unconfumed. The mother had till now carefully 
+f'aved a pledge on which fo much depended ; but infpir- 
+ed by her prefent fury, fhe threw it in the flames, and 
+Meleager inffantly feized with a confuming riifeafe, ex¬ 
+pired as foon as it was burnt. His fillers, who exctf*. 
+lively mourned his death, were turned into hen-turkies. 
+Ovid has not forgot to embeilifli his collection with this 
+ftory (5), Others relate the ftory of Meleager thus: 
+Diana had, to avenge herfelf of Oeneus, raifed a tvar 
+between the Curetes and /Stolians. Meleager, who 
+fought at the head of his father’s troops, had always the 
+
+
+(4) Ovid, Lib. III. 131. 
+
+( 5 ) Ovid, Lib. Vril. 261 , 
+
+
+l 
+
+
+advantage 
+
+
+the heathen gods. 
+
+
+85 
+
+
+advantage, tiil killing two of his mother’s brothers, 
+mother Althaea loaded him with fuch 
+
+
+his 
+
+that he retired from the field. The 
+
+
+advanced, and attacked 
+Oeneus prelTes hts fon 
+vain his mother forgives 
+flexible till Cleopatra his 
+
+
+imprecations, 
+Curetes upon this 
+
+In vain 
+
+
+the capital of JEtoVta. 
+to arm and repel the foe; in 
+
+and intreats him. He is in- 
+
+% 
+
+wife falls at his feet, and re- 
+
+
+prefents 
+calls for 
+
+
+their mutual danger. Touched at this, he 
+his armour, iflues to the fight, and repels the 
+
+
+enemy. 
+
+Nor was Diana lefs rigorous to her own fex. Chi- 
+one the daughter of Deedalion, being rarefied both by 
+Apollo and Mercury, bore twins, Pntlamon .the fon of 
+Apollo, a famous mufician, and Autolicus the fon of 
+Mercury, a fkilful juggler or cheat. The mother was 
+fo imprudent to boafl: of her fiiame, and prefer the 
+honour of being miftrefs to two deities, to the modefty 
+of Diana, which file afcribed to her want of beauty: 
+tor this the goddefs pierced her tongue with an arrow, 
+and deprived her of the power of future boailing or 
+caln mr.y. 
+
+The river Alpheus fell violently enamoured of Diana, 
+and having no hopes of fuccefs, had recoutfe to force. 
+7 l he goddefs fled to the Letrini, where the amufed herfelf 
+with dancing, and with fbme art fo difgubed herfelf 
+and her nymphs, that Alpheus no longer knew them. For 
+this, thefe people eredled a temple to her. 
+
+During the chafe one day, Diana accidentally fbotChen- 
+chrius, fon of the nymph Pryene, who bewailed him fo 
+much that fhe was turned inoa fountain. 
+
+Diana had a great vaiiety of names, fhe was called 
+Cynthia and Delia, from the place of her birth ; Arte¬ 
+mis, on account of her honour and modefly. By the 
+Arcadians, fhe was named Orrhofia; and by the Spar¬ 
+tans, Orihia. Her temples were many, both in Greece 
+and Italy; but the moft c.onfiderable was at Ephefiis. 
+where fhe. was held in the high eft veneration. The 
+plan of this magnificent edifice was laid by Ctefiphon, 
+and the ftruflure of it employed for 220 years the ablefl: 
+archire&s and flatuaries in the world. It was let on 
+fire by Eroflrratus, on the day that Alexander the great 
+came into the woild ; but was foon rebuilt with equal 
+
+fplendor 
+
+
+
+
+
+86 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+fplendor under Dinocrates, who alfo built the city of Alex¬ 
+andria. 
+
+♦ 
+
+The facrifices offered to Diana, were the firft fruits of 
+the earth, oxen, rams, and white hUds; human vi&ims 
+were fometimes devoted to her in Greece, as we find in the 
+cafe of Iphigenia. Her fettival was on the idts of Auguft, 
+after which time all hunting was prohibited. 
+
+Diana, was reprefented of an uncommon high ttature, 
+her hair diihevelled, a bow in her hand, and a quiver at 
+her back, a deer-fkin fattened to her breatt, and her pur¬ 
+ple robe tucked up at the knees, with gold buck’es or c!afp«, 
+and atrendcd by nymphs in a hunting drefs, with nets and 
+hounds. 
+
+Diana was alfo called Dea Triformis, or Tergemina, on 
+account of her triple character of Luna in heaven, Diaia 
+on earth, and Hecate in the infernal regions, though the 
+actions of the firft and laft, are afcribed to her under the 
+fecond name (6 . 
+
+Luna was thought to be the daughter of Heperion and 
+Theia. The Egyptians worlhiped this deity both as male 
+and female, the men ficrificing to it as Luna, the women 
+as Lunus. and each fex on thefe occafions a (Turning the 
+drefs of the other. Indeed this goddefs was no other than 
+the Venus Urania, or Caeleftis of the A (Tyrians, whofe weir, 
+fbip and rites the Phoenicians introduced into Greece. 
+Under this character Diana was alfo called Lucina, (a name 
+fhe held in common with Juno) and had the prote&ion of 
+women in labour (7), though fome make Lucina a dittind 
+goddefs from either (8). By this name"fhe was adored by 
+the ^Eginenfes and Eleans. 
+
+Jf Diana was fo rigid in point of chattity on earth, 
+her viitue grew a little more relaxed when Ihe got to the 
+Ikies. She bore Jupiter a daughter there, called Erfa, 
+or the Dew, and Pan, who was not the moft pleating 
+
+
+(6) Hefiod makes Luna, Diana, and Hecate, three diftind god- 
+dtli'es. 
+
+(7} It is faid (he affifted Latona her mother at the birth of 
+Apollo j but was fo terrified at the pains* that (lie vowed perpetual 
+virginity. 
+
+(8 ) Some make Lucina the daughter cf Jupiter and Juno, and 
+born in Crete, 
+
+of 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+THE "HEATHEN GODS. 8 ? 
+
+of the gods, deceived her in the fhape of a wh ite ram 
+But her moft celebrated amour was* with Endymion (i). 
+the fon of iEthlius, and grandfon of Jupiter, who took 
+him up into heaven, where he had the infolence to fo- 
+hcit Juno, for which he was cart into a profound fleep. 
+Luna had :he kindmfs to conceal him in a cave of mount 
+Latmos in Caria, where ihe had fifty daughters by him, 
+and a fon called ALtolus, alter which he was again ex¬ 
+alted to the fkies. ' 
+
+1 he fable of Endymion had its origin in Egypt. Thefe 
+people in the neomenia, or feaft, in which they cele¬ 
+brat'd the antient flare of mankind, cho r e a grove, or 
+fome retired ihady grotto, where they placed an tfis, with 
+her'crefcent or moon, and by her fide an Horus afieep, 
+to denote the fecurity and repol'e which mankind then 
+enjoyed. This figure they called Endymion (2', and 
+rhefe fymbolica! figures, like the reft, degenerated in¬ 
+to idolatry, and became the materials for fabulous 
+hi (lory 
+
+As the moon, Diana was represented with a credent 
+on her head, in a filver chariot drawn by white hinds, 
+with gold harnefs, which fome change to mules, be* 
+ciufe that animal is barren (3). Some make htr con¬ 
+ductors a white and black horfe (4', others oxen, on ac¬ 
+count of the lunar horns. 
+
+Hecate was the daughter of Jupiter and Ceres. As 
+to the origin of the tume there is fome vaiiation (5). 
+She was ihe goddefs of the infernal regions, and on 
+that account is often confounded with Proferpine. She 
+prefided over ftreets and highways ; for which caufe fhe 
+was called Trivia, as alfo Propyla, becaufe the doors 
+
+(1) Others affirm, that Endymion was a king of Elis, much giv¬ 
+en to altronomy and lunar ohfervations, for which he was laid to be 
+in love with the moon, and carefled by her. 
+
+(2) From En, a grotto or fountain, and Dimion, refemblance, is N 
+made Enduruon, or the grotto of the representation . 
+
+(3) Toexprefs that the moon had no light of her own, but what 
+fte borrowed from the fun. 
+
+(4) To exprefs the wane and full of the moon. 
+
+(5) Either from at a diftance, becaufe the moon darts her 
+
+rays afar off j or from a hundred, becaufe a hecatomb was 
+
+the uiual viftim* 
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+
+
+88 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+of houfes were under her prote&ion (6J. The appella¬ 
+tion of Brimo was given her on account of her dreadful 
+fhrieks, when Mars, Apollo, and Mercury meeting tier 
+in the woods, attempted to ravifh her. She was al(b fa¬ 
+mous for botany, c/pecially in difcovering baneful and 
+poifonous herbs and roots; as alfo for her fkill in en¬ 
+chantments and magical arts, in the pradtice of which 
+her name was conflantly invoked (7). Heiiod has givtn 
+a very pompous defcription of '.he extent of her power 
+{ 8 ). She was ftiled in Egypt, Bubaftis. 
+
+As Hecate, Diana was reprefented of an excefiive 
+height, her head covered wirh frightful fnakes, and her 
+feet of a Terpentine form, and furrounded with dogs, 
+an animal facred to her, and under vvhofe form fhe was 
+fometimes reprefented. She was alfo efteemed the god- 
+cefs of inevitable fatei 
+
+If we have recourfe to the Egyptian key, we fhali find 
+this threefold goddefs the fame fymbol vvhh the Juno 
+and C'ybele we have already treated of. The Greek 
+fculptors had too good a tafte to endure the head of 
+the bull or goat on their deit.es, which they borrow¬ 
+ed from that country. They therefore altered thele 
+hieroglyphical figures to their own mode ; but took care 
+to preferve the attributes by di'poling them in a more 
+elegant manner. The lunar fymbol among!! the Egyp¬ 
+tians was called Hecate, or (9I Achete, and by the 
+Syrians, Achot. The latter alfo ftiled her Deio, or 
+Deione (1), and Demeter. The crefeent and full moon 
+over her head at the momenta, made her miftaken for 
+that planet, and the time of the interlunia, during which 
+fhe remained invifible, file was fuppofed to take a turn 
+to the invifible world, and fo got the name of Hecate. 
+Thus the tripartite goddefs arofe. The meaning of 
+the antient fymbols was confounded and forgot, and a 
+
+
+
+1 | 
+
+(6) At every new moon the Athenians made a flipper for her in- 
+
+the open ftreet, which in the night was eaten up by the the poor 
+people. 
+
+(7) So Dido in Virgil, calls on 
+
+'Tergeminam Hecaten , tria virginis ora Diante* JEneid IV, 
+
+(8) Theogony, 1 . 411. 
+
+(9) Achate, the only or excellent, or Achet (in the Syriac) the 
+
+filler. . ^ 
+
+Deio, or Deione, from Dei, fufficiency; or Demeter, from 
+Dei and Mater, rain, i. e. plenty of rain. 
+
+’ ' fenfe- 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. go 
+
+fenfelefs jargon of fable and fuperftition introduced in 
+irs place, a point which can never be too exactly at¬ 
+tended to on this occafiuu. 
+
+
+• CHAP. XXX 1 H. 
+
+0 ^ 
+
+0 
+
+Of Mercury. 
+
+0 
+
+P ASS we now to a deity neither famous for his truth 
+or honefty, though he makes no inconfiderable figure 
+in the celeilial catalogue. * Mercury was the fon of Jupiter 
+and Maia, daughter of Atlas, and born on mount Cyllene 
+in Aicadia. He was fuckled by Juno, fome of whefe 
+milk falling befides his mouth on the heavens, produced 
+the Galaxy. He began rq difplay early his talent for theft, 
+as we have observed under the article of Apollo. Being 
+careffed, when an infarit in Vulcan’s arms, he ftole away 
+his tools. The fame day he defeated Cupid at wreffling, 
+and while Venus praifed him after his viftory, he found 
+means to convey away her ceflus. He pilfered Jupiter’s 
+feepter, and had done the fame thing by his thunderbolts, 
+but they were too hot for his fingers. Heferved Battus a 
+very flippery trick. This man faw him dealing king Ad- 
+metus’s cows from Apollo his lierdfman. To bribe him 
+to filence he gave' him a fine cow, and the clown pro- 
+mifed to keep it fecret. Mercury, to try him, affirmed 
+another fhape, and offering a higher reward, the fel¬ 
+low told all he knew, on which (2) the god turned 
+him into a touch-ftone. 
+
+Mercury had feveral appellations. He was called Her¬ 
+mes (3) and Cyllenius, from his temple upon mount Cyl¬ 
+lene. Nor were his enployments lefs various. He was 
+the cupbearer of Jupiter till Ganymede took his place. 
+He was the meflenger of the gods, and the tutelar god 
+
+°( toads and crofs-ways (4), the inventor of weights and 
+
+‘-- - - ■ , __ _ _____ _ __ 
+
+■ 
+
+( 2 ) Ovid has given a fine defeription of this incident. Metam. 
+lib* II.- 680. . S 1 
+
+(3) the interpreter, becaufe he interpreted the minds of 
+
+the gods and men. 
+
+(3) Where the Greeks and Romans placed certain figures, 
+called Herman, from him, being of marble or brafs, with the head 
+w a Mercury, but downwards of a fquare figure. 
+
+meafures. 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+go FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+» • ^ 
+
+meafiires, and the guardian of all merchandize and com¬ 
+merce, though this office feerns but ill to agiee with 
+the a&kms afcrihed to him. He was in a peculiar manner 
+the prote&or of learning, being the firft difcoverer of 
+letters, and the god of rhetoric and oratory. He was allb 
+famous for his fkill in mufic, and fo eloquent, that he 
+was not only the arbitrator in all quarrels amongft the 
+gods, and in all leagues and negociations particular 
+regard was paid (5) to him. 
+
+Together with Tell us and Pluto, Mercury was" invok¬ 
+ed among# the terrefixi'al gods. In conjun&ion with 
+Hercules he prefided over wreflling and the gymnaftic 
+exercifes, to fhew that addrefs on thefe occafions fliould 
+always be joined to force. He was alfo believed to pre- 
+fide over dreams, though Morpheus claims a fhare with 
+him in this department. 
+
+Annually, in the middle of May, a feftival was cele¬ 
+brated to his honour at Rome, by the merchants and 
+traders, who facriflced a fow to him intreating he would 
+profper their buflnefs, and forgive their frauds. In all 
+facrifices offered to him, the tongues of the viftims were 
+burnt, which cuftom was borrowed from the Megaren- 
+fes. Perfons who efcaped imminent danger facrinced 
+to him a calf with milk and honey. The animals facred 
+to him were the dog, the goat, and the cock. 
+
+By his fitter Venus he had a fon called Hermaphro- 
+ditus, a great hunter; a wood nymph, called Salmacis, 
+fell in love whh him, but had the mortification to be 
+repulfed. Upon this, inflamed by her paflion, fhe 
+watched near a fountain where he ufed to bathe, and 
+when fhe faw him naked In the water, rufhed to em¬ 
+brace him j but the youth ftill avoiding her, fhe prayed 
+the gods their bodies might become one, which was 
+immediately granted ; and what was yet more wonder¬ 
+ful, the fountain retained the virtue of making ail thole 
+Hermaphrodites who uted its waters (6). 
+
+
+
+(5) As the Feciales, or priefts of Mars, proclaimed war; fo the 
+Caduceatores, or priefts of Mercury, were employed in all embsllies 
+and treaties of peace. 
+
+(6) See Ovid’s defcription of this adventure. Metam. book IV. 
+
+A !« 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 91 
+
+A late author gives this ftory another turn. He fays* 
+the fountain Sa'macs (7) being inclofed with high walls* 
+very indecent fcenes palled there ; but that a certain 
+Greek of that colony budding an inn there for the en¬ 
+tertainment of Jtliangers, the barbarians, who reforted -to 
+it, by their intercourfe with the Greeks, became foftened 
+and civilized; which gave rife to the fable of their chang¬ 
+ing their fex. 
+
+Mercury had other children, particularly Pan, DoIop c , 
+Fchion, Caicus, Erix, Bunu«, Phares, and the Lares, 
+with ftveral others. Such was the Mercury of the Greeks 
+and Romans. 
+
+But the origin of this deity muft be looked for amongffc 
+the Phoenicians, whofe image is the fymbolical figure 
+of their great ana ft ir and founder, and the proper aims 
+of that people. By the bag of money which he held, 
+was intimated, the gains of merchandize. By the wings 
+with which his head and feet w«re furnifhed, was fliadow- 
+ed the Hupping of that people, their extenfive commerce 
+and navigation. The caduceus, with which ( 8 ) he was 
+faid to condudl the fpirits of the deceafed to Hades, 
+pointed out the great principles of the foul’s immorta¬ 
+lity, a ftate of (9) rewards and punishments (1) after 
+death, and a (2) refufeitation of the body. It is deferibed 
+as producing three leaves together; hence called by Ho¬ 
+mer the golden three-lea-ued wand. The doflrine alluded 
+toby this, was more diftin&ly taught by the emblems 
+adorning the hermetic wand : for to the extremity 
+of it was annexed the ball or circle. Two Seraphs 
+entwined the rod ; over which were the expanded 
+wings, forming the complete hieroglyphic of the 
+mighty ones. The name of Mercury is a compound 
+of the Celtic Merc, merchandize (3), and Ur, a man; 
+and correfponds very ex3<ftly with the Hebrew Etymology, 
+
+(7) In Cana, near the city of HalicarnalTus. 
+
+(%) Virgaque le-vem coerces 
+
+- Aurea turbam. 
+
+(q) Tu pias latu animas rep'.nis 
+
+- Sedibus. Horace. 
+
+(1) Hac alias fub trijiia Tartar a mitt it. 
+
+(2) Datfomnos adimitqrc. Virgil. 
+
+(]) From Racal, to trade, comes Mareolet, merchandize. 
+
+i en- 
+
+
+9 2 
+
+
+FABULOUS 
+
+t > / 
+
+
+I-US TO R Y OF 
+
+
+renderargiStbe.meanineyaLitlfe^-Word CiVaaa- or Caiiaan, a 
+
+t m ~'Tt ■ — »" v - J - * •'•s'* * * V •*•' * - - -v 
+
+nierchanfeDi^ttader: ■/'-'■ •\- ; .- -v.-ss 
+
+
+;tvRicb; af? 
+
+firfl we reiver^ in hocen i *He--'d15je£l of ido- 
+
+latrofiiWorfhip to moll nationsst-i^Be" are nor to wonder 
+that;,the Egypiiafis particularly^'^mfe.country was. the land 
+
+Ihould do honour to 
+
+
+-_* % #%r ♦ 
+%- -- 
+
+
+* - *-' '- — 
+
+
+
+
++1+ - 
+
+
+Ca n a a a," 
+
+
+of Ham, the father of 
+this‘figure, and apply it to theiipporpo'es : fof•'if is'.more 
+than probable, that-, 0 -being lb near at handy fie might.-be 
+greatly afiifhng to his brothe^ Mijzraim Iti' ; tHe Ifietlkrrieht 
+of that country; befides the confhjbration <f( '^fiea^a'frer- 
+obligations to his defcendant the Phoenician', vvho }is alio 
+called the iEgvptian Hercules. ... : - r • ■ „'f 
+
+
+‘Vi 
+
+' V* 
+
+■ l* 
+
+—* 
+***•5 
+
+• r^*A 
+'•-***< 
+
+w-p« 
+
+» *- 1 
+
+'1 
+
+•* 
+
+:i 
+
+
+
+
+* s' * 
+*. * -I 
+
+
+« ~ 
+
+
+• * 
+
+
+• V ft. 
+
+
+• ^ . *- 
+
+
+
+•e; 
+
+
+• - 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+% * 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+XXXIV. 
+
+..‘{-/irr- ■ 
+
+
+
+
+• - ^ V 
+
+** w % * 
+
+v *+ - •+** 
+
+♦ / • 
+
+
+?' I ^HU^riext deity that 
+
+
+• ; ^ • v..* . - \ ' • */ r,r # . v 
+
+:•. t >of , ■■■ 
+
+• % * ^ ^ ^ ¥ ^ ^ ^ v 1^ 
+
+deitv that offbfs. is that nowerful s-odd 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+‘I 
+
+•i 
+
+ft 
+
+■: t »?3 
+
+i?r —4 
+
+i 
+
+n ^ t 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+4 ♦ 
+
+
+JL . ^hbre^fnfluenCieilis r % by Gods add 
+
+mtn^:f Cicero mentions ,four ; bf this ;pame ( 4 ) j. bwt.the,; 
+
+
+'■I 
+
+4 : 
+
+
+
+
+Saturntvwheri cutnfF by Kxs fon. Jupita^ ahd : thrown Into^ll 
+
+the fea/:' vrT - r “— 
+
+
+As 
+
+
+
+
+embelHfhed with ptarl, arid by gentle:zephyrs wafted to the 
+ifle of Gythera, in the ^gean fea/ from whence Ihe failed 
+to Cyprus, which fhe feached in Apnl. ; 'Heft, as fodn as' ; ? 
+
+
+ihe landedfrfiqwers rofe' beneath hec feet^ the' Hours - re-; :Zl 
+
+. t »' ' ' ’ t" t ' ?• 1 ’ i t'J U' " t_• ^ ; . ii m . it_ • * fn JL_ A'-V/Tii *: 
+
+
+
+appeared fq attradHVe; in .the' afiembly of the gods, that i|; 
+fcarcje; ohbot the.nt butwhat defired her irr hia rriage. 1 Vul; , 4 ,' 
+
+hir ,tnp Ar I imifpr * mtf vrnnnntr ’ m n^r Hi 
+
+
+•’1 $r 
+
+v* n ' 
+
+
+can, by the v advice of Jupiter,vput poppy in her nedtar,' ■' 
+and, by iatoxiciting, her, gained poileffion.; 
+
+
+1 ■• * r V 
+
+
+
+
+
+. ■ v>> 
+
+
+. ■ 
+- r 
+
+
+•J. 
+
+
+(4) The ‘firft tthe daughter ^ r :pf Caelum; the fecond the Venus 
+Aphrodttn 5 -the third born of - jupiter and Dione, and the wife of. r: 
+Vulcan 5 and the foiii;th Aftafte, or the Syrian Venus, the mifh'ris 
+of Adbnis. 
+
+(5) From *A<p%U' 9 Troth, though fome derive it fcom ..._-• 
+
+ntn mhd^ btcaufe all.ioy^e is infatuation or frenzy, " ^ 
+
+* __ - - ... 
+
+
+Few 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE H 
+
+
+GODS. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+Few of the deities have been fo extenfively worshipped, 
+or under a greater variety of names. She was called Cy- 
+tberea, Paphia, Cypria, Erycina, Idaiia, Acidaiia, from 
+the places where file was in a particular manner adored. 
+Orher appellations were given her from her principal at¬ 
+tributes. She was ftiled Viftrix (6) to denote her refiftlefs 
+fway over the mind ; Arnica, from her being propitious to 
+lovers; Apaturia, from the deceit and inconitancy of her 
+voraries; Ridens, from her love of mirth and laughter (7); 
+Hortenfis, from her influencing the vegetation of plants and 
+flowers ; Marina, from her being born of the fea ; Melanis, 
+from her delighting in no&urnal (8) amours; Meretrix, 
+from the proftitution of her votaries ; and Genetrix, from 
+her preflding over the propagation of mankind. The 
+epithet of Migonitis, was given her from her power in the 
+
+_ rmentof love (9), and that of Murcia and Myrtea, 
+on account of the myrtle confecrated to her. She was 
+named Verticordia, from her power of changing the heart; 
+for which reafon the Greeks ftiled her E visT^ipiet. The 
+Spartans called her Venus Armata, becaufe when befteged 
+by the Mefleuians, their wives, unknown to their hufbands, 
+railed the fiege. The Romans aifo termed her Barbara, 
+becau/e when a difeafe had feized the women, in which 
+they loft all their hair, on their prayers to Venus it grew 
+again. A temple was dedicated to her by the appellation 
+of Calva ; becaufe when the Gauls inverted the capitol, 
+the women offered their hair to make ropes for the engines. 
+She had allo the epithet of Cluacina ( 1), from her image 
+being eredted in the place where the peace was concluded 
+between the Romans and Sabines. 
+
+
+(6) Under this charafler Ihe is repreiented leaning on a lhield, 
+and carrying viflory in her right hand, and a fcepter in her left. 
+At other times with a helmet, and the apple of Paris in her hand* ’ 
+
+(7) Horace, lib. I. ode 2, Sive tu mavis Erycina ridens ; 16 
+
+Homer calls her q. 0\ pncvt,, or the laughter - loving queen. 
+
+■ 
+
+(8) From black, becaufe lovers chufe the night. 
+
+(9) From fA,}yyut/ to mix or mingle ; fo Virgil, 
+
+-— Mixta Deo Mulitr. 
+
+(1) From Cluo, to hear, liilen, or agree. 
+
+
+Let 
+
+
+
+94 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Let us n^w enquire a little into the aflions afcribed to 
+this goddefs. Her conjugal behaviour we fhall lee under 
+the article of Vulcan, and find it was none of the moll 
+edifying. Her amours were numerous. Not to mention 
+Apollo, Neptune, Mars, and Mercury, who all boafted 
+of her favours (2). She had AEneas (3) by Anchifes ; but 
+her principal favourite was Adonis, the fon of Gynaia<, 
+king of Cyprus and Myrrha, and a youth of incomparable 
+beauty, unfortunately in hunting killed by a wild boar. 
+Venus, who flew to his afliflance, received a prick in her 
+foot with a thorn, and the blood which dropped from it 
+produced the damalk rofe (4) ; but coming too late to fave 
+him, Ihe changed him into the flower Anemone, which 
+fliM retains a crimfon colour (5 ). After this Ihe obtained of 
+Proferpine, that Adonis Ihould continue fix months with 
+her on earth, and fix months remain in the lower regions. 
+
+The moft tetnarkable adventure of Venus, was her fa- 
+mous conteft with Juno and Minerva for beauty. At the 
+marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the goddefs Difcord refent- 
+ing her not being invited, threw a golden apple amongft 
+the company with this infeription, Let it be given to the 
+fair, ft (£). The competitors for this prize, were the three 
+deities above-mentioned. Jupiter referred them to Paris, 
+youngeft fon of Piiamus, king of Troy, who then kept 
+bis father’s flacks on mount Ida. Before him the goddefs 
+appeared, as moft fay, naked. Juno offered him empire 
+or power; Minerva, wifdom ; and Venus endeavoured to 
+bribe him with the promiTe of the woman in the 
+
+world. Fatally for himfelf and family, the Ihepherd was 
+more fufceptible of love, than cf ambition or virtue, and 
+
+
+(2) By Apollo flie had Eleftryon, and five Tons; by Neptune, 
+Eiyx, and Meligunis, a daughter; by Mars, Timor and Pallor; 
+and by Mercury, Hermaphroditus. 
+
+(3) She immortalize! JEneas, by purifying and anointing his 
+body with arabrofial eflence, and the Romans deified him by the 
+name of Indiges. We have feveral antient inferiptions, Deo 
+Indigeti. 
+
+(4) Ovid, lib. X. 505. 
+
+(5) Some mythologize this ftory, to fignify by Adonis the fum, 
+who, during the fummer figns, reiides with Venus on the earth, 
+and during the winter with Proferpine. The wild boar which killed 
+him is the cold. 
+
+(6) Detur Pulchriori. 
+
+
+decided 
+
+
+T11E HEATHEN GODS. 9 ? 
+
+decided the point in favour of Venus. The goddefs re¬ 
+warded him with Helen (7), whom he carried off from her 
+hufband Menelaus, king of Sparta, and the r^pe gave rife 
+to that formidable allocution of the Greek princes, which 
+ended in the deftruflion of his family, and the ruin of Troy. 
+
+Venus, however propitious the was to lovers, was 
+very fevere to fuch as offended her. She changed the 
+women of Amathus, in Cyprus, into oxen for their cruelty. 
+The Proprstides, who denied her dignity, grew fo (hame- 
+Jefsly impudent, that they were faid to be hardened in¬ 
+to frones ( 8). Hippomenes and Atalanta were another in- 
+fhnce of her referitment j for after (he had affifted him to 
+gain the virgin, on their negleft to pay her the due offer¬ 
+ings, (he infatuated them fo, that they lay together in the 
+temple of Cybele, who, for that profanation, turned them 
+into lions (9). 
+
+Nor was fhe lefs favourable to her votaries. Pygmalion, 
+a famous ftatuary, from a notion of the inconveniencies of 
+marriage, refolved to live Angle. He had, however, for¬ 
+med a beautiful image of a virgin in ivory, with which he 
+fell fo deeply enamoured, that he treated it as a real miftrefs, 
+and continually folicited Venus, by prayers and facrifices, 
+to animate his beloved ftatue. His wifhes were granted, 
+arid by this enlivened beauty he had a fon called Paphos, 
+who gave his name to the city of Paphos in Cyprus (1 j. 
+
+A goddets fo univerfally owned and adored could not 
+fail of temples. That of Paphos in Cyprus was the prin¬ 
+cipal. In that'of Rome, dedicated to her by the title of 
+Venus Libitlna, were fold all things neceflary for funerals. 
+She had alfo a magnificent (brine, built for her by her fon 
+./Eneas, on mount Eryx in Sicily. The facrifices ufually 
+offered to her were white goats and fwine, with libations of 
+wine, milk, and honey. The victims were crowned with 
+flowers or wreaths of myrtle. The birds facred to her were 
+the fwan, the dove, and the fparrovv. 
+
+
+(7) Such Helen nvas, and -ivho can blame the boy , 
+
+Who in J'o bright a jiame con fum'd his Troy T Wall e r . 
+
+(8) See Ovid, lib. X. 1 . 238. 
+
+(q) See the article of Cybele, and Ovid, lib. X. 560. 
+
+(j) Ovid, lib. X. 245. 
+
+
+So 
+
+
+
+9 6 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+I i 
+
+So'far for the Venus Pandemos, or Popularls, the god- 
+defs of wanton and effeminate love ; but the antients had 
+another Venus, whom they {filed Urania and Celeiiis, 
+(who was indeed no other than the Syrian Aflaite) and to 
+whom they aferibed no attributes but fuch as were fhiftly 
+chafte and virtuous. Of this deity they admitted no cor- 
+poreal refemblance ; but file was reprefen ted by the form 
+of a globe ending conically (2), and only pine fire was 
+burnt on her altars. Her facrifices were called Nephalia, 
+on account of her fobriety, only honey and wine being of¬ 
+fered ; but no animal vifilms except the heifer, nor was 
+the wood of figs, vines, or mulberries, fuffered to be ufed 
+in them. 
+
+% 
+
+This diftinfiion of two Venufes, the chafe and the im¬ 
+pure one, leads us to the true explication of the fable. In 
+the different attributes of the Egyptian Ifis, we fee thefe 
+contradifiory charafiers explained. The Ifis crowned wiih 
+the crefeent flar of fome of the zodiacal figns, is the celtf- 
+tial Venus. The Ifis with the terreftrial fymbols, fuch as 
+the heads of animals, a multitude of breads, ora child in 
+her lap, became the goddefs of fruitfulnefs and generation, 
+and cdrifequently the Venus Pandemos. : As the latter was 
+regarded as a divinity propitious to luxury and pleafure, it 
+is no wonder if file foon gained the afeendant over her rival. 
+In Phoenicia and Egypt, the young girls (■$) confecrared 
+to the fervice of the terreflrial Ifis, ufualiy rciided in a tent 
+or grove near the temple, and were common proft'tutes; 
+whereas thofe devoted to the celeftial Ifis, or Venus 
+Urania, were ftrifily chafle. Thefe tabernacles were call¬ 
+ed the pa villi on of the girls (a^), and gave rife to the 
+
+
+(4) This manner of reprefentation was boirowetl from the Ara. 
+bians and Syrians, who thought the deity was not to be expreffed 
+by any corporeal form. 
+
+(3) They were called K<?rs<£of»r, or bafket-bearers, becaufe 
+they carried the offerings. 
+
+(4) Succotli Venoth, the tabernacle of the girls. The Greeks and 
+Romans, who. could not pronounce the word Venoth, called it 
+Venos, or Venus, and hearing the tents of Venus fo often men¬ 
+tioned, took it for the name of the goddefs herfelf. 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. - 9 f 
+
+name of Venus, afcribtrd to the goddefs of love. The 
+Syrians alfo called the terreftrial ifis Mylitta, or Illi- 
+thye (5), and the Greeks and Romans adopted the fame 
+name. Thus the fymbolical Jfis of Egypt, after pro- 
+during the different deities of Cybele, . Rhea, Vefta, 
+Juno, Diana, Luna, Hecate, and Proferpine, formed 
+alfo the different charadters of the common and celeftial 
+Venus; fo eafily does fuperftition and invention multiply 
+the objeffs of idolatry. 
+
+As Venus was the goddefs of love and pleafure, it is 
+no wonder if the poets have been la^vifh in the delcHp- 
+tion of her beauties. Homer and Virgil have (6) given 
+us fine pictures of this kind. Nof were the anrient 
+fculptors and painters negligent on fo. interefting a fub- 
+jeft. Phidias tormed her ftatuary of ivory and gold, 
+with one foot on a tortoife (7). Scopas reprefented her 
+riding on a he-goat, and Prexiteles wrought her ftatue 
+at Cnidos of white marble, half opening her lips and 
+jliniling. Apelles drew her as juft emerged from the 
+Tea, and p.-efting the water out [of her hair, a piece rliac 
+was reckoned ineftimable. It were endlefs to mention 
+the variety of attitudes in which file is reprefented in 
+antique gems and medals (8); fometimes Ihe is cloathedf 
+I in purple, glittering with gems, her head crowned with 
+rofes, and drawn in her ivory car, by fwans, doves, or 
+fparrows, At others- the is reprefented Handing, with 
+the Graces attending her ; but in all politions Cupid^ 
+
+her fon, is her infeparable companion. I fiiall onl^. 
+
+♦ 
+
+^ f - - - * - • 
+
+*% ^ 
+
+\ (5) From jeled* to beget, comes Ilitta, generation ; which the 
+ILatms well expreffed by Diva Genetrix, or Genitalis. See Horace, 
+[carmen feculare, 1. 14. 
+
+( 6 ) She [aid\ and turning round her neck jhe /bow'd, 
+
+That with celeftial chartns divinely =glpnv\l 5 
+Her waving locks immortal fragrant^/hed 
+
+1 .And breath'd ambrofial faucets around her \head: 
+
+In flowing pomp her radiant robe was feen , 
+
+And all the goddefs fparkled in her mien, 
+
+Pitt’s Virgil, iEneid I. 402. 
+
+(7) This ftatue- was at Elis, and the tortoife was deligned to 
+kw, that women fhould not go much abroad, but attend their 
+'omeftic affairs* 
+
+(8) See a great number of theft in Mr. Ogle’s antiquities, il- 
+Nitrated by antient gems, a work which, it is a great lofs to the 
+,u Wic, that ingenious and worthy gentleman did not live to finifh. 
+
+F add. 
+
+
+g£ FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+add, that the flatue called the Medicean Venus, is the beft 
+figure of her which time has pieferved. 
+
+
+C H A P. XXXV. 
+
+ft 
+
+Of the Attendants of' Venus, j x . Cupid, Hymen, 
+
+and the Hor.®, or Hours. 
+
+*" * 
+
+% 
+
+• 4 4 
+
+B EFOR’E we clofe the article of Venus, it is neceffary 
+
+to give lome account of the deities who were ufually 
+reprefented in her train, and formed a part of that date in 
+which fhe ufually appeared. 
+
+The firft of thefe is Cupid. Some make him one of 
+-the tnoft antient of the deities, and fay he had no pa¬ 
+rents, but fucceeded immediately after Chaos. Others 
+•report, that Nox,.. or Night, produced an egg, -which 
+having hatched under her fable wings, brought forth 
+•Cupid, or Love, who, with golden pinions, imme¬ 
+diately dew through the whole world (9). But the 
+common opinion is, that Cupid was the fon of Mars 
+amd Venus, and the favourite child of his mother, who, 
+without his aid, as lhe confefles in Virgil, could do 
+little execution. Indeed the poets, when they invoke 
+the mother, feldom fail to make their joint addrtffes to 
+the fon (1), Pei haps this confcioufnefs of his own 
+importance, rendered this, little., divinity fo arrogant, 
+that, on many cccafions, he forgets his filial duty. Th;s 
+Cupid belonged to the Venus Pandemos, or Popularis, 
+and was called Anteros, or Luff. 
+
+.But the antients mention another Cupid, fon of Ju¬ 
+piter and Venus, of a nobler charader, whofe delight 
+it was to raife refined fentiments of love and virtue, 
+whereas the other infpired bafe and impure defires. Hts 
+name was Eros, or true Love. Eros bore a golden dart, 
+which caufed real joy and afleftion ; Anteros a leaden 
+arrow, which raifed a fleeting paflion, ending in faddy 
+and difguft. 
+
+
+
+(9) Others make him the fon of Porus 
+
+
+r 
+
+the god of counfeli will 
+
+being drunk begot him on Penia, the goddefs of Poverty, dt ® 
+the fon of Caelus and Terra, and foms of Zephvrus and rio 
+
+. ft. ^ -w 1M nr t n. <T* 
+
+
+( 
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+neomema, reprefented 
+
+
+Cupid was reprefented ufualiy naked, to fhew that 
+love has nothing of its own. He is armed with a bow 
+aad quiver full of darts, to fhew hi-> power of the mind ; 
+and crowned with rofes, to fhew the delightful but 
+tranfirory pleafures he beftows. Sometimes he is de¬ 
+picted blind , to denote that love fees no faults in the 
+ohjeft beloved ; at others he appears with a rofe in one 
+hand, and a dolphin in the other ; fometimes he is feen 
+(landing between Hercules and Mercury, to fignify the 
+prevalence of eloquence and valour in love ; at others 
+he is . placed near Fortune, to exprefs how much the 
+fuccefs of lovers depends on that inconftant goddefs. He 
+is always drawn with wings, to typify, that nothing is 
+more'fleeting than the pafiion he excites. 
+
+The Egyptian Horus, which attended the terreftrial 
+. Ifis, or the Venus Popularis, or Pandemos, was, ac¬ 
+cording to the cuftom of the 
+with different attributes ; fometimes with the wings of 
+the Etefian wind, at others with the club of Hercules 
+
+(2) , the arrows of Apollo, fitting on a lion, driving a 
+hull, tying a ram, or having a large fifti in his nets. 
+Tiiefe figns of tne different feafons of the year, gave 
+rife to as many fables. The empire of Eros, or Love, 
+was made to extend to heaven and earth, and even to 
+the depths of the ocean ; and this little but powerful child, 
+difarmed gods and men. 
+
+Hymen, the fecond attendant of Venus, was the god 
+. of marriage, and the fon of Bacchus and that goddefs 
+
+(3) . He is faid to be'born in Attica^ where he made it 
+his bufinefs to refcue virgins carried off by robbers, and 
+to reftore them to their parents. On this account all 
+maids newly married offered facrifices to him ; as alfo 
+to the goddefs of concord. He was invoked in the 
+nuptial ceremony (4) in a particular manner. 
+
+This god was reprefented of a fair complexion, 
+crowned with amaricus, or the herb fweet maijoram, 
+and robed in a veil of faffron colour, (-reprefentative of 
+the bridal blufhes) with a torch lighted in his hand. 
+
+
+
+(2) There is a gem in Mr. Ogle anfwering this delcription. 
+
+(3) Hymen is thought to be the fon of the goddefs Venus 
+Urania or the celeftiat Venus. 
+
+(4) They repeated often the words, O Hymen ! O Hymens? ! 
+
+
+F 2 
+
+
+becaufe 
+
+
+
+TOO 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+; 
+
+becaufe the bride was carried always heme, by torch- 
+light. 
+
+Every one knows it was a conftant cuftom of the ori¬ 
+ental nations, on the wedding-day, to attend the bride¬ 
+groom and bride with torches and lamps. The chorus 
+on thefe occafions was Hu t Humeneh! Here he comes! 
+This is the fejli'ual (5)/ The figure exhibited on this 
+©ccafioQ in Egypt, was a young man bearing a lamp or 
+torch, placed near, the female figure, which denoted the 
+day of the month fixedYor the ceremony. 
+
+~ The Graces, who always attended Venus, have been 
+already deferibed with the Mufts under the article of 
+Apollo. ' 
+
+The Horse, or Hours, were the daughters of Jupiter 
+and Themis, and the harbingers of Apollo. They were 
+alfo the nurfes of Venus, as well as her dreflers, and 
+made a neceflary part of her train. 
+
+
+CHAP, xxxvr. 
+
+Of Vulcan. 
+
+T HOUGH the hufband fhould ufually precede the 
+
+wife, yet Vulcan was too unhappy in wedlock to 
+obtain this diftindion. There were ftVeral of the name 
+(6), the principal, who arrived at the honour of being 
+deified, was the fon of Jupiter and Juno, or, as others 
+fay, of Juno alone : however this be, he was fo remark¬ 
+ably deformed, that his father threw him down Irom 
+heaven to the ifle of Lemnos, 1 ' and in the fall he broke 
+his leg (7). Others report, that Juno herfelf, difgufted 
+at his fight, hurled him into the fea, where he was nurf- 
+«d by Thetis (8). 
+
+-f 
+
+
+4 I 9 
+
+f r (5) From Hu ! lol or here he is, and Meneh, the feaft or lam* 
+slice, comes Hymenseus. 
+
+(6) The firft, faid to be the fon of Caelus j the fecond, the Jon 
+of Nilus, called Opas.5 tire third the Vulcan, fon of Jupiter ana 
+Juno, mentioned above 5 and the fourth, the fon of Maenahus, 
+
+who reOded in the Vulcanian or Liparean ifles- . , 
+
+(7) He was caught by the Lemnians, or lie had broke his neck. 
+
+It is added, he was a whole day in falling. 
+
+(8) Others report that he fell on the land, and was mined ny 
+
+apes 5 and that Jupiter expelled him the Ikies for attempting 10 
+sefeue Juno, whenfhe conJpired again It him. 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. ro? 
+
+• ' 
+
+The firft lefidence of Vulcan on earth, was the ifle 
+cf Lemnos (9), where he fet up his forge, and taught 
+men how to foften and polifh brafs and iron. Prom 
+thence he removed to the Liparean iiles, near Sicily, 
+where, with the afliftance of the Cyclops, he made Jupiter 
+frefh thunderbolts, as the old grew decayed. He alfo- 
+wrought an helmet for Pluto, which rendered him invi - 
+fible, a trident for Neptune that ftiakes both land and fea r 
+and a dog of brafs for Jupiter, which he animated fa 
+as to perform (1) all the natural fun&ions of the animal.. 
+Nor is this a wonder, when we conftder, that, at the 
+defire of the fame god, he formed Pandora, who was fent 
+with ft he fatal box to Prometheus, as has been related 
+in its place. In fhort, Vulcan was the general armourer 
+of the gods. He made Bacchus a.golden croyvn to prefent 
+Ariadne, a chariot for the fun, and another for Mars. 
+At the requtft of Thetis, he fabricated the divine armour 
+of Achilles, whofe fhield is fo beautifully defcribed by 
+Homer (2); as alfo the invincible armour of iEneas, 
+at the intreaty of Venus. To conclude,, with an inftance 
+of his (kill this way, in revenge for his mother Juno’s 
+linkindnefs, he prefented her a golden chair, managed by 
+fuch unfeen fprings, that when fhe fat down in it fhe way 
+not able to move, till fhe was forced, to beg her deli¬ 
+verance from him. 
+
+Vulcan, like the reft of the gods, had' feveral names 
+or appellations: he was called Lemnius, from the.ifle 
+of Lemnos, confecrated to him ; Mulciber, or Mulci- 
+fer, from his art of foftening fteel and- iron. By the 
+Greeks, Hephaiftos, from his delighting in flames, or 
+fire; and ^Etneus and Lipareus, from the places fup- 
+pofed to be his forges (3). As to his worfhip, he had 
+an altar in common with Prometheus (4), and was one 
+
+
+(9) Becaufe: Lemnos abounds in minerals and hot fprings. 
+
+(1) Jupiter gave this dog to Europa, (he to Procris, and by her 
+
+it was given to Cephalus her hufband, and by Jupiter after turned 
+to a (tone. 
+
+(2) See Iliad, Lib. 1?. 
+
+(3) On account of the volcanos and fiery eruptions there. 
+
+Or) Prometheus firft invented fire, Vulcan the ufe of it, in- 
+making arms and utenfils. 
+
+F 3 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+102 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+4 
+
+of the gods who prefided over marriage, becaufe he firft 
+introduced the ufe of torches at the nuptial rites. It was 
+euftomary with many nations after victory, to gather the 
+enemy’s arms in a heap, and offer them to Vulcan. 
+His principal temple was in a confecrated grove at the 
+foot of Mount ^rna, guarded by dogs, who had the 
+difcernment to diftinguifh his votaries, to tear the vicious, 
+and fawn upon the virtuous. 
+
+The proper facrifice to this deity was a lion, to denote 
+the relilfltls fury of fire. His feftiyals were different: 
+at thofe called Protervia, (amongfl the Romans) they 
+ran about with lighted torches.. The Vulcania were ce-. 
+lebrated. by throwing living animals into the fire. ; The 
+Lampadophoria were races performed to his honour,, 
+where the contention was to carry lighted torches' to the 
+gaol; but whoever overtook the perfon before him, had 
+the privilege of delivering him his torch to carry, and to 
+retire with honour. 
+
+Vulcan, however difagreeable his perfon was, was ; 
+fenfible of love : his firfi: pafiion was for Minerva, and 
+he had Jupiter’s confent to make his addrefies to her; 
+but his courtihip was too ill placed to be fuccefsful. 
+He was more fortunate in his fuit to Venus, though 
+he had no great reafon to boaft his lot. The goddefs 
+was too great a beauty to be confiant, and Vulcan too 
+difagreeable to be happy. She chofe, Mars for her gal¬ 
+lant, and, the intrigue for fome time went on fwimming- 
+ly. As Apollo, or the Sun, had a friend fhip for the 
+hufband. Mars was particularly fearful of his difcoyer- 
+ing the affair, and therefore fet a boy called Alefb yon, 
+or Gallus, to warn him and his fair miftrefs of the Sun’s 
+approach. . The fennnel unluckily fell'afleep, and fo the 
+Sun faw them together, and let Vulcan prefently into the 
+fecret. The blackfmith-god to revenge the injury, againft 
+their next meeting, contrived fo fine and imperceptible a 
+net-work, that they were taken in their guilt, and expofed 
+to the ridicule of the gods, till releafed at the inter- 
+cefiion of Neptune. Mars, to punilh Aleflryon for 
+
+his negleft, changed him into a cock, who to atone for 
+
+° his 
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+TO ] 
+
+
+his fault, .by his crowing, gives eonftant notice of the 
+
+
+fun-rife (5). 
+
+This deity., as the god of fire, 
+oufly in different nations. The Egyptians depi&ed him 
+
+
+prefented 
+
+
+of an 
+
+
+proceeding out 
+
+piter, to denote the 
+through all created beings, 
+one of the firft Egyptian kings, 
+was deified : and add, that king 
+
+
+egg, placed in the mouth of Ju- 
+radical or natural heat difFufed 
+
+
+Some hiftorians make him 
+
+who for his goodnefs 
+w Menes eredted a noble 
+temple to him at Thebes with a colofial ftratue feventy- 
+five feet high. The Phoenicians adored him by the 
+name of Cryfor, and thought him the author and caufe 
+of lightning, and- ail 
+
+confound him with the Tubal Cain of fcrinture. 
+
+
+fiery exhalations. Some writers 
+
+In 
+
+
+antient gems and medals of the Greeks and Romans, 
+lie is figured as a lame, deformed, and fquallid man 
+
+
+men 
+
+
+wotking at the anvil, and ufuahy attended by his 
+the Cyclops, or by fome god or. goddrTs who come to 
+afk his affiftance. 
+
+To examine 
+
+
+have 
+
+The 
+
+gure 
+
+fons 
+
+
+into the ground of this fable, we muft 
+once more recourfe to the Egyptian antiquities. 
+Horus of the Egyptians was the moft mutable fi- 
+on earth ; for he aflumed fhapes fuitable to all fea- 
+of time and ranks of people : to direft the huf- 
+
+at- 
+
+
+bandman, he wore a rural drefs. By a change of 
+tributes, he became the* inftrudtor of the fmiths 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+orher artificers, whofe inftruments he appeared adorned 
+with. This Horus of the fmiths had a fhort or lame 
+leg, to fignify, that agriculture or hufbandry halt with¬ 
+out the affiftance of the handicraft or mechanic arts. 
+
+* 
+
+In this apparatus he was called Mulciber (6), Hephaif- 
+tos (7), and Vulcan (8), all which names the Greeks 
+and Romans adopted with the figure, which as ufual 
+they converted from a fymbol to a god. Now as this 
+Horus was removed from the fide of the beautiful Ifis 
+
+
+(s) See Ovid, Lib IV. 167. 
+
+(6) From Malac, to direft and manf 
+cave or mine, comes Mulciber, the king o 
+
+(7) From Aph, father, and Elto, fire, 
+Hepheftion, the father of fire. 
+
+(8) From Wall, to woik, and Canan, 
+can, or work fimJlied. 
+
+F 4 
+
+
+
+e; and Ber or Beer, a 
+the mines or forges. .. 
+is formed Ephaifto, or 
+
+to haften, comes Wol- 
+
+
+(or 
+
+
+
+104 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+(or the Venus Pandemos) to make room for the martin 
+Horus, expofed in time of war, it occafioned thejeft of 
+the afiiftants, and gave rife to the fable of Vulcan’s 
+being fupplanted in his wife’s affe&ions by the god of 
+
+war. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXVII. 
+
+Of the Offspring of Vulcan. 
+
+T HOUGH Vulc3n had no iffue with Venus, 
+
+yet he had a pretty numerous offspring. We 
+have already mentioned his paffion for Minerva: this 
+goddefs coming one day to befpeak fome armour of him, 
+he attempted to. ravifh her, and in the flruggle his 
+feed fell on the ground, and produced the monfter 
+Erichthonius (9). Minerva nourished him in her thigh, 
+and afterwards gave him to be nurled by Aglauros, Pan- 
+drofus and Herfe, but with a ftrjdl caution not to look in 
+the cradle or coffer which held him. The firft: and laft 
+
+t 1 
+
+neglecting this advice ran mad. Erichthonius being 
+born with deformed, or, as fome fay. Terpentine legs, was 
+the fir ft inventor of chariots to lide in. He was the 
+4th king of Athens, and a prince of great juftice and 
+equity. 
+
+Cacus, another fon of Vulcan, was of a different 
+character. He was a notorious robber, and received his 
+name from his confummate villainy (1). He fixed him- 
+feIf on mount Aventine, and from thence infefted all 
+Italy with his depredations; but having ftolen fome oxen 
+from Hercules, he dragged them backwards to his cave 
+(2), that the robbery might not be difcovered by the 
+track. Hercules, however, palling that way, heard the 
+lowing of his cattle, broke open the doors, and feizing 
+the wretch, put him to death. 
+
+
+(9) Derived from E »A>5 and ov or Earth and Contention 
+
+
+(1) From xax®- bad or wicked. 
+
+(2) Virgil has given a fine difcription of this cave, 
+makes him but half' a man. See iEneid VIII. 194-. 
+
+
+but he 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. iq* 
+
+' - ^ 
+
+A third Ton of Vulcan, Cseculus (3), fo called from 
+his little eyes, refemblefi his brother Cacus, and lived by 
+prey. It is laid his mother fitting by the fire, a fpark flew 
+into her lap, upon which Ihe conceived. Others fay fome 
+Ihepherds found him in the fire as foon as born. He 
+founded the city Praenefte. 
+
+By his wife Aglaia, one of the Graces, Vulcan had leve- 
+ralfons, as Aidalus, the inventor of the pipe, called Tibia. 
+Brotheus, who being deformed like his father, deftroyed 
+himfelt in the fire, to avoid the reproaches he met with. 
+iEthiops, who gave his name to the ^Ethiopians, before 
+called vEthereans, Olenus the founder of a city of his 
+own name in Baeotia, ^Egyptus from whom Egypt was 
+called,/Albion, Periphenus, Morgion, Acus, and l'everal 
+others,; , 
+
+* « 
+
+\ _ 
+
+CHAP, xxxvnr. 
+
+
+
+Of the Cyclops and Polyphemus. 
+
+4 
+
+T H E Cyclops were the fons of Neptune and AmpHi - 
+
+trite. The principal were Brontes, Steropesand Py- 
+
+racmon, though their whole number was above a hundred* 
+
+They were the journeymen of Vulcan. It is faid, 
+
+foon as they were born Jupiter threw them into Tartarus, 
+
+but that they were delivered at the interceffion of Tellus, 
+
+and fo became the affiflants of our god. They had each 
+
+but one eye (4) placed in the middle of their foreheads,. 
+
+and lived on fuch fruits and herbs as the earth brought 
+
+forth without cultivation. They are reported to have built 
+
+the walls of Mycenae and Tyrinthe with fuch mafiy Bones* 
+
+that the fmallef! required two yoke of oxen to draw 
+
+it. The dealers in mythology fay, that the Cyclops fignify 
+
+the vapours raifed in the air, which occafion thunder and; 
+lightning. 
+
+With thefe we may clafs Polyphemus, though he 
+was the fon of Neptune, having like the Cyclops but 
+
+
+
+' (.3) It is thought the noble Roman family of Caecilii derive 
+VH ego 1 ” 6 fr ° m hlm ' See VirgiJ ’ Mndd X ‘ 544, and- iEneid: 
+
+(4) Fiom Kv*x-^ Circulus,. and wiL Oculus, that is the one- 
+eyed men. 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+one 
+
+
+
+io 6 
+
+
+\ ^ 
+
+
+; F A B U LOUS HI S T O R Y O F; 
+
+
+^ . * 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/ ^ •i^V- **» 
+
+• *' 7 t. • 
+
+
+- -= •* *y> ^ 
+
+
+ir*w/ 
+
+► - * *'-^ £4 
+
+
+* V 
+
+
+
+
+one eye'; :but of fo. giganticlc,- £■ ftatifire, that his very aft) 
+pea was rerrible. \His abpd^-waslia Sicily, /where he- 
+fur prized Ulyfles and his companions, of whom he de- 
+voured fix.; but v Ulyfies m a king h im d funk, b.l i n.ded him. 
+with a firebrand, and To efcaped with/thereft;:'.Yirgil has 
+given us a find defcriptionof this fcene (5:^; 
+
+
+T V 
+
+
+# * 
+
+
+t-* 4 
+
+
++J* » It 
+
+
+/i 
+
+
+
+, 4 'jz 
+
+
+.t 
+
+
+? ' 
+
+
+
+
+Us w 
+
+
+C H A P. XXXIX. 
+
+
+
+
+J • 
+
+
+• m 
+
+
+4 % - ' 
+
+
+/• l 
+
+
+4 A 
+
+
+# * 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+> # 
+
+
+;/ Of* Minerva ..or PalLAs., 
+
+r -* V » • • * ' / ’• i . • * 1 * » 
+
+.. * O .* w. • C / . 1 .* ' . , • r » 
+
+
+« / ^ l « 
+
+'* . 
+
+
+■ * y * 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+- i* 
+
+
+• u 
+
+
+~-:u #*• 
+
+4 •%' 
+
+
+
+•/E .come next td Minerva or Pallas, one of/the:mb§ 
+
+k/ • ■ 1 :-• !n. .J ••• - ** TYrr ;ii;» •.-~- r - _ _ • .i? >r:. • • . * vi..* 
+
+
+.. diftinguilhed oft {the... JJtfdVI a jo res, , as , being the) 
+goddefs of fciences and wifddin*: Cicero mentions five 
+
+
+. L'r 
+
+
+
+of this name j but the molt confiderable was the daughter 
+or Jupiter, not by art infamous, .amour, nor eveu by the 
+conjugal bed, - : but the cHiW of hTs^l>rain'i- : ^Jt is faid tier' 
+father, feeing Juno barren,/ through grief, ftfnck his lore* 
+head, and three months'kfter cairie'fdfthMmerva y}. ;On 
+the d^y of her nativity it. rained gold, at Rhodes^^ft/ Pierv 
+£rft appeafanxe on the earthjvas in Libya, where behold¬ 
+ing her own beauty in the lake Triton, file from thencer 
+gained the name of Tntonis , s . 
+
+~ t t ‘ * f '' . .: • * « •* % * 4 ^ ^ - j ^ s • , 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+L f % 
+
+
+
+
+# • 
+
+
+• / 
+
+
+> V -* 
+
+
+( 5 ) See Virgil’s ^ffineidj Lib. HI. 6 ao, hut the \yhole delcription> 
+
+though admirable, is too loiig to he copied.. . 
+
+*(p) The fit ft, the mother of Apoliop or Latona j .the fecoiid, 
+produced from: the Nile,- and woifhipped at Sais in Egypt ; the 
+third; the child/of Jupiter’^brain ; th^ fouith, the daughter;pf Ju-/ 
+piter 1 and Croypha, who invented chariots with four t wheels/; - and 
+the fifth, the child of Pallas, whom, the killed, becaufe : he.4ft«npt-V 
+C( { her chaftity 1 / ' r? ' : : r 
+
+(7)'it is faid Yulcah was" the n) id wife, 'bvcleaving hi sflcull vvith • 
+a hatchet.; .hut /that feeing an armed/yiraghichfrie puft ihhead of a 
+
+^rsjrepqrtfe/yhat y^ehjjdpiteflwal lovved 
+
+Meits, one of his wives the was witll child oLPaflas. > /. r 
+
+
+(8) -Hence/the.Rhgdiahs were the.:fii i ft r who vvorihippd 
+
+
+♦ A j 
+
+* 4 
+
+t 4 4 . 
+
+1 T 4 » 
+
+
+♦ ♦ 
+
+
+
+■at os 
+
+
+
+
+
+^ ^ ^ #* i - ■ 
+
+Mifierva. 
+
+. .. - «••• s'y- s 
+
+
+Some: fay at was becaufe Hie taught thefrif h#art of ntakirtg coldflal. 
+
+flr*+&ar’ie'f- '"w V ! -‘ c..,' • ;• . ' =* -"i - ' ‘ ’ ' 
+
+/ -vtA _* r .i. .1 •_ L.. .xUa : 
+
+
+(9) 
+
+ejins, who in diftin£l bodies attacked each other with various weapons. 
+The firft that fell was efteemed not a maid, and thrown into the' 
+
+lake v but fire who received nioft wounds was carried off in triumph. 
+
+' * She 
+
+
+
+
+
+•--•••- - .c\,. , ; , ; '- ■ 
+
+-_•■ •■ ■ ■-**£.-• ^^■’ •r- rr~i ■ ^"^-•£1"» 'jdR&SG88£it-A& 
+
+
+-;«f. • 
+
+
+*f». 
+
+
+/ 'i *i .- 
+
+
+
+
+
+i>T-% 
+
+
+EW' 
+
+
+r* 
+
+0 
+
+
+r/y. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+V*£ : S'Z} 
+
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+*tf 
+
+
+%\> 
+
+
+sags 
+
+
+^.v 
+
+
+
+
+E 5 & i 
+
+
+v«* 
+
+- // ^ 
+
+
+;. ‘- ^: wS&sjmr "A 
+
+- •; (’t*?/ F,>'V.*^ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* v? V: 
+
+
+« 4 *4 
+
+
+
+
+fc. %6E 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+®E 
+
+
+:zm 
+
+is! 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+L- ft 
+
+
+,rl 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+
+K 
+
+
+:•/ -5:!v 
+
+
+tifeVi 
+
+
+I V 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+- Wj 
+
+
+pv 
+
+~-*A 
+
+
+vrr 0 v- sr* 
+
+
+>» 
+
+
+*> // 4. 
+
+
+
+
+kg 
+
+
+
+
+. : ,-:r 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+sSS 
+
+
+0 
+
+
+
+
+Sfi 
+
+
+
+
+?°XjpwrfS 
+
+
+
+
+Ki ’» 
+
+
+K> 
+
+
+^■^EXtV>i 
+
+
+
+
+■ ■ X 
+
+
+SI 
+
+ui-ii 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+.4 
+
+
+HBN 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+'/<.■? 
+
+
+
+
+m 
+
+
+rsf * 
+
+w 
+
+
+
+
+* i? 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+p «-fzmmk 
+
+mmmmM 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+Y2Z 
+
+
+?*i£S 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+•* •:»* .-• 
+
+
+
+
+lUl 
+
+
+
+i mill i 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+ifS 
+
+
+«* 
+
+
+ti\r %*■ 
+
+
+v>:*sgp^ 
+
+
+fa 
+
+
+f/ ');f;/: 
+
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+
+YfJ&fJ 
+
+r+f*»n 
+
+
+s.'’ >0* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+»*• 
+
+
+Pf^%? 
+
+SjZv - ' “'^ 
+
+gsfr ' : 
+
+►£%>/ / j- ^ ^ /:<d 
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+a* 
+
+
+rm. 
+
+
+A 
+
+fe'.:' 
+
+
+
+
+P\ \;;j 
+— v;?i 
+
+
+tr-5 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+?V 
+
+
+fcT. • -i 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+fS 
+
+
+
+
+P 3 
+
+
+X * 
+
+•>•1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+•/J 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+t" "» "<!-■. eu<r,7r. 
+
+
+'/ruA 
+
+
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+107 
+
+
+1 * 
+
+She had befide feveral other appellations amongfl: the 
+
+Greeks and Romans. She was called Pallas from the 
+brandilhing her fpear in war. Athena, becaufe-fhe was 
+born full grown, and never fuckled ; whence alfo fhe 
+obtained the name of Ametrofs, or motherlefs. The 
+epithet of Parthenis, or the virgin, was given her on 
+account of her perpetual chaftiry ; that of Ergatis, or 
+the workwoman, for her excellency in fpinning and 
+weaving; Mufica, from her inventing the pipe ; Py- 
+lotis, becaufe her image was fet up in the gates ; and 
+Glaucopis, or green-eyed, becaufe her eyes were of that 
+call (1), like thofe of the owl. 
+
+Minerva was the goddefs of war, wifdom, and arts, 
+fuch as weaving, the making oil, rnufic, efpecially the 
+pipe (2) ; of building caftles, over which (he prefided ; 
+and, in fhort, was the patronefs of all thofe fciences, „ 
+which render men ufeful to fociety and themfelves, and 
+inritle them to the efteem of poflerity. 
+
+We have already had occafion to obferve how this - 
+goddefs vowed a perpetual virginity, and in what man¬ 
+ner lhe rejetted the addrefles of Vulcan. She was in-? 
+deed very delicate on this point, for fhe deprived Tire- 
+fias of his fight, becaufe he accidentally faw her bathing 
+in the fountain of Helicon ; but, at the interceffion of 
+his mother Charicle, fhe relented fb far, that, to com- 
+penfate his lofs, fhe endued him with the gift of pro- 
+. phecy (3). Nor was fhe lefs fevere to Medufa, who 
+being ravjfhed by Neptune. in her temple, fhe revenged 
+the facrilege, by turning her locks into fnakes, and 
+
+caufing all who beheld her after to be changed into 
+Hones. 
+
+She was equally jealous of her fupenority in the arts 
+fhe invented. Aracbne, a Libyan princefs, the daugtw 
+ter of Idmon, had the preemption to challenge her at 
+fpinning. The folly cofi: her dear j for Minerva ftruck 
+
+
+
+% 
+
+(1) Yet Homer and all the poets call her the blue-eyed, maid* 
+See Pope. 
+
+( 2 ) It laid, feeing her cheeks reflected in the water as /he play¬ 
+ed, Jhe threw away the pipe with this exprefilon $ That mujic *voa$ 
+too dear if purchafed at the expence of beauty . 
+
+r V 3 ) Ovid relates the ftory of Tirelias very differently; for which 
+
+fee Metamorph. Lib. III. 316. 
+
+her 
+
+
+
+io8 FABULOUS HISTORY OF. 
+
+- + * mb 
+
+% 
+
+her with the fpindle on the forehead, for which at¬ 
+tempting to hang herfelf, through defpair, the goddefs 
+turned her into a fpider, in which fhape fhe ftill exer- 
+cifes the profeflion the fo much boafted (4). The rea- 
+tier irmy confult Ovid, if he would, fee this ftory fet in a 
+beautiful light. 
+
+As conduit is oppolite, in military affairs, to brutal 
+Valour, fo Minerva is always by the poets placed in 
+contraft to Mars. Thus we fee Homer makes her fide 
+with the Greeks in the Trojan war,- while the other 
+deity takes the part of the enemy. The fuccefs is an- 
+fwerable to this difpofitinn ($), and we fee prudence and 
+difcipline victorious over valour without counfel, and force 
+under no direction. 
+
+One of the moft remarkable of Minerva’s adventures, 
+was her conteft with Neptune, of which notice has 
+been taken under the article of that deity. When Ce- 
+crops founded Athens, it was agreed, that whoever of 
+thefe two deities fhould produce the moft beneficial gift 
+to mankind, lhould give name to the new city. Nep¬ 
+tune with a ftroke of his trident formed a horfe ; Pallas 
+caufed an olive to fpring from the ground, and cariied 
+the prize. The meaning of this fable was to point our, 
+that agriculture was to a rifing colony of more impor¬ 
+tance than navigation, 
+
+Minerva was highly honoured, and had feveral tem¬ 
+ples both in Greece and Italy. The Athenians, who 
+always had a particular dovotion to her, as the patronefs 
+of their city, in the flourifhing flate of their republick, 
+erefted a magnificent temple to her by the name of 
+Parthenis, or the virgin-goddefs, in which they placed 
+her ftaiue of gold and ivory thirty-nine feet high, 
+wrought by the hands of Phidias. She had a ftately 
+temple at Rome, on mount Aventine, where j>er fes¬ 
+tival, called Minervalia or Quinquatria, was celebrated 
+for five days fueceflively in the month of March. She 
+had fometimes her altars in common with Vulcan, fome 
+times with Mercury. The ufual victim offered her was 
+a white heifer never yoked. The animals facred to her 
+were the cock, the owl, and the bafililk. 
