diff --git "a/resources/greece/PantheonOrFabulousHistoryOfTheHeathenGods1778_djvu.txt" "b/resources/greece/PantheonOrFabulousHistoryOfTheHeathenGods1778_djvu.txt"
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@@ -0,0 +1,30583 @@
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+• vr*Y 
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+' X 
+rS _ 
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+v « 
+• 1 
+
+
+
+
+Explained in a Manner entirely New ; 
+
+And rendered much more ui^ul thamany hitherto publifhed. 
+
+* 
+
+ADORNED WITH 
+
+''Figures from antient Paintings, Medals and Gems, for the Ufe 
+cf thofe who would underfUnd Historv, Poetry, Paint¬ 
+ing, Statuary, Coins, Medals, &c. 
+
+
+WITH 
+
+
+
+An Explanation of the Mythology of the Antients from the 
+Writings of Mofes \ the Egyptian , Grecian , Raman , and Eaji- 
+ern Hiftorians, Philofcphers, Poets, <£fr. 
+
+
+
+
+The Fifth Edition, 
+
+Revifed and Corrected, with large Additions, and a Diflertation 
+
+on the Theology of the Heathens. 
+
+
+
+By W I LLIAM COOKE, M. A. 
+
+Re&or of Oldbury and Didmarton in Gloucejlerjhire , Vicar of 
+Enford in Wiltjhire , and Chaplain to the Right Honourable 
+
+the Earl ofSuFFOLK. # 
+
+
+To which is fubjoined, 
+
+AN APPENDIX, 
+
+
+Trea 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+Prod 
+
+
+es, Oracles &c 
+
+
+Aug u R i es- 
+
+
+Arusp i c 
+pointed out : 
+
+Altars, Sacred G 
+
+
+hich the Origin of each is 
+
+
+Historical Account of the Rife of 
+ioves, Pr i ests and Temples. 
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+
+• «. «s 
+
+
+I 9. 
+
+
+
+. rv. , * ‘‘ 
+
+• , -I ' « 
+
+
+# 4 
+
+
+*» ■ 
+
+‘ >' 
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+* ■• 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Such was the Attempt of the ingenious 
+Author of this Work. It mull be admitted 
+
+
+that he has 
+
+
+he lived to revile 
+
+
+great Part fucceeded 
+
+
+Had 
+
+
+pare it for another Edition 
+
+
+t carefully, and to pre 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+foreign 
+
+
+I- - ~ au x Ui v. 
+
+iiftance had probably been needlefs 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+
+
+what feemed wanting 
+
+
+
+
+or 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+Af- 
+
+Asit 
+
+Effect of 
+
+Inadver- 
+
+
+
+DEDICATION 
+
+Inadvertency and Error, I have endeavour¬ 
+ed to fupply and amend. 
+
+
+
+
+♦ 
+
+William Cooke. 
+
+
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+W E have here no Defign to raife the 
+
+Reputation of this Work, by depre¬ 
+ciating the many others that have already 
+been publifhed on this Subje&; it is fuffici- 
+ent for us to fay, that we have followed a Plan 
+entirely new, and at the fame Time fuch an 
+one as appeared to us much more ufeful, more 
+
+rational, and lefs dry than any that has gone be¬ 
+fore it. 
+
+/ * 
+
+♦ 
+
+As all Works of this Kind mud neceflarily con- 
+fid of Materials colle&ed from other Authors, no 
+Expence, no Labour has been fpared, the mod: 
+celebrated Works on this Subje£t have been 
+confuhed and compared with each other, and it 
+has frequently happened, that fcattered Hints, 
+widely difperfed, have ferved to clear up the 
+mod difficult and intricate Meaning, to a De¬ 
+gree of Demondration ; but amongd all the Au¬ 
+thors. to which we have had Recourfe, we mud 
+
+A 3 here 
+
+
+VI 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+E. 
+
+
+here particularly acknowledge the great Ad 
+
+
+tage we have 
+tleman the Abbe Pincbe , in 
+
+
+leaven 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+from that ingenious Gen- 
+
+Hiftory of the 
+
+
+
+as that learned 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+ble 
+
+
+Writer feems now and then to have carried 
+Matters a little too far ; the Reader will find lefs 
+Ufe 
+
+We have been 
+
+
+made of him, than in the former E 
+
+careful to allow all Thi 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+nd Re 
+
+
+
+to Conjedt 
+
+
+Vv 
+
+
+ha 
+
+
+a I'o 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+I'ef 
+
+
+u 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+from the Abbe B 
+
+
+But it behoves us efpecially, to acknovvjedg 
+
+
+ie as might be 
+
+received fome 
+Mythology. 
+
+? the 
+
+
+
+h we 
+
+
+
+W 
+
+fa l 
+
+
+gs of the 
+Kir c her* 
+
+
+received from the 
+
+
+who hav 
+
+
+ed Bochart 
+Lip ft us, Mont} 
+
+
+Pi o- norius, Ca 
+
+
+
+Egyptia 
+
+
+
+others 
+
+w • 
+
+ofefled to treat of the Phoenician 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+n, Greek 
+
+
+and R 
+
+
+Antiq 
+
+
+Some Acquaintance with the Heathen Gods 
+and the ancient Fables, is a receflary Branch of 
+polite Learning, as without this it is impofii- 
+rde to obtain a competent Knowledge of the 
+Clailics, impoffible to form a Judgment of An¬ 
+tique Medals, Statues or Paintings; or even to 
+underfland the Performances of the Moderns in 
+thefe polite Arts. 
+
+Hence thefe Studies have been generally ef- 
+teerheef neceffary for the Improvement of Youth; 
+but in Works of this Kind, fufficient Care has 
+not been taken, to unfold the Origin of the 
+Heathen Gods, which has generally been mifta- 
+ken. Some imagining that they had been Kings 
+and Princes; others, that they were the vari¬ 
+ous Parts of Nature. And others that they 
+"were the Patriarchs and Heroes of the Jewilh 
+
+' \ T “ 
+
+Nation. 
+
+
+
+VII 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Nation. But each of thefe have been found e- 
+qually contrary to Truth, when applied to the 
+Pagan Theology, though fome of their Fables 
+have been enibell idled with many Circumftances 
+related in the Mofaic Hiftory, In Works of 
+this Kind, no Care has hitherto been taken to 
+give the lead Intimation of Abundance of Cir¬ 
+cumftances necefiary to be known ; and a Per- 
+fon reads the Hiftory of the Gods without find¬ 
+ing any Thing added, that can help him to un¬ 
+ravel the Myfteries he meets with in every Page, 
+or to entertain the leaft Idea of the Religion of 
+their W orfhi p pe rs. 
+
+
+
+ginally brought from Egypt and Phoenicia , where 
+iney had been the Objects of religious Wor- 
+fhip before any Colonies from thefe Countries 
+fettled in Greece . We ought then to fearch in 
+Egypt and Phoenicia for the Origin of‘the Gods ; 
+for the Gods whofe Worfhip was chiefly pro¬ 
+moted by the Egyptians, and carried by the Phoe¬ 
+nicians over all the Coafts of the World then 
+
+
+known. The firft Egyptians , unacquainted, with 
+Letters, gave all the. Infofrpations to the Peo¬ 
+ple, all the Rules of their Cbndu&j by ere&ing 
+Figures, eafily underftood, and which fe.rv.ed as 
+Rides and Orders necefiary to regulate their 
+Behaviour, and as Advertifements to. provide for 
+their own Safety. A very few Figures diverfi- 
+fied by what they held in their Hands, or car¬ 
+ried on their Heads, were Sufficient for this Pur- 
+pofe. Thefe were ingenious Contrivances, and 
+fuch as were abfolutely necefiary in a Country, 
+
+A 4 where 
+
+
+
+viii PREFACE. 
+
+where the leal! Miflake in Point of Time was 
+fufficient to ruin all their Affairs. 
+
+
+4 
+
+But thefe Egyptian Symbols, giving Way to 
+the eafy Method of reaping Infhuciion from the 
+Ufe of Letters, which were afterwards intro¬ 
+duced, fodn became ohfoiete, and the Memory 
+of fome particular Virtues ftill remaining, they 
+were revered as the Images or Reprefentations 
+of fuperior and friendly Beings, who had fre¬ 
+
+
+quently delivered them from impending Dan¬ 
+gers, and foon were worshipped as the Gods of 
+their Fathers, Their Hi (lories were wrote in 
+Verfe, and imbeliiihed with Fi&lions founded 
+
+
+on ancient Traditions. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+
+rieils of different 
+
+
+Countries increafed the Delufion ; they had read 
+
+7 j 
+
+the Mofaic Hiftory, or at lead had heard that 
+the Sons of God had Converfation with the 
+Daughters of Men ; and from hence, influenced 
+by Luff or Avarice, cloaked their own Debau¬ 
+cheries, anti fometimes thofe of'Princes and 
+great Men, under thofe of a God ; and the 
+Poets, ^whenever a Frincefs failed in Point of 
+-Modefly, had recourfe to the lame Method, in 
+order to fhelter her Reputation froiii vulgar 
+Cenfure. By this Means the Deities in alter 
+Times were laid to live in various Countries, 
+and even in tar diftant Ages. Thus there became 
+three hundred Jupiter 'an Opinion derived from 
+there being a Number of Places in which, in 
+different Ages, Jupiter was faid to have lived, 
+reigned, and performed tome extraordinary Ac¬ 
+tions, which antient Fables, the FidHons of the 
+Poets, and the Artitices of Priefts had rendered 
+famous. But notwithftanding all thefe Fables, 
+Jupiter was always acknowledged by the wifeft 
+
+Heathens to be impeccable, immo.tal, the Au¬ 
+thor 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+IX 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+thor of Life, the univerfal Creator, and the 
+Fountain of Goodnefs. 
+
+
+This. Scheme is here carried on and explained 
+with rcfpeCt to each Heathen Deity, and added 
+to the common Hiftories and Fables of the Gods 
+and Goddeffes. 
+
+
+In the fhort Differtation on the Theology of 
+the Antients, we have fhewn the Rife of Idola¬ 
+try, and its Connection with the antient Sym¬ 
+bols. We have there exhibited the Sentiments 
+of the Pagans with regard to the Unity of the 
+Deity, and the Perfections they afcribe to him, 
+from the concurrent Teftimony of the Philofo- 
+phers in various Ages, among!! the Egyptians , 
+Greeks and Romans . And the Whole is conclud¬ 
+ed with a fhort Account of the Progrefs of Ido¬ 
+latry. 
+
+
+> # 
+
+In the Differtation on the Mythology of the 
+Antients, we have endeavoured to account for 
+the Rife of a Variety of Fables from the Licence 
+of Poetry, imbelliihing the common Incidents 
+
+of Life by perfonating inanimate Beings, intro¬ 
+
+
+ducing fictitious CharaCt 
+Agents. 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+rs, 
+
+
+and fupernatural 
+
+
+We have given the Kiflory of the 
+
+
+Creation of the World, the State of Innocence, 
+
+the univerfal Deluge, &c. ac 
+
+
+
+
+the Fall o 
+
+cording to tfe Traditions of different Nations 
+and the Opinions of the Poets and moll eminent 
+Philofophers, and compared them with the Ac¬ 
+
+
+count given 
+
+
+
+Mofes. 
+
+
+
+n fhort, we have here 
+
+
+given a View of their religious, as well as moral 
+
+Sentiments. 
+
+
+
+
+
+X 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+To the Whole is added, by Way of Appen¬ 
+dix, a rational Account of the various fuperfti- 
+tious Obfervances of Aftrology, and the Man¬ 
+ner by which Influences and Powers became a- 
+fcribed to the Signs and Planets; of Prodigies, 
+Auguries, the Arufpices and Oracles; of Altars, 
+facred Groves, and Sacrifices ; of Priefts and 
+Temples, In which the Origin of each is 
+
+pointed out, and the Whole interfperfcd with 
+fuch moral Reflexions, as have a Tendency to 
+preferve the Minds of Youth from the InfeXion 
+of fuperftitious Follies, and to give therp fuch 
+fundamental Principles, as may be of the great- 
+eft Service in helping them to fofm juft Ideas of 
+the Manners, Principles, and ConduX of the 
+Heathen Nations. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+CHAP. I. Of C h a o s. 
+
+H ESIOD, the firft Author of the fabulous 
+
+Syfieni of the Creation, begins his Genealogy 
+of the Gods with Chaos . Incapable of con¬ 
+ceiving how fomerhing could be produced from no¬ 
+thing, he afferted the Eternity of Matter, and imagined 
+to himfelf a confufed Mafs lying in the Womb of Na¬ 
+ture, which contained the Principles of all Beings, 
+and which afterwards riling by Degrees into Order and 
+Jrh rmony, at length produced the Univerfe. Thus 
+the Heathen Poets endeavoured to account for the 
+On' -in of the World $ of which they knew fo little, 
+that ir is no Wonder they difguifed rather than illuf- 
+traied the Subject in their Writings. We find Virgil 
+re pil Tenting Chaos as one of the infernal Deities, and 
+Ovid, at hi::- firft fetting out in the Meiamorphofis , or 
+I ransformaiion of the Gods, giving a very poetical 
+Picture of that diforderly State in which all the Ele¬ 
+ments 
+
+
+12 ' Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+ments lay blended without Order or DiftindUon. It is 
+eafy to fee, under ail this Confufion and Perplexity, 
+the Remains of Truth: The antient Tradition of the 
+Creation being obfcured with a Multiplicity of Images 
+and Allegories, became an inexhauftible Fund for 
+Fidtion to improve upon, and fweiled the Heathen 
+Theology into an unmeafurable Compafs 5 fo that in 
+this Senfe Chaos may indeed be properly ftyled the Fa¬ 
+ther of the Gods. 
+
+Though it does not feem eafy to give a Pidlure, or 
+graphical Reprefentation of Chaos, a modern Painter 
+(1) has been fo bold to attempt it. Beyond the Clouds 
+which compofe the Body of his Piece, he has repre- 
+fented an immenfe Abyfs of Darknefs, and in the 
+Clouds an odd Medley of Water, Earth, Fire, Smoke, 
+Winds, &c. But he has unluckily thrown the Signs 
+of the Zodiack into his Work, and thereby fpoiled his 
+whole Defigm. 
+
+o 
+
+Our great Milton in a noble and maflerly Manner 
+has painted the State in which Matter lay before the 
+Creation. 
+
+On heavenly Ground they flood, and from the Shore 
+They view’d the vaft unmeafurable Abyfs 
+Outrageous as a Sea, dark, wafleful, wild : 
+
+Up from the Bottom turn’d by furious Winds 
+And furging Waves, as Mountains, to affault 
+Heav’ns Height, and with the Centre mix the Pole. 
+
+Book VII. 1 . 215. 
+
+
+
+(1) The Painter’s Name was Abraham Diepenbeke. He was 
+born at Bois le Due , and for fome Time ftudied under Peter-Paul 
+Rubens. M. Mey[feiis in his Book entitled Des Images des. 
+Peintres , gives him the Character of a gr<.at Artift, eipeciaiiy 
+in painting on Giafs. The Piece above mentioned has been 
+confidered by molt People as a very ingenious Jumble, and Jis 
+plain the Painter himi'elf was fond of it; for he wrote his Name 
+in the Mate to. complete the Confufion. 
+
+‘Terra. 
+
+
+
+
+
+eathen Gods. 
+
+
+
+Terra. This Goddefs had given him Birth that fbe 
+
+might be furrounded and covered by him, and that he 
+might affoid a Manfion for the Gods. She next bore 
+Ourea , or the Mountains, the Refidence of the Wood 
+"Nymphs ; and laftiy, ihe became the Mother of Pela - 
+gus, or the Ocean. After this fhe married Tier Son 
+Uranus, and had by him a numeious Offspring, 
+among whom were Oceanus , Cceus, Creus , Hyperion , 
+Japbet, Tbeia, RlJeaft~Themis , Mnemofyne, Phoebe, 
+Tetbys, Saturn, the three Cyclops, •viz. Brontes , Ste- 
+ropes , and Arges ; and the Giants Cot/us, Gygesj and 
+Briareus. Teira , however, was not ftri&ly bound 
+by her conjugal Vow, for by Tartarus fhe had Ty¬ 
+phosus, or Typhon , the great Enemy oi Jupiter. Coelus, 
+having for fome Offence imprifoned the Cyclops , his 
+Wife, to revenge hedelf, incited her Son Saturn , who 
+by her Affftanv.e took the Opportunity, to caftrate his 
+Father with an Inftrument fhe Fnrniilied him with. 
+The Blood of the Wound produced the three Furies, 
+the Giants, and the Wood Nymphs. The Genital 
+Parts, which fell into the Sea, impregnating the Wa¬ 
+ters, formed Venus , the moft potent and charming of 
+
+the Goddeffes. 
+
+
+According to Laftantius, Ctelus „ was an ambitious 
+
+
+and mighty Pr 
+
+
+who affecting Grandeur, called 
+
+
+Q / ' As o . -7 - 
+
+himfelf the Son of the Sky , which Title his Son-Saturn 
+
+
+alfo affu 
+
+
+his 7 
+
+
+the fir ft Monarch of 
+
+
+But Diodorus makes Ut 
+: Atlantiiies, a Nation i 
+
+
+habiting the Weftern Coaft of Africa /^)nd famous for 
+
+
+Commerce and Hofpitality 
+
+
+From 
+
+
+Skill in Aftro 
+
+
+nomy, the ft any Heavens were called by his Name 
+and for his Equity and Beneficence he was denomi 
+
+
+nated 
+
+
+King of the Univerfe 
+
+
+Nor 
+
+
+wa 
+
+
+y his Queeh 
+
+Titea lefs efteemed for her Wifdom and Gocdnefs, 
+which after her Death procuied her the Honour of 
+being deified by the Name of Terra. 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+fented 
+
+
+epre 
+
+
+fame Manner as Vella, of whom we ihall 
+
+
+have Occafton to fpeak more particularly 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+C II A P. III. Of Hyperion aWTheia. 
+
+
+H EI A,- or B a flea , fucceeded her Parents* 
+Ceelas and Terra % in the Throne 5 Hie was re- 
+niaikable for her Modeity and Chaftity ; but being de- 
+firousof Heirs, ihe married Hyperion her Brother, to 
+whom ihe bore Helios and Selene (the Sun and.Moon,) 
+as alfo a fecond Daughter, called Aurora (or the 
+Morning) but the Brothers of Theta confpiring again ft 
+
+her Hulband caufed him to be aifallinated, and drowned 
+her Son Helios in the River Eridatius (1). Selene , who 
+was extremely fond of her Brother, on hearing his 
+Fate, precipitated herfelf from a high Power. They 
+were both railed to the Skies, and Theta after wan* 
+dering dift ranted, at la ft dif.ippeared in a Storm of 
+
+Thunder and Lightning. After her Death the Con- 
+fpirators divided the Kingdom. 
+
+Hiftorians fay, that Hyperion was a famous Ailro- 
+nomer, who, on Account*of his difcovering the Mo¬ 
+tions of the celeftiai Bodies, and particularly the two 
+great Luminaries of Heaven, was called the Father 
+of thofe Planets. 
+
+
+
+C H A P. IV. 0/ OcEANUS «niTETHYS. 
+
+i 
+
+O CEANUS was one of the eldeft Sons of Calm 
+
+I 
+
+and Terra , and married his Sifter Tethys , be- 
+fides whom he had feveral o'her Wives. Each of 
+them pofttfted a hundred Woods, and as many Rivers. 
+By Tethys he had liphyre , who was matched to Epi - 
+
+metheus % and Pleione the Wife of Atlas . He had'fe- 
+
+_ • _ 
+
+verai other Daughters and Sons, whole Names it would 
+be endlefs to enumerate, and indeed they are only 
+thofe of the principal Rivers of the World. 
+
+Two of the Wives of Oceanus where Pamphyloge 
+and Parthenote. By the firft, he had .two Daughters 
+A fa and Lybia ; and by ‘the laft, two more, called 
+
+( 1 ) This feems copied from the Story of Phaeton. 
+
+Europa 
+
+
+
+1 The Heathen 
+
+
+Go 
+
+
+I) s. 
+
+
+1 5 
+
+
+
+Europa and Thracia , who gave their Names to the 
+Countries To denominated. He had ailo a Daughter, 
+called Cephyra who educated Neptune , and three Sons, 
+viz. 7 'riplolemus, the Favourite of Ceres , Nereus, who 
+refided over Salt-Waters, and Acbelous , the Deity of 
+'ountains and Rivers. 
+
+The Antients regarded Oceattus as the Father of 
+Gods and Men, on Account of the Ocean’s encom- 
+pafling the Earth with his Waves, and becaufe he 
+was the Principle of that radical Moifture diffufed 
+through univeifal Matter, without which, according 
+to Thales, nothing could either be produced or fuhfift. 
+
+Homer makes Juno vifit him at the remoteft Limits 
+of the Earth, and acknowledge him and Tethys as the 
+Parents of the Gods, adding that flic herfelf had been 
+
+brought up under their Tuition. 
+
+Oceanus was depicted wifch a Bull's Head, to re¬ 
+present the Rage and Bellowing of the Ocean when 
+agitated by Storms. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. V. Of Aurora rt??*/TiTHONUS, 
+
+W E have already obferved, that this Goddefs was 
+
+the youngeft Daughter of Hyperion and Theia. 
+By the Greeks fhe was ftyled ESf. and by the Latins 
+Aurora , on Account of her bright or Golden Colour, 
+and the Dew which attends her. Orpheus calls her 
+the Harbinger of Titan , becaufe the Dawn befpeaks 
+the Approach of the Sun ; others make her the Daugh¬ 
+ter of Titan and the Earth. She fell in Love with a 
+beautiful Youth named Cephalus (whom fome fuppofe 
+to be the fame with the Sun,) by whom fhe had 
+Phaeton. She had alfo an Amour with Orion , whom 
+flie firft faw a Hunting in the Woods, and carried him 
+with her to Delos. By Afireas her Hufband, one of the 
+Titans, >fhe had the Stars, and the four Winds, Ar- 
+
+f efies y Zephyrus , Boreas , and Nolus But her greeted 
+avourite was Tithonus , to whom fhe bore ZEmathion 
+and Memnon , This young Piince flie tranfported to 
+
+Delos, 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+16 
+
+Delos 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+thence to Aftbiopia, and Jaft into Heaven 
+
+
+
+/lie obtained for him from the Defti 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Giit of Jmmoratlit y 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+add Youth 
+vaiii Me. 
+
+
+the fame Time forgot 
+
+
+Fill 
+
+
+h alone could render the Prefe 
+
+
+grew old, and fo decrepit 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+be rocked to Sleep like an Infant. His iVlftrefs not 
+being able to procure D-.-ath, to end his Mii'ery changed 
+him into a Grafshopper ; an Infedt which by calling 
+its Skin renews its Youth, and in its chirping dill re¬ 
+tains the Loquacity of old Age. 
+
+The Hiftorians 
+
+
+fay 
+
+
+prover of Aftronomy 
+ing to make 
+
+
+a n d 
+
+
+Tit bonus was a great Im 
+jfed to rife before Morn 
+
+
+to make his Obfervations. They add, that his 
+Vigilance and Temperance were rewarded with a long 
+
+Life i 
+
+lad, A 
+
+him to He 
+
+
+but when the Infirmities of old Ag 
+
+by the Help of oriental Drugs, reftored 
+
+
+a n d 
+
+
+V igour. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+they "h 
+
+
+done 
+
+
+Juflice to the Salubrity of the Morning. This Prince 
+
+is fa id to have re 
+the City of Si/fa 01 
+
+
+g 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+Med 
+
+
+ta 
+
+
+. where he founded 
+• * % * 
+
+River Choafpes y which became 
+
+
+rerwards the Seat of the Perfian Emp 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Story of Cephalus is related differently. He 
+Nephew of /Eolus> and had married Procris 
+
+Aurora fee- 
+Woods, intent on his Sport, 
+d a violent Paflton for him. and carried him 
+
+
+Daughter of Ericbiheus Kins of Athens 
+
+* * , « _o 
+
+ing him often early in 
+
+
+her to Heaven 
+
+
+die in vain ufed all her 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+Art 
+Prince 
+him, i 
+
+
+engage him to violate his conjugal Vow. The 
+
+
+fond of 
+ned 
+
+
+W 
+
+
+the Godd 
+
+
+& 
+
+
+
+was of 
+
+
+bly faithful. Aurora therefore 
+
+
+to undeceive him, fent him 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+Difguife 
+
+
+of a Merchant, to tempt her Co.ndancy by large Pre 
+
+
+fent 
+
+
+fh 
+
+
+o 
+
+o 
+
+
+Artifice fucceeded, and jufl wh 
+
+
+?n his 
+
+Spoufe was on the Point of yielding, the unhappy 
+Hufband difcovered himfelf, and Procris fled to the 
+
+
+Wood 
+
+
+hide her S 
+
+
+B 
+
+
+being afterwards 
+
+
+conciled, die made Cephalus a Prefent of an unerring 
+
+
+Dart 
+
+
+A Prefent like this increafed 
+
+
+Inclination 
+
+
+Hunting, and proved doubly fatal to the Donor, 
+happened the young Prince, one Day weatied with hi 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+fat dow 
+
+
+the Woods and called for Auroi 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Go'ds, 17 
+
+or the gentle Breeze to cool him (4) ; this being over¬ 
+heard was carried to Procris y who though inconflant? 
+was Woman enough to be jealous ; influenced by this 
+Paflion {he followed her Hufband, and concealed her- 
+feIf in a Thicket, where {he could obferve his Mo¬ 
+tions. Unluckily, the Noife {lie made alarmed her 
+Idulband, who thinking Tome wild Bealt lay concealed., 
+difcharged the unerring Arrow, and pierced her to the 
+Heart. 
+
+Mr. Pope in fome Lines upon a Lady’s Fan of his 
+own Defign, painted with this Story, has with his 
+wonted Delicacy and Judgment applied it ; 
+
+Come, gentle Air! th’ ^Tolian Shepherd laid, 
+
+While rrocris panted in the fecret Shade j 
+
+Come, gentle Air, the fairer Delia cries, 
+
+While at her Feet her Swain expiring lies. 
+
+Lo the glad Gales o’er all her Beauties ftray. 
+
+Breathe on her Lips, and in her Bofom play ! 
+
+In Delia’s Hand this Toy is fatal found, 
+
+Nor cou’d that fabled Dart more furely wound. 
+
+Both Gifts deftru&ive to the Giver's prove ; 
+
+Alike both Lovers fall by thofe they love. 
+
+Yet guiltlefs too this bright Deft rover lives,. 
+
+At random wounds, nor knows the Wounds die 
+
+gives ; 
+
+She views the Story with attentive Eyes, 
+
+And pities Procris while her Lover dies. 
+
+\ 
+
+* 
+
+There is no Goddefs of whom we have fo many 
+beautiful Defcriptions in the Poets as Aurora . Indeed 
+it is no Wonder they are luxuriant on the Subject, as 
+there is perhaps no Theme in Nature, which, affords 
+fuch an extenlive Field for Poetry or Painting as the 
+varied Beauties of the Morning whofe Approach 
+feems to exhilarate and enliven the whole inanimate 
+Creation. 
+
+* 
+
+(4) In a capital Pi&ure near the Hague, the Grddefs is re- 
+pre ented in a golden Chariot drawn by white Horfes winged; on 
+her Head is the Morning Star, and (he is attended by Phoebus 
+and the Dawn, 
+
+A 5 CHAP, 
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+
+CHAP. VI. Of Atlas. 
+
+V 
+
+A TLAS was the Son of Japetus and Clymene % 
+
+and the Brother of Prometheus. In the Divifion 
+of his Father’s Dominions, Mauritania fell to his Share, 
+where he gave his own Name to that Mountain, 
+which ftili bears it. As he was greatly fkilled in 
+Aftronomy, he became the firft Inventor of the Sphere, 
+which gave Rife to the Fable, of his fupporring the 
+Heavens on his Shoulders. He had many Children. 