+
+
+(4) See Ovid, lib. VI. 1. 
+
+-(5) See the preface to Mr. Pope’s Homer. 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+N GODS. 
+
+
+109 
+
+
+means to 
+
+
+9 
+
+We tmift not here omit the Palladium ( 6 ), or that 
+facred ftatue of her which fell down from heaven, and 
+was preferved in Troy, as a treafure on whofe fafety 
+that of the cny depended. Diomedes and Ulyffes found 
+
+Real it, and the city was loon after taken 
+and deftroyed (7) However, it is certain that ^Eneas 
+brought either this or another of the fame kind with 
+him into Italy, and depofited it at Lavinium, from 
+whence it was removed to Rome, and placed in the 
+temple of Vefla. When this edifice was confumed by 
+fire, Merellus, a noble Roman, rulhed in and brought it 
+off, though with the lofs of his eyes, in recompence for 
+which heroic adion, he had the privilege of coming to 
+the fenate in a chariot, that the honour might in fome 
+degree allay the fenfe of his misfortune. The Romans 
+indeed, vain of their Trojan defcent, regarded the Palla¬ 
+dium in the fame light with their anceftors, and thought 
+the fecupty and duration of their empire were annex¬ 
+ed to the pofleflion of this guardian image. 
+
+Come we next to enquire into the mythological birth 
+and origin of this fabled goddefs, who is no other than 
+the Egyptian Ifis under a new drefs or form, and the 
+fame with the Pales, or rural goddefs of the Sabines ( 8 ). 
+The Athenians, who were an Egyptian 
+
+followed the cufloms of their anceftors. 
+
+
+m — 
+
+colony from 
+
+
+Sais, 
+
+ticularly applying themfelves to raifmg flax 
+
+and the cultivation of the Olive (9). 
+figure worfhipped at Sais, prefiding over thefe 
+
+
+by par- 
+for linen 
+
+
+cloth. 
+
+
+Now the 
+
+
+arts, 
+
+was a female in compleat armour. This, as Diodorus 
+tells us, was becaufe the inhabitants of this Dynafty, 
+were both the beft hufbandmen and foldiers in Egypt. 
+
+
+f 
+
+(6) Authors diffei; as to this Palladium, fome making it of 
+wood, and adding, it could' move its eyes and fhake its fpear. 
+Others fay, it was compofed of the bones of Pelops, and fold by 
+the Scythians to the Trojans. 
+
+(7) Some aftertit a was counterfeit Palladium the Greek generals 
+Hole away, and that AEneas faved the true one. Others make two 
+Palladiums. 
+
+(8) To whofe honour the feafts called Pal ilia were celebrated. 
+Now this word is manifeftly of Egyptian derivation, being taken 
+from Pillel, to govern the city 9 whence comes Pelilah, the public 
+order. 
+
+(9) The city of Sais derived its name from this tree, Zaith or 
+Sais fignifying the olive. 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+no FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+♦ 
+
+* « 
+
+In the hand of this image they placed a fhield with a 
+full moon depi&ed on i.r, furrounded by ferpents, the 
+emblems of life and happinefs. And at the feet of this 
+fymbol they placed an owl, to Blew it was a nodtumal 
+fac.rifice. To this they gave the name of Medufa (i), 
+exprefiive of what Bie was defigned to rcprefent. The 
+Greeks who, were -ignorant, of the true meaning of all 
+this, did not think fit to put fuch a favourable fenfe on 
+the head of Medufa, which feemed to them an object 
+©f horror, and opened a fine Held for poetical imagina¬ 
+tion. The prefling of the olives did indeed turn fruit 
+into (tones, in a literal fenfe; hence they made the asgis 
+or (hield of Minerva petrify all who beheld it. 
+
+To remind the people of the importance of their linen 
+manufactory, the Egyptians expofed in their feftivals 
+another image, bearing in her right hand the beam or 
+inftrument round which the weavers rolled the warp of 
+their cloth. This image they called Minerva (2). Now, 
+there are antient figures of Pallas extant, which cor- 
+refpond with this idea (3). .What (till heightens the 
+probability of this is,, that the name of Athene, given 
+to this goddefs, is the very word in Egypt for the flaxen 
+thread (4) iifed in their looms. Near this figure, which 
+was to warn the inhabitants of the approach of the 
+weaving, or winter feafon, they placed another of an 
+infedf, whole induflry feems to have given rife to this 
+art, and to which they gave the name of Arachne (5), 
+to denote its application. All thefe emblems, tranf- 
+planted to Greece by the genius of that people, fond of 
+the marvellous, were converted into real objeds, and 
+indeed afforded room enough for the imagination of their 
+poets to invent the fableetf the transformation of Arachne 
+into a fpider. 
+
+Minerva, by the poets and fculptors, is ufually re- 
+prefented iq a (landing attitude compleatly armed, with 
+a compofed but fmiling countenance, beating a golden 
+
+r 
+
+(1) From Dufh, to prefs, comes Metlufha or Medufa, the 
+
+prefling. See I faiah XXV. 10. 
+
+(z) From Manevra, a weaver’s loom. 
+
+(3) In the collection of prints made by M. de Crozat. 
+
+(4) Atona, linen thread. See Proverbs vii. 16, 
+
+(5) Erom Afacb, to make linen doth. 
+
+
+bread- 
+
+
+III 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+* ' * 
+
+breaft plate, a fpear in her right-hand, and her terrible 
+jegis in her left, having on it the head of Medufa en¬ 
+twined with /hakes. Her helmet was ufually entwined 
+with olives,, to denote peace is the end of war, or ra¬ 
+ther beca,ufe that tree was facred to her. See her pic¬ 
+ture in Cambray’s Telemaque At her feet is general¬ 
+ly placed the owl, or the cock ; the former being the 
+
+emblem of wifdom, the latter of war. . 
+
+^ * 
+
+I • 
+
+CHAP. XL. 
+
+Of Mars and Bellona. 
+
+r • 
+
+* • # ♦ 
+
+M ARS was the fon of Juno alone, who being 
+
+chagrined that Jupiter fhould bear Minerya with¬ 
+out her help, to be even with him confulred Flora, 
+who fhewed her a flower in the Olenian fields, on 
+touching of which (he conceived, and became the mo¬ 
+ther of this dreadful deity (6). Thero, or fiercenefs, 
+was his nurfe, and he received his education amongft 
+the Scythians, the mod barbarous nation in the world, 
+amongfl whom he was adored in a particular manner, 
+though they acknowledged no other god. 
+
+This deity had .different appellations. The Greeks 
+called him Ares {7), from the deftruflion he caufes. 
+He had the name of Gradivus from his majeffic port; 
+of Quirinus, when on the defenfive, or at reft.- By 
+the antient Latins he was (tiled Salifubfuius, or the 
+dancer, • from the uncertainty that attends all martial 
+enterprizes. 
+
+Mars was the god of war, and in high veneration 
+with the Romans, both on account of his being ’ the 
+father of Romulus their founder, and becaufe ot their 
+own genius always inclined to conqueff. Numa, though 
+otheiwife a pacific prince, having implored the gods, 
+during a great peffilence, received a fmall brafs buckler, 
+called ancile, from hsav en, which the nymph Egeria 
+
+
+
+(6) Others make him the Ton of Jupiter and Juno, or of Jupiter 
+2nd Erys. 
+
+(7) From ct;stv y to kill. 
+
+
+advifed 
+
+
+
+£12 FABULOUS HISTORY OF, 
+
+^ > 
+
+% 
+
+advifed him to keep with the utmoft care, the fate of 
+the Roman people and empire depending on its con- 
+fervation. To fecure lo valuable a pledge, Numa cauf- 
+ed eleven more fhields of the fame form to be made, and 
+intruded the care of thefe to an order of priefls he 
+inftiruted, called Salii, or the priefls of Mars, in whofe 
+temple the twelve ancilia were depofired. The number 
+of thefe priefls was alfo twelve, chofen out of the no- 
+blefl familes, who, on the firfl of March annually, the 
+feflival of Mars, carried the ancilia with great ceremony 
+round the city, clafhing their bucklers, and flnging hymns 
+to the gods, in which they were joined by a chorus 
+of virgins chofen to alhil on this occafion, and drefl'cd 
+like themfelves. This feflival. was concluded with a grand 
+fuppdr (8). 
+
+Auguflus erefted a magnificent temple to Mars at 
+Rome, by the title of Ultor, which he vowed to him, 
+when he implored his affiflance againfl the murderers 
+of Julius Caefar. The victims facrificed to him were the 
+wolf for his fiercenefs, the horfe on account of its ufe- 
+fulnefs in war, the woodpecker and vulture for their 
+ravenoufnefs, the cock for his vigilance. He was crown¬ 
+ed with grafs, becaufe it grows in cities depopulated 
+by war, and thickeft in places moifhned with human 
+blood. 
+
+The hiflory of Mars furnifhes few adventures. We 
+have already related his amour with Venus, by w'hom 
+he had Hennione, contracted to Orefles, and afterwards 
+married to Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 
+
+By the nymph Biflonis, Mars had Tereus, who reign¬ 
+ed in Thrace, and mariied Progne, the daughter of 
+Pandion, king of Athens. This princefs had a filler 
+called Philomela, a great beauty ; and being defirous to 
+fee her, fhe requefled her hufband to go to Athens, and 
+bring her fitter, with her father’s permiflion, to her, 
+Tereus, by the way, fell in love with his charge, and 
+on her jejeCting his folicitations, ravifhed her, cut out 
+her tongue, and enclofed her in a flrong , tower, pre¬ 
+tending to his wife fhe died in the journey. In this 
+condition the unhappy princefs found means to 'em- 
+
+r 
+
+(8) Called Csena Saliaris. 
+
+
+broider 
+
+
+
+. THE HEATHEN GODS. 113 
+
+* t 
+
+broider her ftory, and fend it to her fitter, who tranf* 
+ported with rage, contrived how to revenge the injury, 
+Firtt file brought her fitter home privately; next fhe 
+killed her fon Itys, and ferved up his flefh to his father, 
+for fupper : after he had eat it, fhe expofed the bead 
+and told him what fhe had done; Tereus, mad with 
+fury, purfued the fitters, who in their flight became 
+transformed, Progne to a fwallow, and Philomela to a 
+nightingale. Itys was by the gods changed into a 
+pheafant, and Tereus himfelf into a lapwing. Ovid has 
+(9) given us this flory with his ufual embellifhments. 
+
+Mars married a wife called Nerio, or Nerione (1), 
+which in the Sabine tongue fignifies valour or ftrength. 
+He had feveral children, the principal of whom were 
+Bythis, who gave his name to Bythinia ; Thrax, from 
+whom Thrace was fo called ; .Enomaus, Afcalaphus, 
+Bifton, Chalybs, Strymon, Parthenopaeus, Tmolus, Pylus, 
+Euenus, Calydon, &c. 
+
+This deity having killed Halirothus, the fon of Nep¬ 
+tune, was indicted before the aflembly of the gods for 
+the murder, as well as for the crime of debauching 
+Alcippe, fitter to the deceafed.. - Twelve gods were pre- 
+fent, of whom fix were for acquitting him ; fo that, by 
+the cuttcm of the court, when the voices were equal, 
+the favourable fide carrying it, he came off. Some fay 
+this trial was in the'famous Areopagus, or hill of Mars, 
+at Athens, a court which, in fucceeding time, gained 
+the highett reputation, for the juftice and impartiality of 
+jfs proceedings (2). 
+
+Mars was neither invulnerable nor invincible, for we 
+find him in Homer both wounded and purfued by Dio- 
+medes; but then it mutt be confidered, that Homer was 
+fo good a patriot, that he always affe&s to dilgrace the 
+gods who took the Trojan’s part. _ 
+
+
+(9) See Ovid, Lib. VI. 413. 
+
+(1) ffence the C&udian family at Rome are faid to derive the 
+lii'name of Nero. 
+
+
+, (-) Thele judges were chofen out of perfons of the moft blame- 
+els chai acters- They fuffered no verbal pleadings before them, 
+bit a falfe eloquence might varnifh a bad caufe ; and all their 
+♦ententes were given in writing, and delivered in the dark. 
+
+
+Mars, 
+
+
+
+114 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Mars whatever his appearance be, was of Egyptian 
+original. This 'nation was divided into three cla fifes, 
+the priefts, the hufbandmen, and the artificers $ of thefe, 
+the firft were by their profeffion exempt from, war, and 
+the latter reckoned too mean to be employed in delence 
+of the ftate ; fo that their militia was wholly, taken from 
+the fecond body. V’e have already obferved, that in 
+the facrifices which preceded their military expeditions, 
+their Ifis appeared in a warlike drefs, and gave rite to 
+the Greek Pallas, or Minerva. The Horns which ac¬ 
+companied this figure, was alfo equipped with this hel¬ 
+met and buckler,, and called by the name of Harits (3', 
+or the formidable. The Syrians fo.-tened this word to 
+Hazis (4); the Greeks changed it to Aies; the Gauls, 
+pronounced it Hefus ; and the Romans and Sabines, 
+Warets or Mars. Thus the military Horus of the Egyp¬ 
+tians became perfonified, and made the god of com¬ 
+bats or war. 
+
+Mars is ufually defcribed in a chariot drawn by fu¬ 
+rious horfes, compleatly armed, and extending his fpear 
+with one hand, while with the other hand he grafps. 
+a fword .embrued in blood. His afpe& is fierce and 
+favage. Sometimes Difcord is reprefented as preceding 
+his car, while Clamour, Fear and Terror appear in his 
+train. Virgil has given a defeription of this god pretty 
+much agreeable to this idea (5). 
+
+Bellona is ufually reckoned the filler of Mars, though 
+
+forrie call her both his filler and wife. As her inclina- 
+
+% 
+
+tions were equally cruel and favage, fhe took a pleafure 
+in fharing his dangers, and is commonly depifted as 
+driving his chariot with a bloody whip in her hand. 
+Appius Claudius built her a temple at Rome, where, 
+in her facrifices called Bellonaria, her priells ufed to 
+flafh themfelves with knives. Juft oppofite flood the 
+Collumna Bellica, a pillar from whence the herald 
+threw a fpear, when war was proclaimed again!! any 
+
+
+(3) Frrom Harits, violent or enraged. See Job 1 xv. 20. 
+
+(4) Hazis, (Syr) tire terrible in war, Pfalm xxiv. 8. The Sy¬ 
+rians alfo called him Ab Gueroth, or the father of combats; 
+whence the Romans borrowed their Gradivns Pater. 
+
+(5) Virgil, JEneid VIII. 700.. 
+
+nation. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+”5 
+
+
+nation. She is faid to be the inventrefs of the needle 
+(6), from which fhe took her name. 
+
+This goddefs is represented Sometimes holding a light¬ 
+ed torch or brand, at others with a trumpet, her hair 
+ompofed of Snakes clotted with 
+
+
+meats ilained with blood, -in a 
+attitude. 
+
+
+gore, 
+
+furious 
+
+
+and her 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+gar- 
+
+diftratted 
+
+
+CHAP. XU. 
+
+
+
+Of Ceres. 
+
+9 
+
+0 
+
+T may not be improper now to pafs to Softer pic¬ 
+tures, whofe agreeabienefs may ferve has a coritraft' 
+to the ftronger images juft difplayed." As plenty and 
+abundance repair the walte and havock of war, we fhall 
+next to Mars introduce Ceres, a divinity friendly and 
+beneficent to mankind. 
+
+This goddefs was the daughter of Saturn and Rhea. 
+
+| Sicily, Attica, Crete, and Egypt, claim the honour of 
+f her birth, each country producing its reafons, though 
+the fir ft has the general fuffrage. In her youth fhe 
+was fo beautiful, that her brother Jupiter fell in love with 
+her, by whom fhe had Proferpine. Neptune next en¬ 
+joyed her ; but the fruit of this amour is controverted, 
+fome making it a daughter called Hira, others a horfe 
+
+
+called Arion. Indeed, as this laft deity careffed her in 
+that form, the latter opinion fee,rns beft founded. How¬ 
+ever this be, fhe' was fo afhamed of this laft affair, that 
+fhe put on mourning garments, and retired to a cave, 
+where fhe continued fo long, that the world was in danger 
+of perifhing for want (7). At laft Pari difcovered her re¬ 
+treat, and informed Jupiter, who, by the interceflion of 
+the Parc®, or Fates, appeafed her, and prevailed on her 
+to return to the w'orid. ' 
+
+For fome time fits took 
+
+
+up her abode in Corcyra, 
+to Sicily, where the misfor- 
+her of the rape of Proferpine her daughter. 
+
+
+from whence fhe removed 
+tune befell 
+
+
+
+(0) From BiXicij, a,needle. 
+
+(7) Becaufe during Her abfence 
+milts. 
+
+
+the earth produced no corn or 
+
+
+
+by 
+
+
+
+116 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+■ 
+
+by Pluto. The difconfolate mother immediately carried 
+her complaints to Jupiter, upbraiding him with his 
+permitting fuch an injuftice to be committed, efpecially 
+on the perfon of his own daughter. But obtaining little 
+
+
+on the perfon of his own daughter. But obtaining little 
+fatisfa&ion, (he lighted her torches at mount iEtna, 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+out in 
+
+
+mounting her < 
+in fearch of her 
+
+
+her car drawn by winged 
+
+
+wingea aragons, let 
+hter. As her adven- 
+remarkable, we (lull 
+
+
+beloved daughter. 
+
+
+tures in this journey were 
+
+
+mention them 
+
+
+urney were pretty 
+in their order. 
+
+
+Her firfl (lop was at Athens, where being hofpitabty 
+received by Celeus, (lie in return taught him to fow 
+corn, and nouri(hed his fon Triptolemus with celeltial 
+milk by day, at night covering him with fire, to rendu 
+him immortal. Celeus. out of curiofitv, difcoverin? 
+
+
+him immortal. Celeus, out of curiofity, difcovering 
+this lad particular, was fo affrighted, that he cried out 
+and revealed it himfelf, on which the goddefs killed him. 
+As to his fon, Ceres lent him her chariot, and fent him 
+through the world to inftruft mankind in the art of 
+agriculture. 
+
+She was next entertained by Hypothoon and Mega- 
+nira (8) his wife, who fet wine before her. which (he 
+refufed, as unfuitable tocher mournful condition ; but 
+(he prepared herfelf a drink from an infufion of meal or 
+
+
+corn, which (he afterwards ufed. lambe (9.1, an at- 
+tendant of Meganira, ufed to divert the goddefs with 
+(lories and jells, which file repeated in a certain kind of 
+verfe. It happened, during a facrifice made her here, 
+that Abas, fon to Meganira, derided the ceremony, and 
+ufed the goddefs with opprobrious language ; where¬ 
+upon fprinkling him with a certain mixture (he held in 
+her cup, he became a newt or water lizard. Erifichton 
+alfo, for cutting down a grove confecrated to her, was 
+Diinifhed with fuch an infatiable huneer. that nothing 
+
+
+lambe (9I, an at. 
+
+
+Meganira, ufed to divert the goddefs with 
+
+
+a grove 
+
+
+confecrated to her, was 
+
+
+punifhed with fuch an 
+could fatisfy him, but 
+flefh. 
+
+
+infatiable hunger, 
+he was forced to 
+
+
+that nothing 
+
+
+to gnaw his own 
+
+
+From thence Ceres palled into Lycia, where being 
+thirfty, and defiring to drink at a fpring, the clowns 
+not only hindered her, but fullied and difturbed the wa¬ 
+ter, reviling her for her misfortunes; upon which 
+
+
+( 3 ) Hypothoon was the fon of Neptune and Afope. 
+
+(9) The daughter of Pan and Echo, and the inventrefs ofhuu- 
+
+bic verfe. 
+
+(he 
+
+
+I the he at He n gods. m? 
+
+0 ie turned them into frogs. Thefe frogs, though al- 
+jeady punifhed for affronting his lifter, had . the folly 
+to alk Jupiter to grant them a king. He fent them a 
+frog, whom they rejedted, and defired another; upon 
+which the god fent them a water ferpent, who devoured 
+them, and effectually convinced them of their weaknefs. 
+
+It is difputed, who firft informed Ceres where her 
+daughter was; fome afcribe the intelligence to Tripto- 
+lemus, and his brother Eubuleus ; but the moft part 
+agree in giving the honour of it to the nymph Arethufa 
+[ (a fountain in Sicily) (i), who flying the purfuit of 
+| the river Alpheus, faw this goddefs in the infernal re- 
+
+j gions. 
+
+| VVe have but one amour of Ceres recorded. Find¬ 
+ing Jafion, the fon of Jupiter and EleCtra afleep in a 
+field newly ploughed up, Ihe acquainted him with her 
+paffion, and bore him Plurus the god of riches; but 
+Jove, incenfed to fee his fon become his rival, killed him 
+with a thunderbolt. 
+
+Ceres had feveral names ; fhe was called Magna Dea, 
+or the great goddefs, from her bounty in fupporting 
+mankind ; Melaina, from her black cloathing ; Eu- 
+chlasa, from her verdure ; Alma, Altrix, and Mammofa, 
+from her nourilhing and impregnating all feeds and ve¬ 
+getables, and being as it were the common mother of 
+the world. The Arcadians, by way of excellence, ftiled 
+her Defpoina, or ihe Lady. She was alfo honoured 
+with the peculiar epithet of Thefmophoris, or the Le- 
+giflatrefs, becaufe hulbandry firft taught the ufe of land¬ 
+marks, and the value of ground, the fource of all pro¬ 
+perty and law. 
+
+It muft be owned this goddefs was not undeferving the 
+higheft titles given her, confidered as the deity who 
+firft taught men to plough and fow, to reap and houfe 
+their corn, to yoke oxen, to make bread, to cultivate 
+all forts of pulfe and garden-ftuff (except beans), though 
+fome make Bacchus the firft inventor of agriculture. 
+She alfo inftru&ed mankind to fix limits or boundaries, 
+to afcertain their poffefllons. 
+
+
+(i) The daughter 
+Diana. 
+
+
+of Nereus and Doris, and a companion of 
+
+There 
+
+
+
+J18 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+4 
+
+
+There was none of the celeftial alTembly to whom 
+more folemn facrifices were inftituted than to Ceres, 
+The place where Ihe was principally worfhipped was at 
+Eleufis, where her rites were performed in the molt 
+folemn and myfterious manner. They were celebrated 
+only once in five years all the matrons initiated, were 
+to vow a perpetual chaftity. At the commencement of 
+the feftival, a feaft was kept for feveral days, during 
+which wine was banifhed the altars. After this the 
+proceflion began, which confifted in the carriage of the 
+lacred bafkets or canifters, in one of which was inclofed 
+a child with , a golden feraph, a van, grains, cakes, &c. 
+The reprefemation of the myfteries, during which a 
+profound filence (2) was to be obferved, concluded thus: 
+after a horrid darknefs, thunder, lightning, and what¬ 
+ever is moll awful in nature, fucceeded a calm and bright 
+illumination, which difcovered four perfbns fplendidly 
+habited. The fit ft was called the Hierophant, or the 
+expounder of /acred things, and reprefented the Demiurgus, 
+or fupreme being; the fecond bore a torch, arid fig/ii- 
+fied Ofiris ; the third Hood near the altar, and fignified ills; 
+the fourth, whom they called the Holy Meflenger, per¬ 
+sonated Mercury (3}. To thefe rites none v/ere admit¬ 
+ted but perfons of the firfi: character, for probity or e- 
+minence. Only the priells were fuffered to fee the 11a- 
+tue of the goddefs. All the afiembly ufed lighted torches, 
+and the folemnity concluded with games, in which the 
+
+
+victors were crowned with ears of barley. 
+
+According to Herodotus, thefe rites were brought 
+from Egypt to Greece, by the daughters of Danaus. Ci¬ 
+thers lay, that Eumolpus, the fon of Triptoiemus and 
+Driope, transferred them from Eleufis to Athens. 
+
+The Thefmophoria, or lefier feftivals of Ceres, were 
+celebrated annually at Argos, and in many points re- 
+fembled the Eleufinian myfteries, though they fell ilioit 
+
+
+
+(2) It was death to fpeak, or to reveal what palled in thefe reli¬ 
+gious rites. 
+
+(3) The whole purport of this reprefentation, was defignedto 
+allegorize the defolate ftate of mankind after the flood, and /he"' 
+the benefits of agriculture and induftry. 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+119 
+
+
+of them very much in the dignity and grandeur of the 
+
+celebration. 
+
+Q. Memmius the sdile firffc introduced thefe rites 
+into Rome by the title of Cerealia (4). None were ad¬ 
+mitted to the facrifices guilty of any crime j fo that 
+when Nero attempted it, the Roman matrons exprefied 
+their relentmenr,. by going into mourning. This fef- 
+tival was clofed by a banquet and public horfe-races. 
+
+The Ambarvalia were feafts celebrated by the Roman 
+hulbandmeni in fpring, to render Ceres propitious, by 
+luitrating their fields. Each mafter of a family furnifh- 
+ed a vidtiin with an oaken wreath round its neck, which 
+
+
+he led thrice round his ground, followed by his family 
+Tinging hymns, and dancing in honour of the goddefs. 
+The offerings ufed in the luftration were milk and new 
+wine. At the clofe of the harveft there was a fecond 
+ftftival, in which the goddefs was prefented with the 
+firft fruits of the feafon, and an entertainment provided 
+for the relations and - neighbours. 
+
+The beginning of April the gardeners facrificed to 
+Ceres, to obtain a plentiful produce of their grounds, 
+which were under Her"protection. Cicero mentions sn 
+antient temple of. hers at Catanea in Sicily, in which 
+the offices were performed by matrons and virgins only, 
+no man being admitted. The ufual facrifices to this 
+godde's were a fow with pig, or a ram. The garlands 
+ufed by her in her facrifices were of myrtle or rape- 
+weed : but flowers were prohibited, becaufe Proftrpine 
+was loft as file gathered them. The poppy alone was 
+facred to her, not only becaufe it grows amongft corn, 
+but becaufe in her.diftrefs Jupiter gave it her to eat, 
+that fhe might fleep and forget her troubles. 
+
+Let 11s now endeavour to find Lome explanation of 
+this hifiory of Ceres. If we have recourfe to our for¬ 
+mer key, we fhall find the Ceres of Sicily and Eleufis, 
+or of Rome and Greece, is no other than the Egyptian 
+Ifis, brought by the Phaenicians into thofe countries. 
+The very name of myftery (5) given to the Eleufinian 
+
+
+(4) This appears from a medal of this magiftrate, on which is 
+the effigies of Ceres holding in one hand three ears of corn ; in the 
+other a torch, and with her left foot treading on a ferpent. 
+
+(5) From Miftor, a veil or covering. 
+
+rites. 
+
+
+
+120 FAULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+rites, fhews they are of Egyptian origin. The Ifis, 
+which appeared at the feaft appointed for the comme¬ 
+moration of the ftate of mankind after the flood, bore 
+the name of Ceres (6), fuitable to her intention. She 
+was figured in mourning, and with a torch, to denote 
+the grief lhe felt for the lofs of Perfophene (7 ) her fa¬ 
+vourite daughter, and the pains file was at to recover 
+her. The poppies with which this Ifis was crowned, 
+flgnified the joy men received at their firft abundant 
+crop (8). Triptolemus was only the attendant Horns 
+(9), bearing in his hand the handle of a plough, and 
+Celeus his father was no more than (1) the name of the 
+tools ufed in the forming this ufeful inftrument of agricul¬ 
+ture. Eumolpus exprefled (2) the regulation or forma¬ 
+tion of the people to induftry and tillage ; and Profer- 
+pina or Perlephoneh being found again, was a lively 
+fymbol of the recovery of corn a’molf loft in the deluge, 
+and its cultivation with fuccefs Thus the emblems, 
+almoft quite Ample, of the moft important event which 
+ever happened in the world, became, when tranfplant- 
+ed to Greece and Rome, the fources of the moft ridicu- 
+
+v 
+
+lous fable and grofleft idolatry. 
+
+Ceres was ufually reprefen ted of a tall majeftic fta- 
+ture, fair complexion, languifhing eyes, and yellow or 
+flaxen hair; her head crowned with poppies, or ears of 
+corn, her breafts full and fwelling, holding in her right- 
+hand a bunch of the fame materials with her garland, 
+and.in her left alighted torch. When in a car or cha¬ 
+riot, lhe is drawn by winged dragons, or lions, 
+
+
+
+( 6 ) From Ceret?, diflblution or overthrow, Jeremiah xlvi. 30. 
+
+(7) From Peri, fruit or corn, and Saphan loft, comes Perfepho- 
+
+neh, or the corn loft. _ 
+
+( 8 ) Bobo figniftes a double crop, and is alfo the name for the 
+
+
+poppy. . 
+
+(9) From Tarap, to break, and Telem a furrow, comes Inp- 
+
+tolem, or the a< 5 t of ploughing. 
+
+(1) Celeus, from Celi, a tool or vefiel. 
+
+Virgea prat ere a Celei 'vilifque fupellex , _ Virgil Geo. 
+
+(2) From Warn, people, and Alep to learn, is derived Eumo- 
+lep or Eumolpus i. e. the people regulated or inftrutted. 
+
+
+C H A P. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TH E' h:e a t he n g ods. 
+
+
+A +> > 
+
+
+tzt 
+
+
+• l. V. 
+
+
+' < J J . 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+■*/ 
+
+
+i ' 
+
+
+-A* * 
+
+
+* . <> 
+
+
+* „ J 
+
+
+C H A P. XLII. 
+
+
+.t 
+
+
+• a 
+
+
+»' • ♦ 
+* , * 
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+; r: 
+
+
+OF Bac'chvs. 
+
+
+li S corn and wine are the nobleft gifts of nature, fa 
+it... is no wonder, , in \the progrcfs of idolatry. If 
+hey became deified,. and • had their altars. It is there¬ 
+fore no unnatural tranfitioq, if from Ceres we pals, to 
+
+Jacchus. . • ' -’.v, 5 '• ‘ r l 
+
+This deity was the fonL of- Jupiter and Semele, (as 
+
+ias been oblerved^JtY thr-article of Jupiter) and was 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+10m at Thebes. > Cicero ;mentions five (5) of-the name, 
+t is faid the nymphs took care of his education, though 
+pine afcribe this. office; tb thepHorae or Hours i others 
+
+
+carried him into 
+
+
+p the Naiades. Mercury after- this carried him into 
+fubtea. to Maoris, the daughter of r Arifteus 14), who 
+
+I oiuted his lips with honey ; but rj'uno, incenfed at 
+
+i finding protection in a placet facred to her, baniflied 
+
+n thence ; fo that ; Maciis fled with him into the 
+
+Lintry of the Phoenicians, and npurifhed him in a cave. 
+
+hers fay, that Cadmus, father’ to Semele, difcovering 
+
+r crime, put her and the child into a wooden ark 
+
+rich by the tides was carried to Oreatse, a town of 
+
+iconia, where Semele being found dead, 'was buried 
+
+th great pomp, and the infant nurfed by. I no in a 
+
+ye. During this perfecutionj being tired in his flight, 
+
+fell afleep, and ah - Arophifbena, or two-headed fer- 
+
+nt, of the . moil: poifonous kind, bit his leg ; but a- 
+
+tking, he- ftruck it with a vine twig, and that kil- 
+1 it. • . ' a 
+
+In his infancy fome Tyrrhenian merchants found him 
+leep on the Ihore, and attempted. to carry him away J 
+it fuddenly he transformed vhimfelf into -monftfpus 
+a pes; at the fame time their; malts were ericompafled 
+
+ith vines, and their : oarsv wjrb ivy, -and, ftruck with 
+adnefs, they jumped into'the fea, where, the god chang- 
+
+
+‘ s 
+
+
+
+
+■\! * - 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+>*• 
+
+
+l 5 D T ^ e f^efon °f Jupiter and Pi'oferpinej the ad the Egyp- 
+n ^ accut (’ fbe fon-of Nile, who killed. Nyfa ; the 3d the fon of 
+C u ?» who reigned in Alia* the^th the fon of Jupiter and 
+L"b an< l the 5th born of Nilus; and Thione. 
+
+L;; 4 ' Uthers % Mercury carried him to Nyfa,. a citv of Arabia, 
+fai isgypt. * 
+
+G 
+
+
+ed 
+
+
+
+%22 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+ed them into dolphins. Homer has made this the fut 
+je£i of one of his hymns. 
+
+Bacchus, during the giants war, diftinguiftied himfe 
+greatly by bis valour in the form of a lion, while J u 
+piter, to encourage his fon, ufed the word Euhoe, whic 
+hecame afterwards frequently ufed in his facrifices 0 
+thers fay, that in. this, rebellion the Titans cut our deit 
+to pieces but that Pallas took his heart, while ye 
+panting, and carried it to her-father, w.ho col left ed thi 
+limbs, and re animated the body, after it had Hept threi 
+nights with Proferpine (5). 
+
+The rnoft memorable exploit of Bacchus was his ex 
+pedition to India, which employed him three years. Hf 
+fet out from Egypt, where, he left Mercurius Trifme. 
+gift us to aflift his wife in quality of co-regent, and ap. 
+pointed Hercules his. viceroy. Bufiris he conformed pre- 
+fident of Phoenicia, and Antceus of. Lybia ; after Which 
+he marched with a prodigious armyj carrying with him 
+Triptoleovus and Maro, to teach mankind the arts of 
+tillage and planting the vine. His fhft: progrefs was 
+weftward (toJ, and during his courfe he was joined by 
+Pan and Lufus-,. who gave their names to different parts 
+of Iberia. Altering his views he returned through E- 
+itliiopia,, where the; Satyrs and Mufes increafed his army, 
+and from thence crofting the red fea, he penetrated 
+through Affa to the remoteft parts of India, in the 
+mountains of which-country, near the fource of the 
+Ganges, he erected two pillars, to fhew that he had 
+vifited the utmoft limits, of the habitable world (7). 
+After this, returning home with glory, he made a tri¬ 
+umphant entry into Thebes, offered part of his fpoils 
+to Jupiter, and facrificed to him the richeft: fpices of the 
+eaft. He then applied bimfelf folely to affairs of go- 
+
+
+c 
+
+or 
+
+
+(5) The Mythologifts fay, that this is to denote the cuttings 
+vines will grow, but that they will be three years before tucj 
+come to bear. ^ 
+
+(6) Pan gave his name to Spain* or Hifpania, Lulus, to Lu- 
+
+fitania, or Portugal. , 
+
+(7) 'In his return he built Nyfa, and other cities, ana pamn^ 
+
+the Hellefpont he came into Thrace, where he left Maro, ' vnn 
+founded the city Maroncea. To Macedo he gave the coun 
+from him called Macedonia, and left Triptolpmus in Attica 
+
+mftruft. the people • 
+
+ver 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+IZ3 
+
+
+ft 
+
+vernment, to reform abufes, ena& good laws, and con¬ 
+fide the happinefs of his people, for which, he not only 
+obtained the title of the law-giver, by way of excel¬ 
+lence, but was deified after death. . 
+
+Juno having ftruck. him with madnefs, he had before 
+this wandered through Dart of the world. 
+
+
+part 
+fir ft who 
+
+
+Proteus, 
+received him kindly.; 
+
+
+king of Egypt, was the 
+He next went to Cybella in Phrygia, where being ex¬ 
+piated by Rhea, he was initiated in the myfteries of 
+
+
+Cybele. 
+
+
+Lycurgus, king of the Bdoni, near the river 
+
+
+! 
+
+1 
+
+
+Stiymon, affronted him in this journey,'for which Bac¬ 
+chus deprived him of his reafon ; fo that when he-thought 
+to prune-his vines,, he cut off the legs of his fon Dryas 
+and his own. By command of the oracle, his fubjetts 
+imprifoned him, and he was torn in pieces by ,.wiid - 
+horfes. It is ealy to fee how inconfiftent tliefe accounts 
+of the feme perfon are, and that the actions • of diffe¬ 
+rent Bacchufes are afcribed to one. 
+
+* 4 4 1 v ' 
+
+We have two other inftances recorded of the relent-, 
+ment of this deity. Alcithoe, a Theban lady, derided 
+his priefteffes, and was transformed into a bat; Pep- 
+theus, the fon of Echion and Agave, for ridiculing his 
+folemnities, called Orgia, was torn in pieces by his own 
+mother and filters (8), who in their madnefs took him 
+for a wild hoar. 
+
+• .* * ' * * 1 * 
+
+The favourite wife of Bacchus was Ariadne, , whom. 
+he found in the ifl.e of Naxos, abandoned by Thefeus ; 
+he loved her fo paffionately, that he-placed the crown 
+(he wore as a conftellation in the, Ikies. By her he had 
+Staphilus, Thyoneus, Hymenaeus, Scc._ t 
+
+Ciffus, a youth whom he greatly. efteemed, fporting 
+with the Satyrs, was accidentally killed. Bacchus chang¬ 
+ed him into the plant ivy, which became 'in a pecu¬ 
+liar manner confecrated' to his worfiiip. Silenus, 
+another of his favourites, wandering from his matter. 
+
+
+came to Midas, king of Phrygia, at . whofe;court he was 
+well received. To reauite this favour, Bacchus pro- 
+
+The monarch. 
+
+
+* 
+
+mifed to 
+
+
+grant 
+
+
+i o requite 
+
+whatever he requefteff. 
+
+whnfe-ruling paflion-wa; avarice, defired all he touched 
+njight be turned to gold ; but he Toon felt the inconve- 
+jniency of having his wifh granted, when he found his 
+
+
+J 4 
+
+
+
+(8) Ovid, Lib. II. 630. . 
+
+
+G 2 
+
+
+meat 
+
+
+
+324 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+meat and- drink converted into metalHe therefore 
+prayed the god to recall his bounty, and releafe him 
+from his mifery. He was commanded to wafh in the 
+river Pa&olus, which, from that time, had golden 
+Lands (9)., 
+
+(1) Bacchus had a great variety of names; he was 
+^called Dionyfius (2), from his father’s lemenefs while 
+he carried him in his thigh : the appellation of Biformis 
+was given him, becaufe he fometimes was reprefented 
+as old, fometimes as J young ; that of Brifoeus, from his 
+inventing the wine-prefs {3); that of Bromius, from 
+the crackling of fire heard when Semele perifhed by the 
+lightning of Jupiter ; that of Bimater, from his having 
+two mothers, or being twice born. The Greeks ftiled 
+him Bugenes, or born of an ox, becaufe he was drawn 
+with horns ; and for the fame reafon the Latins called 
+
+
+him Tauriformis. He was named Daemon Bonus, be- 
+•caufe in all feafts the Iaft glafs was drank to his honour. 
+Evius, Evous, and Evan, were names ufed by the Bac¬ 
+chanals in their wild proceffions, as were thofe of Eleus 
+and iEleleus. He was ftiled lacchus, frOm the noife (4) 
+made by his votaries in their drunken frolicks; Lenceus, 
+-becaufe wine aftuages the forrows and troubles of life 
+f 5) ; Liber, and Liber Pater, becaufe he fets men free 
+from conftraint, and puts them on an equality; and on 
+the fame account he was firnamed Lyceus, and Lycceus 
+(6) ; Nyftilius was an appellation given him, becaufe 
+his facrifices were often celebrated in the night; from 
+his education on mount Nyfa, he gained the epithet of 
+Nifoeus, as alfo that of Thyoneus, from Thyo his 
+
+(9) Qvid, Lib. xi.^SS. 
+
+From B«*%»", to run mad, becaufe wine inflames, and 
+
+■deprives men of their reafon. 
+
+(2) From A; 1 ©-, God, and yu<r» , lame or crippled. 
+
+(3) Some derive it from Brifa his nurfe ; others from the pro¬ 
+montory, IBrifa in the ifle of Lefbos, where he was chiefly wor- 
+
+
+fhipped. 
+
+(4) From iax^u to exclaim or roar. 
+
+
+See Claudian’s rape 
+
+
+of Proferpine. , 
+
+(5) From Lenio to foften; but Servius 
+
+etymology, from a wine*prefs. *1 
+
+
+js gives the epithet a Greek 1 
+Tne firft conje&ure isbeJij 
+
+
+fupported by the poets. . 
+
+Cura fugit , multo dumturque niero. 
+(.6) From hvu t to unloofe or fet free.. 
+
+
+Ovid 
+
+
+nurfe; 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. iz? 
+
+mirfe ; and that of Triumphus, from his being the firffc 
+who inftituted triumphs. 
+
+The principal feftivals of Bacchus were the Ofco- 
+phoria, inllituted by the Phoenicians. The Trieterica> 
+(7), celebrated in remembrance of his three years ex¬ 
+pedition to India. The Epilosnea were- games appointed 
+at the time of vintage, in which they contended who- 
+Ihould tread out molt muft or wine, and fung hymns 
+
+to the deity. The Athenians obferved a certain feaffc 
+
+called Apaturia; as alfo others called Afcolia and Am- 
+brofia. The latter were celebrated in January, the 
+
+month facred to Bacchus; the Romans, called them 
+
+« x _ 
+
+Brumalia, and kept them in February and Auguft (8), 
+but the ,moft confiderable of the Romans, with regard 
+to this god,, were the Bacchanal!, Dionyfia or Orgia, 
+folemnized at mid-day in February, by women only at 
+firft, but afterwards by both fexes.* Thefe rites were, 
+attended with fuch abominable excefTes and wicked- 
+nefs, that the fenate abolifhed them by a publick de¬ 
+cree (9). 
+
+The victims, agreeable to Bacchus, were tKe goat 
+and fwine, becaufe thefe animals are deftruftive to the 
+vines ; the dragon, and the pye on account of its chat¬ 
+tering. The Trees and plants ufed in his garlands were 
+the ivy, the fir, the oak, and the herb rapeweed ; as^ 
+alfo the flower^ Daffodil or Narciffus. 
+
+Bacchus was the god of mirth, wine, and good cheer 
+and as fuch the poets have not been fparing in his praifes. 
+On all occafions of pleafure and facial joy they never failed' 
+to invoke his prefence, and to thank him for the blef- 
+fings he beftowed. To him they afcribed the forgetful- 
+nefs of their cares,. and the foft tranfports of mutual 
+friendfhip and chearful converfation. It would, be end- 
+lefs to repeat the compliments paid him by the Greek 
+and Latin poets, who, for the mo ft part, were hearty 
+devotees to his worfhip. 
+
+
+
+(7) Virgil, JEneid IV. 303. 
+
+(8) See Ccel. Rhodog. Lib XVII. cap. 
+
+
+(?) See Horace, Book II. Ode XIX 
+prade. 
+
+G 3 
+
+
+. wholly confecrated to his 
+
+• . ‘ % * 
+
+* 
+
+Bacchus* 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+126 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+t. 
+
+
+_ 
+
+Bacchus, by the poets and painters, is rep reft n ted as 
+a corpulent youth (i) naked, with a ruddy face, wanton 
+look, and effeminate air. He is crowned with ivy and 
+vine leaves, and bears in his hand a thyrfus (2), encir¬ 
+cled with the fame. His car is drawn fometimes by 
+lions, at others by tigers, leopards, or panthers, and 
+furrounded by a band of Satyrs and Maenades, or wood- 
+nymphs, in frantick poftures ; and, to clofe the mad 
+proceflion, appears old Silenus riding on an afs, which 
+was fcarcely able to carry fo fat and jovial a compa. 
+nion. 
+
+But on the great farcopnagus of his Grace the Duke 
+•of Beaufort, at Badminton, he is exprefled as a young 
+man mounted on a tiger; and habited in a long robe. 
+He .holds a thyrfus in one hand, and with the other 
+pours wine into a horn. His foot refis upon a bafket. 
+His attendants are the feafbns properly reprefented, and 
+intermingled with Fauns, Genies, &c. 
+
+To arrive at the true original of this fabled deity, we 
+muft once more revifit Egypt, the mother-country of 
+the gods, where he was indeed no other than the Ofiris 
+of that people. Whence fprung another Bacchus, dif- 
+tinguifhed from him, -will prefently appear. We have 
+already had fufficient occafion to remark how their Horus 
+changed his name and attributes, according to the fea- 
+fons, and the circumflances or operations he was in. 
+tended to direct. To commemorate the antieot ftate of 
+mankind, he_ appeared under the fymbol of a child, with 
+feraph by his fide, and aflumed the name of Bcn- 
+Semele (3). This was an image of the weaknefs and 
+imperfection of hufbandry after the deluge. The Greeks, 
+who knew' nothing of the true meaning of the figure, 
+called it the fon of Semele, and to heighten its ho¬ 
+nour made Jupiter his father, or, according to the eaf- 
+
+
+
+
+tern flile 
+
+
+
+■produced him out of his thigh. They 
+
+
+I • 
+
+(1) "Bacchus was fometimes depifled as an old man with abeaitl 
+as at Elis in Greece, and it was only then he had horns given him} 
+
+fometimes he was cloathed with a tiger’sJkin. 
+
+(2-) The thyrfus was a wooden javelin with an iron head, 
+
+(*) Ben-Semele, or the child'of the reprefen tation. 
+
+(4) See Genefis xlvi. z 6 , Ipeaking of Jacob’s children, or who 
+came out of his thigh. 
+
+* 
+
+even 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN G- O D S. 
+
+
+T2 7 
+
+
+K 
+
+even embellifhed the fbory with all the marvellous cir- 
+cum (lances of his mother’s death, and fo effectually 
+
+cumpleated the fable. 
+
+Let us add to this, that in all the antient forms of 
+invocation to the fupreme being, they ufed the exprffi* 
+fions afterwards appropriated to Bacchus, fuch as Io 
+Terombe (5)! Io Eacch'e (6)! or Io Baccoth! Jehova! 
+Hevan, Hevoe, and Eloah (7)! and Hu Elh! Etta Elh 
+(8). Thefe exclamations were repeated in afrer-agbs 
+by the'people, who had no longer any fenfe of their 
+true ftgnification, hut applied them to the objeCls of 
+their ido atry. In their huntings they ufed the outcries 
+of Io Saboi (9)! Io Nifli! Wi.ich, w.i(h a httle altera 
+tion, became the titles of the deity we are fpeaking of. 
+The Romans or' Latins, of all thefe, preferred the namb 
+of Baccoth, out of which they cbmpofed Bacchus. The 
+more delicate ear of the Greeks chofe the wold Io 
+Nifli, out of which they formed Dionyfius. Hence it 
+is plain, that no real Bacchus ever exifted, but that he 
+was only a mafque or figure bf fome concealed truth. In 
+fhort, whoever attentively reads Horace’s inimitable ode 
+to Bacchus (1), will fee that Bacchus meant no more 
+than the improvement of the world, by the cultivation 
+of agriculture, and the planting of the vine. 
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XL lit. 
+
+* * 
+
+to • 
+
+Of the Attendants of Bacchus ; Silenus, Svlvanus, 
+and the M^enades or Bacche, the Satyrs,Fau ffr 
+and Sileni. 
+
+- • 
+
+A S Bacchus was the god of good-humour and fel¬ 
+low (hip, fo none of the deities appeared with a more 
+
+numerous or fplendid retinue. 
+
+* " « 
+
+- * * « t 
+
+(5) Io Terombe ! let us cry to the Lord ; hence Dithyi*ambus. 
+
+(6) Io Baccoth ! God fee our tears! whence Bacchus. 
+
+(7) Jehova! Hevan or Hevoe, the author of exigence j Eloch, 
+the mighty God! hence Evoe, Evous, Sec. 
+
+(8) Hu Efh! thou-art the fire! Atla Efh! thou• art the life! 
+hence Attes and Ves. 
+
+(9) Io Sabot! Lord thou art an Hoft to me! Io Nifli! Lord be 
+my guide! hence Sabafius and Dionyfius, the names of Bacchus.' 
+(1) Horace, Lib.. H. Ode XIX.- 
+
+G. 4 Silenus> 
+
+
+
+128 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+Silenus, the principal 
+his preceptor, and a very 
+for the old man had a very hearty afFe&ion for his bot¬ 
+tle ; yet Silenus diftinguilht-d himfelf in the giants war 
+"by appearing on his afs, whofe braying put thole daring 
+rebels into confufion (z). Some lay he was born at 
+Malea, a city of Sparta; others, at Nyfa in Arabia; 
+but the moft probable conje&ure is, that he was a 
+prince of Caria, noted for his equity and wifdom (3), 
+However this be, he was a conftant attendant and com¬ 
+panion of his pupil in all his expeditions. Silenus was 
+a-notable good moralift in his cups, as we find in Virgil, 
+who has given us a beautiful oration of his on the no- 
+bleft fubje&s (4.), in the fine eclogue which bears his 
+same. 
+
+# $ « 
+
+Silenus is depi&ed as a fhort corpulent old man, bald- 
+
+headed, with a flat nofe, prominent, forehead, and big 
+ears. He is ufually defcribed as over-loaden with wine, 
+and feated on a faddle-backed afs, upon which he fup- 
+ports himfelf with a long ftaff; and in the other hand 
+carries a cantharus or jug, with the handle worn out 
+almoft by frequent ufe. 
+
+Silvanu,s was a rural deity, who often appears in the 
+train of Bacchus; fome fuppofe him the fon of Saturn, 
+others of Faunus. He was unknown to the Greeks; 
+but the Latins received the worfhip of him from the 
+Pelafgi, who, upon their migration into Italy, confe- 
+crared groves to his honour, and appointed lolemn fef- 
+tivals, in which milk was offered to him. Indeed the 
+worfhip of this imaginary deity feems wholly to have 
+rifen out of the antient facred ufe of woods and groves. 
+
+The Msenades were the priefteffes and nymphs who 
+attended Bacchus, and were alfo called Thyades; from 
+their fury; Bacchae, from their intemperance; and 
+Mimallones, from their difpofition to ape and mimic 
+others, which is one of the qualities of drunken people. 
+
+
+perfpn in his train, had been 
+fuitable one for f'uch a deitv- 
+
+
+
+(z) For which it was raifed to the Ikies, and made a conftellation. 
+(3) On this account arofe the fable cf Midas lending him hi3 
+ears. It is faid, that being once taken prilbner, he purchafed bis 
+.liberty with this remarkable fentence, ’That it nvas bejinot toot 
+born ; and, next to that , tnofl eligible to die quicklj. 
+
+
+(4) Virgil, Eclogue VI. 14. 
+
+
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 129’, 
+
+Thefe bore thyrfufes bound with ivy, and in their pro- 
+ceifion (hocked the ear and eye with their extravagant 
+cries and ridiculous and indecent coritorfions. 
+
+The life-guards or trained-bands of Bacchus were: 
+the Satyrs. It is uncertain whence thefe half creatures, 
+fprung; but their ufual refidence was in the woods and 
+forefts, and they were of a very wanton and \uftful drf- 
+pofition ; fo that it was very dangerous for aftray nymph’ 
+to fall into their hands. Indeed it was natural for 
+them to ufe compullion, for their form was none of 
+the moft inviting, having deformed heads, armed with^ 
+fhort horns, crooked hands, rough, and hairy, bodies,, 
+goats feet and legs, and tails as long as horfes. 
+
+We are now to feek fome explanation of this groupe- 
+of figures, and to do this we muft have recourfe to the 
+Egyptian key. As idolatry improved, the feafts or re- 
+prefentations of thofe people grew more pompous and 
+folemn, (how degenerated into mafquerade, ancL religion 
+into farce or frenzy. The Ben Semele, or child - of -re- 
+prefenration, mentioned in the explanation of Bacchus,, 
+became a jolly rofy youth, who, to adorn the pomp, 
+was placed in a chariot, drawn by aftors in tigers or 
+leopards fkins, while others, drefied in thofe of bucks 
+or goats, furrounded. him ; and, to (hew the dangers- 
+they had gone through in hunting, they fmeered- their 
+faces wirh dregs of wine, or juice of mulberries; to 
+imitate the blood of the beads they killed. Thefe af- 
+fiftants were called Satyrs (5), Fauns (6), and Thyades 
+(7), and Maenades (8), and Baflaridas (9). To clofe 
+the proceffion, appeared an old man on an afe, offer¬ 
+ing wine to the tired youth, who had returned from- 
+aprofperous chafe, and inviting them to take fome reft... 
+This perfon they caded Sylen (1), or Sylvan, and his 
+drets was defigned to fhew, that old men were exempt' 
+from thofe foils of youth, which,, by extirpating beafts - 
+
+°f prey, fecured the- approaching harveft. 
+
+> 
+
+^ rom Satur, hidden or difguifed.' 
+
+S’< F rom Phanim, a mafque or {life face. 
+
+From Thouah, to wander or run about wildly*;. 
+
+(o) From intoxicate or drive mad.. 
+
+(9) From Batfar, to gather the grapes.. 
+
+I*/ Froa Selau^ fafety or repofe. 
+
+G 5, 
+
+
+
+All 
+
+
+
+130 -FAB ULOUS HISTORY OF 
+All thefe fymbols were by the Greeks and Romans 
+
+adopted in their way, and the adtors of mafks of Egypt, 
+became the real divinities of nations, whole inclination 
+to the marvellous made them greedily embrace what¬ 
+ever flattered that prepoflefiion. - 
+
+
+CHAP. XLIV. 
+
+• 4 
+
+
+Of Hercules, and his Labours! 
+
+Jt 
+
+
+H AVI.NG gone through the Dii Majores, or ce- 
+
+leftial deities of the firft rank; we fhall proceed 
+to the demi gods, who were either thofe heroes whofe 
+eminent, actions and fuperior virtues railed them to the 
+Ikies, or thofe ter re (trial divinities, who for their bounty 
+and goodnefs to mankind, were clafled with the gods. 
+
+To begin with the former, Hercules undoubtedly 
+claims the foremoft place. There were feveral of this 
+name (2) ; but he to whom, amongft the Greeks, the 
+greateft glory is attributed, was the fon of Jupiter and 
+Alcmena, wife of Amphitryon kmg of Thebes. This 
+monarch being gone On an expedition againfl the JEtoYu 
+ans, Jove afiumed his form, and under that fafe dil- 
+guifie eafily enjoyed his defires. It is faid he was fo 
+enamoured, that he prolonged .the darknefs for three 
+days arid three nights fucceffively. Hercules was the 
+fruit of this extraodinary amour, and at the fame time 
+Alcmena bore twins to her hulband, Laodamia and Iphicltis, 
+who was remarkable for his extraordinary fwiltnefs. 
+This intrigue of, Jupiter, as ufual, foon came to the 
+ears of his jealous wife, who from that moment medi¬ 
+tated the deftrudtion of Hercules. A favourable ojea- 
+fion offered to her refentment. Archippe, the wife of 
+Sthenelus, king of Mycene, being pregnant at the fame 
+time with Alcmena, Jupiter had ordained, that the 
+child fifft'born fhould have the fuperiority, or command 
+
+over the other. Juno caufed Archippe to be delivered, 
+
+• - - » 
+
+
+
+Egyptian Hercules is reckoned theeldeft of tlielevyu 
+Ignalized Himfelf in the giants war, and was one of the principal 
+
+fmaities of that country. 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+THE FTE“A T H E N GOD S. < i 3 t 
+
+at the end of feven months, of a fon, called Euryftheusj 
+snd to retard the labour of Alcmena, in the form of an 
+eld woman (he fat at the gate of Amphy.tryon’s palace- 
+vvirh her legs acrofs, and her fingers interwoven. By 
+this fecret inchantmenf, that piincefs was (even days- 
+and nights in extreme, pains, til? Galanthis, one of her 
+attendants, feeing Juno ih this ..fufpicious pofture, and 
+conjecturing the caufe, ran haflily out with the news 
+that her miftrefs was. delivered. The goddefs ftarting 
+up at the news, A'cmena was that moment freed of her 
+burthen;, but Juno was fo incenled at Galanthis^ that 
+(lie changed her into a weefel. 
+
+During his infancy, Juno fent two ferpents to deftroy 
+him in his cradle, but the undaunted child ftrangled 
+them both with his hands. After this, as he grew up, 
+he difcovered an uncommon ftatufe and ftrength of body 
+(3), as well as heroic ardour of mind. lhefe great 
+qualities of nature were improved by (uitable care, his 
+education being intruded to the greateft matters (4.); fo 
+
+that it is no wonder if, with fuch confiderable advanta- 
+
+» • 
+
+ges, he made fuch a-fhining figure; in the world. 
+
+., His extraordinary virtues were early : put to the trial', 
+and the talks impofed on him by Euryftheus, On ac¬ 
+count of the danger and difficulty which attended their 
+execution, received the name of the Labours of Her¬ 
+cules, and aie. commonly, reckoned- to be twelve ill 
+number. 
+
+i. The firft labour, or . triumph of Hercules, was-the 
+death of the Nemseon lion. It is faid this furious ant- 
+mal, by Juno’s direction, fell from the orb of the .moon,, 
+and was invulnerable. It infefted the Nemasan wood?, 
+between. Phlius and Gleone, and did infinite mifehief. 
+The hero .attacked it both with his arrov/s and club, 
+but in vain, till perceiving his error, he firft ftrangled, 
+_ • ■ •! 
+
+, ’ ‘ • , 1 # ’ > . 4 
+
+(3) Some fay when he arrived at manhood he was four cubits 
+
+high, and had.three rows, of teeth. ... . .. 
+
+(4) Linus the fon of Apollo inftru&ed him in philofophy; Eury- 
+tus taught, him archery ; Eumalpus,< muficj particularly the art of 
+touching the lyre; from Harpalychus the fon of Mercury,.lie learnt 
+wie [fling and. the gymnaftic exercifes;, Caflor die wed him the art 
+or managing his weapons;'and to complete all, Chiron initiated 
+
+111111111 the principles of aftrononiy and medicine. 
+
+% 
+
+~ A 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+132 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+and then tore it in pieces with his hands. The fkin he 
+preferved, and conftantly wore, as a token of his victory. 
+
+2. His next enterprife was againft a formidable fer- 
+pent, or monfter, which harboured in the fens of Ler- 
+na, and infe&ed the r^ion of Argos with his poifonous 
+exhalations. The number of heads afligned this crea- 
+ture is various (5); but all authors agree, that when one 
+was cut off another fucceeded in its place, unlefs the 
+wound was immediately cauterifed. Hercules, not dif. 
+couraged, attacked this dragon, and having caufed Io> 
+laus to cut down wood fufficient for flaming brands, as 
+he cut off the heads, applied them to the wounds, and 
+by that means obtained the conqueft, and dtflroyed the 
+Hydra. Some explain this fable, by fuppofing Lerna a 
+marfli, much troubled with fnakes and other-poifonous 
+animals, which Hercules and his companions deftroyed, 
+by fetting. fire to the reeds. Others imagine he only 
+drained this fen, which was before unpayable. Others 
+make Lerna, a fort or caftle of robbers, under a leader 
+called Hydra, whom Hercules extirpated. However 
+this be, in confideration of the fervice of Iolaus on this 
+oceafion, when he grew decriped with old age, his ma¬ 
+iler, by his prayers, obtained him a renewal of his 
+youth. 
+
+3. The next talk impofed on him by Euryflheus, was 
+to bring him alive a huge wild-boar, which ravaged the 
+foreft of Erymanthus, and had been fent to Phocis by 
+Diana, to punifh Oeneus s for neglt Cling her facrificei 
+(6). In his way he defeated the Centaurs, who had 
+provoked him by infulting Pholus his hoft. After this 
+be Lized the fierce animal in a thicket, furrounded with 
+i'now, and, purfuant to his injunction, carried him 
+bound to Euryflheus, who had like to have fainted at 
+the fight. 
+
+4. This monarch, after fuch experience of the force 
+and valour of Hercules, was refolved to try his agility: 
+
+
+
+(5) Some make the heads of the Lernsean Hydra to befeven; 
+others nine; others fifty. 
+
+* 
+
+(6) This ftory has a near refemblance with the boar of Calydon, 
+meritidned in the article of Diana. 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 133 
+
+» 
+
+for this end he was commanded to take a hind which 
+frequented mount Maenalus, and had brazen feet and 
+golden horns. As (he was facred to Diana, Hercules 
+durft not wound her. and it was not eafy to run her 
+down: his chafe cod him a whole year’s foot-fpeed. Ac 
+]aft, being tired out, the hind took to the recedes of 
+mount Artemefius, but was in her way overtaken, as (lie 
+eroded the river Ladon, and brought to Mycene. 
+
+5. Near the lake Stymphalus, in Arcadia, harboured 
+certain birds of prey, with wings, beaks, and talons of 
+iron, who preyed bn human flcfh, and devoured all who 
+padtd that way. Thefe Euryftheus fent Hercules to de- 
+ftroy. Some lay he killed them wirh his arrows (7!; 
+others, that Pallas lent him fome brazen rattles made 
+by Vulcan, the found of which frightened them to the 
+ifiand of Aretia. Some fuppofe the birds called Stym- 
+phalides, a gang of defperate banditti, who had their 
+haunts near that lake. 
+
+6. His next expedition was againft the Cretan bull. 
+Minos, king of that ifland, being formidable at fea, had 
+forgot to pay Neptune the wor/hip due to him, the deity, 
+to punilh his neglett, fent a furious bull, whole noftrils 
+breathed fire, to deftroy the country. Hercules brought 
+this terrible animal bound to Euryftheus, who, on ac¬ 
+count of his being facred, let him loole in the territory 
+of Marathon, where he was afterwards (lain by Thefeus. 
+Some reduce the ftory to this, that Hercules only was 
+lent to Crete, to procure Euryftheus a bull for breed¬ 
+ing out of.- 
+
+7. Diomede, king of Thrace, the (on of Mars and 
+Cyrene, was a tyrant poflefled of a ftud of horles, fo 
+wild and fierce, that they breathed fire, and were con- 
+ftahtly fed with human ifielh, their mailer killing all 
+ftrangers he could meet with for provender for his cattle. 
+Hercules having vanqnifhed him, gave him as a prey 
+to them, and killing fome, brought the reil to Euryf¬ 
+theus. 
+
+8. The next employment of Hercules (eems a little 
+too mean for a hero, but he was obliged to obey a fevere 
+
+
+
+
+. (7) There is an antient gem expreffive of this. . See Ogle’s an¬ 
+tiquities. 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+
+
+talk- 
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+tafk-mafter, who was fo fenfible of his own injuftice in 
+thefe injunctions, that he did not care to truft himfelf 
+in the power of the perfon he commanded (8). Au- 
+geas king of Elis, had. a ftable intolerable, from the 
+ftench arifing from the dung and filth it contained, 
+which is not very furprifing, if it be true, that it fhei- 
+
+tered three thoufand oxen, and had mot been cleaned 
+
+* * • / * ♦ ♦ 
+
+for thirty years. This place Euryftheus ordered Her¬ 
+cules to clear in one day ; and Augeas, promifed hint, 
+if he performed it to give him a tenth part of the cat¬ 
+tle. Hercules, by turning the courfe of the river AI- 
+pheus through it, executed his defignwhich Augeus 
+feeing, refuted to Hand by his engagement.; The hero, 
+■to reward his perfidy,, flew him with his arrows, and 
+gave his kingdom to Phyleus his fon, who had fhewed 
+his abhorrence of his father’s treachery. Some add, 
+that, from the fpoils taken at Elis, Hercules inflituted 
+the Olympic games of Jupiter, celebrated every fifth 
+year, and which afterwards gave rife to the Grecian 
+sera. ; • . 
+
+9, Euryftheus defirous. to s prefent his daughter Ad- 
+meta with the belt or girdle worn by Hippolyta queen 
+of the Amazons, Hercules was fent on this expedition; 
+he was but flenderiy provided, having but one fhip; but 
+valour like his was never deftitute of refourfes in dif- 
+trefs. In his way lie defeated and killed Mygdon and 
+Amycus, two brothers, who oppofed his paffage, and 
+fubduing Bebrycia, gave it to. Lycus, one of his com¬ 
+panions, who changed its name to Heraclea, in-me¬ 
+mory of his benefactor. ; On his approach to Themif- 
+cyra, he learnt that the Amazons had collected all their 
+forces to meet him. The firXt engagement was waun 
+on both fides, feveral of the brave# of thefe viragos 
+were killed, and others made prifoners. , The victory 
+was followed by the total extermination of that female 
+.nation, and Hippolyta, their queen, was by the con¬ 
+queror given to Thefeus, as a reward for his valour. 
+
+Her belt he brought to Euryftheus. ' . * 
+
+
+_ (8). It is faid Euryftheus never would fuffer Hercules to enter 
+Mycene, but notified his commands to him over the walls, by Ca* 
+preas' an-herald, ■■ : ■ > 
+
+' 10. His 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. ,13$ 
+
+10. His fucceeding exploit was again# Geryon, king 
+of Spain, who had three bodies, and was the fon of 
+Chryfaoris and Calirrhoe. This monarch had a breed 
+of oxen, of a purple colour, who devoured all ftrangers 
+ca ft to them, and were guarded by a dog with two 
+heads, a dragon with feven, b'efides a very watchful and 
+fevere keeper. 1 Hercules killed both the monarch and 
+his guards, and carried the oxen to Gadira, or Cadiz, 
+from whence he brought them to Euryflheus. It was 
+during this expedition, that our hero, as eternal mo¬ 
+numents of his glory, ereCted two pillars at Calpe and 
+Abyie, upon the "utmoft limits of Africa and Europe. 
+Some give a more fimple turn to the whole, by faying 
+Geryon was a king of Spain, who governed by means 
+of three Tons famous for valour and prudence, and that 
+Hercules having raifed an army of mercenary troops in 
+Crete, fhft overcame them, and fubdued that country. 
+
+11. The next talk enjoined him by* Euyfiheus, was 
+to fetch him the golden apples of the Helperides (9), 
+which were guarded by a dragon with an hundred heads. 
+The injunction was not eafy, fmce Hercules was even 
+ignorant of the place where they grew. The nymphs 
+of Eiidanus, whom he confulted, advifed him to go to 
+Prometheus (t), who gave him the information and 
+direction, he wanted, after which he vanquilhed the dra¬ 
+gon, and brought the precious fruit to his mailer. 
+
+12. The laft command of Euryftheus was for him to 
+go down to hell, and bring away Cerberus, Pluto’s 
+maftiff. Hercules, having facrificed to the gods, en-. 
+tered the infernal regions, by a cavity of. mount Taj- 
+narus, and on the banks of Acheron found a white 
+poplar-tree, of which he made him a wrearh, and the 
+tree was ever after confecrated to,him ; palling that river 
+he di/coveied Thefeus and Pirithous chained to a ftone. 
+
+The former he releafed, but left the latter confined. 
+
+_ ♦ 
+
+TVI<enetius, Pluto’s cowherd, endeavouring to fave/his 
+
+
+(9) Juno, on her marriage with Jupiter, gave him thefe trees, 
+which bore golden fruit and were kept by the nymphs ^Egle, 
+.Arethufa, and Hefperethufa, - daughters of Hefperus, who were 
+called the Hefperide*. , # . . 
+
+(1) Or as others fay, to Nereus, who elided his enquiry, by 
+afluming various fhapes. * 
+
+mailer’s 
+
+
+
+136 fabulous histort of 
+
+* 
+
+mafter’s dog was crufhed to death. Cerberus, for re¬ 
+fuge, fled beneath Pluto’s throne, from whence the hero 
+dragged him out, and brought him upon earth by way 
+of Traezene. At flght of the day, the monfter vomited 
+a poifonous matter, from whence fprung the herb aco¬ 
+nite, or wolt’s-bane ; but being prefented to Euryf- 
+theus, he ordered him to be difmifled, and fuffered to 
+return to hell. 
+
+It. would be almoft endlefs to enumerate ail the ac¬ 
+tions of this celebrated hero of antiquity, and therefore 
+we (hall only touch on the principal. He delivered Cre- 
+on, king of Thebes, from an unjuft tribute impofed 
+on him by Erginus and the Mynize, for which fervice,. 
+that prince gave him his daughter Megara, by whom he 
+had feveral Tons; but Juno ftriking him with frenzy, 
+he flew thefe children, and on recovering his fenfes, be¬ 
+came fo fhocked at his cruelty, that he abftained from 
+all human fociety for fome time. In his return from 
+the expedition againft the Amazons, Laomedon, king 
+of Troy, by the promife of fome fine horfes, engaged 
+him to deliver his daughter Hefione, expofed to a v a ft Tea 
+morifler fent by Neptune; but when he had freed the 
+princefs, the deceitful monarch retraced his word. Upon 
+this Hercules took the city, killed Laomedon, and gave 
+Hefione to Telamon, who firft fcaled the walls (z). Af¬ 
+ter this, he flew TmoluS and Telegonos, the Tons of 
+Proceus, two celebrated wreftlers, who put to death all 
+whom they overcame.. He alfo killed Serpedon, foil of 
+Neptune, a notorious pyrate. 
+
+During his African expedition, he variquifhed Cyc- 
+nus, king of Thefialy, the fon of Mars and Cleobu- 
+lina, a favage prince, who had vowed to ereft his fa¬ 
+ther a temple with the heads or fkulls of the ftrangers he 
+deftroyed. In Libya, he encountered the famous An¬ 
+taeus, the Ton of Earth, a giant of immenfe flature, v 
+who forced all whom he met to wreftle with him, and 
+fo ftrangled them. He challenged Hercules, who flung 
+him thrice, and thought each time he had killed him; 
+but on his touching the ground he renewed his flrength. 
+
+
+
+(2.) This princefs redeemed her 
+terwards king of Troy. 
+
+
+
+P 
+
+• * 
+
+brother.Priamus, who was ai- 
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+THE HE A THEN GOD S. 137- 
+
+Hercules being apprized of this, held him lip in the air, 
+and fqueezed him in iuch a manner that he foon ex¬ 
+pired (3). In his progrefs from Libya to Egpyt, Bnfi- 
+ris, a cruel prince, laid an ambufcade to furprize him, 
+but was himltlf, and his fon Amphiadamus, facrificed by 
+the victor on the altars he had profaned. In Arabia, 
+he beheaded Emathion the fon of Tithonus for his want 
+of hofpitaliry, after which, croffing mount Caucafus, 
+he delivered Prometheus. In Calydon, he wreftled with 
+Achelous, for no lefs a prize than Deianira, daughter 
+to king Oeneus. The conteft was long dubious, for 
+his antagqnift had the faculty of affuming all fhapes ; 
+but as he took that of a bull, Hercules tore off one of 
+his horns, fo t hat he was forced to fubmit, and to re¬ 
+deem it, by giving the conqueror the hoi n of Amal- 
+thaea, the daughter of Harmodius; which Hercules filled 
+with a variety of fruits, and confecrated to Jupiter. 
+Some explain the fable thus: Achelous is a winding 
+river of Greece, whofe ft ream was fo rapid, that it over¬ 
+flowed the banks, roaring like a bull. Hercules for¬ 
+ced it into two channels ; that is, he broke off one of the 
+horns, and fo reftored plenty to the country. 
+
+This hero reduced the ifle of Coos, and put to death 
+Eurylus king of it, with his fbns, on account of their 
+injuftice and cruelty; but the princefs Chalchiope, the 
+daughter, he married, by whom he had a fon named 
+. Theflalus, who gave his name to Theffaly. He fub- 
+dued Pyracmos, king of Eubcea, who had, without a 
+caufe, made war on the Boeotians. In his way to the 
+Hefperides, he was oppofed by Albion and and Brigio, 
+two giants, who put him in great hazard, his arrows 
+being fpent. Jupiter, on his prayer, overwhelmed 
+them with a fhower of ftones, whence the place was 
+called the ftony field. It lies in the Gallia Narbonen- 
+fis. Hercules did great fervice in Gaul, by deftroying 
+robbers, fupprefiing tyrants and oppreffors, and other 
+aftions truly woithy the character of a hero; after 
+
+which, it is faid he built the city Alefia, and made it 
+
+. 
+
+1 
+
+(3) This is finely expveffect in a double antique ftatue belonging 
+to the Earl of Poitfinciuth, at Hufbourne in Hainpfhire, 
+
+the 
+
+
+i .3 8 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+* « 
+
+the capital of the Celtse, or Gauls. He al fo opened his 
+way through the Alps into Italy, and by the coafts of 
+Liguria and Tufcany, arrived on the banks of the Ty- 
+ber* and flew the furious robber Cacus, \ybo from his 
+den oh mount Aventine infefted that country. Being 
+denied the rites of hofpitality, he killed Theodamas the 
+father of Hylas, but took the latter with him, and treat; 
+ed him kindly. 
+
+Hercules, however intent on fame and glory, was, like 
+other heroes, but too fufceptible- of love. We find "an 
+inftance of this in Omphale, queen of . Lydia, who 
+gained fuch an attendant over him, .that he was not 
+'afhamed to affume a female drefs, to fpin amongft her 
+women, and fubmit to be correfted by her according to 
+her caprice. 
+
+His favourite wife was Deianira, before mentioned, 
+and whole jealoufy was the fatal occafion of his death. 
+Travelling with this princefs through ./Etolia, they had 
+occafion to pafs a river, fwelled by the hidden rains. 
+Neffus, the Centaur, offered Hercules his fervice to 
+carry over his contort, who accepting it, crofled over 
+before them. The monfter, feeing the opportunity fa¬ 
+vourable, offered violence to Deianira, upon which her 
+hufband, from the oppofite bank, pierced him with 
+one of thofe dreadful arrows, which being dipped in 
+the blood of the Lernaean Hydia, gave a wound incu¬ 
+rable by art. Neffus expiring, gave the princefs his 
+garment all bloody,, as a fure remedy to recover her huf¬ 
+band, if ever he fhould prove unfaithful. Some years 
+after, Hercules having fubdued OechaliaV fell in love 
+with Iole, a fair captive, whom he brought to Eubcca, 
+where having erected an altar to'facri.fice to Jove for 
+his vi&ory, he difpatched Lycus to Deianira, to carry 
+her the news, and inform her. of his approach. This 
+princefs, from the report of the mefienger, fufpe&ing 
+her hufband’s fidelity, fent him as a prefent the coat of 
+Neffus, which he no fooner put on, but he fell into a 
+dtliiious fever, attended with the moft excruciating 
+
+
+torments. Unable to fupport his pains, he retired to 
+mount Geta, and eredling a pile of wood, to which he 
+let fire, thtevv himfelf into the flames, and was con- 
+
+• • ' lumeo. 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+i. 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+*39 
+
+
+jammed (4'* Lycus, his unhappy friend and companion, 
+in his agony, he firft hurled into the river Thermopolis, 
+where he became a rock; his arrows he bequeathed to 
+Phiio&ete.s, who buried his remains in the river Dyra. 
+
+So perifhed this great hero of antiquity, the terror 
+of oppreffors, the friend of liberty and mankind, for 
+v/hofe happinefs (as Tully obferves) he braved the 
+greateft dangers, and furmouhted the moft arduous toils, 
+going through the whole earth with no other view than 
+the eftablifliing peace, juftice, concord and freedom. 
+Nothing can be added to heighten a character fo glo- 
+rious as this. 
+
+Hercules left feveral children ; by Deianira he had an 
+only daughter, called Macaria-; by Mehta, who gave 
+her name to the ifle of Malta, lie had Hylus, After, J,y- 
+dus, and S.cydies his fonSj who are faid to have left 
+their appellation to Africa, Lydia and Scythia : befides 
+which, he is faid to have had fifty fons by the fifty 
+daughters of Theftius. However, bis offspring were 
+fo numerous, that above thirty of his defcendants bore 
+his name, whofe adtions being all attributed to him, 
+produce the confufion we find in his hiftory. 
+
+Euryftheus, after his death, was fo afraid of fhefe 
+Heraclidae, that by his ill ufage he forced them to fly to 
+Athens, and then fent an embaffy to that city to deliver 
+them up, with menaces of a war in cafe of refufal. 
+Jolaus, the friend of Hercules, who was then in the 
+lhades, was fo concerned for his matter’s potterity, that 
+he got leave from Pluto to return to earth, arid kill the 
+tyrant, after which he willingly returned to hell.' J 
+
+Hercules,' who was alfo called Aicides, was, after his 
+death, by his father Jupiter deified, and with gre'at 
+folemnity married to Hebe his half fitter, the gbddefs 
+of youth. At firft facrifices were only offered to him 
+as a hero;,-but Phaeftius coming into Sycionia altered 
+that.method. Both the, Greeks and Romans honoured 
+him as a god, and eredled temples to him in that qua- 
+
+
+
+(4-) There is at Wilton, the feat of the Earl of Pembroke, amidft 
+a multitude of other valuable curiofities, a fmall marble Itatue of 
+Lycus, fupporting the dying Hercules, of inimitable workmanfhip, 
+in which the chiffel appears to be infinitely fuperior to the pencil. 
+
+
+140 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+lify. His victims were bulls or lambs, on account of Ms 
+preferving the flocks from wolves, i. e. delivering men 
+from tyrants and robbers. He was called alfo Melius, 
+from his taking the Hefperian fruit, for which reaf'on 
+apples were ufed (5^ in his facrifices. Mehercule, or 
+by Hercules, was, amongft the Romans, an oath only 
+ufed by the men. 
+
+Many perfons were fond of afiuming this celebrated 
+name. Hence Diodorus reckons up three ; Cicero fix; 
+others to the number of foFty-three. But the Greeks 
+afcribed to the Theban Hercules the a&ions of all the 
+reif. But the foundation of all was laid in the Phceni- 
+cian or Egyptian Hercules ; for the Egyptians did not 
+borrow the name from the Grecians, but rather the 
+Grecians, efpecially thofe whp gave it to the fon of 
+Amphitryon, from the Egyptians ; principally, becaufe 
+Amphitryon and Aicmena, the Parents of the Grecian 
+Hercules, were both of Egyptian defcent (6). The 
+name too is of Phoenician extraction (7), a name given 
+to the difcoverers of new countries, and the planters of 
+colonies there ; who frequently fignalized themfelves 
+no lefs by civilizing the inhabitants and freeing them 
+from the wild beafts that infefted them,, than by the 
+commerce which they eftablifhed; which no. doubt was 
+the fource of antient heroifm and war (8). And how¬ 
+ever the Phoenician and Egyptian hero of this name 
+may have been diftinguifhed by a multitude of authors; 
+I am fully perfuaded, after the molt diligent enquiry, 
+that they were indeed one and the fame perfon: of 
+whofe hi/lory let us take a fiiort review* 
+
+About the year of the world 2.L31, the perfon diftin- 
+guifhed by the name of Hercules Aflis (9) fucceeded 
+Janias as- king of Lower Egypt, being the laft of the 
+Hycfos, or (hepherd-kings from Canaan ; who had 
+held the country 259 years. He continued the war with 
+
+the kings of Upper Egypt 49 years, and then by. agree- 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+(5) From pilot an apple.. 
+
+(6) Herodotus in Euterpo. 
+
+£7) Harokel, a merchant. 
+
+(8) Earner's Mythology, vol. 4, p. 7a. 
+
+(9) Aifis the vahant > io that Hercules Affis is the heroic mer¬ 
+chant. 
+
+
+THE. HEATHEN GODS. 141 
+
+♦ ♦ 
+
+nrent withdrew, with his fubje&s, to the number of 
+2^0,000. In his retreat he is (aid to have founded firft: 
+the city of Jerufalem d) ; and afterwards that of Tyre, 
+where he was called Melcarthus (2). From Egypt he 
+brought the computation of 365 days to the year, and 
+fettled it in his own kingdom, where it continued many 
+ages. In his voyages he vifited Africa, where he con¬ 
+quered Antseus, Italy, France, Spain as far as Cad.z, 
+where he flew Geryon ;■ and proceeded thence e-ven to 
+the Bririfti iflands ; fettling colonies and railing pillars 
+wherever he came, as the Handing monuments of him- 
+felf, and of the patriarchal religion which he planted ; 
+for pillars placed on eminencies in circular order, were 
+the temples of thofe early times, and as yet we find no 
+foodteps of idolatry, either in Egypt or Phoenicia. 
+To his arrival in thefe iflands (and not in Liguria) muft 
+be applied whatever is related of his encounter with 
+Albion and Bergioo, and of his being afiifted, when his 
+weapons were fpent, by a (bower of ftones from hea¬ 
+ven. Albion is the name given afterwards to this coun¬ 
+try ; and by the miraculous (bower of ftones no more 
+is intended, than that the inhabitants were at laft re¬ 
+conciled to him on account of the divine religion which 
+he taught, and the great number of thefe open temples 
+of ftone eredted by him. He is faid to have been at¬ 
+tended by Apher, the grandfon of Abraham, whofe. 
+. daughter he married, and by whom he had a fon named 
+Dodorus (3). To him the Phoenicians were indebted 
+for the gainful trade of tin, which gave name to thefe 
+iflands (4). He found out alfo the purple, dye, and 
+feems to have been the firft who applied the loadftone to 
+the purpofes of navigation, thence called Lapis Hera- 
+clius. He is fuppofed to have been drowned at laft; 
+and became afterwards one of the firft objtdls of idola¬ 
+try amongft his countrymen. The foleronities were 
+
+performed to him in the night, as to one, who after all 
+
+■ 
+
+* 
+
+{1) Manetho apnd Jofephum, l. x. contra Apion. 
+
+(i) Or king of the city, from Mdek, king, and Cartha, city. 
+
+(3^ Jofephus, from Poly hiftor and Cledemus. Idem in Antiq. 1 . 1. 
+Shindler’s Lexicon. See Stukely’s Ahury and Stonehenge 5 and 
+Cooke's Enquiry into the Patriarchal Religion. 
+
+{4) Britannia is from Barat-anac, the land of tin. 
+
+his 
+
+
+
+i4*‘ 
+
+
+FABULOUS H ISTORY OF 
+
+
+*# 
+
+
+x 
+
+given by a late ingenious 
+
+
+his great fatigues and labours, had at length gained a 
+time and place of reflv Manetho calls him Arcles. 
+
+Hercules is ufually depi&ed in a Handing attitude, 
+having the fkin of the Nemsean lion thrown over his 
+fhoulders, and leaning on his club, which is his infe- 
+parable attribute. The judgment of this hero, or his 
+preference of Virtue to Vice, who both folicit him to 
+embrace their party, makes one of the fineft pictures of 
+antiquity. The choice he made did no difhonour to his 
+memory. 
+
+It may not be amifs to add the explanation of the 
+fable of the Hefperides, as 
+
+author (5), and which fufSciently fhews how the moll 
+important and ufeful truths, reprefented under the 
+plained: fymbols, became difguifed or disfigured by error 
+and fidtion. The Phoenicians were the iirft navigators 
+in the world, and their trade to Hefperia and Spain, was 
+one of the noblefi: branches of their commerce. From 
+hence they brought back exquifite wines, rich ore of 
+gold and filver, and that fine wool, to which they gave fo 
+precious a purple dye. From the coalf of Mauri¬ 
+tania they drew the bed: corn, and, by the way of the 
+Red Sea, they exchanged iron ware and tools of fmall 
+value, for ivory, ebony, and gold daft. But, as the 
+voyage was long, the adventurers were obliged to affo 
+ciate and get their cargoes ready in winter, 
+out early in fpring. The public fign, expofed on 
+occafions, was a tree with golden fruit, to denote the 
+riches arifing from this commerce. The dragon which 
+guarded the tree* fignified the danger and difficulty of 
+the voyage. The capricorn, or fometimes 
+
+
+fo as to fet 
+
+thefe 
+
+
+one 
+feafon 
+
+
+horn 
+
+
+they 
+
+reprefented by 
+
+
+; and 
+pre- 
+thrte 
+
+
+capricorn, 
+
+placed at, the root, exprefTed the month or 
+the-three months of winter, during which 
+pared for the expedition, were 
+nymphs, who were fuppofed to be proprietors of the 
+tree, and had the name of Hefperides ( 6 ); which fully 
+fhewed the meaning.of_thj; emblematical groupe, from 
+whence the Greeks, mUiaking its defign and ufe, com- 
+pofed the romance of the Hefperian gardens. 
+
+
+' % 
+
+(5) La Pluche’s hiftory of the heavens, vol. II. .150. _ = 
+
+(6) From Efper, die good fhare or belt Jot. See 2 Samuel vi. 19, 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN G O JD S 
+
+
+*43 
+
+
+♦ • 
+
+
+CHAP. XLV. 
+
+
+
+Of Hebe and Ganymede. 
+
+• • t 
+
+% 
+
+0 
+
+E B E, the godddefs of youth, was according to 
+
+10. But 
+
+
+Homer, the daughter of Jupiter and Ju 
+the generality of writers relate her birth thus : 
+
+to an entertainment by Apollo, eat 
+
+
+being invited 
+eagerly fome 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+wild lettuces, 
+
+
+which (lie 
+
+
+and inftaritly brought forth 
+pleafed with her 
+
+
+upon 
+
+this goddefs. 
+beauty, that he made 
+
+
+very 
+conceived. 
+
+
+Jove was fo 
+her his cup- 
+
+
+* 
+
+bearer, in the difcharge - of which office fhe always ap¬ 
+peared crowned with flowers. Unluckily at a feftivaj 
+
+Ethiopia, Hebe being in waiting, flipped 
+
+indecent a fall, that Jupiter was 
+
+
+w % r » 
+
+her foot, and got fo 
+
+obliged to remove her from her ufual attendance, 
+repair this diigrace, as well as the lofs of her port. 
+
+
+To 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+— • 
+
+upon Hercules being advanced to the ikies. 
+
+
+married him to Hebe, and their nuptials were celebrated 
+with all the pomp becoming a celefiial wedding. By 
+this union ihe had a fon named Anicetus, and a daugh-. 
+ter called Alexiare. . ! 
+
+Hebe, was held in high veneration amongft the Sicyo- 
+nians, who 'ereeled a temple to her by the name of Dia. 
+She had another at Corinth, which was a fan&uary for 
+fugitives; and the Athenians confecrated an altar in com¬ 
+mon to her and Hercules. 
+
+> l 
+
+Ganymede, who fucceeded to her office, was the fon of 
+Tros, king of Phrygia or Troy, and a prince of fuch, 
+wifdom and perfonal. beauty, that Jupiter, by the advice 
+of the gods, refolved to remove him from earth to the 
+Ikies. The eagle di/patched on this corhmiffion, found 
+him juft leaving his flock of fheep, to hunt’on mount Ida, 
+and feizing him in his talons,, brought him unhurt to the 
+heavens, where he entered on his new office of filling 
+neflar to Jupiter j though others fay, he was turned into 
+that conflellation, or fign of the Zodiac, which goes by 
+the name of Aquarius (7). * 
+
+
+— 
+
+« « 4 ^ 
+
+(7) The-winter being attended with frequent rains, it is not 
+improbable that Ganymede rhould be the fign. Aquarius. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+
+i 4 4 FAB tJ L OUS HISTORY OF 
+
+1 % 
+
+The mythologifts make Hebe fignify that mild tem¬ 
+perature of the air, which awakens to life the trees, 
+plants, and flowers, and cloaths the earth in vegetable 
+beauty ; for which caufe fhe is called the goddefs of 
+perpetual youth. But when (he flips or falls, that is, 
+when the flowers fade, and the autumnal leaves drop^ 
+Ganymede, or the winter takes her place, V 
+
+
+C H A P. X LVI. 
+
+
+
+
+Of Castor and Pollux. ' 
+
+
+W E have already, under the article of Jupiter^ menti¬ 
+oned his amours with Leda, the wife of Tyndarus, 
+king of Sparta, in the form of a fvvan. On which account 
+he placed that figure' amongft the conftellations. Leda 
+
+
+brought fourth two eggs 
+that impregnated by Jupit 
+
+
+each containing twins. From 
+
+
+w ^ •. M 
+
+both immortal; from the other Caftor and Clytemneftra, 
+who being begot by Tyndarus, were both mortal. They 
+went, however, all by the common name of Tyndaridse, 
+and were born and educated in Paphnus, an ifland be¬ 
+longing to Lacaedemon, though the Meflinians-difputed 
+this honour with the Spartans. The two brothers, how¬ 
+ever differing in their nature and temper (8), bad en¬ 
+tered into an inviolable friendftiip, which lafttd for life. 
+Jove foon after fent Mercury to remove them to Pellene, 
+for their further improvement. As Tafon was then 
+
+
+preparing for his expedition to Colchis, in fearch of the 
+golden fleece, and the nobleft youths of Greece crowded to 
+become adventurers with him, our two brothers offered 
+
+
+their fervices, and behaved, during the voyage, with a 
+courage worthy of their birth. Being obliged to water 
+on the coaft of Babrycia, Amycus, fon of Neptune, king 
+of that country, challenged all the Argonauts to box with 
+him; Pollux accepted the bravado, and killed him. 
+
+
+a m 
+
+(8) This particular we.learn from Horace : - - 
+
+Caftor gaudet equis : o%w pognatus eode?n 
+Pugnis: quot capitum ^vi<vunt totidem Jludiorum 
+- millia . , *' Horat 
+
+
+i ■ * « 
+
+
+after 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+THE HE AtHEN GODS. 
+
+
+*45 
+
+
+After their return 
+rp verv active in 
+
+
+irn from Colchis, the*two brothers 
+in clearing the Teas of Greece frattt 
+in the mean time, had ftolen their 
+
+
+
+
+v/ere very aciive in oeanng me itras ui 
+
+pirates. • Thefeus, in the mean time, had ftdlen their 
+filler Helena ; to recover whom, they took Athens.by 
+
+but fpared all the inhabitants, except. JEthra, 
+mother to Thefeus, whom they carried away captive. 
+For this clemency they obtained the title of Diolcuri 
+(9I; yet love foon plunged them in the fame error they 
+had fought to punifti in the perfon 1 of Thefeus. Leu¬ 
+cippus and Arfinoe had two beautiful daughters, called 
+Phoebe and Talayra. Thefe virgins were con traced , to 
+Lynceus and Ida, the fons of Aphareus. The two 
+brothtr?; without regard to thefe engagements, carried 
+
+
+them off by force. 
+
+
+Their lovers flew to their relief. 
+
+
+and met the ravifhers with their prize near mount Tay- 
+getus. A fmart cooflid enfued, in which Caffor was 
+hilled by Lynceus, who, in return, fell by the hands of 
+Pollux. This immortal brother had been wounded by 
+Ida, if Jupiter had not ftruck him with his thunder. 
+Pollux, however, was fo touched with his lofe, that he ' 
+earneftly begged of this deity to. make Caftor immortal; 
+but that requeft being impoflible to grant, be obtained 
+have to fhare his own immortality with his brother; fo 
+that they are faid to live and die alternately every day 
+(t) They were buried in the country of Lacedaemon, 
+and forty years after their deceafe tranflated to the fkies, 
+where they form a conftellation called Gemini,, tene of 
+the figns of the Zodiac) one of which liars rifes as the 
+other fets. A dance of the martial kind was invented 
+
+I * 
+
+to their honour, called the Pyrhic or Caftorean dance. 
+
+Caftor and Pollux were efteemed as deitidS propitious' 
+to navigation : the reafon was this : when the Argonauts 
+weighed . from Sigaeum (2), they were oveitaken with 
+2 temptft, during which Orpheus offered vows for rhe 
+faftty of the Ihip ; immediately two lambent flames 
+were difeovered over the heads of Caffor and Pollux, • 
+
+
+w w 
+
+where they 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+appearance was fucceeded with fo great a calm. 
+
+
+* 
+
+(9) The fops of Jupiter. 
+
+(1) Virgil alludes to this ; 
+
+Si. frat ran Pollux alter77a rnorte 
+
+--— Itque rcditque *yiam . 
+
+\ a ) This cape lies near Troy. 
+
+
+redemit- 
+
+VlRG 
+
+
+-ffineid VI. 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+a« 
+
+
+
+u6 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+♦ 1 
+
+
+K 
+
+4 
+
+
+* w 
+
+as. , gave the crew a notion of their ; divinity, 
+■ceeding.,times thefe fires, often ff 
+
+
+In ftic- 
+
+
+teen by the mariners, 
+were always taken as a good or favourable omen. Whui 
+one was Feen alone it was .reckoned to forebode feme 
+
+■ r _ I « ' 4/ * 
+
+evil,, and was called Helena {3J. : 
+
+The Chephalenfes (or inhabitants, of. >Cephalonia) 
+placed thefe iwo deities amongfL the DiiMagni. The 
+vjdirns offered them wqre white lambs. , The Romans 
+paid them particular-honours for their, afiiflance in an 
+engagement with the Latins, in which they appeared 
+on their fide, mounted on white horfes,~and turned the 
+
+« r » ^ L % % * % • v 1 • * W • \ 
+
+fcale of vidory in their favour. For this a temple was 
+ereded to them in the Forum. Amongft the Roman', 
+^Ecaftor was an oath peculiar to the women, but Asde- 
+pol was ufed indifcriminately by both fexes. 
+
+Caftor and Pollux were reprefented as two beautiful 
+youths, completely armed and tiding on white horfes, 
+with ftars over, their helmets.. Thefe deities were un¬ 
+known to the Egyptians or Phoenicians. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+C FLAP. XL VII. 
+
+t * 
+
+ft 
+
+9 
+9 
+
+Of Perseus and Belloophon. 
+
+* 
+
+HIS hero was the Ton of Jupiter and Danae, 
+whofe amour has been already mentioned, and is 
+inimitably/deforibed by Horace, (4). Acrifius her fa¬ 
+ther, on hearing of his daughter’s difgrace, cauftci htr 
+and the infant to be fluit up in a cheft and call inro the 
+Tea, which threw them on the ifle of Seriphus, governed 
+by king Polydedes, whofe brother Did.ys being a fill¬ 
+ing took. -,t hem up, and ufed them kindly. Wnert Per- 
+feus, for To he was called, ,\Vas grown up. Polydidin, 
+who was enamoured of his mother, finding he would 
+be an obfiacle to their courtfhip, contrived to fend him 
+on an exploit he judged would be fatal to him; tilts was 1 
+to bring, him the head of Medufa, one of the Gorgons. 
+This inchantreIs. lived near the Tritonian lake, and 
+turned all who beheld her into a ftone,. Perfeus in this 
+
+
+
+(3) The firft Helena carried off; by 
+
+(4) Horat. Lib. III. Ode XVJ. 
+
+
+Thefeus 
+
+
+. experfkion 
+
+
+
+
+
+tSe heathen gods. 
+
+
+*47 
+
+
+
+
+« « 
+
+
+% » 
+
+expedition was favoured by the gods; Mercury equipped 
+liim with a feymeter, and the wings from his heels ; 
+Pallas lent him a fhuld, which reflected objedts like a 
+mirror; aid Pluto granted him his helmet, which gave 
+him the privilege of being invifible. In this manner, he 
+flew to Tartefles in Spain, where, diredted by his mir¬ 
+ror, he cut off Medufa’s head and putting it in a bag 
+lent him by the nymphs, brought it to Pallas. From 
+the blood arofr the winged horfe Pegafns, and all forts 
+of ferpents. After this the hero palled into Mauritania, 
+where his interview with Atlas has beep already fpoken 
+of under its proper article (s’). 
+
+In his return to Greece (others fay, at his flirt fettin_ 
+out) he vifired Ethiopia, -and, mounted on -Pegafusy 
+delivered Andromeda, daughter of CepHus, king of that 
+country, who was expoftd to a fea. monfler. Alter his 
+dea'.h this princefs, and her mother Calliope, or Caf- 
+fiopeia, were placed amongft the ctleftial conftdla- 
+
+tions. 
+
+Pei feus ’was not only famous for arms, but literature, 
+if it be true that he founded an academy on mount He¬ 
+licon. Yet he had the misfortune inadvertently to com¬ 
+mit the crime of parricide; for being reconciled to his 
+grandfather Acrifius, and playing with him at the difeus 
+or quoits, a game he had invented, his quoit bruifed 
+the old king in the- foot, which turned to a monifica- 
+
+and carried him off. Perfeus interred hun, with 
+great folemnity, at the gates of Argos. Perfeus himfelf 
+was buried in the way between Argos and Mycenae, 
+had divine honours decreed him, and was placed amongft 
+the ft-irs. 
+
+Bellerdplion, the fon of GJaucus, king of Ephyra, 
+and grandfon of Sifyphus, was born at Corinth Hap¬ 
+pening accidentally, to kill his brother, he fled to Prae- 
+
+tus, king of Argos, who gave him a hofpitable recep¬ 
+tion; but Sthenohaea his queen, falling enamoured with 
+the beautiful flranger, whom no intreaties could prevail 
+on to injure his ber.efadior, accufed him to her hulband, 
+who unwilling to take violent meafures, fent him into 
+
+
+lion, 
+
+
+
+(5) See the article of Atlas. 
+
+• 
+
+H 2 
+
+
+
+
+r*8 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+/ 
+
+» ( 
+
+Lycia, with letters to Jobates, his 'father-in-law” (6), i 
+defiring him to punifh the crime. This prince, at the 1 
+receipt of the order, was celebrating a feflivaJ of nine 
+days, which prevented Bellerophon’s fate. In the mean 
+time he fent him to fubdue the Solymi and Amazons, 
+which he performed with fuccefs. Jobates next em¬ 
+ployed him to- deftroy the chimera (7), a very un- 
+common monfter. Minerva, or, as o.hers fay, Nep¬ 
+tune, compaflionating his innocence expofed to fuch 
+repeated dangers, furnilhtd him with the horfe Pegafus, 
+by whofe help he came off vidtorious. Jobares, on his 
+return, convinced of his truth 3 nd integrity, and charmed 
+with his virtues, gave him his daughter Philonoe, and 
+aflociated him in his throne. Sthenobjea hearing how 
+her malace was difappointed, put an end to her life. 
+But, like other princes, Bellerophon grew foolifh with 
+too much profperity, and by the afliftance of Pegafus, 
+refolved to afcend the fkies: Jupiter to check his pre¬ 
+emption, {buck him blind in the flight, and he fell 
+back to the earth, where he wandered till his death in 
+
+I 
+
+riiifery and contempt. Pegafus, however, made a Ihifr 
+to get into heaven, where Jupiter placed him amongft 1 
+the conftellations. j 
+
+Let us once more try to give fome explanation of 
+thefe two fables. The fubjefts of Cyrus, who before 
+this time had been known by the name of Cuthaerns 
+and Elamites, henceforward began to be diftinguilhed 
+by that of the Perfians (8) or horfemen. For it was he 
+who firft inured them to equeftrian cxercifes, and even 
+made it fcandalous for one of them to be feen on foot. , 
+Perfes, or Perfeus, tlien is a horfeman, one who had 
+learned the art of horfemanfhip from the Phoenicians, 
+who attendj*d Cadmus into Greece. The wings at his 
+heels, with which he is faid to have been fupplied by 
+Mercury, were the fpurs he wore ; by the afliftance of I 
+which he made fuch fpeed. The Pegafus was no more 
+than a reined fteed (g). His rider, Bellerophon, is the 
+
+
+(6) King in his hiftory makes Jobates his fon-in-law. 
+
+(7) The chimoera was a monfter with the forepart like a lion, 1 
+the middle like a goat, and the tail like a ferpent. 
+
+(8) Perfim, horfemen. 
+
+(0) From Pega, a bridle, and Sus, a hone. . 1 
+
+captain 
+
+
+
+
+the heathen gods. 
+
+
+H9 
+
+
+M 
+
+captain of the archers or lancemen ( i). The chimsra, 
+having the form of a lion before, of a dragon behind, 
+and a goat between, is but the innocent reprefentative 
+of three captains of the Solymi, (a colony of the Phoe¬ 
+nicians in Pifidia) whofe names, in the language of that 
+people, happened to fignify thcfe three creatures (2K 
+And the very place in the country of the Argives, where 
+Bellerophon mounted his horfe and fet forward, the 
+Greeks called Kenthippe {3). From fuch trifling 
+grounds the induftrious Greeks, according to their cuf-« 
+tom, wove this wonderous tale. 
+
+
+& 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+& 
+s» 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+CHAP. XLVIir. 
+
+0 
+
+* % m 
+
+Of Jason and the Golden Fleece. 
+
+T HfS antient Greek hero was the fon of ^Efon, 
+
+king of Theflaly and Alcimede ; and by the fa¬ 
+ther’s fide ahied to jEolus. Pelias his uncle, who was 
+left his guardian, fought to deftroy him j but he was 
+conveyed by his father’s friends to a cave, where Chiron 
+itiftrufted him in phyfic ; whence he took the name cf 
+Jafon (4). Arriving at years of maturity, he returned 
+to his uncle, who, probably with no favourable inten¬ 
+tion to him, fiift infpired him with the notion of the 
+Colchian expedition, and agreeably flattered his ambi¬ 
+tion with the view of fo tempting a prize as the Golden 
+Fleece. 
+
+Athamas, king of Thebes, by his firft wife had Helle 
+and Phrixus. Ino, his fecond, fell in love with Phrixus, 
+her foo-in-law ; but being rejected in her advances, fhe 
+took the opportunity of a great famine to indulge her 
+revenge, by perfuading her hufband, that the gods could 
+not be appeafed till he facrinced his fon and daughter. 
+But as they flood at the altar, Nephele, their mother 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+v 1 / i'rom Bal, a lord or captain, and Havovin, archers or lance- 
+men. . - - • 
+
+Ary, a lion; Tfoban, a dragon ; and Azal or Urzif, a kid. 
+(3) From x-jvtew to ftimulate or fpur, and ‘luxes an horfe, 
+See Bochart’s Hierozoicon, 1. 2. c. 6. p. 99. 
+
+(4-) Or Healer, his former name being Diomede. 
+
+H3 (5), invifibl; 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*CO 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+HISTORY O W 
+
+
+(0» invifibly carried them efF, giving them a golden 
+ram fhe had got from Mercury, to bear them through 
+the air: however, in pafTing the Streights between Afu 
+aud Europe, Helle fell into the fea, which from thence 
+was cailed Heilefpont Phrixus continued his courfe to 
+Colchis, where J£ta, king of the country, entertained 
+him hofpirably : after which he offered up his ram to 
+
+and confecrated the fkin or hide in the 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+C6), 
+
+
+grove of Mars. It was called the Golden Fleece from 
+
+
+its colour (7), and guarded by bulls breathing'fire, and 
+a watchful dragon that never fle.pt, as pledge of the 
+
+
+stmoft importance. 
+
+Jafon being- determined 
+
+
+built a veflel 
+
+The 
+
+
+at lolcbos, in Thefifaly, for the expedition 48). 
+fame of his defign foon-drevv the bfdveft and moft dif- 
+tinguifhed youth of Greece to become adventurers with 
+him, though authors are not agreed as to the names or 
+number of the Argonauts, for fo they \v.*re called (9). 
+The 'fir ft place which Jafon touched at was the ifle of 
+Temnos, where he continued fome time w-ith. Hipfipile 
+the queen, who bore him twins* Fie next .yi.fi ted Phi- 
+Mens, king o). Paphlagohia,' from whom, is he.had.the 
+gift of prophecy, he. received fome informations of fer- 
+y ice.'to him in his enterprize. After, this,, fafely palling 
+the Cyancan 'rocks (ij, he entered the Euxine, and 
+landing on the banks of the Pha'fis, repaired to the 
+court of king A£ta, and demanded the Golden Fleece. 
+The monarch granted his requeft, provided he could 
+overcome the difficulties which lay in his way (2), and 
+
+
+% 4 
+
+
+♦ * 
+
+
+5) . Nephele, in Greek figni fie $ a cloud. , 
+
+6) 1 Wno placed it amongft the conftellartoris. 
+
+7) Some make the fleece^of a purple colour. Others white. 
+
+(8^ Argos a famous ihipwright was the*builder, whence /he vias 
+
+called Argo. , . • 
+
+(9) Some make the number- forty-nine, others more. The 
+principal were Ancreus, Idmon, Qrpheus, Aligns, Calais, Zethus, 
+Caftor, Pollux ; Tiphys was their pilot, and Lynceus, remarkah.e 
+for his quick light, their look-out-in cafe of danger. It is laid 
+Hercules was with them. • , .; - . , . 
+
+(1) Cyariean rocks, called the Symplegades 5 were fo called be- 
+caufe they floated and ofen crufhed fhips together;.; The Argonauts 
+efc'aped this danger by fending out a pigeon, and lying by till 
+they faw her fly through. 
+
+
+(xj Such as killing the brazen-footed bulls and!the dragon 
+
+
+vv 
+
+
+hich 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+THE HE A T H E N GODS. 
+
+
+> 5 * 
+
+
+• > 
+
+
+% • 
+
+which appeared not eaflly furmountable. Jafon wa & 
+
+to. love than valour for his conqueft* 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+obliged 
+
+
+Medea, ' daughter to i£ta, by her enchantments laid the 
+dragon afteep, taught him to fubdue the bulls, and fo 
+by night he carried of the prize, raking w;th 'him the 
+piincefs, to whole aid he was chiefly indebted for his 
+
+fuccefs (3). , .••••. •,' # • 
+
+yEra, enraged at the trick put upon, hirn^ purfned the 
+
+fugitives; and it is fa id, that, to elude his fury, Medea 
+tore in pieces her younger brother Abfyrtes, and icat- 
+tered the limbs in .his way, to flop his prog refs (4). 
+After this Jafon : returned . fafely to Greece; and foon 
+hard that Pelias had deftroyed all his friends; and ..made 
+himfelf mailer of the kingdom. To!revenge’ this action, 
+Medea, fails home before him,: and introducing herielf 
+to the daughters of Pelias,: under .the :charadler;of. a 
+prieflefs of Diana, fhewecf them feveral fuxprizing in- 
+ilances of her magical power. She propofed- making 
+
+and to convince them of the 
+
+
+their father young again 
+poflibility of it, fbe cut an 
+
+
+old ram in pieces, Land 
+
+
+Teething it in a .cauldron, produced a ybungilamb; ; . The 
+daughters ferving Pelias in the fame manner. killed him 
+(5), and fled the country. Jafon having notice of* this, 
+arrived in Theflaly, and took pofleflion of the kingdom!; 
+but. afterwards he. generoufly-jreftored .it to/Acaftus, fdr* 
+
+of Pelias, whp had accompanied him in the. Golchian 
+.expedition, and- with Medea went, and fetitled at> Co- 
+’ rinfh. - . 
+
+Here Jafon finding himfelf cenfured for cohabiting 
+with a forcerefs aind a ftranger, quitted Her, and mar¬ 
+ried Creuft, daughter to Cieon, king of the country. 
+Medea feemingly approved the match, bpt meditated a. 
+fevcre revenge. She flrfl privately killed the two chil- 
+oren fhe had by him, and then fent the bride a prefent 
+of a robe and a gold crown tinged in naptha, which 
+
+
+(3) Ovid, Lib. VIT. 159. ‘ ‘ 
+
+(4) Others fay that yEta, to obftrodt: their return, flat ioned a 
+
+fleet at the mouth of the Euxine feas, and fo obliged Jafon to-, 
+come home by the weft of Europe. . • 
+
+(5) Some authors relate the ftory differently, and fay that- this- 
+experiment was tried by -Medea on yEfon, Jafon’s father. See 
+Ovid in th.e place cited.. 
+
+H 4 fct 
+
+
+
+
+iFABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+fet fire to her and the whole palace. The enchantreis 
+then afcending her car (6), drawn by dragons, efcaperf 
+through the air to Athens, where file married king 
+-«Egeu$, by whom fhe had a fon named Medus. But 
+attempting to potion Thefeus his eldeft fon, and the 
+defign being revealed, fhe with her fon Medus fled to 
+Afia, where he left his name to Media (7}. 
+
+Jafon had feveral temples erected to him, particularly 
+one at Athens, by Parmenio, of polifhed marble. The 
+place where he was chiefly worfhipped was at Abdera in 
+Thrace. 
+
+If we feek for the real truth of the Argonautic expe- 
+dition, we fhall find it to be this : the value of the royal 
+treafury at Colchis had been greatly cried up; and the 
+pillage of it was the thing aimed at by the Argonautic 
+expedition. The word Gaza, in the Colchian lan¬ 
+guage, (the fame, according to Herodotus, with the 
+Egyptian; fignifies a fleece as well as a treafure. This 
+gave occafion to the circumfiance of the Golden Fleece. 
+The word^Sor is alfo a wall and a bull; Nachafh, brafs 
+and a ferpent. So this treafure being fecured by a 
+double wall and brafs doors, they formed hence the 
+romantic ftory of its being a Golden Fleece, guarded 
+by two bulls and a dragon (8). The mariner’s compafs 
+is fuppofed (91 to have made a part of this treafure (and, 
+if fo, this was of itfelf a curiofity of infinite ;value); 
+whence the fhips of Phrixus and Jafon, which carried 
+•jV are faid to have been oracular, and to have given 
+x efponfes. 
+
+% 
+
+^ • 1 • 
+
+* i 
+
+CHAP. XLIX. 
+
+4 m 
+
+Of Theseus and Achilles. 
+
+• » • 
+
+* » 
+
+W ITH thefe two great men, we fhall clofe the 
+
+lift of demi-gods or heroes. 
+
+Thefeus was fon to Aigeus, king of Athens and 
+
+uEthra. In his youth he had an eariy paflion for glory, 
+
+^ 1 1 - ~m 1 1 11 1 ■ , 1 !■ -—!- ~ — 
+
+• • 
+
+1 
+
+% ■ 
+
+(6) Given her by Phoebus, or the Sun. 
+
+(7) A region of Perfia. 
+
+(8) Bochart in Phaleg. 1 . 4, c. 31. p. 289. 
+t9; Stukely's Stonehenge. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. ij 3 
+
+and propofed. Hercules for his model. Sciron, a noto¬ 
+rious robber, who infeftdd the roads between Megara 
+and Corinth, was by him thrown down a precipice, as 
+he was accuttomed to treat fuch as fell into his hands. 
+Procruftes, a famous tyrant of Attica, he fattened to a 
+bended pine, which being loofed, tore him afunder(i). 
+
+His firft diftinguifhing adventure was the deftrudlion 
+of the Cretan minotaur. Minos, king of that ifland, 
+had made war on * 5 £geus, becaufe the Athenians Jiad- 
+bately killed his ion, for carrying away the prize from 
+them. Being victorious, he impofed this fevere condi¬ 
+tion on the vanquiihed, that they fhould annually fend 
+feven of their nobleft youths, chofen by lot, into Crete, 
+to be devoured by the minotaur (z). The fourth year 
+of this tribute, the choice fell on Thefeus, Ton to 
+j^geus, or, as others fay, he intreated to be Tent him- 
+felf, However this be, on the arrival of Thefeus-at the 
+court of Minos, Ariadne his daughter fell deeply it*, 
+love with him, and gave him a clue, by which he got 
+out of the labyrinth. This' done, he failed with his 
+fair deliverer for the ifle of Naxos, where he ungrate¬ 
+fully left her (3)* and where Bacchus found her, and 
+
+took her for his mlitrefs. 
+
+• - ^ ^ • • 
+
+The return of Thefeus, through his own negle£t y 
+became fatal to his father. The good king at his de¬ 
+parture, had charged him, as he faded out with black 
+fails, to return with the fame in cafe he mifcarried, 
+otherwife to change them to white. Impatiently he 
+everyday went to the top of a rock that overlooked the 
+ocean, to fee what fhips appeared in view. , At laft his 
+fon’s veil'd is difcovered, but with the fable omens he 
+dreaded ; To that through defpair he threw himfelf into- 
+
+
+(ibHe was a tyyantof Attica, who feizedall Grangers, and mea~ 
+furedthem by his bed ; if they were-too long for it, he cut them fhor- 
+ter.j if too fhort, he ftretched them till they died. 
+
+(2) Pafiphae, wife to Minos king of Crete, and daughter of th# 
+Sun, inftigaled by Venu?, conceived-a brutal paffion for a bull. 
+To gratify hex*, Daedalus contrived an artificial eow, in which, 
+placing her, the had her defire. The fruit of this beaftial amour 
+was the minotaur, who was kept in a .labyrinth made by the.fame 
+Itedalus, and fed with human flefh. 
+
+(l) For this ftory fee the article of Bacchus. 
+
+H s the 
+
+
+154 
+
+
+A B U L O :XJ 
+
+
+* 
+
+H 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+xhe fea>, t 'Which ftill retains' his nanne (4). The Athe. 
+
+
+nians decreed JEz 
+
+o 
+
+
+facrificed to 
+
+
+Ikim as a marine deity, the adopted fon of Neptune. 
+Thefeus performed after this feveral confiderable ac 
+
+
+tions ; 
+taurs : 
+
+
+he kilted the 
+
+fubdued the 
+
+
+minotaur ; he overcame the Cen- 
+rhebans, and defeated the Ama- 
+
+
+\ * 
+
+
+zons. He aflifted his friend Pirithous, in his enterpiize 
+to the infernal world, to carry off Pfofetpine ; but in 
+this expedirion he failed, being iinprifotred of fettered 
+by Pluto, till released by Hercules. 1 No ddubt was the 
+ftory pf Thefeus divefled of the - marvellous, it would 
+make a confiderable figure (5), 
+
+Thefeus had feveral wives; his firfi was Helena, 
+daughter of Tyndarus, wh&m lie carried off}' the -feconid 
+Hippolyta, queen ! of the Amazons* given bird by Her- 
+cules ; the I alt was Phsedra, ; filter- to Ariadne-, 'whofa 
+lewdnefs fufficiently punithed him for his infidelity to 
+_>her fifter. This princefs felt an inceftuous flame for 
+her (on-inlaw Hippolitus (6), a youth of l Uncomiffon 
+virtue and chaftity. Oh his’ repulftng her folicuations 
+her love turned to hatred, and ! flte-accufed him to his 
+lather for an attempt to raviflt' her. -Thefeus, now 
+
+\ X ' • 1 * - 
+
+grown old and uxorious, too eafily gavb enf to the ac- 
+cnfafioni The prince, informed’ of his danger, fled in 
+his cliafiot • but his horfes being frighted by the Phorfe, 
+or fea calves, threw him out of his- ’feat, arid : his fejet 
+being intangled, he was dragged through ; the woods and 
+torn in^ pieces (7). Phaedra, tormented with remorfe, 
+
+laid violent hands on herftlf; and foon j aft£r Thefeus, 
+being exiled from Athens, ended an illuftrious-'life in 
+* ©bfeurhy. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+- * 
+
+
+To 
+
+
+in the ftory of the minotaur if"is faid, that 
+fell in love With a young nobleman of the 
+court, nameef Taurus ; that Daedalus lent his houfe for 
+the better Carrying on of their intrigue, during a long 
+
+
+
+
+« 4 
+
+
+•1." 
+
+
+(4.) The iEgaean fea. . ; _ 
+
+(5' He firfi: walled. Athens, and inftit\ited laws.; together wim 
+that democratic form. of .government which lafted .tdl the lime 01 
+
+'atus. • _> : ' „ . •' • 
+
+Son of Hippolyta, queen of ; the Amazons;’ t : 
+
+Some fay A-fculapius reftored him to life;, and that became 
+taly, where he changed fife name to Virb'ius, i. e. twice a man. 
+
+.- • ' llJnels 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
++ % 
+
+
+• « 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+FT 
+
+
+doDS 
+
+
+< 1 
+
+
+♦ - 5 
+
+4 - * * 
+
+
+1 s 5 
+
+
++ - 
+
+
+
+
+illnefs of Minos; and that the queen-in ; due time v/as 
+delivered of two children, one of which relenibled Mi* 
+nos, the other Tauruswhence the minotaur: and; the 
+Athenians have aggravated the ftory, from their extreme- 
+prejudice to Minos. / ... 
+
+what became of the Athenian youth, the tax of 
+
+paid? The Cretan king had 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+whom v.'as three times paid?. The Cretan, king 
+inftituted funeral games in honour of Androgeos,-,where¬ 
+in thole unhappy Haves were afligned as the prize of 
+the conqueror. The firft who bore away all the prizes 
+was Taurus, of an infolent and tyrannical difpofirion,. 
+and particularly fevere to the Athenians delivered op¬ 
+to him; which contributed not a little to the fable. 
+
+* 1 * % 00 % 
+
+Thefe- wretches grew old in lervitude, andwere ?oblig¬ 
+ed to earn their living by the moft painful, drudgery" 
+
+there- 
+
+
+Minos: and 
+
+
+may 
+
+been devour- 
+
+
+under Taurus, the fuhjeft 
+fore with fome propriety be laid to have 
+ed by him. But it is certain that they neither fought 
+at thofe games, nor were, deftroyed by the cruelty of 
+a morifter which never exifted (8). , 
+
+
+ft amp 
+
+
+v * l ' * __. 
+
+tale of the Centaurs. The 
+
+4 * / - - * 
+
+
+Theftalians pretty early-diftinguifhed them lei ves from 
+the reft of Greece, who fought only on . foot -,or -in cha¬ 
+riots, by their application, to h'orfernanffiip. - To ac¬ 
+quire the more agility in this exercife, they were wont 
+to fioht with bulls,; which; they pierced with darts or 
+
+
+javelins; whence they obtained the name of Centaurs 
+
+
+(9) and Hipp 
+
+
+formidable 
+
+. . : i \ 
+
+
+(1)As t’nefe horfemen became 
+
+
+by, their depredations, 
+
+made 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+which appeared. in tne name, 
+counted' 
+
+
+equivocation 
+them- to be 
+
+
+ac 
+
+
+
+compounded of two. natures...; The 
+poets patched at t ( his idea, which gave the ftoryj the air 
+of the marvellous': and they who made oranges "to pal's 
+for golden-apples,- Ihepherdeftes' for nymphs, ftiepherds 
+in difguife for fatyrs, and fhips with fails for;:winged 
+dragons, would- make no difficulty in • calling horfemem 
+Centaurs (2). ! f 
+
+
+* 4 
+
+
+• ; 
+
+
+
+
+(8) Abbe Baniens Mythology, voL 3. p. 500* 
+
+(9) From. K ivrtwy to prick or lance,, and 
+
+(i) From 'TTTofi an horfe. 
+
+(-) See the Abbe Banter’s Mythology, vol. 3. p. 
+
+
+
+
+bull. 
+
+
+ss 6 - 
+
+Achilles; 
+
+
+• l 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+-By day fl )e 
+
+
+156 FABULOUS HIS TOR 
+
+Achilles was the offspring of a goddefs. Thetis bore 
+him to Peleus (3), and was fo fond of him, that fh e 
+took herfelf the charge of his education, 
+fed him with ambrofia, and by night covered him with 
+cele&al fire to render him immortal (4). She alfo 
+dipped him in the waters of Styx, by which his whole 
+body became invulnerable, except that part of his heel 
+by which fhe held him. She afterwards intrufted him 
+to the care of the Centaur Chiron, (the mailer of fo 
+many heroes) who fed him with honey and the marrow 
+of lions and wild boars, to give him that ftrengh and 
+force nectflary for martial toil. 
+
+When the Greeks undertook the fiege of Troy, Chal- 
+eas, the prieft of Apollo, foretold the city could ne¬ 
+ver be tak n, unlefs Achilles was prefent. Thetis hr. 
+mother, who knew wflat would be his fate if he went 
+there, had concealed him in female difguife in the pa¬ 
+lace of Lycomedes, king of the ifle of Scyros. Ulyffes, 
+who had engaged to bring him to the Greek camp, 
+having difcovered the place of his retreat, ufed the fol¬ 
+lowing artifice: under the appearance of a merchant, 
+he is introduced to the daughters of'Lycomedes, and 
+while they were ftudiouflv intent on viewing his toys, 
+Achilles employed himfelf in examining an helmet and 
+foroe other armour, which the cunning politician had 
+purpofely thrown in his way. Thus was Achilles pre¬ 
+vailed on to go to Troy, after Thetis had furnifhed him 
+with a fuir of impenetrable armour made by Vulcan (5). 
+,His actions before Troy, as well as his character, are 
+fo finely described by Homer, that it would be doing 
+them injuftice to repeat them here. It is fufficient to 
+
+fay he could not efcape his fate, being treacheroufly 
+
+killed, by Paris (6 V , who with an arrow wounded him 
+
+
+(3) King of Theffaly. 
+
+(4) See the' ftory of Triptolermis, under the article of Ceres. 
+Upon Peleus difcovering this, Thetis parted from him. 
+
+(5) The defcription of his fhield in Homer is one of that poet’s 
+matter;- pieces. 
+
+(6) The cafe was thus j Achilles enamoured with Polyxena, de¬ 
+filed her of Priam, who conferred to the match. The nuptials 
+were to bedole/nnized in the temple of Apollo, where Paris had pri¬ 
+vately concealed himfelf, and took the opportunity to kill Achilles, 
+
+in 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4/ Z* rfr/ttS/t' ^ 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+*» 57 
+
+
+-- — 
+
+* * ' 
+m ^ ^ 
+
+in the ' onty part that was vulnerable. The Greeks, 
+after the: capture, of Troy, endeavoured to appeafe his 
+manes,-by facrificing Polyxena. r The oracle,at Dodona 
+decreed him divine honours,:and ordered annual victims 
+
+■ ^ t ^ u* * - ' f * « 
+
+to be offered at his tomb . . In purfuance of this, the 
+Theflalians brought thither yearly two bulls, one black, 
+the other white, crowned with wreaths of flowers, and 
+water from the river Sperchius. . ,i 
+
+
+
+4 t 
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+H 
+
+
+P. L. 
+
+
+\ % 
+
+
+x « 
+
+
+.V 
+
+
+, i " * 
+
+Of Cadmus, Europa, Amphion. and Arion. 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+N O R, king ;of Phoenicia, bv th£ nymph Melia, 
+had a daughter called Europa, one ..of , the moft 
+beautiful princefles of her age. She could hardly then 
+be fuppofed to efcape the notice of Jupiter, whole gal¬ 
+lantries ..extended to all parts of the world. To fe- 
+duce her, he affumed fhe form of a white bull, and ap- 
+
+
+
+Ihe was walking with 
+
+
+pea red in the meadows, 
+her attendants. Pleafed with the beauty and 
+of the animal, ftie ventured on his back, ai 
+
+, • ■ . * - • * * / ' v - - ~ 0 
+
+ately the god triumphant bore her off to Crete (7).; 
+
+
+
+where laying alide 
+
+
+Ignite 
+
+
+filiation in the Zodiac, and, to honour his new miftrefs, 
+gave her name to the fourth! .part of the world. t 
+
+In the mean time Agenof, difconfolate for his daugh¬ 
+ter’s lofs, Pent'-his fbns, Cadmus and Thafus, with 
+different fleets in fearch of her (8). Thai us fettled in an 
+
+bland of the .Egean lea, to which he gave his name 
+
+Cadmus enquiring of the Delphic oracle for ia 
+fettlement, was anfwered, that he Ihould follow the di- 
+reftion of a cow, and build a city where Hie laid 
+
+^ » rtf • 'f « ^ 
+
+
+(q)- 
+
+
+down. 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+a city 
+
+^ ' ; • » » r 
+
+Arriving among the Pbocenles, here one 
+Pelagon’s cows met him, and conduced him through 
+Bceotia, to the place where Thebes was aftewards 
+built. As he was about to facrificb his eiiide to Pallas. 
+
+
+- • r 
+
+
+• ' s 
+
+
+
+
+
+(7) Ovid. Lib. II. 835. 
+
+(8) With an injunftion not to r 
+
+banifhment. 
+
+(9) It was before called Plate. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+he 
+
+
+i?8 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+HISTORY OF 
+
+
+their father’s death. 
+
+
+be fent two of his company to the fountain Dirce fot 
+water, who were killed by a dragon. Cadmus foon 
+revenged-their death by.flaying the monfter.; .but fowino 
+his teeth, according to Pallas’s advice', there fprurig up 
+a number of men armed, who aflaulted him to revenge 
+
+It feems the goddefs of wiftiom 
+had only a mind to- frighten ! hini; fur on his cafting a 
+ftone amongft them, thele upftart warriors turned their 
+weapons on each other with i’uch animoflty, that wily 
+five fiirvived'the combat, who proved very nfcfel to 
+Cadmus in founding his new city. After this, to re- 
+compenfe his toils, the gods gave Cadmus Harmonia 
+or Hermione, the daughter of Mars, and Venus, and 
+honoured his nuptials with peculiar prefents and marks 
+of favour. But their pofleiity. proving unfortunate, 
+they quitted Thebes to Penrhtus, 'and went to govern 
+the Eclellen’fes, where, in an advanced"~age, they were 
+turned to ferpents (i), or, as others r 1 
+
+Elyfian Fields,.in a chariot drawn by ferpents. Tire 
+‘ Shipmans decreed divine honours to Europa, and coin¬ 
+ed money in memory of her, with' the figure of a wo- 
+man crofling the. fea oh a bull. 
+
+
+(i), or, as others fay, fent to tlie 
+
+
+The-Greeks were indebted to Cadmus for the inven. 
+txon of brafs, arid the firfi ufe of arms. " In the Fhce- 
+
+s ^ i. W * . * \ { % ‘ • r . r * m 
+
+n'ictan tongue the two wards, which the Greeks .tranf- 
+fated ferpenfs teeth, fignified as well fpears of brafs (2). 
+The ambiguity of another word helped on the fable (3), 
+
+which from the difference of pronunciation fignified ei¬ 
+ther'the number., five, or one ready for aft ion: and lo 
+the fame fenteri'ce, which, with the Phoenicians, intend- 
+
+*> . 1' » • v ,•*' Z- ' * * 1 • y 1 » - . r 
+
+ed only that he commanded a difciplined body cf me71 arm- 
+"ed dvith fpears of brafs, was rendered Jiy, thefe mirade- 
+hVohgers, he made an army of five men out of the teak 
+of a ferpent (4). Cadmus being ah Hivite, a name of 
+of near affinity with that of a ferpeiit, gave further cc- 
+cafion to that part of it; which, fays that his men 
+fprung from a ferpent, and that himfelf and his wife 
+Vere changed into this animal. Thus iriduftrious wer 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+> • 
+
+
+* ** *• 
+
+
+(1) Ovid. Lib. IV. 562,. 
+
+(a) Shem Nachalh. 
+
+(3) Chemefh. 
+
+(5) Bochart de Coloniis Phrenicum, cap. 
+
+
+19 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+
+T’H'fe- H 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+
+
+* * / % -- ’ * 
+
+the Greteks ,to involve the mod Ample fads in the.inoffi 
+
+imyfterious confufion. 
+
+The Phoenicians with Cadmiis, expelled their coun¬ 
+try by Jofliua, fiift introduced among the Greeks the 
+practice -of _ confeccating. ftatues to the. gtfds-;- and--the 
+ufe of letters; thence called Phoenician or Cadmtean 
+letters. For the Greek characters are manifeftly taken 
+froin the Samaritan ov Phoenician alphabet. Cadmus 
+and Og, or Ogygts, are the fame : whence any thing 
+very ancient was termed Ogygian by^* the Thebans. 
+The Gophyraei, fettled at Athens, were Phoenicians 
+that came ’with him, and preferved theTnemory of him 
+by the name of.pgyges ; as from his name Cadmus, or 
+Cadem (5), , was their famous place of .learning, and 
+
+thence gv.ery’.other named Academia (6). ., ; , 
+
+Amphion, the Ton of Jupiter and - An dope, was in- 
+ftruCfed in the lyre b,y‘ Mercury, and became To great a 
+proficient, that he is -repotted to have railed the walls 
+of Thebes by * the, power of his harmony. Pie. married 
+Niobe, whole infult. to Diana occafioned the lofs of 
+their children. /The..unhappy, father in defpair, at¬ 
+tempt* d to ‘ 'deftrojr, Jthe. temple, of, A polio, but was pu¬ 
+nched with , the lofs.- ; of his fight and /kill, and thrown 
+
+into the infernal regions. 4 .. . -v , 
+
+
+Arion 
+
+nuifician 
+
+
+Methy 
+
+
+the time of Periander, king of Corinth. After palling 
+Tome time in Italy and Sicily,, and. acquiring an ealy 
+fortune by, his profeffion, he failed: front Tarentum Tn 
+
+a Corinthian ;yeiffi;|home|yard-bpUnd. -When they were 
+.got to Tea,, tjhie avaricious, crew agreed, to throw Ar.ipp 
+over-board,;' in order to ihare jiis money- ,Having, in 
+
+
+• « A 9 * r w ^ V ' • r • • % . 
+
+.vain ufed all his. eloquence to 
+
+- * s. . I i ‘ t X ' ' • • * •* 4 
+
+
+them, he 
+
+
+a farewell air ,(cajlsd v Lex Orthia), .and .crowned .with a 
+garland, with his. harp in bis.hand,, pfunged into the 
+fea. where a dolphin, charmed with his melody, re- 
+
+
+ceived him .and., bore him fate to. Tspqarus, near ..Co¬ 
+rinth./ ,> iTayjbgi: .informed. Perian<fer.. ; bf ,hi.a ilqryy jhe 
+king was-‘ incredulous, till the .Thip arrivfedj w-henpthe 
+
+
+< > i 
+
+
+*.» i-t ): : 
+
+
+« f 
+
+
+• # 
+
+
+(5) Signifying the Eaft.' He was fo called .becaufe he came thence. 
+, s ( 6 ) Stillingfleet’s-Origines facrae. 
+
+
+, 1 , , 
+
+v'.i/ *.«*- 
+
+
+: / . f 
+
+
+. / 
+
+
+mariners 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+* / 
+
+
+1 60 
+
+
+FAB U Xi O U S H I ST O R Y O F 
+
+
+mariners, being feized and confronted with Arion, own¬ 
+ed the faft, and fufFered the puni fitment due to their 
+perfidy.- For this action the dolphin was- made a con- 
+ftellation. 
+
+
+? 1 
+
+
+CHAP. LI. 
+
+
+
+
+' ' * f 
+
+Of ijEoLus and Boreas. 
+
+
+/. 
+
+
+. i 
+
+
+No 
+
+
+I N the multiplication of fabulous deities, the antienfs 
+nor on'y affigned each element,' and part of nature 
+Its tutelar god, but even idolized the paftions. 
+wonder then if we fee a god or chief of the winds too, 
+controuling all the reft. This province was' natiirally 
+aftigned to that which was the moll: violent arid uricdn- 
+Xroulable itfelf. For this imaginary' deify they borrowed 
+a name front the Phoenicians, and called him Asolus 
+[ 7 v , the fon of Jupiter, by Acafta or Sigefia, the 
+daughter of Hipporus. He reigned in the Liparaean 
+ifles, near Sicily, from whence perhaps the fable took 
+its original (8 ) ; but his refidence was at Strongyle, 
+mow called -Strombolo' (9T Here he held thefe unruly 
+powers enchained in a- vail cave, to prevent their com¬ 
+mitting the like devaluation they had been guilty of be¬ 
+fore they were put under his direftion (1). 
+
+According to foone authors* the ^Eolian or Liparaean 
+ifles were uninhabited, till Liparus, the Ion of Aufonb, 
+fettled a colony here, and gave orie of thern ’ his name. 