+Of his Sons the moft famous was Hefperus , "Tooke calls 
+him his Brother, p. 325, who reigned fome Time in 
+Italy, which from him was called Hefperia. It is faid 
+this Prince being on Mount Atlas to obfetve the Mo¬ 
+tion of the Stars, was carried away by a Tempeft, 
+and in Honour to his Memory the Morning-Star was 
+afterwards called by his Naftie. He left three Daugh¬ 
+ters, dEg/e, Arethufa and Hefperithufa, who went by 
+the general Appellation of Hefperid.es , and were pof- 
+feffed of rhofe famous Gardens which bore golden 
+Fruit, and were guarded by the Vigilance of a formi¬ 
+dable Dragon. 
+
+Atlas had fevcn Daughters, called after his own 
+Name Atlantides , viz Mai a, EleBra, laygete. After ope y 
+Merope y Haylcyone and Celano . All thefe were match¬ 
+ed either to Gods or Heroes, by whom they left a 
+numerous Pofterity. Thefe from their Mother Pleione y 
+were alfo ftyled Pleiades (1). Bufiris^ King of Egypt, 
+carried them off by Violence ; but Hercules travelling 
+through Africa conquered him, and delivering the 
+Princeffes, refiored them to their Father, who to re¬ 
+quite his Kindnefs taught-him Allronomy, whence 
+arofe the Fable, of that Hero’s fupporting the Hea¬ 
+vens for a Day to eafe Atlas of his Toil. The 
+Pleiades , however, endured a new Perfecution from 
+Orion , who purfued them five Years, till Jove pre¬ 
+vailed on by their Prayers took them up into the Hea- 
+
+(1) So.called from a Greek Word, which fign’fies Sailing? 
+becaufe they were reckoned favourable to Navigation. - 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. ig 
+
+vens, where they form the Conftellation , which bears 
+their N ;me. 
+
+By /Ethra , Allas was the Father of feven Daughters, 
+called Ambrojia , Endora , Pafithoe, Coronis , Pfexarts, 
+Pyiho , arid Tyche, who bore one common Appellation 
+Oi the Hyades (2). TJiefe Virgins grieved fo immo¬ 
+derately for the Death of their B-p^ther Hyas, de¬ 
+voured by a Lion, that Jupiter, out of T?om pa fh on, 
+changed them into Stars, and placed thhm in the 
+Head of Taurus, where they Hill retain their Grief, 
+their Rifing and Setting being attended with extraor- 
+dina r y Rain. Others make thefe laft the Daughters of 
+Lycurgus, born in the Ifle of Naxos , and tranilated to 
+the Skies, for their Care in the Education of Bacchus, 
+probably becaufe thefe Showers are of great Benefit in 
+forwarding the Vintage. 
+
+According to Hyginus , Atlas having affiled the 
+Giants in their War againft Jupiter , was by the victo¬ 
+rious God doomed as a Punifhment, to fuftain the- 
+Weight of the Heavens. 
+
+Ovid gives a very different Account of Atlas , who, 
+as he fays, was the Son of Japetus and Afia . He 
+reprefents him as a powerful and wealthy Monarch, 
+Proprietor of the Gardens which bore golden Fruit 5 
+but tells us, that being warned by the Oracle of 
+Themis , that he fhould fuffer fome great Injury fio m 
+a Son of Jupiter, he ftridtly forbad all Foreigners 
+Accefs to his Court or Prefence. Perfeus however, 
+had the Courage to appear before him, but was or¬ 
+dered to retire, with ftrong Menaces in Cafe, of'Dis¬ 
+obedience. But the Hero prefenting his Shield with 
+
+the dreadful Head of Medufa to him, turned him into 
+the Mountain which ftill bears his Name. 
+
+The Ahhe La Pluche has given a very clear and in¬ 
+genious Explication of this "Fable. Of ail'Nations the 
+
+Egyptians had with the greateft Afliduity cultivated 
+Ajlronomy. To point out the Difficulties which at- 
+
+(1) From the Greek Verb to Rain, the Latins called them 
+Suculs, from the Greek Work or Sv/ine, becaufe they 
+feemed to delight in wet and dirty Weather. • 
+
+
+tend 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+tend the Study of this Science, they reprefented it by 
+an Image bearing a Globe or Sphere on its Back, 
+and which they called Atlas, a Word Signifying (3) 
+great Toil or Labour , But the Word alfo hgnifying 
+fupport (4), the Phanicians, led by the Representa¬ 
+tion, took it in this lull Senfe ; and in their Voyages 
+to Mauritania, feeing the high Mountains of that 
+Country covered with Snow, and lofing rheir Tops in 
+the Clouds, gave them the Name of Atlas, and fo 
+produced the Fable, by which the Symbol of Agro¬ 
+nomy ufed among the Egyptians, became a Maurita¬ 
+nian King,-transformed into a Mountain, whofe Head 
+fupports the Heavens. 
+
+The reft of the Fable is equally eafy to account for. 
+The annual Inundations of the Nile obliged that Peo¬ 
+ple to be very exa£t in obferving the Motions of the 
+heavenly Bodies. The Hyades or Huades > took their 
+Name from the Figure V which they form in the 
+Head of Taurus . The Pleiades were a remarkable 
+Conftellation, and of great Ufe to the Egyptians in 
+regulating the Seafons. Hence they became the 
+Daughters of Atlas : And Orion , who rifes juft as 
+they fet, was called their Lover. By the golden 
+Apples which grew in the Gardens of the Hefperides , 
+
+the Phoenicians exprefled the rich and beneficial Com¬ 
+merce they had in the Mediterranean ; which being 
+carried on during three Months of the Year only, gave 
+Rife to the Fable of the Hejperian Sifters (5). 
+
+(3) From Telaah. to ftrive, comes Atlah Toil; whence the 
+Greeks derived their a wtXoc, or Labour, and the Romans 
+
+exantlo to furmount great Difficulties. 
+
+(4) From Telah , to iufpend, is derived Atlah , Support, 
+
+whence the Greek Word EwX for a Column or Pillar. 
+
+(5) From Efper, the gocd Share, or the belt Lot. 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 21 
+
+# 
+
+% 
+
+CHAP. VII. Of Japetus, and his Sons Epime- 
+
+theus and Prometheus ; ^Pandora’* Box, 
+and the Story of Deucalion and Pyrrha. 
+
+J A PET US was the Offspring of C&lus and Terra, 
+
+and one of* the Giants who revolted againtl Jupi¬ 
+ter. He was a powerful and haughty Prince, who 
+lived fo long, that his Age became a Proverb. Before 
+the War he had a Daughter, called Anchiale , who 
+founded a City of her own Name in Cilicia. He had 
+feveral Sons, the chief of whom were Atlas , (mention¬ 
+ed in the preceding Chapter) Buphagus , Prometheus 
+(6) and Epimetheus . Of thefe, Prometheus became 
+remarkable, by being the Objedt of Jupiter's Refent- 
+ment. The Occafion is related thus : Having facri- 
+ficed two Bulls to that Deity, he put all the Flefh of 
+both in one Skin, and the Bones in the other, and 
+gave the God his Choice, whofe Wifdom for once 
+failed him fo, that he pitched upon the word Lot. 
+Jupiter incenfed at the Trick put upon him, took 
+away Fire from the Earth, 'till Prometheus , bv the 
+Affiltance of Minerva, ftole into Heaven, and light¬ 
+ing a Stick at the Chariot of the Sun, recovered the 
+Blefling, and brought it down again to Mankind. 
+Others fay the Caule of Jupiter' s Anger was different, 
+Prometheus being a great Artifl, had- formed a Man of 
+Clay of fuch exquilite Workmanfhip, that Pallas, 
+charmed with his Ingenuity, offered him whatever in 
+Heaven could contribute to finifli his Defign : For this 
+End Ihe took him up with her to the celeftial Man- 
+fions, where, in a Ferula, he hid fome of the Fire of 
+the Sun's Chariot Wheel, and ufed it to animate his 
+Image (7). Jupiter , either to revenge his Theft, or 
+the former Affront, commanded Vulcan to make a 
+Woman, which, when he had done, fhe was intro¬ 
+duced into the AfTembiy of the Gods, each of whom 
+
+
+(6) So called from tjj? or Providence, that is, his 
+
+Skill in Divination. 
+
+(7) Some lay his Clime was not the enlivening- .a Man of 
+Clay 9 but the Formation of Woman, 
+
+bellowed 
+
+
+
+22 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+beftowed on her fome additional Charm or Perfection- 
+Venus gave her Beauty, Pallas Wifdom, Juno Riches, 
+Mercury taught her Eloquence, and Apollo Mufick : 
+
+From all thefe Accomplifhments, fhe was ftyled Pan¬ 
+dora (8), and was the firft of her Sex. Jupiter , to 
+complete his Deligns, prefented her a Box, in which 
+he had enclofed Age % Difeafes y War y Famine , Pejli - 
+lence , Difcord , Envy, Calumny , and in fhort, all the 
+
+Evils and Vices which he intended to affliCt the World 
+with. Thus equipped, fhe was fent down to Prome¬ 
+theus^ who wifely was on his Guard againft the Mif- 
+chief defigned him. Epimetheus his Brother, though 
+forewarned of the Danger, had lefs Refolution ; for 
+enamoured with the Beauty of Pandora (9), he mar¬ 
+ried her, and opened the fatal Box, the Contents of 
+which foon overfpread the World. Hope alone retted 
+at the Bottom. But Jupiter , npt yet fatisfied, dip- 
+patched. Mercury and Vulcan to feize Prometheus , 
+whom they carried to Mount Caucafus , where they 
+chained him to a Rock, and an Eagle or Vulture was 
+committioned to prey on his Liver, which every Night 
+was renewed in Proportion as it was confumed by 
+Day. But Hercules loon after killed the Vulture and 
+delivered him. Others fay, Jupiter reftored him his 
+Freedom for difcovering his Father Saturn's Confpi- 
+racy, (10) and dilTuading his intended Marriage with 
+Thetis. Nicander y to this Fable of Prometheus , lends 
+an additional Circumftance. He tells us fome un¬ 
+grateful* Men difcovered the Theft of Prometheus firft 
+to Jupiter , who rewarded them with perpetual Youth. 
+This Prefent they loaded on the Back of an Afs, who 
+(lopping at a Fountain to quench his Thirft, was hin¬ 
+dered by a Water Snake, who would not let him 
+
+(8) So called from ?rav'$agov /. e. loaded with Gifts or Ac- 
+complifhments. Heftod has given a fine Defcription of her in 
+his < Tkeag<my y Cooke y p. 770. 
+
+(9) Others fay Pandora only gave the Box to the Wife of 
+Epimetheus , who opened it from a Curiofity natural to her Sex. 
+
+(10) Lucian has a very fine Dialogue between Prometheus and 
+*Jupitlr on this Subject. 
+
+drink 
+
+
+
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+23 
+
+
+drink ’till he gave him the Burden he carried. Hence 
+the Serpent renews his Youth upon changing his Skin. 
+
+Prometheus had an Altar in the Academy at Athens, 
+in common with Vulcan and Pallas. His Statues are 
+reprefented with a Sceptre in the Hand. 
+
+There is a very ingenious Explanation of this Fa¬ 
+ble ; it is faid Prometheus was a wife Prince, who 
+reclaiming his Subjects from a favage to a focial Life, 
+was faid to have animated Men out of Clay : He firft 
+inftituted Sacrifices (according to (1) Pliny ) which 
+gave Rife to the Story of the two Oxen. Being ex¬ 
+pelled his Dominions by Jupiter he fled to Stythia, 
+where he retired to Mount Caucafus, either to make 
+Aftronomical Obfervations, or to indulge his Melan¬ 
+choly for the lofs of his Dominions. This occafioned 
+the Fable of the Vulture feeding upon his Liver. As 
+he was alfo the firft Inventor of forging Metals by 
+Fire, he was faid to have ftole the Element from 
+Heaven. In fliort, as the firft Knowledge of Agri 
+culture, and even Navigation, is afcribed to him, it is 
+no Wonder if he was celebrated for forming a living 
+Man from an inanimated Subftance. 
+
+Some Authors imagine Prometheus to be the fame 
+with Noah . The learned Bochart imagines him to be 
+
+
+Each Opinion is fupported by Arguments, 
+
+
+Magog. 
+
+which do not want a Shew of Probability. 
+
+The Story of Pandora aftords very diftindt Traces 
+of the Tradition of the Fall of our firft Parents, and 
+the Sedu&ion of Adam by his Wife Eve. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. VIII. O/D 
+
+
+N and Py 
+
+
+
+EUCALION was the Son of Prometheus ,.and had 
+married his Coufin-German Pyrrha the Daugh¬ 
+ter of Epimetbeus , who bore him a Son,.called Helenes 9 
+who gave his Name to Greece . Deucdlion reigned in 
+
+TbeJJaly (2), which he governed with Equity and Juf- 
+
+* 
+
+fi) Pliny, Book cap. $6. 
+
+( 2 ) By the Arundclian Marbles, Deucalion ruled at Lycerea , 
+in the Neighbourhood of Parnajfus , about the Beginning of the 
+Reign of Cecrops King ©f Athens, 
+
+
+tice 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+24 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+HISTORY 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+* 
+
+but his Country, for the Wickednefs of the In 
+
+
+habitants, being deftroyed by 
+
+
+a Flood 
+
+
+he and his 
+
+
+Queen only efcaped by faving themfelves on Mount 
+
+
+Parnai'] 
+
+
+Afte 
+
+
+the Decreafe of the Waters, this 
+
+
+ftrious Pair confulted the Oracle of Themis in their 
+
+
+Di ft refs 
+
+
+The Anfwer was in thefe Terms 
+
+
+the Tempi 
+
+
+veil your Heads and Faces 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+your Girdles, and throw behind you 
+
+
+i, ‘ Depart 
+*s, unloofe 
+Backs the 
+
+
+
+
+Bones of your Grandmother 
+
+
+Pyrrha was fhocked 
+
+
+Advice, which her Piety made her regard 
+
+
+wi 
+
+
+Horror : But Deucalion penetrating the myftrcal Senfe 
+revived her, by telling her the Earth was their Grand¬ 
+
+
+mother, and that the Bones were only Stone 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+immediately obey the Oracle, and behold its Effe£l 
+
+
+The Stones 
+
+
+hich Deucalion threw, became 
+
+
+Men : Thofe caft by Pyrrha rofe into Women. With 
+thefe, returning into Theffaly , that Piince repeopled 
+his Kingdom, and was honoured as the Reftorer of 
+
+
+living 
+
+With 
+
+
+Mankind. 
+
+To explai 
+
+
+Fable it is 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+ft 
+
+
+Delug 
+
+
+
+
+of 
+
+
+hich 
+
+
+tion was the Fourth , in order of Tj 
+
+
+ftary to obferve 
+the one in Quef 
+
+
+and lafted 
+
+
+according to Arijlotle’s Account, the whole Winter. 
+It is therefore needlefs to wafte Time in drawing a Pa¬ 
+rallel between this Story and the Mofaic Flood. The 
+Circumftance of the Stones (3) feems occafioned by 
+the fame Word bearing two Significations ; fo that 
+thefe myfterioOs Stones are only the Children of fuch 
+as efcaped the general Inundation. 
+
+
+C H A P. IX. Of Saturn. 
+
+S ATURN was the younger Son of Ccelus and Terra. 
+
+and married his Sifter Vefa. Under the Article 
+of Calm, we have taken Notice how he treated his 
+Father. We find a new Proof of his Ambition in his 
+endeavouring, by the Afliftance of his Mother, to ex~ 
+
+(3) The Phoenician WorA-Aben, or Ehen , fignifies both a Stone 
+and a Child ; and the Greek Word Aaag Aao ; denotes either a 
+Stoae or a People. 
+
+elude 
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 
+
+
+25 
+
+elude his elder Brother Titan from the Throne, in 
+which he fo far fucceeded, that this Prince was oblig- 
+
+, that Sa- 
+1. fo that 
+
+
+ed to refign his Birthright, on thefe Terms 
+
+fhould not bring up any Male Child 
+
+
+the Succelfion might devolve to the right Male Line 
+
+aga i n. 
+
+Saturn , it is faid, obferved thefe Conditions fo faith¬ 
+fully, that he devoured all the Sons he had by his Wife, 
+
+in this Point was 
+
+
+foon as b 
+
+
+But his Exa&nefs 
+
+
+at la-ft fruftrated by the Artifice of Veft 
+brought forth the Twins, 'Jupiter and Jut 
+fented the latter to her Hufband, and concealing 
+
+
+Having 
+
+
+flie 
+
+
+pre 
+
+
+Boy, fent hi 
+
+
+nurfed on Mount Ida in Crete 
+
+
+committing the Care of him to the Curetes and Cory - 
+hantes. Saturn , however, getting fome Intelligence 
+of the Affair, demanded the Child, in whole (lead his 
+Wife gave him a Scone Twaddled up, which he fwal- 
+
+s Stone had the Name of Ab-addir (or 
+
+
+lowed 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+the Potent Father) and received divine Honours. 
+
+This Fi&ion, of Saturn's devouring his Sons, ac¬ 
+cording to Mr. Le Clerc (4), was founded upon a 
+Cuftom which he had of banifhjng or confining his 
+
+
+Children, for fear they fhould 
+
+
+him. 
+
+
+Day rebel again lb 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+the Stone which Saturn is faid to lwal 
+
+
+low, this is another Fiction founded on the double 
+Meaning of the Word Eben y which fignifies both, a 
+Stone and a Child , and means no more than, that Sa¬ 
+turn was deceived by Rheas fubftitminganothet; Child 
+in the Room of Jupiter. 
+
+% Titan finding the mutual Compact mada between 
+him and his Brother thus violated, took Arms to re¬ 
+venge the Injury, and not only defeated Saturn , but 
+made him and his Wife VeJIa PriQ? 
+
+
+confined in Tartaru 
+
+
+whom he 
+Place fo daiX and di final, that 
+
+
+afterwards became one of the. Appellations of the 
+
+
+infernal Reg 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+
+
+Jupiter being 
+
+
+Deliverance 
+
+
+p, raifed an Actny ia. Crete for his Father 
+
+
+He alfi', ^’fred the Cecrops to aid him 
+
+
+is Expedition \ bu\ on ^eir Refufal to join him after 
+
+(4) Remarks up- 
+
+
+B 
+
+
+taking 
+
+
+
+26 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+taking the Money, he turned them into Apes. After 
+this he marched againft the Titans , and obtained a 
+complete Victory. The Eagle which appeared before 
+the Engagement, as an aufpicious Omen, was ever 
+after cholen to carry his Thunder. From the Blood 
+of the Titans , (lain in the Battle, proceeded Serpents, 
+Scorpions, and all venomous Reptiles. Having by 
+this Succefs freed his Parents, the young Prince caus¬ 
+ed all the Gods affembled, to renew their Oath of 
+.Fidelity to Saturn , on an Altar , which on that Ac¬ 
+count has been raifed to a Cancellation in the Heavens. 
+"Jupiter after this married Metis Daughter o i Oceanus, 
+who, it is reported, gave Saturn a Potion, which cauf- 
+ed him to bring up Neptune and Pluto , with the reft 
+of the Children he had formerly devoured (5). 
+
+The Merit of the Son, (as it often happens) only 
+ferved to increafe the Father’s Jealoufy, which received 
+new .Strength from an antient Oracle or Tradition, 
+that he fhould be dethroned by one of his Sons. Ju¬ 
+piter therefore, fecretly informed of the Meafures taken 
+to dellroy him, fuffered his Ambition to get the Af- 
+cendant over his.Duty, and taking up Arms, depofed 
+his Father, whom by the Advice of Prometheus, he 
+bound in woollen Fetters, and threw into Tartarus 
+with Japetus his Uncle. Here Saturn fuffered the 
+fame barbarous Punifhment of Caftration he had in¬ 
+flicted on his: Father Ctelus. 
+
+Macrobius fearches into the Reafon why this God 
+was bound with Fetters of Wool, and adds from the 
+Teftimony of Apollidorus , that he broke thefe Cords 
+once a Year at the Celebration of the Saturnalia (6). 
+
+
+This he explains by faying, that this Fable alluded to 
+the Corn, which being fliut up in the Earth, and de¬ 
+tained by Ghains, foft and eafily broken, fprung forth 
+and annually arrived at Maturity. The Abhe Banier 
+fays (7), that the Greeks looked upon the Places fitua- 
+ted to the Eaft, as higher than thofe that lay weflward; 
+and from hence concludes, that by Tartarus or Hell, 
+
+
+(5) By this, Jupiter fhould be the youngeft Sen of Saturn. 
+
+(6) Sat. Lib. 1. c. 8. (7). Banier's Mythology , Vol. 2. 185. 
+
+♦ 
+
+they 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 27 
+
+they only meant Spain. As to the Caftration of Sa¬ 
+turn, Mr. Le Clerc conjectures (8), that it only means 
+that Jupiter had corrupted his Father’s Council, and 
+prevailed upon the moil confiderable Perlons of his 
+Court to defert him. 
+
+The Manner in which Saturn efcaped from his Pri- 
+fon is not related. He fled to Italy , where he was 
+kindly received by Janus then King of that Country, 
+who alfociated him in the Government. From hence 
+that Part of the Woild obtained the Name of Satnr- 
+nia Tellus , as alfothat of Latium from Lateo to lie hid, 
+becaufe he found a Refuge heie in his Diftiefs. On 
+this Account Money was coined with a Ship on one 
+Side, to fignily his Anival, and a Janus with a double 
+Head on the other, to denote his fharing the regal 
+Authority. 
+
+The Reign of Saturn was fo mild and happy, that 
+the Poets have given it the Name of the Golden 
+Age, and celebrated it with all the Pomp and Luxu- 
+riancy of Imagination (9). According to Varro , this 
+Deity, from his intruding the People in Agriculture 
+and Tillage, obtained his Name (10) ok' Saturn. The 
+Sickle which he ufed in reaping being caft into Sicily , 
+gave that Ifland its ancient Name o i D re pawn, which 
+in Greek fignifies that Infirument. 
+
+The Hiliorians give us a very different Picture of 
+
+Saturn. Dicdorus reprefents him, as a tyrannical, 
+covetous, and cruel Prince, who reigned over Italy 
+and S icily, and enlarged his Dominions by Conqueft : 
+He adds, that he oppreffed his Subjects by fevere Tax¬ 
+es, and kept them in Awe by ftrong Gurrifons. 'This 
+Account agrees very well with thofe who make Saturn 
+the fir ft who inflituted human Sacrifices, which pro¬ 
+bably gave Rife to the Fable of his devouring his own 
+Children. Certain it is, that the Carthaginians { 1) 
+
+B z offered 
+
+(8) Remarks upon Ucftod. 
+
+(9) The Reader will fte more on (his Head under the fuc- 
+ceedlng Article. 
+
+(10) From Sa tus, that is, Sowing or Seed-Time. 
+
+(1) Mr. Silden, in bis Treatii'e of the Syrian Gods, fpeaking 
+of MoUchy imagines from the Cruelty of his Sacrifices, he was 
+
+
+
+28 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+* 
+
+
+offered young Children to this Deity ; and amongft the 
+Romans , his Priefts were cloathed in Red, and at his 
+Peftivals, Gladiators were employed to kill each other. 
+
+The Feafts of this Deity were celebrated with great 
+‘Solemnity amongft the Romans about the Middle of 
+December . They were firft inftituted by Tullus Hofti- 
+liusy though Li<vy dates them from the Confulfhip of 
+Manilius and Sempronius. They lafted but one Day 
+till the Time of Julius Cre far , who ordered them to 
+be protracted to three Days.; and in Procefs of l ime 
+they were extended to five. During thefe, all public 
+Bufinefs was flopped, the Senate never afTembled, no 
+War could be proclaimed, or Offender executed. 
+Mutual Prefents of all Kinds, (particularly Wax 
+Lights) were fent and received, Servants wore the 
+Pileus or Cap of Liberty, and were waited on by their 
+Mailers at Table. All which was defigned to fhew the 
+Equality and Happinefs of Mankind under the Golden 
+
+
+Ag e - - 
+
+The Romans kept in the temple of Saturn , the 
+Libri Elephantini, or Rolls, containing the Names of 
+the Roman Citizens, as alfo the Public Treafure. 
+This Cuftom they borrowed from the Egyptians , who 
+in the Temple of Sudec, or Chrone, depofited their 
+Genealogies of Families and the public Money. 
+
+
+Saturn , like the other Heathen Deities, had 
+
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Amours. He fell in Love with the Nymph Phyllyra 9 
+the Daughter of Oceanus y and was by his'Wife Rhea 
+fo near being furprifed in her Company, that he was 
+forced to aflume the Form of a Horfe. This fudden 
+Transformation had fuch an EffeCl on his Miftrefs, 
+that die bore a Creature whofe upper Part was like a 
+Man, and the reft like a Horfe. This Son of Saturn 
+became famous for his Skill in Mufic and Surgery. 
+
+A modern Author, M. La Pluche , has very juftly 
+accounted for this fabulous Hiftory of Saturn , which 
+
+
+the fame as Saturn. In the Reign of Tiberius , that Prince era- 
+cifyed the Priefts of Saturn for offering young Infants at his Al¬ 
+tar. This Idea of Saturn's Malignity is, peihaps, the Reafon 
+why the Planet, which bears this Name, was thought fo inauf- 
+
+picious and unfriendly to Mankind. 
+
+certainly 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+2gr 
+
+certainly derived its Origin from Egypt. The annual 
+Meeting of the Judges in that Country was nothyed 
+by an Image with a long Beard, and a Scythe in his 
+Hand. The fird denoted the Age and Gravity of the 
+Magidrates, and the latter pointed out the Seafon of 
+their afiembling, jud before the firft Hay-making or 
+Karveft. This Figure they called by the Names of 
+Sudsc (2), Chrone (3), Cbtun (4), an dSaterin (5) ; and 
+in Company with it, always expofed, another Statue 
+reprefenting lfts y with feveral Breads, and furrounded - 
+with the Heads of Animals, which they called Rhea 
+(6), asthefe Images continued expofed till the Begin¬ 
+ning of the new Solar Year, or the Return of 
+Ofiris (the Sun) fo Saturn became regarded as the Fa¬ 
+ther of Time. Upon other Occafions the Egyptians- 
+depi&ed him with Eyes before and behind, fome of 
+them open, othersafieep j and with four Wings, two 
+fhut and two expanded ( 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+The * Greeks took thefe 
+
+p 
+
+Pictures in the literal Senfe, and turned into fabulous. 
+Hiftory what was only allegorical. 
+
+Bochari , and-fome other learned Antiquaries, con¬ 
+ceived Saturn to be the fame with Noah, and drew a* 
+Parallel, in many Inftances, which feeni to: favour: 
+theiF Opinion. 
+
+Saturn was ufually reprefented as an old Man, bare¬ 
+headed and bald, with all the Marks of Age and In¬ 
+firmity in his Face. In this Right-Hand theyfometimea 
+placed a Sickle, or Scythe, at others^a Key,.and a Ser¬ 
+pent biting its own Tail,.and circumdexed in his Left. 
+He fometimes was pictured with fix Wings, and Feet! 
+of Wool, to fhew how infenfibly and fwiftly Time 
+
+
+pafles. 
+
+
+The Scythe denoted his cutting down and. 
+
+
+impairing aft Things, and the Serpent the Revolution: 
+
+of the Year : Quod in fefa <val<vitur Annus . 
+
+(2) From Tfadtcky or Sudecy Juftice,, or the Juft; 
+
+(3) From Keren , Splendor,. the Name given to Mofes on his 
+Defcent from the Mount *, hence the Greekygovoq* 
+
+(4) From Cohen % Prieft, is derived Keunah , or the (aeerdotab 
+Office. 
+
+(5) From.6V/fr, a Judge, is the Plural Seterim, or the Judges. 