+Aiolus, the fon of Hippotus, who married his daughter, 
+peopled the reft, and fucceeded ;him*iri the throne. He 
+ruled, his fubjeds with Equity and mildnefs, was h hof- 
+pitable good prince/ and being'- Ikilled in aftronomy, by 
+means of the'reflux of the’ tides, which is remarkable 
+
+the riaru re 
+
+
+
+near dhVofe illands, as well as by 1 
+of the volcanos with which they abound^ he was able 
+
+
+' I 
+
+
+* + 
+
+
+t' : * * / . 
+
+
+
+# * 
+
+p 9 m 
+
+(7) From Aol for Aiol, a ftorm, whirlwind or tempeft. 
+
+( 8 ) Thefe ifiands being greatly fubject to winds arid dorms. 
+
+^9) Famous for.its volcano,'uhough,fome place .his refidence at 
+
+Regio in Calabria. 
+
+(1) They had- disjoined Italy from Sicily, and- by-difiinitmg 
+Europe from Africa, opened a paflage, for the ocean to, form 
+TVTp.flitermneaii fea** * ‘ ’ 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+T II E Ufa A THEN GOD S. 161 
+
+to foietell the winds that fiiould blow from fuch a 
+quarter (2). 
+
+We are indebted to Virgil for a fine poetical defcrip- 
+tion of this god, when Juno vifits his cave to defire 
+his affifiance to deftroy ^Eneas in his voyage to Italy. 
+
+Boreas was of uncertain parentage; but his ufual re- 
+lidence >was in Thrace (3). When Xerxes, king of Per- 
+fia, eroded the Hellefpont with his niimerons armada, 
+to invade Greece, the Athenians invoked his affiftance; 
+and he fcattered and destroyed the greateft part their 
+fleet. This deity, notwithftanding his rage, was not 
+inflexible to love. He debauched Chloris, the daugh¬ 
+ter of Ar&urus, by whom he had Hyrp3ce, and carri¬ 
+ed her to mount Niphates, (called the bed of Boreas) 
+but fince known by the name of Caucafus: but his fa¬ 
+vourite mifirefs was Orithya, the daughter of Eri&heus, 
+king of Athens. By this princefs he had two Tons, 
+Zetes and Calais, who attended Jalbn in the Colchic 
+expedition, delivered Phineus from the Harpies (4), and 
+were afterwards killed by Hercules: as aifo four daugh¬ 
+ters, Upis, Laxo, Hecaerge, and Cleopatra. Perhaps 
+the north wind, or Boreas alone, was deified, becaufe, 
+of the regul r winds, it is the moll tempeftuous and 
+raging that blows. 
+
+
+CHAP. LII. 
+
+
+Of Momus and MoariiEus. 
+
+• • 
+
+t 
+
+M OMUS was the god of pleafantry and wit, or 
+
+rather the jefter of the celeftial aflembly ; for, 
+like other great monarchs, it was but reafonable that 
+Jupiter fhouid have his fool. We have an inftance of 
+his farcaftic humour in the conteft between Neptune, 
+Minerva, and Vulcan, for fkill. The firft had made a 
+
+
+( 2 ) It is faid that before a foutherly wind blows, Lipara is 
+covered with a thick cloud, but when it changes to the north 
+the volcano emits clear flames, with remarkable noife. 
+
+(3) Probably becaufe this country is much fubjeff to the cold 
+northerly winds. 
+
+(4) Some fay out of envy for their fwiftnefs ; others, becaufe 
+their father had by a ttmpeft deftroyed the ifle of Cos. 
+
+bull ; 
+
+
+
+F A B U L O U S H I S T O R Y OF 
+
+
+bull ; the fecond a.houfe ; and the third a man;; Monnus 
+found fault with them all : he difliked the bull, btcaufe 
+his horns were not placed before his eyes, that he 
+might give a furer blow ; he condemned Minerva’s houfe, 
+becaufe.it was immoveable, and fo could not be taken 
+away if placed in a bad neighbourhood. With regard 
+to Vulcan’s mail, he faid he ought, fo have made a 
+window in his breafti * Hefiod makes Morims {5) the 
+foil of Somnus and Nox. . . : r 
+
+Morpheus (6) was the god of dreams, and the fon 
+of..Somnus,' whom Ovid calis.the moil placid of all the 
+d-;ities. Mr. . Addifon obferves, that lie us hill repre- 
+ftnted by the ar.tient ftatuaries under the figure of a 
+boy afleep, with a bundle of poppy in nis handnand 
+black marble, from the relation which it bears to night, 
+has with great propriety been made ufe of. 1 
+
+
+
+C H A P. LIII. 
+
+
+ft 
+
+
+Of Orion. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+# « 
+
+H E original, or birth, of Orion, borders a little 
+the marvelous. flyricus, a citizen of Tana- 
+Boeotia, was fo hofpitabie to Arrangers, that 
+
+JupbeF, Neptune, and Mercury,.were refolved, under 
+
+the charadler of benighted travellers, to know the truth. 
+Their entertainment was fo agreeable, that, difcovering 
+their quality, they offered the old man whatever he 
+fhould afk j fiis requeft was a fon (7), The gods, to 
+•gratify , hrs wifh,'called for an ox hide, in which hav¬ 
+ing depofned their .mine, they bid him keep it under 
+
+ground for ten months. at. the expiration of which 
+
+time,! he, found it produced. ‘ a boy, who : was at firfl call¬ 
+ed Urion, .to exprefs- his origin v but after, for decency's 
+fake, his name was changed to Orion. 
+
+w. - O 
+
+He was a remarkable. hunter, and kept a. fleet pick 
+of hounds. Neprune gave him the power of walking 
+
+
+
+(5) From cavilling or finding fault. 
+
+(< 5 ) From Mo. a form or vifion. 
+
+. (z) w ' re having left him childlefs, whom on her 
+he promi&d never to marry a^ain. * * 
+
+
+death-bed 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+1 63 
+
+
+©n the furface of the waters, with the fame fpeed that 
+Ipbiclus did (S) over the ears of corn. This faculty 
+/reined needlefs, if it be true that Orion was fo tall. 
+
+
+This faculty 
+
+
+that the dcepefi: fias could not cover-his fhoulders. As 
+a proof of this, he croffed from the continent of Greece 
+to the ifle of Chios, where attempting to vitiate ^Erope, 
+the wif* of king Oenopion, that monarch deprived him 
+of his eye-fight (9). From Chios he proceeded and. 
+found his way to Lefbos,. w’hbfe Vulcan received him 
+kindly, and gave him a guide to the palace of the fun. 
+
+
+«ho reflored hint! to fight. 
+
+- . t 4 W'' 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+pion, who concealed himfelf under ground to tfcape his 
+vengeance ; fo that fiuflrated of his defign he went to 
+Crete, where he purfued his favourite exercife of hunt¬ 
+ing. But having by fome means offended Diana, (t), 
+that goddefs put/him to death (2) ; but afterwards 
+relenting, prevailed on . Jupiter to raife him to the fkies* 
+where he forms a confteilation (3) remarkable for pre¬ 
+ceding rain and tempefiuous weather. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+CHAP 
+
+
+L 1 V. 
+
+
+
+
+t - 
+
+
+Of the Marine: Deities, Ocsanus, Nereus, Triton* 
+
+
+I no, Pa lemon, and Gr ancus.- 
+
+
+A * ft ’ • '• * . * . #.-% ■ • r 1 
+
+S the ancient' theogony .took care to people the 
+heavens and air with deities,, fo the Tea natural¬ 
+ly came in for its fiiare, ncr was it iuft to leave the 
+extended realms of: waier without protection .and guar- 
+cianfhip. Ntptune, though monarch of the dyeps, could 
+not be prefent every where, and it was proper to taflign 
+him deputies, wlio. .might relieve him of . fome p?rf of 
+the weigiu .qf government. ... . , , ., , 
+
+
+• ; 
+
+
+’ ■ « % « ' 
+
+1 • 
+
+( 3 ) Brother to Hercules, See the article cf th^t god. 
+
+(5) His purfuil of the Pleiades has been mentioned under the 
+
+article of Atlas. - 
+
+
+., 01 Either fer attempting her chaftity, or for bo.afting hjs fuperic,!- 
+iahI m the clnce ; others fas', for endeavouring to debauch Opis, 
+one of her nymphs, > . * ’ ... 
+
+(}) Either by her arrows, or as others fay, raifing a fcorpion* 
+which gave him a ns oil si wound, ; . : 1 ,; 
+
+(3) Virgil calls it Nimbofus Orion, on account cf the fhowers 
+^’liich attend his riling. ^Eatid I. 535. Lib. IV. 52/ .. 
+
+Ns re us. 
+
+
+
+164 fabulous history of 
+
+■* 
+
+4 « 
+
+% • 
+
+Nerens, fon to Oceanus, fettled himfelf in theiEgeai* 
+fea, and was regarded as a prophet. He had the fa¬ 
+culty of afluming what form he plea fed. By his wife 
+Doris he had fifty nymphs, called Nereids'(4), who con- 
+ftantly attended on Neptune, and when he went abroad 
+funounded his chariot.- ' 
+
+
+Triton was the fon of Neptune and Amphitrite ($) t 
+and was his fathers herald. He fometimes delighted in 
+mifehief, for he carried off the cattle from the Tana- 
+grian fields, and deflroyed the final 1 coafting veffels; fo 
+that to appeafo his refentment, thofe people offered him 
+libations of new wine. Of this he drank fo freely that 
+he fell afleep, and tumbling from an eminence, one 
+of the natives cut off his head. He left, a; daughter 
+called, Ttiftia, by whom Mats had. a fon named Me- 
+nalippus. r 
+
+
+This god is reprefented of a humaa form, from the 
+waift upwards, with blue eyes, a large mouth, and hair 
+mated like wild parfley. His fhoulders were covered 
+with a purple lkin, variegated with fmall feales, his feet 
+refembling the fore feet of a horfe, and his lower parts 
+turned like a Dolphin with a forked tail. Sometimes 
+he is drawn in a ear with horfes of a Iky colour. His 
+trumpet is a large conch, or fea fhell. Ovid (6), has 
+
+
+beautiful deferiptions of 
+
+
+trumpet is a large conch, or fea fhell. Ovid (6), has 
+given two very beautiful deferiptions of him. There 
+were indeed many Tritons, who compofed the nume¬ 
+rous equipage of Neptune, and were reckoned as deities 
+propitious to navigation. 
+
+
+Ino was the daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, and 
+married to Athamas king of Thebes. This prince hav- 
+Ing the misfortune to lofe 'his fenfes^ killed his fon 
+Learchus In one of his mad fits, upon which his queen 
+to 'fave Melicertes, her remaining boy, leaped with him ’ 
+from the'rock Molyris into the fea. Neptune received 
+them with open arms, and gave them a place among/1 
+the marine gods, only changing their names, Ino being 
+
+
+(4.) By which are meant the rivers which empty themfelvesin the 
+ocean. 
+
+(5) Some fay of Neptune and Caeleno,. others of Nereus or 
+Oceanus. 
+
+.(6) Ovid Met. Lib. L 
+
+* 
+
+
+called 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE heathen gods. 
+
+1 ■. ■* ¥ - ' .* ' 
+
+
+we a re. . 
+
+MeHcerthes 
+
+of 
+
+
+[.th's 
+'Greeks, 
+
+: thus or Hercules 
+
+
+165 
+
+for 
+the 
+
+no other than the Melcar- 
+
+
+Tyre, who, from having been 
+
+
+called Leucothea, and Melicertes, Palaemon (7); 
+
+indebted to the fertile' invention of 
+
+
+
+drowned in it, was c ailed a god of the fea, and from 
+hit many voyages, the guardian of harbours. 1 
+Glaucus was a fifheraian, whofe deification happe'ned 
+
+H is parentage and country (8) 
+
+
+a comical manner. 
+
+
+are vartoufly reported ; but he was an excellent fvvim- 
+mer, ind a fhiUul,: filherman. . Having one day taken 
+a large draught in his nets, he pbferved . with furprize, 
+that the fiHies :bn tafting a certain herb jumped into 
+
+tTpon trying the experiment upon himfelf. 
+
+
+. ivyuv/M v * r — - 
+
+do Glaucus' the gift of prophecy 
+
+
+Some afcribe 
+
+
+the fea again. • _ 
+
+he followed them,' and became a Tea god. 
+
+:- Ovid has not forgot 
+
+his rraiisformatidn amongft his meramorphofes { 9), Vir¬ 
+gil has given an elegant lift of the fea denies in his 
+
+fifth iEneid. (fjt. 
+
+
+1 • • 
+
+
+
+CHAP 
+
+
+LV. 
+
+
+*» ! 
+
+
+
+
+• * 
+
+
+
+
+Of Proteus- and Phorc^s, with the Grjs.® and 
+
+Gorgons, Scylca and Charybdis. 
+
+• • • , - 
+
+(on of Neptune, by the nymph 
+his father appointed keeper of 
+
+
+
+R O TE U S, the 
+
+Phaenice, was by 
+
+
+Phocje, or ft a calves. His refidence was at Alex- 
+
+
+andria, 
+
+
+•to 
+
+bore 
+
+
+from whence in a journey he made 
+
+
+in Egypt, 
+
+Phlegra (2), he married the nymph Torone, who 
+him Tmolus and Telegomis, both killed by Her¬ 
+cules for their cruelty to ftrangers. : Their father Pro¬ 
+teus, who left them on account of their inhofpitable 
+temper, it is faid, was riot much concerned at their 
+death. By Torone he had alfo three daughters, Cabera, 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+♦ % — 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/ 1 
+
+
+1 . 
+
+
+; (7) The Romans called him Portunus ; and painted him with a 
+
+key in his hand^to denote him the guardian of Harbours. To Ino 
+they gave the name of Matuta, $eing reputed'the' goddefs that 
+u/hers.In the morning.. _ ~ s - .-W .a" ** 
+
+''(8)'Some make him the fori: of Mercui*v, ^ot;hers of /Neptune, 
+others of Ahthadon 5 on account of his ikill in iwimmihg he was 
+called Pontius. * ** ;'- *■ 
+
+(9) Ovid, Lib. XIII/899. 
+fi) /Eneid, Lib. V.'82a. * 
+
+(~) A town in Campania. 
+
+
+f * 
+
+
+~ 1 
+
+
+- - - -i 
+
+
+V t 
+
+
+Ratia, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OP 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+Ratia, and Idothea, Proteus'had the art of itTuoilng 
+ah forms (3)3 as alfo the gift of prophecy or divinatj. 
+; Orpheus calls him the univerlal principle of nature. 
+Hifforians. make Proteus king of,Carparhus [4); who 
+on account of his great character for wifdom, and etjui- 
+
+king of . Egypt, and deified after his 
+According to Herodotus, Paris ; and Helena in 
+their, flight from Sparta, were received at 
+
+
+death. 
+
+
+was cbofen 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+court 
+
+
+where Helen continued all the time of the Trojan fiege, 
+after which he reftosed her honourably to Menelaus. 
+
+Proteus is ufualiy rcprefented in a chariot drawn by 
+horfes, in the form of Tritons, 
+
+.His half brother Phorcys or Phorcus, was the fon of 
+Neptune, by the nymph. Thefea (5).? He, married his 
+fitter Ceto, by whom he had the Phorcydes and Gor- 
+g.ons, ;'l hoofa (6) and Scylla. He was vanquifhed by 
+Arias, who threw him into the fea, where his father 
+railed him to the rank of a fea god. 
+
+The Gorgons were in all four fitters, of whom Me- 
+
+dufa was the chief. They had hair like fnakes. tuib 
+
+• « 
+
+like wild boars,' brazen hands and golden-wings. On 
+the death, of'their ttftef, they purfued Perfeus, who /it, 
+Vfcd himfelf by putting on the helmed lent him by Pluto, 
+
+and which rendered him invifible. 
+
+
+T he Grseae were their fitters, and are reprefented as 
+three old. women, who lived in’Scythia, and had but one 
+eye and footh in common amongft them, which they 
+ufued as they had occafion, and aferw'ards laid it up in 
+a coffer. For the preferyation of this valuable legend 
+we-are ;ind t ebted to Palsephatus. . ! 
+
+Scylla f7\ another daughter of Phorcys, by her fa¬ 
+miliarity with Glaucus, excited the jealoufy of ’ Ciice, 
+daughter of the S-un, who by magic fpells, or poiion,' 
+fo infefted4he'fountain in which the bathed, that fhe 
+
+f 9 f ♦ ^ * » s > 
+
+
+s I 
+
+
+•\ 
+
+
+3) See Ovid, Lib. VIII. 73 o. 
+
+4.) An irtand. in.the AEgean fea,. between Rhodes and Crete, 
+
+now called Scarparito.' ' ' . 
+
+(5) Others caiLhim the fon of Pontus and Terra. 
+
+■(6) By whom Neptune had the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
+
+(7) Some make her the daughter of Fnrqnis and Heca'fe, and (4 
+that her misfortune was owing to the jealoufy df Am phi trite, lor 
+
+her cohabiting with Neptune. ' 
+
+became 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 167 
+
+became a monfter (8), upon which, through defpair at 
+the lofs of her beauty, fhe threw herfelf into the fea^ 
+and was changed into a rock (9), which became in* 
+famous for the multitude of fhipwrecks it occafioned. 
+Thole who would fee a beautiful defeription of Scylla 
+will find it in Virgil (1), 
+
+Care muft be taken not to confound this Scylla with 
+another of the fame name, and daughter of Nifus, king 
+of Megara. Minos had befieged this monarch in his 
+capital, but the Oracle had pronounced Nyfus invin¬ 
+cible, while he preferved a purple lock of hair which 
+grew on his head. Scylla, who was fecretly in love 
+with Minos, betrayed both her father and country into 
+bis hands, by cutting off the lock; but the conqueror 
+•deitfting her treachery, banifhed her his fight. Unable 
+to bear the -treatment file fo juftly merited, fhe call her- 
+felf into the fea, and was changed into a lark (2). Her 
+father transformed into a hawk (till purfues her for her 
+ingratitude and perfidy. 
+
+Charybdis was a female robber, who, it is faid, hole. 
+Hercules’s; oxen, and was by Jupiter, on that account, 
+changed into a whirlpool (3), which is very dangerous!, 
+to Cilors, and lying oppofite to the rock Scylla, occa¬ 
+fioned the proverb of running into one danger to avoid 
+another (4}.! 
+
+
+(8) Authors difagree as to her form, fome fay fire retained her 
+beauty from the neck downwards, but had fix dogs heads; others 
+maintain, that her upper parts continued entire, but that fhe had 
+below, the body of a wolf, and the tail <pf a ferpent. 
+
+(9) It lies between Sicily and Italy, and the noife of the waves 
+beating on it, gave rife to the fable of the barking of dogs and 
+howling of wolves, afefibed to the monfter. 
+
+(1) Virgil makes her changed to a rock, which confounds her 
+"whit the other Scylla. ^Eneid Lib. III. 424. 
+
+(2) Ovid, Lib, VIII. 142. , ' 
+
+(3) An eddy, or whirlpool, on the coalb of Sicily, as you enter 
+the fare of Medina. See Virgil, ./Ent-id III. 420. 
+
+(4) Incidit /VScyllam qui -uidt ‘vifare Cbarybdlm, <. 
+
+
+9 I 
+
+« ft 
+
+
+C H A P. 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+i63 
+
+
+FABULOU SHIS TO RT OF 
+
+
+CHAP, LVI 
+
+
+Of Pan andpAUNus; of the Nymphs, and the Goddeffes 
+
+Feronxa and Pales. 
+
+» 4 
+
+• _ A 
+
+* m 
+
+* 
+
+I T is # .novv time to revifit the earth again,- and fee the 
+numerous train of the inferior deities, appropriated 
+to the forefls, woods, and thofe recedes of nature whole 
+profpeft fills the imagination with a kind of religious 
+awe or dread (5). • 
+
+Pan, the principal of the r e v , is faid to be the fon of 
+Mercury and Penelope (5), the wife of Ulyfles, whom, 
+while (he kept her father’s flocks on mount Taygetus, 
+he deflowered in the form of a white goat. As foon as 
+born, his father carried him in a goat (kin to heaven, 
+where he charmed Nall the gods with his pipe; fo that 
+they affociated him'with Mercury in the poft of their 
+meflfenger. After this he was educated on mount Mre- 
+nalus, in Arcadia, by Sinoe and the other nymph', who 
+attracted by his mufic, followed him as their conductor. 
+
+Pan, though devoted to the pleafures of a rural life, 
+diftinguilhed himfelf by his valour. - In the giants war 
+he entangled Typhon in his nets, as we have already 
+obferved : he attended.Bacchus in his Indian expedition 
+with a body of Satyrs, who did good fervice. When 
+the Gauls invaded Greece, and were about to pillage 
+the temple of Delphos, he firuck them with luch a 
+fudden confternation by night, that they fled without 
+any body to purfue them (6) He alfo aided the Athe¬ 
+nians in a fea fight, gained by Miltfades over the Per- 
+fian fleet, for which they dedicated a grotto to his ho¬ 
+nour under the citadel. 
+
+This deity was of a very amorous conftitution. In 
+a con reft with Cupid, being overcome, that little god 
+puniflied him with a paflion for the nymph Syrinx, who 
+treated him with difdain. But being clofely purfued by 
+him, and flopped' in her flight by the river Lgdan, Hie 
+
+invoked the Naiades, who changed her into a tuft of 
+
+• • 
+
+
+( 5) Some fay. of Penelope and all her lovers, whence he was called 
+
+
+Hay. 
+
+
+( 6 ) Hence the ex predion of a pannick, for a fudden fear and terror. 
+
+reeds, 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GOD'S. 169 
+
+‘ * « 
+
+reeds, which the difappointed lover grafped in his arms. 
+Contemplating a transformation fo unfavourable to his 
+delires, he obferved the reeds tremble with the wind, 
+and emit a murmuring found. Improving this hint, he 
+cut fome of them, and formed the pipe for which he 
+
+became fo famous. His other amours were more fuc- 
+
+* * 
+
+cefsful. He charmed Luna, or the moon, in the fliape of 
+a beautiful ram. In the difguife of a fhep'herd, he became 
+fervant to the farherof Dryope (7), in order to gain accefs 
+to his millrefs. By the nymph Echo ( 8 ) he had a daugh¬ 
+ter called Irynge, a famous forcerefs, who Aipplied Medea 
+with her philtrum ; but Pan afterwards flighting her, Ihe 
+retired to the recedes of the hills, where ihe pined with 
+grief, till Ihe dwindled to a fhadow, and had nothing left 
+but a voice (p); others afcribe the change of Echo to ano¬ 
+ther caufe. 
+
+• v 
+
+Pan was properly the god of fhepherds and hunters, and, 
+as he was a mountain deity, the flocks and herds were un¬ 
+der his immediate prote&ion and care. He was likewife 
+honoured by the fifhermen, ^fpecially thofe who inhabited 
+the prcmontaries wafhed by the fea. 
+
+He was chiefly efteemfed in Arcadia, his native coun¬ 
+try, where the fbepherds offered him milk and honey 
+in wooden bowls. If fuccefsful in hunting, they al¬ 
+lotted him part of the fpoil; but, if otherwife, they 
+whipped his image heartily. At Molpeus, a town near 
+the city Licofura, he had a temple by the title of Nomius, 
+becaufe he perfected the harmony of his pipe on the Nomian 
+mountains. 
+
+% 
+
+The Romans adopted him amongft their deities by the 
+names of Lupercus and Lycaeus. His feftivals,- called 
+Lupercalia, and celebrated in February, were inftituted 
+by Evander, who being exiled Arcadia, fled for refuge 
+to Faunus, king of the Latins, and was by him allowed 
+
+
+(7) Dryope rejected his fuit 3 but was afterwards changed into 
+the lotus tree. See Ovid Met. Lib. IX. 325. 
+
+, (8) Some lay that Echo fell in love with NarcifTus, and was 
+flighted by him.' 
+
+(9) It is reported, that J uno punifhed Echo in this manner for 
+her loquacity, becaufe when Jupiter was engaged in any new a- 
+®°"r, lie lent this nymph to amufe his jealous foonie with her 
+
+c*hat. 
+
+to 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+* 7 o FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+V 
+
+to fettle near mount Palatine (*). Romulus made fome 
+addition to thefe ceremonies, in which the Luperci, or 
+priefts of Pan, ran naked through the city, ftriking thofe 
+they met with things made of goat fkins, particularly the 
+women, who fancied that it helped their eafy conception, 
+©rfpeedy delivery. 
+
+Pan is reprefented with a fmiling ruddy face, and thick 
+heard covering his bread:, two horns on his head, a liar 
+on his bread:, with the note, feet, and tail of a goat. He 
+is cloathed in a l'potted (kin, having a fhepherd’s crook 
+in one hand, and his pipe of unequal reeds in the other, 
+and is crowned with pine, that tree being confecrated to 
+his fervice. 
+
+
+Pan, however, faid to be the offspring of Penelope, was 
+indeed one of the mtift antient, being of the firft eight of 
+'the Egyptain gods, and was looked upon as the fymbol of 
+mature. His horns, fay the mythologifts, reprefent the 
+<rays of the fun ; and the vivacity and ruddinefs of his-com- 
+iplexion, the brightnefs of the heavens ; the Ear on his 
+bread:, the firmament and his feet and legs overgrown with 
+hair, denote the inferior part of the world, the earth, the 
+trees and plants (2 ), 
+
+Faunus was the fon of Picus, king of the Latins, 
+
+
+who was cotemporary with Orpheus. 
+
+
+He reigned in 
+
+
+Italy at the time that Pandion ruled Athens, and intro¬ 
+duced both religion and hufbandry into Latium. He 
+^deified his father, and his wife Fauna or Fatua (3]. 
+He had the gift of prophecy. His fon Stercutius wasalfo 
+■honoured on account of his fhewing how to improve land 
+by dunging or manuring it. The Faunalia were kept in 
+December with feafting and much mirth, and the victims 
+offered were goats. 
+
+C. M 1 • 
+
+TheFauni, or children of Faunus, were vifionary beings 
+much like the Satyrs, and were ufually crowned with pine. 
+Both Faunus and they were deities only regarded in Italy, 
+
+
+and wholly unknown to the Greeks. 
+
+
+
+(1) Where he had a temple afterwards. 
+
+(2} Abbe Banter's Mythology, Vol. I. p. 540. 
+
+(3} Some add the was his after and a prieftefs. He whippy 
+her to death with myrtle rods for being drunk, and then made lie 
+a goddefs $ for which reafon no myrtle was ufed in her ^J 15 
+pies; the veffels were covered, and the wine offered was caliec 
+
+milk. 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 171 
+
+The Fauni were the hulbandmen, the Satyrs the vine- 
+dreflers, and the Sylvani thofe who cut wood in the 
+forefts; who, as was ufual in thofe early times, being 
+dteffed in the {kins of beads, gave rife to thofe fabulous 
+deities. 
+
+The terreftrial nymphs were divided into feveral clafles. 
+The heathen theology took care that no part of nature 
+fhould remain uninformed or unprote&ed. The Oreades, 
+of Orefteades, prefided over the mountains (4). Of thefe 
+Diana had a thoufand ready to attend her at her pleafure. 
+It is faid, they firft reclaimed men from eating or devouring 
+each other, and taught the ufe of vegetable food. Melifla, 
+one of thefe, was the inventrefs of honey (5). The Na- 
+peae were the tutelar guardians of vallies and flowery 
+meads. The Dryades inhabited the forefts and woods, 
+refiding in their particular trees, with which they were 
+thought to be coeval, as feveral inftances prove (6). The 
+oak was generally their choice, either from its ftrength or 
+duration. Some were called Hamadryades, whofe ex¬ 
+igence was infeparably united to that of the tree they 
+animated. The Naiades were the nymphs of brooks and 
+rivers; the Limniades frequented the lakes; and the 
+Ephydriades delighted in fprings and fountains. Thus 
+all the face of nature .became enlivened by the force of 
+imagination, and the poets did not fail to improve fo 
+. ample a field for defcription. The mythologifts deflroy 
+all this fine landfcape, by making the nymphs only 
+fignify the univerfal moifture which is diffufed through 
+all nature. 
+
+There were alfo celeftial nymphs of a higher rank, 
+who attended the Dii Majores. Jupiter boafts of bis in 
+Ovid (7). The Mufes were the nymphs or attendants 
+of Apollo, as the Baflarides, or Masnades, belonged to 
+Bacchus. Juno had fourteen who waited on her (8) 
+
+
+(4) Some make them five only, and call them the daughters of 
+Hecataeus ^but Homer ftyles them the offspring of Jupiter. 
+
+(5) Whence the bees are called Meliffas. 
+
+( 0 ) Areas preferving a decayed cak, by watering the roots, was 
+rewarded by marrying the nymph who refided in if. 
+
+(?) Ovid Metam. Lib. I. 
+
+(8) Virgil JEntid I 75. 
+
+I 2 
+
+
+perfon; 
+
+
+iyz FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+
+; and Neptune had no lefs than fifty Nereides at 
+his beck, on which'account he was called Nymphagattr, 
+or the captain of the nymphs (9). 
+
+The ufual facrifices to thefe deities were goats j but 
+more commonly milk, oil, honey, and wine. The 
+nymphs were always reprefented as young and beautiful 
+virgins, and dreffed in fuch a manner as was fuitable to 
+the character afcribed to them. 
+
+
+
+To the train of Pan we may join two rural goddefles, 
+of whom the fuff is Feronia, or the goddefs of woods 
+and orchards (1). The Lacedemonians firft introduced 
+her worlhip into Italy under Evander, and built her a 
+temple in a grove near mount Sora&e. This edifice 
+being fet on fire, and extinguifhed, the neighbours re- 
+folved to remove her ftatue, when the grove became 
+green again of a fudden (2). Strabo tells us, that her 
+priefts or votaries could walk barefoot over burning coals 
+unhurt. Slaves received the cap of liberty in her temple, 
+on which account they regarded her as their patronefs. 
+
+Pales was the protecting deity of fhepherds and paf- 
+turage. Her fellival was obferved by the country people 
+in May, in the open fields, and the offerings were 
+milk, and cakes of millet, in order to engage her to 
+defend their flocks from wild beafts, and infectious dift 
+eafes. Thefe fcafts were called Palilia. Some make 
+
+A 
+
+
+Pales the fame with Vella or Cybele. This goddefs is 
+reprefented as an old worria,n. 
+
+Both thefe deities were peculiar to the Romans, and 
+wholly unknown in Greece. 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+CHAP. LVJI. 
+
+* 
+
+Of Priapus and Terminus. 
+
+RIAPUS was, as the generality of authors agree 
+the Ion of Bacchus and Venus (3). This godde'i 
+
+
+meeting him in his return from his Indian 
+
+
+This goddefs 
+
+i expedition, 
+
+
+{9) See Hefiod and Pindar. 
+
+fi) From Fero, to bear or produce. 
+
+(2) This miracle is afcribed to other deities. 
+
+(3) Some make him the fon of Bacchus and 
+Clu one was his mother. 
+
+
+Nals; others ft) 
+
+theif 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS, 173: 
+
+
+their amorous congrefs produced this child, who was born 
+at Lampfacus (4), but fo deformed, that his mother, 
+afliamed of him, abandoned him (5). Being grown up, 
+the inhabitants of that place banifhed him their territory, 
+on account of his vices; but being vifited with an epide¬ 
+mical difeafe, upon confulting the Oracle of Dodona, 
+he was recalled (6). And temples were eredied' to him 
+as the tutelar deity of vineyards and gardens, to defend 
+them from thieves and birds deftruflive to the fruit. 
+
+Priapus had federal names. He was called Aviftupor 
+for the reafon juft mentioned^ The title of Hellefpon- 
+tiacus was given him, becaufe Lampfacus was feated on 
+that (freight or arm of the fea. It is uncertain how he 
+came by the epithet of Bonus Deus afcribed to him by 
+Fhurnutius; Thole of Phallus and Fafcinum were 
+
+
+afligned him on a very obfcene account, and indeed his 
+whole figure conveyed fuch an idea of uglinels- and lewd- 
+nefs, that the poets generally treat him with great com- 
+tempt (7). The facrifice offered him was the afs, either 
+becaufe of the natural uncomelinefs of that animal, and 1 
+its ftrong propenfity to venery, or becaufe, as fome fay, 
+Priapus attempting the chaftity of Vefta when afleep, (he 
+was awakened by the braying of old Silenus his afs, and 
+fo efcaped the injury defigned her. 
+
+This deity is ufually reprefented naked and obfcene, 
+with a (tern countenance, matted hair, and carrying a 
+wooden fword (8), or fickle in his hand. His body ended 
+in a (hapelefs-or block of timber. 
+
+
+Some of the Mythologies make his birth allude to 
+
+
+that radical moifture, which fapports all vegetabl 
+duftions, and which is produced by Bacchus and ’ 
+that is. the Polar heat,, and the water, or liquid r 
+
+
+ttable pro- 
+iud Venus, 
+
+
+whence Venus is Paid to fpring. The 
+
+
+• liquid matter, 
+worfhip of this 
+
+
+
+(4) A city of Myfia at the mouth of the Heliefpont. 
+
+(5) Some fay that Juno bein^ called to aflift at the labour, out 
+
+or hatred to Bacchus the ion of her rival Semele, fpoilt the infant 
+m the birth. 
+
+♦ 
+
+( 6 ) Others fay, that the women of Lampfacus prevailed on 
+their hufbands to recall him. 
+
+(7' Horat. Satyr VIII. 
+
+( 8 ) Virgil, Georg. IV. 
+
+I 3 
+
+
+infamous 
+
+
+174 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+infamous 
+facus. 
+
+* 
+
+With Priapus we may aflociate Terminus, a very an* 
+tient deity among# the Romans, whofe worfhip was fir ft 
+inftituted by Numa Pompilius, who eredted him a temple 
+on the Tarpeian Hill (9). Thrs deity was thought to 
+prefide over the ftones or landmarks, called Termini, 
+which were held fo facred, that it was faciilege to move 
+them, and the criminal becoming devoted to the gods, 
+it was lawful for any man to kill him. 
+
+The feafts called Terminalia, were celebrated annually 
+about the end of February, when the ancient Termini, 
+or landmarks, were carefully v.ifited and crowned with 
+garlands. At firft the facrifices to thefe rural deities were 
+very fimple, fuch as wheat cakes, and the firft fruits of 
+the field, with milk (i)j but in later times the vidtims 
+were lambs, and fows that gave fuck, whofe blood was 
+(prinkled upon the ftones. 
+
+The Roman Termini were fquare ftones, or pofts; 
+
+much refembiing our mile ftones (2). 
+
+% 
+
+4 
+
+CHAP. LVIU. 
+
+• * « • 
+
+• \ • 
+
+Of Flora. 
+
+| A HE poets make this goddefs the farpe with Chlo- 
+1 ris the wi e of Zephyrus (3 , Mentioned by 
+Ovid; but the hiitorians agree that (he was a celebrat¬ 
+ed Roman courtezan, who having amaffed a confider- 
+able fortune by her profeffion, made the Roman people 
+her heirs, on condition that certain games, called flota- 
+lia, might be annually celebrated on her birth day. 
+The fenate, to give a glofs to fo infamous a proftitution 
+of religion, pretended this feftival was defigned in ho¬ 
+nour of Flora, a certain Sabine goddefs who prefided 
+over flowers. Thefe fports were held in the. Campus 
+Martius, and proclaimed by 'found of trumpet. No wo- 
+
+(9) Which was open at top. 
+
+(1) To (hew that no force or violence fhould be tifed in fettling 
+mutual boundaries. 
+
+(a) Ovid Fafti, Lib. II. 
+
+(3) Ovid Faiii. 
+
+
+deity was taken from the Syrians of Lamp. 
+
+
+
+/ {f*t e/.'t . 
+
+
+0* i/mSM t fat//i 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+min 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN- GODS. 175, 
+
+•women appeared at them, but the mod immodefl of the 
+&x (4). Yet when Cato, daring his cenforfhip, came 
+to behold them, they fufpended the ceremonies through 
+(hame, till he thought fit to withdraw; fuch an influence 
+had the virtue of one man over a corrupt and diflblute 
+multitude. 
+
+Flora’s image, in the temple of Caftor and Pollux, was 
+drafted in^a clofe habit, holding in her hands the flowers 
+of peas and beans; for, at the celebration of her rites, 
+the zediles fcatrered thefe and other^pulfe amongft the 
+people (5). The modern poets and painters have fet off 
+her charms- in a more lavifh manner, and not without 
+
+7 \ 
+
+reafon, fince no part of nature affords fuch innocent and' 
+exquifite entertainment to the fight and fmell, as the 
+variety which adorns, and the odours which embalm, the 
+floral world. 
+
+
+GHAP. LIX. 
+
+
+Or Pomona and Vertumnos. 
+
+0 
+
+* m - ’ * 
+
+* • 
+
+• » * 
+
+• 0 
+
+T ^HE goddefs Pomona was a Latian nymph, whom 
+
+that nation honoured as a tutelar deity of orchards 
+and fruit trees. Vertumrius (the Proteus of the Roman 
+ritual) (6) was the god of tradefmen, and, from the 
+power he had of afliiming any fhape, was believed to 
+prefule over the thoughts of mankind. His feftivals, 
+called Vertumnalia, were celebrated in O&oberi, 
+Vertumnus his courtfhip makes one of the moft ele¬ 
+gant and entertaining ftories in Ovid (7). Under the 
+difguife of an old woman he vifited. the gardens of 
+Pomona, whom he found employed in looking after her 
+plantations. He artfully praifes the beauty of her fruit, 
+and commends the. care which produced it. Thence, 
+[rom the view of the vine, fupported by the elm, he 
+infinuates to her the necefiify and pleafure of a married 
+life. The goddefs heard all , his eloquence -with an 
+
+
+
+4 ) 
+
+5) 
+( 6 ) 
+
+(?) 
+
+
+Juvenal, Sat. VI. 
+
+See Valerius Maximus, Lib. II. . 
+
+Becaufe of the turner fluctuations to which trade is fubieCl. 
+Ovid, Lib. XIV. 622, j 
+
+
+I * 
+
+
+indifferent 
+
+
+176 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+* 
+
+% 
+
+indifferent ear. Her heart remained untouched, till, 
+throwing off his difguife, the god afTumed his youthful 
+beauty, and by his form foon gained the goddeL’s 
+confent. 
+
+• Some imagine Vertumnus an emblem of the year, 
+which, though it aflumes different drefies, according to 
+the different feafons, is at no time fo agreeable as in 
+
+autumn, when the harvcft is crowned, and the richeft 
+
+% 
+
+fruits appear in their fuil perfection and luftre. The 
+hiftorians fay, that this god was an antient Tufcan 
+prince, who firft taught his fubjeCts to plant orchards, 
+and to graft and prune fruit trees ; whence he is faid to 
+have married Pomona 
+
+Both thefe deities were unknown to the Greeks, and 
+only honoured by the Romans. 
+
+
+C H A P. LX. 
+
+Of the Lar.es and. Penates, and Genii. 
+
+A 
+
+m • # 
+
+T HE Lares were the offspring of Mercury. The 
+
+oymph Lara having offended Jupiter, by difclof- 
+ing fome of his intrigues to Juno, that deity ordered 
+her tongue to be cut out, and banifhed her to the in¬ 
+fernal manfions. Mercury, who was appointed to con- 
+dud her into exile, raviihed her by the way, and the brought 
+forth the Lares ( 8 ). 
+
+Thefe deities not only prefided over the highways, 
+and the confervarion of the public fafery, but alfo over 
+private houfes, in moft of which the Romans had a 
+particular place called Lararium, where were depofited 
+the images of their domeftic gods, the ftatues of their 
+anceftors, and the Lares. 
+
+Their feftival, called Compitalia^ was celebrated in 
+January, in the open flreets and roads. At firft boys 
+were facrificed to them, but that favage euftom was foon 
+difufed, and images of wool and ftraw (9), with the 
+firft fruits of the earth, wine, incenfe, and garlands of 
+
+(8j Ovid Fait. Lib. II. 
+
+(9) They hung up as many images as there were perfons of all 
+iexes and ages in the family, and a woollen ball for every lervanr. 
+
+flowers 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 17 7 
+
+flowers, were the offerings. When the Roman youth 
+laid afuie the bulla, (an ornament they conftantly wore 
+
+(i) till fourteen years of *ge) they confecrated or hung 
+it jp to the Lares, who were regarded as infernal as well 
+as domeftic deities. 
+
+The antients fuppofed, (according to fome authors) 
+that the fouls of mm alter death became a kind of de¬ 
+mons, called Lemures (2). Thefe they fubdivided into- 
+two clafles, the' one benevolent and friendly to man¬ 
+kind, which they termed Lares; the other, who being 
+wicked during life, retained a malicious difpofition in 
+their difembodied Hate, they filled Larva?. 
+
+The Lares were reprefen red as young boys with dogs 
+fkins about their bodies (3), and with their heads co¬ 
+vered, which was a fign of that freedom and liberty which: 
+men ought to enjoy in their own houfes. They had 
+always the image of a dog near them, to denote 
+their fidelity in preferving the places allotted to their 
+charge, on which account this animal was peculiarly, 
+confecrated to them. Some confound thefe with tiie 
+-Penates and Genii. 
+
+
+CHAP. LXL 
+
+Of the Penates. 
+
+♦ 
+
+T HE Penates (±) were the deities who prefided over 
+
+new born infants. The amient Hetrufci called 
+them Confentes, or Complices, though others make of 
+them four of the Dii Majores (5). But there were 
+three claffes or ranks of them :*thofe who prefided over 
+
+
+(1) The Bulla was a golden ornament fhaped like a heart, but 
+hollow. 
+
+(2) So called from Remus brother of Romulus, whofe ghoft 
+haunted his brother. The Lemuralia Were celebrated in the'mid¬ 
+dle of May, during which it was unlawful to marry. 
+
+(3) Some fay the images were like dogs. 
+
+(4) So called, from Penus, within, either becaufe they prefide 
+over lives, or were placed in the innermoft parts of the houle. 
+
+(5) Viz. Jupiter, Juno, Minerva and Vella. Some drop Vefta : 
+Others make them only two, Neptune and Apollo; Others Cae¬ 
+lum and Terra. 
+
+1 s 
+
+
+empires 
+
+
+
+
+178 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+empires and ftates (6); who had the prote&ion of ci¬ 
+ties ; who took the care or guardian(hip of private fa¬ 
+milies, and were called the leffer Penates (7). 
+
+Thefe domeftic gods were placed in the utmoft recefs 
+of the houfe, thence called Penetrale (8). Dardanus 
+brought them from Samothracia to Troy, whence, on 
+the deftrudtion of that city, ASneas tranfported them to 
+Italy. They were reckoned fo facred, that the expref- 
+fion of driving a man from his Penates (9), was ufed to 
+fignify his being proferibed, or expelled his country. 
+
+Dionyfius, of Halicarnaffus, lib. 1. lays, that he had 
+feen fhein at Rome under the figure of two young men 
+fitting, with fpears in their hands. 
+
+
+CHAP. LXII. 
+
+v 
+
+Of the Genii. 
+
+4 
+
+S OME do not diflinguifh between thefe and the 
+Penates, or Lares; but they were very different. 
+The antients affigned to every thing its guardian or 
+peculiar genius; cities, groves, fountains, hills, were 
+all provided with keepers of this kind, and to each man 
+they allotted no lefs than two, one good, the other bad 
+(1), who attended him from the cradle to the grave. 
+The Greeks called them Daemons. They were named 
+Praiftites, from their fupei intending human affairs. 
+
+The facrifices offered thefe divinities were wine (2.) 
+and flowers, to which they joined incenfe, parched 
+wheat and fait. Sometimes the vidtim was a fwine (3), 
+though animal offerings were not ufual to them. The 
+Genii were reprefented under various figures, fuch as 
+thofe of boys, girls, old men, and even ferpents. Thefe 
+images were crowned with plane-tree leaves, a tree 
+confecrated to the Genii. 
+
+
+( 6 ) Virgil, yEneid III. 148. 
+
+(7) AEneid VIII. 543. 
+
+(8) See Horace, Lib. IV. Ode 4. 26. 
+
+(9) Virgil, yEneid IV. 21. 
+
+(1) Horace, Lib. II. Epift. 2. 
+
+(2) Perfius, Sat. VI. 
+
+(3) Some afTert no blood was fuffered to be fpilt in their facrifices. 
+
+By 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS, r 79 
+
+By Genius is meant the active power or force of na¬ 
+ture, from whence the nuptial bed is filled genial, and 
+l the fame epithet given to all occafions wherein focial 
+\ joys and pleafures are felt. Hence alfo the expreffions 
+\ of indulging our Genius, that is, living happily, or ac- 
+\ cording to our inclinations; confulting our Genius, for 
+examining how far our capacity extends; and the term 
+of a great Genius, for an exalted or comprehenfive 
+mind. The later Romans, in the degenerate days of 
+the ftate, introduced the fervile flattery of fwearing by 
+the Genii of their Emperors, and the tyrant Caligula 
+put feveral to death for refuflng to take the oath. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LXIII. 
+
+Of Isis, Osiris, and Orus. 
+
+T HESE three have been much fpoken of already, 
+
+as having given rife to almoft all the different 
+divinities of Greece and 'Rome. Ifis is faid to have 
+been the After of Ofiris (4), the daughter of Saturn, 
+and a native of Egypt. She married her brother, and 
+fhared his throne. They governed with great equity 
+and wifdom, civilizing their fubjefts, and inftrudling 
+them in hufbandry and other ufeful arts. Thefe in- 
+flru&ions were delivered in verfe, and were called the 
+poems of Ills (5). 
+
+Ofiris, having conferred the greateft benefits on his 
+own fubjefts, made the necefiary difpofition of his af¬ 
+fairs, committing the regency to Ifis, and fet out with 
+a body of forces in order to civilize the reft: of mankind. 
+This he performed more by the power of perfuafion, 
+and the Toothing arts of mufic and poetry, than by the 
+terror of his arms. He marched firft into Ethiopia ~ y 
+thence to Arabia and India. Having traverfed Afia, he 
+crofted the Hellefpont, and fpent fome time in Europe. 
+Returning to Egypt, he was flain by his %rother Ty- 
+phon; of whom we have fpoken fufficiently in the 
+chapter of the giants. 
+
+(4) Diodor. Sic. I. 1. 
+
+(5) Plato de leg. Dialog. 2, 
+
+When 
+
+
+
+180 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+When the news of this reached Coptus, where Tfis 
+then was, fhe cut her hair, and in deep mourning went 
+every where in fearch of the dead body; which fhe 
+found at length, and concealed at Butus. But Typhon 
+hunting by moonlight found it there, and tore it into 
+many pieces, which he fcattered abroad. Ifis then tra¬ 
+veled the lakes and watery places in a boat made of 
+the papyrus, feeking the mangled limbs of Ofiris: where 
+fhe found one, there fhe buried it. Hence the many 
+tombs afcribed to Ofiris. Thus Plutarch. But Dio¬ 
+dorus fays, that fhe joined the fragments, embalmed 
+and buried them at Memphis; prevailing on the Egyp¬ 
+tian priefts to promote his deification, in confideration 
+of a third part of the kingdom given to them. 
+
+Ifis afterwards, with the afliflance of her fbn Orus, 
+vanquifhed Typhon ; reigned happily over Egypt to her 
+death, and was alfo buried at Memphis. At Bufiris a 
+nioft fuperb temple was railed to her. She was fuc- 
+ceeded by her fon Orus, who completed the reign of 
+the gods and demi-gods in Egypt. 
+
+To do the greater honour to thefe their favourites, 
+the Egyptians made them to reprefent the objefts of 
+their idolatrous wcrfhip. The attributes of His indeed, 
+when expofed as the public fign of their feafts, differed 
+according to the different purpofes to which they applied 
+the figure. But at other times this goddefs was repre- 
+fented with a flowing veil, having the earth under her 
+feet, her head crowned with towers (like the Phrygian 
+mother) the emblem of height and liability; and fome- 
+times with upright horns, equally expreflive of domi¬ 
+nion and power; next- to thefe the crefcent; then the 
+fun; and, above all, expanded wings. She has alfo 
+wings, and a quiver on her fhoulder. Her left-hand 
+holds a cornucopia, her right a throne charged with the 
+cap and fcepter of Ofiris, and fometimes a flaming 
+torch ; and her right arm is entwined by a ferpent. 
+The imagination of the reader will pre'fently conceive 
+this to be the fymbol of the aether, the natural parent 
+and fpirit of the univerfe, comprehending and per¬ 
+vading the whole creation. As fuch fhe is eafily con¬ 
+founded with nature, which is defined by Balbus in 
+
+Cicero 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. iSr 
+
+Cicero (6) to be ‘That which contains and fujlains the whole 
+world. In Herodotus the is the fame with Ceres; in 
+Diodorus, with Luna, Ceres, and Juno; in Plutarch, 
+with Minerva, Proferpine, Luna, Thetys. By Apu- 
+leius, fhe is called the Mother of the Gods, and is the 
+fame with Minerva, Venus, Diana, Proferpine, Ceres, 
+Juno, Bellona, Hecate, Rhamnufia; hence termed 
+fbmetimes 'fjooc, or The Qoddefs of a thou/and names . 
+
+Being a female figure, and thus principally honoured, 
+fhe was denominated Ifis (7;. 
+
+So likewife in Herodotus, Ofiris and Bacchus are the 
+lame; in Diodorus, Sol, Ofiris, Serapis, Dionyfus, 
+Pluto, Ammon, Jupiter, Pan ; in Plutarch, Sol, Ofiris, 
+Pluto, Bacchus, Serapis, Apis, Oceanus, Sirius. Hence 
+we fee him in gems with a radiated crown and a balket 
+on his head, having the horns of Ammon ; and in his 
+hand a trident entwined by a ferpent. He is the great 
+emblem of the folar body. 
+
+Orus is the fymbol of light, as the name imports (8) ; 
+and is generally figured as a winged boy, Handing be¬ 
+tween Ofiris and ills. He -is the Herws of the Greeks, 
+and the Cupid of the Romans : the Ion of Ofiris and 
+Jfits, whofe paflion for each other is faid to have com¬ 
+menced in the womb, where they embraced; and Orus 
+was the ftuit of this early conjunction. The whole 
+containing this fimple truth that light has began to flow 
+from the body of the Jun , frosn its firft exftnce , through 
+
+the midf of <sibcr. But thefe themfclves were but na¬ 
+tural emblems. Plutarch therefore refers us higher, 
+affirming, that Ofiris fignifies the aCtive principle, or 
+the moft holy being ; Jfis the wifdom or rule of his 
+operation; Orus the firft production of his power (9'', 
+
+
+( 6 ) Nat nr a eft qua contineat mundum omnem eumque tueatur . 
+DeNat. Deor. 1. z. 
+
+(7) Or Ilha, the woman, xkt 
+
+(8) From Aor, light. 
+
+(9) De Ifid. & Ofirid. p. 354. See Ramfay’s Theology of the Pa¬ 
+gans. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+182 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+* < — 
+
+• 9 
+
+the model or plan by which, hje produced every thing, 
+or the archetype of the world (i). 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+, f # 
+
+a» 
+
+Explanation of the three Plates of Isis, Osiris, 
+
+and Orus. 
+
+
+Thefe three following plates, viz., of Isis, Osiris, and 
+Orus, were taken, originally from the Bembine or 
+Ifiac table in the Bodleian library. This table or 
+altar-plate is of brafs, full of hieroglyphics inlaid in 
+filver and enamel, which conftitute an epitome of the 
+whole Egyptian theology. It has been defcribed, 
+copied, and elaborately explained, by the learned je- 
+fuit, Athanafius Kircher, in his ./Edipus iEgypriacus, 
+vol. 3, p. 80, & feq. Roms 1654. 7. Hor. Apoll. 
+
+
+I N this of Ifis, the top cornice over her abounds with 
+flames, diffufed like rifing ferpems, indicating light 
+and life fupernal and diftant from the contagion of 
+grofs matter. In ihofe underneath, is the circle with 
+expanded wings, .the emblem of aether. The archi¬ 
+traves are fupported by two columns, with alternate 
+fquare divifions of black and white, crowned with the 
+head of Ifis. At Tome diftance, on the outfides, are two 
+pilafters, decorated with flowers, from which rife two 
+afpics, fymbols of warmth and moifture conjoined-, the 
+fecondary caufe of life. In the midft of this magnifi¬ 
+cent throne is the goddefs feated, to denote liability and 
+power. From the navel to the foot her habit is com- 
+pofed of wings, reprefenting the velocity and fublimity 
+of the aether, diffufiog itfelf unlverfally. Thence up¬ 
+wards to the breall, Ihe is full of paps, Ihetving the 
+body of the world, or the univerfal machine, to be 
+thence nourilhed and fupported. The collars round 
+her neck are the celeflial orbs. The great variety of 
+
+
+(1) The hull Apis was the fubftitute of Ofiris ; the name 
+of the latter Sor, or Sur* fignifying a bull, and Apis the moft 
+mighty. But the bull Apis had particular marks; and they 
+added, that the Apis was animated by the foul of Oliris. The 
+Greeks gave the article and the termination to the word Ofiris; 
+fo difgtuimcr it, that the Egyptians knew it not again. 
+
+Created 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+X S X iS Jayc /<?% . 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+O$ TUX$ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+183 
+
+
+created beings, is aptly fignified by the party-coloured 
+feathers of the African hen, which cover her head in 
+a flying attitude. The bafket on the b&ck of this bird 
+is the emblem of plenty, from which, on each fide, 
+fprings a leaf of the Egyptian peach ; and two horns, 
+which point out the crefcent moon, inclofing a circle 
+marked with the figure of the fcarabseus or beetle, re- 
+prefenting the fun. The gefture of her left-hand, is 
+commanding and monitory : her right holds a fceptre of 
+the flowering lotus.. Her feat is adorned with the'figure 
+of a dog fitting ; to intimate her dominion, according 
+to Diodorus, refulgent in the dog-liar. Within the 
+table, beneath the throne, is the body of a lion with 
+the head of an hawk, at his fore-feet a canopus, fup r 
+porting, upright wings ; emblems of earth, fire, water, 
+and air. Over the back of the lion-hawk is the ferpent 
+tranfmitted through a circle with expanded wings, ex¬ 
+plained in the chapter of Mercury, page 90, of whofe 
+caduceus thefe are the attributes j and on his head a 
+crefcent, with the fun over that. By the fmall hiero¬ 
+glyphic characters near the Ifis, fhe is faid to be Phe 
+
+
+J'P 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+world, penetrating all things with the eye of 
+
+
+Divine Providence j and the 
+ferio r worlds. 
+
+
+of the fup 
+
+
+Explanation of the Plate of Osiris. 
+
+C VSTF.TS, is reprefented here feated on a teflelated 
+f thrpne, to exprefs dominion and viciffitudes of day 
+and night, which depend upon him. He has the head 
+j. of an hawk, a bird, from his flrength of vifion, by 
+which he is faid to look fteady on the meridian fun, 
+frequently depidted for the fymbol of the folar orb. He 
+is crowned with a mitre, full of fmall orbs, to intimate 
+his fuperiority over all the globes. The gourd upon 
+the mitre implies his adtion and influence upon moi- 
+fture, which, and the Nile particularly, was termed 
+
+his habit is made 
+
+is furrounded 
+
+
+, . by 
+
+the Egyptians the efflux of Ofiris. The lower part of 
+
+up of defcending rays, and his body 
+with orbs. His right hand is extended 
+in a commanding attitude, and his left holds a thyrfus 
+or ftaff of the papyrus pointing out the principle of 
+
+humidity. 
+
+
+
+•184 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+humidity, and the fertility thence flowing, under hk 
+dire&ion. . 
+
+4 
+
+“ * 
+
+11 —* ■■■■■■. 1 - — - ■■ ■■ -- mm —\t _ 
+
+♦ * 
+
+Explanation of the Figure of Oros. 
+
+T HE figure of Orus, which is the emblem of the 
+
+folar efflux, is Juvenile, as perpetually renewed 
+and renewing youth and vigor. He fhnds to denote 
+the unabated a&ivity of light: and is habited in a fort 
+of network, compofed of globules of light pufhi'ng and 
+interfering each other every way. He holds a ftaff 
+croffed, expreffing his power in the four elements; and 
+on it the head of the houp, a tranfient bird, to repre¬ 
+sent the continual change of things which he produces 
+by fhofe elements. This flaff, the fymbol of his rule, 
+is further adorned with a gnomon and trumpet, indi¬ 
+cating feafon and fymmetry, harmony and order. At 
+his back is a triangle, with a globe fixed, to it; fhevring 
+the regular being of the world to depend upon him. 
+The fides of the portal, which he ftands in, are deco¬ 
+rated with the celeftial bodies, and on the top of it is 
+the circle with expanded wings. The hieroglyphics, en¬ 
+graven on the bale, call him. The Parent of ‘vegetable 
+Nature ; the Guardian of Moifiure ; Protestor of the Ni/e ; 
+Avert er of Evils ; Governor of the Worlds', the many-fi¬ 
+gured God\ the Author of Plenty. 
+
+CHAP.. LXIV. 
+
+• • 
+
+s 
+
+w 
+
+Of the Cabiri. 
+
+♦ 
+
+B QCHART fays, that the Cabiri were the Gods of 
+
+the Phoenicians, and obferves juftly that Cabir %- 
+
+nifies, both in the Hebrew and Arabic tongues, Great 
+
+or Mighty : fo that Cabiri, in the plural, are The 
+
+Great or Mighty Ones. He that miniflred in holy 
+
+things went by the appellation of Cohes, a msnifift 
+
+corruption of the Hebrew Cohen, prieft or interceffon 
+
+They .are fpoken of by the names of Axieros, Axi- 
+
+ocherfos and Axiocherfa ; as three diilinft perfons: 
+
+And in them our author thinks that he has found Ceres, 
+
+Proferpme 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+r. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. ig; 
+
+Proferpine and Pluto ; the Abbe Pluche, Ofiris, Orus 
+and Ifis; others, Jupiter, Ceres and Bacchus. To thefe, 
+the Scholiaft upon Apollonius has added a fourth, Caf- 
+niilus or Cadmilus; the fame, fays he, is Hermes or 
+Mercury, whom Varro declares to be only a minifter 
+attendant on the Cabin, 
+
+— % * 
+
+Several authors have confined the appellation of Ca- 
+biri to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno. Nor is it at all 
+improbable that thefe fhotild have been fo called in af¬ 
+ter-ages, when the world in general had forlaken the 
+worfhip of the creator for that of the creature, and un- 
+derftood by thefe terms thofe things which muft indeed 
+be allowed the moft proper and fignificant emblems of 
+the divine perfonalities (2); the folar fire being meant’ 
+by Jupiter (3) j by Minerva, darting from the head of 
+him, the light thence fpringing ; and by Juno, the 
+Aether (including the air) the natural reprefentative of 
+the sacred spirit. Thefe are indeed the fame with 
+the Egyptian Ofiris, Orus and ills. 
+
+But in earlier times it was judged an a£l of irreve¬ 
+rence to pronounce their names ; which was the cafe 
+of the tetragrammaton with the Jews. They were 
+therefore only fpoken of by the general denomination 
+of Diofcouroi, or fprung from Jove ; a title afterwards 
+conferred upon Caftor and Pollux. 
+
+Even children were initiated into thefe myfteries, and 
+thought by their parents to be afterwards fecure from 
+dangers of any kind. Such as were permitted to par¬ 
+take of the ceremonies, were wont to afiemble in a 
+wood or grove, which was held facred and became a 
+fanfluary. By the initiation men were believed to be¬ 
+come more holy, juft and pure ; and it is faid that 
+none ever duly performed the ceremonies, without be¬ 
+ing amply rewarded for his piety. 
+
+As to what is fnid of a man’s being facrificed in thefe 
+myfteries upon fome extraordinary occafion ; J cannot 
+find the allertion to be well-grounded. Julius Firmicus 
+intimates, that the Cabin were three brothers, one of 
+
+
+(z) Sic Homines no=vere Deos, quos arduus Hither 
+Occuht , &“ colitur pro Jove forma Jovis. Ovid. 
+
+(3) Macrob. 1 . 1. c. 23. Plato in Phaed. Orpheus, See. 
+
+whom 
+
+
+186 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+♦ 
+
+whom was Bain by the other two, and then deified 
+and fpeaks of his worfhippers, as holding up their 
+bloody hands to the once-bleeding ; which may refer 
+either to their hands being embrued in the blood of the 
+ordinary victims, or to the warlike difpofition of that 
+conquering people (Macedonians^. But, if the thing be 
+fatt, it mull have proceeded from an affurance that 
+fuch a facrifice was one day or other to promote the 
+
+happinefs of mankind (4). 
+
+- • ' 
+
+CHAP. LXV. 
+
+Of the inferior Deities attending Mankind from their 
+
+Birth to their Deceafe. 
+
+# 
+
+I T would be a talk almoft endlefs to enter into a 
+minute detail of the inferior deities acknowledged by 
+the Greeks and Romans. The names of thefe vifionary 
+beings occur fo feldom in the claflic authors, that it is- 
+fufficient barely to mark their denominations. 
+
+During pregnancy, the tutelar powers were the god: 
+Pilumnus (5), and the goddeffes Intercidonia (6), and 
+Deverra (7), The fignification of thefe names feems 
+to point out the neceflity of warmth and cleanlinefs to 
+perlbns in this condition. 
+
+Befides the fuperior goddeffes J.uno-Lucian, Diana* 
+Hythia, and Latona, who all prefided at the birth, there 
+were the goddeffes Egeria (8), Profa (9), and Mana- 
+geneta (i), who with the Dii Nixii (2), had all the 
+care of women in labour. 
+
+0 
+
+♦ 
+
+(^) This was alfo the leading opinion of the Britifh Druids y 
+Pro Vita Hominis nifi Vita Homvnis reddatur , non pojje alitor De- 
+orum bnmortaliu?n numen placari arbitra?itur . Caef. Comm. 1 . 
+6. c. 13. 
+
+(5) Either from Pilum, a Peftle ; or from Pello, to drive away, 
+Becaufe he procured afafe delivery. 
+
+(6) She taught the art of cutting wood with a hatchet to make 
+fires. 
+
+(7) The inventrefs of brooms. 
+
+(%) From caiting out the birth. 
+
+(y) Aulus Gellius. chap. xix. 
+
+(1) JElian. 
+
+( 2) From Enitor, to ftruggle. See Aufonius, Idyll. 12. 
+
+
+'THE HEATHEN GODS. 187 
+
+» » , 
+
+To children, Janus performed the office of door¬ 
+keeper or midwife, and in this quality was affifted by 
+the goddefs Opis, or Ops (3} ; Cunia rocked the cradle 
+while Carrnenta fung their deftlny ; Levana lifted them 
+from the ground (4) ; and Vegitanus took care of them 
+when they cried ; Rumina (5) watched them while 
+they fuckled ; Porina fuinifhed them with drink ; and 
+Educa with food of nourilhment; Offilago knit their 
+boner, and Carna (6) flrengthened their conftitutions; 
+Nundina (7) was the goddefs of children’s purification ; 
+Statilinus or Statanus* inftrudled them to walk, and 
+kept them from falling; Fabulinus learnt them to prat¬ 
+tle ; the goddefs Paventia preftrved them from frights 
+
+(8) ; and Camssna learnt them to fing. 
+
+Nor was the infant, when grown to riper years, left 
+without his prote&ors ; Juventas was the god of youth; 
+Agenoria excited men to aftion ; and the goddcfles Sti- 
+mula and Srrenua infpired courage and vivacity ; Horta 
+
+(9] infpired the love of fame or glory ; and Sentia gave 
+them the fennments of probity and juftice; Quies was 
+the goddefs of repofe or eafe (1); and Indolena, or lazi- 
+nefs, was deified by the name of Murcia (2); Vacuna 
+prote&ed the idle; Adeona and Abeona, fecured people 
+in going abroad and returning (3); and Vibilia, if they 
+wandered, was fo kind to put them in the right way 
+again; Feflonia refrefhed the weary and fatigued ; and 
+Meditrina healed the fickly/f^); Vitula was the patro- 
+
+(O Some make her the fame with Rhea or Vefta. 
+
+(4) Amonglt the Romans the midwife always laid the child on 
+the ground, and the father, or fomebody he appointed, lifted it up, 
+hence the expreflion of tollere Liheros, to educate children. 
+
+(5) The goddefs had a temple at Rome, and her offerings were 
+
+milk. • < • • 
+
+(6) On the kalends of June fftcrifices were offered to Carna, of 
+b^con and bean-flour cakes 5 whence they were called Fabariae. 
+
+(7) Boys were named always on the gth day after the birth, girls 
+
+cn the 8th. * 7 * 
+
+(8) From Pavorema vertcndo. 
+
+(9) She had a temple at Rome, which always flood open* 
+
+(1) She had a temple without the walls. 
+
+( 2 ) Murcia had her temple on mount Aventine. 
+
+(3) From Abeo to go away, and Adeo to come. 
+
+(4) The feftival or this goddefs was in September, when, the 
+Homans drank new wine mixed with old by way of phyfic* 
+
+nefs 
+
+
+188 FABULOUS HISTORY OP 
+
+* 
+
+► 
+
+■ 
+
+nefs of mirth and frolic (5) ; Volupia the goddefs who 
+beftowed pleafure (6i; Orbona was add refled, that pa¬ 
+rents might not lole their offspring ; Pellonia averted 
+mifchiefs and dangers; and Numeria taught people to 
+call and keep accounts; Angerona (7) cured the an- 
+guifh or forrows of the mind; Haeres-Martia fecured 
+heirs the eftates they expected; and Stata, or Statua- 
+Mater,. fecured the forum, or market place, from fire; 
+even the thieves had a protedtrefs in Laverna (8); 
+Averruncus prevented fudden misfortunes; and Conius 
+was always difpofed to give good advice to fuch as 
+wanted it; Volumnus infpired men with a difpofition to do 
+well; andHonorus raifed them to preferment and honours. 