+
+(6) From Rahahy to feed, comes Rekea, or Rhea y a Nurfe. ' 
+
+(7) This Figure feems borrowed' from the Cherubim of the 
+
+
+He l 
+
+
+'rewj. 
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+J- 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+
+HAP 
+
+
+
+Of the Golden. Ag 
+
+
+
+
+
+[FFICULT a s it is, to reconcile the Inc* 
+
+filTencies between the Poets and Hiftorians 
+the preceding Account of Saturn, yet the concurn 
+Teftimony ot the former in placing the Golden Age 
+his Times, feems to determine the Point in his Favoi 
+
+prove that he was a Benefadtor and Friend 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+kind. fi 
+
+
+Ad mini ft 
+
+
+ice they enjoyed fuch Felicity under his 
+on. We can never fufficiently admire the 
+rriafterly Defcription given by Virgil of thofe Halcyon 
+Days, when Peace and Innocence adorned the World, 
+and. fweetened all the Bleflings of untroubled Life. 
+Q*vid has yet heightened the Defcription with thofe 
+Touches of Imag 
+
+
+peculiar to him. Amongft 
+the Greek Poets, Hefiod has touched this Subject with 
+that agreeable Simplicity which diftinguifihes all his 
+
+Writings. 
+
+By the Golden Age might be figured out the Happi 
+
+
+nefs of the prim 
+
+
+State before the firft and 
+
+
+fal Deluge, when the Earth remaining in the lame Po« 
+fition in which it v/as firft created, flourifhed with per¬ 
+petual Spring, and the Air always temperate and fe- 
+
+r dark- 
+
+5 Time 
+
+
+iene, was neither difcompofed by St or 
+ened by Clouds. The Reafon of affixing thi 
+
+
+the Reign of Saturn, was probably this : The Egyp¬ 
+tians held the firft annual Aftembly of their Judges in 
+the Month of Febt'uary, and as the Decifions of thefe 
+Sages were always attended with the higheft Equity, 
+fo the People regarded that Seafon as a Time of general 
+Joy and Happinefs, the rather as all Nature with them 
+was then in Bloom, and the whole Country looked like 
+
+
+enamelled Garden 
+
+
+Carpet 
+
+
+on Times 
+
+were but of a iliort Duration, fince the Character 
+
+
+But after all it appears, that thefe Hale) 
+
+
+Plato, Pythag 
+
+
+and others give of this Ag 
+
+
+caa 
+
+
+ly relate to that State of perfect Innocence which 
+ended with the Fall. 
+
+
+CHAP.. 
+
+
+
+
+
+* l J he Heathen Gods. 31 
+
+% 
+
+CHAP. XI. Of the Giants. 
+
+% 
+
+^T'HE Giants were produced (as has been alres- 
+X dy obferved) of the Blood which flowed from 
+the Wound of Saturn , when caftrated by his Son Ju * 
+piter. Proud of their own Strength, and fired with a 
+daring Ambition, they entered into an AfTociation to 
+dethrone Jupiter 5 for which Purpofe they piled Rocks 
+on Rocks, in order to fcale the Skies. This Engage¬ 
+ment is differently related by Authors, both as to the 
+Place where it happened, and the Circumflances which 
+attended it; fome Writers laying the Scene in Italy: 
+(8), others in Greece (9). It feerns the Father of the 
+Gods was apprized of the Danger, as- there was a pro¬ 
+phetical Rumour arnongft the Deities, that the Giants- 
+ihould not be overcome, unlefs a Mortal aflifted in 
+the War. For this Reafon Jove, by the Advice of 
+Pallas , called up Hercules , and being aflifted by the 
+reft of the Gods gained a complete Victory over the 
+Rebels, rnoft of whom periflied in the Conflidt. Her¬ 
+cules fir ft flew Alcyon with an Arrow, but he ftill fur- 
+vived and grew iironger, till Minerva drew him out 
+
+of the Moon’s Orb, when he expired. This Goddefs- 
+alfo cut off the Heads of Enceladus and Pallantes , and 
+afterwards encountering Alcyoneus at the Corinthian 
+Ifthmus, killed him in Spire of his monltrous Bulk. 
+Porpbyris , about to ravifli Juno , fell by the Hands of 
+Ju-piter and Hercules. Apollo and Hercules difpatched 
+EphialteSy and Hercules flew Eurytur , by darting an 
+Oak at him Clytius was (lain by Hecate , and Poly hot es 
+flying through the Sea, came to the Ifle of Coos y where 
+Neptune tearing off Part of the Land, hurled it at him, 
+and formed the Ifife of Ntfyros. Mercury flew Hypo - 
+lituS) Gratian was vanquifhed by Diana , and the 
+Parc& claimed their Share in the Vidtory, by the De- 
+
+
+(8) In the Pblegraan Plains, in Campania , near Mount Vefu- 
+
+niius y which abound with fubterraneous Fires,, and hot Mineral 
+Springs. 
+
+(9) Where they fet Mount OJJa on Pelicn, in order to afcend 
+the Skies. 
+
+B 4 ftrudlion 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+ftrudtion of Agryus and Thoan . Even Silenits his Afs 
+by his oppoitune Braying, contributed to put the Gi¬ 
+
+
+ants in Confuflon, and compleat their Ruin. 
+
+
+During 
+
+
+this War, of which Ovid has left us a fhort Defcrip 
+tion, Pallas diftinguifhed herfelf by her Wifdom, Her 
+
+
+rules 
+
+
+
+his Strength, Pan 
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+his Trumpet, which 
+ilruck a Terror in the Enemy,- and Bacchus by his 
+Activity and Courage. Indeed their Affiftance was no 
+more than feafonable ; for when the Giants firftmade 
+their audacious Attempt, the Gods were fo aftonifhed, 
+that they fled into Egypt, where they concealed them- 
+feives in various Shapes. 
+
+But the moft dreadful of thefe Monfters, and the 
+mo ft difficult to fubdue, was Typhon or Typhceus 
+whom, when he had aimoft difcomfited all the Gods 
+Jupiter purfued to Mount Caucafus, where he wound¬ 
+ed him with his Thunder ; but Typhon turning upon 
+him took him Prifoner, and after cutting with his own 
+Sickle the Nerves of his Hands and Feet, threw him 
+on his Back, carried him into Cilicia, and imprifoned 
+him in a Cave, whence he was delivered by Mercury , 
+who reflored him to his former Vigour. After this* 
+Jove- had a feeond Engagement with Typhon, who fly¬ 
+ing into Sicily, was overwhelmed by Mount Mtna . 
+
+The Giants are reprefented by the Poets as Men of 
+huge Stature and horrible Afpeft, their lower Parts 
+being bf a Serpentine Form. But above alL Typhon, 
+or Typhceus , is defcribed in the moft Blocking Man¬ 
+ner. Heftod has given him an hundred Heads of Dra¬ 
+gons uttering dreadful Sounds, and having Eyes that 
+darteci Fire He makes him, by Echidna , the Father 
+of the Dog Or thus, of Cerberus , Hydra , Chimcera, 
+Sphinx , the Ne?n&an Lion, the Hefperian Dragon, 
+
+and of Storms and Tempefts. 
+
+Hiftorians fay Typhous was the Brother of Ofirh 
+King of Egypt, who, in the Abfence of this Mo¬ 
+narch, formed a Confpiracy to dethrone him at his 
+Return, for which End he invited him to a Feaft, at 
+the Conclufion of which, a Cheft of exquiflte Work- 
+inanfhip was brought in, and offered to him who ly¬ 
+
+
+ing down in it ftiould be found to fit it beft. 
+
+
+OJiris 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+
+The H e a t h e n God s. 33 
+
+not difti lifting the Contrivance, had no fooner got in- 
+but the Lid was doled upon him, and the unhappy 
+King thrown into the Nile. IJis his Queen, to revenge 
+the Death of her beloved Hulband, raifed an Army, 
+the Command of which {he gave to her Son Orus., who* 
+after vanquishing the Ufurper, put him to Death.. 
+Hence the Egyptiansy who detefted his Memory,, 
+painted him in their Hieroglyphic Chara6{ers in lb' 
+frightful a Manner. The Length and Multiplicity of 
+his Arms denoted his Power: The Serpents which 
+formed his Heads fignified his Addrefs and Cunning:' 
+The Crocodile Scales which covered his Body ex- 
+prelfed his Cruelty and Dillimulation ; and the Flight 
+of the Gods into Egypt, {hewed the Precautions taken-- 
+by the great Men 10 {heller themfelves from his Fury 
+arid Relentmenr. 
+
+It is eafy in this Story of the Giants to trace the 
+Mofaic Hiftoiy, which informs us how the Earth was 
+afflided with Men of uncommon Stature and great 
+Wiekednefs. The Tradition of the Tower of Babel,. 
+and the Defeat of that impious Defign, might naturally 
+give Rife to the Attempt of thefe Monfters^ to infult- 
+the Skies and make War'on the Gods. 
+
+But there is another Explication of this Fable, which 
+feems both more rational and curious. Amongft the 
+Names of the Giants we find thole of Briareus (1), 
+Rcecbus { 2), Qthus (3), Ephinltes (4), Porphyrion (5),. 
+Enceladus (6), and Mimas (7). Now the literal Sig- 
+
+(1) Fiom Beri Serenity ; and Harcus , loft,. to fhew the Tcm- 
+pcratuie of the Air deltroyed. * 
+
+(i) From Reuach , the Winds. 
+
+(3) From Ouitta, or Qthus, the Times, to tipify the Viciffi- 
+tude of Sealons, 
+
+(4) From E‘vi, or Ephi, Clouds*, and Ait ah, Darkuefs, /. e, 
+dark gloomy Clouds. 
+
+(;) Fiom Bhaur, to break, com°s Phatpker , to fe pa rate mi¬ 
+nutely : To denote the general DilLlution of the piiraceval Syf— 
+tern. 
+
+(6) From Etice/eJ, vioient Springs or Torrents. 
+
+(7) From Maim , great and heavy Ra : ns. Now all thefe were 
+Phenomena new, and unknown before the Flood. See La 
+Pluck e\ Hiftory of the hLavcns, Yol. j, p. Co. 
+
+B 5 nificruicn 
+
+
+
+34 Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+
+
+nification of thefe leads us to the Senfe of the Allegory*, 
+which wasdefigned to point out the fatal Confequences 
+of the Flood, and the confiderabie Changes it intro¬ 
+duced, with Regard to the Face of Nature. This is 
+further confirmed by their Tradition, that their 
+v.anquifhed the Giants, and that Orus his Son, i 
+ticular, (topped the Purfuit of Rcecbus , by appearing 
+before him in the Form of a Lion. By which they 
+meant, that, that induftrious People had no Way of 
+fecuring themfelv.es againft the bad Effedts of the ver¬ 
+nal Winds, which brought on their annual Inundation, 
+but by exactly obferving the Sun’s Entrance into Leo^ 
+and then retiring to the high Grounds, to wait the 
+going off of the Waters. 
+
+It may not be improper to add, that from the Blood. 
+
+
+
+of the Giants defeated by Jupiter , were produced 
+Serpents and all Kinds of venomous Cieatures. 
+
+
+
+
+2 
+
+
+T HE Connexion between Saturn and Janus, 
+
+renders the Account of the Latter a proper Sup¬ 
+plement to the Hiftory of the Former. Writers vary 
+as to the Birth of this Deity, fome making him the Son; 
+of Ccelus and Hecate , others the Offspring of Apollo , 
+by Creufa Daughter of Eriftheus , King of Athens . 
+Hefeod is filent about him in his Theogony , and indeed. 
+* Janus was a God little known to the Greeks. Accord¬ 
+ing to Cato , he was a Scythian Prince, who at the 
+Head o r a victorious Army,, fubdued and depopulated* 
+Italy. But the mo ft probable Opinion is, that he was 
+
+
+an Etrurian King, and one of the earlieft Monarchs of 
+that Country, which he governed with great Wifdom, 
+
+according to the Teftimony of Plutarch , who fays, 
+
+4 whatever he was, whether a King or a God, he was 
+‘ a great Politician, who tempered the Manners of his 
+4 Subjects, and taught them Civility, on which Ac- 
+
+
+1 count he was regarded as the God of Peace, and 
+4 never invoked during the Time of War.’ Theifor 
+
+manshtld him in peculiar Veneration. 
+
+• * 
+
+
+
+F r.o 
+
+
+
+The H E A T H E N G O D S. 3 J 
+
+From Fahius Pidor t one of the old Roman Hifto- 
+
+rians, we learn, that the antient Tufcans were fir ft 
+taught by this good King to improve the Vine, to fow 
+Corn, and to make Bread, and that he firft raifed Tem¬ 
+ples and Altars to the Gods, who were before wor¬ 
+shipped in Groves. We have already mentioned Sa¬ 
+turn, as the Introducer of thefe Arts into Italy , where 
+Janus admitted him into a Share of his Power. Some 
+lay he was. married to the youngeft Vejla * the God- 
+dels of Fire ; others make his AVife the Goddefs Car — 
+
+na , or Carina (8). 
+
+It is certain that he early obtained divine Honours at 
+Rome , where Numa Pompilius inftituted an annual 
+Feftival to him in January , which was celebrated with- 
+manly Exercifes. Romulus and Tatius had before 
+eredted him a Temple upon Occafion of the Union of 
+the Romans with the Sabines. Numa ordained it fhould' 
+be opened in Time of War, and fhut in Time of 
+Peace (9), which happened blit thrice for feveral Cen¬ 
+turies. 1. In the Reign of Numa . 2. In the Confu- 
+
+late of Attilius Ralbus, and Manlius Torquatus ; and 
+3. By Auguftus Crsfar, after the dea*h of Antony , and 
+Reduction of Egypt. 
+
+Janus was the God who prefided over all new Un¬ 
+dertakings. Hence in all Sacrifices the firft Libations 
+©f Wine and Wheat were' offered to him, as likewife 
+all Prayers were prefaced with a fliort Addrefs to him. 
+The peculiar Offerings at his Feftival were Cakes of 
+new Meal and Salt, with new W'ine and Frankin- 
+c.enfe (10). Then all Artificers and Tradefmen began 
+their Works, and the Roman Confuls for the New 
+Year folemnly entered on their Office. All Quarrels 
+were laid aftde, mutual Prefects were made, and the 
+Day concluded with Joy and Mirth. 
+
+(8) Carna , or Carma, was a Goddefs who prefided over the 
+vital Parts, and occafioned a healthy Conftiiution of Body. 
+
+(9) Hence Janus took the Names of Patu'eius or Clufius. 
+
+(10) 7 ooke contradi&s Ovid , and funpofes Pliny to prove, that 
+the Antients did not ale this Gum in their Sacrifices, but the 
+
+Bafla?e or that Author, only fays it was not ufed in the Time of 
+the Trojan War. 
+
+Janus 
+
+
+
+3 s Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+ft 
+
+Janus was reprefented with two Faces, and called 
+Bifrons y Biceps , and Didym&us ; as forming another 
+Image of himfelf on the Difk of the Moon, and look¬ 
+ing to the paft and approaching Year; with Keys, as 
+opening and fhutting up the Day (i). He is faid to 
+have regulated the Months, the firft of which is dif- 
+tinguillied by his Name, as the firft Day of every 
+Month was aifo facred to him. He was therefore feat- 
+ed in the Center of twelve Altars ; and had on his 
+Hands Figures to the Amount of Days in a Year. 
+Sometimes his Image had four Faces, to exprefs the 
+four Seafons of the Year over which he prefided. 
+
+Though Janus be properly a Roman Deity, yet it is 
+amongft the Egyptians we mu ft feek for the true Ex¬ 
+planation of his Hiftory. That Nation reprefented the 
+Opening of their Solar Year by an Image, with a Key 
+in its Hand, and two Faces, one old and the other 
+young, to tipify or mark the old and new Year. King 
+Ficus with a Hawk’s Head, who is ufually drawn near 
+Janus , leaves no Doubt but that the Symbol of this 
+Deity was borrowed from that People. The Reader, 
+after putting all this together, will reafonably conclude, 
+that by this Figure could only be intended the Sun, the 
+great Ruler of the Year. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XIII. Of the Elder Vesta, w Cybble 
+
+the Wife of Saturn. 
+
+I T is highly necelfary, in ciafting the Heathen Divi¬ 
+nities, to diftinguiili between this Go.defs, who is 
+alfo called Rbea and Ops t from another Vejla their 
+Daughter, becaufe the Poets have been faulty in con¬ 
+founding them, and afciibing the Attributes and Acti¬ 
+ons of the one to the other. 
+
+The elder Vejla y commonly called RJlia by the 
+- Greeks , was the Daughter of Coelus and Terray and 
+
+married to her Brother Saturn y to whom Ihe bore a 
+
+(i) ^uaft utriujque janua ccelejlis pctentem; qui exoriens ape - 
+rial dtcviy Occident claudat. Macrcb. 1. i, c. 9. 
+
+
+numerous 
+
+
+
+‘The Heathen Gods.. 37 
+
+numerous offspring. She had a Multiplicity of Names 
+befides, of which the principal were Cybele , Magna 
+Mater , or the great Mother of the Gods y and Bona 
+Dea> or the good Goddefs, &c. Under different 
+Chaiaders ilie had different Reprefentations, and dif¬ 
+ferent Sacrifices. 
+
+. Vefia is generally reprefented upon ancient Coins 
+fitting, though fome times (landing, with a lighted 
+Torch in one Hand, and a Sphere in the other. 
+
+Under the Character of Cybele (lie makes a more 
+magnificent Appearance, being feated on a lofty Cha¬ 
+riot drawn by Lions, crowned with Towers, and hav¬ 
+ing a Key extended in her Hand. 
+
+Some indeed make the Phrygian Cybele a different 
+Perfon from Vefia : They fay ihe was the Daughter of 
+Mceones an antient King of Phrygia and Dyndima , and 
+that her Mother, for fome Reafons, expofed her on 
+Mount Cybelus , where (lie was nouriflied by Lions. 
+Her Parents afterwards owned her, and (lie fell in Love 
+with Atys , by whom conceiving, her Father caufed 
+her Lover to be (lain, and his Body thrown to the wild 
+Beads; Cyhele upon this ran mad, and filled the Woods 
+with hei Lamentations. Soon after a Plague and Fa¬ 
+mine laying wade the Country, the Oracle was con- 
+fulted, who advifed them to bury Atys with great 
+Pomp, and to woifhip Cyhele as a Goddefs. Accord¬ 
+ingly they ere&ed a Temple to her Honour at Pejfinus , 
+and placed Lions at her Feet, to denote her being 
+educated by the Animals. 
+
+0 <vid relates the Story a little more in the marvellous 
+Way ; Atys was a Boy fo called by Cyhele , whom (he 
+appointed to prefide in her Rites, enjoining him in¬ 
+violate Chadity ; but the Youth happening to forget 
+his Vow, in Refentment the Goddefs deprived him of 
+his Senfes : But at lad pitying his Mifery, (lie turned 
+him into a Pine-Tree , which, as well as the Boy , 
+was held facred to her. The Animal commonly 
+facrificed to Cybele y was the Sow, on Account of its 
+
+Fascundity. 
+
+The Prieds of this Deity were the Corybantes, Ca¬ 
+ret es, 1 d<e /, DadJyli and Telchines^ who in their myf- 
+
+tica! 
+
+
+
+?8 Fabulous • HISTORY of 
+
+tical Rites made great Uie of Cymbals and other fn- 
+jffcruments of Brais, attended with extravagant Cries 
+and Howlings. They fieri heed fitting on the Earth, 
+and offered only the Hearts of the Victims. 
+
+The Goddefs Cybele was unknown to the Romans 
+till the Time of Hannibal , when confulting the Sybil¬ 
+line Oracles, they found that formidable Enemy could 
+not be expelled till they fent for the ld&an Mother to 
+Rome. Attains then King of Phrygia , at the Requetl 
+of their Embaffadors, fent her Statue, which was of 
+Stone. But the Vefie 1 which carried it arriving in the 
+Fyber, was miraculoufly flopped, till Claudia , one of 
+the Fejlal-Virginsy drew it afliore with her Girdle. 
+
+This Vefia , to whom the living Flame was facred, 
+is the fame with the Egyptian lfis y and leprefented the 
+pure ALther incloling, containing and pervading all 
+'Filings. Their Exprdfions and Attributes are alike. 
+She was confidered ns the Caule of Generation and 
+Motion ; the Parent of all the Luminaries, and is 
+
+confounded with Nature and the World She obtain¬ 
+ed the Name ot' Eflia, as being the Life or EiTence of 
+all Things (2). 
+
+As to the Friefts of Cybele , the Carybantes , Cure- 
+tes , fsfe. they are of the fame Original. Crete was a 
+Colony of the Egyptians , confiding of three Claffes of 
+People, 1. The Cotybantes or Priefts (3). 2. The Cu- 
+retes y (4) or Hufbandmen, and Inhabitants of Towns. 
+3. The Dnfiyli (5), or Artificers and labouring Poor. 
+All which Names are of Egyptian Derivation. 
+
+Cybele was honoured at Rome by the Title of Bona „ 
+Den % or good Goddels. But this Devotion was only 
+paid her by the Matrons, and the Rites were celebra¬ 
+ted in fo fecret a Manner, that it was no lefs than 
+
+♦ 
+
+( i) Plato in Cratylo. 
+
+( 3 >F iom Corbariy a Sacrifice nr Oblation. 
+
+(4} From Kerrty a City or Town, comes the Plural Keretim y 
+to fi&nify the Inhabitants. 
+
+(5) From dac , poor*, and tul or tyl y a Migration: Hence our 
+ultima Thule. The Greeks for the lame Reafon call the Fingers 
+Da J 7 j/ U, becaufe they are the Indruments of Labour. 
+
+
+Death 
+
+
+
+The Heathen God s. 39 
+
+Death for any Man to he prefent at the Affenibly'(6). 
+Whence they were called Opert or in. 
+
+I he Roman Fanners and Shepherds worfhipped Cy- 
+bele or Vefia , by the 'l’itle of Magna Pales , or the 
+
+Goddefs ot Cattle and Failures. Her Felliva 1 was in 
+April , at which Time they purified their Flocks and 
+Herds with the Fumes of Rofemary, Laurel, and Sul¬ 
+phur,, offered Sacrifices of Milk and Millet Cakes, and 
+concluded the Ceremony by dancing round Straw- 
+Fires. Thele annual Feafls were called Palilia , and. 
+were the fame with the ®tc(Ao$ofla of the Greeks , and 
+probably of Phoenician or Egyptian Original. 
+
+The great Feflival of Cyhelc , called Megaleft a , was 
+always celebrated in April, and Jailed eight Days at 
+Rome. 
+
+
+
+C H A I 
+
+
+
+
+XIV. 
+
+
+Of Vesta, the younger. 
+
+
+
+OLLECT ED Fire is the Offspring of /Ether. 
+
+Hence we have another Vejla, laid to be the 
+Daughter of the other, by Saturn, or Time, and the 
+Siller of Ceres, Juno , Pluto , Neptune , and Jupiter* 
+She was fo fond of a fingle Life, that when her Bro¬ 
+ther Jupiter afeended the Throne, and offered to grant 
+whatever fhe afked, fhe defired only the Prefervaiioa 
+of her Virginity, and that fhe might have the firfl Ob¬ 
+lation in all Sacrifices (7), which lire obtained, 
+cording to Laftantius , the Chaftity of Vefta is meant 
+to exprefs the Nature of Fire, which is incapable of 
+Mixture, producing, nothing, but converting all Things 
+
+into iifelf. 
+
+Numa Pompilius , the great Founder of Religion 
+among the Romans, is fa id firft to have refrored the 
+aqtient Rites, and ^Worfiup of this Goddefs, to whom 
+he erected a circular Temple, which in fucceeding 
+
+
+Ac 
+
+
+(6) So we learn from Tibullus 
+
+
+Bonce maribus non adeunda Des 
+
+
+(7) It is a Queltion if this Privilege 
+the elder Vefta, in common with Janus 
+
+
+rather belong to 
+
+
+Ages, 
+
+
+
+4 o Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Ages, was much embeliiflied. He alfo appointed four 
+Prieltefles to be chofen out of the noblefl Families in 
+Rome, and of Ipotiefs Character, whofe Office was to 
+attend the facred Fire kept continually burning near her 
+Altar. Thefe Vejlal Virgins continued in their Charge 
+for thirty Years, and had very great Privileges annexed 
+to their Dignity. This Fire was annually renewed, 
+with great Ceremony, from the Rays of the Sun, on 
+the Kalends of March. It was preferved in Earthen 
+Pots fufpended in the Air, and efteemed fo facred, that 
+if by any Misfortune it became extinguished, (as hap¬ 
+pened once) a CelTation enfued from all Bufinefs, till 
+they had expiated the Prodigy. If this Accident ap¬ 
+peared owing to the Negleft of the l^eftals^ they were 
+ieverely punifhed ; and if they violated their Vow of 
+Chaflity, they were interred alive. 
+
+As Vejla was the Goddefs of Fire, the Romans had 
+no Images in her Temple to reprefent N her, the Reafon 
+of which we learn in Ovid (8). Yet as flie was the 
+Guardian of Houles or Hearths, her Image was ufu- 
+ally placed in the Porch or Entry, and a daily Sacrifice 
+her (9). 
+
+It is certain nothing could be a ftronger or more 
+lively Symbol of the Supreme Being, than Fire. Ac¬ 
+cordingly we find this Emblem in early Ufe through¬ 
+out ail the Ealt. The Perfans held it in Veneration 
+long before 
+
+Hyjiafpes reduced the Worfihip of it to a certain Plan. 
+The Prytanei of the Greeks were perpetual and holy 
+Fires. We find JEtieas bringing with him to Italy his 
+Penates (or Houfliold Gods) the Palladium and t he fa¬ 
+cred Fire . The Veft a of the Etrurians, Sabines, and 
+Romans , was the fame. 
+
+
+Zoroafter , who, in the Reign of Darius 
+
+
+(8) His Words are thefe : 
+
+Effigiem nullam Vejla nec Ignis habet. Fajli, Lib. VI. 
+
+Flo Image VeftaV Semblance can exprefs, 
+
+Fire is too fubtile to admit of Drefs. 
+
+(9) Hence the Word Vejlibulum , for a Porch or Entry; and 
+
+the Romans called their round Table Vzft<e, as the Greeks ufed 
+
+the common Word En* to fignify Chimneys and Altars. 
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+
+H A P. XV. Of Jupiter. 
+
+
+
+% 
+
+E come now to the great King, or Mafter of 
+the Gods . This Deity was the Son of Saturn , 
+
+
+Rhea 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Veft 
+
+
+whom the A&ions of 
+
+
+at leaft this is that Jupiter 
+
+
+the others 
+
+
+chiefly af* 
+
+
+cribed. For there were fo many Princes called by his 
+Name, that it feema to have been a common Appel 
+lation in early Times for a powerful or vi&orioua 
+Prince (10). The moft confiderable of thefe was cer- 
+
+
+
+the Cretan 
+
+
+
+above-mentioned, of whofe 
+
+
+Education we have very various Accounts, as well as 
+the Place of his Birth. The MeJJenians pretended to 
+iliow in the Neighbourhood of their City a Fountain 
+called Ciepfydra , where Jupiter was educated by the 
+Nymphs Ithome and Neda ; others fay he was born at 
+Thebes in Bceotia : 
+
+
+Opin: 
+
+Crete 
+
+
+but the moft general and received 
+that he was brought up near Mount Ida 
+
+
+Virgil tells us he was fed by the Bees 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Gratitude for which he changed them from an Iron ta 
+a golden Colour. Some fay his Nurfes were Amal- 
+thaea and Melijfa y Daughters of Melijfus King of Crete > 
+who gave feis Goats Milk and Honey $ others, that 
+Amalthcea was the Name of the Goat that nurfed him* 
+whofe Horn he prefented to thofe Princefles with this 
+Privilege annexed, that whoever poflefTed it fbould 
+immediately have whatever they defied 5 whence it 
+came to be called the Horn of Plenty . After this the 
+Goat dying, Jupiter placed her amongft the Stars, and 
+
+
+by the Ad 
+
+
+of Themis covered hir Shield 
+
+
+WJ 
+
+
+hep 
+
+
+Skin to ftrike Terror in the Giants, whence it obtain¬ 
+ed the Name of A£gis. According to others, he and 
+his Sifter Juno fucked the Breads of Fortune. Some 
+dledge his Mother Vefla fuckled him ; fome, that he 
+
+
+was fed by wild Pig 
+from Oceanus , and by 
+
+
+who brought him Ambrofi 
+
+
+Eagi 
+
+
+who carried Nedar 
+
+
+in his Beak from a fteep Rock ; in Recompenfe of 
+
+
+(10) Varro reckoned up 300 Jupite'rs , and each Nation feems 
+to have had one peculiar 10 itfelf. 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+42 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+which Services, he made the Former the Fore-tellers 
+of Winter and Summer, and gave the Latter the Re¬ 
+ward of Immortality, and the Office of bearing his 
+
+Thunder. In fhort,the Nymphs and the Bears claim 
+a Share in the Honour of his Education, nor is it yet 
+decided which has the belt Title to it, 
+
+Let us now come to the Actions of Jupiter. The 
+firft, and indeed the mod memorable of his Exploits, 
+was his Expedition againft the Titans , for his Father’s 
+Deliverance and Reftoiatio”, of which we have already 
+fpoken under the Article of Saturn. After this he de¬ 
+throned his Father, and having poffefTed himfelfofhis 
+Throne, was acknowledged by all the Gods in Qua¬ 
+lity of their fupreme Apollo , himfelf crowned with 
+Laurel, and robed with Purple, condefcended to fing 
+his Praifes to his Lyre. Hercules , in order to perpe¬ 
+tuate the Memory of his Triumphs, inllituted the 
+Olympic Games, where it is faid that Pbcebus carried 
+off the firft Prize, by overcoming Mercury at the Race. 
+After this, Jupiter being fully fettled, divided his Do¬ 
+minions with his Brothers Neptune and Pluto , as will 
+be ihewn in the Sequel. 
+
+Jupiter y however, is thought to ufe his Power in 
+a little too tyrannical a Manner, for which we find 
+Juno, Neptune , and Pallas confpired againft, and ac¬ 
+tually feized, his Perfon. But the Giants Coitus, Gyges. 
+and Briareus , who were then his Guards, and whom 
+Thetis called to his' Affiftance, fet him af Liberty. 
+How thefe Giants, with others of their Race, after¬ 
+wards revolted againft him, and were overthrown, has 
+been already mentioned in its Place. 
+
+The Story of Lycaon is not the leaft diftinguifhed of 
+his Actions. Hearing of the prevailing Wickednefs of 
+Mankind, Jove defcended to Earth, and arriving at 
+the Palace of this Monarch, King of Arcadia, declared* 
+who he was, on which the People prepared Sacrifices, 
+and the other Honours due to him. But Lycaon, both- 
+impious and incredulous, killed one of his Domefticks, 
+and ferved up the Flefii drefTed at the Entertainment 
+he gave the God, who detefting fuch horrid Inhuma¬ 
+nity, immediately confumed the Palace with Lighten- 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 43 
+
+ing, and turned the Barbarian into a Wolf. Ovid has 
+related this Story with his ufual Art. 
+
+liut as Ambition, when arrived at the Height of its 
+Wiflies, feldom ftridtly adheres to the Rules of Mo¬ 
+deration, fo the Air of a Court is always in a peculiar 
+Manner fatal to Virtue. If any Monarch deferved the 
+Chara&er of encouraging Gallantry by his Example, 
+it was certainly Jupiter t whofe Amours are as num- 
+bedefs as the Metamorphofes he affumed to accompliflx 
+them, and have afforded an extenfive Field ofDefcrip- 
+tion to the Poets and Painters, both antient and mo¬ 
+dern. 
+
+Jupiter had feveral Wives, Metis , or Prudence , his 
+fir It, he is fa id to have devoured, when big with Child, 
+by which himfelf becoming pregnant, Minerva iffued 
+cut of his Head adult and completely armed. His fe- 
+cond was Themis , or Juflice , by whom he had the 
+Hours , meaning the Regulation of Time y Eunomia or 
+Good Order , Die he or Law, Eirene or Peace , and the- 
+Defiinies . He alfo married Juno , his Sifter, whom it 
+is repoited he deceived under the Form of a Cuckoo y 
+who, to /hun the Violence of a Storm, fled for Shelter 
+to her Lap (1}. She bore to him Hebe , Mars, Lucina , 
+and Vulcan. By Eurynome he had the three Graces y 
+by Ceres , Proferpine ; by Mnemofyne , the nine Mufes j 
+by Latona , Apollo and Diana ; by Maia , Mercury. 
+
+Of his Intrigues we have a pretty curious DetaiL 
+One of his firfb Miftrefles was Culiflo the Daughter of 
+Lycaorty one of the Nymphs of Diana. To deceive 
+her, he alfumed the Form of the Goddefs of Chaftity 
+and fucceeded fo far as to make the Virgin violate her 
+Vow. But her Difgrace being revealed, as flie was 
+bathing with her Patronefs, the incenfed Deity not only 
+difgraced her,, but (2) turned her into a Bear. Jove* 
+in Companion to her Punifliment and Sufferings, raifed 
+her to a Conftelkt-ion in the Heavens (3). CaliJlo y 
+however, left a Son called Areas, who having inftru£t~ 
+
+♦ 
+
+(1) At a Mountain near Corinth, thence called Coceyx. 
+
+(z) Some (av it was "Juno turned her into that Animal. 
+
+(3) Called Urfa Major by the Latins , and licit ce by the Greeks . 
+
+cd 
+
+
+
+44 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+ed the Pelafgians in Tillage and the Social Arts, they 
+
+from him took the Name of Arcadians , and after his 
+Death he was by his divine Father, allotted alfo (4) a 
+Seat in the Skies. 
+
+There is fcarce any Form which Jupiter did not at 
+fome Time or other afiume to gratify his Defires. Un¬ 
+der the Figure of a Satyr he violated Antiope the Wife 
+of Lycus King of Thebes^ by whom he had two Sons, 
+Zethus and Amphion, In the Refemblance of a Swan 
+he corrupted Leda , the Spoufe of Tyndarus, King of 
+Laconia . Under the Appearance of a white Bull he 
+carried off Europa, Daughter of Agenor King of 
+nicia , into Crete , where he enjoyed her. Jn the Shape 
+of an Eagle he furprifed AJleria the Daughter of C&us 9 
+and bore her away in his Talons in fpite of her Mo- 
+defty. Aided by the fame Difguife, he feized the 
+beauteous Ganymede Son of Tros ) as he was hunting 
+on Mount Ula y and raifed him to the joint Functions 
+of his Cup-bearer and Catamite. 
+
+It was indeed difficult to efcap'e the' Purfuits of a 
+God, who by his unlimited Power made all N,arure 
+fubfervient to his Furpofes. Of this we have a re¬ 
+markable Infiance in Danae , whofe Father, Acrijius y 
+jealous of her Conduct, had fecured her in a Brazen 
+Tower 5 but Jupiter defcending in a golden Shower, 
+found Means to elude all; the Vigilance of her Keepers. 
+He found Means to inflame JEgina the Daughter of 
+JEfopus, King of Bceotia, in the Similitude of a lam¬ 
+bent Fire, and then carried her from Epidaurus to a 
+defert Ifle called OErnpe , to which fhe gave her own 
+Name (5). Clytoris % a fair Virgin of 7 bejfaly y he de¬ 
+bauched in the Shape of an Ant ; but to corrupt Ale - 
+mena the Wife of Amphytrion y he was obliged to af¬ 
+fume the Form of her Hufband, under which the fair 
+one being deceived, innocently yielded to his Defires. 
+By Thalia he had two Sons, called the Pallaciy and two 
+by Protogenia, <viz. JEtblius the Father of ,Endymion y 
+and Epaphus the Founder of Memphis in Egypt , and 
+
+(4) Tl}t*&rfa Minor of the Latins , and Cynofuraci the Greeks, 
+
+(5) The Ifle of JEgisia in the Archipelago, 
+
+I 
+
+F ather 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 45 
+
+Father of Lybia , who gave her Name to the Continent 
+of Africk . Eleflra bore him Dardanus , Laodamia , 
+Sarpedon and Argus , Jodama Deucalion , with many 
+others too tedious to enumerate, though mentioned by 
+the Poets. '• 
+
+It is very evident that moft, if not all the Stories re¬ 
+lating to the Amours of’ the Gods, were invented by 
+their refpeCtive Priefts, to cover their Corruption or 
+Debauchery. Of which this of Danae feems at lead 
+a palpable Inftance,and mayTerve to give fome Idea of 
+the reft : Acrifius was informed by an Oracle, that his 
+Grandfon would one Day deprive him of his Crown 
+and Life ; on which he ftiut up his Daughter Danae in 
+a Brazen Tower of the T emple of Apollo at Delphos , 
+the Priefts of which Oracle probably gave him this 
+Information, with.no other View to forward their 
+Scheme, which tended to gratify the Lull of Pr&teus 
+the King’s Brother, who being let through the Roof, 
+pretending to be Jupiter, and throwing large Quanti¬ 
+ties of Gold amongft her Domefticks, obtained his 
+W i flies. 
+
+Two particular Adventures of his are too remarkable 
+to be palfed in Silence. He had deluded by his Arts 
+Semele Daughter of Cadmus , King of Thebes , who 
+proved with Child. Juno hearing of it, and intent on 
+Revenge, under the Difguife of Betoe , Nurfe to the 
+Princefs, was admitted to her Prefence, and artfully 
+infinuating to her that Hie might not be deceived in her 
+Lover, Hie advifed her the next Time he vilited her, to 
+requeft as a Proof of his Love, that ilie might fee him 
+in the fame Majefty with which he embraced Juno. 
+Jupiter granted, not without Reluctance, a Favour he 
+knew would be fo fatal to his Miftrefs. The unhappy 
+fair one, unable to bear the dazzling Effulgence, pe~ 
+riflied in the Flames, and with her, her Offspring muff 
+have done fo too, if the God had not taken it out and 
+inclofed it in his Thigh, where it lay the full Time, 
+and when he came into the World was named Bac« 
+chus. 
+
+
+* 
+
+Jupiter next became enamoured of Io 7 the Daughter 
+of Inachus , and, as fome fay, the Prieftefs of Juno; 
+
+
+
+
+46 Fabulous HISTORY */ 
+
+having one Day met the Virgin returning from her Fa¬ 
+ther’s Grotto, he endeavoured to feduce her to an ad¬ 
+jacent Forett ; but the Nymph flying his Embraces, he 
+involved her in fo thick a Mitt, that fheloft her Way* 
+lo that he ealily undertook and enjoyed her. Juno, 
+whofe Jealoufy always kept her watchful, mifling her 
+Hufband,and perceiving a thick Darknefson the Earth, 
+defcended, dilpelled the Cloud, and had certainly dif- 
+coveied the Intiigue, had not Jupiter fuddenly trans¬ 
+formed Io into a white Heifer. Juno pleafed with the 
+Beauty of the Animal, begged her, and to allay her 
+Jealoufy, he was obliged to yield her up. The Goddefs 
+immediately gave her in Charge to Argus , who had a 
+hundred Eyes, two of which only flept at a Time. 
+Her Lover pitying the Mifery of lo in fo ftridl a Con¬ 
+finement, lent Mercury down difguifed like a Shepherd, 
+who with his Flute charmed Argus to fleep, fealed his 
+Eyes with his Caduceus or Rod, and then cut off his 
+Head. Juno , in regard to his Memory, placed his 
+Eyes in the Tail of the Peacock, a Bird facred to her, 
+and then turning her Rage againtt lo , fent the Furies 
+to purfue her wherever fhe went (i); fo that the 
+wretched Fugitive weary of Life, implored Jove to end 
+her Mifery. Accordingly the God intreats his Spoufe 
+to fhew her Compafllon, fweaiing by Styx never to 
+give her further Caufe of Jealoufy. Juno on this be¬ 
+comes appeafed, and lo being reftored to her former 
+Shape, is wor(hipped in Egypt by the Name of )fts. 
+
+The Fable of lo and Argus is certainly of Egyptian 
+Birth, and the true Mythology is this: The Art of 
+weaving firft invented in Egypt , was by the Coloniesof 
+that Nation carried to Greece and Cholcis , where it was 
+praftifed with this Difference, that the Seafons for 
+working were varied in each Country according to the 
+
+(i) Dr Kin* relates this Story a little differently, lo puvfued 
+by ' Tijiphone , (one of the Furies) fell into the Sea, and wa? car¬ 
+ried fit ft to the Thracian Bofpborus, and thence into Epypt, w here 
+the Monfter (fill purfuing; her, was repellel by th zNile. Aft.r 
+this flie was defied by Jupiter, and appointed to prcftde over 
+Winds and Navigation. It is eafy to lee this agrees better with 
+
+the Egyptian My th; 4 ogy. 
+
+Nature 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+Nat 
+
+
+of the Cl 
+
+
+The Months of February 
+
+
+March , April and May they employed in Egypt 
+t-ivating their Lands ; whereas thefe being W 
+
+
+Months with the Grecians , they kept the Looms bufy 
+
+which pointed out the Neomenire 01 
+
+
+No 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+Monthly Feftivals in Egypt, was always attended with 
+an Horus or Figure expreftive of the Labour peculiar 
+to the Seafon. Thus the Horus of the weaving Months 
+was a little Figure duck over with Eyes, to denote the 
+
+
+many Lights neceftary for working by Night 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+Image was called Argos (2), to fignify his Intention. 
+Now the vernal //is being depided with the Head of 
+a Heifer, to exemplify the Fertility and Pleafantnefs of 
+
+
+Egypt on the Sun’s Entrance 
+
+
+Taurus 
+
+
+proach of W 
+
+
+Laid 
+
+
+be taken 
+
+
+fire-quitted this Fo 
+Cuftody of Arg 
+
+
+the Ap 
+
+
+nd fo 
+
+
+fro 
+
+
+whom 
+
+
+die was next Seafon delivered, by the Horus reprefent- 
+ing Anubis , (or Mercury) that is the riling of the Dog- 
+Star. The taking thefe Symbolical Reprefentations, in 
+a literal Senfe, gave Rife to the Fable. 
+
+It is no Wonder if the Number of Jupiter's Gallan¬ 
+tries made him the Subject of Deteftation among the 
+primitive Chrifiians , as well as the Ridicule of the wi¬ 
+fe r amongft the Heathens. Tertullian obferves with 
+
+
+Judg 
+
+
+u 
+
+
+That 
+
+
+was no way ftrange to fee all 
+
+
+4 4 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+4 4 
+
+
+4 C 
+
+
+Ranks fo debauched, when they were encouraged 
+the moll infamous Crimes by the Example of thofe 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+they worfliipped, and from whom they 
+ped Rewards and Punilhments. 5, Lucian in his 
+
+
+Dialogues introduces Momus pleafantly rallying Ji 
+
+
+with regard to his amorous Metamorphofes. “ I have 
+“ often trembled for you, fays he, Left when you 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+ppeared like a Bull, they ftiould have carried you 
+to the Shambles, or dapped you in the Plough ; had 
+a Goldfmith catched you when you vifited Dartae , he 
+would have melted down your Godfhip in his Cru- 
+
+
+From Areoth 
+
+
+Argos, Weaver’s Work ; whence 
+
+ts, or a Work. Hence the 
+
+
+Greeks borrowed their Egyov, Op 
+of Amorgos , one of the JEgean Ides, derives its Name from Ant, 
+Mother •, and Origin , Weavers, or the Mother or Colony of Wea- 
+vers , being firfl: planted from Egypt. 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+cible. 
+
+
+
+48 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+“ cible. Or when you courted Leda like a Swan* 
+“ what if her Father had put you on the Spit ? >J 
+
+Jupiter had a Multiplicity of Names, either from the 
+Places where he was worshipped, or the Attributes 
+afcribed to him. He had the Epithets of Xenius , or the 
+Holpitable ; Elicius on account of his Goodnefs and 
+Clemency ; and Dodonceus on Account of the oracular 
+Grove at . Dodona , conlecrated to him, and famous 
+through all Greece. 
+
+Amongft the Romans he had the Appellations of op - 
+timus maximus , on Account of his Beneficence and 
+Power : Almus , from his cheriiliing all Things; Stabi - 
+litor , from his fupporting the World ; Opitulator from 
+his helping the didreffed ; Stator from his fufpending 
+the Flight of the Romans at the Prayer of Romulus ; 
+and Predator on Account of the Part of the Plunder 
+being facred to him in all Vidtories. From his Temple 
+at the Capitol, on the Tarpeian Rock, he ,was called 
+Capitolinus and Tarpeius. When a Rotnan King or 
+General flew an Enemy of the fame Quality, the 
+Spoils were offered to him by the Name of Feretrius. 
+
+The Reign of Jupiter , having not been fo agreeable 
+to his Subjects as that of Saturn , gave Occafion to 
+the Notion of the Silver Age * by which is meant 
+an Age inferior in Happinefs to that which preceded, 
+tho* fuperior to thofe which followed. 
+
+This Father of Gods and Men is Commonly figured 
+as a majeftic Man with a Beard, enthroned. In his left 
+Hands he holds a Viftory , and his Right-Hand grafps 
+the Thunder. At his Feet an Eagle with his Wings 
+difplayed. The Greeks called him z>jva and am as the 
+Caufe of Life (3), the Romans , Jupiter , i. e. juwans 
+pater , the aflifting Father. 
+
+The Heathens had among!! their Deities different 
+Reprefentatives of the fame Thing. What Vefta , or 
+the Idcean Mother , was to the Phrygians , and Ifis to 
+the Egyptians ; the fame was Jupiter to the Greeks 
+and Romans , the great Symbol o 1 /Ether. So the Au¬ 
+thor of the Life of Ho??ier, fuppofed to be the Elder 
+
+
+
+{3) Plato in Cratylo. 
+
+
+
+The Heat hen Gods 
+
+
+49 
+
+
+* 
+
+Dionyfius of HalicarnaJJus , and the Poet himfelf (4}. 
+So Ennius , as quoted by Cicero (5), 
+
+Lo, the bright Heav’n, which All invoke as Jove ! 
+and Euripides (6). 
+
+See the fublime Expanfe, 
+
+The boundlefs /Elber^ which enfolds this Ball ; 
+That hold for Jove, the God fupreme o’er All ! 
+
+
+To conclude with the Words of Orph 
+
+
+
+
+ii 
+
+
+potent, he is the Fir It and the Laft 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+“ Head and the Middle ; the Giver of all Th 
+4< Foundation of the Earth and Starry He 
+
+
+
+
+the 
+
+the 
+
+He 
+
+
+<< 
+
+
+both Male and Fern 
+
+
+and immortal. 
+
+
+Jupi 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+the Source of enlivening Fire, and the Spirit ot 
+
+hings.” 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XVI. Of Juno. 
+
+J UNO the Sifter and Confort of Jupiter , was on 
+
+that Account ftyled the Queen of Heaven, and in¬ 
+deed we find her in the Poets fupporting that Dignity 
+with an Ambition and Pride fuitable to the Rank Ihe 
+
+bore. 
+
+Though the Poetical Hiftorians agree flie came into 
+the World at a Birth with her Huiband, yet they dif¬ 
+fer as to the Place, fome placing her Nativity at Argos, 
+others at Samos near the River Imbrajus . Some lay 
+Ihe was nurfed by Euheea, Porfymna , and Arcea, 
+Daughters of the River Ajlerion ; others by the Nymphs 
+of the Ocean. Otes> an antient Poet, tells us fihe was 
+
+
+' 7rvgd$v$ K&i hiEgf/.0S &1TICC. ; 
+
+iv cU&bpi xai 
+
+Opufc. Mythoiog. p. 32.6 Si 327. 
+{$) Afpice hoc fublime candens , quern invocant omnes Jovera. 
+
+( 6 ) V^ides fublime fujum, imvioderatum cetkerct, 
+
+Qui tetter0 terrain ctrcumjedlu ampledlitur. 
+
+Hu tic fummum labetc divurn ; butte pethibete Jcverp, 
+
+Cicero Ue Nat. Deorum, 1 . 2. 
+
+C educated 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+educated by the Hone or Hours: And Homer afiigns 
+this Port to Oceania and Pethys themfelves. 
+
+It is (aid that this Goddels, by bathing annually in 
+the Fountain of Canatho near Argos , renewed her Vir¬ 
+ginity. The Places where fhe was principally honour¬ 
+ed were Sparta, Mycene , and Argos. At this Place 
+the Sacrifice offered to her confided of t oo Oxen. 
+
+Juno in a peculiar Manner prefided over Marriage 
+and Childbirth ; on the firft Occafion, in facrificingto 
+her, the Gall of the Victim was always thrown behind 
+the Altar, to denote no Spleen (hould fubfift between 
+married Fetfons. Women were peculiarly thought to 
+be tinder her Protection, of whom every one had her 
+Juno , as every Man had his Guardian Genius. Numa 
+ordered, that if any unchafte Woman fhould approach 
+her Temple, fhe iliould oifera female Lamb to expiate 
+her Offence. 
+
+The Lacedemonians ftyled her /Fgophaga , from the 
+Goat which Hercules facrificed to her. At Elis (he was 
+called Hoploftma , her Statue being completely armed. 
+At Corinth (he was termed Bunas a, from Burn, who 
+ereCted a Temple to her there. She had another at 
+Euboea, to which the Emperor Adrian prefented a 
+magnificent Offering, confiding of a Crown of Gold, 
+and a purple Mantle embroidered with the Marriage of 
+Hercules and Hebe in Silver, and a large Peacock whofe 
+Body was Gold, and his Tail compofed of precious 
+Stones refembling the natural Colours. 
+
+Amongd the Romans, who held her in high Venera¬ 
+tion, die had a Multiplicity of Names. The chief 
+were Lucina, from her fird (hewing the Light to In¬ 
+fants 5 Pronuba, hecaufe no Marriage was lawful with¬ 
+out previoufly invoking her ; Socigena and Juga from 
+her introducing the conjugal Yoke, and promoting 
+matrimonial Union. Domiduca on Account of her 
+
+
+bringing home the Bride j Unxiii from the anointing 
+the Door Pods at that Ceremony. Cinxia from her 
+
+
+tinloofing the Virgin-Zone, or Girdle 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Per fed a y be 
+
+
+caufe Marriage completes the Sexes ; Opigena and Ob- 
+Jletrix from her shilling Women in Labour ; Pop u lof a, 
+becauie Procreation peoples the World and So/pita 
+
+from 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. § i 
+
+from her preferving the Female Sex. She was alfo 
+named Quiritis or Cur it is , from a Spear reprefented in 
+her Statues and Medals $ Kalendaris, becaufe of the 
+Sacrifices offered her the fir ft Day of every Month ; 
+and Moneta, from her being regarded as the Goddefs 
+of Riches and Wealth. 
+
+It is faid when the Gods fled into Egypt, Juno dif- 
+guif'ed herfelf in the Form of a white Cow, which 
+Animal was, on that Account, thought to be accepta¬ 
+ble to her in her Sacrifices. 
+
+Juno , as the Queen of Heaven, preferred a good 
+deal of State. Her ufual Attendants were Terror and 
+Boldnefs, Caflor and Pollux, and fourteen Nymphs ; 
+but her moil faithful and infepar-able Companion was 
+Iris the Daughter of ‘ Ihaumas, who for her furprizing 
+Beauty was reprefented with Wings, borne upon her 
+own Rainbow, to denote her Swiftnefs. She was the 
+MelFenger of Juno, as Mercury was of Jove; and at 
+Death feparated the Souls of Women from their cor¬ 
+poreal Chains. 
+
+This Goddefs was not the raoft complaifant of 
+Wives. We find in Homer , that Jupiter was fqme- 
+times obliged to make ufe of all his Authority to keep 
+her in due Subjection. When ihe entered into that 
+famous Confpiiacy againft him, the fame Author re¬ 
+lates that by Way of Punifliment, fhe had two Anvils 
+tied to her Feet, golden Manacles fattened to her 
+Hands, and fo was fufpended in the Air or Sky, where 
+fhe hovered on Account of her Levity, while all the 
+Deities looked on without a Poflibiiity of helping her. 
+By this the Mythologies fay is meant the Harmony and 
+Connexion of the Air with the Earth, and the Inabili¬ 
+ty of the Gods to relieve her fignifies, that no Force, 
+human or divine, can diffolve the Frame or Texture of 
+the Univerfe. According to Paufanias , the Temple of 
+Juno at Athens had neither Doors nor Roof, to denote 
+that Juno being the Air in which we breathe, can be 
+incioted in no certain Bounds. 
+
+The implacable and arrogant Temper of Juno once 
+made her abandon her Throne in Heaven and fly into 
+Euhcea. Jupiter in vain fought a Reconciliation, till 
+
+C 2 he 
+
+
+
+52 
+
+
+Fabulous H I 
+
+
+
+
+O R Y 
+
+
+
+lie confulied Citberon King of the Platceans , then ac¬ 
+counted the wifeft of Men. By his Advice the God 
+dreifed up a magnificent Image, feated it in a Chariot, 
+and gave out it was Platcea the Daughter of ALfopusy 
+whom he defigned to make his Queen. Juno upon 
+this refuming her antient Jealoufy, attacked the mock 
+Bride, and by tearing off its Ornaments found the De¬ 
+ceit, quieted h£r ill Humour, and was glad to make 
+up the Matter with her Hufband. 
+
+Though none ever felt her Refentment more fenfi- 
+bly than Hercules , he was indebted to her for his Im¬ 
+mortality; for Pallas brought him to Jupiter while an 
+Infant, who, while Juno 'was afleep, put him to her 
+Breaft. But the Goddefs waking haftily, fome of her 
+Milk fallingupon Heaven formed the Miiky Way. The 
+reft dropt on the Earth, where it made the Lillies 
+white, which before were of a Saffron Colour. 
+
+Juno is reprefented by Ilomer as drawn in a Chariot 
+adorned with precious Stones, the Wheels of Ebony 
+nailed with Silver, and drawn by Horfes with Reins of 
+Gold ; but molt commonly her Car is drawn by Pea¬ 
+cocks, her favourite Bird. At Corinth Hie was depic 
+
+
+ted in her Temples as feated on a Throne, crowned, 
+with a Pomegranate in one Hand, and in the other a 
+Sceptre with a Cuckoo at Top. This Statue was of 
+Gold and Ivory. That at Hicrapalis was fupported 
+by Lions, and fo contrived as to participate of Miner - 
+<va t VenuSy Luna , Rhea , Diana , Nemefis , and the 
+Dejliniesy according to the different Points in View. 
+She held in one 'Hand a Sceptre, in the other a DiftafF. 
+Her Head was crowned with Rays and a Tower; and 
+.Hie was .girt with the Ceftus of V°nus. 
+
+As Jupiter is the JEther.y Juno is the Atmofphere. 
+She is Female on Account of its Softnefs ; and is cal¬ 
+led the Wife and Sifter of the other, to import the in¬ 
+timate Conjunction between thefe two (i). 
+
+
+(i) Aer autem, ut Stoici difputanty inter mare & cesium, Jtt- 
+
+voms nomine conjecratur, qua eft foror & conjux Jo^is, quod (A 
+Jimilttudo eft atberis & cum eo fumma ccnjundlio. Ejf'eminarunt 
+autetn cum , Junonique tribuerunt , quod nihil eft eo msllius. Cicero 
+
+Uc Nat. Deor. 1. a. 
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+53 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+CHAP. XVIf. Of Neptune. 