+
+Nor was the marriage ftare without its peculiar de¬ 
+fenders. Five deities were efteemed fo r.eceflary, that 
+no marriages were folemnized without afking their fa¬ 
+vours; thefe were Jupiter-perfe&us, or the Adulr, Juno, 
+Venus, Suadela (9), and Diana. 
+
+Jugatinus tied the nuptial knot, Domiducus ufhered 
+the bride home, Domitius took care to keep her there, 
+and prevent her gadding abroad ; Manturna preferved 
+the conjugal union entire; Virginenfis (1) loofed the 
+, bridle zone or girdle ; Viriplaca w as a propitious god¬ 
+defs ready to reconcile the married couple in cafe of any 
+accidental difference ; Matura was the patronefs of ma¬ 
+trons, no maid fervant being fuffered to enter her tem¬ 
+ple ; Mena and Februa (z) were the goddefles who re¬ 
+gulated the female Catameniaj the goddefs Vacuna (3) 
+
+
+(5) From Vittilo, to leap or dance. 
+
+(6) From Voluptas. 
+
+(7) In a great murrain which deftroyed their cattle, the Romans 
+invoked this goddefs, and (he removed the plague. 
+
+(8) The image was a head without a body. Horace mentions her, 
+Lib. I. Epilt. XVI. 60. ffte had a temple without the walls, which 
+gave the name to the Porta Lavernalis. 
+
+(9) The goddefs of eloquence, or perfuafion, who had always a 
+great hand in the fuccefs of courtfhip. 
+
+(1) She was alfo called Cinxiajuno. 
+
+(2) From Februo, to purge. 
+
+(3) She was an old Sabine deity. Some make her the fame with 
+Ceres ; but Varro imagines her to be the goddefs of victory, the 
+-fruits of which are eafe and repofe. 
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 1S9 
+
+is mentioned by Horace (4) as having her temple at 
+Rome ; the rufticks celebrated her feftival in December, 
+after the harveft was got in {5). 
+
+The antients affigned the particular parts of the body 
+to peculiar deities; the head was facred to Jupiter, the 
+breaft to Neptune, the waift to Mars, the forehead to 
+Genius, the eyebrows to Juno, the eyes to Cupid, the 
+ears to Memory, the right-hand to Fides or Veritas 
+the back to Pluto, the reins to Venus, the knees to 
+Mifericordia, or Mercy, the leg's to Mercury, the feet 
+to Thetis, and the fingers to Minerva (6 ). 
+
+The goddefs who prefided over funerals was Libitina 
+(7), whofe' temple at Rome, the undertakers furnifhed 
+with all the necefiaries for the interment of the poor or 
+rich ; all dead bodies were carried through the Porto Li¬ 
+bitina, and the Rationes Libitinae, mentioned by Sue¬ 
+tonius, very nearly anfwer our bills of mortality. 
+
+# 
+
+
+CHAP. LX VI. 
+
+
+Of the inferior Rural Deities. 
+
+
+T HE Romans were not content with the great 
+
+variety of gods, which filled their ritual. They 
+were daily inventing new deities of an inferior order, 
+to anfwer the demands of fuperftition, and increafe the 
+kalendar. Rufina thus became the name for a goddefs, 
+
+
+who prefided over 
+
+
+country in general. Collina had 
+
+
+the charge of the hills, and Vallona the infpeflion of 
+the vallies; Hippona was the guardian of ftables and 
+horfes; and Bubona took care of oxen ; Seia, or Sege- 
+tia, watched the feed till it fprouted ; and Runcina 
+
+i '-i, ■ . \ . . _— 
+
+
+
+(4) Horace, Lib. I. Epift. ibiUoi J : 
+
+(5) Ovid Fall, Lib. VI. ‘ ’ r J 
+
+
+‘ft. 'S 
+
+
+1 •> • 
+
+
+(6) From this diitribxition arofe^ pei’haps 5 the fcheme of our mo¬ 
+dern aftrologers, who affign the different parts of the body to the ce- 
+leftial conftellatrons, or iigns of the Zodiac ; as the head to Aries the 
+neck to Xaunis, the fhoulders to Gemini, the heart to Cancer, the 
+breaft to Leo, the belly to Virgo, the reins fa Libra, the lecrets to 
+Scorpio, the thighs to Sagittarus, the knees to Capricorn, the legs to 
+Aquarius, and the feet to Pi fees. 
+
+(7) Some confound this goddels withProferpine, others withVenus. 
+
+weeded 
+
+
+
+190 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+4 
+
+weeded the young corn; Sarritor was the god of fow- 
+ing, and Occator of harrowing; Robigus kept the 
+blights or mildew away (8) ; Stercutius manured or 
+dunged the ground; Nodotus, or Nodofus, took care 
+to flrengthen and knit the ftalks of the corn ; Volufia 
+watched the blade ; Patelina unfolded the ear; Laftu. 
+cina filled it; and Matura brought it to due ripenefs; 
+Heftilina produced a plentiful crop ; and Tutelina took 
+care to reap and get it fafe in ; Pilumnus kneaded the 
+bread; and Fornax (9) baked it; Mellona was the god¬ 
+defs of honey; but the truth is, thefe fanciful deities 
+are fo little mentioned in authors, that we may call 
+them the refufe or fcum of the gods. 
+
+& 
+
+CHAP. LXVir. 
+
+% 
+
+Of Themis, Astrea, and Nemesis. 
+
+% 
+
+T HEMIS was the daughter of Caelum and Terra, 
+
+and the goddefs of laws, ceremonies and oracles. 
+Jupiter confulted her in the giants war, and afterwards 
+efpoufed her ; fhe inftru£ted Deucalion how to re-peo¬ 
+ple the world after the deluge, and was rather indeed a 
+moral than an hiftorical deity, as fhe fignifies that pow¬ 
+er which rewards virtue and punifhes vice. 
+
+To Jupiter, Themis, befides a numerous offspring, 
+already fpoken of, bore the goddefs Aftraea, who refid- J 
+ed on earth during the golden age, and infpired man- j 
+kind with the principles of juftice and equity ; but as j 
+the wprld grew corrupted fhe returned to heaven (1), j 
+and became that conftellation in the Zodiac, which is j 
+called Virgo. This goddefs is reprefen ted with her eyes 1 
+bound or blinded, haying a fword in one hand, and in B 
+the other a pair of balances equally poifed. ] 
+
+Nemefis was the daughter of Jupiter and Neceflity j 
+(2). She had the title of Adraftea, becaufe Adraftus, 1 
+
+
+(-8) His feftivai, called Robigalia, was celebrated in the beginning 
+of May.\ 
+
+( 9 ) Ovid Fefti. Lib. yr. 
+
+(1) Terras Aftrea reliquit. 
+
+{2) Others fay of Oceanus and Nox. 
+
+king 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/z f * fHf/d tJi ff 
+
+
+i 9 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 191 
+
+t * 
+
+king of Argos, firft, railed an altar to her. She had a 
+magnificent temple at Rhamnus in Attica, with a fla¬ 
+me, She is reprefented with a ftern afpeft, having in 
+one hand a whip, in the other a pair of fcaies. 
+
+
+
+C H A p/'LX VIII. 
+
+♦♦ # « 
+
+
+Of the Godcjefs Foetuna, or Fortune, and the other 
+
+« t , ^ ' 
+
+Virtues and Vices deified by the Antients. 
+
+'' r * . , < 
+
+F lRTUNEwas thought to have fo great a fhare in 
+human affairs, that it is no wonder the Romans 
+made her a goddefs. Juvenal, however, is not a little 
+fevere upon his countrymen (3) for this choice; and 
+Horace expreiles, if not an ablolute contempt for (4), 
+yet at bell: a very mean opinion of this deity. But 
+whatever fentiments the phiiofophers or poets might 
+entertain _of her, they did not leiTen her in the fight of 
+the vulgar, who paid her much veneration. 
+
+This goddefs had a variety of epithets; fhe was 
+termed Regia and Aurea, frpm an image of her ufually 
+kept in the apartment of the 'Caefars. In the capital lhe 
+was worlhipped by the title of. Bona, but her temple at 
+the Efquilia was confecrated by the name of Mala. She 
+was called Confervatrix, Manens and Felix, in antient 
+infcriptions, to denote the happinefs fhe bellows. Do- 
+mitian confecrated her a chapel by the flile of Redux, 
+and in fome antient monuments lhe is called Stata. 
+The names of Barbata and Pan were gwen. her by 
+Servius Tullius, who dedicated a fhririe to her (5); 
+lhe was alfo termed Caeca, not unjullly, on account of 
+the injudicious driftribution of her favours. She was 
+honoured at Rome by the title of Fortuna Equellris 
+(6). In a temple lhe had near that of Venus, lhe bore, 
+the appellations of Mafcula and Virilis.' At other 
+
+
+
+(3) SatyrX. , 
+
+(4) Lib. I. Ode XXXIV. 14. 
+
+(5) Lie alfo called her Obfequens, from her favouring his wilhes. 
+Horace called lier Sseva on a quite contrary account. 
+
+( 6 ) This temple was erefted in purfuance of a vow of the prae¬ 
+tor Q. Fulvius Flaccus, for a viflory he obtained , in Spain by 
+means of his cavalry. 
+
+times 
+
+
+jy* FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+trmes (he was named Mammofa (7}, Primogenia (8), 
+and Privata, or Propria (9) In the quality of Fortu! 
+na-Virgo, coats of young children were offered to her 
+before they put them on ; and fhe was (tiled Vifcata, or 
+Vifcofa (1), on account of her alluring or attracting 
+people by her deceitful kindnefs. 
+
+The principal temple of this goddefs was at Pra- 
+nefte, whence i he was called Prsneftina. She is ufu- 
+ally reprefented blind, ftanding on a wheel in a moving 
+attitude, and holding a cornucopia, from whence (lie 
+pours wealth, and all the emblems of profperity. Ho¬ 
+race has given a very maflerly picture of her in an ode 
+to Maecenas (2). 
+
+She is fometimes figured in a flying attitude, with 
+broad wings, founding a trumpet, and her flying robe 
+wrought all over with eyes, ears and tongues, to denote 
+the furprize, attention and difcourfe fhe excites. Virgil 
+(3) has given an inimitable defcription of her, nor does 
+Ovid fall much fhort of him (4). 
+
+Peace is a blefling fo univerfally efleemed, that it is 
+no wonder if (lie was deified. The Athenians (accord¬ 
+ing to Plutarch) ereCled her an altar with her fiatue, 
+attended by that of Plufus the god of riches, to fhow 
+that fhe was the fource of plenty. At Rome file had a 
+magnificent temple in the Forum (5), which was con- 
+fumed by fire in the reign of Commodus. 
+
+On medals, this goddefs is reprefented before an al¬ 
+tar, letting fire with a torch in her left-hand to a pile of 
+arms, and with the other holding an olive branch. Be¬ 
+hind her, on a column, appears the image of a naked 
+body or man extending his arms in a rejoicing pofture 
+
+
+(7) Either from her having large breads, or the plenty fhe fupplies. 
+
+S 8) From her giving birth to the city and empire. 
+
+9) From her Favouring particular perfons. Thefe two lad: ap» 
+ations were given her by Servius Tullus, a very great admirer 
+of her divinity. 
+
+(1) From Vifcus, birdlime. Hence Seneca fays, Beneficiafunt 
+nj'tfcofa, obligations are catchine. 
+
+Ya) Horace, Lib. III. Ode XXIX. 49. 
+
+(3) Virgil, jffineid I. 
+
+(4) Ovid, Metam. 42, 63. 
+
+(5) Begun by Claudius, and finifhed by Vefpafian. 
+
+(6). The 
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 1^3 
+
+(6). The poets generally introduce her in company with 
+the moft Ihining virtues (7). And Virgil reprefenrs 
+her as the common wifti of mankind (8). Claudian 
+has compofed her panegyric in a very difHnguifhed 
+manner. Sometimes Ihe appears like a matron hold¬ 
+ing a bunch or ears of corn, and crowned with olive, 
+
+o' roles. 
+
+The goddefs Concordia, or Concord, was another 
+divinity of the Romans. At the requeft of his mother 
+Livia, widow of Auguftus, a temple was dedicated to 
+her by Tiberius at Rome. She had feveral other mag. 
+nificent temples; in one of thefe were depofited the 
+rich fpoils of the temple of Jerufalem. 
+
+Virtue and Honour had their temples at Rome. That 
+to Virtue was erefted by M. Marcellus (9), and was 
+the only paflage to the temple of Honour, to fhew that 
+worthy a&ions were the true foundation of lading 
+fame. The facrifices to Honour were’ performed by 
+the priefts bare-headed. 
+
+Virtue was reprefented like an elderly matron fitting 
+on a fquare ftone; in antient medals they appear joint¬ 
+ly: howlever, upon fome of Gordian and Numenian, 
+ihe is found in the figure of an old man with a beard. 
+
+Fides, or Faith, had a temple near the capital, 
+founded by Numa Pompilius. No animals were of¬ 
+fered, or blood fpilt in the facrifices ; during the per¬ 
+formance of her rites, her priefts were cloathed in white 
+veftments, and their heads and hands covered with 
+linen cloth; to fhew that fidelity ought to be fecret. 
+Her fymbol was a white dog and a figure where two 
+women are joining hands, reprefents the goddefs. 
+
+Hope is another of the - paflions deified by the Ro¬ 
+mans. She had a temple in the heib-markef, which 
+was confumed by lightning. On medals fhe appears in 
+
+a ftanding attitude, with her left hand holding up Tightly 
+
+• . 
+
+
+(6) The legend of this medal, which was ftruck by Vefpafian on 
+the conquefhof Judaea, is Piet Or bis 'Terrarum. On a medal of his 
+fon Titus, fhe is feen with a palm in one hand and a iceptre in the 
+other, the inferiptien Pax JEierna. 
+
+(?) Horace, Carmen Sec. 57. ‘ 
+
+iEneid XI. 362. 
+
+,9) Son to Auguftus. 
+
+K 
+
+
+her 
+
+
+•i94 FABULOUS HISTORY OF 
+
+her loofe robes, and leaning on her elbow ; in her right 
+Die has a plate, in which is placed a ciborium, or cup, 
+fafhioned like a flower, with this infcription, Spes, P. R. 
+•the hope of the Roman people (i). In the modern 
+flatues and paintings, ‘her charadteri’ftic is a golden 
+anchor. 
+
+Piety, or filial Affe&iori, had a chapel at Rome, con- 
+fecrated by the Duumvir Attilius, Glabrio, on a re¬ 
+markable occafion : “ A man being fentenced to hard 
+* 6 imprifonment, his daughter who was then a nurfe, 
+“ daily vifired him, and was ftri&Iy fearched by the 
+“ gaoler, to fee fhe brought no food to the prifor.er. 
+• 4 ‘ At daft a difcovery was made, that fhe fupported him 
+■«* 'with her milk. This infiance of piety gained her 
+** father’s freedom. They were both afterwards fupport- 
+“ ed at the’ public expence, and the place was confe- 
+** crated to this goddefs (2).” 
+
+Pudicitia, or Chaftity, was honoured at Rome under 
+two -names. Into the temple of Pudicitia Patricia, none 
+were admitted but ladies of noble birth. Virginia, the 
+daughter of Aulus, having married a Plebeian, fo of¬ 
+fended thefe, that they excluded her their aflemblies: 
+upon which Virginia called‘ a meeting of the plebeian 
+matrons, dedicated a chapel to this goddefs by the name 
+of Pudicitia Plebeian (3). Her fpeech on this occafion 
+was truly great : “ I dedicate,” fays fhe, <e this altar 
+“ to Pudicitia Plebeia, and defire you will adore Cha- 
+«* ftity as much as the men do Honour; and I wifh 
+“ that this temple may be frequented by purer votaries 
+66 (if poflible) than that of Pudicitia Patricia.” In both 
+of-thefe ’ temples no matron was permitted to lacrifice 
+unlefs fhe had an unblemifhed chara&er, and was but 
+once married. Tn medals this deity is reprefented under 
+the figure of a woman veiled, pointing with the fore¬ 
+finger of her right-hand to her face, to fignify that fhe 
+
+had no reafon to blufh. 
+
+- Mercy, or .Clemency, had an altar at Athens, erefled 
+by the kindred of Hercules. At Rome was a temple 
+
+
+The reverie is ahead of Adrian. 
+
+(2) Pliny’s Nat. Hitt. Lib. VII. cap. 36. 
+
+(3) All matrons who married but once, were 
+
+Corona Pudicitice, or crown of chaftity. 
+
+
+honoured with the 
+
+dedicated 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GODS. 
+
+
+195 
+
+
+dedicated to the Clemency of Csfar (4). Both the Ro¬ 
+mans and Greeks gave the name of Afylum to the 
+temples each had ereCttd to this goddefs. 
+
+Truth, according to Plutarch, was the daughter of 
+Saturn .and Time, and the mother of Virtue, and was 
+reprefented as a beautiful young virgin of a proper fea¬ 
+ture, modeftly clad in a robe, whofe whitenefs refembled 
+that of fnow, Democritus, to give an idea of the 
+difficulty of her being found, fays that fhe is concealed 
+in the bottom of a well. 
+
+Liberty was fo much the delight of the Romans, that 
+it was but natural for them to imagine her a goddefs, 
+and to confecrate to her temples and altars. She was 
+reprefented in a form of a virgin cloathed in white, 
+holding a fceptre in her right-hand, and a cap in her 
+
+
+left. 
+
+
+Good 
+
+
+[m 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+with an altar in the Capitol, by M. ^Emilius 
+Atilius the praetor ereCled her chapel. 
+
+Fauflitas, or the public Felicity and Welfare, had 
+many altars, and was adored both by the Greeks and 
+Romans : the former honoured this goddefs under the 
+
+
+names of Endaimonia and Macaria 
+
+
+The Athenians 
+
+
+confulting an oracle on the fuccefs of a battle, were 
+informed, that they fhould win the victory if one of 
+the children of Hercules would fubmit to a voluntary 
+death : on this Macaria, one of his daughters, killed 
+herfelf, and the Athenians becoming victorious, paid 
+her adoration under the name of Felicity. She was 
+reprefented in painting as a lady cloathed in a purple 
+veftment trimmed with filver, fitting on an imperial 
+throne, and holding in one hand a caduceus, and in 
+the other a cornucopia. 
+
+Victory was honoured by feveral nations as a god¬ 
+defs. According to Hefiod, fhe was the daughter of 
+
+was painted by the antienrs in the 
+form of a woman clad in cloth of gold, and is repre- 
+fented on fome medals with wings, flying through the 
+^r, holding a palm in one hand, and a lawrel crown in 
+
+
+f 4) Phis temple was built by a decree of the Senate, after the 
+^th of Julius Crefar. 
+
+K 2 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+>ig 6 F ABU LO US HISTORY OF 
+
+the other, in others fhe is to be feen Handing upon a 
+globe, with the fame crown and branch of palm. 
+
+The goddefs Salus, or Health, had a temple at Rome 
+>near the gate, from thence called Porto Salutaris ; and 
+as the bleflings fhe bellows are known to all, fo no 
+doubt but Ihe had a great number of votaries. She was 
+reprefented by a woman fitting on a throne, and holding 
+a globe in her hand. Near her Hood an altar, with a 
+/hake 'entwined round, it. In this temple was perform¬ 
+ed the Augurium Salutis, a ceremony which Augultus 
+revived from defuetude. It was a day fet apart an¬ 
+nually, for enquiring of the gods by divination, whe¬ 
+ther they would allow the people to pray for peace? 
+On this day the Roman armies were forbid to inarch 
+or engage. It is worthy of remark, that the priefts of 
+this temple had arrogated to themfelves the foie pri¬ 
+vilege of offering fupplications for the health of every 
+individual, as well as for the ftate. 
+
+The Good Genius was adored by the Greeks, and, 
+according to Paufanius, had a temple in the road lead- 
+ing to mount Maenalus. At the clofe of fupper a cup 
+was always offered him of wine and water, and called 
+the grace-cup.' 
+
+Wealth has fuch an influence on the affairs of life, 
+that it has in all ages been the objedt of public wor- j 
+ihip, or of fecret idolatry. Thus the Romans deified 
+both Plutus and Pecunia, or-Money. Menander wittily 
+obferves on this fubjedt; That if you can poffefs this 
+41 deity, you may alk and have what you pleafe: even 
+<* the gods themfelves lhall be at your devotion.” 
+
+Silence was, amongft the Romans, both a male and I 
+female deity, by the names of Harpocrates and Ange-j 
+rona ; but the latter feems only to have been a female | 
+imitation of the former, whom they borrowed from the j 
+Egyptians, He was the fon of Ifis, begotten by Ofirlsj 
+after his death, and on that account faid to have been| 
+a weakly child. His ftatue was placed at fome fma 111 
+diftance from thofe of Ofiris, Orus, and Ifis, with his I 
+finger on his mouth ^ intimating to the worfliippers, I 
+that not a word was to be faid that thofe deities bad once I 
+been mortal. The Greeks and Romans appropriateaj 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN GOD S', 
+
+
+
+to themfelves this fymbol of Silence, but in general* 
+were ignorant of its original intention. 
+
+Nor were thefe the only viftonary deities ere&ed by 
+the heathens. Fear, Hope, Difeaies, Calamities, and 
+even Vices, were honoured, with a view of averting: 
+their vifitation, or allaying their noxious influences- 
+Thus Febris, or the Fever, had her altars at Ronne.- 
+Hoftilius Tullus vowed a temple to the goddeftes Terror 
+and Palenefs. M. Marcellinus, after escaping a ftorm 
+near Sicily, built a chapel to the god Tempeftas, with¬ 
+out the gate of Caperia. And Poverty and Art were 
+both deified by the people of Gadara,. becaufe neceffiry 
+is the mother of invention. Envy was a goddefs, whole 
+perfon and abode are inimitably described by Ovid (5). 
+
+Calumny had an altar eredled to her by the Athe¬ 
+
+
+nians. We have a very remaiKabie picture ot this-, 
+mifchievous goddefs, as drawn by the hand of the great 
+Apelles. Credulity, reprefented by a man with Targe 
+open ears, invites this deity to him, extending his hand> 
+to receive her. Ignorance and Sufpicion Hand juft be¬ 
+hind him; Calumny (the principal figure of the piece) 
+appears' advancing, her countenance ruffled with paf- 
+fion, holding in her left-hand a lighted torch, and with’ 
+her right dragging along a youth, who lifts up his hands 
+
+
+very remarkable pifture of this-, 
+
+
+as fupplicating the gods. 
+
+
+Juft before her goes Envy 
+
+
+pale and fquinting. On her right fide are Fraud and 
+
+
+Confpiracy. Behind her follows Repentance, with her 
+
+
+cloaths torn and looking backwards on Truth, "who 
+flowly clofes up the rear <6). Contumely and Impu¬ 
+dence, were al/o honoured by the Athenians under the 
+figure of patiidges efteemed a very bold bird. Difcord 
+is reprefented as a goddefs by Petronius Arbiter, whofe 
+defcription of her is worthy fo mafterly a pencil: and 
+Virgil has given us a pifture of Fury, a deity much of 
+the fame ftamp. It is now time to clofe the particular 
+account, and to proceed to a confideration at large of 
+the Heathen Theology. 
+
+
+(5) Metam. Lib. II. 762. 
+£5) Lucian.. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+DISSERTATI 
+
+
+O N 
+
+
+ON THE 
+
+
+THEOLOGY of the HEATHENS. 
+
+
+T HE religion of mankind was at fir ft one, like the 
+
+objedl of it. But when the latter was changed, 
+the mode and ceremonial of worfhip continued ftill the 
+fame: for idolatry, that worst of things, was but 
+in its origin, the corruption of true religion, which 
+is the best ! Wears nor therefore to wonder if \ve fee 
+the fame ufage of temples, altars, priefts, facrifices, 
+
+
+fame: 
+
+
+l 
+
+
+fir ft fruits. Sec. common to the patriarchs and unbe¬ 
+lievers. We even behold, in thefe, and many other 
+iwftances, the fame religious cuftoms amongft the hea¬ 
+thens, which it p.'eafed the divine Being to inforcc the 
+continuance of by the Mofaic difpenfation; a convinc¬ 
+ing argument that they muft have been uncorrupt and 
+innocent in their original. 
+
+Nor did mankind in general lole fight of the original 
+object fo foon, or fo totally, as is commonly appre¬ 
+hended. Since we find amongft the eaftern nations, 
+and indeed amongft feveral of the Greeks and Romans, 
+the moft exalted notions of the fupreme Being, the 
+creator of heaven and earth. 
+
+According to the Egyptians (i), Eiclon, or the firft 
+God, exifted in his foiitary unity before all beings. He 
+is the fountain and original of every thing that either 
+has underftanding, or is to be underftood. He is the 
+fiift principle of all things, felf-fufficient, incompre- 
+henfible, and the father of all eflences. Hermes fays. 
+
+
+l ie vers. 
+
+
+We even behold. 
+
+
+the patriarchs and unbe- 
+
+
+other 
+
+
+headed. 
+
+
+Since 
+
+
+
+\(i) Pamblicus de Myft. Egypt. Ed. Lugd. 155?.. p., i 53 - 4 ; 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+tH’E H E' A T H E N GODS. 199 
+
+jikewife, that this fupreme god has conftituted another- 
+god, called Emeph, to be head over all fpirits,. whether 
+ethereal, empyrean, or celeftial ; and that this fccond 
+god, whom he (files the guide, -is a wifdom-that tranf- 
+forms and converts into itfelf all fpiritual beings. He 
+makes nothing fuperior to this god-gnide, except the 
+fi'rft intelligent,, and firff intelligible, who ought to be 
+adored in lilence. He adds, that the fpirit which pro- 
+duceth all things has different names, according to his 
+different properties and operations; that he is called in 
+the Egyptian language Amoun, as he is wife ; Ptha, as 
+he is the life of all things ; and Ofuis, as he is the au¬ 
+thor of all good (2). 
+
+Let us proceed to the Greeks, amongft whom Or¬ 
+pheus claims the fi rffc place in right of his antiquity, 
+and to whofe theological fentiments the preference is 
+always given by the early writers in favour of chrifth- 
+anity-' 
+
+“ There is one unknown being, exalted above, and 
+“ prior to all, beings (3),. the author of all things* even 
+“ of the aether, and of every thing that is below the 
+“ aether : this exalted being is life, light, and wis- 
+<l dom ; which three names exprefs only one and the 
+“ fame power, which drew all beings,, vifible and in- 
+M vifible,. out of nothing,” 
+
+Thus alfo the„ divine Plato; “ That which, (4) gives 
+“ truth and reality to things unknown, and endues the 
+knower with the power of underftanding; this call 
+u thou the idea of the good one, the fource of wif- 
+“ dom and truthi” But God is every where diftin- 
+guifhed throughout the works of this iiluftrious philo- 
+fopher, as the beautiful, the cooDj the just one 4 
+Wou’d you fee the being and the providence of Goo- 
+demonffrated from the order and adminiftration of the 
+world ? You will no where find it more convincingly 
+than in the reafoning of Balbus in Cicero ;. and’from 
+
+
+(2) See Ramfay’s Theology, annexed to Cyrus, 410 Ed. p« 
+14 and 17. 
+
+(3) Suid. de- Grph; 350.. & Cedrenus, p. 47. 
+
+
+(4) TtfJO r«< W to tv)v u.y/iduc&v nripifciv to,', y 
+
+
+\ ' / / 1 \ » \ 
+KXi TO) yiyfCtHTiCWri ?*}' 0CTo? 
+
+
+h £ 0 * 9 
+
+
+
+
+rS ’A. 
+
+
+Ctr^S LctiW 
+
+
+sn/xt m I)e Repub, lib. 6. 
+
+K 4 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+200 THEOLOGY OF 
+
+_ - # 
+
+which obfervarions you mull of neceffity draw the fame 
+conclufion which he does, that (5) “ All things in the 
+“ world are wonderfully directed by a divine mind and 
+“ counfel, to the fafety and confervation of the whole.” 
+
+Thefe fentiments ate alfo the refult of Seneca’s en¬ 
+quiries. “ By Jove,” fays he (6), the wife men amongll 
+*' the; antients did not mean fuch an one as we lee in 
+
+* c the Capitol and other temples, but the guardian and 
+
+41 ruler of the univerfe, a mind and spirit, the matter 
+** and artificer of this mundane fabric, whom every ti- 
+m ‘ tie fuits. Wou’d you call him Fate? you will not 
+
+“ err : for he it is on whom all things depend ; the 
+
+“ cause of causes. Wou’d you call him Providence? 
+4C you are in the right : for by his wifdom is the world 
+4< dire&ed ; hence it moves unfhaken, and performs its 
+“ every office, Wou’d you call him Nature ? ’tis not 
+** amifs ; fince from him all things proceed, and 
+“ by his fpirir we live : or the World ? ’tis well : for 
+** he is all in all, and exifting by his own power.” 
+
+Innumerable are the inflances which might be brought 
+from the antients to this purpofe. But thefe may fuflice. 
+And from an attentive confideration of thefe it will 
+appear, that the philofophers endeavoured to eftablifh 
+a particular fyflem with relation to the origin of ido¬ 
+latry, which tends very much to lelfen the fuppofed ab- 
+furdity of it. They maintained (y) that the idea which 
+the wife men of antiquity had formed to themfelves 
+of God, was that of a being fuperior to whatever exifts; 
+of a spirit prefent in all the bounds of the univerfe, 
+who animates all, who is the principal of generation, 
+and communicates fertility to every being; of a flame, 
+l.vely, pure, and always a&ive ; of an intelligence, 
+infinitely wife,' whofe providence continually watches 
+and extends over all : in a word, an idea of a being, to 
+whom they had given different names anfwering to his 
+fuperior excellence ; yet fuch as always bore the 
+
+ftamp of that fupreme right of pofTeffion, which 
+
+* «* 
+
+(5) Sic undique omni ratione concluditur , mente con flip que die 
+vino ovmio in hoc Mundo ad falutem omnium confervatio?iemqu 
+admirabiliter admtnijirariy DeNatDeor. 1 . 2. c. 53. 
+
+(6) Natural, Quae ft. 1 . c. 45. 
+
+(7) See Barrier's Mythology, VoL I. p* 171. 
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+T'H'E' HEAT HE N S. 201 
+
+b only inherent in the abfolute Lord, and in him from 
+whom all things flow. 
+
+It is, however, too fatally to be denied, that as the 
+corruption of the heart of man dilated and enlarged 
+itfelf, a difrelifh of fpiritual things gradually came on,, 
+and the mind grew more devoted to fenflble obje&s. 
+Of all created things within his profpett, the Sun was 
+the molt glorious and the molt likely to engage his at¬ 
+tention firft, and next his wonder and his worfhip. 
+Accordingly it had been confidered from the beginning; 
+as the great or primary emblem of the divinity, beings 
+not only the molt beautiful of all bodies in its appear¬ 
+ance, but the molt beneficent in its effe&s ; the regu¬ 
+lator of the feafons, and the natural parent of light and 
+fertility. Hence Plato (8) calls it “The offspring of 
+“ the good one, which the good one produced: 
+“ analogous to himfelf.” It is termed by others (9), 
+“ The eye of Jove,” and the “ mind of Jove, of 
+“ heaven, of the world.” Jn fine, whoever will be at 
+the pains to confult Macrobius, may fee that the figures - 
+of all the heathen deities were but fo many different; 
+expreflions of the qualities and attributes of the Sun, of 
+of the feafons which depended on and were governed^ 
+by him; to whom his votaries afcribed omnipotence,, 
+and whom in their invocations they faluted as “ The. 
+“ power, the light, and the fpirit of the world (i).” 
+
+The Solar Body, before writing, could not more 
+properly be represented than by the figure of a circle; , 
+a fymbol fo plain and inoffenfive, that one would think,, 
+it Ihould not eafily be perverted to the ufes of idolatry. 
+It was accordingly fubftituted in hieroglyphics as the 
+artificial (its principal the Sun being, the great-'natural) - 
+emblem of the divinity, and became the figure of all the 
+open temples; the earlieft places of religious worfhip. 
+
+
+(8) T«v r« Ay»9a tKyovor, '6v r’ ’Ay a3t>.v eysvijnv «»aAo.yo» 
+
+*auT®, De Repub. 1 . 6. 
+
+(9) Apuleius de Mundo Macrobius Saturnal.l. 1 cap. 17. ufque 
+ad iinem cap. 2.3. 
+
+(}) Potentiam foils ad omnium potejlatum fummitatem referri 
+indicant theologi ; qui in Jacris hoc bre--uijf\7na precatione demonjlrant 
+
+diceutes . ° 
+
+
+Ibid, c, 23, 
+
+
+HXit trxvTox.fX7Q, xocr/xa mivpu, Ahtipiv xvrpa 
+
+
+K 5 
+
+
+Thefc 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+202 
+
+
+THEOLGY OF 
+
+Thefe. circles, or difcs, are the fun-images mentioned; 
+in fcripture ( 2 ), and are at this d^y the fymbols of 
+royalty, glory, and divinity: and it may be wor'h while 
+perhaps to remark, thar the word from which this is 
+fupplied (3), is uled to fignify idolatry in general, from 
+the near relation which it bears to the original objeft cf 
+it (4), whofe derivative it is. 
+
+When relig ious worlhip began to be transferred from 
+the divinity to his emblem, from the creator to the 
+creature, then that particular day of the week, , which 
+had ever been keept facred to the creator of all things, 
+began likewife to be ftt apart and dedicated to the ho¬ 
+nour of this luminary, was thence termed Sunday, and 
+continued to be had in efpecial reverence above all the 
+reft. Hence celebrated by one of the moft antient 
+writers, as “ An holy day, becaufe it was the birth¬ 
+day of Apollo, or the fun (5).” Which indeed was 
+fo far true, that i r was the commemoration of that day, 
+on which the human eye was bleffed with the profpeit 
+©f that glorious objedf. For it requires no extraordi¬ 
+nary fagacity, but only a litrle attention, however ge¬ 
+nerally and unaccountably this point has been over, 
+looked, to fee and be corvinced that the firft Holy 
+Seventh Day was the particular ftated day of the Chrif- 
+tian fabbajh. It appears from the original account of 
+it, that the work of the creation took up fix days, and 
+that the laft created being was man ; who was therefore j 
+in all probability formed on the evening of the fixth day. 
+That which immediately fucceeded was the fhft of 
+Adam’s life as well as the firft fabbath. It was the firft 
+day of his firft week, and month and year, i e. the 
+fitft in man’s account of time. On the expiration ot J 
+this firft fabbath, he began to number his fecular days, j 
+as they advanced in order, till he had told fix. The j 
+next was again his Holy Seventh ; .yet the firft day of j 
+his feccnd week, for his weeks were afeertained by the I 
+return of fabbath. Thus obtained it duly in all ordi- I 
+
+* _ *_ _ __ _ _ ___^ H 
+
+(2) Haminichem, fun-images. 6 
+
+(3} Hamon, idolatry. fl 
+
+(4) Hamah, the fun. 9 
+
+(c) — ey I'ifey ypup. I 
+
+T<5 yxp ’Art h?wvci wjirsc'-fct Hesiod. I 
+
+nary | 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHEN 205. 
+
+nary and civil computations to be the firft day of the 
+week, at the fame time that it was diftinguifhed, with 
+a retrofpedl to the work of the creation, as an Holy 
+Seventh Day. And remarkable it is, that the moft an- 
+tient of the heathen writers, while they fpcak of it as 
+fuch, have rendered the very fame reafon for it (6), 
+which the Jewifh legiflator had before given; namely, 
+that “ On it all things were ended or completed.**' 
+This then being of anrient or patriarchal ufage, was 
+not confined to any particular nation or fet of men, 
+like the Jewifh fabbath, but extended to all mankind, 
+and was univerfally obferved as the birth-day of the 
+woild : but being at length abfued and defecrated to 
+the purpofes of idolatry, it pleafed the divine Being, 
+when he delivered his people from the bondage of the- 
+Egyptians, to confecrate another day to his peculiar worship. 
+This was the felf fame day in which he brought them forth 
+with their armies from the land of Egypt. Which was 
+therefore to be a memorial of their deliverance (7), as. 
+long as their Hate and polity fhould laft, and align (8). 
+and covenant that the Moll High God was their God, 
+
+But to refume our fubje£l; from which, we hope,, 
+the reader will excufe this little digreflion, if fuch it be.. 
+Another emblem of the divinity, in a manner univer¬ 
+fally received, was the Seraph, or fiery-flying Serpent, 
+the Salutis Draco fg), the great fymbol of Light and 
+Wifdom, of Life and Health. Why the figure of this 
+animal was thus honoured, feveral reafons ni 3 y be af- 
+iigned; as, the annual renovation of its youth and 
+beauty ; its finuofity, which enabled it to put on various 
+forms; the acutenefs of vifion, and extraordinary faga- 
+city aferibed to it; and its colour, which is that of vivid 
+
+_ _ J 
+
+* 
+
+(6) *E3&{AM iBfOV 'vfAXPm HeSOJD # 
+
+*E shfjbv hpn m Homer* 
+
+yf/jctp s'tyy xxs ■ too TiTiXifo otTruvr*. HOMBR, 
+
+P ifo? rtriX^xr^^ct ttxvtu rtTVxrett. LjN # 
+it Tiy&TOitrt' icca efi rsfciv, CaLLIM* 
+
+Vide Clement. Alex. Storm. 1 ..J. p. 560. & Poli. Sya- 
+nops, ad Genef. xi. a. 
+
+X?) Deuteronom c. v. 15. 
+
+(*Q Ezekiel, c.. xx. 10, xi* iz, 13* 
+
+(9) Macroblus. 
+
+
+flame 
+
+
+
+$04 THEOLOGY O F 
+
+flame^ or burniflied brafs. Its name of Seraph particu¬ 
+larly is fo expreflive (i) of that blaze of brightnefs, 
+which it feems to furnifh when refledfing the l'plendor 
+of the fun beams, that it has been transferred to a fa- 
+perior order of angels ; and is once made ufe of to de¬ 
+note even *he glorious appearance of the cherubim (2), 
+This is the fame fymbol which was eredled by M ofes in 
+the wildernefs. But this alfo was at length poftituted 
+to abominable purpofes, and made the attribute of all 
+the Egyptian deities (3). 
+
+Expanded Wings made a third emblem of the divi¬ 
+nity. This was the hieroglyphic fubftitutecl for the 
+aether, which was confidered as the natural fymbol of 
+the divine fpirit, and, as fuch, fucceeded to a fhare of 
+idolatrous vvorlhip (4). In fome of the original open 
+temples, particularly in that wonderful one of Abiry in 
+Wiltfhire, the complex figure of the Circle, and Seraph, 
+with expanded wings, was reprefented entire. 
+
+Such were the natural emblems of the divine Being, 
+and fo plain and fimple their hieroglyphical reprefen- 
+tations; the original intent of which is explained to us 
+by Kircher (5', from a piece of antiquity in the Phoe¬ 
+nician language: ** Jove,” fays this fragment, 44 is a 
+“ figured Circle; from it is produced a Serpent: the 
+“ Circle thews the divine nature to be without begin- 
+“ riing or end; the Serpent his word, which animates 
+“ the world and makes it prolific; his Wings the fpirit 
+“ of God, which gives motion to the whole fyflem.” 
+
+4 ^ 
+
+(1) Seraph, a flame or burning. 
+
+(2.) Ifaiah vi. 
+
+■£3.} Orus Apollo j ad initium. 
+
+(4) T 4a 2 )1 K«a iripvwuv srcr/ X/yry Bsoy, a Mey<AAs xcti 
+
+fciocr *OvpeLyoyf OV xcti 2ucxi0TC670V, Uq %v(Jb*CCVTtq oi 
+2al(io tq ft ?[ict xat §io'. ripcey re xeti 2iu<Pifc*Tcoq dv7i>, 
+
+Tev ^ ccMujv ctirtov uyx&av sr Xvto» M/aIv <zvtov ytycyifici. 
+
+stdvrti ctvo(A,i\ yoTfAt*. Platon. Epinomis, 
+
+Zenoni & reliquis fere Stoicis JEther <uidetur fuimnus Deus> mente 
+f>r<rditus, qua omnia regantur. Ciceron Academ. Quaeft. 1. 4. c. 41. 
+
+Cleantbes autem , qui Zenonem audivit, turn idtimam & altiffimum 
+aique undique circumfufum, & exeremum omnia cingentetn, atque 
+contplexum ardorem, qui JEtber nominatur ; certifjinmjn Deum judical. 
+Jd. deNat.Deor. 1 . 1. c.14. See Chap. 62. oflfis, Ofiris and Orus. 
+
+(5) Obel. Pamph. p. 403. 
+
+The 
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. so* 
+
+The commencement of idolatry, avowed and aiming 
+at fome eftablilhment muft bear date from the extra¬ 
+ordinary project fet on foot at Babel. The defign, as 
+appears from the original account of it (6) was to build a 
+city and a tower, the citadel or commanding part of 
+which was to be ere&ed to thefe powers, which are 
+there diftinguilhed as the Shemim, or Heavens. The 
+fuppofirion of its being to reach unto the heavens is 
+an addition of the tranflators. The confufion there fpo- 
+ken of, was the confufion of the Lip, or j^Ugjous confef- 
+fion. The true believers on this Uccafion 'feparated 
+from the idolaters, whom they left behind in Afiyria 
+to proceed in their mad enterprize, and difperfed them - 
+felves in the adjoining countries, carrying with them 
+the fame language and the fame patriarchal religion, 
+where we find both for a confiderable time after. The 
+confufion of tongues, as it is called, was but the na¬ 
+tural, and by no means the immediate, confequence of 
+this difperfion. 
+
+Next we find the folar body and its natural fymbol, 
+the fire worlhipped at Ur of the Chaldees, thence de¬ 
+nominated. The fame fymbol was held in efpecial re¬ 
+verence afterwards by the Perfians, but never worfhip- 
+ped, in the proper fenfe of the exprefiion. The fj>ecies 
+of idolatry relating to the worfhip of the human figure 
+was not introduced, till long after r nor waij'the tem¬ 
+ple, which Ninus is faid to have built, erected to his 
+father Belus, as many have afterted, but tqj$sel or Baal- 
+Shemim, the Lord of the Heavens, meaning the Sun. 
+
+Thus idolatry in Afiyria was prior to the time of 
+Abraham (7); but it was confined to that country : for 
+neither in his time, nor for fome time after, do we find 
+any traces of it in Arabia, Phoenicia, or Egypt. We 
+may reft allured that Ilhmael, the father of the Arabi¬ 
+ans, and his brethren by Keturah, adored the God of 
+their father, and eftablilhed his worfhip in the eaft- 
+country, whither they were fent to (Gen. xviii. 19.) Jn 
+
+Phoenicia we find Abimelech, the King of the Phili- 
+
+V 
+
+(6) Gen. xi. 4. The original runs ftrifilly thus ; Let us ereft 
+'to us a city and a tower , and the chief place of it to the Heavens. 
+
+(7) Joulha xxiv, a. 
+
+ftins 
+
+
+s o 5 T 'll E O LOGY O F. 
+
+4 
+
+ftins, believing in God, favoured with a divine inter- 
+courfe, and pleading to the heavenly yifion the righte* 
+oufnefs of his nation. Thtir behaviour with ffaac af¬ 
+terwards leaves no room to doubr that they continued 
+then in the fame faith (8). God himfeif declares to 
+Abraham, that his children fhall not poffefs that land 
+till the fourth generation after him , becaufe the iniqnity of 
+its inhabitants nvas not yet full. Whence it is but rati- 
+Oltal to conclude, that till the fourth generation after , or 
+till about the time of Exodus, they had not, at lead 
+generally, fwerved into idolatry. Sir Ifaac Newton '9) 
+imagines that they continued in the true religion till 
+the death of Meichizedec ; but that aferwards they be¬ 
+gan to embrace idolatry fpreading thitherward from 
+Chaldsea. They could not, however, in any fhort time 
+after, have amongft them more than the beginnings of 
+idolatry; though I prefume, they funk into it apace 
+after the departure of Jofeph’s brethren with their fa¬ 
+milies into Egypt. When the Patriarch came into this 
+laft-mentioned country alfo, God is faid to have fent 
+judgments upon Pharaoh’s family, becaufe of Abra¬ 
+ham’s wife ; and the king of Egypt feems to have 
+been no ftranger to the true God, but to have had 
+the fear of him before his eyes, and to have been in¬ 
+fluenced by it in all his adlions (1 1 . Abraham was en¬ 
+tertained by him without the appearance of any indif- 
+pofition towards him, or any the leaft fign of their 
+having a different religion. Even the heathen writers 
+give hints, that the Egyptians were at firft worlhip- 
+pers of the true God. Plutarch teflifies, that in upper 
+Egypt, the inhabitants paid no part of the taxes raifed 
+for the idolatrous worfhip ; aliening themfeivts to own 
+no mortal Being for God (2), but profefiing to wor- 
+fhip their God Cneph only. Porphyry calls this Egyp¬ 
+tian Cneth, rot AvfAiipysv, the creator of the univerfe. 
+
+I cannot perfuade myfelf that Jofeph, when long af¬ 
+ter this he flourilhed at the head of the Egyptain mi- 
+
+niftry, had that people deferred the worlhip of the true 
+
+% 
+
+% 
+
+(8) Gen. xxvi. 28, 29. & feq. 
+
+(9) Chronology of antient kingdoms amended, p. 188. 
+
+Ii) See Shudcford’s Connection, Vol. I. p. 28^* and 312. 
+
+(2) De I fide & Ofiride. 
+
+V God, 
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 
+
+
+207 
+
+
+Gob, would have married into the family he did, or 
+that the zealous patriarch would have held io f'acred 
+
+and inviolable the lands and endowments of an idola~ 
+
+% 
+
+trous priefthood. With juflice therefore has the great 
+
+
+tain footfteps of idolatry 
+
+it to the 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+no cer- 
+
+
+I would give 
+probable, that 
+any 
+the 
+
+
+are to be difcerned in Egypt. 
+
+
+reader as a conjecture highly 
+idolatry was not eftablifhed by law 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+part 
+court of 
+
+
+Mores' 
+
+
+of that country, till the difgrace 
+
+Egypt, when he firfl retired to his bre¬ 
+
+
+thren in Gofhen ; about forty years before the Exodus. 
+This is countenanced by a paffage of fcripture, where 
+it .is faid of the children of Ifrael, that they 
+
+
+unto devils, not to God ; to gods 
+to new gods that came newly up, 
+feared not (4). 
+
+
+e woom 
+
+
+V Jacrifccd 
+knevo not, 
+ir fathers 
+
+
+So that Etifebius, LaCtantius, Caffian, Lucian, with 
+
+
+many 
+
+Abbe 
+
+
+of the Jewifh Rabbies, as well as Voflius 
+Banier, and the moderns in general. 
+
+
+the 
+
+to 
+
+
+have been grofsly miftaken, in making 
+
+
+appear 
+
+either Phoeni¬ 
+cia or Egypt the birth-place of idolatry. But this 
+iymbolical and hieroglyphicai divinity, proceeded from 
+
+
+Affyria 
+
+
+through 
+
+
+Phoenicia to Egypt. But it was the 
+
+
+Phoenician commerce which fpread it in the remote# 
+quarters of the world 
+
+
+I 
+
+and it is obferved, that 
+
+
+irt 
+
+the religions we know, even in the Eaft and Weil 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+in¬ 
+
+
+dies, there is not one of them, whofe theology is not 
+full of the like emblems. 
+
+It muft be confeffed that the rmiltiplica ion of fym- 
+bols became at length an inexbaufiible fund of idola¬ 
+try. Thofe characters which, before the knowledge-of 
+letters, were innocent and even neceffary, being by that 
+rendered in a fhort time ufelefs, generally neglected, un- 
+deiftood by few, and at laft grievoufly perverted, were 
+the occafion of infinite erro:s. This may be well 
+
+
+ex¬ 
+
+
+port account of the Zodiac (5). 
+
+backwards or oblique- 
+
+
+emplified by a 
+
+The crab, an animal walking 
+ly, feemed a proper emblem of 
+
+
+the fun, who ar 
+
+
+(3) Vide Poli Synopfin in Gen. 4 6 , verf. ultim. 
+
+(4) Deuter. 3a. 17. 
+
+(5) See Abbe Pluche’s Hiftory of the Heavens, Vol, I. p. 10 & ieq. 
+
+jiving 
+
+
+
+20 3 
+
+
+THEOLOGY OF 
+
+
+twins. 
+
+
+'iving a(r this fign begins his retrogradation ( 6 ). The 
+tvild goat on the contrary, whofe cuftom is to feed as 
+he climbs, was chofen to denote the Sun, who on com¬ 
+ing to this point of the Heavens, quits the loweft part 
+©f his courfe to regain the higheft.' The ram, the bull 
+and the two kids gave name to the three celeftial houfes, 
+through which the Sun paffes in fpring. This diflin- 
+guifhed the different kinds of young cattle, produced 
+in this feafon, as they naturally fucceeded each other; 
+the lambs appearing firfl, the calves next, and the kids 
+laft. Two of thefe latter were chofen, on account of the 
+peculiar frurtfulnefs of the goat, which generally bears 
+
+But thefe the Greeks difplaced, fubftituting the 
+twin brothers, Caftor aud Pollux. The fury of the 
+Lion juftly expreffed the heat of the Sun, on his leav. 
+
+The virgin crowned with ears of corn 
+of the harveft, ufually ending about 
+that time. Nothing could better denote the equality 
+of days and nights under the autumnal equinox, than 
+the balance Libra. The difeafes, confequent upon the 
+fall of the leaf, were characterized by the Scorpion. 
+The chafe of wild beafts, annually obferved at that time, 
+was not improperly diftinguifhed by Sagittarius, a man 
+on horfeback, armed with a bow and arrow. Aquarius 
+reprefen ted the rains of winter : and the two Fifhes 
+bound together or inclofed in a net, indicated the fea. 
+
+
+ing Cancer* 
+was an emblem 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+fbn for fifhing. 
+
+
+What 
+
+
+be more 
+
+
+ever belt at the approach of fpring; 
+
+fimple and uleful than this: di* 
+
+
+wifion of the Sun’s annual courfe into twelve equal por¬ 
+tions, expreffed by fo many vifible figns, which ferved 
+to regulate and deferibe the feafons and the bufinefs 
+proper to each, Thefe rude delineations of the- celefti¬ 
+al houfes probably gave birth to painting 
+thefe images prefented to the mind a meaning very dif¬ 
+ferent from the idea conveyed to the eye. 
+
+
+But then 
+
+
+And when 
+
+
+this meaning was loft, the imagination was quickly at 
+work to fupply another more agreeable to its own cor¬ 
+ruption. 
+
+The kingdom of Egypt, on account of its peculiar 
+lituation, became the great fchool of this fymbolical 
+learning j and * thence, in procefs of time, the grand 
+
+
+(6) Macrob. Sa/urn. 1 . i. c. 
+
+
+mart 
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 209 
+
+r-' 
+
+mart of idolatry. It is not improbable that the priefts 
+might endeavour to ftem the torrent of fuperftition that 
+enfucd from it, till finding all their ftrength ineffe&u- 
+al, tney fubmitted to the times, and from views of ava¬ 
+rice and ambition became public defenders of thofe.er¬ 
+rors, which fecretly they condemned. For, it is cer¬ 
+tain, that while thus they complied with the popular 
+language, they yet ftudied all they could colle£l of the 
+antient and real fignification of the fymbolical figures, 
+taking care to require a profound fecrecy of all perfons 
+whom they inftrudted in this kind of knowledge. And 
+for this reafon fphinges were placed at the entrances of 
+their temples, intimating to thofe who approached, that 
+they were to look for a further meaning in what they 
+Ihould fee; for that all was myfterious there. 
+
+Such was the origin of thofe initiations fo much 
+fought after in Egypt, Afia, and afterwards in Greece. 
+Indeed thefe myfteries themfelves were in the end moft 
+grofly abufed ; yet there is no queftion, but that in their 
+primary inftitution they were intended to explain the 
+natural and divine things couched under thofe reprefen-^ 
+tations. For they did not only unfold the nature of 
+things, though this feems to have had (7) the greateft 
+lhare in them ; but inculcated alfo the immortality of 
+the foul, a future date of (8) rewards and puniihments, 
+the confequent necellity of virute, and the other great 
+
+truths of religion which had been handed down from 
+the e arlieft ages. 
+
+( 7 ) Omitto Eleufinam fcatSam illam & auguftam, 
+
+Ubi'initiantur gentcs or arum ultima 1 
+Pratereo Samothraciam, eaque 
+
+--— 3,\uce Lemni 
+
+Notlurna adit a occulta coluntur 
+Sylvejlribus jepibus den fa : 
+
+Quibus explicates, ad rationemque re-vocatis rerum magis Natura 
+cognofcitur quam Deorum. Cicero de Nat. Deor. 1 . 1. c.42. 
+
+(8) T ihiTVs ■'** fAST«%0 ,7 *« i TE / 3 <S T l\ VTtjS v Oti T« 
+
+rtpravTa; kiovot yhiotc rat £%atrt. Ifbcr. in Panegyr. 
+
+Mihi' cmn inulta eximia divinaque videntur Athena peperijfe, 
+
+tipie in vita hominum attulijfe, turn nihil melius illis tnyfieriis, 
+
+Vpvus ex agrejli immanique vita, exculti ad hutnanitatem & ?ni~ 
+
+%ati Jumus: initiaque, ut appellantnr, ita re vera principia 
+
+V!t f c °gnov!tnus j neque folum cum latitia vivendi ratipnem ac- 
+
+: -pmuis, fed etiam cur» fpe meliore moriendi. Cicero de legri- 
+>us, 1. a. c. 14. 
+
+
+Thus 
+
+
+
+2 IO 
+
+
+THEOLOGY OF ’ 
+
+9 
+
+Thus the antient Eaflern nations had a. reserved 
+meaning in all their emblematical figures ; which it is 
+frequently in our power, even at this diftance of time, 
+to make out. Much of the language fpoken by them 
+is Hill exifting : by the means of which, matters of fo 
+remote antiquity may in a great meafure be difengaged 
+from that myfterious darknefs, in which the ignorance 
+of fome ages and the follies of others have involved 
+them. I fhall be eafily underftood to fpeak this of the 
+Hebrew tongue; fo much of which, 1 fay, is yet re¬ 
+maining to us, as will eafily, by a comparifon with 
+other languages, maniftff it to be an original: and all 
+others, on examination, will difcover how largely they 
+have drank of this fountain. The names of animals, 
+fo intimately exprefiive of their properties, befpeak it to 
+have been given by the great author of nature ; and 
+thofe of the firft men (9>, fo nicely applied to their 
+refpedtive conditions and circumfiances, leave no room 
+to doubt that they were coaeval with the perfons them- 
+felves. The Greeks borrowed their idolatry from Phoe¬ 
+nicia and Egypt, which indeed the innovating fpirit of 
+that people improved in the moil: extravagant manner; 
+and it is not poffible to expl&in their religious antiquities 
+without having recourfe to the language of thofe coun¬ 
+tries from which they were tranfplanted. When there¬ 
+fore this is done without force or conftraint, propofirtg 
+an interpretation natural 1 and- eafy; not to receive it, 
+were to reje£l the only means \in many cafes) of in¬ 
+formation, which remain to us at, this immenfe diftance 
+of time. The reader will confider this as an apology 
+for the free ufe w'h.ich is made of this tongue in the 
+preceding fheets ; where he will; find a'great number of 
+ftrange and other wife unaccountable ftories, having their 
+foundations folely in the different meanings of the fame 
+word : So. that an account, in itfelf innocent- and eafy, 
+by being preverfely rendered, became frequently the 
+fource of idle wonder, and at length of idolatrous ve¬ 
+neration, It is not from the fabulous Greeks therm 
+felves that we- are to. expcdb full fatisfa&ion in thefe 
+
+matters. Very few of them gave themfelves the trouble 
+
+v * 
+
+,£g) See Origin of Languages by the late. Dr, Gregory Sharpe, 
+
+to 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 2 ii 
+
+to enquire into the meaning of their own ceremonies, 
+fcvery thing that was but Egyptian was readily adopted : 
+and the very names of the gods they worfhipped were 
+originally taken upon truft. For the Pelafgians, as 
+Herodotus informs us (i), had formerly facrificed and 
+prayed to gods in general, without attributing either 
+name or firname to any deity, which in thofe times they 
+had never, heard of: but they called them gods, becaufe 
+thry difpoled and governed all aftions and countries. 
+Afer a long time the names of the other gods were 
+brought among them from Egypt, and laft of all that of 
+Uacchus: upon which they confulted the oracle of 
+Dodcna, ftili accounted the moft antient, and then the 
+only oracle in Greece, and having enquired whether 
+they fliould receive thefe names from the barbarians, 
+the oracle anfwered, they fhould, So from that time 
+they invoked the gods in their facrifices under diftinit 
+names; and the fame were afterwards received by the 
+Greeks from thefe Pelafgians. This, fays my author, 
+I had from the prieftefles of Dodona. 
+
+It is faid to the honour of Mofes, that he was learned 
+in all the wifdom of the Egyptians. Whence is it then 
+that greater abfurdities in religion have been afcribed to 
+this wife people, than have been met with amongft the 
+moft barbarous and uncivilised nations? This could only 
+proceed from the travelling Greeks, who underftood 
+little of what they faw, and made the worft ufe of what 
+they carried home; which by their poets was afterwards 
+enlarged, and diverftfied. with all the waritonnefs of a 
+licentious imagination. Thus that idolatry, which had 
+its foundation in the vanity and corruption of the hu¬ 
+man heart, was chiefly indebted for its fabulous bulk 
+amongft the Greeks to the warm and plaftic imagina¬ 
+tions of the poets, was ft ill further improved- by the- 
+boldnefs of the pencil, the fine exprtffion of the ehiflel, 
+anti the licence of the ftage. 
+
+When the human figure was firft made the objedl of 
+idolatrous veneration, may perhaps be difficult to deter¬ 
+mine. We read of graven-images in the land of Ca- 
+
+
+
+0 ) In Euterpe.. 
+
+
+
+
+naan 
+
+
+212 
+
+
+THEOLOGY OF 
+
+
+i 
+
+naan, im the time of Mofes and Jolhua. But thefe in 
+all probability were extremely rough and inartificial, 
+and perhaps nothing more than upright Hones or land¬ 
+ing pillars. Such as they were, however, Cadmus is 
+faid to have carried the ufe of them into Greece. I 
+fhould imagine, that they were not worlhipped in Egypt 
+till long after; efpecially if that be true, which Cle¬ 
+mens of Alexandria quotes Leo as affirming (2), in his 
+treadle of the Egyptian gods, that their celebrated Ifis 
+lived not till the time of Lynceus, in the. eleventh ge¬ 
+neration after Mofes. 
+
+It has been generally allowed, that the perfons whole 
+memory was thus religioufly profecuted, were fuch as 
+had been greatly diflinguifhed for the invention of ufeful 
+arts, and their beneficence to mankind (3). But to 
+make this fpecies of idolatry go down with the people, 
+fomething more than a pretended deification feeros to 
+have been neceflary j becaule, in order to fecure this- 
+extravagant honour, to their favourites, we find the 
+Egyptians arraying their images with various enfigns 
+and attributes: thus making them the re prefen tatives 
+of fuch natural things as were adored already by the. 
+fuperftitious herd. Thus we find Ofiris adorned with 
+the emblems of the fun, Ifis decked with thole of the 
+aether, and the golden Seraph infeparable from Orus 
+(4). Granting therefore that there were fuch perfons 
+in the world, as Jupiter, Apollo, Bacchus, Ifis, &c. 
+yet we muff allow the attributes given, and the^ ceremo¬ 
+nies paid to them, to be folely applicable to the lumina¬ 
+ries, or to the natural caufes and effe&s, which, it is 
+raanifeft, were reprefented by. them. 
+
+Or it may be that mankind were not altogether fo 
+eager and fo hafty in their corruptions ; that the confe- 
+cration of eminent and virtuous men was no more in 
+the firft place than a fort of canonization; awd that the 
+worfhip paid to them was only confidered as a public 
+
+(2) Stromat. 1 . 1. p. 323. 
+
+(3) Sufcepit autem vita hominum, confuetudoque- communis , ut : 
+beueficiis excellentes viros in c&lum Jama acvoluntate toilerent. 
+
+Cicero de Nat. Deor. 1 . 2.c. 24. 
+
+{4) Infantenique indent, exporreilumque draconem. Ovid. 
+
+-See chap. 6 3, of Ifis, Ofiris, and. Orus... 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 213 
+
+teftimony of their belief, that fuch perfons were re¬ 
+ceived into the abodes of the blefled, and numbered 
+among the fons of God. This at leaft was the opinion 
+■of Cicero (5). For that the law commands thofe who 
+were confeerated from amongft men, to be worfhipped; 
+it fhews indeed, fays he, that the fouls of all men are 
+immortal-; but that thofe of the brave and the good are 
+divine. 
+
+May we not therefore conclude, with regard to the 
+autient Egyptians particularly, that they were not ig¬ 
+norant of the One Supreme Being, who by his 
+knowledge conceived the world, before he formed it by 
+his will: but to comply with the growing corruptions 
+of mankind, in which compliance they were extreme¬ 
+ly guilty, allowed them to adore (and in this no doubt 
+they found their account) the different attributes of his 
+effence, and the different effetts of his goodriefs under 
+the fymbols of the heavenly powers, of renowned per- 
+fonages, and at laft even of terreftrial bodies, as plants 
+and animals; thus wilfully laying the foundation of the 
+groffeft fuperftition and idolatry. 
+
+How little the befotted Greeks had to fay for them- 
+fclves on this head, and how ignorant indeed they were 
+of their own religious rites, has been remarked already. 
+As thefe took their gods fo fondly from the Egyptians, 
+fo did the Romans theirs Chiefly from them. This ap¬ 
+pears at large in the preceding fheets. It muff be con- 
+fefled at the fame time, that as fome of thefe laft refer 
+•the whole multitude of their divinities to the fun, the 
+original objedl of idolatry, thence called the univerfal 
+one (6). So did others of them to the Great Au¬ 
+thor of Nature, affirming “ Jupiter to be the 
+“ foul of the world (7), who formed ,the uhiver/e of 
+“ the four elements, and fills and moves it thus com- 
+“ pa&ed.” In the aether he is Jupiter; in the air. 
+
+
+(sJ Sluodautem ex hominum genere confecratos,ficut Herculetn & 
+cetcros, call lex jubet, indicat omnium qiiidem animos immortales ejfe , 
+fedjbrtium b'onorumque dinjinos. De Legibus, 1 . 2. c.' xi. 
+
+((>) Diverfee uirtutes foils nomina Diis dederunt: unde-tv f 0 icu* 
+
+fopientum principesprodiderunt. Macrob. Saturn, 1 .1. c. 17. - 
+(7) St, Auguftin de civitate Dei, c. 11. Tome 5. p. 42. 43. 
+
+Juno; 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+THEOLOGY OF 
+
+
+Juno; in the Tea, Neptune; in the lower parts of the 
+fea, Salacia; in the earth, Pluto; in hell, Proferpine; 
+in domeftic fires, Vella; in the working-furnace, Vul¬ 
+can ; in the heavenly bodies, the Sun, Moon and Stars; 
+amongft diviners, Apollo; in trade Mercury; in Janus, 
+the Beginner; in boundaries, the Terminator; in time, 
+Saturn ; in war. Mars and Bellona; Bacchus in the 
+vintage Ceres in the harveft; in the woods, Diana; 
+in the fciences, Minerva ; and is himfelf, in fine, the 
+whole multitude of vulgar gods and goddeffts. Thefe 
+are all the one Jupiter, whether, they be confidered, ac¬ 
+cording to fome, as parts of himfelf, or, according to 
+others, as his virtues and attributes. This is exactly of 
+a piece with the reafoning of Seneca ; who afferts that 
+God may have names in number equal to his gifts (8), 
+
+Notwithftanding this, we find on fome occafions, 
+even among thefe, the monftrous abfurdity of making 
+new gods arrived to fuch a pitch, that temples have 
+been every now and then vowed and ere£ted by magi- 
+ftrates and commanders, even to creatures of their own 
+fudden imagination ; fuch as the chance of war> or their 
+own wilhes or fears had raifed. So that Pliny’s obfer- 
+vations (9), wirh fome allowance for the latitude of ex- 
+prefiion, may feem to have been not ill-founded; that 
+the extravagance of human pafilons and affections had 
+made more gods than there tvere men. 
+
+Yet upon the whole, the hiliory of religion is not 
+fo darken'ed with error, but that, through all thefe 
+fftades of folly, an attentive enquirer may hill difcern 
+the difpenfatiems of God, from the fir ft offence of man 
+to this day, to have been regular and uniform, and di¬ 
+rected to one great end, namely, his ownTupreme glo¬ 
+ry in the happinefs of his creatures. 
+
+
+1 
+
+(8) Jovem ilium optimum ac maximum rite dices & tonantem & 
+ftotorem quodft ant benejicio ejus omnia, ft at orftabilitorque 'eft . * Qu <c - 
+cunque voles illi nomma proprie aptabis , vim aliquain effeliumqus 
+caleftium rerum continentia. Tot appellationes ejus pojfunt ejfe> quot 
+munera. Hunc &? Liberum Patrem & Herculem, ac Mercurium 
+
+
+noftri put ant. £%uia omnium parents Jit 
+Slum ratio penes ilium eft, 7 iumerufque 
+De Benef. 1 ; 4. e. 7. S. 