+
+♦ 
+
+T HIS remarkable Deny was the Son of Saturn 
+
+and Fe/la, or Ops and the Brother of Jupiter. 
+Some fay he was devoured by his Father. . Others ai- 
+Jedge his Mother gave him to fome Shepherds to be 
+brought up amongit the Lambs, and pretending to be 
+delivered of a fo tl, gave it inftead of him to Saturn. 
+Some fay his Nuife’s Name was Arno $ others, that he 
+was brought up by his Sifter JunQi 
+
+His raoii remarkable Exploit was his affifting his 
+Brother Jupiter in his Expeditions, for which that God, 
+when he arrived at the-fupreme Power, affigned him 
+the Sea and the Iflands for his Empire. Others ima¬ 
+gine he was Admiral of Saturn's Fleet, or rather ac¬ 
+cording to Pamphus , Generalilhmo of his Forces by 
+Sea and Land. • 
+
+The favourite Wife of Neptune was Amphitrite ., 
+whom he courted a long Time to no Purpofe, till he 
+fent the Dolphin to intercede for him, who fucceeding, 
+the God in Acknowledgment placed him amidft the 
+Stars. By her he had Triton. Neptune had two otheF 
+Wives, the one called Salacia , from the Salt-Water , 
+the other Venilia y from the Ebbing and 
+
+Tides. 
+
+Neptune is faid to b'e the firft Inventor of Horfeman- 
+fliip and Chariot-Racing. Hence Mithridat.es King of 
+Pontus threw Chariots drawn by four Horfes into the 
+Sea in Honour of him, and the Romans * inftituted 
+Horfe-Races in the Circus during his Eeftival, at which 
+Time all Horfes left working, and the Mules were 
+adorned with Wreaths of Flowers. Probably this Idea 
+of Neptune arofe from the famous Gontroverfy between 
+him and Minerva , when they difputed who fhould 
+give Name to Cecropia. The God by ftriking the 
+Earth with his Trident produced a Horfe. Pallas 
+raffed an Olive-Tree, by which ilie gained the Victory, ' 
+and the New City was from her called Athens . But 
+the true Meaning of this Fable is a Ship, not a Horfe $ 
+for the Queftion really was, whether the Athenians 
+
+C 3 iliouldi 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+ft 
+
+
+54 
+
+
+Fab 
+
+
+H I S T O R Y 
+
+
+>/ 
+
+
+iliould apply themfelves to Navigation or Agriculture, 
+unci as they naturally inclined ro the fiiff, it was necel- 
+lary to llicw them their Millake, by convincing them 
+that Huibandry was preierable to Sailing. However, 
+
+
+that rltiibandry was preierable to Sailing. However, 
+it is certain Neptune had fome Skill in the Management 
+ol Horfes: For we find in Pamphus , the moll antient 
+VVliter of divine Hymns, this Encomium of him, 
+4 That he was the Benefactor of Mankind in bellow- 
+
+
+‘ ing on them Horfes, and Ships with Decks refem- 
+4 bling Towers.’ 
+
+When Neptune was expelled Heaven for his Confpi- 
+racy againll Jupiter , he fled with Apollo to Laomedon 
+King of ‘Troy ; but he treated them differently: For 
+having employed them in railing Walls round this City, 
+in which the Lyre of Apollo was highly ferviceable, he 
+paid that Deity divine Honours, wheteas he difmiffed 
+Neptune unrewarded, who, ; n Revenge, fent a vail Sea 
+Monlter to lay walle the Coirntry, to appeafe which 
+Laomedon was forced to expofe his Daughter He [tone. 
+
+On another Occafion this Deity Had a Contell with 
+Vulcan and Minerva in regard to their Skill. The 
+Goddefs as a Proof of herVmade a Houle, Vulcan 
+erected a Man, and Neptune a Bull: whence that Ani¬ 
+mal was ufed in the Sacrifices paid him. But it is pro¬ 
+bable, that as the Victim was to be black, the Defign 
+was to point out the raging Quality and Fuiy^of the 
+Sea, over which he prefided. 
+
+Neptune fell little lltort of his Brother Jupiter in Point 
+of Gallantry. Ovid in his Epiltles has given a Catalogue 
+of his MiftrefTefc. By Venus he had a Son called Eryx. 
+Nor did he aflume lefs different Shapes to fiicceed in his 
+Amours. Ceres fled from him in the Form of a Mare ; 
+he purfued in that of a Horfe : but it is uncertain whe¬ 
+ther this Union produced the Centaur, called Orion % 
+or a Daughter. Under the Refemblance of the River 
+Enipeus , he debauched Tyro the Daughter of Salma - 
+neus , who bore him Felias and Neleus. In the fame 
+Difguife he begot Oil?us and Ephialtes , by Ephimedia , 
+Wife of the Giant Aloces . Melantho Daughter of Pro¬ 
+teus often diverting herfelf by riding on a Dolphin , 
+
+
+Neptune in that Figure fur prized and enjoyed her 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+changed 
+
+
+
+The Heathen G c d s. 55 
+
+changed 1 'be opiums, a beautiful Virgin, into an Ewe, 
+and aifuming the Fonn of a Ram# begot the golden 
+fleeced Ram, which carried Phryxus to C/olcis. In 
+the Likends of a Biid he had Pegafus by Medufa. 
+
+He was not only fond of his Power of transforming 
+himiclf, but he took a Pleafure in bellowing it on his 
+
+Favourites , Pioteus his bon polfeffed it in a high De¬ 
+gree. He conferred it on Periclimenus the Brother of 
+Ncjhr y who was at la ft killed by Hercules , as he 
+
+watched him in the Form of a Fiy. He even obliged 
+his MiftreiTes with it. We find an In ha nee of this in 
+Metera the Daughter of Erijichton. Her Father for 
+cutting down an Oak Grove confecrated to Ceres , was 
+punifhed with fuch an infatiable Hunger, that to fupply 
+it he was forced to fell all he had. His Daughter up¬ 
+on this entreated of her Lover the Power of changing 
+her Form at Pleafure ; fo that becoming fometimes a 
+Mare, a Cow, or a Sheep, her Father fold her to re¬ 
+lieve his Wants, while the Buyers were ftill cheated in 
+their Purehafe. Having raviflied Canis , to appeafe 
+her he promifed her any Sttisfa&ion, on which fhe de¬ 
+fined to be turned into a. Man, that fhe might no more 
+fuffer the like Injury. Her Requeft was granted, and. 
+by the Name o fC emeus ihe became a famous Warrior.. 
+
+Neptune was aconfiderable Deity amongft the Greeks . 
+He had a Temple in* Arcadia by the Name of Rtroclyf- 
+tius •, or, the Over-flower ; becaufe at Juno's Requeft 
+he delivered that Country from an Inundation. He was* 
+called Hippiusy Hippocourius, and Taraxippus, from 
+his Regulation of Horfemanfhip. The Places moft ce¬ 
+lebrated for his Worfhip were Tcenarusy Corinth , and 
+Calabria , which laft Country was peculiarly dedicated 
+to him. He had aifo a celebrated Temple at Rome en¬ 
+riched with many naval Trophies 5 but received a 
+fignal Affront from Auguftus Cxrfar 9 who pulled down, 
+his Statue, in Refentment for a Tempeft, which had 
+difpe&fed his Fleet and endangered his Life. Some 
+think Neptune the fame with the antient God Cenftis 
+worfhipped at Rame* arid fo called from his, advifmg 
+
+Romulus to the. Rape of the Sabines. 
+
+C 4 
+
+
+Let 
+
+
+
+5 6 Fabulous H I STORY of 
+
+Let us now examine the mythological Senfe of the 
+Fable. The Egyptians to denote Navigation, and the 
+annual Return of the Phoenician Fleet which vifited 
+their Coalt, ufed the Figure of an Ofiris carried on a 
+winged Horfe, or holding a three-forked Spear or Har¬ 
+poon in his Hand. To this Image they gave the Names 
+o f Pofeielon (2) or Neptune (3), which the Greeks and 
+Romans afterwards adopted ; but which fufficiently 
+prove this Deity had his Birth here. Thus the Mari¬ 
+time Ofiris of the Egyptians became a new Deity with 
+thofe who knew not the Meaning of the Symbol. But 
+Herodotus , lib. 2. is pofitive that the Greeks received 
+not their Knowledge of Neptune from the Egyptians , 
+but from the Lyhians. The former received him not till 
+afterwards •, and even then, however they might apply 
+the Figure to civil Purpofes, paid him no divine Ho¬ 
+nors. However according to Plutarch , they called 
+the maritime Coalt Nepbtben. Bocbart thinks that he 
+has found the Origin of this God in the Perfon of jfa- 
+phet; and has given Realons which render the Opinion 
+very probable. 
+
+Neptune reprefented as God of the Sea, makes a 
+considerable Figure. He is defcribed with black or 
+dark Hair, his Garment of an Azure or Sea-green Co¬ 
+lour, feated in a large Shell drawn by Whales or Sea- 
+Horfes, with his Trident in his hand (4), attended by 
+the Sea Gods Palaemon , Glaucus, and Phorcys; the Sea 
+GoddefTes, Fhetis , Me lit a and Pampas a, and a long 
+Train of Tritons and Sea Nymphs. In fome antient 
+Gems he appears on Shore j but always holding in his 
+Hand the three-forked Trident, the Emblem of his 
+Power, as it is called by Homer and Virgil , who have 
+given us a fine Contrail with regard to its Ufe. The 
+
+(2,) From Pajb , Plenty, or Provifions, and fedaim y the Sea- 
+coaft ; or the Provifion of the maritime Countries, 
+
+(3) From Nouph , to difturb or agitate ;and Oni a Fleet^which 
+forms Neptoni , the Arrival of the Fleet. 
+
+(4) Some by far-fetched Allufion, imagine the triple Forks 
+of the Trident rep refen t the three-fold Power of Neptune in dif- 
+turbingy moderatings or calming the Seas. Others, his Power 
+over fait Water, frelh Water, and that of Lakes or Pools. 
+
+antient 
+
+
+
+T/Je Heathen God s. 
+
+
+57 
+
+
+antient Poets all make this Inftrument of Brafs ; the 
+modern Painters of Silver. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+XVIII. 
+
+
+Of Pluto.' 
+
+
+
+♦ 
+
+E now come to the third Brother of Jupiter^ 
+and not the lead: formidable, if we confider 
+
+
+his Power and Dominion. 
+
+
+He was alfo the Son of 
+
+
+Saturn and Ops , and when his victorious Brother had 
+eftablifhed himfelf in the Throne, he was rewarded 
+with a Share in his Father’s Dominions, which, as 
+fome Authors fay, was the Eafern Continent and 
+
+
+lower Part of Ajia. 
+
+
+Others make his Divifion lie in 
+
+
+the Weft, and that he fixed his Refidence in Spain , 
+which being a fertile Country, and abounding in 
+Mines, he was efteemed the God of Wealth (5). 
+
+Some imagine that his being regarded as the Ruler 
+of the Dead , and King of the infernal Regions, pro¬ 
+ceeded from his firft teaching Men to bury the De- 
+ceafed, and inventing Funeral Rites to their Honour. 
+Others fay he was a King of the Moloffans in Epirus , 
+called Aidoneus or Orcus , that he ftole Proferpindz 
+
+
+teaching Men to bury the De- 
+
+
+called Aidoneus or Orcus , that he ftole Preferpina's, ■ 
+Wife, and kept a Dog called Cerberus , who devoured 
+Piritbous , and would have ferved Tbefeus in the fame ■ 
+Manner, if Hercules had no.M.ime!y interpofed to fave- 
+him. 
+
+The Poets relate the Matter differently : They tell 
+us that Pluto, chagrin’d to fee himfelf chiidlefs and 
+unmarried, while his two Brothers had large Families,, 
+mounted his Chariot to vifit the World, and arriving 
+in Sicily , chanced to view Proferpine , with her Com¬ 
+panions, gathering Flowers (6). Urged by his Pa (lion 
+he forced her into his Chariot, and drove her to the' 
+River Cb'emarus , through which he opened himfelf a 
+Paftage back to the Realms of Night. Ceres dificon- 
+
+
+Woild, and arriving 
+
+
+'-?! 
+
+
+Ceres dificon- 
+
+
+(5) Some Poets confound Pluto the Gcd of Hell with Plutus the 
+God of Riches ; whereas they are two very diOinft Deities, and 
+■were always fo conhdered by the Antients 
+
+(6) la the Valley of JEnna near Mount JEtnci, 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+folate 
+
+
+* * 
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+58 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+folate for the Lofs of her beloved Daughter, lighted 
+two Torches at the Flames of Mount /Etna , and 
+wandered through the World in Search of her; till 
+hearing at lalt where fhe was, Ihe carried her Com¬ 
+plaint to Jupiter , who on her repeated Solicitations, 
+promifed that Proferpine fhould be reflored to her, 
+provided die had not yet tafted any Thing in Hell. 
+Ceres joyfully bore this Commiflion, and her Daughter 
+was preparing to return, when Afcalaphus the Son of 
+Acheron and Gorgyra gave Information, that he faw 
+Proferpine eat fome Grains of a Pomegranate fhe had 
+gathered in Pluto's Orchard, l’o that her Return was 
+immediately countermanded. Afcalaphus was for this 
+malicious Intelligence transformed into a Toad. But 
+Jupiter , in order to mitigate the Grief of Ceres , for 
+her Difappointment, granted that her Daughter fhould 
+Half the Year refide with her, and the other Half 
+continue in Hell with her Hufband. It is eafy to fee, 
+that this Part of the Fable alludes to the Corn, which 
+muft remain all the Winter hid in the Ground, in or¬ 
+der to fprout forth in the Spring and produce the Har- 
+
+veil. 
+
+Pluto was extremely revered both amongft the 
+Greeks and Romans. He had a magnificent Temple at 
+Pylosy near which was a Mountain, that derived its 
+Name from the Nymph Menthe , whom Proferpine , out 
+of Jealouly at Pluto's Familiarity with her, changed 
+into the Herb called Mint. Near the River Corellus 
+in Bceotia this Deity had alfo an Altar in common wish 
+Pallas , for fome myftical Reafon. The Greeks called 
+him Agelefus , becaufe all Mirth and Laughter were 
+banifhed his Dominions ; as alfo Hades , on Account 
+of the Gloominefs of his Dominions. Among the 
+Romans he had the Name of Februus , from the Luf- 
+trations ufed at Funerals, and Summanus becaufe he 
+was the chief of Ghofts, or rather the Prince of the 
+infernal Deities.; He was alfo called the terreflrial or 
+infernal Jupiter. 
+
+His chief Feftival was in February , and called 
+Cbarifiiay becaufe then Oblations were made for 
+the Dead, at which Relations afilfted, and all Quar¬ 
+rels 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+The' ETe a t hen God s. 59 
+
+rels were amicably adjufled. Black Bulls were the 
+Victims offered up, and the Ceremonies were per¬ 
+formed in the Night, it not being lawful to facrifice 
+to him in the Day-time (7). 
+
+Pluto is ufually represented in an Ebony Chariot 
+drawn by four Black Horfes, whofe Names the Poets 
+have been.careful to tranfmit (8) tp us. Sometimes he 
+holds a SceptFe to denote his Power, at others a Wand 
+with which he commands and drives the Ghofts. Ho¬ 
+mer fpeaks of his Helmet, as having the Quality of 
+rendering the Wearer invifibie $ and tells us that Mi¬ 
+nerva borrowed it when fhe fought againft the Tro¬ 
+jans , to be concealed from Mars. 
+
+Let us now feek the Mythology of the Fable in 
+that Country where it firft.fprung, and we iliall find 
+that the mylcerious Symbols of Truth became, in the 
+-Sequel, through Abufe, the very Sources of Idolatry 
+and Error. Pluto was indeed the Funeral Qfir is of tne 
+Egyptians. Thefe People (9) every Year, at an ap¬ 
+pointed Seafon, aiTembled to mourn over and offer 
+Sacrifices for their Dead. The Image that was ex- 
+poled, to denote the Approach of this Solemnity, had 
+the Name of Pelontab (to), or the Deliverance , becaufe 
+they regarded the Death of the Good, as a Deliver¬ 
+ance from Evil This Figure was reprelented with 
+a radiant Crown, his Body being entwined with a Ser¬ 
+pent, accompanied with the Signs of the Zodiac to* 
+dignify the Duration of one Sun, or Sol,ar Year. 
+
+
+
+% 
+
+(7) On Account of his A^erfion to the Light. 
+
+'(B) OrpbticeuS) JEthott, Nyfleus, and Alafior. 
+
+( 9 ) The Jews retained this Cuftcm, as we find by the annual 
+Larnen ations of the Virgins over J?.ptka y s Daughter. 
+
+(10) From Palat y to free or deliver, comes PeUutab Delive¬ 
+rance, "which is eafily by Corrupt icn made Flu to, 
+
+, Chapter. 
+
+
+
+
+
+Chapter. Some fay fhe was brought up by Minerva 
+and Diana, and being extremely beautiful was court¬ 
+ed both by Mars and Apollo > who could neither of 
+them obtain her Mother’s Confent: 'Jupiter , it is faid, 
+was more fuccefsful, and ravifhed her in the Form of 
+a Dragon. The Phoenicians on the other Hand affirm 
+with more Reafon, that ihe was earlier known to them 
+than to the Greeks or Romans ; and that it was about 
+200 Years after the Time of Mofes 9 that fhe was car¬ 
+ried off by Aid&neus or Orcus King of the MoloJJians . 
+
+Jupiter , on her Marriage with Pluto, gave her the 
+Ifle of Sicily - as a Dowry ; but fhe had not been long 
+in the infernal Regions, when the Fame of her Charms 
+induced Phefeus and Pirithous , to form an Affociation 
+to carry her off. They delcended by Way of Poena- 
+rus, but fitting to reft tbemfelves on a Rock in the 
+infernal Regions, they could not rife again, but con¬ 
+tinued fixed, till Hercules deliveied PhefeuSy becaufe 
+his Grime confided only in affifting his Friend, as 
+bound by Oath (i) ; but Pirithous was left in Durance, 
+becaufe he had endangered himfelf through his own 
+Wilfulnefs and Rafhnefs. 
+
+Others make Proferpine the fame with Luna , He¬ 
+cate, and Diana , the fame Goddefs being called Lu¬ 
+na in Heaven, Diana on Earth, and Hecate in Hell , 
+
+9 
+
+when fhe had the Name of Prtformis or Pergemina. 
+The Greeks called her Defpoina , or the Ladyy on Ac¬ 
+count of her being Queen of the Dead. Dogs and 
+barren Cows were the Sacrifices ufual offered to her. 
+
+She is reprefented under the Form of a beautiful 
+Woman enthroned, having fomethiDg ftern and me¬ 
+lancholy in her Afpedt. 
+
+The mythological Senfe of the Fable is this : The 
+Name of Proferpine or Porfephone , amongft the Egyp¬ 
+tians, was ufed to denote the Change produced in the* 
+Earth by the Deluge (2), which deftroyed its former 
+
+
+(1) They agreed to afltft each other in gaining a Mifhrefs. 
+Pirithous had helped Pkejeus to get Helena , who in Return at* 
+tended him in this Expedition. 
+
+(2) From Periy Fruit, and Pat at, to perifh, comes Perephat - 
+tab, or the Fruit lojl: From Peri, Fiuit, and Saphon, to hide. 
+
+
+comes 
+
+
+
+or the Corn deftroyed or hid. 
+
+
+Fertility, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"The HeathenGods. -61 
+
+Fertility, and rendered Tillage and Agriculture ne* 
+ceflary to Mankind. 
+
+
+
+I T is evident that the Heathens had a Notion of 
+
+future Punifhnients and Rewards, from the De- 
+fcriptions their Poets have given of Tartarus and Ely - 
+Jtum, though the whole is incumbered with Fidtion. 
+According to Plato, Apollo and Ops brought certain 
+brazen Tablets from the Hyperboreans to Delos , de¬ 
+ferring the Court of Pluto as little inferior to that of 
+Jove ; but that the Approach to it was exceeding dif¬ 
+ficult on Account of the Rivers Acheron, Cocytus y 
+Styx and Phlegethon,' which it was neceffary to pafs in 
+order to reach thefe infernal Regions. 
+
+Acheron was, accoiding to fome, the Son of Titan 
+and Terra, or as others fay, born of Ceres- in a Cave, 
+without a Father. The Reafon afllgned for his being 
+fent to Hell is, that he furnifhed the Titans with Wa¬ 
+ter, during their War with the Gods. This fliews it 
+was a River, not a Perfon ; but the Place of it is not 
+afeertained. Some fixing it amongfl the Cimmerians 9 
+near Mount Circe (3), and in the Neighbourhood of 
+Cocytus • others making it that fulphureous and (link¬ 
+ing Lake near Cape Mifenum in the Bay of Naples (4), * 
+and not a few tracing its Rife from the Acherufian Fen 
+in Epirus, near the City of Pandojia \ from whence 
+it flows till it falls into the Gulf of Amhracia. 
+
+
+The next River of the Plutonian Manfions is Styx r . 
+though whether the Daughter of Oceanus or Terra , . 
+is uncertain. She was married to Pallas or Piras , by 
+
+
+whom fhe had Hydra. 
+
+
+To Acheron fhe bore Vittory 
+
+
+who having aflifted Jupiter againfl the Giants, he re¬ 
+warded her Mother (5) with this Privilege, that the 
+xnoft foie am Oath amongfl tine Gods flhould be by her 
+
+
+(3) "On the Coaft of Naples. (4) Near Cuma . 
+
+(3) Some fay it was on her own Account-, for difeovering the 
+Combination of the Giants agaihil Jupiter , 
+
+Deity,. • 
+
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+Deity, viz. the River Styx ; fo that when any of 
+them were fufpeCted of Falfhood, Iris was difpatched 
+to bring the Stygian Water in a golden Cup, by which 
+he fwore j and if he afterwards proved perjured, he 
+was deprived for a Year of his Neffar and Amhrofea , 
+and for nine Years more, feparated from the celellial 
+Aflembly. Some place Styx near the Lake of Avernus 
+in Italy ; others make it a Fountain near Nonacris in 
+Arcadia , of fo poifonous and cold a Nature, that it 
+would,diffolve all Metals (6), and could be contained 
+in no Veflel. 
+
+Cocytus and Pblegethon are faid to flow out of Styx 
+by contrary Ways, and re unite to increafe the vafl: 
+Channel of Acheron. The Waters of Pblegethon were 
+represented as Streams of Fi e, probably on Account 
+of their hot and fulphureous Nature. 
+
+
+
+
+CHAP, XXL Of the Parc,®- or Destinies. 
+
+i 
+
+T HESE infernal Deities, who prefided over hu¬ 
+man Life, were in Number ‘Three, and had 
+each their peculiar Province afllgned, Clotho held the 
+DiftafF, Lachefis drew or fpun off the Thread, and 
+Atropos Hood ready with her Sciflars to cut it afunder. 
+Thefe were three Sillers, the Daughters of Jupi - 
+% ter and Themis, and Sifters to the, Horae or Hours ; 
+
+according to others, the Children of Erebus and A 7 ox. 
+
+O ' 
+
+They were Secretaries to the Gods, whofe Decrees 
+
+they wrote. 
+
+We are indebted to a late ingenious Writer for the 
+true Mythology of thefe Characters. They were no¬ 
+thing more originally than the myftical Figures or 
+Symbols, which reprefented the Months of January , 
+February , and March amongfl the Egyptians. They 
+depicted thefe in Female Dreffes, with the Inftru- 
+ments of Spinning and Weaving, which was the great 
+
+JBufinefs carried on in that Seafon. Thefe Images 
+
+% 
+
+(<5) It is reported Alexander was poifoned with it at Babylon , 
+and that it was carried for this Purpofe in_an Aft’s Hoof, 
+
+they 
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+they call’d (7) Parc , which fignifies Linen Cloth , to 
+denote the Manufacture produced by this Industry 
+The Greeks , who knew nothing of the 
+thefe allegorical Figures, gave them a 
+
+
+Senfe of 
+Turn fuitable 
+
+
+their G 
+
+
+fertile in FiCtion 
+
+
+The Parcee were defcrtbed or reprefented in Robes 
+
+
+of Wh 
+
+Throne 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+feated on 
+
+
+, border’d with Purple, 
+with Crowns on their Heads, compofed of 
+
+
+the Flowers of the Narciffi 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXII. Of the Harpyes. 
+
+^T'HE next Group of Figures we meet in the 
+§ fhadowy Realms are the Hurpyes, who were 
+Three in Number, Celeno, Aello and Ocypete, the 
+Daughters of Oceanus , and Terra. They lived in 
+Th race , had the Faces of Virgins, the Ears of Bears, 
+the Bodies of Vultures, with human Arms and Feet, 
+and long Claws. Phene us King of Arcadia, for re¬ 
+vealing the Myfteries of Jupiter , was fo tormented by 
+them, that he was ready to peiifh for Hunger, they 
+devouring whatever was fet before him, till the Sons 
+of Boreas , who attended Jafon in his Expedition to 
+Colchis , delivered the good old King, and drove thefe 
+Mongers to the Blands called Echinades , compelling 
+them to fwear to return no more. 
+
+This Fable is of the fame Original with the former 
+one. During the Months of April , May , and June , 
+ef'pecially the two latter, Egypt was greatly fubjeCl to 
+
+Itorniy Winds, which laid wafte their Olive Grounds, 
+and brought numerous Swarms of Graihoppers and 
+other troublefome InfeCls from the Shores of the Red 
+Sea, which did infinite Damage to the Country. The 
+Egyptians therefore gave Figures which proclaimed 
+
+thefe three Months, a Female Face, with the Bodies 
+
+(7) From Parc f or Parcket , a Cloth, Curtain or Sail. 
+
+
+
+64 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+and Claws of Birds, and called them Harop (8), a 
+Name which fufHciently denoted the true S.nfe of the 
+Symbol. All this the Greeks realized, and embel- 
+lifhed in their Way. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXIII. Of Charon Cerberus. 
+
+C HARON, according to Hefiod’s Theology, 
+
+was the Son of Erebus and Nox> the Parents of 
+the greateft Part of the infernal Mongers. His Poll 
+was to ferry the Souls of the deceafed over the Wa¬ 
+ters-of Acheron. His Fare was never under one Half¬ 
+penny, nor exceeding Three, which were put in the 
+Mouths of the Perfons interred ; for as to fuch Bodies * 
+who were denied Funeral Rites, their Ghofts were 
+
+forced to wander an hundred Years on the Banks of 
+
+% 
+
+the River, Virgil's Eneid VI. 330, before they could 
+be admitted to a Paffage. The Hermonienfes alone 
+claimed a free Paffage, hecaufe their Country lay fo 
+near Hell. Some mortal Heroes alfo, by the Favour 
+of the Gods, were allowed to vifit the infernal Re¬ 
+gions, and return to Light ; fuch as Hercules y Orphsus y 
+Ulyfes , Tbefeus and /Eneas, 
+
+This venerable Boatman of the lower World, is 
+reprefented as a fat fqualid old Man, with a bufhy 
+grey Beard and rheumatick Eyes, his tattered Rags 
+fcarce covering his Nakednefs. His Difpolition is 
+mentioned as rough and morofe, treating all his Paf- 
+fengers with the fame impartial Rudenefs, without 
+Regard to Rank, Age, or Sex. We ilia 11 in the Se¬ 
+quel fee that Charon was indeed a Real Perfon, and 
+juftly merited this Charadter. 
+
+After croffing the Acheron , in a Den adjoining to 
+the Entrance of Pluto's Palace, was placed Cerberus , 
+or the three-headed Dog, born of Typhon and Echid- 
+na y and the dreadful MaflifF, who guarded thefe 
+
+gloomy Abodes. He fawned upon all who entered, 
+
+» 
+
+(8) From Haroph , or Harop ? a noxious Fly*, or from Arbeh i .. 
+a Locuft. 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 65 
+
+but devoured ^11 who attempted to get back ; yet 
+Hercules once mattered him, and dragged him up to 
+Earth, where in ftruggling, a Foam dropped from his 
+Mouth, which produced the poifonous Herb, called 
+Aconite , or Wolf-Bane. 
+
+Hefiod gives Cerberus fifty, and fome a hundred 
+Heads ; but he is more commonly reprefented with 
+Three. As to the reft, he had the Tail of a Dra¬ 
+gon, and inftead of Hair, his Body was covered with 
+Serpents of all Kinds. The dreadfulnefs of his Bark 
+or Howl, Virgil's EneidVl. 416, and the intolerable 
+Stench of his Breath, heightened the Deformity of 
+the Pi&ure, which of itfelf was fufKciently difagree- 
+
+able.' 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXIV. Of Nox and her Progeny, 
+
+Death, Sleep, &c. 
+
+w 
+
+N O X was the moft antient of the Deities, and 
+
+Orpheus afcribes to her the Generations of 
+Gods and Men. She was even reckoned older than 
+Chaos. She had a numerous Offspring of imaginary 
+Children, as Lyffa, or Madnefs, Erys , or Contention, 
+Death , Sleep , and Dreams , all which {he bore with¬ 
+out a Father. From her Marriage with Erebus , pro¬ 
+ceeded Old Age, Labour , Love , Fear , Deceit , Emu - 
+lation , Mifery, Darknefs, Complaint , Objlinacy , and 
+Partiality , Want , Care, DiJ appointment, Difeafe , 
+War and ILlinger In fhort, all the Evils which at¬ 
+tend Life, and which wait round the Palace of Pluto 
+to receive his Commands. 
+
+Death brings down all Mortals to the infernal Ferry. 
+It is faid that her Mother, Nox , beftowed a peculiar 
+Care in her Education, and that Death had a great 
+Affection for he-r Brother Somnus , or Sleep , of whofe 
+Palace Virgil has given us a fine Defcription, Mneid 
+VI. 894. Somnus had feveral Children, of whom 
+Morpheus was the ntoft remarkable, for his fatiricai 
+Humour, and excellent Talent in mimicking the Ac¬ 
+tions of Mankind. 
+
+
+# 
+
+
+
+66 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Amongft the Eleans , the Goddefs Nox, or Night* 
+
+was reprefented by a Woman holding in each Hand a 
+Boy afleep, with their Legs diftorted ; that in her 
+Right was White , to fignify Sleep, that in her left 
+Black , to figure or reprefen l Death, The Sacrifice 
+offered to her was a Cock , becaufe of its Enmity to 
+Darknels, and rejoicing at the Light, Somnus was 
+ufually reprefented with Wings, to denote his univer- 
+fal Sway. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+P- XXV. Of the Infernal Judges, Minos 
+Rh a daman thus, and /Eacus. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+F T F.R entering the Infernal Regions, juft 
+
+
+Tartarus 
+
+
+a no 
+
+
+
+Separation of the two Roads which lead to 
+
+m, is placed the Tribunal of the 
+orable judges, who examine the Dead, and 
+pafs a final Sentence on departed Souls. .. The chief 
+
+Euro pa. 
+After 
+
+his Father’s Death the Cretans would not admit him 
+to fucceed him in the Kingdom, till praying to Nep- 
+
+, that God caufed a Horfe to 
+which he obtained the King- 
+
+
+of thefe was Minos' the Son of Jupiter 
+and Brother of Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon 
+
+
+
+tune to give him a Sig 
+life out of the Sea, 01 
+
+
+dom 
+
+
+Some think that this alludes to his reducing 
+
+
+thefe Iflanders to Subje&ioo, by means of a powerful 
+
+
+Fleet 
+
+
+It is added, that Jove kept him nine Years 
+
+a Cave, to teach him Laws, and^the 
+
+
+concealed 
+
+Art of Government 
+
+Rhadamanthus his Brother was alfo a great Legif- 
+lator. 
+
+fled to OEchalia in Besot 
+
+
+It is faid, that having killed his Brother, he 
+
+
+where he married Alcme 
+
+
+na y Widow of Amphyt 
+judge fuch as died impenitent 
+
+
+His Prov 
+
+
+was to 
+
+
+Macus was the Son of Jupiter , by Mg 
+
+the Ifle of Mg 
+
+
+
+na. When 
+called from his Mother) was 
+
+
+pulated by a Plague, his Fathe 
+
+
+in Compaflion 
+to his Grief, changed all the Ants there into Men 
+
+and Women. The Meaning of which Fable is, that 
+
+when 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+
+67 
+
+when the Pyrates had depopulated the Country, and 
+forced the People to fly to Caves, JEacus encouraged 
+them to come out, and by Commerce and lndultry re¬ 
+cover what they had loft. His Character for Jultice 
+was fuch, that in a Time of univeifal Drought, he 
+was nominated by the Delphic Oracle to intercede for 
+
+Greece , and his Prayer was anfwertd. 
+
+Rhadamnntbas and ALacus were only inferior Judges* 
+the fir It of whom examined the Afiaticks , the latter 
+the Europeans , and bore only Rods as a Mark of their 
+Office. But all difficult Cafes were referred to Minos , 
+who fat over them with a Scepter of Gold. "I heir 
+Court was held in a large Meadow, called the Field 
+of Truth. Plato and Tully add Triptolemus to thefe 
+
+as a Fouith Judge. 
+
+
+CHAP. XXVf. O/Tartarus, and the Eume- 
+
+nides or Furies. 
+
+I N the Recedes of the infernal Regions lay the Seat 
+or Abode of the wicked Souls, called Tartarus , 
+jeprefented by .the Poets, as a vail deep Pit, furround- 
+ed with Walls and Gates of Brafs, and totally de>- 
+prived of Light. This dreadful Prifon is.furrounded 
+by the Waters of Phlegethon , which emit continual 
+F'lames. The Cuflody of the unfortunate Wretches 
+doomed to this Place of Puniflmient, is given to the 
+Eumenides, or Furies , who are at once their Gaolers 
+and Executioners. 
+
+The Names of thefe avengeful Sillers were 77 /*- 
+
+phone , Aiedo , and Megger a • but they went by the 
+general Appellation of the Furi<e y on Account of the 
+Rage and Diftradlion attending a guilty Confidence ^ 
+of Erynni^e or Erynnyes , becaufe of the Severity of 
+their Punifhment ; and Eumenides , becaufe though 
+cruel they were capable of Supplication, as Orefles 
+found by following the Advice of Pallas Their 
+Birth is fo differently related, that it is impoffible to 
+fix their Genealogy or Parentage. Indeed the Tbeo- 
+gony of the Greeks and Romans requires an uncommon 
+
+Clue 
+
+
+
+
+68 Fabulous H ISTORY of 
+
+Clue to get out of the Labyrinth, which Fiction has 
+
+contrived. 
+
+Though the Fuiies were implacable, they were 
+fufceptibie of Love. We find an Inftince of this in 
+Tijiphone i who growing enamoured with Cytharon , 
+an amiable Youth, and (taring to affright him by her 
+Form, got a third Perfon to dilclole her Flame. He was 
+fo unhappy as to reject her Suit, on which flie threw 
+one of her Snakes at him, which twining round his 
+Body drangled him. All the Confolation he had in 
+Death was to be changed into a Mountain, which ftill 
+bears his Name. 
+
+Thefe Goddeffes were fo terrible, that it was in 
+feme Degree facrilegious to invoke their Name. Yet 
+however the ObjetSts of Terror, they had their Tem¬ 
+ples, as at Athens near the Areopagus, at Cafin a in Ar¬ 
+cadia , and at Car mi a in the Peloponnefus. But their 
+highed Solemnities were at Telphufea in Arcadia , 
+where their Priefteffes went by the Name of Hefychi- 
+dee, and the Sacrifices were performed at Midnight, 
+amidft a profound Silence ; a black Ewe burnt whole 
+being the Vi&im. No Wine was ufed in the Liba¬ 
+tions, but only limpid Water, or a Liquor made of 
+Honey ; and the Wreaths ufed, were of the Flowers 
+of the NarciJJus and Crocus intermixed. 
+
+The Mythologies have affigned each of thefe Tor- 
+
+mentreffes their particular Department. Yi/iphone is 
+faid to punifh the Sins arifing from Hatred and An¬ 
+ger ; Mega'ra thole occafioned by Envy ; and Alefto 
+the Crimes owing to Ambition and Lull. Some make 
+but one Fury, called A draft a , the Daughter of Ju¬ 
+piter and Necejfuy , and the Avenger of all Vice. 
+
+The Fuiies are depicted with Hair compofed of 
+Snakes, and Eyes inflamed with Madnefs, carrying in 
+one Hand Whips and Iron Chains, and in the other 
+flaming Torches, yielding a difmal Light. Their 
+Robes are Mack, and their Feet of Brafs, to flhew 
+their Purfuit, though flow, is fleady and certain. 
+
+Is it poflible to conceive, that after this folemn and 
+
+horrid Reprefentation, the Eumenides, or Furies , fliould- 
+
+be harmiefs Beings ? And the very Deformities aferib- 
+
+ed 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+69 
+
+
+bed to them the Symbols of national Joy and Repofe 
+The Egyptians ufed thefe Figures to denote the three 
+Months of Autumn The Serpent was with that 
+People, the Hieroglyphic of Life, Light and Hap- 
+pinefs ; the Torch was the public Indication of a Sa¬ 
+crifice, and they placed two Quails at the Feet of the 
+Figure, to fignify that the general Security was owing 
+to the Plenty of the Seafon. All this is elucidated by 
+the Names of thefe vifionary Beings, Tiftphone (1), 
+Alefto (2), and Meg&ra (3) ; which are all derived 
+from Circumftances relating to the Vintage. 
+
+
+
+% 
+
+C FI A P. XXVII. Of the fabulous Perfons punijh 
+
+ed in 'Tartarus. 
+
+
+
+H E Poets, in order to people this difinal Re¬ 
+gion, have placed here the Giants or Titans , 
+who rebelled againft Jupiter , and who aie bound in 
+everlafting Chains. They alfo mention feveral other 
+notorious Criminals condemned to fuffer here, the 
+
+chief of whom follow : 
+
+% 
+
+Tityus was the Son of Jupiter and Elara y Daughter 
+of the River Qrcbomenius in Tbefjaly. His Father, ap- 
+prehenfive of Juno's Jealoufy, it is faid, concealed 
+him in the Earth, where he grew to a monftrous 
+Bulk. He re fid ed in Panopcea , where he became for¬ 
+midable for Rapine and -Cruelty till Apollo killed him 
+for endeavouring to ravifh Latona y though others fay 
+he was flain by Diana for an Attempt on her Chaftity. 
+He was next fent to Tartarus , and chained down on 
+his Back, his Body taking up fuch a Compafs as to 
+cover nine Acres. In this Pollure a Vulture conti¬ 
+nually preyed on his Liver, which ftiil grew again as 
+fait as it was confumed. 
+
+
+(1) From Pfapban, to inclofe or to hide , and Pfeponeh , the 
+Time of putting the. Wine into Pitchers. 
+
+From Leht y to gather. 
+
+(3) From Migherah , the finking of the Dregs or the clarify¬ 
+ing the Wine. 9 
+
+Phiegyas 
+
+
+
+70 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+
+
+Phle 
+
+
+Lapytbae 
+
+
+’gy<ts 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+Peopl 
+
+
+the Son -of Mars, and King of the 
+
+
+bauched his Daughter Coron 
+
+
+of 7 beJJaly ; Apollo having de 
+
+
+he fet Fii 
+
+
+revenge the Injury 
+
+
+ikg 
+
+
+the Temple of Delphos , for which Sa 
+
+
+that God killed him with his Arrows, and 
+
+
+thru It him into Tartar 
+
+
+where he is fentenced 
+
+
+fit 
+
+
+under a huge Rock, which hanging over his Head 
+threatens him with perpetual Deltrudtion. 
+
+Ixion was the Son of Mars and Pifidice , or as others 
+
+
+fay of /Ethan and Pi ft 
+
+
+Daugl 
+
+
+of Dioneus , he 
+
+
+Having married Dia the 
+pro mi fed very confiderabie 
+
+
+Prelents to her Father for his Confent: but to elude 
+
+
+the Performance 
+
+
+ited h 
+
+
+FeafL and 
+
+
+dered him. Stung with Remorfe for the Crime he 
+
+
+mad, fo that Jupiter in Companion 
+
+
+1 
+
+I 
+
+
+only forg 
+
+
+but took him up into Heaven, where he had 
+
+
+piety 
+
+
+corrupt Ji 
+
+
+Jupiter to be 
+
+
+the better allured of his Wickednefs, formed a Cloud 
+
+
+Shape of his Wife, upon 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+lx 
+
+
+the Centaur. But boalting of his Happinefs, J> 
+
+
+begot 
+
+
+hurled him down to Tartar 
+
+
+where he 
+
+
+fixed 
+
+
+a Wheel encompalfed with Serpents, and which 
+without cealing 
+
+
+Sr 
+
+
+ifiph 
+
+
+us was a Defendant of AEolus . and 
+
+
+ried 
+
+
+Merope , or 
+Piis Re fide 
+
+
+f the Pleiades 
+
+
+ho bore him Glaucus 
+
+
+was at Epira in Peloponnefus , and 
+
+
+Natui 
+
+
+fry Man. The Reafons given for his Punifli- 
+various, though all the Poets agree as'to its 
+
+
+hich was 
+
+
+of a Hill, from whence 
+
+
+great Stone to the Top 
+ftantly fell down again 
+
+
+fo that his Labour was inceiTantly renewed ( 4 ) 
+
+Tantalus a Phrygian Monarch, the Son of Jupiter 
+
+in an Enter 
+
+
+and the Nymph Plot a, had 
+
+
+Impiety 
+
+
+he gave the Gods, to kill his Son Pelops and 
+
+
+ferve him up as one of 
+
+
+Diih 
+
+
+All the D 
+
+
+perceived the Fraud but Ceres , who eat one of his 
+
+Shoulders ; but in Compallion to his Fate, fhe reftored 
+
+
+(4) Some make Sjftphtis a Trojan Secretary, who was pu- 
+nilhed for diicovering Secrets of State. Others fay he was a no¬ 
+torious Robber killed by Thefeus . 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+
+Jhe Heathen Gods. 71 
+
+him to Life by boiling him in a Cauldron, and gave 
+him an l<vory Arm to luppiy the Defeat. The Crime 
+of the Father did not pafs unpunifhed. He was placed 
+in ‘Tartarus , where he was afHidted with eternal 
+Third; and Hunger, having Water and the mod: deli¬ 
+cious Fruits dill within his Reach ; but not being able 
+to tafte either, becaufe they vaniflied before his 
+
+Touch, Ovid IV. 445. 
+
+Salmoneus, King of Elis, Virgil, TEn. VI. 585, had 
+the Prelumption to perfonate Jupiter , by chiving a 
+Chariot over a Bridge of Brats, and calling darning 
+Torches among the Spectators, to imitate Thunder 
+and Lightening. For this he was doomed to the Tor¬ 
+tures of this internal Dungeon. 
+
+The Belides complete this fabulous Catalogue. 
+They were the Daughters of Danaus the Son of Behis, 
+who was cotemporary with Cecrops , King of Athens. 
+This Prince, who came from Egypt into Greece, ex¬ 
+pelled Stbenelus King of the Argives Gut of his King¬ 
+dom, and by different Wives had thefe fifty Sifters. 
+His Brother Egypt us, with whom he had fome Diffe¬ 
+rence, propofed a Reconciliation, by marrying his fifty 
+Sons wdtii their fair Coufin Germans. The Wedding 
+was agreed, but Danaus perfidioufly directed each of 
+his Daughters to murder their Huibands on the Mar¬ 
+riage Night. Hypernmejlra alone fuffered Lynceus to , 
+efcape to Lyrcea near Argos (5). The Belides, for 
+this unnatural Crime> were condemned to draw Wa¬ 
+ter out of a Well with' Sieves, and pour it into a cer¬ 
+tain Veffel ; fo that their Labour was without End 
+or Succefs. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Elysian Fields, and 
+
+Lethe. 
+
+. * 
+s 
+
+B Y Way of Contrail to Tartarus, or the Prifon of 
+
+the Wicked, let us place the Elyftan Fields, or 
+the happy Abodes of the Juft and Good, of which 
+
+
+
+(5) He afterwards dethroned Danaus. 
+
+
+
+72 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Virgil , of all the antient Poets has given us the moft 
+agreeable Pidlure, Virgil's JEneid VI. 635. It were 
+endleis to give all the Variety of Defcriptions, which 
+a Subject of this Nature affords Room for. An eter¬ 
+nal Spring of Flowers or Verdure, a Sky always fe- 
+rene, and fanned by ambrofial Breezes, an univerfal 
+Harmony and uninteriupted Joy enbalmed thefe de¬ 
+lightful Regions. But at the End of a certain Period, 
+the Souls placed here returned to the World to re¬ 
+animate new Bodies, before which they were obliged 
+to drink at the River Lethe { 6), whofe Waters had 
+the Virtue to create an Oblivion of all that had paffed 
+in the former Parts of their Lives. 
+
+To illuftrate all this complexed Chaos of Fable, let 
+us once more have recourie to the Egyptian Mytno- 
+logy, where we {hall find the whole Secret of 'Tartarus 
+and the Elyfian Fields unravelled. There was near 
+each of the Egyptian Towns a certain Ground ap¬ 
+pointed for a common Burial Place. That at Mem~ 
+phis, as defcribcd by Diodorus, lay on the other Side 
+of the Lake Ackerufia (7) to the Shore of which the 
+deceafed Perfon was brought, and fet before a Tri¬ 
+bunal of Judges appointed to examine into his Con¬ 
+duct. If he had not paid his Debts his Body was de¬ 
+livered to his Creditors, till his Relations Tekafed it, 
+by collecting the Sums due. If he had not faithfully 
+obferved the Laws, his Body was left unburied, or 
+probably thrown into a Kind of common Shore Called 
+Tartarus (8). The fame Hiftorian informs us, that 
+near Memphis there was a leaking Veifel into which 
+they inceffantly poured Nile Water, which Circum- 
+ftance gives ground to imagine, that the Place where 
+unburied Bodies were caft out, was furrounded with 
+Emblems expreifive of Torture or Remorfe, fuch as 
+a Man tied on a Wheel always in Motion; another 
+whofe Heart was the prey of a Vulture ; and a Third 
+
+(6) Atto ny; X»;9>sf, or Oblivion 
+
+(7) From Acharei, after, an Aijb, Man, comes Achariis, or 
+the lajl Slate of Man , or Acheron , that is, the ultimate Condition . 
+
+(87 From the Chaldaick Torah, Admonition, doubled, comes 
+Tar iarah, or Tartarus , that is, an extraordinary IVarni 
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Go d s. 73 
+
+rolling a Stone up a Hill with fruitlefs Toil. Hence 
+
+the Fables of Ixior ?, Prometheus , and Syftpbus. 
+
+When no Accufer appeared againil the Decenfed, 
+or the Accufer was convidled of Falfhood, they ceafed 
+to lament him, and his Panegyrick was made ; after 
+which he was delivered to a certain fevere Ferryman, 
+who by Order of the Judges, and never without it, 
+received the Body into his Boat (9) and tranfported it 
+acrofs the Lake, to a Plain embellished with Groves, 
+Brooks, and other rural Ornaments. This Place was 
+called Elizout y (io), or the Habitation of Joy. At the 
+Entrance of it was placed the Figure of a Dog with 
+three Pair of Jaws, which they called Cerberus (1) ; 
+and the Ceremony of Interment was ended by 
+thrice (2) fprinkling Sand over the Aperture of the 
+Vault, and thrice bidding the Deceafed Adieu. All 
+thefe wife Symbols addreffed as fo many Inftru&ions 
+to the People, became the Sources of endlefs Fi6h'on, 
+
+Egyp - 
+
+tians regarded Death as a Deliverance (3). The Boat 
+of Tranfportation they called Berts (4), or Tranquil¬ 
+lity ard the Waterman, who was impartial in the juft 
+Execution of his Office, they (tiled Charon t which 
+(ignifies Inflexibility or Wrath. 
+
+
+when tranfplanted to Greece and Rome. The 
+
+
+(9) Sometimes the Judges denied even to their Kings Funeral 
+Rites on Account of heir Mil-government. 
+
+(10) From Eli&outy full Satisfaction, or a Place of Repofe and 
+
+J°y- 
+
+(1) They placed this Image on Account of that Animal’s 
+known Fidelily to Man. The three Heads denoted the three 
+Funeral Cries over the Corpfe, which is the Meaning of the 
+Name, from Cert or Cri, an Exclamation ; and fromBer iheGrave 
+or Vau : t, comes Cerber , or Cerberus , the Cries of (he Grave. 
+
+(2) Injeflo ter pulvtre. Horace, Be ok I. Ode 2,8. 
+
+(3) They call it Felouiahy Alleviation or Deliverance, i/;- 
+race has ihe fame Thought. 
+
+Levare funclum pauperemLaboribus . Carm. I. 2. Od 18. 
+
+(4) From Beriy Quiet, Serenity ; whence Diodorus Siculus 
+calls Charon's Ba.k Ba/ is. 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+C H A P. 
+
+
+
+74 
+
+
+% 
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+4 
+
+C H A P. XXIX. Of Apollo. 
+
+§ A HIS Deity makes one of the mod confp’cuous 
+
+A ,. Figures in the Heathen Theology, indeed not 
+oinjuftly, from the glorious Attributes afcribed to him 
+of being the God of Light , Medicine , Verfe and Pro - 
+fhecy. Fully mentions four of this Name, the molt 
+undent of whom was the -Son of Vulcan , and tutelary 
+God of the Athenians ; the Second a Son of %oryhas 
+and born in Crete ; the Third an Arcadian , called 
+Nomion , from his being a great Legiflator; and the 
+
+to whom the greateil Honour is afcribed, the Son 
+of Jupiter and Latova (5), whole Beauty having gain¬ 
+ed the Affection of the King of the Gods, Juno, on 
+■difcovering her Pregnancy, drove her out of Heaven, 
+and commanded the Serpent Python to deftroy her, 
+•from whole Pur fait Latona fled to the I fie of Delos In 
+.the Shape of a Qjail (6), where die was delivered of 
+Twins, called Diana and Apollo , the Latter of whom 
+foon after his Birth,deltroyed theMonfter Python with 
+his Arrows (7), though fome defer the Time of this 
+Vi£tory till he came to riper Years. But Latona 's 
+• Troubles did not end here, for flying into Lycia with 
+her Children, die was denied the Water of the Foun¬ 
+tain Mela , by the Shepherd Niocles and his Clowns, 
+upon which die turned them into Frogs. After fet¬ 
+tling her Son Apollo in Lycia , die returned to Delos , 
+and Diana went Xo refide in Crete. 
+
+The Adventures of Apollo are pretty numerous. 
+The mod remarkable, are his Quarrels with Jupiter , 
+on Account of the Death of his Son Mfculapius , killed 
+by that Deity on the Complaint of Pluto , that he de- 
+creafed the Number of the Dead by the Cures he per¬ 
+formed. Apollo * to revenge this Injury, killed the 
+Cyclops , who forged Jove's Thunderbolts, for \yhich 
+
+(5) The Daughter of Cans the Titan. and Phoebe. 
+
+( 6 ) Whence the Hie was called Ortygia , though fome fay (hat 
+Neptune railed it out of (he Sea to give her Refuge. 
+
+(7) Some alfert that Diana affifted him in this Fight. 
+
+he . 
+
+1 
+
+* 
+
+t 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+m 4 
+
+
+
+The Heathen G o r> s 
+
+barn'Hied Heaven, and endured great 
+
+
+tt * 
+
+/3 
+
+
+
+u 
+
+
+fFer 
+
+ings on Earth, being forced to hire himfelf as a Shep 
+
+
+herd to (g) Ad. 
+ercifing which Olfi 
+Lyre or Lute 
+
+
+King of Thejfaly , during 
+
+
+ex 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+footh 
+
+
+faid to have invented the 
+Trouble. In this Retire- 
+
+
+odd Incident happened to him; Mercury was 
+
+
+born in the Morning 
+fic k, and compofed 
+
+
+
+Noon he had learned Mu 
+
+
+Tefludo 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+the Evening 
+
+
+coming to Apollo he fo amufed him with this new In 
+ftrumeht, that he found an Opportunity to fteal his 
+Cattle. 
+
+Re Hi lu 
+
+lo that 
+
+
+Apollo difcovering the Theft, and infiftin^ 
+
+
+that he 
+
+Laughter (9) 
+
+
+fly Deity dole his Bow and Arrows 
+forced to change his Refentment into 
+
+
+From Tbeffeily, Apollo removed to Sparta, and fet 
+
+
+tied near the River Ear 
+
+
+where he fell in Love 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+play 
+
+
+fair Boy called Hyacinthus , with whom being 
+Zephyrus through Envy blew Apollo's Qr 
+
+
+Head, and killed him 
+
+
+the Spot 
+
+
+To pre 
+
+
+ferve his Memory, the God from his Blood raifed the 
+Flower which bears his Name (10). Though accord¬ 
+ing to others, he only tinged it with the Violet (which 
+was white before) into a Purple. 
+
+
+Cyparijfi 
+
+
+beautiful Boy, a Favourite of Apollo 
+
+
+Fawn 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+being exceflively grieved for the Death of 
+Deer he loved, was changed by him to a Cyprefs Tree 
+which is flncefacred to Funeral Rites. 
+
+
+ApoL 
+
+
+finding Nept 
+
+
+next vifatdLaomedon King of Troy, where 
+
+
+in the fame Condit 
+
+
+with himfelf, 
+
+
+and exiled from Heaven, they agreed with that King 
+to furnifh Bricks to build the Walls of his Capital : 
+He alfo afliited Alcathous in building a Labyrinth, in 
+
+
+(8) Some give this Hiftory another Turn, and tell us that 
+Apollo being King of the Arcadians , and depol'ed for his Tyranny, 
+fled to Admetus , who gave him the Command of the Country ly¬ 
+ing near the River Amphryjas, inhabited by Shepherds. 
+
+i 9 ) 'Te loves dim, nijt reddidifles 
+Per dolutr. amotas, puerum mined 
+Vice dum terret , Yiduus Pharetra 
+
+Rifit Apollo. Horat. Lib. I. Ode X. !. 10. 
+
+(10) The Hyacinth or Violet. 
+
+D 2 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+76 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+which was a Stone whereon he ufed to depofit his 
+Lyre y and which emitted an harmonious Sound on the 
+
+ilightetl Stroke. 
+
+O m 
+
+Though Apollo wasdillinguimcd for his Excellency 
+in Mufick, yet he was extremely jealous of Rivallhip 
+on this Head. The Mufes were under his immediate 
+
+
+Protection, and the Gralshopper was confecratcd to 
+him by the Athenians on Account of its Harmony 
+(i). We find Midas King of Phrygia being con di¬ 
+luted Judge between him and Pan , who pretended to 
+vie with him in Harmony, and giving Judgment for 
+the Latter, was rewarded with a Pair of Affes Eair, 
+to point out his bad Talte (2). Ovid has deferibed 
+this Story in an agreeable Manner. Linus , who ex¬ 
+celled all Mortals in Mufick, prefuming to fing with 
+Apollo , was puniihed with Death ; nor did Marfyas 
+the Satyr cfcape much better, for having found a 
+Flute or Pipe, -which Minerva threw away (3), he 
+had the Vanity todifpute the Prize with Apollo , who 
+being decreed Victor, hung his Antagonist on the 
+next Pine Tree, and fleaed him alive ; but afterwards 
+changed him into a River, which falls into the Me¬ 
+ander. 
+
+This Deity was fo (killed in the Bow, that his Ar¬ 
+rows were always fatal. Python and the Cyclops experi¬ 
+enced their Force. When the Giant Tityus endea¬ 
+voured to ravilli Diana , he transfixed and threw him 
+
+
+into Hell, where the Vultures preyed on his Liver. 