+
+(9) Nat. Hift. Lib. II. c. 7, 
+
+
+nvillafit 
+
+G? or do, Gf Sciential Uc 
+
+
+
+
+Let 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 215 
+
+Let us therefore adore this ever-gracious Being with 
+humble fincerity. Let us acknowledge his infinite 
+mercies with a due fenfe of our own demerits: and 
+beware, above all things, that we attempt not to fet 
+up our own weak realbn in oppofition to the declared 
+will and commandments of God. This has been 
+the great ftumbling-block in all ages; and .from fuch 
+demeanour confufion of every fort, mull necefifarily enfue. 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+MYTHOLOGY 
+
+O F T H E 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+W E fhall now enter into the nature of the Pagan 
+
+fables, their religious fentiments, and the man¬ 
+ner of their worthip. Here we (hall find truth blended 
+with error, and obfcured with fidlion, which has wrapt 
+in clouds the moft important dodtrines, fuch as the crea¬ 
+tion of the world, the fall of man, the deftrudtion of the 
+human race by a univerfal deluge, the change produced 
+in nature by that great event, the origin of nature and 
+moral evil, and the final reflitution of all things to their 
+primitive glory and fplendor. 
+
+Notwithftanding the great corruption which had crept 
+into the worfhip of all nations, we have feen that the 
+men of learning and reflection generally maintained 
+honourable notions of the deity, and the obligations of 
+moral virtue. As the Greeks and Romans had received 
+their divinities from Phoenicia and Egypt, and by mif- 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+taking 
+
+nations 
+
+
+the manners, the cuftoms and language of thofe 
+had made gods of the common fymbols which 
+
+
+they employed to teach the people to honour one God, 
+
+
+the author of all good, to live in 
+
+
+times and feafons 
+
+
+ooa, to live in peace, to exprels the 
+for the performance of the common 
+
+
+occurrences of life, and to expedl a better flate to come; 
+fo their religion became obfcured by fables, and a va¬ 
+riety of hdtions, which, while the vulgar underflood in 
+a literal fenfe, their fages endeavoured to explain and 
+reduce' to ingenious allegories, and thereby to render the 
+heathen worfhip confident with all the natural notions 
+of a fupreme Deity, the wife governor of the world, 
+and by accounting for the introduftion of moral evil, 
+to vindicate the rules of his providence, and to juftify 
+the ways of God to man. 
+
+Fables 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 
+
+
+21* 
+
+
+Fables are indeed a very antient method of conveying 
+truth, and veils of fo fine a texture as not wholly to 
+conceal the beauties that lie beneath them. “ Thus,’* 
+
+
+<< 
+
+
+fays Origen (i), 
+
+fublime notions with 
+
+
+the Egyptian philofophers have 
+regard to the divine nature, 
+« which they keep fecret, and never difcover to the 
+«« people, but under the veil of fables and allegories. 
+“ All the Eaftern nations, the Perfians, the Indians, 
+« the Syrians, conceal fecret myfteries under their re- 
+« ligious fables. The wife men of all nations (2) Tee 
+<* into the true fenfe and meaning of them, whilft the 
+« vulgar go no further than the exterior fymbol, and 
+« fee only the bark that covers them.” 
+
+This was frequently the cafe when foreign and diftant 
+nations adopted what they but imperfe&ly underftood. 
+Allegories became objects of faith. Thus could any 
+thing give a more lively idea of the Hate of retribution, 
+than the ceremonies with which the Egyptians buried 
+their dead. The Greeks and Romans, ftruck with the 
+ideas that were fo ftrongly conveyed, took the type for 
+the reality: the boat which was to convey the body.ro 
+the , place of burial, which was with the Egyptians an 
+emblem of death, and was called tranquility, becaufe 
+it carried over none but the, juft, was reprefented by 
+the Greeks and Romans as a boat to carry fouls, 
+berus, an hieroglyphic, - carved out of wood Or ft,one, to 
+cxprefs the lamentations beftowed on the virtuous, be¬ 
+came an animated monfter. The lake of Acherufta 
+became a vifionary river of Tartarus, and was called 
+Acheron. The judges that decided the merit of the 
+deceafed,- were reprefented as ? conftgniog the fpirit to 
+final happinefs or mifery, and the’ flowery field where 
+the righteous alone were buried, into that place of joy 
+which the elizout of the Egyptians was only defigned 
+as a faint reprefentation of. Yet, notwitbftanding the 
+fables into which thefe myfteries were turned, this very 
+
+
+Cer- 
+
+
+/ t 
+
+
+
+(1) Origen contra celfu'm, libi' i. p: t r. 
+
+f << .Thrvft,-..,1^ — L- —:u^4v.:.aiv ~ 
+
+
+! f 1 ) “ Thofe:who are ! acquaihted v \vith thefe myfteries,” fays Ifo- 
+jWatcs, infure. to themfelves very plCafing hopes ‘againft the hour 
+1 „ death, and which extend to ; a.whole eternity.” “ Thefe myf- 
+i, ttrifcS >” fays Epiftetus, tc were eftablifhed by the antients, to re- 
+gwlute the lives of men, and to banifh diforders from the world.” 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+important 
+
+
+
+
+% t3 
+
+
+MYTHOLOGY OF 
+
+
+* 
+
+important truth was ftill conveyed, that there would be 
+a ftate of judgment, in which the virtuous would be re¬ 
+warded, and the vicious punifhed. T he very prayer, 
+or form of abfolution, which was given by the Egyp¬ 
+tian prie'fts to the relations of the deceafed, contained 
+a ufeful leflon to the living, as it exhibited a concife 
+fyftem of thofe morals which were to entitle them to 
+the divine favour, and to a decent burial in the plains, 
+on the confines of the lake Acherufia. This prayer 
+was preferved by Porphyry, who copied it from Eu- 
+phantes, whofe works are now loft, and is as follows: 
+O fun, thou firft divinity! and ye celeftial gods who 
+gave dife to man! vouchfafe to receive me this day j 
+** into your holy tabernacles, f have endeavoured, to j 
+the beft of my power, to render my life agreeable to 
+** you; I have behaved with the higheft veneration to- 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+€t 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+4t 
+
+
+<C 
+
+
+<( 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+** 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+I not 
+
+
+cret 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+wards the gods, with whom I was acquainted in my 
+infancy; I have never failed in my duty to thofe who 
+brought -me into being, nor in natural affett.ion to 
+“ the womb that 'bore me. My hands are pure front 
+my neighbour’s blood; I have maintained an invio¬ 
+lable regard to truth and fidelity ; and may 
+appeal to the filence of mankind, who have nothing 
+to lay to my charge, as a fore and certain teftimonyj 
+of my integrity? If, however, any perfonal and fe-i 
+
+fault has efcaped me, and I have offended ini 
+** eating or in driking, let thefe entrails bear all th 
+blame.” Here the entrails of the deceafed were pro 
+duced by the relations, and immediately thrown int 
+the lake. ' 
+
+But however ufeful thefe ceremonies might be, a; 
+pra&ifed amohgft the; Egyptians, yet being confidere 
+as realities by the Greeks,' and rendered J more .ridiculo 
+' by the abfurdity of their fables, it is no wonder th 
+
+they loft their efficacy, and became, as Juve*nal mior 
+
+us, difbelieved even by their children. 
+
+But it is not at all ftrange, that this fhould be t 
+cafe with the Greeks, when the Egyptians themfelvi 
+were fallen into idolatry, • and thofe fimple emblem 
+once fo well known: to this people, were become t 
+medium of their prayers and adorations. Every tin 
+bad an- air of m^ftery, and thefe myfteries were und 
+
+
+A * 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. -219 
+
+Rood by none but the priefts, or thofe to whom they 
+were plea fed to explain them, which was always done 
+under the feal of fecrecy. The vulgar were fuffered to 
+continue in their errors, £nce it might have been dan¬ 
+gerous even for their priefts to attempt to open their 
+eyes, and to reduce their worflvp to their fimplicity of 
+the antient practice. 
+
+Nothing has ever contributed more to difguife the 
+truth, and to corrupt the worlhip of the Greeks and 
+Romans, than the multitude of fiftions introduced by 
+their poets. It is this that has principally occafioned 
+that jumble of images, that indecorum in chara&ers, 
+and that abfurdity in their fictions, which are fo juftly 
+condemned by their wifefl: philofophers. 
+
+It is the providence of poetry to change the face of 
+nature, to give life and activity to inanimate beings, 
+fubftance and form to thought; to deify the paffions, 
+and to create a world of its own. The poet is not 
+bound by the fame laws as other men 5 he has a power 
+that enables him to create and deftroy at pleafure, and 
+with the fame eafe he forms gods (3), heroes, men, and 
+monfters. He makes quick transitions from reality to 
+fiflion; from fi&ion to reality, and from thofe gods 
+which he believes to thofe of his own creating : and 
+from hence arifes a principal fource of that confufion 
+which has given fach different interpretations to, and 
+which renders it fo difficult to explain the antient my¬ 
+thology. The Greek aud Roman poets have almoft 
+always preferred the marvelous and the fparkling to the 
+fimplicity of naked truth. Jf a princefs died of 
+grief for the lofs of her hulband or her child, foe was 
+changed into a rock or fountain ; inftead of faying that 
+Cephalus role with the fun, Aurora muft be in love 
+with the youth, and force him abroad. To reprefent 
+the long life of Joalus, the goddefs of health mull re¬ 
+new his age. Inftead of faying that Endymion ftuditd 
+on the mountains of Caria the courfe - of the moon, 
+they tell us, that he had there an interview with Diana; 
+2nd that her ftaying with her gallant was the caufe of 
+
+
+(3) The ant’ent heroes were fu'ppofed to be a middle kind of 
+icings, that partook both of the nature of gods and men. 
+
+L 2 eclipfes : 
+
+
+■220 
+
+
+M YT HO LOGY 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+* * 
+
+eclipfes.: 'but as thefe amours could not lalb for evei 
+tbey were obliged to invent a new fable, to account ft 
+•them another way, and therefore-they feigned that fom 
+forcerefs of Tbeflaly, by her enchantments, drew dowi 
+the 1 moon to the earth. To account for the perpetus 
+verdure .of the laurel, they talked of the amours o 
+Apollo and (4) Daphne. To exprefs the agility an 
+•fvviftnefs of Peridymnus, they affirmed that he was abl 
+to aflame all fhapes, and at laft turned himfelf into at 
+eagle. Arpphion, by his oratory, prevailed on a bar 
+barous people to build a city, and to dwell in fociety; 
+he is therefore faid to raife up the walls of Thebes by 
+the found of his lyre, and Orpheus to charm the lions 
+and tigers, and*to move the rocks and trees by his har¬ 
+mony; becaufe nothing could withftand his perfuafion, 
+<xr refill the force of his eloquence. 
+
+Who would imagine that by the wings of Dedalus 
+and Icarus, were fignifled a fhip under fail? That all 
+the changes of Achelous were only frequent inunda¬ 
+tions ? That by the combat of Hercules with the god 
+of that river, was only meant a bank that was raifed to 
+prevent its overflowing ? That Hercules encountering 
+the hydra of Lerna, fignifled no more than a man’s 
+draining a marfhy country ; or that Hercules feparating 
+with his hands the two mountains Calpe and Abyla, 
+when the ocean rufhed in with violence, and found a 
+pafiage into the Mediterranean, meant no more, per¬ 
+haps, than that, in the time of one Hercules, the ocean, 
+by the afiiflance of an earthquake, broke a neck of 
+
+land, and formed the ftraits of Gibraltar ? Or that the 
+
+_ + - , * 
+
+fable of Pafiphae contains nothing but an 
+the queen of Crete with a captain named Taurus? 
+
+■Who could believe that Scylla and Charybdis were 
+only two dangerous rocks near the ifland of Sicily, 
+frequently fatal to mariners ? That the frightful moniH 
+which ravaged the plains of Troy, was the inundations 
+of the fe*; or that Hefione’s being expofed to this 
+monfler, t> ^ant no more than that fhe was to be given 
+to him who put a flop to thefe inundations ? 
+
+
+intrigue of 
+
+
+
+(4) The laurel was called by the Gveeks Baphne 
+
+
+Thus 
+
+
+
+Z2 1 * 
+
+
+THE H E A T H E N S. 
+
+
+Thus what Homer and Virgil afcribe to Minerva, is 
+to be attributed to prudence and good condudl. It is 
+no longer the exhalations that produce thunder; bur 
+Jupiter armed to affright mortals. If a mariner per¬ 
+ceives a riling (lorm,. it is- angry Neptune (welling the- 
+waves. Echo ceafes to be a mere found, and becomes 
+a nymph bewailing the lofs of her Narciffus. 
+
+Thus by the cloud with which Minerva concealed 
+Ulyffes, is meant the darknefs of the night, which fuf- 
+fered him to enter the town of the Phceacians without 
+being difcovecedand when Priam is conduced by 
+Mercury into the tent of Achilles, we are only to tin- 
+derliand, that he fet out to obtain He&or’s body in the- 
+dark, with a prefent to appeafe h's anger. If the de¬ 
+lights of the country of the Lotophagi detain the com¬ 
+panions of Ulyfles, we are told by Homer, that the 
+fruits of that illand made thofe who tailed them lole all 
+remembrance of their families, or their native country. 
+This is an ingenious fiftion intended to convey this 
+important truth, that the love of pleafure debauches the 
+mind, and banilhes from the heart every laudable affec¬ 
+tion. If they loiter at the court of Circe, and abandon 
+themfelves to riot and debauchery, this pretended for- 
+cerefs, with great elegance and flrength of exprefiion^ 
+is faid to turn them into fwine. 
+
+4 
+
+If the poet, fays Ladlanrius, found it for his intereft 
+to flatter or confole a prince for the lofs of his fon, it 
+was but giving him a place amongli the liars. Shep¬ 
+herds were all fatyrs or fauns;. (liepherdeffes, nymphs 
+or naide^ j Ihips, flying horfes, men on horfeback, 
+centaursevery lewd woman was a fyren or a harpy; 
+oranges were apples of gold ; and ; arrows and darts, 
+lightning and bolts of thunder. ; 
+
+Rivers and fountains had their tutelary deities, and 
+
+were reprefented as deities themfelves; the 
+uniting their llreams was called marriage, and brooks 
+and canals were .their children. If they would (peak of 
+the rainbow, that too mull be a goddefs drefled in the 
+ncheft colours ; and as they were at a lofs to account 
+tor the produftion of this phenomenon, it was called 
+the daughter of Thaumas, a poetical perfonage, whole 
+name fignifies wonderful. 
+
+3 Sometimes 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+Tvl Y T HO LOG Y O P 
+
+Sometimes a concern for the honour of the ladies 
+became the fource of fables. If a princefs. proved too 
+frail to withftand the attempts of her lover; her flat¬ 
+terer, to fcreen her reputation, immediately called in 
+the affiifance of fome enamoured god : this was eafily 
+believed by the ignorant, vulgar; for they could fuppofe 
+none but a divine perfon could prefume to attempt one 
+of her rank. Thus her reputation was unfullied, and, 
+inftead of becoming infamous, fhe was honoured, and 
+the hufband partook of her glory. Nor are the ftories 
+of Rhea Sylvia (5), the mother of Rhemus and Ro¬ 
+mulus,^ and of Paulina (6), the only inflances to be 
+found in hiflory of the credulity of hufbands and pa¬ 
+rents. From this fource, and corruption of the' priefls, 
+
+were derived; many of t;he fa,hies relating to the amours 
+of the gods. ' ; . ' ■ 
+
+. 'At other times, 'the ftrangeft transformations fprung 
+only from a fimilstude of names, and confifted in a play 
+of words ; the Cygnus was transformed into a fwan ; 
+Picus, in:o a woodpecker; Hierafe, into a fpar-hawk ; 
+the Cercopes, into monkies; and AJopis, into a fox. 
+
+The antient opinion, that the world was formed from 
+that. Chaos, or a confuted concouifc of matter, which 
+Hefiod calls the father of the gods, probably had its rife 
+from a literal interpretation of the beginning of that 
+fob ime defeription,: which Mofes gives us of the -crea¬ 
+tion, iyj; ivhere, before the formation of any part of 
+the univerfe, it ;s faid, The earth* was wit bout form , and 
+•void), and darl.nfs was upon the face of the d>ep'> as the 
+
+t * 
+
+, ' ‘ : ^ ' < ,. 
+
+♦ 
+
+(5) Her uncle Amulias having found means to get into her 
+apartments, Numitor, her father, fpread a report, that the twins 
+of which fhe was delivered proceeded from the embraces of the 
+god of war; Dion, de Halic. Ant. Rom. Lib. I. Tit. Liv. Lib. I. 
+
+(6) A young Roman knight, called Mundus, falling in love 
+with Paulina, arid finding all his endeavours to conquer ner virtue 
+prove fruitless, corrupted the priefts of Anubis, who perfuaded her 
+to believe that the god was ftruck with her beauty, ! on which (he 
+was that very night led by heir hufband to the temple. A few days 
+
+after, feeing Mundus, whom fhe happened accidentally to meet, 
+
+he let her into the fecret j Paulina, enraged and filled with indig¬ 
+nation, carried her complaint before Tiberius, who ordered the 
+ftatue of Anubis to be thrown into the Tiber, his priefts to be 
+burnt alive, and Mundus to be fent into exile. 
+
+(7) Gen. i. 2. 
+
+
+latter 
+
+
+
+T FT E HEATHEN S. 2»y- , 
+
+Tatter part of the verfe, where, the fpirit of God-is re¬ 
+presented as moving or hovering over the waters., might 
+
+give the Egyptians, the Ihcenicians, the Chaldeans, the- 
+Perfxans, and the Indians, the idea which they mean to , 
+exprefs when they talk of the egg of the world. 
+
+But it was not fufficient for Hefiod to make a god of 
+Chaos, to defcrlbe the order that fprang from this 
+confufloo; Chaos muft have an offspring, and there» 
+fore, inftead of faying like Mofes, that darknefs was - 
+upon the face of the deep, he fays Chaos brought forth 
+Gloominefs and Night; and, to continue the genea- ’ 
+logy, inftead of faying with the infpired writer, God 
+divided the light from the darknefs, he ex-prefies Something 
+like t.he fame idea, by adding, that from Night fprang 
+Air and Day. Mofes fays, that God ordered the dry land' 
+to appear , end created■ the firmament which he called heaven ; 
+Hefiod fays, that the Earth begat Heaven, the high 
+Mountains, and the Caves. He then informs us of the 
+origin of the Ocean, who was the father of Springs and 
+Rivers, of the birth of the Sun and- Moon,, and; feveralt 
+oilier gods of the like kind. 
+
+It is very evident, that this whole account is nothing' 
+more than an allegorical hiftory of the formation of all 
+things, in which the various parts cf nature are perfo¬ 
+rmed; but the hand of the great architect is wanting. 
+Ovid treats this fubjeft in a more intelligible manner, and- 
+with great beauty introduces the creator, whom he calls 
+God,* or nature, forming the various parts with the 
+uttnoft regularity., and order. But in nothing does he 
+come fo near to Mofes, as in the account he gives of 
+the formation of man, which, as well as Moles, he 
+makes the la.il work of the creation, and introduces 
+Prometheus,. or council, forming him of clay, in the 
+
+image of the gods. 
+
+'* * ' . / 
+
+" A creature of a more exalted kind. 
+
+Was wanting yet, and then was man defign*d\ 
+
+Confcious.of thought) of more capacious breajl 9 
+For empire form'd) and fit to rule the refi (8). 
+
+
+(«) Ovid, Lib. x. 
+
+L 4 From 
+
+
+•V * 
+
+
+
+224 MYTHOLOGY OF 
+
+From this introduction it will not admit of a doubt, 
+but that Ovid underftood the ftory of Prometheus in 
+the literal fenfe. And as to the circumftance which he 
+omits, of his taking fire from heaven to animate the 
+lumpilh form; what is this, fays a modern author, but 
+
+God^s breathing into his itojlrils the breath of life ? 
+
+And here it cannot be improper to mention a fable, 
+which Plato puts into the mouth of Ariftophanes ( 9 ): 
+“ The gods,” fays he, “ formed man at firft of a round 
+“ figure, with two bodies, two faces, four legs, four 
+“ feet, and both fexes. Thefe men were of luch ex- 
+“ traortfinary ftrength, that they refolved to make 
+“ war upo* the gods: Jupiter incenfed at this enter- 
+. “ prize, would have deftroyed them as he had done 
+4 ‘ the giants; but feeing that by this means he mull 
+“ have deftroyed the whole human race, he contented 
+
+himfelf with dividing them afunder; and, at the fame 
+“ time, ordered Apollo to ftretch over the breaft:, and 
+“ other parts of the body, the fkin, as it is at prefent. 
+“ Thefe two parts of the body thus disjoined, want to 
+“ be re united; and this is the origin of love.” 
+
+Ovid mentions only the formation of man, without 
+taking the leaft notice of Eve, in which he evidently 
+copies the account given us by Mofes, who omits men¬ 
+tioning this in his general hiftory of the creation. And 
+the hint of this fable was probably taken from this 
+circumftance, where the fcripture fays (i), God created 
+man , and then adds, male and female created he them ; 
+and the circumftance of their .being cut afunder, the 
+clofing up ; the flefh, and the reafon given for conjugal 
+love, frond Eve’s being made of a rib taken out of 
+Adam’s fide, and his faying upon this. She is bone of my 
+
+bone , and flejh of my fi?fb ; therefore Jhall a man leave hit' 
+father and mother , and cleave unto his wife (2). 
+
+Hence it feetns at leaft probable, that the writings of 
+Mofes were not unknown to the Greeks, which makes 
+it the more likely, that thefe writings, or a more an- 
+tient tradition, gave rife to the different reprefentations 
+the Pagans have given us of an original date of inno- 
+
+
+
+(5) Plato in his Banquet. (r) Gen. i. 27. 
+
+(a) Gen. ii. ai, aa, 23, 24. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+cence 
+
+
+
+
+« 1 
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 
+
+a 
+
+cerrce, which was an objedl of faith.amongft all civilized 
+nations. This has been painted in the moll beautiful co¬ 
+lours, by the heathen poets, under the diftindtion of the 
+golden age, or the reign of Saturn. 
+
+In feveral things, indeed, both Mofes and the heathen 
+philofcphers agree; they equally aflerf, that man.was 
+created in a ftate of innocence, and confequently in a ftate 
+of happinefs, but that debasing his nature, and aliena¬ 
+ting himlelf from God, he became guilty, fubjedl to pain, 
+difeafes, and death, and to all thofe afflidtions which;are 
+necefiary to awaken his mind, and to call him to his du¬ 
+ty ; that we are ftrangers here, that this is ,a ftate of tri¬ 
+al, and that it is as much our intereft as duty, to fit our? 
+felves, by a courfe of virtue and piety, for a nobler and 
+more exalted ftate of exiftence. The Egyptians (3) and 
+Perfians (4) had other fchemes, /wherein the fame impor T 
+taut truths were conveyed, though, according [to, the,,', ge¬ 
+nius of thofe countries, they w,ere wrapped up in alljego r 
+ries. Plutarch has given us his lentiments on the fame 
+fubjedl:, and they are too juft and rational to be otnitted. 
+“ The world, at its birth, lays he, (5) received from its- 
+4 ‘ creator all that is good ; whatever it has at prefent* 
+“ that can be called wicked or itnhappy, is an indifpofi* 
+u tion foreign to its nature. God .cannot be the. caufe of 
+evil, becanfe he is fovereignly gooi: matter cannot be 
+the caufe of evil, becaufe it has no adlive force; but 
+evil comes from a third principle, neither lb perfect as> 
+God, nor fo imperfedt as matter.” 
+
+
+c« 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+U 
+
+ii 
+
+
+
+*• * / /■ / 
+
+
+^ , 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+. (3) The Egyptians derive the fource of natural and moral evil 
+from a wicked feint whom they call Typhon., ^ ‘ 
+
+(4) The Perfians deduce the origin of all the difprder and wick¬ 
+
+edness in the world from evil fpirits, the chief of whom they call 
+Ah rim or Arimanius. Light, fay they, can produce nothing but. 
+light, and can never be the origin of eyil 5 it producfd feveral be¬ 
+ings, all of them fpiritual, luminous, and powerful; but Arima-- 
+nius, their chief, had an evil thought contrary to the light: he 
+doubted, and - by that doubting became dark; and from hence pro¬ 
+ceeded whatever is contrary to the light. They a! fo tell us, 1 that 
+there will come a time when Arimaniusfhail be completely.^e- 
+ftroyed, when the earth: will change its form, and when all man¬ 
+kind lhall enjoy the fame life, language and government, See Dr,. 
+Hyde’s ancient religion pf the Perfians. ; ; . , • } 
+
+(5) Plutarch de Anim. form. p. 301 c. 
+
+
+L 5 
+
+
+
+
+t 4 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+226 
+
+
+MYTHOLOGY OF 
+
+
+_ * * + 
+
+The notion of guardian angels has been contended for 
+
+by many Chriftians, who alledge feveral paflagesof fcrip- 
+ture, that Teem to favour this do&rine, while others ha. e 
+turned all that has been laid of thele Genii into allegory ; 
+arid afl'ert, that by the two daemons, the one good, and 
+
+are meant the influences, of cohfcience, and 
+
+the ftrengfh of appetite.' 
+
+'Iris very evident, however, that the Greeks had an i- 
+^ ea °f thefe beings, arid that their exiftence was general¬ 
+ly beileved. Hence, according to Plutarch, came their 
+tabled of the Titans and Giants, and the engagements of 
+Python againft Apollo; which have fo near a refemblance 
+to the fi&ions of Ofiris and Typhon. Thefe were be¬ 
+ings fuperior. to men, and yet compofcd of a fpiritual and 
+corporeal nature; and coniequently capable of animal 
+pleafures and pains. The fidions relating to the giants, 
+in IVdr. Banier’s opinion (6), took their rife from a paf- 
+fagedn Genefis; where, it is faid, that the (7) fons of 
+God, whom the ancients fuppofed to be guardian angels, 
+
+became enamoured with the daughters of men, and that 
+
+their children w'ere mighty men, or giants, the word in 
+the original fignifying either giants, or men become mon- 
+ftrous by their crimes ; their heads, inftead of their guilt, 
+were faid to reach to the clouds, while the wickednefs of 
+their lives might not improperly be termed fighting a* 
+gainft God, and daring the thunder of heaven. But 
+however this be, it will hardly be doubted, but that this 
+paflage might give rife to the amours of the gods and 
+goddeffes,-and their various intiigues with mortals. As 
+the frequent appearance of real angels to the patriarchs, 
+and the hofpitabie reception they met with under the dif- 
+guife of travellers, might give room for the poets to 
+form, upon the fame plan, the tales of Baucis and Phile¬ 
+mon, and to contrail that beautiful pidlure of humble con¬ 
+tent, and of the peace that blefles the homely cottages of 
+the innocent and good, with the flory of Lycaon; who 
+
+4 & m A 
+
+
+
+\ f 
+
+
+9 
+
+(6) Banier, vol. I. 121,122. 
+
+■ (7) Gen. vi ; . 2?. By the fons of God, is here undoubtedly meant 
+the defcendants of Seth, who .had probably,this title given them 
+to diftinguifh them from the-defcendants of Cain, who were called 
+the fons of men, ; , v . - 
+
+
+wanting 
+
+
+
+
+THE HEATHENS. 227- 
+
+wanting humanity, and being of a ravage inhofpitable • 
+temper, is, with great propriety, faid to change his form 
+into one more iuitable to the difpofition of his mind. 
+The moral of this fable is, that humanity is the charac¬ 
+teristic of man ; and that a cruel foul in a human body is 
+only a wolf in dilguife. 
+
+It is certain, that the traditions relating to the univer- 
+fal deluge, have been found in almoft all nations $ and 
+though the deluge of Deucalion Ihould not appear to be 
+the fame as that of Noah, it cannot be doubted, but 
+that fome circumftances have been borrowed from No- 
+ah’s hiftory, and that thefe are the moft ftriking parts of 
+the defcription. Lucian, fpeaking of the anrient people 
+of Syria, the country where the deluge of Deucalion is 
+fuppofed to have happened, fays (8) that “ The Greeks 
+“ aifert in their fables, that the firft men, being of an 
+“ infolent and cruel difpofition, inhuman, inhotpirable, 
+
+“ and regardlefs of their faith, were all deftroyed by 
+a deluge ; the earth (9) pouring forth vaft ftreams of 
+“ water, fwelled the rivers, which, together with the 
+“ rains, made the fea rife above its banks, and overflow 
+“ the land, fo that all was laid under water : that Deu- 
+“ calion alone faved himfelf and family in an ark, and< 
+“ two of each kind of wild and tame animals, who, lo- 
+“ fing their animcffity, entered into it of their own ac- 
+“ cord: that thus Deucalion floated on the waters till. 
+“ they became affuaged, and then repaired the. bumanii 
+“race.” 
+
+We are alfo informed, that this Wlfel refted on a high > 
+
+mountain ; and Plutarch even mentions the dove, and A - 
+bydenus fpeaks of a certain fowl being let out of the ark, 
+which, finding no place of reft, returned twice into the 
+veflel. We are told too, that Deucalion, a perfon of 
+ftridl piety and virtue, offered facrifiee to Jupiter the fa- 
+viour. Thus the facred writings inform us, that Noah 
+offered facrifiees of clean beafts, in token of gratitude to. 
+God, for having gracioufly preferved both him and his fa-.. 
+
+mily. ' 
+
+* • 
+
+* 
+
+(8) De Dea Syria. 
+
+(9) The fame thought is exprefled by Mofes, who fays, The 
+jountains of the great deep were broken up. 
+
+Thus 
+
+
+228 MYTHOLOGY ChF 
+
+Thus it appears, that idolatry and fables being: once fet 
+on foot, the people, who ftill retained confufed. ideas of 
+fome antient truths, or the moll remarkable particulars 
+of fome paft tranlaClions, adapted them to the prefent 
+mode of thinking, or applied them to fuch fables as Teem¬ 
+ed to have any relation thereto. By this means truth and 
+falfehood were blended together; and thus it happens, 
+that we frequently find fome traces of hiftory intermingled 
+with the mod ridiculous fictions, and_ remarkable trans¬ 
+actions fometimes pretty exactly related, tho* at the fame 
+time confounded with the grofleft abfurdities. r L 
+
+It is very evident, that the divifion of time into feven 
+days, could only be a tradition conftantly preferved, and 
+handed down from the mod early ages. This appears to 
+be the mod antient method of reckoning time, fince it 
+was very early obferved by the Egyptians. But of this we 
+have fa id enough in the preceding difiertation, to which 
+it properly belongs. , 
+
+It appears from the account we have given of: the theo¬ 
+logy of the antients, that the Egyptians, Greeks and 
+Romans worfhipped only one Almighty, independant Be¬ 
+ing, the Father of gods and men, with a fupreme adora¬ 
+tion ; and that the feveral fuperior deities publickly wor¬ 
+shipped, were only different names or attributes of the 
+fame Gods. This; is aflerted not only by feveral of the 
+Pagans, buteven by St. Auftin.Whether this diftinCfion was 
+maintained by ; the bulk of the people amongft the Greeks 
+and Romans, is not fo eafy to determine ; it is probable, 
+that they might imagine them' diftinCt beings, fubordinate 
+fo the fupreme. However, there were others univerfally 
+allowed to be of an inferior clafs, and thefe were the na¬ 
+tional and tutelary deities, among which laft number we 
+may reckon the good daemons, or houfhold gods, which 
+the Romans upon conquering any nation- or. cify, invited 
+to take up their reiidence amongft ;them. Thefe were 
+undoubtedly worfhipped with an inferior: kind of adora¬ 
+tion. Since the Stoic and Epicurean philofophers, who 
+allowed their exiftence, believed them to be mortal, and 
+that they were to perifh in the general conflagration, in 
+which they imagined the world was to be deftroyed by 
+fire. To this Pliny alludes, when defcribing the dark- 
+
+ne is and horror that attended; the eruption of Vefuvius, 
+
+he 
+
+
+% % 
+
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+AT1H 
+
+
+229 
+
+
+he fays, that' fome were lifting'up their hands to the gods; 
+but that- the greateir part imagined, that the laft and eter¬ 
+nal night was come, which was to deftroy both the gods 
+and the world together. 
+
+This diftin&ion may be jufttfied by the united teftimo- 
+ny of the antients ; and indeed it in a great meafure re¬ 
+moves the abfurdity jof their continually introducing what 
+were called new gods; that is new mediators,’and new 
+methods or ceremonials to be added, on particular occa- 
+fions* to ffte antient worfhip. - - * 
+
+The idolatry of the Pagans, did not donfift in pdyin-g 
+a direft adoration to the ftatues, but in making them the 
+(1) medium of worfhip; and therefore, whether the fe- 
+veral deities were reckoned to be inferior beings, or only 
+different names or attributes lof one fupreftje ; yet their 
+fymbols, the fun, moon, and ftars, or the fta’tues erect¬ 
+ed ho ; the-’honour of their gods, were ife^df'(except a 
+
+
+mongft the* Ibweft and moft ignorant of people) acknow¬ 
+ledged as the Ultimate objefts of worfhip. Ini thefe fta¬ 
+tues* however, the deity was fuppofed to refide ! in a pe¬ 
+culiar manner. 
+
+
+But even this was not always the cafe; it is very evi¬ 
+dent, that the ftatues eredled to the paffions, the’virtues, 
+
+* A * A . . « I . < * w 4 J » 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+— 
+
+• V 
+
+
+* t 
+
+
+v > 
+
+
+* • / 
+
+
+
+, • j ‘ 1 ‘ ' t\ ' 
+
+(j) The folly of reprefentmg the infinite and omniprefent fpifit, 
+by a fenfible image, is Obvious* from a very fmall degree of re¬ 
+flexion; and from hetice arifes the, crime; of idolatry, or repre¬ 
+senting him by the works, of nature,, or thofe of mens hands, as 
+it is a degradation of the deity, and an'affront WtHe JjJeing, whole 
+glorious el&rfce is unlimited ^’rt'd tih'co'nfihed; from hence pro¬ 
+ceeds that exclamation 1 of the prophet, Whereuntofballye liken 
+me, Jaitbitbe-Lord; J&sc.- : > a,-.- 1 1 :d 1 > :-i j:-j \ 
+
+; When. the Ifraelitesfnade the nolden calf, and cried out. This 
+
+
+
+? .land pf, Egypt, they muft be 
+,. , the Goa 'that brought us out of 
+
+the land of ’Egypt!'' They hhp lately left*a country fond of fyru¬ 
+bais, where they had beenufedto fee one thing reprefented by a- 
+nothej-; .and’the fun, the; molt glorious image of- the deity, when 
+he enters into Taurus, reprefented by a hull. Had they been foftu- 
+pid as to imagine* this calf, which they Hail juft made, to be the 
+god of their fatherstne god that had wrought fo'many miracles 
+for them, even before -they had given'him exi'ftence f their lolly 
+would be entirely inconfiftent with the rational nature of man, and 
+they muft Have been abfolutely incapable both of moral and civil 
+government, and could only be accounted idiots or madmen. . 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+230 
+
+
+MYTH 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+-and the vices, were riot of this clafs. The Romans had 
+particular places for,offering up particular petitions; they 
+offered up their prayers for health in the temple of Sal- 
+lus; they prayed for the prefervation of their liberties 
+before the ftatue of'Liberty, and offered their facrifices 
+to the Supreme before a figure expreffive of jtheir wants. 
+Fever, in the opinion of the moft ftupid of the vulgar, 
+could never be confidered as a god, yet at the-altar of 
+
+Fever they befpught the fupreme to preferve them from 
+being infe&ed with this diforfler, or to pure fcheir friends 
+who were already infedied by it: And at the altar of Fear, 
+they put up their Applications, that they might be pre- 
+ferved from t;h.e influence, of a fhameful panic in the day 
+of battle. 
+
+\ As this appears evidently to be the cafe, it is no won¬ 
+der, thait the number of thefe kind of gods became very 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+.attended this method of devotion, were found .to have a 
+mighty effett on the minds" of the vulgar: So that when 
+.any virtue began to lofe ground, a temple, or, at leaft, 
+an altar eretted to its honour, was fure to raife it from 
+
+
+influence 
+
+
+.its declining (late, and to remit ate -its influence on the 
+
+t heart of man. . t; i. 
+
+This appears to be a true reprefentation of the cafe, 
+frourthe account which Dionyfius of' Halicarnaffus gives 
+( 2) of the reafons which induced Numa. Pompjlius to in¬ 
+troduce Faith into the numbers of the Roman divinities, 
+and which, doubtlefs,' gave rife to all the other deities of 
+
+the fame kind, that were afterwards introduced. “ To 
+
+» . .* » 
+
+«* engage his people to mutual faith and fidelity, fays he, 
+“ Nutria had reco.urfe to a method hitherto unknown 
+
+
+C( 
+
+
+' . p • ^ _ _ . 
+
+46 to the moft celebrated legiflators ; public contracts, he 
+** obfervedj were ,feldom v,iolatdd, u from ; the regard paid 
+“ ro thofe Who werelwitnefles td any engagement, while 
+** thofe made inprivate^tho*injtheir own, nature no-dels 
+** indifpenfible than the othef^jwer^ not Fobftriflly ob- 
+* 6 ferved ; whence he concluded, that by deifying Faith, 
+thefe contracts, would be.ftill more binding: befides, 
+« € he thought it rinreafonable, that while divine honours 
+4 ‘ were paid tojuftice, Nemeifis.f and ^Themis, Faith, 
+
+4 ^ ^ * V 
+
+
+
+
+€( 
+
+
+♦ f 
+
+
+
+
+
+/ r 1 
+
+
+;. \ ■ y • * 
+
+
+(%) DIori. Halic, 1 . 2. c. 75. 
+
+
+" • I " / * * \ l > * i' 1 * 
+
+J \ \ J i I V * / ^ 
+
+
+i * * 
+
+
+t • I K 
+
+
+“ the 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+2 3 » 
+
+
+9 
+
+“ the m.oft facred and venerable thing in the world} 
+“ (hould receive neither pubilick nor private , honour ; he 
+
+“ therefore built a temple to public Faith, and inftituted 
+“ facrifices, the charge of which was to be defrayed by 
+“ thepublick. This he did with the hope, that a veneration 
+“ ,for this virtue being propagated 5 thro’ the city, woulcj 
+“ infenfibly be communicated to each individual. His 
+“ conjeftures provtd true, and Faith became fo revered, 
+
+“ that the had more force'than even witnefles and oaths j 
+“ fo that it was the common method, in cafes of inrrica- 
+“ cy, for magiftrates to refer the decifion to the faith of 
+“ the contending parties ” * 
+
+Thus it appears evident, that the/e kind of gods, and 
+the temples eredled fo their honour, were founded not on¬ 
+ly on political, but on virtuous principles. This was un¬ 
+doubtedly the cafe, with reipedt to the Greeks as well as ' 
+the Romans: for a propofal being made at Athens, to 
+introduce the combats of the gladiators? fiift throw down, 
+cried out an Athenian philofopher from the midft of the 
+afiembly, throw down the altar, erefted by our anceftors 
+
+
+above a thoufand 
+
+
+Mercy. Was 
+
+
+fay, that they had no need of an altar, to infpire a regard 
+to mercy and compaffion, when they wanted publick fpec- 
+tades to teach a favage cruelty and hardnefs of heart ?' 
+
+« t 
+
+
+eWMfiWa 
+
+e**OeOWa 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+
+J « 
+
+
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+A P- 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+✓ 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+# I 
+
+
+C O N T A I N I N G 
+
+
+s. > 
+
+
+Methods 
+
+
+Magic 
+
+
+the Aufpices and 
+
+
+Oracles ; with a Ihort Account of Altars, facred Groves 
+^nd Sacrifices, Priefts and Temples. 
+
+
+1 * . / 
+
+
+• II Of Astrology. 
+
+
+
+
+A STROLOGY was doubtlefs thp'firft method of di¬ 
+vination, and probably prepared the mind of man 
+■for the other, no lefs abfurd, ways of fearching into fu- 
+tiirity ; and therefore a Ihort vifew of the rife of this pre¬ 
+tended fcience cannot be improper in this place, efpecial- 
+ly as the hiftory of thefe abfurdities is the beft method of 
+confuting them. And indeed, as this treadle is chiefly 
+defigned for the improvement of youth, nothing can be 
+of greater fervice to them than to render them able to 
+trace the origin of thofe pretended fciences, fome of 
+which have even ftill an influence on many weak and ig¬ 
+norant minds. But to proceed, 
+
+The Egyptians becoming ignorant of the aftronomical 
+hieroglyphics, by degrees, looked upon the names of the 
+ftgns, as exprefling certain powers with which they were 
+
+inverted, and as indications- of their feveral offices. 
+
+_ ^ * V ( 
+
+The Sun, on account of its fplendor and enliven¬ 
+ing influence, was imagined to be the great mover of 
+nature ; the Moon had the fecond rank of powers, 
+
+
+nature ; the Moon had tne lecond ranic or powers, 
+and each fign and conftellation a certain lhare in the 
+government of the world; the Ram h3d a ftrong in¬ 
+fluence over the young of the flocks and herds ; the 
+Ballance could infpire nothing but inclinations to good 
+order and juftice j and the Scorpion excite only evil 
+
+dif- 
+
+
+rank of 
+
+
+government of the world ; the Ram h3d 
+fluence over the young of the flocks ant 
+
+
+or powers, 
+lhare in the 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX.' 
+
+
+233 
+
+
+« 4 
+
+difpofitions: and, in Ihort, that each fign produced the 
+good or evil intimated by its name. Thus, if the child 
+happened to be born at the inftant whe,n the firft liar of 
+the Ram rofe above the Horizon, (when, in order to 
+give this nonfenfe the air of a Icience, the liar was 
+fuppofed to have its greafeft influence) he would be rich 
+in cattle : and that he who Ihould enter the world under 
+the Crab, fhould meet with nothing but difappointmenr, 
+and all his affairs fhould go backwards and downwards. 
+The people were to be happy whofe king entered the 
+world under the fign Libra; but completely wretched if 
+he Ihould light under the horrid fign Scorpion: the per- 
+fons born under Capricorn, efpecially if the fun, at the 
+fame time afcended the Horizon, were fure to meet with 
+fuccefs, and to rife upwards like the wild goat, and the 
+fun which then afcends for fix months together; the 
+Lion was to produce heroes; and the virgin with her 
+ear of corn to infpire chaftity, and to unite virtue and 
+abundance. Could any thing be more extravagant and 
+ridiculous ! “ This way of arguing,” fays an ingenious 
+
+
+modern author. 
+
+
+(( 
+
+
+is nearly like that of a man, who 
+
+
+“ Ihould imagine, that, jin order to have good wine in 
+“ his cellar, he need do no more than hahe a good 
+“ cork at the door.” 
+
+The cafe was exa&ly the lame with refpeCl to the pla¬ 
+nets; whofe influence is only founded on the wild fuppo- 
+fitiou of their being the habitation of the pretended dei¬ 
+ties, whofe names they bear, and the fabulous characters 
+the poets have given them. 
+
+Thus to Saturn they gave languid and 1 even'deftru&ive' 
+influences, for no other reafpn, but becadfe the^ had been , 
+pleafed to make this planet The refidefjee of S f afurn, who, 
+was painted with grey hairs and a Icy the. 
+
+To Jupiter they gave the power of bellowing crowns,' 
+and diliributing long life, wealth and grandeur 9 rneerly' 
+becaufe it bears the name of the father of life. 
+
+
+Mars was fuppofed to infpire a ftrong inclination for 
+
+war, becaufe; it was believed to be the refidence of the 
+God of • War. 
+
+Venus had . the power of rendering men voluptuous 
+nd fond of pleafure, becaufe, they had been pleafed ! to 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+*34 
+
+
+A P P E N D I X- 
+
+
+give it the name of one , who, by fome, was thought to, 
+be the mother of plea/iire. 
+
+Mercury, though almoft always invifible, would never 
+have been thought to fuperintend the profperity of flares,, 
+and the affairs of wit a«d commerce, had not men, 
+without the leaft reafon ) given it the name of one who was 
+fuppofed to be the inventor of civil polity. 
+
+According to the aftrologers, the power of the afcend- 
+ing planet is grearly increafed by that of an afcending 
+fign; then the benign influences are all united and fall- 
+together on the head of all the happy infants which at 
+that moment enter the world fi) ; yet can any thing be 
+more contrary to experience, which (hews us, that the 
+characters and events produced by perfons born under the 
+fame afped of the flats, are fo far from being alike, that 
+they are diredly oppofite. . 
+
+Thus it is evident, that aftrology is built upon no 
+principles, that it is foundfed on fables, and on influ¬ 
+ences void of reality. Yet abfurd as it is, and ever was, 
+it obtained credit, and the more it fpread, the greater 
+injury was done to the caufe of-virtue. In Head of the 
+exercife of prudence and wife precaution, it fubftituted 
+fuperftitious forms and childifh pradices, it enervated 
+the courage bf the brave by apprehenfions grounded on. 
+
+P 4 k 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+• • . - 
+
+(i) i€ What cotripleats the ridicule, fays the Abbe la Pluche, to. 
+** whom we are obliged for thefe judicious obfervations, s is, that 
+tc what aftronomers call the firft degree of the Ram, the Balance, 
+.f* or of Sagitarius^ is no longer the firft fign, which gives fruit- 
+(( fulnefs.;o the flocks, infpires men with a love of juftice, or forms 
+thghsrb. .It has been;found that all the celeftial figns have, by 
+€ ‘ little, .receded from the. vernal :Equinox, and drawn back to 
+€€ the' eaft :_ notwithstanding this, the point of the zodiac that cuts 
+€i the equator is ftill called tlW firft degree of the Ram, though the 
+€t firft liar of the ram be thirty degrees beyond it, and all the 
+** other figns in the fame proportion. When therefore any one is 
+“ faid to be born under the, firft degree of the Ram, it was in 
+<€ reality one of the degrees of Pifces that then came above the ho- 
+“rizon$ : and when another is faid to be born with a royal foul, 
+€C and heroic difpofitions, becaufe at his birth the planet Jupiter 
+u afcerided'the horizon, in conjuration with the firft ftar of Sagi- 
+tary ; Jupiter was indeed at that time in conjun&ion with a itar 
+€ * thirty degrees ; eaftwarct of Sagitary, and: in good truth it was 
+
+pernicious Scorpion that, prefided at the birth of this.happy, 
+** this incomparable child/* Abbe PlucheVHiftory of the Hea- 
+yens, Voh I. p, 255, 
+
+
+puns 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+A P P E N 0 I X. 
+
+4 
+
+puns and quibbles, and encouraged the wicked, by mak¬ 
+ing them lay to the charge of a planet thofe evils which 
+only proceeded from their own depravity. 
+
+But not content with thefe absurdities, which deftroy* 
+ed the veiy idea of liberty, they aflerted that thefe Ears, 
+which had not'the leaft connexion with mankind, go¬ 
+verned all the parrs of the human body (2), and ridicu- 
+Joufly affirmed, that the ram prefided over the head ; 
+the bull over the gullet; the twins over the- breaft ; the 
+Icorpion over the entrails ; the fifties over the feet, &c. 
+By this means they pretended to account for the vari¬ 
+ous diforders of the body ; which was fuppofed to be in 
+a good or bad difpofition, according to the different af- 
+pv&s of thefe figns. To mention only one inftance; 
+they pretended that great caution ought to be ufed in. 
+taking a medicine under Taurus, or the Bull, becaufe as 
+this animal chews his cud, the perfon. would not be able 
+to keep it in h's ftomach. 
+
+Nay, the influence of the planets were extended to 
+the bowels of the earth, where they were fuppofed to, 
+produce metals. From hence it appears, that when 
+fuperflition and folly are once on foot, there is no fetting 
+bounds to their progrefs. Gold, to be fure, mu ft be 
+the production of the fun, and the conformity in point 
+of colour, bright nefs, and value, was a fen Able proof of 
+it. By the fame way of reafoning, the moon produced 
+all the filver to which it was related by colour; Mars 
+all the iron, which ought , to be the favourite metal of 
+the God of War ; Venus prefided over copper, which 
+lhe might well be fuppofed to produce, fince it was found 
+
+
+(2) Each hour of the day had alfo one; the number feven, as 
+
+
+... . _y nacl atlo one, _ _ ... 
+
+being that of the planets, .became of mighty confequence. The 
+ieven days in the week, a period of time nanded down by tradi¬ 
+tion, happened to correfpond with the number of the planets ; and 
+therefore they gave the name of a planet to each day; and from 
+thence fome days in the week were confidered as more fortunate 
+or unlucky than the reft: and hence feven times feven, called 
+the clima&erical period of hours, days or years, were thought 
+extremely dangerous, and to have a furprifing effect on private 
+perlons, the fortune of princes, and the government of ftates. 
+| hus the mind of rtiari became diftrefted by imaginary evils, and 
+the approach of thefe moments in themfelves, as harmlefs as the 
+relt of their fives, has, by the ftreogth of imhginationi- brought 
+
+on the moft fatal thefts. . * ■ 
+
+
+23 6 
+
+
+A P P E N D 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+in plenty in the ifle of Cyprus, which was fuppofed to 
+be the favourite refidence of this goddefs. By the fame 
+fine way of reafoning, the other planets preflded over 
+the other metals. The languid Saturn was fet over mints 
+of lead ; and Mercury, on acdount of his activity, had the 
+fuperintendancy of quickfilver; while it was the province 
+of Jupiter to prefide over tin, as this was the only metal 
+that was left him. ' 
+
+From hence the metals obtained the names of the pla¬ 
+nets; and from this opinion, that each planet engendered 
+its owh peculiar metal, they at length conceived an opi¬ 
+nion, that as one planet was more powerful than another,, 
+the metal produced by the weakeft was converted into 
+another by the influence of a ftronger planet. Lead, 
+though a real metal, and as perfect in its kind as any of 
+the reft* was confidered as only a half metal, which, 
+through the languid influences of old Saturn* was left 
+imperfeft; and therefore, under the afpe£t of Jupiter, it 
+was converted into tin j under that of Venus, into Copper j 
+and at laft into gold, under fome particular afpefts of the 
+fun. v And from hence, at laft arofe the extravagant opi¬ 
+nions" of the alchyniifts, who, with wonderful fagacity, 
+endeavoured to find out means for haftening thefe changes 
+or tranfmutations, which, as they conceived, the planets 
+performed too (lowly; but, at laft, the world was con¬ 
+vinced that the art of the alchymift was as ineffe&ual as 
+the influences of the planets, which, in a long fuccefiion 
+of ages, had never been known to change a mine of lead 
+to that of tin, or any other metal. 
+
+
+
+
+r f« 
+
+
+•• 
+
+
+II. Of Prodigies, 
+
+\ • • # " 
+
+% * / / 
+
+W ’ HOEVER reads the Roman hiftorians (3), miiii 
+
+be furprifed at the number of prodigies which 
+are conftantly recorded, and which frequently filled the 
+people with the mod dreadful apprehenfions. It mull 
+be confefied, that fome of thefe feem altogether fuper- 
+
+
+* 1 / 
+
+
+• 9 
+
+(3) Particularly Livy, Bionyfius ©f HalicarnaiTus, Pliny, and 
+Valerius Maximus, , 
+
+
+natural} 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 237 
+
+natural; while much the greater part only confift of fome 
+of the uncommon productions of nature, which fuperfti- 
+tion always attributed to a fuperior caufe, and reprefented 
+as the prognoftication of fome impending misfortunes. 
+
+Of this clafs may be reckoned the appearance of two 
+funs, the nights illuminated by rays of light, the views 
+of fighting armies, /words and ipears darting through 
+the air; fhowers of milk ? of blood, of ftones, of a/hes, 
+or of fire; and the birth of monfters, of children, or 
+of beafis who had two heads or of infants who had 
+fome feature refembling thofe of the brute creation, 
+Thefe were all dreadful prodigies, which filled the people 
+with inexpreflible aftoni/hrnent, and the whole Roman 
+empire with an extreme perplexity; and whatever unhappy 
+event followed upon the/e, was fure to be either caufed or 
+predicted by them. 
+
+Yet nothing is more eafy than to account for thefe 
+productions; which have no relation to any events that 
+may happen to follow them. The appearance of two 
+funs has frequently happened in England, as well as in 
+other places, and is only caufed by the clouds being placed 
+in fuch a fituation, as to refleCt the. image of that lumi¬ 
+nary ; nocturnal fires, inflamed fpears, fighting armies, 
+were no more than what we call the aurora borealis, 
+northern lights, or inflamed vapours floating in the air^ 
+lliowers of ftones, of a/hes, or of fire, were no other than 
+the effects of the eruptions of fome volcano at a confide- 
+. rable diftance; /bowers of milk were only caufed by /bme 
+quality in the air condenfing, and giving a whiti/h co¬ 
+lour to the water ; and thofe of blood are now well known 
+to be only the red fpots left upon the earth, on ftones 
+and the leaves of trees, by the butterflies which batch in 
+hot or ftormy weather (4). 
+
+* 
+
+* . 
+
+9 
+
+*** ‘ ■■■ " ■ ■ * ■■—«■■■■ ' ■■ ■■ ' ■ '■* 1 » • 1 
+
+(4) This has been fully proved by M. Reymur, in his hiftory 
+of infeCts. 
+
+
+III. Of 
+
+
+appendix. 
+
+
+23S 
+
+IIT. Of Magic. 
+
+% 
+
+* 4 
+
+M AGIC, or the pretended art of producing, by 
+
+the afiiftance of words and ceremonies, fuch events 
+as are above the natural power of man, was of feveral 
+kinds, and chiefly confifted in invoking the good and 
+benevolent, or the wicked and mifchievous fpirits. The 
+cfirrt, which was called Theurgia, was adopted by the 
+wifeft of the Pagan world, who efteemed this as much 
+as they defpifed the latter, which they called Goetia. 
+Theurgia was, by the philofophers, accounted a divine 
+art, which only ferved to raife the mind to higher per¬ 
+fection, and to exalt the foul to a greater degree of 
+.purity ; and they, who by means of this kind of ma¬ 
+gic, were imagined to arrive at what was called intu¬ 
+ition, wherein they enjoyed an intimate intercourfe with 
+the deity, were believed to be inverted with their powers* 
+fo that it was imagined, that nothing was impoflible for 
+them to perform. 
+
+All who made pro ft-Hi on of this kind of magic afpired 
+to this ftate of perfection. The prieft, who was of 
+this order, was to be a man of unblemifhed morals, and 
+
+^ A I 
+
+all who joined with him were bound to a ilriCt purity 
+of life ; they were to abftain from women, and from 
+animal food; and were forbid to defile themfelves by 
+the touch of a dead body. Nothing was to be forgot 
+in their rites and ceremonies; the leaft omiffion or mif- 
+take, rendered all their art ineffectual: fo that this was 
+a conftant excufe for their not performing all that was 
+required of them, though as their foie employment, (af- 
+jter having arrived to a certain degree of perfection, by 
+faffing, prayer, and ‘the other methods of purification) 
+was the fiudy of univerfal nature; they might gain 
+fuch an infight into pbyfical caufes, as might enable 
+them to perform actions, that might fill the ignorant 
+vtilgar with amazement. And it is hardly to be doubt¬ 
+ed, J but that this was all the knowledge that many of 
+them ever afpired after. . In this fort of magic, Hermes 
+Trifimegiftus and Zoroafter excelled: and indeed it - 
+gained great reputation amongft the Egyptians, Chal¬ 
+deans, Perflans, and Indians. In times of ignorance, 
+
+a piece 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 239 
+
+# 
+
+■a piece of clock-work, or fome curious machine, was 
+fufficient to entitle the inventor to the works of magic ; 
+and fome have even aflerted, that the Egyptian magic, 
+that has been rendered fo famous by the writings of the 
+antients, confifted only in difcoveries drawn from the ma¬ 
+thematics and natural philofophy, fince thofe Greek phi- 
+lofophers who travelled into Egypt in order to obtain 
+a knowledge of their fciences, returned with only a know¬ 
+ledge of nature and religion, and fome rational ideas of 
+their antient fymbols. 
+
+But it can hardly be doubted, but that magic in its 
+groffeft and moil ridiculous fenfe was praftifed in Egypt, 
+at leaft.amongft fome of the vulgar, long before Pytha¬ 
+goras or Empedocles travelled into that country. 
+
+The Egyptians had been very early accuftomed to vary 
+the fignification of their fymbols, by adding to them 
+feveral plants, ears of corn, or blades of grafs, to ex- 
+prefs the different employments of hufbandry; but un- 
+derftanding no longer their meaning, nor the words that 
+had been made ufe of on thefe occafions, which were 
+equally unintelligible, the vulgar might miftake thefe 
+for fo many myfterious pra&ices obferved by their fathers; 
+and hence they might conceive the notion, that a con¬ 
+junction of plants, even without being made ufe of as a 
+remedy, might be of efficacy to preferve or procure health. 
+“ Of thefe, fays the Abbe Pluche, they made a collec- 
+“ tion, and an art by which they pretended to procure 
+<c - the bleffings, and provide againft the evils of life.’* 
+By the affifiance of thefe, men even attempted to hurt 
+their enemies, and indeed the knowledge of poifonous or 
+ufeful fimples, might on particular occafions give fufficient 
+weight to their empty curfes or innovations. But thefe 
+magic incantations, fo contrary to humanity, were de- 
+tefted and punifhed by almoft all nations, nor could 
+they be tolerated in any. 
+
+Pliny, after mentioning an herb, the throwing of 
+which into an army, it was laid, was fufficient to put 
+it to the rout, alks, w here was this herb when Rome was 
+fo diftreffed by the Cimbri and Te'utones ? - Why did not 
+the perfians make ufe of it when Lucullus cut their troops 
+
+in pieces. • 
+
+But 
+
+
+
+2 4© 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+But amongft all the incantations of magic, the moll 
+folemn, as well as the molt frequent, was that of call¬ 
+ing up the fpirits of the dead ; this Indeed was the .quin- 
+teffence of their art; and the reader cannot be difpleafed 
+to find this myftery unravelled. 
+
+An affeflion for the body of a perfon, who in his, 
+life-time was beloved, induced the firft nations to inter the 
+dead in a decent manner ; and to add to this melancholy 
+inftance of their efteem, thole willies which had a par¬ 
+ticular regard to their new if ate of exiftence, the place 
+of burial, conformable to the cuflom of characterizing 
+all beloved places, or tholft diftinguilhed by a memorable 
+event, was pointed out by a large flone or pillar raifed 
+upon it. To this place families, and when the concern 
+was general, multitudes repaired every year, where, upon 
+this ftone, were made libations of wine, oil, honey, and 
+flour; and here they facrificed and eat in common, hav¬ 
+ing firft made a trench in which they burnt the entrails 
+of the victim, and into which the libation and the blood 
+was made to flow. They began with thanking God for 
+having given them life, and providing their neceffary 
+food ; and then praifed him for the good examples they 
+had been favoured with.. From thefe melancholy rites 
+were banifhed all liceotioufnefs and levity; and while 
+other- cuftoms changed, thefe continued the fame. They 
+roafted the flefti of the victim they had offered, and eat 
+it in common, difcourfing on the virtues of him they 
+came to lament. 
+
+All other feafts were diftinguilhed by names fuitable 
+to the ceremonies that attended ttiem. Thefe fuoeral 
+meetings were Amply called the manes, that is, the af- 
+lembly. Thus the manes and the dead- were words that 
+became fynonymous. In thefe meetings, they-imagined 
+that they renewed their alliance with the deceafed, who, 
+they fuppofed, had ftill a regard for the concerns of their 
+country and family, and who, as affectionate 
+could do no lefs than inform them of whatever was necef¬ 
+fary for them to know. Thus the funerals of the dead were 
+at- laft converted into methods of divination, and an inno¬ 
+cent jnftitution into one of the groffeft pieces of folly and 
+
+
+fpirits 
+
+
+fuperftition 
+
+
+• f 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 241 
+
+♦ 
+
+But they did not flop here; they grew fo extravagant¬ 
+ly credulous, as to believe that the phantom drank the 
+libations that had been poured forth, while the relati¬ 
+ons were feafling on the reft of the facrifice round the 
+pit: and from hehce became apprehenfive left the reft 
+of the dead (hould promifcuoufly throng about this 
+fpot to get a (hare in the repaft they were fuppofed to 
+be fo fond of, and leave -nothing for the dear fpirit for 
+whom the feaft was intended. They then made two 
+pits or ditches, into one of which they put wine, ho¬ 
+ney, water, and flour, to employ the generality of the 
+dead; and in the other they poured the blood of the 
+vi&hn; when fitting down on the brink, they kept off, 
+by the fight of their fwords, the crowd of dead who 
+had no concern in their affairs, while they called him 
+by name, whom they had a mind to chear and confulr, 
+and defired him to draw near f$). 
+
+The queftions made by the living were very intelli¬ 
+gible ; but the anfwers of the dead were not fo eafily 
+undetftood, and therefore the^ priefts and magicians 
+made it their bufinefs to explain them. They retired 
+into deep caves, where the darknefs and filence refem- 
+bled the ftate of death, and there fafted and lay upon 
+the fkins of the beafts they had facrificed, and then gave 
+for anfwer the dream which moft affe&ed them; or 
+opened certain books appointed for that purpofe, and 
+gave the firft fentence that offered. At other times the 
+prieft,- or any perfon who came to confulr, took care at 
+his going out of the cave, to liften to the firft words he 
+fliould hear, and thefe were to be his anfwer. And 
+though they had no relation to the bufinefs in hand, 
+they were turned fo many ways, and their fenfe fo vio¬ 
+lently wrefted, that they made them fignify almoft any 
+thing they pleafed. At other times they had recour/e 
+to a number of tickets, on which were fome words or 
+y erfes, and thefe being thrown into an urn, the firft 
+that was taken out was delivered to the family. 
+
+
+(5I Homer gives the fame account of thele ceremonies, when 
+UlyfTes raifes the foul of Tirelias; and the Tame ufages are found 
+m the poem of Silius Italicus. And to thefe ceremonies the fcrip- 
+fures frequently allude, when the Ifraelites are forbid to affemble 
+u Pon high places. 
+
+M IV. Of 
+
+. * - * • . 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+- • 
+
+
+
+
+24 £ 
+
+
+A P P E N D I X. 
+
+
+* H 
+
+
+IV. , Of Augury. 
+
+
+
+PIE 
+
+
+ing Into futurity, has given rife to a vaft variety 
+<of follies, all equally weak and extravagant. The Ro¬ 
+mans, in particular, found out almoft innumerable ways 
+of divination ; all nature had - * ' ’ 
+
+
+a voice, and the moft 
+fenfelefs beings, and moft trifling accidents, became 
+prefages of future events. This introduced ceremonies, 
+founded on a miftaken knowledge of antiquity, that 
+were the moft. childifh and ridiculous, and which yet 
+were performed with an air of folemnity. 
+
+Birds, on account of their fwiftnefs in flying, were 
+fometimes confidered by the Egyptians as the fymbols 
+of the winds 5 and figures of particular fpecies of fowl, 
+were fet up to denote the time when the near approach 
+of a periodical wind was expe&ed. From hence, be¬ 
+fore they undertook any thing of confequence, as (ow¬ 
+ing, planting, or putting out to fea, it was ufual for 
+them to fay (6), Let us confult the birds , meaning the 
+figns fixed up to give them the neceftary informations 
+they then flood in need of. By doing this they knew 
+how to regulate their conduft ; and it frequently hap¬ 
+pened, that when this precaution was omitted, they 
+had reafon to reproach themfelves for their negledh 
+From hence mankind miftaking their meaning, and re¬ 
+taining the phrafe. Let us cossjult the birds , and perhaps 
+hearing old (lories repeated of the advantages fuch and 
+fpch perfons had received, by confulting them in a cri- j 
+tical moment, when the periodical wind would have j 
+ruined their affairs, they began to conceive an opinion, j 
+that the fowls which lkim through the air were fo many 
+mefiengers fent from the gods, to inform them of fu- 
+ture events, and to warn them againfl any difafterous j 
+undertaking. From hence,, they took notice of their j 
+
+and from their different manner of flying prog- 
+nofticated good or bad omens. The birds were in- 
+ftantly grown wonderous wife, and an owl, who hates 
+tffe light, could not pafs by the window of a Tick perfon 
+in the night, where he was offended by the light of * 
+
+
+flight. 
+
+
+0 ) Abbe Pluche’s hiftory of the heavens, vol. I. p. 
+
+
+lamp 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 245 
+
+
+lamp or a candle, but his hooting mufl be confidered 
+as prophefying, that the life of the poor man was nearly 
+at an end. 
+
+The place where thefe auguries were taken, amongft 
+the Romans, was commonly upon an eminence : they 
+were prohibited after the month of Auguft, becaufe 
+that was the time for the moulting of birds; nor were 
+they permitted on the wane of the moon, nor at any 
+time in the afternoon, . or when the air was the leaft 
+difturbed by winds or clouds. 
+
+When all the previous ceremonies were performed, 
+the augur cloathed in his robe, and holding his augural 
+Half in his right-hand, fat down at the door of his tent, 
+looked round him, then marked out the divifions of the 
+heavens with his Raff, drew a line from eaft to well. 
+
+
+and another from north 
+
+
+his facrifice. A fhort 
+be fufKciently feen,in 
+
+
+to fouth, and then offered up 
+aver, the form of which raav 
+
+
+prayer, tne 
+that offered 
+
+
+Jupit 
+
+
+n m ay 
+
+at the 
+
+
+eleftion of Numa PompUius, which was as follows 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+if it be 
+
+
+Pompilins, on whofe 
+
+/I 1 1 1 ># • 
+
+
+be thy will, that this Numa 
+head I have laid mv hand. 