+Niobe the Daughter of Tantalus , and Wife of Am - 
+
+
+phson , 
+
+
+being happy in feven Sons and as many 
+
+
+Daughters, was fo foolifii as to prefer herfclf to Latona. 
+This fo enraged Apollo and Diana , that the former 
+(lew her Sons with his Darts, and the latter killed her 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(i) The Grecian Poets celebrate the Grafs’iopper as a very 
+mufica! In left, that fings amongft the higheft Branches of the 
+Trees ; fo that it mult have been a very different Creature fiom 
+the Graf hopper known to us. See the Notes id Cooke's Hcfiod. 
+
+(1) O'vtdy Book XI. Fab. Ill 1 . 90. 
+
+(3) Becaufe as fhe blew it, feeing herfeif in a Fountain, Hie 
+found it deformed her Face. 
+
+Jupiter, 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods; 77 
+
+'Jupiter, in companion to her incelTant Grief, turned 
+into a Stone, which Hill emits JVioilture* inllead of 
+Teais (4). 
+
+The tiue Meaning of the Fable of Niobe is this ; it 
+fignihed the Annual I'nnundation of Rgy.pt. The Af¬ 
+front flic offered to Latonn was a Symbol to denote 
+the Nwceflity Hie laid that People under of retreating 
+to the higher Grounds. The fourteen Children of 
+Niobe are the fourteen Cubits, that marked the In- 
+creafe of the -Nile (5), Apollo and Diana killing them 
+with their Arrows, reprefent Labour and Induftry, 
+with the Afllftance of the Sun’s warm Influence, over¬ 
+coming thefe Difficulties, after the Retreat of the 
+Flood. Ntobe's being turned to a Stone, was owing 
+to an Equivocation. The Continuance of Niobe was 
+the Prefervation of Egypt. But the Word Selau, 
+which fignified Safety, by a fmall Alteration (Selaiv) 
+exprefTed a Stone. Thus Niobe became a real Perfon 
+inetamorphofed to a Rock. 
+
+Apollo refembled his Father Jupiter, in his great 
+Propenfity to Love. He fpent fome Time with Venus 
+in the Hie of F.hodes, and during their Interview it is 
+Laid the Sky rained Gold, and the Earth was covered 
+with Lillies and Rofes His mofi celebrated Amour 
+
+was with Daphne (the Daughter of the River PeneusJ, 
+a Virgin of 7 heffaly, who was herfelf prepofTefTed in 
+Favour of Leucippus, a Youth of her own Age. 
+Apollo, to be revenged on his Rival, put it in his 
+Head to difguife himfelf amongll the Virgins who went 
+a Bathing, who difeovering the Deceit, /tabbed him. 
+After this the God purfued Daphne , who flying to 
+preferve her Chaflity, was, on her Intreaties to the 
+Gods, changed into a Laurel (6), whofe Leaves Apollo • 
+immediately confecrated to bind his Temples, and 
+made that Tree the Reward of Poetry. 
+
+
+(4) Ovid, Book VI. 1. 310. 
+
+(0 The Statue of Nile in the Tuilleries at Paris , has fou 
+tildren placed by it, to denote thefe Cubits. 
+
+(6) Ovid, Boos I. 1. 556. 
+
+- £ ra fP* n g empty Praife 
+
+He patch'd at Love, andfill'd kis Arms with Bays, Walle 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+78 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+The Nymph Bolina , rather than yield to his Suit, 
+
+threw herielf into the Sea, for which he rendered 
+her immortal: Nor was he more fuccefsful in his 
+Courtlhipof the Nymph Cajfalia , who vanilhed from 
+him in the Form of a Fountain, which was afterwards 
+lacred to the Mules (7) He debauched Leucotboe> 
+Daughter of Qrcbamus, King of Babylon , in the Shape 
+of her Mother Eurynome . Clytia her Siller, jealous 
+of her Happinefs, dil'covered the Amour to their Fa¬ 
+ther, who ordered Leucothoe to be buried alive. Her 
+Lover, in Pity to her Fate, poured Nedtar on the 
+Grave, which turned the Body into the Tree, which 
+weeps the Gum called Frankincenfe. He then aban¬ 
+doned Clytia , who pined away, continually looking 
+on the Sun, till /lie became the Heliotrope or Sun 
+Flower (8). 
+
+Of the Children of Apollo , we ftiall fpeak more at 
+large in the following Section. 
+
+Apollo had a great Variety of Names, either taken 
+from his principal Attiibutes, or the chief Places where 
+he was worfhipped. He was called the Healer , from 
+his enlivening Warmth and cheering Influence, and 
+Pcean, (9), from the peflilentiai Heats j to fignify the 
+Former, the Ancients placed the Graces in his Right 
+Hand, and for the Latter a Bow and Arrows in his 
+Left: No mitts, or the Shepherd, from his fertilizing 
+the Earth, and thence fuftainmg the Animal Creation ; 
+Delius (10), from his rendering all Things maflifed ; 
+Pythius, from his Viflory over Python $ Lycius, Phce - 
+bus y and Phaneta , from his Purity and Splendor. 
+
+The principal Places where he was worfhipped were 
+Chryfus , Fen edos , Smyntha, Cylla, Cyrrha , Pair a a, 
+Clarosy Cynthiusy Aboetiy a City in Lycta, at Miletus, 
+and amongil: the Mceonians, from all which Places he 
+was denominated. He had an Oracle and Temple at 
+Frgyra, near which were two remarkable Fountains, 
+
+(7) Thence called Cajlalian Sifters, 
+
+(8) 0 nid 9 Book IV. 20$. 
+
+(‘9) ’A7ro tS iralsiv ra$ ema? 
+
+(10) ’A'rc'o ttu TTttvra iroisiv* 
+
+
+called 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gcds. 79 
+
+called the Palm and the Olive, on Account of the 
+Sweetnefs and Traniparency of the Water. He had 
+an Oracle at Delos , for fix Months in the Summer 
+Seafon, which for the Reft of the Year was removed 
+to Pa tarn in Lycia , and thefe Removals were made 
+with great Solemnity. Hut his moft celebrated Tem¬ 
+ple was at Delphosy the Original of which was thus: 
+Apollo being in (hunted in the Art of Divination by Pan 
+the Son of jupiter y and the Nymph Thymbris, went 
+to-this Oracle, where at that Time Themis gave her 
+Anfwers; hut the Serpent Python hindering him from 
+approaching the Oracle, he flew it, and fo took Pol- 
+leliion of it. His Temple here in Procefs of Time, 
+became fo frequented, that it was called the Oracle of 
+the Earthy and all the Nations and Princes in the 
+World vied with each other in their Munificence to 
+it. Cr&fus, King of Lydia , gave at one Time a thou- 
+fand Talents of Gold to make an Altar there, befides 
+Prefents of immenfe Value at other Times. Phalaris , 
+
+the Tyrant of Agrigentum prefented it a brazen Bull, 
+a Mafter-piece of Art. The Refponfes here were de¬ 
+livered by a Virgin Priefiefs (1) called Pythia, or Pbee~ 
+has t placed on a Tripos (a), or Stool with three Feet, 
+called alfo Cortina, from the Skin of the Python with 
+which it was covered. It is uncertain after what 
+Manner thel'e Oracles were delivered, though Cicero 
+fuppofes the Pythonefs was infpired, or rather intoxi¬ 
+cated by certain Vapours which afcended from the 
+Cave. In Italy , Apollo had a celebrated Shrine at 
+Mount Soracle , wheie his Priefts were fo remarkable 
+lor Sandlity that they could walk on burning Coals 
+unhurt, The Romans ere&ed to him many Temples. 
+After the Battle 0 i Act ium, which decided the Fate of 
+the World, and fecured the Empire to Augujlusy this* 
+Prince not only built him a Chapel on that Promon¬ 
+tory, ancl renewed the foleinn Games to him, but foon 
+
+(\) Some fay that the Pythonefs being once debauched, the 
+Oracles were afterwards delivered by an old Woman in the Drefs 
+of a young Maid. 
+
+(2) Authors vary as to the Tripos, fome making it 3 Veil'd 
+in which the Pritttefs bathed. 
+
+D 4. after 
+
+
+
+So 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+
+STORY 
+
+
+
+alter railed a moll magnificent Temple to him on 
+
+
+Mo 
+
+hies. 
+
+
+Fa l 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+owe', the w 
+
+
+Parian M 
+
+
+over the i 
+
+
+I he Gates weie of Ivory extjuifitcly 
+
+
+Solar Chariot and Hort 
+
+
+iffy Gold. The Portico com a 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+nobl 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+ry of 
+
+
+Greek and Lai in A 
+
+
+VV 
+
+
+Li¬ 
+
+the 
+
+
+of the God by 
+
+
+intings, and a Stau 
+
+
+Scopas % attended 
+
+
+
+a 
+
+
+gantic Figure in Brats fifty Feet high, in the A 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+t- 
+
+
+four brazen Cows, reprefenting the Daughter 
+
+
+f Prcetus King 
+
+
+m 
+
+he Arg 
+
+
+that Form for prefuming to rival J 
+befe Statues were wrought by Myron 
+
+
+who were changed 
+
+
+Beauty 
+
+
+Fhe ufual Sacrifices to Apollo, were Lambs , Bulls 
+
+
+and Oxen, The A 
+
+
+lacred to him were the 
+
+
+IVolf, from his Acutenefs of Sight; the Crow, from her 
+Augury, or foretelling the W 
+
+
+n e fs 
+
+Rife 
+
+
+he Swan, from 
+
+vining its own Death ; the Hawk, from its Bold- 
+Flight ; and the Cock , from its foretelling h*s 
+The Grafsbopper was alfo reckoned agreeable 
+to him on Account of his Mufick, Of Trees, the 
+Laurel, Palm, Olive , and Juniper were moft in E(- 
+teem with him. All young Men, when their Beards 
+grew, confecrated their Locks in his Temple, as the 
+Virgins did theirs in the Temple of Diana 
+
+r l he four great Attributes of Apollo were Divina¬ 
+tion, Healing, Mufick , and Archery ; all which ma« 
+nifeltly refer to the Sun. Light difpelling Darkrjefs is 
+a tlrong Emblem of Truth dilfipating Ignorance ; what 
+conduces more to Life and Health than the Solar 
+Warmth, or can there be a jutter Symbol of the Plane¬ 
+tary Harmony than Apollo's (3) Lyre ? As his 
+
+
+
+laid to have dellroyed the Monfier Pytho 
+
+
+
+h 
+
+
+Rays dry up the noxious Moifiure, which is pernici 
+
+
+Pla 
+
+
+Vegetation and Fruitfulnefs 
+The Perfians, who had a high Veneration for 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+adored it, and the Light proceeding from it, 
+
+
+by the Names of Mi t hr a and Orafim 
+
+
+the Egyp 
+
+
+(3) The feven Strings of which are fgid to reprefent the feven 
+Planets. 
+
+
+tians 
+
+
+
+The II E A V iien Go 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+8 z 
+
+
+turns by thale of Ofiris and Onts ; and from thei r 
+Antiquities, let us now (celc (bine ill u il i at ion of the 
+lit;th and Adventures of Apolio. 
+
+'1 he 1 /is , which pointed out the Neomenia or 
+monthly Feftival before their annual Inundation, was 
+the fymbolical Figure of a Creature with the upper 
+Part of a Woman, and the hinder of a Lizard placed 
+in a reclining Poflure. This they called Leto (4), and 
+ufed it to (ignify to the People the Neceflity of laying 
+in the Provifions of Olives , parched Corn, and fucli 
+other Kinds of dry Food, for their Subfillence, during 
+the Flood. Now when the Waters of the Nile de- 
+creafed time enough to allow them a Month, before 
+the Entrance of the Sun into Sagittarius, the Egyp~ 
+tian Fanner was fin e of Leifure enough to furvey and 
+fow his Ground, and of remaining in abfolute Secu¬ 
+rity till Harvelt. 'Phis Conquefl of the Nile was re- 
+prelented by an Orus , or Image, armed with Arrows, 
+and fuhduing the Monfler Python. This they called 
+O;es (5), or Apollo (6). The Figure of J/is above- 
+mentioned, they alfo (tiled Deione , or Diana (6), and 
+they put in her Hind the Shmil, a Bird which with 
+them was the Emblem of Security (8). 
+
+the Ph rent chins into 
+
+
+Thefe Emblems carried 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Greece , gave Rife to all the Fable of Latona perfecu- 
+ted by the Python , and flying to Delos in the Form of 
+
+
+a Quail, where me boie Orus and Deione , cox Apollo 
+and Diana. Thus (as on former GccaHons) the.Hie- 
+rogiyphiclvs only defigned to point out the regular 
+Feltivals, and to indiuit the People in what ithey 
+were to do, became in .the End the Objedls of a fenfe- 
+
+Ids and gre L Idolatry. 
+
+
+# • 
+
+% 
+
+
+Whe 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+Tyre was befieged by Alexander the Cili 
+
+
+zens bound, the Sta'ue of Apollo with Chains of Gold 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+(4) From Leto , or Letoah, a Lizard. 
+
+(A From Mores, the Defiroyer or Waller. 
+
+(6) Apollo fignifics the fame. 
+
+(7) From Dei , fufficiency, comer. Deione , Abundance. 
+
+(8) Solace in the Fhan-cian fignif.es Security, as al’o a Quails ■ 
+
+hence they ufed the Quail to fignify the Thing. The Latin ■■ 
+Words Sains, and Salvo ace derived from hence. 
+
+
+
+but 
+
+
+
+82 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+but when that Conqueror took the Place, he releafed 
+the Deity who thence obtained the Name of Pbilax - 
+andrus, or the Friend of Alexander. At Rhodes , 
+where he was worfhippec! in a peculiar Manner, there 
+was a Coloflal Image of him at the Mouth of the Har¬ 
+bour feventy Cubits high (9). 
+
+Phoebus (10) was very diiferentiy reprefented in dif¬ 
+ferent Countries and Times, according to the Cha¬ 
+racter he affirmed. To depiCt the Solar Light, the 
+Perfians ufed a Figure with the Head of a Lion, co¬ 
+vered with a Tiara, in the Perfean Garb, and hold¬ 
+ing a mad Bull by the Horns, a Symbol plainly of 
+Egyptian Original. The latter People expreffed him 
+fometimes by a Circle with Rays ; at other Times by 
+a Sceptre with an Eye over it: But their great Em¬ 
+blem of the Solar Light, as diftinguifhed from the 
+Oib itfelf, was the golden Seraph , or fiery flying Ser¬ 
+pent (1). The Hicropolitans fhewed him with a point¬ 
+ed Beard, thereby exprefling the llrong Emiflion of his 
+Rays downward 5 over his Hehd was a Balket of 
+Gold, refprefenting the ethereal Height: He had a 
+Breaft-Plate on, and in his Right Hand held a Spear, 
+on the Summit of which flood the Image of Victory 
+(fo that Mars is but one of his Attributes) ; this be- 
+fpoke him irrefiftible and ruling ail Things: In his 
+Left-Hand was a Flower, imitating the vegetable 
+Creation nouriflied, matured, and continued by hi^ 
+
+Beams: Around his Shoulders he wore a Veft de- 
+
+Gorgons and Snakes; this takes in Miner• 
+it is expreffed the Virtue and Vigour of 
+the Solar Warmth, enlivening the Apprehenfion and 
+
+promoting Wifdom; whence alfo he is with great 
+Propriety the Prefident of the Mufes: Clofe by were 
+the expanded Wings of the Eagle reprefenting the 
+
+/Ether , ftretched out from him, as from its proper 
+
+% 
+
+(9) We {hall (peak of this hereafter. 
+
+(10) From Pheiips the Source, and ob the Overflowing, or the 
+
+Source of the Inundation, the Egyptians exprefling the annual Ex¬ 
+ec fs of the Nile by with a River proceeding from its 
+
+Mouth. 
+
+(1) Vide Macrob. Saturn. 1 . 1, 17. 
+
+
+pifled with 
+
+qja, and by 
+
+
+Center; 
+
+
+
+8 > 
+
+
+The Heathen God s. 
+
+Center: At his Feet were three female Figures en 
+
+circled by a Serapb y that in the midft being the Em' 
+
+blem of the Earth riling in Beauty from th~ iV/I ‘ v,n ‘ 
+
+
+Mid ft 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+Nature and C.onfufion (the other two) by the Err.ana 
+
+
+tion of his Lights iigniHed by the Seraph ox Dragon. 
+Under the Character of the Sun, Apollo- was de 
+
+
+piCted in a Chariot drawn 
+
+
+
+four Horfes, whole 
+
+
+Names the Poets have taken Care to give us a& well 
+as thofe of Pluto, The Poets feigned each Night r*ha£ 
+he went to reft with Thetis in the Ocean, and that 
+the next Morning the Hours got ready his Horfes for; 
+him to renew his Courfe (fee Cambray’s Telemaque for 
+a Pi&ure), and unbarred the Gates of Day. It is no 
+Wonder they have been laviili on a Subject, which 
+affords fuch extenfive Room for the Imagination to 
+difplay itfeif, as the Beauties of the Sun-rifing. When; 
+repiefented as Liber Pater (2), he bore a Shield to* 
+iliew his Protection of Mankind. At other Times he 
+was drawn as a heat diets Youth, his Locks di {Levelled,* 
+and crowned with Laurel, holding a Bow in his Right- 
+Hand with his Arrows, and the Lyre in his Left.. 
+The Palace of the Sun has been admirably defcribed 
+by 0 <vid y as well as his Car, in the fecond Book of 
+his Metamorplojis. 
+
+
+
+{%) Virgil gives him this Name in h*s fir ft Georgic; 
+
+-- Vas y O clatijjima Mundi 
+
+Lumina, labentem ccelo qui duoitis annum y 
+liiber. <2? alma. Cer.es,. 
+
+
+
+8 4 
+
+
+Fabulous H 
+
+
+
+
+T O 
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+
+big with Child of him, on Account of her Infidelity £ 
+but repenting the Fa£t faved the Infant, and gave him 
+
+
+ve¬ 
+
+
+to Chiron to be inftru&ed (3) in Phylick. Others 
+port, that as King Phlegyas her Father was carrying 
+her with him into Peloponnefus , her Pains furprized 
+her on the Confines of Epidauria , where to conceal 
+her Shame Ibe expofcd the Infant on a Mountain, 
+However this be, under the Care of this new Mailer, 
+he made fuch a Progrefs in the Medical Art, as gain¬ 
+ed him a high Reputation ; fo that he was even re¬ 
+ported to raife the Dead- His firll Cures were 
+wrought upon Afcles King of Epidaurus , and Aunes 
+King of Daunia, which lalt was troubled with fore 
+
+
+Eyes. 
+
+
+In Ihort, his Succefs was fo great, that Pluto , 
+
+
+who faW the Number of his Gholls daily increafe, 
+complained to Jupiter , who killed him with his Thun 
+der-bolts. 
+
+Cicero reckons up three of his Name. The firft the 
+Son of Apollo wor/hipped in Arcadia , who invented 
+the Probe and Bandages for Wounds ; the Second the 
+Brother of Mercury , killed by Lightening; and the 
+third the Son of Arfippus and Arfinoe , who fir ft taught 
+the Art of Tooth-drawing and Purging. Others make 
+
+JEfculapius , an Egyptian King of Memphis , antecedent 
+by a thoufand Years to the /EJculapius of the Greeks : 
+The Romans numbered him amongft the Dii Adfcititii , 
+
+
+or fuch as were raifed to Pleaven 
+Hercules, Cajlor, and Pollux , Esff. 
+
+
+
+their Merit, as 
+
+
+The Greeks received their Knowledge of JEfcula 
+
+
+Hi 
+
+
+chief 
+
+
+plus from* the Phoenicians and Egyptians 
+Temples were at Fergatnus , Smyrna , at Trica, a Ciry 
+
+
+of Jonia, and the Hie of Co 
+
+
+OS 
+
+
+in all which, votive 
+
+
+Tublets were hung up (4'), /Hewing the Difeafes cu¬ 
+red by his Aftillance ; but his moil famous Shrine was 
+at Epidaurus , where every five Years in the Spring, 
+foiemn Games were inllit 11 ted to him nine Days after 
+the- 1 /ihmian Games at Corinth. 
+
+
+(3) Ovid, who relates the Story o' Coronit, in his fanciTu! Way, 
+tells us that Corpus, or the Raven , whodfeovered her Amour* 
+had, by Apollo , his Feathers changed from Black to White . 
+
+(4) from thefe Tables or vetive Infcnptions, Hippocrates is 
+laid to have colie&ed his Aph ii ms. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+The Romans grew acquainted with him by an Ac 
+cident 5 a Plague happening in Italy , the Oracle wa 
+confulted, and the Reply was, that they lliould bring 
+
+
+the God Mfculapius from Epidau 
+
+
+An Em b a fly 
+
+
+was appoin ed of ten Senators, at the Head of whom 
+
+
+was §). Ogulni 
+
+
+Thefe Deputies on their Arri 
+
+
+iliting the 1 emple of the God, a huge Serp 
+6m under the Altar, and eroding the City 
+
+
+di- 
+
+their Ship, and lay down in the Cabbin of 
+Ogulniusy upon which they fet fail immediately, and 
+
+the Tiber , the Serpent quitted the Ship, and- 
+
+
+redtly 
+
+
+retired to a little Ifland oppofite the City, where aTe 
+pie was erected to the God, and the Peililence ceafed. 
+
+The Animals facrificed to Mfculapius were the 
+Goat, fome fay on account of her nurfing him 
+
+becaufe this Creature is unhealthy, as labour- 
+
+The Dog and the Cock. 
+
+their Fidelity and 
+
+
+ing under a perpetual Fever 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+facied to him on account of 
+
+
+Vigil 
+
+
+The Raven was alfo devoted to 
+
+
+Foiecaft, and being (killed in D 
+
+
+him for 
+
+Authors 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+fo 
+
+
+Le 
+
+
+agreed as to his being the Inventor of Phyfick 
+(firming he only perfected that Part which re 
+the Regimen of the Sick. 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+
+publick Sign or Sy 
+
+
+feek for the Origin of this F 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+pofed by the Egyj> 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+blies, to wain the People to mark the 
+
+
+their Alien 
+
+Depth of the Inundation, in order to 
+Ploughing accordingly, was the Figure of a M 
+
+
+regu 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+g 
+
+
+Head cariying 
+
+
+Pol 
+
+
+ith Serp 
+
+
+(led 
+
+
+round it, to which they gave the Names of Anubis (5) 
+
+
+7b a 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+( 6 ) 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+nd Mfculap 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+
+In procefs of Ti 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+they made Ufe of this Reprefentation for a real King 
+
+
+who by the Stud 
+of his Subjects 
+
+
+Thu 
+
+
+Phyfick fought the Prefervation 
+
+
+Dog and the Serp 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+came the Charadteiifticks of JEfculapius amongft the 
+Ramans and Greeks , who were entirely Strangers 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+ig’rsal Meaning of thefe Hieroglvphicks 
+
+
+or Warner. Anub 
+
+
+Hannobeach , whLh in Theenician fignifies the Barker 
+
+
+( 
+
+
+The Word Rayant, fignifies the Dog. 
+
+Ai/h Man, and Calepb^ Dog, comes Mfcaleph the 
+
+
+Man-Dog, or JEJculapius 
+
+
+JEfculap 
+
+
+
+86 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+JEfculapius had, by his Wife Epione, two Sons,, 
+Machaon and Podalirius, both fkilled in Surgery, and 
+who are mentioned by Homer at the Siege of Troy , and 
+were very ferviceable to the Greeks. He had alfo two 
+Daughters, calied Hygicea and Jnfo. 
+
+This # Deity is represented in different Attitudes. 
+At Epidaurus his Statue was of Gold and Ivory (8)* 
+feated on a Throne of the fame Materials, hi<s Head 
+crowned with Rays, and a long Beard, having a knot¬ 
+ty Stick in one Hand, the other entwined with a Ser¬ 
+pent, and a Dog lying at his Feet. The Pbliafians 
+depicted him as beardlefs ; and the Romans crowned 
+him with Laurel to denote his Defcent from Apollo. 
+The Knots in his Staff fignify the Difficulties that oc¬ 
+cur in the Study of Medicine* 
+
+Phaeton was the Son of Apollo, and the Nymph Cly - 
+tnene . Having a Difpute with Epaphvts , the Son of 
+Jupiter and lo , the latter upbraided him, that he 
+was not really the Son of his Father, and that his 
+Mother only made ufe of that Pretence to cover her 
+Infamy. The Youth fired at this Reproach, by his 
+Mother’s Advice carried his Complaint to his Father 
+Phoebus, who received him with great Tendernefs*. 
+and to allay his Difquietude, fwore by Styx to grant 
+him whatever he requeued, as a Mark of his ac¬ 
+knowledging him for his Son. Phaeton boldly alked 
+
+the Direction of the Solar Chariot for one Day. The* 
+
+Father at once grieved and fur prized at the Demand, 
+ufed all Arguments in vain to diffuade him from the 
+Attempt j but being by his Oath reduced to fubmife 
+to his Obftinacy, he gave him the Reins, with the bed 
+Directions he could how to ufe them. The Ambition^ 
+of our young Adventurer was too fatal to himfelf. He 
+loft his Judgment and Way together; and Jupiter , to 
+prevent the World being fet on Fire, was obliged with his, 
+
+Thunderbolts to hurl him from his Seat into the River 
+
+♦ 
+
+Eridanus or Po. His Sifters Phaethufa , Lampetia and 
+Pk&be lamented his Lois fo inceffantly upon the Banks,. 
+
+
+(8) This Image was the Work of Tkrafymedis the Son of 
+Arignctus a Native of Pares. 
+
+that 
+
+
+
+'The H E A T H E fT G O D S. 87 
+
+that the Gods changed them into Black Poplar Trees , 
+whofe Juice produces the Eleftrum or Amber. Cycnus 
+King of Liguria , no lefs grieved for his Lofs, was 
+changed into a Swan, a Bird which became after fa- 
+cred to Apollo. This Story makes a very conftderable 
+Figu re in 0 <vid (9), who has out-done himfelf on this 
+
+Subject. 
+
+A late Author offers an ingenious Conje&ure, with, 
+regard to this Fable (io). Linen-Cloth was the great 
+Manufacture of Egypt , and the bleaching of it confe- 
+quently of great Importance. The Image expofed for 
+directing this, was a Youth with Rays round hisHead, 
+and a Whip in his Hand, feated on an Orb, to which 
+they gave the Name of Phaeton (1), and Ben-Clim- 
+mah (2). Probably the Months of May , June , and 
+July , were the three Sillers of Phaeton^ becaule dur¬ 
+ing thefe Months they waflted their Linen white, of 
+which Cygnus y or the Swan, the Friend of Phaeton r 
+is a further Symbol. Now as the Word Alhanoth 
+plied to thefe Months (3), fignifies alfo Poplar Trees % 
+it gave Rife to this Metamorphofis. 
+
+Orpheus was the Son of Phoebus , by the Mule Cal¬ 
+liope (4). He was born in Thrace , and refided near 
+Mount Rhodope , where he married Eurydice a Princefs 
+of that Country. Arifieus a neighbouring Prince, 
+who fell in Love with her, attempted to furprize her* 
+and in her Flight, to efcape his Violence, fhe was 
+killed by the Bite of a Serpent. Her dilconfolate 
+Hufband was to affeCted at his Lofs, that he descend¬ 
+ed by the Way of Tcenatu* to Hell, in order to rcco-^ 
+ver her. As Mufic and Poetry were to him hereditary 
+Talents, he exerted them in fo powerful a Manner, 
+
+(9) Ovid Metamorph. Lib. IT, in Principio. 
+
+(10) Lc Pltiche Hift. de Cieux. 