+
+
+fliould be 
+
+4 
+
+and unerr 
+
+
+
+
+mg 
+
+
+“ ana unerring ligns, 
+“ Icribed.” The prav 
+
+
+of Rome, grant 
+ms. within the 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+aid my hand, 
+there be clear 
+
+
+bounds I have de- 
+
+
+turned to the right and lert, and to wnatever point 
+the birds directed their flight, in order to determine 
+tiotn thence, whether the god approved or rejected the 
+
+choice. • 
+
+The veneration which the Romans entertained for 
+this ceremonial of their religion, made them attend the 
+rtflik of the augury with the moil profound filence, and 
+the affair was no fooner determined, than the auonr 
+
+
+prayer 
+it and 
+
+
+being 
+
+o 
+
+
+thus ended, the prieft 
+
+
+left, and to whatever 
+
+
+the birds directed their flight, in order to 
+
+
+the moil profound filence, and 
+
+
+me atratr was 
+
+♦ 
+
+reported his d 
+
+(/.'£ htrdt difnh 
+
+
+clifapp 
+
+
+s no fooner determined, than the 
+deciffon, by faying, The birds appr 
+
+
+However 
+
+
+:d, than the augur 
+be birds appro-ve, or 
+notwithstanding the 
+
+
+Augury might be favourable, the enterprize was fome- 
+unies deferred, till they fancied it confirmed by a new 
+
+But of all the fisns which hanoened in the air. t he 
+
+
+But of all the figns which happened in the air, the 
+moll ■infallible was that of thunder and lightning, efpe- 
+uhIIv ir it happened to be fair weather. IF it came on 
+i ltie right-hand it was a bad omen, but if on the left a 
+
+
+
+
+efp 
+
+
+If it came on 
+
+
+ll| c iignt-nana it was a 
+Scod one ; becaufe, acc 
+
+
+bad omen, but if on the left a 
+rding to Donatus, all appear- 
+
+
+according 
+
+M 2 
+
+
+ances 
+
+
+
+
+
+244 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+ances on that fide were fuppofed to proceed from the 
+right-hand of the gods. 
+
+Let us now take a view of the facred chickens; for 
+an 1 examination into the manner of their taking the 
+corn that was offered them, was the moft common me¬ 
+thod of taking the augury. And indeed the Romans 
+had fuch faith in the myfteries contained in their man¬ 
+ner of feeding, that they hardly ever undertook any 
+important affair without fiift advifing with them. Ge¬ 
+nerals fent for them to the field, and confulted them 
+before they ventured to engage the enemy; and if the 
+omen was unfavourable, they immediately defifted from 
+their enterprize. The facred chickens were kept in a 
+coop or penti, and entrufted to the care of a perfbn, ; 
+who, on account of his Office, was called PuMarius. | 
+The auguT, after having commanded filence, ordered | 
+the penn to be opened, and threw upon the ground a j 
+handful of corn. If the chickens inftantly leaped out 1 
+of the penn, and pecked up the corn with fuch eager- 
+nefs as to let fome of it fall from their beaks, the augury 
+was called Tripudium, or Tripudium Soliftimum, from 
+its ftriking the earth, and was elbemed a moft aufpi- 
+cious omen; but if they did not immediately run to the | 
+corn, if they flew away, if they walked by it without 
+minding it, or if they ficattered it abroad with their 
+wings, it portended danger and ill fuccefs. Thus the 
+fate of the greatefl: undertakings, and even the fall of 
+cities and kingdoms, was thought to depend on the! 
+appetite of a few chickens. 
+
+Obfervations were alfo taken from the chattering, 
+Tinging, or hooting of crows, pies, owls, &c. and from 
+the running of beafts, as heifers, affes, rams, 
+wolves, foxes, weefels and mice, when thefe appeared 
+in uncommon places, crofted the way, or run to the 
+right or left, &c. They alfo pretended to draw a good or 
+bad omen from the moft common and trifling actions or 
+occurrences of life, as fneezing, (fumbling, ftarting, the 
+numbnefs of the little finger, the tingling of the ear, 
+the fpilling of fait upon the table, or wine upon ones; 
+cloaths, the accidental meeting of a bitch with whelp, j 
+&c. It was alfo the bufinefs of the augur to interpret 
+
+
+hares, 
+
+
+dreams, oracles, and prodigies. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 245 
+
+The college of augurs, at firft inftituted at Rome by 
+Romulus, was only compofed of thtee perfons, taken 
+from the three tribes, into which alt the inhabitants of 
+the city were divided; but feverai others were after¬ 
+wards added, and at laft, according to a regulation of 
+Scylla, this college confifted of fifteen perfons, all of the 
+firll diftindtion, the eldeft of whom was called the ma¬ 
+iler of the college; “ It was a priefthood for life, of a- 
+“ character indelible, which no crime or forfeiture 
+“ could efface; it was neceffary that every candidate 
+“ fhould be nominated to the people by two augurs* 
+“ who gave a folemn teftimony upon oath, of his dig- 
+“ nity and fitnefs for that office (7).** The greateft 
+precautions were indeed taken in this eleftion ; for as 
+they were inverted with fuch extraordinary privileges, 
+none were qualified but perfons of a blamelefs life, 
+and free from all perfonal defeats. The fenate could 
+affembie in no place but what they had conlecrated. 
+They frequently occafioned the difplacing of magis¬ 
+trates, and the deferring of public affemblies; “But 
+“ the fenate, at laft, confidering that fuch an unlimit- 
+“ ed power was capable of authorifing a number of 
+“ abufes, decreed that they fhould not have it in their 
+“ power to adjourn any aflembly that had been legally 
+“ convened (8).” 
+
+Nothing can be more aftonifhing, than to find fo wife 
+a people as the Romans addidled to fuch childifti fool¬ 
+eries. Scipio, Auguftus, and many others, have, with¬ 
+out any fatal confequences, defpifed the chickens and 
+the other arts of divination: but when the generals 
+mifcarried in any enterprize, the people laid the whole 
+blame on the heedleflhefs with which they had been 
+confuhed; and if he had entirely neglected confulting 
+them, all the blame was thrown upon him who had 
+preferred his own forecuft to that of the fowls; while 
+thofe who made thefe kinds of prediftions a fubjett of 
+railery, were accounted impious and prophane. Thus 
+they cotiftrued, as a puniftiment from tlie gods, the 
+
+
+
+(7) Middleton’s Life of Cicero. 
+
+(S) Banier’s Mythology, Vol. I. p. 400. 
+
+M 2 defeat 
+
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+.346 APPENDIX. 
+
+ft 
+
+defeat of Claudius Pulcher, who, when the facred 
+chickens refufed to ear what was fet before them, or¬ 
+dered them to be thrown into the. fea; If they won't eat, 
+faid he, they Jhall drink . 
+
+
+V. Of the Auspjces. 
+
+A 
+
+I N the moft early ages of the world a fenfe of piety, 
+and a regard to decency, had introduced a cuftom of 
+never facrificirtg to him, who gave them all their blef. 
+fings, any but the founded:, the moft fat and beautiful 
+victims.' They were examined with the clofeft and 
+moft exaCt attention. This ceremonial, which doubt- 
+Jefs y fprang at firft from gratitude, and lbme natural 
+ideas of fitnefs and propriety, at laft degenerated into 
+trifting niceties- and fuperftitious ceremonies. And it 
+having been once imagined, that nothing was to be 
+expected from the gods,' when the victim was imperfeft, 
+the idea of perfection was united with abundance of 
+trivial circumftances. The entrails-were examined with 
+
+h » ft 
+
+peculiar care, and if the whole was without blemilb, 
+their duties were fulfilled ; and under an affurance that 
+they had engaged the gods to be on their fide, they 
+engaged in war, and in the moft hazardous undertak¬ 
+ings, with fuch a confidence of fuccels, as had the great- 
+eft tendency to procure it. 
+
+All the motions of the victim that was led to the altar 
+became fo many prophecies. If he advanced with an 
+eafy air in a ftraight line, and without offering refiftance, 
+if he made no extraordinary bellowing when he received 
+the blow, if he did not get loofe from the perfon that 
+led him to the {laughter, it was a prognoftic of an eafy 
+and flowing fuccefs. 
+
+The victim was knocked down, but before its belly 
+was ripped open, one of the lobes of the liver was al¬ 
+lotted to thole who offered the facrifice, and the other 
+to the enemies of the ftate. That which was neither 
+blemifhed nor withered, of a bright red, and neither 
+larger nor fmaller than it ought to be, prognofticated 
+
+great profperity to thofe for whom it was let apart; that 
+
+which 
+
+
+A P P E N 30 I X, 247 
+
+which was livid, fmall, or corrupted, prefaged the moft 
+fatal mifchiefs. 
+
+The next thing to be confidered was the heart, which? 
+was alfo examined with the utmoft care, as was the- 
+fpleen, the gall, and the lungs ; and if any of thefe- 
+were let fall, if they fmelt rank, or were bloated, livid 
+or withered, it prefaged nothing but misfortunes. 
+
+After they had finifhed their examination of the en¬ 
+trails, the fire was kindled, and from this alfo they 
+drew feveral prefages. If the flame was clear, if it 
+mounted up without dividing, and went not out till the 
+viftim was entirely confumed, this was a : proof that 
+the facrifice was accepted; but if they found it : difficult 
+to kindle the fire, if the flame divided, if it ■ {flayed 
+around inftead of taking hold of the vidim, if it burnt 
+ill, or went out, it was a bad omen. • ■ 
+
+At Rome the aufpices were always chofen from the 
+beft families, and as their employment was of the fame 
+nature as the augurs, they were as much honoured. It 
+was a very common thing indeed to fee their predi&ions 
+verified by the event, efpecially in their wars: nor is 
+this at all wonderful, the predidtion never lulled them 
+into fecurity, or prevented their taking every necefiary 
+precaution ; but, on the contrary, the affurance of vic¬ 
+tory infpired that intrepidity and high courage, which 
+in the common foldiers was the principal thing necefL 
+fary to the. attainment of it. But if, after the appear* 
+anCe of a complete favour from the gods, whom they 
+had addrefled, their affairs happened to mifcarry, the;. 
+blame was laid on fome other deity. Juno or Minerva 
+had been negledted. They facrificed to them, recovered 
+their fpirits, and behaved with greater precaution. 
+
+However, the bufinefs of the aufpices was not re- 
+ftrained to the altars and facrifices, they had an equal 
+right to explain all other portents. The fenate fre¬ 
+quently confulted them on the moft extraordinary pro¬ 
+digies 
+
+“ The college of the aufpices (9), as well as thofe 
+** of the other religious orders, had their particular 
+
+
+(9) Kennet’s. Roman Antiq. Lib. II. c. 4.- 
+
+M. 4 “ 
+
+
+regifters 
+
+
+34a APPENDIX. 
+
+*' regifters and records, fuch as the memorials of thun- 
+** der and lightning, the (i) Tufcan hiftories, &c. 
+
+
+
+VI. Of Oracles. 
+
+♦ 
+
+O F all the nations upon earth, Greece was the moft 
+
+famous for oracles, and fome of their wifeft men 
+have endeavoured to vindicate. them upon folid princi¬ 
+ples, and refined reafonings. Xenophon expatiates on 
+the necefiity of confulting the gods by. angurs and ora¬ 
+cles. He reprefents man as naturally ignorant of what 
+Is advantageous or deftruftive to himfelf; that he is 
+fo far from being able to penetrate into the future, that 
+the. prefent itfelf efcapes him ; that his defigns may be 
+fruftrared by the fhghteft obje&s ; that the deity alone, 
+to whom all ages are prefent 3 can impart to him the in¬ 
+fallible knowledge of futurity; that no other being can 
+give fuccefs to his enterprizes, and that it is highly 
+reafonable to believe that he will guide and protect thofe 
+who adore him with a pure affediion, who call upon 
+him, and conlult him with a fincere and humble refig- 
+nation. How furprifing it is that fuch refined and no¬ 
+ble principles fhould be brought to defend the mod pue¬ 
+rile and abfurd opinions ! For what arguments can vin¬ 
+dicate their prefuming to interrogate the moft highland 
+oblige him to give anfwers concerning every idle ima¬ 
+gination and unjuft enterprize? 
+
+Oracles were thought by the Greeks to proceed in a 
+more immediate manner from God than the other arts 
+
+
+(i) Romulus, who founded the inftitution of the anfpices, bor¬ 
+rowed it from the Tufcans, to whom the fenate afterwards lent 
+twelve of the Tons of the principal nobility to be inftrufted in thefe 
+myfteries, and the other ceremonies of their religion. The origin 
+of this art amongft the people of Tufcany, is related by Cicero in 
+the following manner ; “ a peafant, fays he, ploughing in the field, 
+his plowfhare running pretty deep in the earth, turned up a clod, 
+“ from whence lprung a child, who taught him and the other Tul- 
+“ cans the art of divination.” See Cicero deDiv. 1. a. This fa¬ 
+ble undoubtedly means no more, than that this child, faid to fpring 
+from a clod of earth, was a youth of a very mean and oh (cure 
+birth, and that from him tire Tufcans learnt this method of divi¬ 
+nation. But it is not known whether he was the author of it, or 
+whether he learnt it of the Greeks or other nations. 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 249 
+
+of divination ; and on this account icarce any peace 
+was concluded, any war engaged in, any new laws 
+enadled, or any new form of government inftituted 
+without confulting oracles. And therefore Minos, to 
+give his laws a proper weight with the people, afcribed 
+to them a divine fan&ion, and pretended to receive from 
+Jupiter inftrudlions how to new model his government. 
+And Lycurgus made frequent vifits to the Delphian, 
+oracle, that the people might entertain a belief, that he 
+received from Apollo the platform which he afterwards 
+communicated to the Spartans. Thefe pious frauds 
+were an effectual means of eftablilhing the authority of 
+laws, and engaging the people to a compliance with the 
+will of the law-giveri Perfons thus inipired were fre¬ 
+quently thought worthy of the higheft truft; fo that 
+they were fometiines advanced to regal power, from a 
+peiluafion, ** That as they were admitted to the coun- 
+“ fels of the gods, they were beft able to provide for 
+“ the fafety and welfare of man (2).” 
+
+This high veneration for the priefts of the oracles, 
+being the ftrongeft confirmation, that their credit was 
+thoroughly eftablifhed, they fuffered none to conlult 
+the gods but thofe who brought facrifices and rich pre- 
+ferns to them; whence few, befides the great, were 
+admitted. This proceeding ferved at once to enrich 
+the priefts, and to raife the charafter of the oracles 
+amopgft the populace, who are always apt to delpife 
+what they are too familiarly acquainted with : nor were 
+the rich, or even the greateft prince admitted; except 
+at thofe particular times when the god was in a difpo- 
+fition to be confulted. 
+
+One of the moft antient oracles, of which we have 
+received any particular account, was that of Jupiter at 
+Dodona, a city faid to be built by Deucalion, after that 
+famous deluge which beais his name, and which de- 
+ftroyed the greateft part of Greece. It was firuated in 
+Epitus, and here was the firft temple that ever was leen 
+in Greece. According to Herodotus, both this and the 
+oracle of Jupiter Hammon had the fame original, and 
+both owed their inftitution to the Egyptians. The rile 
+
+
+(2) Potter's Antiquities of Greece, Vol, I. p. 26$. 
+
+M S 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+2 S o APPENDIX. 
+
+of this oracle is indeed wrapped up in - fable. Two 
+black p’geons, fay they, flying from Thebes in Egypt, 
+one of them fettled in Lybia, and the other flew as far 
+as the foreft of Dodona, a province in Epirus, where 
+fitting in an oak, fhe informed the inhabitants of the 
+country, that it was the will of Jupiter that an oracle 
+fhould be founded in that place. Herodotus gives two 
+accounts of the rife of this oracle, one of which clears 
+up the myftery of this fable. He tells us, that he was 
+informed by the priefts of Jupiter, at Thebes in Egypt, 
+that fome Phoenician merchants carried off two prieil- 
+efles of Thebes, ;that one was carried into Greece, and 
+the other into Lybia. She who was carried into 
+Greece, took up her refidence in the foreft of Dodona, 
+and there, at the foot of an oak, eretted a fmall chapel 
+in honour of Jupiter, whofe prieftefs (he had been at 
+Thebes (3). 
+
+We learn from Servius (4), that the will of heaven 
+was here explained by an old woman, who pretended 
+to find out a meaning to explain the murmurs of a 
+brook that flowed from the foot of the oak. After this, 
+another method was taken, attended with more forma¬ 
+lities; brazen kettles were fufpended in the air, with a 
+ftatue of the fame metal, with a whip in his hand (5): 
+this figure, when moved by the wind, flruck againft 
+the kettle that was next it, which alfo caufing all the 
+other kettles to ftrike againft each other, raifed a clat¬ 
+tering din, which continued for fome time, and from 
+thefe founds fhe formed her predictions. 
+
+Both thefe ways were equally abi’urd, for as in each 
+the anfwer depended folely on the invention of the 
+prieftefs, fhe alone was the oracle. Suidas informs us, 
+that the anfwer was given by an oak in this grove, as 
+
+
+
+0 
+
+( 3 ) The Abbe Sallier takes this fable to be built upon the dou¬ 
+ble meaning of the word 'srjXsna*, which in Attica 5 and feyeral 
+other parts of Greece, fignifies pigeons, while in , the "dialeft of 
+Epirus, it meant old women. See Mem. Acad. Beljes Lettres, 
+
+VoL 5 . P-.35*. 
+
+(4.) Servius in 3. ^En. 5. 466. 
+
+
+(5) As this was evidently a figure of Ofiris, which was on par¬ 
+ticular occafions reprefented with a whip in his hand, it is an ad- 
+
+i - •_1_ c ^ • _1_ j_ : _ 1 c _- t? _ 
+
+
+eitional proof, that this oracle was derived from Egypt. 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+A P- P E N D I XI 251 
+
+Homer alfo has delivered (6); and as it was generally 
+believed to proceed from the trunk, it is eafy to conceive 
+how this was performed; for the prieftefs has nothing 
+more to do than to hide herfelf in the hollow of an old 
+oak, and from thence to give the pretended fenfe of the 
+oracle, which fhe might the more eaftly do, as the dis¬ 
+tance the fuppliant was pbliged to keep, was an effectual 
+means to prevent the cheat from being difcovered. 
+
+There is one remarkable circumftance relating to this, 
+oracle yet remaining, and that is, that while all the 
+other nations received their anfwer from a woman, the 
+Bosotians alone received it from a man, and the reafon 
+given for-it is as follows: during the war between the 
+Thracians and Boeotians, the latter fent deputies to- 
+confuit this oracle of Dodona, when the prieftefs gave - 
+them this anfwer, of which fhe doubtlefs did not fore¬ 
+fee the confequence, If you would meet with fuccefs , you- 
+mufl be guilty of fame impious aSiion. The deputies, no- 
+doubt furprized, and perhaps exafperated, by ima¬ 
+gining that the prieftefs prevaricated with them in order 
+to pleafe the Pelafgi, from whom fhe was defcended, 
+and who were in a ftriCt alliance with the Thracians, re- 
+folved to fulfil the decree of the oracle; and therefore 
+leizing the prieftefs, burnt her alive, alledging, that this 
+aCtion was justifiable in whatever light it was confidered,. 
+that if fhe intended to deceive them, it was fit fhe fhould 
+be punifhed for the deceit; or, if fhe was fincere, they 
+had only literally fulfilled the fenfe of the oracle. The 
+two remaining prieftefles, (for, according to Strabo, 
+the oracle at that time had ufually three) highly exaf¬ 
+perated at this cruelty, caufed them to be feized, and 
+as they were to be their judges, the deputies pleaded 
+the illegality of their being tried by women. The juf- 
+tice of this plea was admitted by the people, who al¬ 
+lowed.two priefts to try them in conjunction with the 
+priefteffes; on which, being acquitted by the former, 
+and condemned by the latter, the votes being equal. 
+
+
+
+» *. 
+
+
+l S z 
+
+
+AP PENDIX. 
+
+
+-they were releafed. For this reafon the Boeotians, for 
+the future, received their anfwers from the priefls. 
+
+The oracle of Jupiter Hamnion, in Lybia, we have 
+already faid, was deiived from Egypt, and is of the 
+fame antiquity as the former of Dodona, and, though 
+furrounded by a large tra£l of burning fands, was ex¬ 
+tremely famous. This oracle gave his anfwers not by 
+words, but by a fign. What was called the image of 
+the god, was carried about in a gilded barge on the 
+fhoulders of his priefls, who moved whitherfoever they 
+pretended the divine impulfe directed them. This ap¬ 
+pears to have been nothing more than the marinas 
+compafs (7), the ufe of which was not entirely unknown 
+to that age, though fo long kept fecret from the Euro¬ 
+peans. , It was adorned with precious Hones, and the 
+barge with many filver goblets hanging on either fide; 
+and thefe proctffions were accompanied with a troop of 
+
+
+matrons and virgins finging hymns 
+piter. 
+
+
+bribes 
+
+
+J 
+
+them by 
+
+
+Lyfander, who wanted their afiiflance to help him to 
+change the fucceffion to the throne of Sparta. How¬ 
+ever, they were not fo fcrupulous when Alexander, 
+either to gratify his vanity, or to fcreen the reputation 
+of his mother, took that painful march through the 
+deferts of Lybia, in order to obtain the honour of being 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+ready to receive 
+
+
+him, and faluted him with the title of fon of the king of 
+
+gods. 
+
+The oracle of Apollo at Delphos, was one of the 
+moll famous in all antiquity. This city flood upon a 
+declivity about the middle of mount Parnafius; it was 
+built on a fmall extent of even ground, and furrounded 
+with precipices, that fortified it without the help of art 
+(8). Diodorus Siculus relates (9) a tradition of a very 
+whirafical nature, which was laid to give rife to this 
+oracle. There was a hole in one of the vallies, at the 
+foot of Parnaffus, the mouth of which was very flrait: 
+the goats that w'ere feeding at no great diflance, coming- 
+
+
+(7) Urnbilico ftmills, fmaragdo £? gesnmis coagmentatus. 
+vvigio auraio geftant face?dotes. Q^_ CuRTius, 1 . 4. c, 
+
+(8) Strabo, fib. 14. p. 427, 428, 
+
+(y) Diod. 
+
+
+Hrnc 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+near 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 25:3 
+
+near it began to (kip and frifk about in fuch a manner* 
+that the goat-herd, being flruck with furprize, came up 
+to the place, and leaning over it, was feized with fuch 
+an enthufiaflic impulfe, or temporary madnefs, as prompt¬ 
+ed him to utter fome extravagant expreffions which paf- 
+fed for prophecies. The report of this extraordinary e- 
+vent drew thither the neighbouring people, who, on ap¬ 
+proaching the hole, was feized with the fame tran/ports. 
+Surprized at fo aflonifhing a prodigy, the cavity was no 
+longer approached without reverence. The exhalation 
+was concluded to have fomething divine in it: they ima¬ 
+gined it proceeded from fome friendly deity, and from 
+that time, bellowed: a particular worlhip on the divinity of 
+the place, and regarded what was delivered in thofe fits of 
+madnefs as predittions* and here they afterwards built the 
+city and temple of Delphos. 
+
+This oracle, it was pretended, had been pofieffed by 
+feveral fucceffive deities, and at lafl by Apollo, who rail¬ 
+ed its reputation to the greateft height* It was retorted 
+to by perfons of all flat ions, by which it obtained im¬ 
+mense riches, which expofed it to be frequently plunder¬ 
+ed. At firfl it is faid the god infpired all indifferently 
+who approached the cavern ; but fome having in this fit 
+of madnefs thrown themfelves into the gulf, they thought 
+fit to choofe a prieflefs, and to fet over the hole a tripos, 
+or three-legged llool, whence fhe might without danger 
+catch the exhalations ; and this prieflefs was called Py- 
+thia, from the ferpent Python, flain by Apollo. For a 
+long time none but virgins pofieffed this honour, till a 
+young Theffalian, called Echecrates, falling in love with 
+the prieflefs, who was at that time very beautiful, ra- 
+vifhed her; when, to prevent any abufes of the like kind 
+for the future, the citizens made a law to prohibit any 
+woman being cholen under fifty years old. At firfl they 
+had only one prieflefs, but afterwards they had two or 
+three. 
+
+• 4 
+
+The oracles were not delivered every day; but the fa- 
+crifices were repeated till the god was pieafed to deliver 
+them, which frequently happened only one day in the 
+year, Alexander coming here in one of thefe intervals, 
+after many entreaties to engage the prieflefs to mount 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+2 5 4 APPENDIX. 
+
+the tripod, which were all to no purpofe, the prince 
+growing impatient at her refufal, drew her by force from 
+her cell, and was leading her to the fandtuary, when fay. 
+ing, My fen, thou art invincible, he cried out, that he was 
+fatisfied, and needed no other anfwer. 
+
+Nothing was wanting to keep up the air of myflery, 
+in order to preferve its reputation, and to procure it ve¬ 
+neration. The negledting the fmalleft pundtilio was fuf- 
+ficient to make them renew the facrifices that were to pre¬ 
+cede the refponfe of Apollo. The prieftefs herfelf was o- 
+bliged to prepare for the difeharge of her duty, by failing 
+three days, bathing in the fountain of Caflalia, drinking 
+a certain quantity of the water, and chewing fome leaves 
+of laurel gathered near the fountain. After thefe prepa¬ 
+rations the temple was made to fhake, which pafled for 
+the fignal given by Apollo to inform them of his arrival, 
+and then the priefts led her into the fandluary and placed 
+her on the tripod, when beginning to be agitated by the 
+divine vapour, her hair flood an end, her looks became 
+wild, her mouth began to foam, and a fit of trembling 
+feized her whole body. In this condition fhe feemed to 
+ftruggle to get loofe from the priefts, who pretended to 
+hold her by force, while her fhrieks and howlings, which 
+refdunded through the temple, filled the deluded by-ftan- 
+ders with a kind of facred horror. At lafl being no long¬ 
+er able to refill the impuhes of the god, fhe fubmitted, 
+and at certain intervals uttered fome unconnedled words, 
+which weie carefully picked up by the prielts, who put 
+them in connexion, and gave them to the poets, who 
+were alfo prefent to put them into a kind of verfe, which 
+was frequently fliff, unharmonious, and always obfeure ; 
+this occafioned that piece of raillery, that Apollo the 
+prince of the mufes was the worfl of the poets. One of 
+the prieftefies, who was called Phemonoe, is faid to have 
+pronounced her oracles in verfe ; in latter times they were 
+contended with delivering them in profe, and this, in the 
+opinion of Plutarch, was one of the reafons of the declea- 
+fion of this oracle. 
+
+Crcefus intending to make trial of the feveral oracles of 
+
+Greece, as well as that of I,ybia, commanded the refpec- 
+
+tive ambafi'adors to confult them all on a Hated day, and 
+
+to 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+
+to bring the refponfes in writing. The queftion propofed 
+was, “ What is Crcefus, the fon of Alyattes, king of Ly- 
+“ dia, now doing ?” The reft of the oracles failed ; but 
+the Delphian anfwered truly, that “ He was boiling a 
+“ lamb and a tortoife together in a brazen pot.” This 
+gained his confidence and a profufion of the richeft of¬ 
+ferings. In return, the oracle, on the next enquiry, 
+informed him, that “ By making war upon the Per- 
+“ fans, he fliould deftroy a great empire.” The event is 
+well known. This vain confidence loft hitn both his 
+crown and liberty (i). 
+
+Trophonius, who, according to fome authors, was no 
+more than a robber, or at moft a hero, had an oracle in 
+Bceotia, which acquired great reputation. Paufanias, who 
+had confulted it, and gone through all its formalities, has 
+given a very particular defcription of it, and from him we 
+ihall extract a fhort hiftory of this oracle. 
+
+Ihefacred grove of Trophonius, fays this author (2), 
+is at a fmall diftance from Lebadea, one of the fineft ci¬ 
+ties in Greece; and in this grove is the temple of Tro¬ 
+phonius, with his ftatue, the workmanfhip of Praxi¬ 
+teles. Thofe who apply to this oracle muft perform cer¬ 
+tain ceremonies before they are permitted to go down in¬ 
+to the cave where the refponfe is given. Some days muft 
+be fpent in a chapel dedicated to Fortune and the Good 
+Genii, where the purification confifts in abftinence from 
+all things unlawful, and in making ufe of the cold bath. 
+He muft facrifice to Trophonius and all his family, to Ju¬ 
+piter, to Saturn, and to Ceres, firnamed Europa, who" 
+was believed to have been the nurfe of Trophonius. The 
+diviners conlulted the entrails of every viftim, to difcover 
+if it was agreeable to Trophonius that the perfon fhould 
+defcend into the cave. If the omens were favourable, he 
+was led that night to the river Hercyna, where two boys 
+anointed his body with oil. Then he was conduced as 
+far as the fource of the river, where he was obliged to 
+drink two forts of water, that of Lethe, to efface from his 
+
+
+/ 
+
+I 
+
+* 
+
+(1) Herodot. in Clio. 
+
+( 2 ) Paufan.'lib. 9. p, 602, 604, 
+
+
+mind 
+
+
+2 5 6 APPENDIX. 
+
+mind all profane thoughts, and that of Mnemofyne, toeriw 
+able him to retain whatever he was to fee in the facred 
+cave; he was then prefented to the ftatue of Trophonius, 
+to which he was to addrefs a fhort prayer ; he then was 
+cloathed in a linen tunic adorned with facred fillets ; and 
+at laft was conduced in a folemn manner to the oracle, 
+which was inclofed within a ftone wall on the "?op of a 
+mountain. 
+
+In this inclofure was a cave formed like an oven, the 
+mouth of which was narrow, and the defcent to. it not by 
+fleps, but by a fhort ladder; on going down there ap¬ 
+peared another cave, the entrance to which was very ftraif. 
+The fuppliant, who was obliged to take a certain compo- 
+fition of honey in each hand, without which he could not 
+be admitted, proftrated himfelf on the ground, and then 
+putting his feet into the mouth of the cave, his whole bo¬ 
+dy was forcibly drawn in. 
+
+Here feme had the knowledge of futurity by vifion ; 
+and others by an audible voice. They then got out of 
+the cave in the fame manner as they went in, with their 
+feet foremoft, and proflrate on the earth. The fuppliant 
+going up the ladder was conduced to the chair of Mne-» 
+mofyne, the goddefs of memory, in which being feated, 
+he was queflioned on what he had heard and feen ; and 
+from thence he was brought into the chapel of the Good 
+Genii, where having flayed till he had recovered from 
+his affright and terror, he was obliged to write in a book 
+all that he had feen or heard, which the priefls took up^ 
+on them to interpret. There never was but one man, 
+fays Paufanias, who loft his life in this cave, and that was. 
+a fpy who had been fent by Demetrius, to fee whether 
+in that holy place there was any thing worth plundering. 
+The body of this man was afterwards found at a great 
+diflance; and indeed it is not unlikely, that this defign 
+being difcovered, he was afiafiinated by the priefls, who 
+might carry out his body by feme fecret paffage, at which 
+they went in and out without being perceived. ' 
+
+The oracle of the Branchidae, in the neighbourhood of 
+Miletus, was very antient, and in great efleem. Xerxes 
+returning from Greece, prevailed on its priefls to deliver 
+up its treafures to him a and then bitfnt the temple, 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 257 
+
+when to fecure them againft the vengeance of the Greeks, 
+he granted them an eftablifhment in the moft diftant part 
+of Afia. After the defeat of Darius by Alexander, this 
+conqueror deftroyed the city where thele priefts had fet¬ 
+tled, of which their defcendants were then in actual pof- 
+feflion ; and thus punifhed the children for the perfidy of 
+their fathers. 
+
+The oracle of Apollo at .Claros, a town of Ionia in 
+Afia Minor, was very famous, and frequently confulted. 
+Claros was faid to be founded by (3) Manto, the daugh¬ 
+ter of Tirofias, fome years before the taking of Troy, 
+The anfwers of this oracle, fays Tacitus (4), were not 
+given by a woman, but by a man, chofe out of certain 
+families, and generally from Miletus. It was fufficieqt 
+to let him know the number and names of thofe who 
+came to confult him ; after which he retired into a cave, 
+and having drank of the waters of a fpring that ran with¬ 
+in it, delivered anfwers in verfe upon what the people 
+had in their thoughts, though he was frequently igno¬ 
+rant, and unacquainted with the nature and rules of poe¬ 
+try. «* It is faid, our author adds, that he foretold the 
+“ hidden death of Germanicus, but in dark and ambi- 
+“ guous terms.” 
+
+Paufanias mentions an oracle of Mercury, in Achaia, 
+of a very fingular kind, after a variety of ceremonies, 
+which it is needlefs here to repeat, they whifpered in the 
+ear of the god, and told him, what they were defirous of 
+knowing; then flopping their ears with their hands, they 
+left the temple, and the firft words they heard after they 
+were out of it, was the anfwer of the god. 
+
+JBut it would be an endlefs talk to pretend to enume¬ 
+rate all the oracles, which were fo numerous, that Van 
+Dale gives a lift of near three hundred, moft of which 
+were in Greece, 
+
+
+(3) Manto has been greatly extolled for her prophetic fpirit; and, 
+fabulous hiftory informs us, that lamenting the miferies of her 
+country, the dilfolved away in tears, and that thefe formed a f'ourv- 
+tain, the water of which communicate the gift of prophecy to 
+thofe who drank it; but being at the fame time unwnolefome, it 
+brought on dileales, and (hortened life. 
+
+(4) Tacit,. Annal. 1 , 2. c. 54. 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+■25 8 APPEN DIX. 
+
+But no part of Greece had fo many oracles as Bceotia, 
+which were there numerous, from its abounding in moun¬ 
+tains and caverns ; for as Mr. Fontenelle obferves, no¬ 
+thing was more convenient for the priefts than thefe caves, 
+which not only infpired the people with a fort of religious 
+horror, but afforded the priefts an opportunity of form¬ 
+ing fecret paffages, of concealing themfelves in hollow fta- 
+tues, and of making ufe of all the machines and all the 
+arts neceffary to keep up the delufion of the people, and 
+to encreafe the reputation of the oracles. 
+
+Nothing is more remarkable than the different manners 
+by which the fenfe of the oracles was conveyed; befides 
+the methods already mentioned, in fome the oracle was 
+given from the bottom of the ftatue, to which one of the 
+priefts might convey himfelf by a fubterranean paffage; 
+in others by dreams ; in others again by lots, in the man¬ 
+ner of dice, containing certain charadters or words, which 
+were to be explained by tables made for that purpofe. 
+In fome temples the enquirer threw them himfelf, and in 
+others they were dropped from a box; and from hence 
+arofe the proverbial phrafe. The lot is fallen. Childifh as 
+this method of deciding the fuccefs of events by a throw 
+of dice may appear, yet it was always preceded by facri- 
+fices and other ceremonies. 
+
+In others the queftion was propofed by a letter, fealed 
+up, and given to the prieft,.or left upon the altar, while 
+the perfon fent with it was obliged to lie all night in the 
+temple, aod thefe letters were to be fent back unopened 
+with the-'anfwer. Here this wonderful art confifted in 
+the priefts knowing how to open a letter without injuring 
+the feal, an art ftill pradtifed, on particular occafxons, in 
+all the general poft-offices in Europe. A governor of 
+Cilicia, whom the Epicureans endeavoured to infpire with 
+a contempt for the oracles, fent a fpy to that of Mopfus 
+at Mallos, with a letter well fealed up ; as this man was 
+lying in the temple, a perfon appeared to him and utter¬ 
+ed the word black. This anfwer he carried to the gover¬ 
+nor, which filled him with aftonifhment, though it appeared 
+
+ridiculous to the Epicureans, to whom he communicat¬ 
+ed it, when to convince them of the injuftice of the rail¬ 
+lery on the oracle, he broke open the letter, and fhewed 
+them that he had wrote thefe words. Shall I facrifce to 
+
+- . f - ^ 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 259 
+
+thee a <vjhite ox or a black ? The emperor Trajan made a 
+like experiment on the god at Heliopolis, by fending him 
+a letter fealed up, to which he requeued an an fiver. The 
+oracle commanded a blank paper, well folded and fealed, 
+to be given to the emperor, who, upon his receiving it, 
+was fir tick with admiration at feeing an anfwer fo corre- 
+fpondant to his own letter, in which he had wrote no¬ 
+thing. 
+
+The general chara&eriflic of oracles, fays the juftly ad¬ 
+mired Rollin {5), were ambiguity, obfcurity, and con- 
+vertabilitv ; fo that one anfwer would .agree with feveral 
+different and even oppofite events ; and this was general¬ 
+ly the cafe when the event was in the leaft dubious. Tra¬ 
+jan, convinced of the divinity of the oracle, by the blank 
+letter above-mentioned, fent a fecond note, wherein he 
+defired to know, whether he ftiould return to Rome af- 
+
+* f 
+
+ter the conclufion of the war which he had then in view; 
+the oracle anfwered this letter by fending to him a vine 
+broke in pieces. The prediction of the oracle was cer¬ 
+tainly fulfilled ; for the emperor dying in the war, his 
+body, or, if you pleafe, his bones, reprefented by the 
+broken „vine, were carried to Rome. But it would have 
+been equally accomplifhed had the Romans conquered the 
+Parthians, or the Parthians the Romans; and whatever 
+had been the evept, it might have been conftrued into 
+the meaning of the oracle. Under fuch ambiguities they 
+eluded all difficulties, and were hardly ever in the wrong. 
+In this all their art, and all their fuperior knowledge con¬ 
+fided ; for when the queftipn was plain, the anfwer was 
+commonly fo too. A man requefting a cure for the gout, 
+was anfwered by the oracle, that he fhould drink no¬ 
+thing but cold water. Another defiring to know by what 
+means he might become rich, was anfwered by the god, 
+that he had no more to do but to make himfelf mafter of 
+all between Sicyon and Corinth (6). 
+
+
+• * 
+
+(5) Antient Hift. vol. 5. p. 25. 
+
+• (6) Banier, vol, j. 
+
+i 
+
+
+VII. Of 
+
+
+*6o APPENDIX. 
+
+* 
+
+
+» 
+
+r 
+
+■ 
+
+VII. Of Altars, open Temples, facred, Groves,-, 
+
+► 
+
+and Sacrifices* 
+
+
+A LTARS and facrifices mutually imply each others 
+
+and were immediately confequent to the fall of 
+man: though the original altars were fimple,. being com- 
+pofed of earth or turf, or unhewn ftones. There is great 
+probability that the cloathing of our firff parents confift- 
+ed of the fkins of beads facrificed by Adam in the interval 
+between his offence and expulfion. from paradife. Cain 
+and Abel, Noah and the patriarchs* purfued the prac¬ 
+tice. Even thofe who forfook the living God, yet con¬ 
+tinued this early method of worfhip. Thefe idolaters at 
+firff imitated the fimple manner in which they had been 
+raifed by Noah. But the form and materials infenfibly 
+changed ; there were fome fquare, others long, round, 
+or triangular. Each feaft obtained a peculiar ceremonial, 
+and an altar of a particular form. Sometimes they were 
+of common done, fomethnes of marble, wood, or brafs. 
+The altar was furrounded with carvings in bas-relief, and 
+the corners ornamented with heads of various animals. 
+Some reached no higher than to the knee, others were 
+reared as high as the waift, while others were much high¬ 
+er. Some again were folid, others hollow, to receive the 
+libations and the blood of the vidlims. Others were por¬ 
+table, refembling a trevet, of a magnificent form, to 
+hold the offering from the fire, into- which they threw 
+ffankincenfe, to over-power the difagreeable fmell of the 
+blood and burning fat. In fhort, what had been approv- , 
+ed on fome important occafion paffed into a cuftom, and 
+became a law. 
+
+Where the altars were placed, there was faid to be in 
+the early ages of the world an houfe or temple of Je¬ 
+hovah, which was moftly upon eminencies, and always 
+uncovered. Where they could be had, upright ftones 
+were ere&ed near them. This in fcripture is call Jetting 
+vp a pillar ; nor was it done without a particular form of 
+
+confeoration. The behaviour of the patriarch Ja¬ 
+
+cob, 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 261 
+
+* 9 
+
+cob, to which we refer the reader (7), will explain the 
+
+whole. 
+
+It is faid of Mofes likewife, That he rofe up early in the 
+morning, and huilded an altar under the hill, and twelve 
+
+pillars , &c. (8) The entire work ©f thefe facred eminen- 
+cies was furrounded at a convenient diftance, by a mound 
+or trench thrown up, in order to prevent the profane in- 
+trufion of the people (9). 
+
+At other times the walls were inclofed by groves of 
+oak (i). Whence this tree is faid to be facred to Jove. 
+The heathens, when they left the obje&, yet continued 
+this ufage »lfo of the original worfhip j which indeed was 
+fo linked to idolatry, that it became necdfary for Mofes 
+to forbid the Hebrews planting groves about their altars, 
+to prevent their falling into the practices of the nations 
+round about them. Thefe groves were hung with gar¬ 
+lands and chaplets of flowers, and with a variety of offer¬ 
+ings in fo Iavilh a manner, as almoft entirely to exclude 
+the light of the fun. They were confidered as the pecu¬ 
+liar reiidence of the deity. No wonder therefore, that it 
+was deemed the moft inexpiable facrilege to cut them 
+down (2 ). 
+
+The high antiquity and univerfality of facrificing, be- 
+fpeak it a divine inftitution. The utter impofiibility that 
+there fhould be any virtue or efficacy in the thing itfelf, 
+fhews plainly that it muff have been looked upon as vica¬ 
+rious, and having refpedt to fomewhat truly meritorious, 
+and which thole that brought the facrifice were at fiift 
+
+
+Gen. xxviii. 18, 19, 20, *1, 32, and xxxv. 7, 14, it. 
+
+4. ‘Thecketb, inferiusdearfunt, on the de 
+
+
+(8) Exod. xxiv 
+of the hill. 
+
+
+Ju 
+
+
+(9) Exod. xix. 12, 25. 
+
+(1) Gen. xxi. 33. xii. 6 , 7. xxxv. 4 
+
+idees ix. 
+
+
+xiii. 18. Deut. xi. 30. 
+
+
+fa) Lucan mentioning 1 
+lied, to make his warlike 
+
+
+the foldiers, who refufed to obey his orders, till taking an ax he 
+cut down one of them himfelf. Struck with a religious reverence 
+for the fan&ity of the grove, they imagined that if they prefump- 
+tuoufly attempted to cut down any of its trees, the ax would have 
+recoiled upon themfelves. They however believed it lawful to 
+prune and clear them, and to fell thole trees which they imagined 
+attracted the thunder. 
+
+
+fuf- 
+
+
+
+z6z 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+► ' r » ' ■ ' . 
+
+fufficiently acquainted with the nature of. For it is not 
+
+to be prefumed- upon what: grounds men could be induced 
+to think of expiating their fins, or procuring the divine 
+favour by facrifieial oblations. It is much more reafona- 
+ble to conclude it a divine appointment. All nations 
+have ufed it. They who were fo happy as to walk with 
+God, were inftrudle'd in it from age to age. And they 
+who rejected him, ftill facrfficed. But they invented new 
+rites; and, at length, niiftaking and perverting the ori¬ 
+ginal intent arid ' meaning, offered even human victims! 
+It is indeed inoft furprizing to obferve, that almoft all 
+nations, from the ufe of beailial, have advanced to human 
+facrifices; and many of them, from the fame miftake and 
+perverfion, even to the facrifice of their own children ! 
+
+This moft cruel cullom, amongft the Carthaginians, 
+of offering..child^n^to, Saturn (3), occafioned an embaffy 
+being fent to them from -the Romans, in order to per- 
+fuade them to abolilh it. .And in the reign of Tiberius, 
+the priefts of Saturn were crucified for prefuming to fa¬ 
+crifice children to him; and Amafis, king ot Egypt, 
+made a law, that only the figures of men fhould be fa- 
+crificed inftead of themfelves. Plutarch informs us, that 
+at the time of a plague, the Spartans were ordered by an 
+oracle to facrifice a virgin ; but the lot having fallen up¬ 
+on a young maid wiiofe name was, Helena, an eagle car¬ 
+ried away the faciificing knife,. and laying it on the head 
+df an- heifer, it was facrinctd in her Head. The fame 
+.author informs us, that Pelopidus the Athenian general 
+dreaming-the-night before an engagement, that he fhould 
+facrifice a virgin to the manes of the daughters of Sceda- 
+fus, who had been ravifhed and, murdered,'he was filled 
+with horror at ihe inhumanity of fuch a facrifice, which 
+he could not help thinking odious to the gods ; but feeing 
+a- mdre,-by the advice of Thedcfifus the foothTayer, He 
+facrificed it, and gained the victory. - 
+
+The ceremonies uled at facrifices were extremely dif¬ 
+ferent, and to every deity a diftindt vidtim was alloted 
+
+
+/ ' 
+
+
+.(3) Thfefe facrifices were pradlifed. anpuafty- by the Carthagi- 
+nians, who firft offered the fons : of the- principal citizens 5 but af¬ 
+terwards privately brought up children for that purpofe.. .. . 
+
+• (4); but 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 263 
+
+(A; but whatever victims were offered, the greateft care 
+was to be taken in the choice of them ; for the very fame 
+blemifities that excluded them being offered by the Jews, 
+rendered them alfo imperfed among the Pagans. 
+
+The prieft having prepared himfelf by continence, du¬ 
+ring the preceding night, and by ablution, before the 
+proceffion went a herald crying hoc age , to give the people 
+notice that they were to give their foie attention to what 
+they were about % then followed the players on feveral in- 
+ftruments, who between the intervals of playing, exhort¬ 
+ed the people in the fame manner. The prieft,. and 
+ibmetimes the facrificers, went before cloathed in white, 
+and the prieft, befides being drefled in the veftments be¬ 
+gging to his cffce, was fure to be crowned with a chap¬ 
+let of the leaves of the tree facred to the god for whom 
+the facrifice was appointed; the vi&im had his horns 
+gilt, and was alfo crowned-with a chaplet of the fame 
+leaves, and adorned with ribbons and fillets. In Greece, 
+when the prieft approached the altar, he cryed. Who is 
+hen ? To which the fpeflators anfwered, Many good peo¬ 
+ple (5). The prieft then faid, Be gone all ye profane , 
+which the Romans exprefted by faying, Procul ejie profan'u 
+The vidim arriving at the altar, the prieft laid one hand 
+upon the altar, and began with a ptayer to all the gods, 
+beginning with Janus, and ending with Vella, during' 
+which the ftrideft file'nce was obferved. Then the fa¬ 
+crifice began, by throwing upon the head of the vidim 
+corn, frankincenfe, flour, and fair, laying upon it cakes 
+and fruit (6), and this they called nnmolitio, or the im- 
+molition. * Then the prieft took the wine, which having 
+firft tailed, he gave it to the by-ftanders to do lb too (7), 
+and then poured it out> or fprinkled the beaft with it 
+
+
+-(4) Lucian informs, that e( The victims were alfo different ac- 
+<l cording to the quality and circumfiances of the perfons who of- 
+“ fered them. The lmfbandman, fays he, facrifices an ox •, the 
+“ lhepherd, a lamb ; the goat-herd, a goat. There are feme who . 
+“ offer only cakes, orincenfej and he that has nothing, facrifices 
+“ by killing his right hand.” De Sacr. 
+
+(5) 'fayct.Qoi v 
+
+.(6) All thefe were notufed for every facrifice. 
+
+(7) This was called libatio. 
+
+be- 
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+264 APPENDIX. 
+
+between the horns. After this the prieft plucked off 
+fome of the rough hairs from the forehead of the vi&im, 
+threw them into the fire, aad then turning to the eaft 
+drew a crooked line with his knife along the back, from 
+the forehead to the tail, and then ordered the fervants (8) 
+to flay the viftim, which they had no fooner done than 
+he was opened, and the duty of the arufpex began, which 
+was no fooner over, than the car cafe was cut in quarters, 
+and then into fmaller pieces, and, according to Paufanias 
+(9), and Apollonius Rhodius ft), the thighs were cover¬ 
+ed with fat, and facrificed as the part allotted to the god 
+(2) ; after which they regaled themfelves upon the reft, 
+and celebrated this religious feaft with dancing, mufic, 
+and hymns fung in honour of the gods. 
+
+Upon fignal victories, or in the midft of fome public 
+calamity, they fometimes offered in one facrifice a hun¬ 
+dred bulls, which was called an hecatomb: but fometimes 
+the fame name was given to the facrifice of an hundred 
+fheep, hogs, or other animals. *Tis faid, that Pytha¬ 
+goras offered up an hecatomb for having found out the 
+demonftration of the forty-feventh propofition in the fiift 
+book of Euclid. 
+
+
+VIII. Of the Priests, Priestesses, &c. of the Greeks 
+
+and Romans. 
+
+I N the early ages of the world the chiefs of families 
+comoofed the priefthood ; and afterwards, when pub¬ 
+lic priefts were appointed, kings, as fathers and mafters 
+of that large family which compofed the body-politic, 
+frequently offered facrifices; and not only kings, but 
+princes and captains of armies. Inflances of this kind 
+are frequently to be met with in Homer. 
+
+
+
+18 ) Thefe inferior officers, whole bufinefs it was to kill, to 
+embowel, to flea, and walh the victim, were called Viflmariu 
+Pofee, Agonis, Cultrarii. r 
+
+(9) X-ib. 5. p. 192. 
+
+(1) In Att. p. 42. 
+
+{z) In the holocaufts, the whole vi&im was burnt, and nothing 
+jeft for the feaft. 
+
+
+
+
+When 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 2 6$ 
+
+When the antients chofe a pried, the ftri&eft enquiry 
+was made into the life, the manners, and even the bo¬ 
+dily external perfections of the perfbn to be chofen. 
+They were generally allowed to marry once, but were 
+not always forbid fecond marriages. 
+
+The Greeks and Romans had feveral orders of priefts; 
+but as Greece was divided into many independent dates, 
+there naturally arole different hieraichies. In feveral 
+cities of Greece the government of religion was in¬ 
+truded to women, in others it was conferred on the 
+
+i * 
+
+men; while again, in others, both in concert had a 
+fliare in the management of it. The prieftefles of 
+Argos were very famous. At Athens a prieftefs prefided 
+over the worfhip of Minerva; there was alfo a prieftefs 
+for Pallas, at Clazomenae; for Ceres, at Catanea, Sec . 
+The Hierophantae were very famous priefts of Athens, 
+and both they and their wives, who were called Hiero- 
+phantidte, were fet apart for the worfhip of Ceres and 
+Hecate; as were the Orgiophanta;, and the 'women 
+ftiled Orgiaftae, appointed to prefide over the orgies of 
+Bacchus, Sec. Befides the prieftefs of Apollo, at Del- 
+phos, who was by way of eminence called Pythia (3', 
+there belonged to this oracle five princes of the priefts, 
+and feveral prophets, who pronounced the fenfe of the 
+oracle. There were alfo chief priefts, one of whom 
+prefided over a city, and fometimes over a whole pro¬ 
+vince; fometimes he was inverted with this dignity for 
+life, and, at other times, only for fiv e years. Be Tides 
+thefe, there were chief prieftefles, who were the fuper- 
+intendants of the prieftefles, and were chofen from the 
+nobleft families; but the moft celebrated of thefe was 
+the Pythia, 
+
+
+(3) Thus the prieftefs of Pallas, at Clazomenoe, was called 
+Hciychia, and that of Bacchus, Thyas 5 and in Crete, that of 
+Cvbele, Melifta. Among the Athenians, the inferior minifters 
+were ftiled Parafiti, a word that did not at that time carry with it 
+any mark of reproach $ for it is mentioned in an inicription at 
+Athens, that of two bulls offered in lacrifices, the one fhould be 
+referred for the games, and the other diftributed among the priefts 
+* n d parafites.Thefeparafr.es had a place among the chief magilij arcs f 
+aid the principal part of their employment was to chpole the wheat 
+
+appointed for their facrifices. Banier's Mythology, VoL i, p. 283 
+
+N The 
+
+
+266 APPENDIX. 
+
+* 
+
+♦ 
+
+The priefts of Rome enjoyed feveral very confiderable 
+privileges, they were exempted from going to war; and 
+excufed from all burthenfome offices in the ftate. They 
+had commonly a branch of laurel and a torch carried 
+before them, and were allowed to ride in a chariot to 
+the capitol. Romulus inftituted fixty priefts, who were 
+to be at lead fifty years of age, free from all perfonal 
+defeds, and diftinguifhed both by their birth and the 
+reditude of their morals. 
+
+The Pontifax Maximus, or the high-prieft, was ef- 
+Temed the judge and arbitrator of all divine and human 
+affairs, and his authority was fo great, and his office fo 
+much revered, ** That all the emperors, after the ex- 
+** ample of Julius Caefar and Auguftus, either adually 
+“ took upon them the office, or at leaft ufed the name 
+“ (4).” He was not allowed to go out of Italy, though 
+this was difpenfed with in favour of Julius Ccefar; 
+whenever he attended a funeral, a veil was put between 
+him and the funeral bed ; for it was thought a kind of 
+profanation for him to fee a dead body. 
+
+The Rex Sacrorum (5), according to Dionyfius of 
+Halicarnaflus (6),. was inftituted after the expulfion of 
+the Roman kings, to perpetuate the memory of the 
+great fervices fome of them had done the ftate. On 
+this account, the augurs and pontifices were direded to 
+choofe out a fit perfon, who fhould devote himfelf to 
+the care of religious worfhip, and the ceremonies of 
+religion, without ever interfering in civil affairs: but 
+left the name of king, which was become odious to the 
+people, fhould raife their jealoufy, it was at the fame 
+time appointed, that he fhould be fubjedt to the high- 
+priefts. His wife had the title of Regina Sacrorum. 
+
+The Flamines, according to Livy (7), were appointed 
+
+by Numa Pompilius, to difcharge thofe religious offices, 
+
+which he imagined properly belonged to the kings. At 
+
+firft there were but three (8), which were chofen by 
+
+the 
+
+£4) Kennet’s Rom. Antiq. 
+
+£5) He was alfo {tiled Rex Sacrificulus. 
+
+(6) Lib. 1. (7) Liv. lib. i. 
+
+(8) The FI amen diaiis of Jupiter, the Marti alis of Mars, aim 
+the Quirinalis of Quirinus. The firit (acred to Jupiter was a per- 
+
+€on oi a very high diftin£tion, though he was obliged to fubnut to 
+
+- ' " bur 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 267 
+
+the people, and their election confirmed by the high-, 
+prieft. They were afterwards increafed to fifteen, three 
+of whom were chofen from among the fenators, and 
+were called Flamines Majores; and the other twelve, 
+chofen from tire Plebeians, were ftiled Flamines Mi- 
+nores. 
+
+The Feciaies were alio inftituted by Numa, and 
+conftfted of twenty perfons, chofen out of the molt 
+diftinguifhed families. Thefe were properly the heralds 
+of the republic, who, whenever it was injured, were 
+lent to demand fatisfa&ion, which, if they could not 
+obtain, they called the gods to witnefs between them 
+and the enemy, and denounced war. They had the 
+power of ratifying and confirming alliances, and were 
+the arbitrators of all the deferences between the republic 
+and other nations; fo that the Romans could nor law¬ 
+fully take up arms, till the Feciaies had declared that 
+war was moft expedient. 
+
+The Pater Patratus derived his name from a circum- 
+fiance neceflary to his enjoying the title ; and in order 
+that he might be more ftrongly interefted in the fate of 
+his country,- he was to have both a father and a fon 
+living at the fame time. He was chofen by the college 
+of Feciaies out of their own body, to treat with the 
+enemy on the fubjedl of .war and peace. 
+
+The Epulones were minifters appointed to prepa>e 
+the fitcred banquets at the foie non games, and had the 
+privilege of wearing a robe like the pontiffs, bordered 
+with purple. Thefe nrnifters were originally three in 
+number, to which two were afterwards added, and then 
+two more, till in the pontificate of Julius Caefar they 
+were encreafed to ten. The moft confiderable of the 
+
+I 
+
+privileges granted to the Epuloins, was one winch they 
+enjoyed in common with the other minifters, their not 
+being obliged to make their daughters veftals <9). 
+
+Befides thefe were the Sabi, or priefts of Mars: The 
+Phtebades of Apollo, the Baffarides of Bacchus, the 
+
+
+
+Aulus Gel bus, No6t. Att. ]. 10. c. 15. 
+(9) Aulus Gellius, lib. 1. c. 1.1. 
+
+• N 
+
+
+Luperci 
+
+
+z 62 APPENDIX. 
+
+Luperci of Pan, and feveral others who prefided over 
+the worlhip of particular deities, each of which had a 
+particular college, and conflituted a diftindt community. 
+
+Ii 
+
+& 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+Of the Temples of the Pagans. 
+
+O AKEN groves, with a circular opening in the 
+
+midft, or upiight ftones placed in the fame order, 
+inclofing an altar, were the original temples. The firft 
+covered one was that of Babel; and in all probability it 
+was the only one of the kind, till Mofes, by eredting 
+the tabernacle, might give the Egyptians the firft thought 
+of building alfo a houle for their gods. Had temples 
+been built in Egypt at the time when Moles refided 
+there, it can hardly be conceived but that he would 
+have mentioned them; and that this moving temple 
+might ferve as a model for the reft is the more pro¬ 
+bable, as there is a near refemblance between the Sanc¬ 
+tum Sandlorum, and the holy places in the Pagan 
+temple. In that of Mofes, God was confulted, and 
+none fuffered to enter but the priefts; this exadtly 
+agrees with the holy places in the Heathen temples, 
+where the oracle was delivered. 
+
+It was the opinion of Lucian, that the firft temples 
+were built by the Egyptians, and that from this cuftom 
+was conveyed to the people of the neighbouring coun¬ 
+tries ; and fx'om Egypt and Phoenicia it palled into 
+Greece, and from Greece to Rome. 
+
+They all began with little chapels, which were ge¬ 
+nerally eredted by private perfons, and thefe were loon 
+fucceeded by regular buildings, and the moft magnifi¬ 
+cent ftiuftures, when even the grandeur and beauty of 
+the buildings heightened the vent ration that was enter¬ 
+tained for them. They had often porticos, and always 
+zn afccnt of fteps, while fome of them were furrounded 
+
+« • M w * i • _ - 
+
+by galleries fupported by, rows of pillars. The firit 
+
+part in entering thefe temples was the porch, in which 
+
+was placed the holy water for the expiation of thofe 
+
+that entered into the temple. The next was the nave 
+
+(0, or 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 269 
+
+(l), or body of the temple, and then the holy place (2), 
+into which none but the priefts were allowed to enter. 
+Sometimes there was behind the building another part, 
+
+called the back temple. 
+
+The infide was frequently adorned with paintings, 
+gildings, and the richeft offerings, among which were 
+the trophies and fpoils of war. But the principal or¬ 
+naments were the flatues of the gods, and rhofe of per- 
+fons diftinguifhed by great and noble affions, which 
+were fometimes of gold, filver, ivory, ebony, and other 
+precious materials. 
+
+The veneration for thefe buildings was carried by 
+the Romans and other nations to the moil: fuperftirious 
+excefs. Before the ere&ing one of thefe noble edifices, 
+the Arufpices chofe the place, and fixed the time for ( be¬ 
+ginning the work; for here every thing was of impor¬ 
+tance. They began when the air was ferene, and the 
+fky clear and unclouded; on the limits of the building 
+were placed fillets and garlands, and the foldiers whole 
+names were thought auspicious, entered the enclofure 
+with boughs in their hands : then followed the veftal 
+virgins, attended by fuch boys and girls who. had the 
+happinefs to have their fathers and mothers living, and 
+thefe aflifted the veftals in fprinkling all the ground 
+with clear water ; then followed a folcmn facrifice, and 
+prayers to the gods, to profper the building they were 
+going to ereft for their habitation : And this being over, 
+the prieft touched the ftone that was to be firft laid, 
+and bound it with a fillet, after which the magiftrates, 
+and perfons of the-greateft diftin&ion, aflifted by the 
+people, with the utmoft joy and alacrity in removing 
+the ftone, which was extremely large, fixed it for a 
+foundation, throwing in with it feveral fmall gold coins, 
+and other pieces of money. 
+
+When thefe buildings were finilhed, they were con- 
+fecrated with abundance of ceremony, and fo great was 
+the veneration felt by the people for the temples, that 
+they frequently, as a mark of humiliation, clambered 
+up to them on their knees; and fo holy was the place, 
+
+(1) N*t?. 
+
+{2) Called Penetralis, Sacrarium, Adytum. 
+
+Nj 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+2 7 0 APPENDIX. 
+
+that it was thought criminal for a man to (pit or blow 
+
+his nofe in it. The v/omen proftrated theinfelves in 
+
+them, and fwept the pavements with their hair. They 
+
+became fan&uaries for debtors and criminals ; and on 
+
+all holidays were conftandy decked with branches of 
+
+laurel, olive and iw. 
+
+/ ✓ 
+
+One of the fiift temples built in Egypt, was that of 
+Vulcan, at Memphis, ereded by Menes: At firft it 
+had the primitive fimpliciry of all other antient build¬ 
+ings, and without ftatues (3); but the fuccefTors of this 
+prince ftiove to-excell each other in embellifhing this 
+work with ftately porches and ftatues of a monftrou? 
+fize. There were indeed a great number of temples in 
+Egypt, but the moft extraordinary thing of this kind 
+was a chapel hewn out of a fingle ftone, which by or¬ 
+der of Amafis was cut out of the quarries in upper 
+Egypt, and with incredible difficulty carried as far as 
+S iis, where it was defsgned to have been fet up in the 
+temple of Minerva, but was left at the gate. Hero¬ 
+dotus mentions this work with marks of aftonifhment, 
+“ what I admire more, fays he, than at the other 
+“ works of Amafis, is his caufing a houfe to be brought 
+“ from Eliphantina, a houfe hewn out of a fingle ftone: 
+
+“ which two thoufand men were unable to remove 
+
+% • 
+
+“ thither in lefs than three years. This houfe was 
+“ thirty-one feet in front, twenty one feet in breadth, 
+“ and twelve in height; and on the infide twenty- 
+“ (even feet in length, and feven feet and a half high.” 
+
+The temple ol Diana at Epbefus (4), has been al¬ 
+ways admired as one of the nobleft pieces of architec¬ 
+ture that the world has ever produced. It was four 
+hundred and twenty-five feet long, two hundred feet 
+broad, and fupported by a. hundred and twenty-feven 
+cjlumns of marble fixty feet high, twenty-feven of 
+
+
+(3) According to the beft hiftorians, there were no ftatues in 
+the antient temples of Egypt. But this is not at all ftrange, fince 
+Plutarch, who has his authority from Varro, fays,That the Romans 
+were a hundred and feventy years without ftatues; Numa prohi¬ 
+bited them by a law: and Tertullian Jets us know, that even in 
+liis time there were feveral temples that had no ftatues. 
+
+(4) This temple was accounted one of the wonders of the world. 
+
+‘ which 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 271 
+
+which were beautifully carved. This temple, which was 
+two hundred years in building, was burnt by Eroftratus, 
+with no other view than to perpetuate his memory 7 
+however, it was rebuilt, and the laft temple was not in¬ 
+ferior either in riches or beauty, to the former, being a- 
+dorned with the works of the moft famous flatuaries of 
+Greece. 
+
+The temple of Ceres and Proferpine was built in the 
+doric order, and was of fo wide an extent as to be able to 
+contain thirty thoufand men; for there were frequently 
+that number at the celebration of the myfteries of the 
+two goddefies. At firft this temple had no columns oh 
+theoutfide; but Philo afterwards added to it a magnifi¬ 
+cent portico. 
+
+The temple of Jupiter Olympius, as well as the admi¬ 
+rable ftatue of Jupiter placed in it, were raifed from the 
+fpoils which the Elians took at the facking of Pifa (5). 
+This temple was of the doric order, the moll antient, as 
+well as the moft fuitable to grand undertakings ; and 
+on the outfide was furrounded with columns, which form¬ 
+ed a noble peryftile. The length of the temple was two 
+hundred and thirty feet, its breadth ninety-five, and its 
+height, from the area to the roof, two hundred and thir¬ 
+ty. From the middle of the roof hung a gilded viftory, 
+under which was a golden fhield, on which was reprefent- 
+ed Medufa’s head ; and round the temple, above the co* 
+lumns, hung twenty-one gilt bucklers, which Mummius 
+confecrated to Jupiter after the facking of Corinth. Up¬ 
+on the pediment in the front was reprefented, with ex- 
+quifite art, the chariot race between Pelops and Oeno- 
+maus ; and, on the back pediment, the battle of the 
+centaurs with the lapithae at the marriage of Pirithous; 
+and the brafs gates were adorned with the labours of Her¬ 
+cules. In the in fide, two ranges of tall and ftately co¬ 
+lumns fupported two. galleries, under which was the way 
+that led to the throne of Jupiter. 
+
+The ftatue of the god and his throne were the mafter- 
+pieces of the great Phidias, and the mofl magnificent 
+and higheft finifhed in all antiquity. The ftatue, which 
+
+
+(5) Paufanias in.Iliac,, p. 303, & feq. 
+
+N 4 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+272 APPENDIX. 
+
+was of a prodigious fize, was of gold and ivory, fo art¬ 
+fully blended as to fill all beholders with aftonilhmcnt. 
+The god wore upon his head an olive crown, in which 
+the leaf of the olive was imitated in the nicefi perfec¬ 
+tion. In his right-hand he held the figure of vidtory, 
+formed likewife of gold and ivory ; and in his left a 
+golden fcepter, on the top of which was an eagle. The 
+Ihoes and mantle of the god were of gold, and on the 
+manile were engraven a variety of flowers and animals. 
+The throne fparkled with gold and precious ftones, while 
+the different materials, and the aflemblage of animals and 
+other ornaments, formed a delightful variety. At the 
+four corners of the throne, were four vi&ories, that Teem¬ 
+ed joining hands for a dance ; and at the feet of Jupiter 
+were two others. On the forefide, the feet of the throne 
+were adorned wirh fphinxes plucking the tender infants 
+from the bofoms of the Theban mothers, and underneath 
+were Apollo and Diana flaying the children of Niobe 
+with their arrows, &c. At the top of the throne, above 
+the head of Jupiter, were the graces and hours. The 
+pedeftal which fupported the pile, was equally adorned 
+with the reft; it was covered with gold, on the one 
+fide Phidias had engraven Phoebus guiding his chariot; 
+on the other, Jupiter and Juno, Mercury, Vefta, and 
+the graces ; here Venus appeared as rifing from the 
+fea, and Cupid receiving her, while Pirho, or the god- 
+defs of perfuafion, feemed prefenting her with a crown ; 
+there appeared Apollo and Diana, Minerva and Her¬ 
+cules, At the foot of the pedeftal were Neptune and 
+Amphitrite, wi;h Diana, who appeared mounted on 
+hotfeback. In fliort, a woollen veil died in purple, and 
+curioufly embroidered, hung down from the top to the 
+bottom, A large balluftrade painted and adorned with 
+figures encompaffed the whole work ; there, with ini¬ 
+mitable art, was painted the Atlas bearing the heavens 
+upon his fhoulders, and Hercules ftooping to eafe him 
+of his load. The comb it of Hercules with the Nemean 
+lion, Ajax offering violence to Caffandra, Prometheus 
+in chains, and a variety of other pieces of fabulous 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 273 
+
+This temple was paved with the fineft marble, a- 
+dorned with a prodigious number of ftatues, and with 
+the prefents which feveral princes had confecrated to the 
+God. 
+
+Though the temple of Apollo at Delphos, was great¬ 
+ly inferior in point of magnificence to the former, yet 
+the immenfe prefents fent to it from every quarter, ren¬ 
+dered it infinitely more rich. The principal value of 
+the former arofe from its containing the works of. Phi¬ 
+dias, and his mafter-piece was really invaluable; but 
+what this temple wanted, in not containing the produc¬ 
+tions of fo curious an artift, was amply made up by a 
+profufion of treafure, which arofe from the offerings of 
+rhofe who went to confult the oracle. The firft temple 
+which was built being burnt, the amphi&yones, or 
+general council of Greece, took upon themfelves the care 
+of rebuilding it; and for that purpofe agreed'with an 
+architect for three hundred talents, which amounts to 
+forty five thoufand pounds, and this fum was to be raifed 
+by the cities of Greece ; collections were alfo made in 
+foreign countries. Amacis king of Egypt, and the Gre¬ 
+cian inhabitants of that country, contributed confiderable 
+fums for that fervice. The Alomteonedes, one of the 
+moft powerful families in Athens, had the charge of con¬ 
+ducing the building, which they rendered more magni¬ 
+ficent, by making, at" their own expence, confiderable 
+additions that had not been propofed in the model. 
+
+After the temple of Delphos was finifhed, Gyges 
+king of Lydia, and Crosfus one of his fucceflors, en¬ 
+riched it with an incredible number of the moft valuable 
+prefents, and after their example, many other princes, 
+cities, and private perfons beftowed upon it a vaft num¬ 
+ber of tripods, tables, veflels, ftiields, crowns, and fta¬ 
+tues of gold and filver of inconceivable value. Herodo¬ 
+tus informs (6), that the prefents of gold made by Crcefus 
+alone to this temple, amounted to more than two hun¬ 
+dred and fifty talents, or 33,5001 fterling; and it is 
+probable that thofe of filver were not of lefs value. 
+
+
+(6) Her. Lib. 1. c. 50, 51. 
+
+N S 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+
+274 APPEND'! X. 
+
+A 
+
+And Diodorus Siculus (7) adding thefe to thofe of the 
+
+other princes, computes them at ten thoufand talents, or 
+about 1,300,0001. ( 8 ). ’ 
+
+Plutarch informs us (gl, that among!! the flatues of 
+gold, which Crcefus placed in the temple of Ddphos, 
+was one of a female baker, of which this wtis the occa- 
+fion: Alyattus, the father of Croefus, having married 
+a fecond wife, by whom he had children ; file formed 
+the defign of^ feeuring the crown to her own iffue, by 
+•putting a period to the life of her fon-in-law ; and with 
+this view engaged a female baker to put poifon into a 
+loaf, that was to be ferved up at the table of the young 
+prince. The woman ftruck with horror at the thought 
+of her bearing fo great a ftiare in the guilt of the queen, 
+let Crcefus into the feoet; on which the loaf was lerved 
+to the queen’s own children, and their death fecured his 
+fucceffion to, the throne, which when he afcended, from 
+a fenle of gratitude to his benefaftrcfs, he erefted this fta- 
+tue to her memory in the temple of Ddphos. An honour 
+that our author lays Ihe had a better title to, than many 
+pf the boafled conquerors or heroes, who rofe to fame 
+only by murder ann devaluation. 
+
+Italy was no lefs famous for a multiplicity of temples 
+than Greece ; but none of them were more noble, or 
+more remarkable for the Angularity of their form, than 
+the Pantheon, commonly called the Rotunda, original¬ 
+ly ccnfecrated to all the gods, as it is now to all the faints. 
+
+Jt is generally believed to have been built at the expence 
+of Agrippa, fon-in-law to Auguftus. This noble fa¬ 
+bric is entirely round and without windows, receiving a 
+fufEcient degree of light from an opening admirably con¬ 
+trived in the center of the dome. It was richly adorned 
+with the flatues of all the gods and goddeffes fet in 
+niches. But the portico, compofed of fixteen columns 
+of granate marble, each of one Angle Hone, is more beau- j 
+
+
+
+(7) Diod. lib. 16. p. 453. _ ] 
+
+(S) It is impoflible to form any tolerable idea of thefe fums 
+without bringing alfo into the account the comparative fcarcity of 
+gold at that time, which rendered its real value va'ftly greater than 
+what it bears at prelent. The mines of Mexico and Peru have 
+-dehroyed all comparifon. , j 
+
+(9) Plut. de Pyth. orac. p. 401. j 
+
+tiful j 
+
+
+
+A P P E N D I X. 27^ 
+
+fiful and more furprifing than the temple itfelfj fince- 
+thefe columns are five feet in diameter, and thirty-feven- 
+feet high, without mentioning the bafes and chapiters.. 
+The emperor Conftantius the third ttripp’d it of the 
+plates of gilt brafs that covered the roof, and of the 
+beams, which were of the fame metal. Of the copper¬ 
+plates of the portico, pope Urban the eighth, after¬ 
+wards formed the canopy of St. Peter ; and even of the- 
+nails, which fatten'd them, call the great piece of artil¬ 
+lery, which is itill to be feen in the cattle of St. Angelo. 
+
+But of the Roman temples the Capitol was the princi--. 
+pal; with an account of which we (hall therefore con¬ 
+clude. In the latt Sabine war Tarquinius Prifcus vowed 
+a temple to Jupiter, Juno and Minerva. The event, 
+of the war correfponded with his wifhes, and the Au^ 
+fpices unanimoutty fixed upon the Tarpeian mountain* 
+for the deitined ftrufture. But little more feems to have 
+been done towards it, befides this defignation, till the- 
+reign of Tarquinius Superbus, a prince of loftinefs ancL 
+fpirit conforming to his name, who fet about it in 
+earneft; having laid out the defign with fuch amplirude 
+and magnificence as might fuit the king of gods and 
+men, the glory of the riling empire, and the majefty of 
+the fituation. The Volfcian fpoils were dedicated to- 
+this fervice. An incredible fum was expended upon the- 
+foundations only, which were quadrilateral and near 
+upon two hundred feet every way : the length exceeding 
+the breadth not quite fifteen feet. When the foundati¬ 
+ons were clearing, a human head was found, with the- 
+lineaments of the face entire, and the blood yet frelh and; 
+flowing : which was interpreted as an omen of future em¬ 
+pire. This head was laid to have belonged to one OIIus- 
+or Tolus ; whence the ftrudlure received its compound 
+name. Tho’ poffibly it might be as well to deduce the 
+name from Caput only ; and that too upon another; 
+account, becaufe it was the commanding part, the head; 
+and citadel of Rome, and the chief place of its religious- 
+worlhip. The edifice was not finifhed ti]l after the ex¬ 
+pul fion of the kings; the completion of it'being a work,, 
+fays Livy, referved for the days of liberty. It flood the 
+fpace of 425 years to the confulate of Sctpio and Norba- 
+nus, when it was confumed by fire; but it was rebuilt 
+
+by 
+
+
+
+276 A P P E N D I X. 
+
+by Sylla, whofe name was infcribed in letters of gold 
+upon the faftigium or pediment of it. In the midft 
+were formed three cells or temples feparated by thin 
+partitions, in which flood the golden images of the de¬ 
+ities to whom it had been devoted. Thofe of Juno 
+and Minerva ,were on each fide of Jupiter; for it was 
+not ufual for him to be worfhipped without the company 
+of his wife and daughter. The three temples were co¬ 
+vered by one eagle with his wings expanded. This 
+wonderful ftrufture feems to have been of the Doric 
+«rder, in imitation of thofe ra ; fed to the fame deity in 
+Greece, and abounded with curious engravings and 
+every plaiftic ornament, particularly the Fafiigium. 
+The fpacious entrances, or threfholds, were compofed 
+of brafs. The lofty folding-doors, which were of the 
+fame metal, moft elegantly embofied, grated harfh thun¬ 
+der upon brazen hinges ; and were afterwards entirely 
+overlaid with plates of gold. The tefiellated pavements 
+ftruck the eye with an aftonifhing afl'emblage of rich co¬ 
+lours from the variegated marble. The beams were folid 
+brafs ; and the fplendor of the fretted roof was dazzling ; 
+where (i ) 
+
+—-The glittering flame 
+
+Played on the temple’s gold and awful height. 
+
+And flied around us trembling rays of light. 
+
+Without, the covering was of plates of brafs, fafhioned 
+like tiles; which being gilt with gold, reflected the 
+fun-beams with exceffive luftre. The front to the fouth 
+was encompafled with a triple row of lofty marble co¬ 
+lumns beautifully polifhed, brought from the temple of 
+Olympian Jove at Athens, by order of Sylla : all the 
+other fides by a double row. The afcent was by an hun¬ 
+dred fleps that gently rofe, which made the pafiage to it 
+extremely grand and ftriking. 
+
+. But this Capitol was likewife burnt in the civil war 
+'between Vitellius and Vefpafian; and reflored by the 
+latter, with fome addition of height : it quickly after 
+underwent the fame fate, and was raifed again by Po- 
+mirian with more flrength and magnificence than before; 
+
+(i) Flair:ma nitore fuo templorum verberat aurum, 
+
+Et tremulum iumma fpargit in aede jubar, Ovid Faft. I. 9. 
+
+who 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 277 
+
+who arrogated the whole honour of the ftruflure to him- 
+felf. The poets were miftaken, when they promifed 
+to this laft fabric an eternal duration. For not many 
+years intervened before it was fired by lightening, and a 
+great part of it confirmed. The left-hand of the goldeh 
+image of Jupiter was melted. Afterwards, under Ar- 
+cadius and Honorius, the plunder of it was begun by 
+Stilicho ; who flripped the valves or folding-doors of the 
+thick plated gold which covered them: in one part of 
+which was found a grating infcription, declaring them 
+reserved for an unfortunate Prince. Gizeric, 
+king of the Vandals, carried with him into Africa moll: 
+of its remaining ornaments, among which one half of 
+the gilded tyles of brafs; and great part of it was de- 
+ftroyed by Totilas the Goth. Theodoric indeed made 
+fome attempts to repair the capitol, the amphitheatre, 
+and other the more fplendid buildings of the city ; but 
+in vain, the prevailing light of chriftianity left them for 
+the moll part ufelels and deferred. 
+
+
+Of the Ufefulnefs of FABLE, 
+
+By Mr. Rollin, ProfefTor of Eloquence in the Royal 
+College at Paris, and Member or the Royal Academy 
+of Inlcriptions and Belles Letters. 
+
+W HAT I have already obferved (fays this learned 
+
+author) concerning the origin of fables, which 
+owe their birth to fidlion, error and fallhood, to the 
+alteration of hiftorical fa£ls, and the corruption of man’s 
+heart, may give reafon to alk, whether it is proper to 
+inftrudl Chrillian children in all the foolifh inventions, 
+abfurd and idle dreams, with which Paganifm has filled 
+the books of antiquity ^ 
+
+This lludy when applied to with all the precautions 
+and wifdom, which religion demands and inlpires, may 
+be very ufeful to youth. 
+
+Firft it teaches them what they owe to Jefus Chrift, 
+their Redeemer, who has delivered them from the 
+power of darknefs, to bring them into the admirable 
+light of the Golpel. Before him that were even the 
+
+wifelt 
+
+
+
+Z7 8 
+
+
+A P P E N D I X. 
+
+
+wifeft and beft of men, thofe celebrated philofophers, 
+
+
+thofe great 
+Greece, thofe 
+the beft governed 
+Fable informs 
+
+
+grave 
+
+
+7 
+
+fenators of Rome, 
+
+
+politicians, thofe famous legiflators of 
+
+in a word, all 
+and wifeft nations of the world?- 
+
+were blind worftiippers of 
+knees before gold, filver, and 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+us, 
+
+bent their 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+devil, who 
+
+marble; who offered incenfe to ftatues, that were deaf 
+and dumb; who acknowledged, as' Gods, animals, 
+reptiles and plants; who were not afhamed to adore an 
+adulterous Mars, a proftituted Venus, and an incef- 
+
+
+tuous 
+
+crimes, 
+
+
+Tu no 
+and 
+
+
+a Jupiter poiluted with all manner 
+for that reafon moft worthy of the 
+
+
+of 
+
+fiift 
+
+
+place among the Gods. 
+
+What great impurities, what monftrous abomina¬ 
+tions were admitted into their ceremonies, their fo- 
+lemnities and myfteries ? The temples of their Gods 
+were fchools of licentioufnefs, their pidtures invitations 
+to fin, their groves places of proftitution, their facrifices 
+a frightful mixture of fuperftition and cruelty. 
+
+In this condition were all mankind, except the peo- 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+In this 
+
+
+ftate were our fathers, and we Ihould have likewife 
+been, if the light of the Gofpel had not difperfed our 
+darknefs. Every ftory in fabulous hiftory, every cir- 
+
+fiil us at 
+
+and 
+
+
+cumftance of the lives of the Gods, ihould 
+once with confufion, admiration and gratitude, 
+feem to crv out to us aloud in the words-of St. Paul 
+to the 
+
+
+cry 
+Ephefians: 
+
+
+fprung / 
+
+
+Hejmmber, and forget it not, that 
+it lies , ye were Grangers from the co- 
+
+
+f pro wife, having no hope , a?id without God in 
+the world. 
+
+A fecond advantage of fable is that in difcovering to 
+lis the abfurd ceremonies and impious maxims of Pa- 
+ganifm, it ought to infpire us with new refpeft for the 
+auguft majefty of the Chriftian religion, and the fanc- 
+tity of its morals. We learn from ecclefiaftical hiftory, 
+that an holy bi/hop, in order to eradicate entirely all 
+difpofitions to idolatry out of the minds of the faithful, 
+
+and 
+
+
+brought to light 
+
+
+publickly expofed all that was 
+
+
+found in the infide of a temple he caufed to be demo- 
+lifhed, the bones of men, the members of children 
+facrificed to devils, and feveral other foorfteps of the 
+
+kcrilegious 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX; . 279 
+
+facrilegious worfliip, which the Pagans paid to their 
+Deities. The flndy of fable fhould produce a like effedt 
+in the mind of every fenfible perfon, and it is this ufe 
+the holy fathers and all the apologifts of Chrifti- 
+anity have made of it. 
+
+It is impofiible to underftand the books which have 
+been written upon this fubjedl, without having fome 
+knowledge of fabulous hiftory. St. Auguftin’s great 
+work, intitled, De Civitate Dei, which has done fo 
+much honour to the church, is at the fame time both 
+a proof of what I lay down, and a perfect model of 
+the manner how we ought to fandlify profane fludies. 
+The tame may be laid of the other father-, who have 
+gone upon the fame plan from the beginning of Chrif- 
+lianity, Theophiius of Antioch, Tatian, Arnobius, 
+Ladlantius, Theodoret, Eufebius of Casfarea, and ef- 
+pecially St. Clement of Alexandria, whofe Stromata 
+are not to be underflood by any one, that is not verfed 
+in this part of antient learning. Whereas the know¬ 
+ledge of fable makes the knowledge of them extremely 
+eafy, which we ought to look upon as no fmall ad¬ 
+vantage. ' ... " 
+
+It is alfo very ufeful (and particularly to youth, for 
+whom I write) for the underflanding both of Greek, 
+Latin, French, and .English authors, in reading of 
+which they muft be often at a Hand without fome ac¬ 
+quaintance with fable. I don’t (peak only of the poets, 
+to whom we know it is a kind of natural language; 
+it is alfo frequently made ufe of by orators, and-fome- 
+times, by an happy application, fuppiies them with very 
+lively and eloquent turns : Such for inflance, amongft 
+a great many others, is the following paflage in 
+Tully’s oration concerning Mithridates king of Pontus. 
+The orator - takes notice that this prince flying before 
+the Romans, after the lofs of a battle, found means to 
+efcape out of the hands of his covetous conquerors, by 
+fcattering upon the road, from time to time, a part of 
+his treafures and fpoils. In like manner, fays he, as 
+it is told of Medea, that when fhe was purfued by her 
+father, in the fame country, fhe fcattered the members 
+of her brother Abfyrrus, whom fhe had cut to pieces, 
+
+along the way, that his care in gathering up the dif- 
+
+perfed 
+
+
+
+280 APPEND IX 
+
+perfed members, and his grief at the fight of fo fad a 
+fpeftacle, might retard his purfuit. The refemblance 
+is exaft, except that, as Tully remarks, i£eta, the 
+-father of Medea, was flopped in his courfe by forrow, 
+and the Romans by joy. 
+
+There are different fpecies of books expofed to the 
+wiew of the whole world, fuch as pictures, prints, 
+tapeflry and ftatues. Thefe are fo many riddles to 
+thofe who are ignorant of fabulous hiflory from 
+whence their explication is frequently to be taken. 
+Thefe matters are Kkewi/e frequently brought into dif- 
+courfe, and it is not, in my opinion, over agreeable 
+to fit mute and feem flupid in company for want of. 
+-being inftru&ed, whilfl young, in a matter fo eafy to 
+be learnt. 
+
+
+One only fupreme God, omnipotent, and the Author 
+
+of Tate. 
+
+• • • • * 
+
+N otwithstanding the monflrous multiplicity of 
+
+Homer’s Gods, he plainly acknowledges one full 
+being, a fuperior God, upon whom all the other Gods 
+depended. Jupiter fpeaks and afts every where as ab- 
+folute, and infinitely fuperior to all the other Gods in 
+power and authority, as able by a word to call them all 
+out of heaven, and plunge them into the depths of 
+Tartarus, as having executed his vengeance upon 
+fome of them ; whilfl all of them own his fuperiority 
+and independance. One fingle paflage will fuffice to 
+
+lhew the idea which the antients conceived of Jupiter. 
+
+• * 
+
+** Aurora now, fair daughter of the dawn, 
+
+** Sprinkled with rofy light the dewy lawn ; 
+
+When Jove conven’d the lenate of the fkies, 
+
+4i Where high Olympus’ cloudy tops arife, 
+
+“ The fire of Gods his awful filence broke. 
+
+The heavens attentive trembled, as he f'pofce: 
+
+“ Celellial Hates, immortal Gods, give ear, 
+
+** Hear our decree, and rev’rence what you hear; 
+
+* { The fix’d decree, which not all heaven can move, 
+f* Thou fatel fulfil it; and ye powers approve! 
+
+
+ef What 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+A P P E N D r X. 281 
+
+* 
+
+** What God but.enters yon* forbidden field, 
+
+%t Who yields affiftance, or but wills to yield ; 
+
+“ Back to the fkies with (harne he (hall be driven, 
+
+“ Gafh’d with difhoneft wounds, the fcorn of heaven; 
+
+“ Or far, oh! far from deep Olympus thrown, 
+
+“ Low in the dark Tartarean gulph fhall groan, 
+
+“ With burning chains fix’d to the brazen floors, 
+
+“ And lock’d by hell’s inexorable doors; 
+
+** As deep beneath rh’ infernal centre hurl’d, 
+
+“ As from that centre to th’ tethereal world. 
+
+“ Let him, who tempts me, dread thefe dire abodes; 
+
+“ And know th’ Almighty is the God of Gods. 
+
+“ League all your forces then, ye pow’rs above, 
+
+“ Join all, and try th* omnipotence of Jove : 
+
+** Let down our golden, everlafting chain, 
+
+“ Whole ftrong embrace holds heav’n, and earth and main: 
+** Strive all, of mortal and immortal birth, 
+
+4 * To drag by this the thund’rer down to earth : 
+
+“ Ye drive in vain ? If I but ftretch this hand, 
+
+4 * I heave the Gods, the ocean, and the land, 
+
+“ I fix the chain to great Olympus height, 
+
+“ And the vad world hangs trembling in my fight. 
+
+For fuch I reign, unbounded, and above; 
+
+“ And fuch are men and Gods compar’d to Jove, 
+
+“ Th* Almighty fpoke, nor durd the ppwers reply, 
+
+“ A rev’rend horror filenc’d all the iky; 
+
+%{ Trembling they flood before their fovereign’s look. 
+
+POPE. 
+
+
+T I N I S. 
+
+
+
+
+► 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A 
+
+* 
+
+A BAS turned by Ceres into a newt, or water-lizard. 
+
+Page 116 
+
+Achelous, who afiumed all lhapes, conquered by Hercules 
+137. An explication of this fable ibid,. 
+
+Acheron fent to hell, and transformed into a river 49 
+Achilles, his birth and education, 156. Is concealed, to 
+prevent his going to Troy, and is difcovered by Ulyfies, 
+ibid . Divine honours paid-him 157 
+
+Acrifius fhuts up Danae in a brazen tower, 33, Caufes 
+Danae and her fon Perfeus to be put into a cheft, and 
+call into the fea, 446. Receives an accidental hurt, 
+which caufes his death 147 
+
+Aftaeon turned into a flag, and devoured by his own dogs, 
+83. The literal fenfe of the fable 84 
+
+Adonis beloved by Venus, 94. Killed by a wild boar, and 
+turned by that goddefs into the flower anemone ibid . 
+
+ASacus, who, his hiftory' 54 
+
+Aigeus throws himfelf from a rock, and is drowned in the 
+fea, which afterwards was called the Aegean fea 153 
+
+Aigis, Jupiter’s Ihield, why called by this name 30 
+
+ASgina, corrupted by Jupiter under the appearance of fire, 
+
+33 
+
+Aglaia, one of the Graces 8t 
+
+vEolus, g/>d of the winds, his hiftory 160 
+
+ALfculapius, the god of phyftc, his birth and fkill, 70. 
+His coming to Italy in the form of a ferpent, 71. Kill¬ 
+ed by Jupiter, ibid. The origin of the fable, 72. The 
+
+manner in which he was reprefented ibid . 
+
+Eta, the father of Medea, deprived of the golden fleece, 
+
+151 
+
+Aglaia, one of the Graces, and the wife of Vulcan. 81 
+Alchymy, or the tranfmutation of metals, &c. founded 
+only on the names given to the planets 233 
+
+Alcides, one of the names of Hercules 139 
+
+Alcithoe, 
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+Alcithoe, for deriding the prieftelfes of Bacchus, trans¬ 
+formed into a bat 
+
+
+band Amphytrion 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+her 
+
+
+,z 3 
+
+
+Alefto, one of the furies 
+Alpheus, in love with Diana 
+
+
+H 
+
+5 6 
+3 c 
+
+
+Altars, facred groves, and faeriffces, 260. Of the fimpli- 
+
+
+moft 
+
+
+the introduction of al¬ 
+
+
+tars, 260. The original of facred 
+the antient facrifices, 261. 
+
+
+groves, 261. Of 
+Of human victims, 262, 
+
+
+The ceremonies ufed at 
+which they were performed 
+
+
+Sacrifices., and the manner 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+(the 
+
+
+Jupi 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+262, 263 
+
+84 
+
+30 
+
+9 $ 
+13 + 
+
+
+Ambarvalia, feflivals in honour of Ceres, how performed 
+
+119 
+
+Amphion, Did to raife the walls of Thebes by the harmo¬ 
+ny of his lyre - 159 
+
+4 1 
+
+144 
+
+
+Amphitrite, Neptune’s wife 
+Amyous, fon of Neptune, killed by Pollux 
+Ancile, a brafs buckler, faid to be fent from heaven 111 
+Andromeda, expofed to a fea monfter, delivered by Per- 
+
+147 
+136 
+
+3 2 
+
+
+feus 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+Jupiter 
+
+
+Apollo, his birth and adventures, 61. The principal places 
+where he was worfhipped, 63. The origin of the fable 
+of Apollo, 67. In what manner he was reprefented, 69. 
+
+
+His 
+
+
+His 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+m w § 41 
+
+Arachne pretending to excel Minerva in weaving, is turned 
+into a fpider, 107. The origin of this fable 
+
+
+110 
+
+
+Ariadne gives Thefeus a clue, by which he gets out of the 
+labyrinth ; but he ungratefully leaves her; fhe is found 
+
+
+by Bacchus, who takes her, 123 
+into a conftellation 
+rgonauts, Jafon’s c< 
+expedition to fetch the golden fleece, 150. The origin 
+
+
+Her crown turned 
+
+ibid . 
+
+who attended him in his 
+
+
+expedition 
+ordered 
+
+
+152 
+
+Argus, who had an hundred eyes, ordered to watch lo, 
+but is killed bv Mercury, when Juno turns him into a 
+
+.35 
+Ariou* 
+
+
+peacock, 34, This fable explained 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+Arion, a fkilful mufician, being robbed and thrown into 
+the Tea, is carried to land on the back of a dolphin 159 
+Ariffceus, his hiftory 76 
+
+Arufpices, or foretelling future events, by infpe&ing the 
+intrails of viftfms, 246. From whence thefe fuperfti- 
+tious obfervances were derived, ibid. The manner in 
+which the intraiJs were examined, and what were the 
+rules of judging ibid* 
+
+Afcalaphus, telling that Ptoferpine had eaten fome grains 
+of a pomegranate, is transformed into a toad 46 
+
+Afteria, carried away by Jupiter in the fhape of an eagle 32 
+Aftrea returns to heaven, and is changed into the conftel- 
+lation Virgo 190 
+
+Aftrologv, its orign, 232. The names of the Zodiac, and 
+thofe of the planets, imagined to be indications of their 
+feveral offices, and to produce good and evil, according 
+to their names, 233. The figo^Tuppofed to prefide 
+
+
+over all parrs of the human body 235 
+
+Atalanta and Hippomenes turned into lions 93 
+
+Atlas, his defcent and offspring, 7. His exploits, 8. Ptr- 
+feus, by Ihewing him the Medufa’s head, turns him into 
+a mountain, ibid. The origin of the fable of Atlas ibid. 
+Atropos, one of the deftinies 50 
+
+Atys, beloved by Cybele, is murdered by his father’s or¬ 
+der 26. Turned into a pine-tree ibid. 
+
+
+Augeas’s liable, containing three thoufand oxen, cleanfed 
+by Hercules in a day, and himfelf flam for his perfidy 134 
+Augury, or forming a judgment of futurity by the flight of 
+birds, 242. From whence it arofe, ibid. The manner in 
+which the ceremony was performed, and what were the 
+rules of judging, 243. Of the facred chickens, and rhe 
+other methods of divination, 244. Of the college of 
+augurs, and the qualifications neceflary to render a per- 
+fon capable of being chofe into the office ' 245 
+
+Aurora, her defcent, 5. Carries Cephalus and Tithonus 
+into heaven, ibid. Her defcription. 6 
+
+B. 
+
+B ACCHANALIA and Brumalia, feflivals in honour of 
+
+Bacchus, 125. Bacchus, his education and exploits, 
+i2t. His names, 124. His principal feflivals, 123 How 
+reprefented by the poets and painteis, 126. The true 
+origin of this fabulous deity, ibid. His attendants 127 
+Battus, turned into a touch ftone 89 
+
+Btlide, 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+Belides, their crime and punifhment in Tartarus 58 
+
+Bellerophon, his hifiory, 147. The origin of the fable 148 
+Bellona, the gcddefs of war, defcribed 114 
+
+Boar of Erimanthus taken by Hercules 132 
+
+> fave herfelf from Apollo, throws herfelf into 
+
+
+the fea 
+
+
+* 
+
+Bona Dea, one of the titles of Cybele 
+Boreas, the north wind, his hiftory and offspring 
+Branchidae, oracle of 
+Britcmartis, being entangled in her own nets, is faved by 
+Diana 
+
+
+65 
+
+2 5 
+
+161 
+
+230 
+
+
+Bull, one that breathed fire, taken by Hercules- 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+83 
+
+>33 
+
+
+Neptu 
+
+
+
+ABIRI, three great 
+into Samothracia 
+
+
+1 37 
+
+C. 
+
+deities introduced from Egypt 
+
+184 
+
+
+Cacus, the ton of Vulcan, a notorious robber, killed by 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+138 
+
+
+Cadmus, his hiftory, 157. He and his wife Hermione 
+
+
+turned to ferpents, 158 This 
+Callus, the fon of Gaia or Terra 
+Cseculus, fon of Vulcan 
+Csenis transformed into a man 
+Califto, debauched by Jupiter under the form 
+turned into a bear,, and made a conflellation 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+JOJ 
+
+43 
+
+
+Calliope, one of the Mufes, prefiding 1 
+Calumny, an altar ereifted to her, 197 
+goddefs drawn by Appelles defcribed 
+Caoitol at Rome defcribed 
+
+I 
+
+Caftalia turned into a fountain 
+Caftor and Pollux, their birth and a&ions, 144 
+fharing immortality between them, and being 1 
+conftellation Gemini 
+Cecrops turned into apes 
+Celeus, killed by Ceres 
+
+
+. . ^ 
+
+r rhetoric 79 
+
+A picture of this 
+
+Hid .. 
+
+275 
+65 
+Their 
+
+
+‘5 
+11 6 
+
+
+Cephalus, beloved by Aurora, 5. Kills his wife Procris 
+
+
+without defigri 
+Cerberus defcribed, 52. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+
+
+1 3 5 
+
+Ceres*, her birth. 
+
+
+The origin of the fables related of this monfter 60 
+
+Her adventures while in iearch of 
+
+
+1 1S . 
+
+her daughter Proferpine, 
+
+
+116. Her feveral,names, and 
+
+
+W • * * 
+
+a defcription of the manner in which facnfices were or- 
+
+
+fered 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+fered to her, 117. The origin of the fables, and of the 
+myfterious rifes of Ceres, it 8. The manner in which 
+fhe was reprefented by the poets and painters, 120. 
+The temple of Ceres and Profei pine 271 
+
+Chaos, according to Hefiod, the father of the gods, i. 
+
+ibid 
+
+
+Why reprefented as a god 
+
+
+Charon, his office and character, 51. The origin of this 
+
+
+fabulous character 
+Charybais, turned info a whirlpool 
+
+
+60 
+167 
+
+
+Chenchrius, killed by Diana, and transformed into a 
+
+85 
+
+
+fountain 
+
+Chymasra, deftroyed by Bellerophon 
+Chione, deprived of fpeech by Diana 
+
+
+•148 
+
+8 ? 
+
+
+Circe, a famous forcerefs, baniflied for killing herhufband, 
+77. Falls in love with Glaucus, and turns her rivil Scyl- 
+la into a fea monffer, ibid. Turns the companions of 
+Ulyfies into fwine, ibid. The origin of this fable 78 
+
+123 
+194 
+
+79 
+6 S 
+
+
+Ciflus, transformed by Bacchus into the plant ivy 
+Clemency, altars and images erected to this virtue 
+Clio, one of the Mufes, prefiding over hiftory 
+Clotho, one of the deftinies 
+Clytie, changed into a fun flower 
+Clytoris, deflowered by Jupi'er in the fhape of an ant 33 
+Cocytus, one of the infernal rivers 49 
+
+
+176 
+
+»93 
+
+
+Compitalia, a feftival in honour of the Lares 
+Concordia, or Concord, a goddefs 
+Cupid, two of this name mentioned by the poets, 98. 
+The manner in which Cupid is reprefented by the poets 
+and painters, ibid. The origin of this little god deriv¬ 
+ed from the Egyptian Horus 99 
+
+Cybele, or Vella the elder, her hiftory, and the defcripri- 
+
+2 7 
+
+Kill- 
+
+
+on of her image, 25. Her priefts, facrifices, &c. 
+
+Cyclops delcribed, io$. Their employment, ibid. 
+
+ed by Apollo 
+
+Cycnus, a favage prince, vanquifhed by Hercules 
+Cycnus, turned into a fwan 
+Cynthia, one of the names of Diana 
+Cypariflus, turned into a cyprefs-tree 
+Cypria and Cytherea, names given to Venus 
+Cytheron, rejecting Tiliphone’s love, is 
+
+
+6 3 
+
+136 
+
+61 
+
+85 
+
+62 
+
+
+mountain 
+
+
+. . , 9 3 
+
+turned into a 
+
+5 f 
+
+
+DANAE,: 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+D. 
+
+ANAE, feduced by Tupiter 
+fhower 
+
+
+33 
+
+64 
+
+
+death 
+
+
+Nox 
+
+
+Daphne turned into a laurel 
+
+Dejanira, the wife of Hercules, the innocent caufe of his 
+
+138 
+
+,. . 53 .. 
+
+birth to 
+
+J 86 
+
+63 
+66 
+
+
+Deities inferior, attending mankind from their 
+their deceafe 
+
+Delius, one of the names of Apollo 
+Delphos, the temple and oracle of Apollo there 
+Deftinies or Fates, their names and offices. The mytho¬ 
+logy of thefe charaders 50 
+
+Deucaleon, reftores the race of mankind deftroyed by the 
+
+
+delug 
+
+
+1 3 
+
+
+Other fables of the fame kind 
+
+
+227 
+
+
+Diana, her adventures, 83. Her feveral names, and the 
+different charaders under whicbi file was woifhipped, 86, 
+87. The origin of the fable relating to this goddefs, 88. 
+Her temple at Ephefus defcribed 270 
+
+Diomede, the tyrant of Thrace, vanquished by Hercules, 
+and given as a ptey to his own horfes, who breathed 
+
+1 3 3 
+
+198 
+
+168 
+
+
+fire, and were fed with human flefii 
+Differtation on the theology of the heathens 
+Dryades, the nymphs of the forefls and woods 
+
+E. 
+
+E CHO, has a daughter by Pan, but he flighting her, (he 
+
+pined away till the had nothing left but her voice 169 
+Egyptians, feme remarks on the ceremonies uled at their 
+, funerals, 59, 60. Temples firfi: built by the Egyptians, 
+
+268 
+118 
+
+The origin of the fables re- 
+
+59, 60 
+of this 
+
+8 7 
+
+11 
+
+
+Eleufinian rites 
+
+
+defcribed 
+
+
+lating to them 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+Endymion, beloved by Diana, 72. The origin 
+fable _ 
+
+v. 
+
+Epimetheus, opens Pandora’s box 
+Epulones, their office 
+
+
+J - 
+
+dancing 
+
+
+Mufes 
+
+
+' 267 
+
+
+79 
+
+Eridhonius, the fon of Vulcan, the firft inventor of eba- 
+
+J04 
+
+
+riots 
+
+
+Erimanthian boar feized by Hercules 
+
+
+Erifichton, 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+* • 
+
+Erifichton, punifhed by Ceres with perpetual hunger, and 
+fells his daughter under different fhapes to fupply his 
+
+i16 
+
+
+wants 
+
+
+Eumenedes, or the Furies, defcribed, 46, 47. The fable 
+of the Furies explained 53 
+
+Euphrofyne, one of the Graces 8r 
+
+Europa, debauched by Jupiter in the fhape of a white bull, 
+
+157 
+
+Eurydice, her ftory ^ 74 
+
+Euryftheus commands Hercules to perform his labours 131 
+Euterpe, the mufe of tragedy 79 
+
+
+192 
+
+
+F. 
+
+F AME, how reprefented 
+
+Fauns, rural gods 129, 170 
+
+Faunus, a rural god, from whence fprang the Fauns, 128, 
+
+170 
+
+Faullitas, or Public Felicity, many temples confecrated to 
+her, 195. How reprefented ibid. 
+
+Feciales, their office 
+
+Feronia, the goddefs of woods and orchards 
+Fides, or Faith, the manner in which her facrifices were 
+
+
+2 67 
+172 
+
+
+performed 
+
+Flamines, their office 
+Flora, goddefs of flowers 
+Floralia, feafls in honour of Flora 
+Fortuna, or Fortune, worfhipped as a goddefs, 191 
+various names, ibid. How reprefented 
+
+
+193 
+
+266 
+
+174 , 175 
+
+174 
+
+Her 
+192 
+
+
+Furies, their office, charadters and perfons defcribed, 55 
+
+
+5 * 
+
+
+102 
+
+
+The fable of the Furies explained 
+
+G 
+
+G ALANTHIS changed into a weafel 
+
+Gallus, or Aledtryon, transformed into a cock 
+Ganymede, carried by Jupiter into heaven, and made his 
+cup-bearer 
+
+Genii, or Daemons, attendant fpirits, 
+ces and offerings made them 
+
+Geryon, king of Spain, who had three bodies, killed by 
+Hercules 
+
+Giants, their war with Jupiter, and defeat, 20. An ex¬ 
+plication of . this fable 
+
+
+17S 
+
+
+32 
+
+The facrifi- 
+
+ibid 
+
+
+Glaucus, a fifherman, made a fea god 
+Golden Age defcribed 
+
+Golden Fleece, an account of the ram that bore it, 
+
+O 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+165 
+
+19 , 20 
+
+150. 
+
+Tro 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+Its being guarded by a dragon and bulls breathing fire* 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+* 
+
+tbia. 
+
+
+■Good Genius, a temple erected to him 
+Good Senfe. an altar,ereCled to him 
+
+
+Jafon 
+
+
+178 
+
+195 
+
+166 
+
+
+Gorgons defcribed 
+Graces, three attendants on the Mufes, Si. Their origin, 
+ibid. How reprefented 
+Grsex, fillers to the Gorgons, defctibed 
+Groves, from whence they were confidered as facred 268 
+
+. -A 
+
+
+82 
+
+166 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+» • • ■ - 
+
+Amadryades, nymphs who animated fome tree, 171 
+Harpies,-their names, and a. defciiption of them; 
+
+. . 5 *’ 
+
+162 
+
+196 
+
+ibid . 
+
+
+with the mythology of their.-characters 
+Harpocrates, the god of fiience, his origi 
+Health, her t-.,mple 
+Hebe, her birth and hiftory, 143. Her temples 
+
+
+Helena carried away by- Thefeus 
+
+when on the point of l)eing faerificed. 
+
+
+Hecate, pae of the names given to Diana, S7. Her 
+
+as god.defs of the infernal regions, 88. The origin of this 
+oddefs, and of her different names and characters, ibid. 
+
+IJ4 
+
+is carried 
+
+thro* the air on the ram that bore the golden fleece; but 
+falling, is drowned in that fea, which, from her, is cal¬ 
+led, the Hellefpont. 149, iqo 
+
+Hercules, his birth, 130. His labours, 131, 132, 133, 134, 
+.135, 136, 137.. His death, 138. The origin of thtle 
+fables 142 
+
+Her.maphrodi.tus and Salmacis, formed into one perfon 
+
+
+Hermaphrodite 
+Hermes, one of Mercury 
+
+
+90 
+
+89 
+
+
+Hermipne, the wife of Cadmus, turned into a ferpent 158 
+
+
+He fi 
+
+cules 
+Hefp 
+
+
+136 
+
+
+dred heads: Hercules kills the dragon, and takes away 
+the golden fruit, 135. An explication of the fable of 
+
+
+Hefperides 
+
+
+142 
+
+
+Hefperus 
+
+
+liar 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+cules 
+
+
+1 33 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+'.cape the effects, of her revenge, arid is killed by a fall 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+
+from his chariot 
+
+
+Hippomenes and Atalanta turned into lions 
+
+
+Honour, her temp] 
+
+
+How reprefented 
+
+
+15-4 
+
+>95 
+
+>93 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+Hope worfhipped, 19?. 
+
+Horse, or the Hours, their defcem, and how employed, 100 
+Horn of plenty, its origin 30 
+
+Hyacinthus, killed by Apollo, and'changed into a flower 62 
+Hyades, lamenting the lofs of their brother Hyas, are 
+turned into ftars 8 
+
+Hydra, a monftrous ferpent, killed by Hercules 132 
+
+Hymen, his birth, and the manner in which he was repre- 
+
+ibid. 
+
+4 
+
+
+lented, 99. - His origin an Egyptian Horns 
+Hyperion, the fon of Caelus and Terra, affaffinated 
+
+J, & I. 
+
+
+
+4 NUS, his hiflory, 23. His image defcribed, ibid. The 
+meaning of the fable of Janus ibid. 
+
+10 
+
+
+japetus, the father of Epimetheus and Prometheus 
+
+
+Jafon, his birth and education, 149. Undertakes a voy¬ 
+age to fetch the golden fleece, which he gains by the afl. 
+fiftance of Medea, 150. The a&ions of this force refs, 
+who follows him to Greece, 151. Jafon’s leaving her, 
+
+ibid . 
+
+93 
+
+76 
+20c 
+48 
+
+Inferior deities, attending mankind from their birth to their 
+deceafe 186 
+
+Inferior rural deities 189 
+
+Jno and Melicertes turned into marine deities, and take rite 
+names of Leucothea and Palaimon 
+Io, her ftory 
+
+
+and her revenge 
+Idalsa, one of the names of Venus 
+Jdmon, the fon of Apollo* killed by a wild boar 
+Id latry, its original 
+Infernal regions defcribed 
+
+
+164, 1 
+
+34 
+
+lolaus, at the interceflion of Hercules, reflored to youth. 
+
+After his death, returns to earth to revenge the 
+infults oflvred to the Heraclidte j«g 
+
+Iris, the roefienger of Juno ^9 
+
+Ifis, an Egyptian goddefs, whole worfhip was introduced 
+
+
+111. 
+
+
+at Rome 
+
+
+179 
+
+
+Itys murdered by Progne, and turned into a pheafant 113 
+
+Juno, her birth and name, 37. The manner in which 
+Ihe was reprefented 
+
+Jupiter, his birth, and education, 29. His war with the 
+
+His other exploits, 31. His intrigues* 32. 
+
+
+giants, 30. 
+
+
+O 2 
+
+
+An 
+
+
+
+t* 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+I N D E X. 
+
+An explication of the fables related of Jupiter, 
+manner in which he was reprefented, 36. His oracle at 
+Dodona defcribed, 249. And that of Jupiter Ammon 
+in Lybia, 252 The temple of Jupiter Olympus, &c. 271 
+
+
+Ixion, his crime and punifhment in Tartarus 
+
+L. 
+
+L ACHESISj one of the deftinies 
+
+1 Lares, domeitic gods, their defcent, 176. 
+ner in which they were reprefented 
+
+
+57 > 53 
+
+
+, 5 ° 
+
+The man- 
+
+177 
+
+
+Latona, the mother of Apollo and Diana, turns the clowns 
+of Lycia into frogs, for refufing to let her drink 61 
+Leda, debauched by Jupiter in the fhape of a fwan, 32. 
+
+144 
+60 
+64 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+Brings forth two eggs 
+Lethe, the river of forgetfulnefs 
+Leucippus ftabbed 
+Leucothoe turned into the tree that bears frankincenfe 65 
+Liberty, altars and temples confecrated to her 195 
+
+171 
+
+with 
+
+r 63 
+of the 
+
+ibid. 
+
+38, 86 
+
+86 
+
+
+Limniades, nymphs who frequented lakes 
+Li nee us kills Caftor, and is himfelf killed by Pollux 
+Linus punifhed with death, for prefuming to fing 
+
+
+Apollo 
+
+Lihus, fon of Apollo, his iiory, 76. The origin 
+fable 
+
+Lucina, one of the names of Juno and of Diana 
+Luna, or the Moon, one of Diana’s names 
+Lupercalia, a'feaft celebrated in honour of Pan 
+
+
+169 
+
+
+Lycaon, for his impiety and inhumanity, turned into a 
+
+
+wolf 
+
+
+3 1 
+
+
+Lycas, being hurled into the air by Hercules, falls into the 
+river Thermopolis, where he is transformed into a rock, 
+
+139 
+
+Lycian, clowns, turned into frogs for muddying the water, 
+
+
+when Ceres wanted to drink 
+
+
+116 
+
+
+Lycurgus having afrYontedBacchus>isdep*iv’d of his reafon 123 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+M. 
+
+. 7 ENADES, the priefteffes and nymphs of Bacchus, 
+
+128 
+121 
+
+
+Macris, the nurfe of Bacchus 
+Magic, of two kinds, 238. Its origin, 239. Of calling 
+up the fpirits of the dead 
+Magna Pales, one of the names of Cybele " 
+
+Mars, how produced, iij. His different, names, 
+
+His intrigue with Venus, 102. His offspring, 113. The 
+
+ori- 
+
+
+240 
+
+27 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+
+INDEX., 
+
+origin of the fables relating to this god, ihid. The man¬ 
+ner in which he has been reprefented by poets, painters, 
+and ftatuaries ri^ 
+
+Marfyas, pretending to equal Apollo in mufic, is fleaed 
+
+
+alive, and afterwards changed into a river 
+
+
+
+
+6 
+
+Medea, a forcerefs, afiifts Jal'on in obtaining the golden 
+
+ihid. 
+All 
+
+
+fleece, 151. Her exploits 
+Medufa, her hair turned to fnakes by Minerva, 107 
+that looked at her turned into flones, ibid . Her head 
+cut off by Perfeus 
+Megaera, one of the furies 
+Melantho, furprized by Neptune as fhe was riding on a 
+
+
+*47 
+
+56 
+
+
+Dolphin 
+
+
+42 
+
+
+Meleager, his ftory, 84.. His lifters turned into hen tnr- 
+kies ibid. 
+
+Melpomene, one of the Mufes, who prefided over lyric 
+
+
+and epic poetry 
+Mentha, changed into mint 
+
+
+79 
+
+39 
+
+
+Mercury, his birth, thefts, and his other exploits, 89, 
+His various offices, 90. The real origin of this fabu¬ 
+lous deity, 91. His oracle at Claros ’ 257 
+
+Mercy, altars and temples erefted to this virtue 194. 
+
+Merra transforms herfelf into various fhapes, and is as of- 
+teivfold by her father . 43 
+
+Midas, for giving an unjuft: fentence againft Apollo, is re¬ 
+warded with affes ears, 63. Bacchus grants his wi/h, that 
+whatever he touched might be changed into gold 123 
+Minerva, her feveral names, 107. Her character and ex¬ 
+ploits, ibid. Her temples, flatues, &c. 108. The origin 
+of this godckfs, and of the fables related of her, 109. 
+How reprefented by the poets and fculptors 110, 111 
+Minos, one of the judges of hell, his hiftory 53 
+
+Minotaur, a monfter who lived on human flefli, killed 
+
+ibid. 
+
+74 
+
+1 6z, 
+162 
+
+
+by Thefeus, 153;. This fable explained 
+Masnades tears Orpheus in pieces 
+Moulus cenfures the adfions of the gods 
+Morpheus, the god of fleep, defcribed 
+Mufes, their birth and diftin£t provinces, 78. Their ori- 
+
+
+161, 
+
+
+gin 
+
+
+81 
+
+
+Mythology of the heathens, 216. Of fidion in general. 
+
+By what means allegories became obje£ls of faith. 
+
+
+217 
+
+
+illuftrared by fome obfervations on the ceremonies with 
+which the Egyptians buried their dead, ibid* A prayer 
+
+O 3 u'ed. 
+
+
+
+I N D E X.: 
+
+I 
+
+ufed by the Egyptians at their funerals, 218. Many of 
+the heathen fables derived from the fidtions of the poets, 
+a concern for the honour of the ladies, and a fimilitude 
+of name's, 219. The fentiments of the Pagans in rela¬ 
+tion to the origin of the world, compared with thofe gi¬ 
+ven us by Mofes, 222. Of the golden age, as defcrib- 
+ed by the philofophers and poets, 225. Of the fall of 
+man, as defcribed by Pythagoras, Plato, and feveral In¬ 
+dian and Chinefe authors, ibid. Of good or bad de¬ 
+mons, 226. Of the fables of the Titans and giants, 
+ibid. Traditions relating to the univerfal deluge, 227, 
+The heathen fables filled with noble fentiments, 230. 
+Of the morals of the Greek and Roman philofophers, 
+231. In what Pagan idolatry confided 229 
+
+N. 
+
+N AIADES, nymphs of brooks and rivers 171 
+
+Napaeae, the tutelar guardians of vallies and flowery 
+meads ibid, 
+
+Naemean lion killed by Hercules 131 
+
+Nemefis, one of the goddefles of juftice, how reprefented 
+
+190 
+
+Neptune, his defcent, 41. His remarkable addons, ibid. 
+The mythological fenfe of this fable, 43. The manner 
+in which he was painted ibid, 
+
+Nereus, a fea god 164 
+
+Nereids, fea nymphs, the fifty daughters of Nereus ibid. 
+Neflu$ K the centaur, killed by Hercules with a poifoned 
+
+arrow 138 
+
+Niobe’s children fiain by Apollo, and herfelf ftupified with 
+grief for the lofs of her children, is turned'into a ftone, 
+64. The origin of this fable ibid. 
+
+Nox, and her progeny . .53 
+
+Nyfus, after having loft his purple lock of hair, and his 
+kingdom, is transformed into a hawk 167 
+
+O. 
+
+O CEANUS, the fon of Caelus and Terra 4 
+
+Omphale, queen of Lydia, gains fuch an afcendant 
+over Hercules, as to make him fit among her women 
+and fpin 138 
+
+Ops, one of the names of Cybefe 25 
+
+Oreades, nymphs who prefide over mountains- 171 
+
+Qrion 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+I N D E 
+
+* * - • 
+
+Grion, his furprizing birth and adventures, 162* Killed 1 ' 
+
+
+by Diana, and made a conflellation 
+
+
+163- 
+
+
+Orpheus, his ftory, 74* The origin of this fable 75; 
+
+Of Oracles, 248. That much of the happinefs of life is 
+owing to our ignorance of futurity, ibid. On the firflf 
+rife of oracles, and the ufe made of them by the grea- 
+tell legiflators, 249. Of the oracle of Jupiter at Do- 
+dona, ibid. A remarkable circumftance relating to this 
+oracle, 250. Of the oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Ly- 
+bia, 252. Of the oracle of Apollo at Delphos, a tra¬ 
+dition concerning the rife of it, and the manner in which 
+its anfvvers were delivered, 2 53. Off the oracle of Tri- 
+phonius, 255. Of the oracles of the Branchidse, 256.. 
+Of Apollo at Claros, and that of Mercury in Achaia, 
+
+Some obfervations on the different ways by which 
+
+
+257. 
+
+the fenfe of the oracles were conveyed 
+Orgia, feftivals in honour of Bacchus 
+Orus, an Egyptian deity 
+Ofiris, an Egyptian deity 
+
+P 
+
+
+258 
+
+125 
+
+l8 I; 
+
+* 79 - 
+
+
+
+ALEMON and Ino, changed into marine deities, 164, 
+
+
+Pales, the goddefs of fhepherds 
+Palilia, feafts in honour of Pales 
+
+
+165 
+
+172 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+Palladium, a ftatue of Minerva, faid to fall down from 
+heaven 
+
+Pallas, one of the names of Minerva 
+
+
+109. 
+
+106 
+
+
+Pan, the chief of all the rural gods, 168. His amours, 
+
+Kis feftivals, and the manner in which he is de- 
+
+170 
+238 
+
+Her box and the evils that 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+fcribed by poets and painters 
+Pater Patratus, his office 
+Pandora, the firft woman, 11. 
+
+
+fpreadfrom thence amongft mankind 
+Parcae, or Deftinies, their office, and the mythology of 
+
+
+their characters 
+
+
+5 ° 
+
+
+Paris decides the difpute between the three goddeffes, and 
+gives the golden apple to Venus 94. 
+
+107 
+
+How reprefented ibid. 
+
+
+Parthenis, one of the names of Minerva 
+
+
+Peace, an altar ereCted to her, 192. 
+
+Pecunia, or Money, a goddefs 196 
+
+Pegafus* a flying horfe, how produced, 81. The origin 
+
+
+of the fable 
+
+
+ibid, 
+
+Parnates, 
+
+
+
+I N D E X. 
+
+4 
+
+Pajnates, domeftic deities, 176. Three ranks of them 177 
+Panfheus, torn in pieces by his own mother and lifters 123 
+Perleus, his defcent, 146. The gifts he received from the 
+gods, 1 47. Curs off Medufa’s head, ibiJ. Turns Atlas 
+into a mountain, 9. Delivers Andromeda, founds an 
+academy, dies, and is placed among the liars, 147. An 
+explanation of the fable of Perfeus and Andromeda, 148 
+Phoebe and Talayra carried away by Caflor and Pollux 145 
+Phoebus, one of the names of Apollo 65 
+
+Phredra, attempts to debauch her fon Hippolitus ; her fuit 
+is rcje&ed, and (he lays violent hands on, herfelf 154 
+Phaeton obtains leave of his father Apollo to drive the 
+chariot of the fun for one day ; but lofing the reins, is 
+ftruck down by Jupiter, 73. His fliers turned into 
+poplar-trees, ibid. The origin of this fable ibid. 
+
+Philomela turned into a nightingale 113 
+
+Pheneus, tormented by the harpies, for revealing the my- 
+lieries of Jupiter 31 
+
+Phlegethon, one of the infernal rivers 50 
+
+Plilegyas burns the temple of Apollo, is punilhed in Tar¬ 
+tarus . 37 
+
+Pti<?rcus, or Phorcys, one of the Tons of Neptune, being 
+yanquilhed by Atlas, who threw him into the fea, is 
+changed into a fea god 1 66 
+
+Phryxus rejects the advances of Ino, and efcapes the effe&s 
+of her revenge, by being carried through the air on the 
+ram that bore the golden fleece 149, 150 
+
+P|cus turned into a wood-pecker 77 
+
+Piety, or filial afi'e&ion, what it was that occafioned a cha¬ 
+pel being erefted to this virtue 194 
+
+Planets, the names given them, became indications of 
+their feveral offices, 233. Why they were fuppofed to 
+produce metals 235 
+
+Pleiades, the daughters of Atlas, taken up into heaven, 
+-where they form the conflellation that bears their name 8 
+Pluto, his defcent, 45. Steals away Proferpine, ibijd. 
+The manner in which he is reprefented by the painters 
+and poets, 46. The mythology of the fable 47 
+
+Plutus and Pecunia deified by the Romans 196 
+
+Pollux and Caftor, their birth and exploits, fhare immor¬ 
+tality between them, and are made the conflellation 
+Gemini, 144, A templeere&ed to them >46 
+
+Polyhymnia^, 
+
+
+
+IN D E X. 
+
+* 
+
+“ m 
+
+lyhymnia, one of the Mufes, who j 
+ny of voice and gefture 
+Polyphemus, a monftrous giant with'but one eye 
+
+
+79 
+
+IOC 
+
+
+Pomona, the goddefs of fruit-trees, courted and married 
+
+
+by Vertumnus 
+
+Maximus 
+
+
+office 
+
+
+175, 176 
+
+
+Priapus, the tutelar deity of vineyards and gardens. 
+
+feveral names given him, and his image defcribed 
+Priefts and prieftefles of the Greeks and 
+
+
+266 
+The 
+
+
+Maximus 
+
+
+172 
+
+Romans, 264. 
+
+5 . Of 
+
+
+the Rex Sacrorum, ibid . Of the Flamines, 266. Of 
+the _Feciales, 277. Of the Pater Patratus, ibid . Of 
+
+267 
+
+6 
+
+1 5 3 
+
+
+the Epuiones 
+
+Procris makes Cephalus a prefent of an unerring dart 
+Procruftes killed by Thefeus 
+
+
+Prodigies, the fuperftition of the Romans in relation to 
+
+
+them, and how they may be accounted for 
+Progne turned into a fwallow 
+
+
+236 
+
+ll 3 
+
+
+Prometheus makes a man of clay, and animates him with 
+fire ftolen from heaven, 10. His punilhment, ibid* 
+
+
+Hercules. 
+Propastides turned into Stones 
+Proferpine, carried 
+
+
+This fable explained 
+
+
+12 
+
+
+names, 48. 
+
+
+away by Pluto, 47. 
+
+The mythological fenfe of the fable 
+
+
+. 95 
+
+Her various 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+himlelf into any fhape 
+Pryene turned into a fountain 
+
+
+transform 
+
+165 
+
+
+8$ 
+
+Pudicitia, or Chaftity, honoured at Rome under two- 
+
+194 
+
+
+names 
+
+
+Pygmalion falls in love with a ftatue of his own making, 
+which Venus, at his requeft, turns into a woman 95, 
+
+13 
+
+the 
+
+63 
+
+
+Pyrrha, the wife of Deucalion 
+Python, a monftrous ferpent, flam by Apollo; and 
+
+
+
+origin of the fable 
+
+
+HADAMANTHUS 
+
+
+R. 
+
+
+Rex Sacrorum, his office 
+Rhea, one of the names of Cybele 
+
+S. 
+
+
+54 
+
+266, 
+
+zc 
+
+
+S ACRIFICES originally extremely Ample, 26 r. Of 
+human victims, 262. The ceremonies ufed at facrifi- 
+ces, and the manner in which they were performed 263 
+
+Salmoneus 
+
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+Salmoneus punifhed in Tartarus for imitating thunder, 
+
+$8 
+
+
+&c. 
+
+
+Salus, or Health, her temple, 195. How reprefented ibid, 
+Saturn, devours his male children, 14. Taken prifoner 
+by Titan, but fet at liberty by Jupiter, who afterwards 
+dethrones him, 15. The fable of Saturn explained, 14, 
+
+His 
+ibid. 
+
+Satyrs, the attendants of Bacchus*, deferibed,. 12 9,. Their 
+
+
+15, 16, 17. Feftivals in honour of Saturn, 17 
+amours 
+
+
+origin al 
+Sciron killed by Thefeus 
+
+
+ibid. 
+*5 3 
+
+
+Scylla, the daughter of Fhorcus, turned by Circe into a 
+monfter, throws herfelf into the fea, and is changed 
+
+
+into a rock. 
+
+
+166 
+
+
+Scylla, the daughter of Nyfus, betrays her father, by cut¬ 
+ting off a purple lock of hair, and is turned into a 
+lark 167 
+
+
+Semele deftroyed by Jupiter’s embraces 
+Silence, worfhipped by the Romans, 163. 
+
+. this fuppofed deity 
+Silinus, the companion of Bacchus, deferibed, 107 
+origin of this fabulous chara&er- 
+Silver Age deferibed 
+SifTphus, his punifhment in Tartarus 
+Stable of Augeas cleaned by Hercules 
+
+
+33 ’ 31 
+
+The origin of 
+
+ibid, - 
+The 
+128 
+
+36 
+
+58 
+
+l'34 
+
+
+Stymphalides, monftrous birds deftroyed by Hercules 133 
+Styx, a river of hell 
+Sylvanus, a rural deity 
+Sylvani, who 
+
+Syrens, deferibed, 82. ' vl The origin of the fable 
+Syrinx flies from Pan, and is changed into a tuftot reeds 168 
+
+T. 
+
+* 
+
+'T'ANTALUS, his crime and punifhment in Tartarus 58 
+
+
+49 
+
+128 
+
+171 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+JL Tartarus deferibed. 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+The fabulous perfon pu- 
+
+
+mfhed there, 57. The origin of thefe fables 
+
+
+56 
+
+
+'Temples firft built by the Egyptians, 268. The ceremo¬ 
+nies ufed by the Romans before they began to build a 
+temple, 269. Of the temple of Vulcan at Memphis, 
+and an extraordinary chapel hewn out of one ftone, 270. 
+Of the temple of Diana at Epheius, ibid. Of the tem¬ 
+ple of Ceres and Proferpine, ibid. A particular deferip- 
+-fion of the temple of Jupiter Olympus. Of his ftatue 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+
+
+INDEX, 
+end his throne, 271. Of the temple of Apollo at Del 
+
+
+phos, and the immenfe treafures it contained, 273. Of 
+the temples in Italy, 274. Particularly the Pantheon, 
+
+275 
+
+79 
+81 
+
+
+ibid. The capitoi 
+Thalia, the mule of comedy 
+Thalia, one of the Graces 
+Thamyris, contending with tl 
+blindnels and call into hell 
+Themis, her birth and actions 
+
+
+Mufes 
+
+
+punilhed with 
+
+80 
+100 
+
+
+tians, and the Romans from the Greeks 
+
+
+Theology of the Heathens, a diflerfation upon it, 198 
+The firft nations of the world had verv exalted fend- 
+
+*> V 
+
+rnents of the deity, ibid. Emblems of the deity become 
+the caufe of idolatry, 201* 202, The reafon of the 
+names given to the-figns of the Zodiac, 208. Egypt 
+the grand mart of idolatry, ibid. That the antient eas¬ 
+tern nations had a referved meaning in all their fables, 
+209. On the deification of great and eminent men, 
+212. That the Greeks took their gods from the Egyp- 
+
+213 
+
+Tereus, after marrying Progne, falls in love with her lifter 
+Philomela; Her barbarous treatment; for which Tereus 
+
+112, 113 
+
+174 
+
+narks ibid, 
+
+2, 3 
+
+rries Hyperion, 
+3. Difappears in a ftorm of thunder and lightening 3, 4 
+Theophane, changed into an ewe by Neptune, who de¬ 
+bauches her under the form of a rarn 42 
+
+156 
+
+but receives the 
+
+
+is turned into a lapwing 
+Terminalia, a Roman feitival 
+Terminus, the god who prefides over I 
+Terra, the mother and wife of Cselus 
+Tethys, the wife and filler of Oceanus 
+
+
+Minerva 
+
+
+Thefeus, his birth and exploits 
+Thetis, the mother of Achilles 
+Tirefias, deprived of light by 
+
+gift of prophecy _ . 
+
+Tifiphone, one of the furies, being reje&ed by Cythaeron, 
+kills him by throwing one of her fnakes at him 
+
+
+107 
+
+
+Jupiter 
+
+
+55 
+
+20 
+
+
+Tithonus marries Aurora, and obtains immortality ; but 
+growing decrepid with age, is turned into a grafshopper 5 
+Tityus, his punifhment in Tartarus ,57 
+
+Triptolemus, fed by Ceres, and fentby her in a chariot to 
+
+0 /*. - -■» . j,6 
+
+164 
+
+
+inftruct mankind in the benefit of tillage 
+Triton, the fon of Neptune, deferibed 
+
+
+Tropho 
+
+
+
+I N D E X. 
+
+
+Trophonius 
+Truth, how 
+Tyndaridae, frho 
+
+
+2 55 
+*95 
+*44 
+
+
+Typhon, or Typhaeus, one of the giants who made war 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+His figure defcribed. 
+
+
+ibid* 
+
+
+Ty rhenian merchants changed by Bacchus into dolphins. 
+
+
+t 
+
+V 
+
+
+V, & u. 
+
+
+121 , 122 
+
+
+ENUS, how produced, 92. Her various names, 93. 
+
+The didin&ion of two Venules, 
+
+
+Her 
+
+
+96. An explanation of thefe fables, ibid. How 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+*75 
+
+Vertumnus 
+
+
+fented, 97. Her 
+
+Vertumnalia, feafts in honour of Vertumnus 
+Vertumnus and Pomona, their dory, 173. 
+
+thought by fome to be an emblem of the year 176 
+
+Veda the elder, her hillory, 25. The manner in which 
+fhe is reprefented ibid. 
+
+Veda the younger, the goddefs of fire, 28, Her 
+ibid. Vedal virgins 
+Vi&ory, a goddefs, how reprefented 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+. . . * 9 > 
+
+Virginia, the daughter of Aulus, dedicates a chapel to 
+
+
+Pudicitia Plebeia 
+Virtue and Honour, temples erected to them 
+
+
+*94 
+
+*93 
+
+
+Vulcan, his employment, and the curious works he per¬ 
+formed, 101. His various names, ibid. Difcovers Mars 
+with his wife Venus, by means of a net, and expofes 
+them to the ridicule of the gods, 102. The manner in 
+which he was reprefented, 103. The origin of thefe 
+fables, ibid. His offspring, 104. His temple at Mem¬ 
+phis defcribed 270 
+
+Ulyfles difcovers Achilles, notwithdanding his being dif- 
+guifed, and takes him with him to the fiege of Troy, 
+156. Is preferved from Circe’s enchantments. 
+Blinds the giant Polypi 
+Urania, the divine mufe 
+Uranus, the offspring of 
+
+
+emus 
+
+
+106 
+
+79 
+
+z 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+
+ISUTHRUS, faved from the deluge, a Chaldean tra¬ 
+dition 1 
+
+
+Z. 
+
+
+227 
+
+
+EPHYRUS blows Apollo’s quoit againd Hyacinthus’s 
+head, and kills him 62 
+
+
+Zouiac, its invention, and the reaforn of the names given 
+
+
+
+to the figns 
+
+
+FINIS. 
+
+
+207, 
+
+
+208 
+
+
+