+
+(1) From Pha the Month, and Eton Linen, is made Phaeton * 
+that is, the Indi&ion of the Linen-works. 
+
+(2) Bsii-Climmahy the Son of hot Weather. Hence the Story, 
+of Phaeton's burning the World. 
+
+(3) Albanothy or Lebanothy (ignifies the Whitening Fields op 
+Yards for Bleaching. 
+
+(4) Some make him the Son of Qeagrus and Calliope . 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+88 Fabulous HISTORY «/ 
+
+* 
+
+that Pluto and Proferpine were fo far touched, as to 
+reftore him his beloved Confort on one Condition, 
+that he fliould not look back on her, till they came to 
+the Light of the World. His impatient Fondnefs 
+made him break this Article, and he loft her for ever. 
+Grieved at her Lofs he retired to the Woods and 
+Forefts, which it is faid were fenfible of his Harmo¬ 
+ny ($). But the Mcenades or Bacchae, either incenfed 
+at his vowing a widowed Life, or as others fay, indi¬ 
+cated by Bacchus , wdiofe Wor/hip he neglected (6), 
+tore him in Pieces, and fcattered his Limbs about the 
+Fields, which were colledted and buried by the Mufes . 
+His Head and Harp, which were call: into the Hehrus , 
+were carried to Lejhos, and the former interred there. 
+His Harp was tranfported to the Skies, where it forms 
+one of the Conftellations. He himfelf was changed 
+into a Swan, and left a Son called Methon, who found¬ 
+ed in 1 brace a City of his own Name. Ovid has 
+given this whole Story (7), but contrary to his ufual 
+Method, has broke the Thread of it, by interfperflngy 
+it in different Parts of his Work. 
+
+% 
+
+It is certain that Orpheus may be placed as theearlieft 
+Poet of Greece, where he firft introduced Ajlronowy 
+Divinity, Mu/ick, and Poetry, all which he had learned 
+in Egypt. He wrote many Volumes in natural Philc- 
+fophy and Antiquities (8), of which only a few ini- 
+perfect Fragments have efcaped the Rage of Time. 
+In his Book of Stones he fays of himfelf, ‘Jde could 
+
+* underftard the Flight and Language of Birds, (top-* 
+
+* the CouTe of Rivers, overcome the Poifon of Ser- 
+
+(5) 0 <vid Metam. Lib. XI in Principio. 
+
+(6) Others fay by Venus, on account of his defpifing her Rites, , 
+and that the Nymphs, excited by her, tore him in Pieces in-ftrug- 
+gling who fhouid have him. 
+
+' (7) In his Xth and Xlth Books. 
+
+(8) He wrote a Book of Hymns and Treatifes on the Genera-i 
+tion of the Elements •, on the Giants War; on the Raps of Fro - 
+jerpine \ ou the Labours of Hercules *, of Stones •, on the Rites' 
+andMyftenes of the Egyptians r 
+
+
+
+pents, 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 89 
+
+* pents, and even penetrate the Thoughts of the 
+1 Heart (9).’ 
+
+Let us leek the Origin of this Fable once more in 
+Egypt, the Mother Country of Fi&ion. In July , 
+when the Sun entered Leo , the Nile overflowed all the 
+Plains. To denote the publick joy at feeing the In¬ 
+undation rife to its due Height, they exhibited a Youth 
+piaying on the Lyre or Sijirum , and fitting by a tame 
+Lion When the Waters did not increafe as they 
+fliould, this Horus was reprefented ftretched on the 
+Back of a Lion as dead. This Symbol they called 
+Oreph or Orpheus (to), to flgnify that Agriculture 
+was then quite unfeafonable and dormant. The Songs 
+they amufed themfelves with at this dull Seafon v 
+were called the Hymns . of Orpheus \ and as Husbandry 
+revived immediately after, it gave Rife to the Fable of 
+Orpheus returning from Hell. The Ifis placed near 
+this Horus , they called Eurydice (1), and as the Greeks 
+took all thefe Figures in the literal and not the Em¬ 
+blematical Senfe, they made Eurydice the Wife of 
+Orpheus . 
+
+Limon was the Son of Apollo by AJleria , and attend¬ 
+ed the Argonauts in their Expedition to Colchis , being 
+famed for his Skill in Auguiy ; but wandering from 
+his Companions, as they occalionaily landed, he was 
+killed by a wild Boar. 
+
+Another of the-Children of Apollo w as Linus , whom 
+he had by the Nymph Terpftchore, He was born at 
+Thebes , and eminent for Learning, if it be true that 
+Thamyris > Orpheus-, and Hercules were ail his Scho¬ 
+lars. Some fay he was (lain by the latter for lidiculing 
+him • but if Orpheus (as others affirm) lived a hun¬ 
+dred 7 ears before Hercules , it is rather probable that 
+Linus was the Difciple of Orpheus. However this be v 
+
+(9) This probably gave Rife to the Fable of his making Rocks 
+and Forefts move to his Lyre, 
+
+(10) From Oreph , Occiput, or the back Part of (he Head. 
+
+(1) From Eri , a Lion ; and Daca , tamed, is formed Eridaca , 
+Eurydice , or the Lion tamed* /. e . the Violence or Rage of the 
+
+Inundation overcome. 
+
+
+Linns 
+
+
+
+Fabulous H I 
+
+
+
+
+OR Y 
+
+
+
+the Origin of the World, the Cotrrf( 
+
+
+go 
+
+Linus wrote 
+
+of the Sun and Moon, aTid the Produ&ion of An 
+After all, 
+
+tians y which 
+fonated. 
+
+
+ISr 
+
+
+V. tuju ujc i luuucuon or Animals 
+
+Linus was only a'Symbol of the Egyp 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+mg to Luflo 
+
+
+At the End of Autumn or Harveft 
+
+
+Egyptians fell to their Night-work of 
+
+
+per- 
+
+the 
+
+
+Cloth 
+
+Linus 
+
+
+raking Linen 
+
+
+
+during the Night 
+Arijiceus was t 
+
+gin Nymph, w 
+
+
+and uie Figure then expofed was called 
+
+fitting up or watching 
+
+
+nd denoted 
+
+
+Son of Apollo 
+
+
+led 
+
+
+
+Cvrene a Vi 
+
+
+and whom he full fell in Love 
+
+
+accompany him in Hunting 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+
+encounter a Lion, 
+ceived his Educatio 
+him to extrad Oil fr 
+Cheele, and Butter 
+
+
+
+he 
+e re 
+
+
+He was born in Lybia. 
+from the Nymphs, who taught 
+
+make Honey, 
+
+
+Oli 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+cated 
+
+
+Mankind 
+
+
+; all which Arts he communi* 
+
+On this Account he was regarded 
+as a rura| Deity. From Africa he paffed into Sardi- 
+
+travelled into Thrace , 
+
+Ties, We 
+
+
+and Sicily, from 
+
+
+where Bacchus initiated him in his Myfl 
+
+have already mentioned how his Palfion occafioned the 
+Death of Eurydicey to 
+
+
+revenge 
+
+
+which the Wood 
+Nymphs deftroyed his Bee-Hives. Concerned at thij 
+Lofs he advifed with his Father. 
+
+
+it her, and was told by the 
+Oracle, to facrifice Bulls to appeafe her Shade ; and ha¬ 
+ving followed this Advice, the Bees which iliued from 
+their Carcafles fully fuppiied the Damages he had fuf- 
+
+tained (4). He died near Mount H<emus % and was dei¬ 
+fied on account of the ferv 
+by his lifeful In 
+
+
+he had 
+
+
+Mankind 
+
+
+/entions. He was alfo honoured in the 
+Ifle of Coos, for his calling the Etejian Winds to re¬ 
+lieve them at a Time of exceffive Heat. Herodotus 
+fays that he appeared at Cyzicum after his Death, and 
+
+
+three hundred and forty Years after, was feen 
+
+
+Metapo 
+
+
+Italy 
+
+
+where he enjoined the inhabitants to 
+
+
+(z) This was their chief Mannfaflure. 
+
+( V Linus, irom Lyn, to watch, wheaceour Word £///*», that 
+
+16 , the ZVork , for the Time o*" doing it. 
+
+(4) Virgil hath introduced this Story with great Elegance and 
+Piopriety, in his IV,h Georgick, 1 . 314. 
+
+
+eie£t 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 91 
+
+eredl a Statue to him near that of Apollo ; which, on 
+confulting the Oracle, they performed. 
+
+Circe was the Daughter of Phoebus , by Perfis the 
+Child of Oceanus, and a celebrated Sorccrefs. Her 
+firft Hufband was a King of the Sarmatce , whom fhe 
+poilbned, for which (he was expelled the Kingdom, 
+and fled to a Promontory on the Co-all of Tufcany , 
+which afterwards took her Name. Here fhe fell in 
+Love with Glaucusy one of the Sea Deities, who pre¬ 
+ferring ScylLi to her, fhe changed her into a Sea Mon- 
+fler. Pic us y King of the Latins, her next Favourite, 
+
+for rejedling her Addreffes, was metamorphofed into 
+a Woodpecker* 
+
+The moll remarkable of Circe s Adventures, was 
+with VlyJJes . This Prince returning from Troy, was 
+call away on her Coafl, and his Men, by a Diink fhe 
+gave them, were transformed to Swine, and other 
+Bealls. Ulyffes was preferved by Mercury, who gave 
+him the He;b Moly , to fecure him from her Inchant- 
+ments, and inllrudled him, when fire attempted to 
+touch him with her Wand, to draw his Sword, and 
+make her fwear by Styx, fhe would ufe him.as a 
+Friend, otherwife he would kill her. By this Means, 
+he procured the Liberty of his Companions, and con¬ 
+tinued a Year with Circe, who bore him two Chil¬ 
+dren, viz. Agrius and Lattnus. Circe had a Sepul¬ 
+chre in one of the Ifles, called Pharmacvfa , near 
+Salamis. 
+
+Circe was no other than the Egyptian Ifts , whofe 
+
+Hocus, or attending Image, every Month affuming 
+
+fome different Form, as a human Body, with the 
+
+Heads of a Lion, Dog, Serpent, or Tortoife, gave 
+
+Rife to the Fable of her changing Men by her 
+
+Inchantments into thefe Animals. Hence the Egyp - 
+
+tin ns gave her the Name of Circe, which fignifies the 
+A: ntgtna, 
+
+Apollo had many other Children. Mthufa the 
+Daughter of Neptune bore him Elutherus, By Evadne 
+he had famis ; by Atria , Miletus, Qaxes and Arabus, 
+who gave his Name to Arabia $ by Melia , he had 
+
+Ifmen ius 
+
+
+
+V 
+
+
+9 2 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Ifme runs and Ttenarus ; by Aglaia, Tbeflor; b fMan- 
+
+to. Mop Jus ; by Anatbrippe , Chius ; by Acbalide , he 
+
+had Delpbus, and many others too tedious to enume¬ 
+rate. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXI. Of the Muses, and Pegasus> 
+
+the Graces, and the Syre ns. 
+
+T HESE celebrated GoddefTes, the Mu fee , were 
+
+the Daughters of Jupiter and Mnemofyne , 
+though fome think them born of Calus Their Num¬ 
+ber at firft was only three or four (5), but Homer and 
+Hefiod have fixed it at Mine (6), which it has never 
+fince exceeded. They were born on Mount Pierus , 
+and educated by the Nymph Eupbeme. 
+
+They had many Appellations common to them all, 
+as Pierides from the Place of their Birth ; Heliconides , 
+from Mount Helicon mBceotia • Parnafjides, from the 
+Hill of Parnajfus in Phocis ; Citherides from Mount 
+Cither on* a Place they much frequented ; Aonides , 
+from Aonia ; Hippnranides , Agannipides, and Caftali- 
+des y fiom different Fountains confecrated to them, 
+or to which they were fuppofed to refort. 
+
+In general they were the tutelar GoddefTes of all 
+facred Feftivals and Banquets, and the PatronefTes of 
+all polite and ufeful Arts. They fupported Virtue in 
+Diftrefs, and preferved worthy Actions from Oblivion. 
+
+Homer calls them the Miftreffes and Correftrejfes of 
+Manners (7). With regard to the Sciences, thefe 
+
+(e^Mneme, Aede, Melete , that is, Memory , Singing, and 
+Meditation, to which fome add Thelxiope, 
+
+( 6 ) Some afiign as a Reafon for this, that when the Citizens of 
+Sicyon dire&ed three fk Iful Statuaries, to make each three S.a* 
+tues of the three Mufes, they were all fo well executed, that the y. 
+did not know which to chufe, but ere&ed all the Nine, and that 
+lleftod only gave them Names. 
+
+(7) Hence old Bards and Poets were in fuch high Efleem, 
+that w hen Agamemnon went to the Si.ge of Troy, he left one 
+with Clytetnnejh'a, to keep her faithful, and Egifihus could not 
+corrupt her, till he had deftroyed this Counfeilor. 
+
+Sifters 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+particular Province or Dep 
+
+
+93 
+
+Sillers had each a 
+though Poetry Teemed more immediately under their 
+
+
+ted Protection 
+
+
+Calliope (To called Trom the Siveetnefs of her 
+
+
+) 
+
+
+preTided over Rhetorick -, and was reckoned the full of 
+the Nine Sillers. 
+
+Clio, the Second (8), was the Mufe of Hiftory, 
+and takes her Name from immortalizing the Ac- 
+
+
+flie record 
+
+
+Erato (9), was the Patronefs of elegiac, or amorcu 
+
+
+Poetry, and the Inventrefs of Dancing 
+(10) 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+'Thalia 
+
+
+belonged Comedy, and 
+
+
+whatt 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+g a } : 
+
+
+
+
+amiable, and pleafant. Euterpe , (named Trom her 
+
+
+Love of Harmonv 
+
+
+had the Care oT r f 
+
+
+
+
+geo y 
+
+
+Melpomene, (To fly led Trom the Dignity and Excel 
+lency of her Song) was the Guardian MuTe of Lyri 
+and Epic Poetry (1). 
+
+Terpfichore was the ProteCbefs of Mufick, particu 
+lariy the Flute (2). The Chorus of the ancient Dram 
+
+
+was her Provi 
+
+
+which Tome add Logick 
+
+
+Fo Polyhymnia (3) 
+
+
+belonged 
+
+
+tha 
+
+
+Harmony of 
+
+
+Voice and Geflure, which gives a Perfection to Ora 
+tory and Poetry, and which flows from juft Semi 
+menfs and a good Memory. 
+
+
+Urania was 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Mufe 
+
+
+hofe Care e* tended 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+divine or celeftial Subjects, fuch as the Hymns 
+Praife of the Gods, the Motions of the heavenly Bo¬ 
+dies, and whatever regarded Philofcphy or Aftrono 
+
+
+my (4). . 
+
+•The Mufes, tho’ 
+mies to Love (5). 
+
+Calliope and Terpftchore yielding 
+
+
+faid to be Virgins , were no Ene- 
+
+have already taken Notice of 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+Addreftes of 
+
+
+
+
+(8) From KXs#* Glory (9), fiom Love (10), fr. m 0 a 7 vAgj>j, 
+
+to flourifh or revive (1), fiom fxgXog 7 toUiv, to make a Concert or 
+Symphony; 
+
+(a) TE£7rstvTOi? to delight in Chorufes. 
+
+(3) From 7 ro\ui; and /uveta, a great Memory. 
+
+(4) From ypav(&>. Heaven. 
+
+(5) The Virginity or Chaftity of the Mufes, is a Point de¬ 
+puted by the ancient Wiiters, though the Majority inclines in 
+
+their Favour. 
+
+
+Apollo. 
+
+
+
+
+
+that he hat! the Courage, or Vanity to contend (6) 
+with the Mules ; but being overcome, they not only 
+punifhed him with the Lois of Sight and Memory, 
+but caufed Jupiter to call him into Hell, to expiate 
+
+his Impiety. 
+
+The Muf'es were reprefented crowned with Flowers, 
+or Wreaths ot Palm, each holding lome Inftrument or 
+Token ot the Science or Art over which the pretided. 
+They were depicted as young, and the Bird lacred to 
+them was the Swan (7). 
+
+To trace the Origin of thefe fabulous Deities, it is 
+necelfary to obferve, that the nine emblematical Fi¬ 
+gures, which were exhibited among the Egyptians^ 
+to denote the nine Months, during which that Coun¬ 
+try was freed from the Inundation, had each lome In- 
+itrument, or Symbol, peculiar to the Bufinefs of the 
+Months, as a Pair of Compares, a Flute,,a Malk, a 
+Tiumpet, &c. All thefe Images were purely hiero- 
+glyphical, to point out to the People what they were 
+to do, and to afeertain their Ufe, they were called 
+the nine Mufes (8). The Greeks , who adopted this 
+Groups of Emblems as fo many real Divinities, took 
+
+
+(6) 'Tbatnyris wrote a Poem on the Wars of the Gods with the 
+Titans, which exceeded eveiy Thing that had appeared of the 
+Kind before. 
+
+(7) Perhaps becaufe it was confecrated to their Mailer Apollo . 
+
+(8) From the Word Moje , that is, laved or difengaged from 
+the Waters ; whence the Name of Mofes given to the Hebr. no 
+Lawgiver, fo near did the Phoenician and Egyptian Languages 
+
+agree, with feme fmali Difference of Pronunciation only, made 
+two diftin& Tongues. 
+
+Care 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+
+Care to give each a particular Name, failed to the In- 
+liniments they bore, and which threw a new Difguife 
+
+
+over the 1 rut I 
+The Graces 
+placed in the 1 
+
+
+alfo Attendants of the Mujt 
+
+
+thu’ 
+
+
+of Venus (9) 
+
+
+Some make 
+
+
+ihe Daughters of Jupiter and Eurynome , others of 
+
+
+Bacchus and Venus, T hey were 
+
+
+lin and Euphrofy 
+
+
+Na 
+
+
+relative to 
+
+
+(10) 
+
+two, 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Lacedemonians and Atbeni 
+
+
+/.iglaia , Lb a 
+
+ir Naiuie 
+knew but 
+
+
+whom 
+
+
+hey g 
+
+
+Eteocles , King of the Orel 
+
+
+different Appellations (t), 
+• menians . was the lirlt who 
+
+
+erected a Temple to them* 
+
+Vegafus was a winged Ilorfe poduced by the 
+
+Blood which fell from Medufas Head, when (lie was 
+killed by Perjtus. He flew to Mount Helicon , the 
+Scat of the Mufesy where, with a Stroke of his Hoof, 
+he opened a Fountain called Hippocretie, or the Iiorfes 
+Spring ( 2 ) 4 " 
+
+The unravelling thefe Figures, will convince us 
+how juftly they belong to this Atticle, as they com¬ 
+plete its Illuftration. Near the nine female Figures, 
+which betokened the dry Seafon, were placed three 
+others representing the three Months of Inundation, 
+and were drawn (ometiines fwathed, as incapable of 
+ufmg their Hands and Feet. Thefe were called Cha¬ 
+ri tout (3), or the Divorce. I he Refembiance of 
+this Word to the Greek Charites , which fignifiea 
+Thankfgivings or Favours, gave Rife to the P'able of 
+the Graces , or three GoddelTes preflding over Bene¬ 
+fits and outward Charms. 
+
+
+(9) I chufe to place them here on account of the Explanation 
+of the Fable under one View. 
+
+(10) Aglaia, or Honefty, to (hew that Benefits fliould be be¬ 
+llowed freely : Thalia , or flourifhing, fo denote that the Senfe 
+of Kindnefs ought never to die ; and Euphrsjyne \ or Chearful- 
+
+nefs, to fignify that Favours Ihould be conferred and received 
+with mutual Fleafure. 
+
+(1) The Spartan Graces were Clito and Phaena \ thofe of 
+Athens , Auro and Hegetno 
+
+(a) Fons Cahallinus. See Perjius , Satyr I. 
+
+(3) From Charaty to divide, comes Charitout the Separation 
+of Commerce. 
+
+Yet, 
+
+
+
+« 
+
+
+9& Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Yet, as during the Inundation, all Parts could not 
+be fo fully fupplied, but that i'ome Commerce was 
+neceftary, they had Recourfe to frnall Barks, to fail 
+fiom one City to the other. Now the emblematical 
+Figure of a Sh ip or VefTel, in Egypt and Phoenicia , 
+was a winged Horfe (4b by which Name the Inhabi¬ 
+tants of Cadiz , a Phoenician Colony, called their 
+Veflels. Now if the Mufes and Graces are the God- 
+defTes which prehde over Arts and Gratitude, this 
+Emblem becomes unintelligible. But if we take the nine 
+Mufes for the Months of A&ionand Indufiry, and the 
+three Graces for the three Months of Inundation and 
+Reft, the winged Ho;fe, or Boat with Saiis, is a true 
+^ Picture of the End of Navigation, and the Return of 
+
+rural Toils. To this Figure the Egyptians gave the 
+Name of Pegafus (5), expreftive of its true Meaning. 
+All thefe Images tranfplanted to Greece , became the 
+Source of endlefs Confufion and Fable. ♦ 
+
+By the Latin and Greek Poets, the Graces are re- 
+prefented as beautiful young Virgins, naked, or but 
+very (lightly cloathed (6), and having Wings on their 
+Feet. They are alfo joined Hand in Hand, to de¬ 
+note their Unity. 
+
+The Syrens were the Daughters of Acbelous. Their 
+lower Parts were like Fifties, and their upper like 
+Women ; but they were fo fkilled in Muiick, that 
+they infnared ail who heard them to Peftru&ion. 
+Prefuming to contend with the Mufes , they v/e:e van- 
+quiflied and ftripped at once of their Feathers and 
+•Voices, as a Punidinient for their Folly. 
+
+The Egyptians fometimes reprefented the three 
+Months of Inundation by Figures half Female and 
+half Filli, to denote to the Inhabitants their living in 
+the miuft of the Waters. One of thefe Images bore 
+
+► 
+
+(4) Straho Geograph. Lib. II. p. 99. Edit. Reg. Tans. 
+
+(5) From Pag to ceafe, and Sus a Ship, Pegajus , or the Cef- 
+fation of Navigation. 
+
+(6} Solutts Gratis Zonis. Ode xxx. . 
+
+’Junftssque Nymphis Gra'ne decentes 
+
+Alterno terram quatiunt Pede . Horace, Lib. 1 Ode iv. 5. 
+
+in 
+
+
+! 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 97 
+
+in her Hand the Siftrum , or Egyptian Lyre, to fhew 
+the general Joy at the Floods arriving to its due 
+Height, which was the Affurance of a lucceeding 
+Year of Plenty. To thefe Symbols they gave the 
+Name of Syrens (7), exprelfive of their real Meaning. 
+The Phoenicians , who carried them into Greece , re- 
+prefented them as real Perfons, and the Greeks and 
+Romans had too ftrong a Tatle for the Fabulous, not 
+to embellifli the Story (8). 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXII. O/Diana, Luna, sr Kecate. 
+
+
+
+AVING treated of the God of Wit and Har 
+
+
+mony 
+
+
+ith h 
+
+
+now come to his Twin Siller Diana 
+
+
+Offspring and Train, let us 
+
+
+Chafiiry, and the Daughter of 
+Her Father. 
+
+
+Jupitet 
+
+
+Goddefs of 
+
+nd Latona. 
+
+
+Virginity, bellow 
+pointed her Qu 
+
+
+at her Requeft, granted her perpe 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+a Bow and Af 
+Wood 
+
+
+ar>- 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+nd ailigned her a Guard of Nymphs to 
+
+
+nd Forefls (9) 
+
+
+tend her 
+
+
+(«o) 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+the Pa 
+
+
+Rritomartis a Huntrefs-N'yinpl 
+
+
+of Hunting thus 
+
+
+
+d 
+
+
+Net 
+
+
+being 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+Day en 
+
+
+the wild Boar was ap 
+proa'ching her, vowed a Temple to Diana , and fo 
+
+was preferved. Hence Diana had the Name j>f Dic- 
+
+, and fay 
+
+that Britomartis , whom Diana favoured on account 
+
+
+tynna. Others relate the Story different!) 
+
+
+of her Paffion for the Chafe 
+
+
+
+g 
+
+
+from Mi 
+
+
+h er 
+
+
+Lover, fell into the Sea, and was by her made a God 
+defs. 
+
+The Adventures of Diana make a pretty confidera 
+ble Figure in poetical Hiltoiy, ai 
+the Virtue of this Goddefs, if 
+
+very levere. 
+
+
+lerve 
+
+
+fhew that 
+
+
+iolable, was alfo 
+
+
+Atfceon experienced this Truth to his 
+
+
+
+
+(7) From Slur, a Hymn, and ranan to ling. 
+
+(8) Hence our imaginary Form of the Mermaid. 
+
+(9) Montium Cujios nemorumque Virgo. Horat. Lib. HI. 
+
+(10) Sixty Nymphs, called Oceaninee , and twenty of the Af.er. 
+
+E Coll. 
+
+
+
+98 
+
+Coft 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+
+He was a young Prince 
+
+
+
+Son of Arijlaeus 
+
+
+and Autonoe , the Daughter of Cadmus, King of 
+Thebes. As he was paffionately fond of the Sport, 
+he had the Misfortune one Day to difcover Diana 
+bathing with her Nymphs. TheGoddefs incenfed at 
+the Jnuufion, changed him into a Stag - 9 fo that his 
+own Dogs', miftaking him for their Game, purfued 
+and tore him to Pieces. Ovid has wrought up this 
+
+
+tore him to Piece 
+Scene with great Art and Imagination (1) 
+
+
+The Truth of 
+
+
+Fable is faid to be as follows 
+
+
+A doe on was a Man of Arcadia 
+
+
+a great Lover of 
+
+and 
+
+
+Dogs and Hunting, and by keeping many Dog 
+fpending his Time in hunting on the Mountains, he 
+
+
+ely negledted his domeftic AfFa 
+
+
+and being 
+
+
+brought to Ruin, was generally called the wretched 
+Adceon , who was devoured by his own Dogs. 
+
+Meleager was another unhappy Victim of her Re- 
+fentinent, and the more fo as his Punifhment was ow¬ 
+ing to no Crime of his own. Oeneus his Father, King 
+of ALtolia 9 in offering Sacrifices to the rural Deities, 
+had forgot Diana. The Goddefs was not of a Cha¬ 
+racter to put up with fuch a NegleCt. She fent a huge 
+wild Boar into the Fields of Caledon , who laid every 
+Thing wafte before him. Meleager , with Tbefeus and 
+the Virgin Atalanta, undertook to encounter it. The 
+Virgin gave the Monfter the fir ft Wound, and Mele - 
+ager y who killed it, prefented her the Skin, which 
+his Uncles took from her, for which he flew them. 
+Althaea his Mother, hearing her two Brothers had 
+periftied in this Quarrel, took an uncommon Re 
+
+
+enge 
+
+
+She remembered at the Birth of her Son, the 
+
+
+Fates had 
+
+
+own 
+
+
+
+Billet into the Chamber, with 
+
+
+an Alfurance the Boy would live, as that remained 
+unconfumed. The Mother had till now carefully 
+faved a Pledge on which fo much depended ; but in- 
+Ipired by herprefent Fury, fhe threw it in the Flames, 
+and Meleager inftantly feized with a confuming Dif- 
+
+
+cafe expired as foon as it was b 
+
+
+His Sifters 
+
+
+(1) OviJj Lib. III. 131. 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+The Heathen 
+
+
+
+o d s. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+who exceflively mourned bis Death, were turned i 
+Hen-Turkies. Ovid has not forgot to embellifli 
+
+Collection with this Story (2). 
+
+Others relate the Story of Meleager thus : Diana 
+had, to avenge herfeif of Oeneus, raifeda War be¬ 
+tween the Cureies and Mtolians. Meleager, who 
+fought at the Head of his Father’s Troops, had al¬ 
+ways the Advantage, till killing two of his Mother’s 
+Brothers, his Mother Althaea loaded him with fu 
+Imprecations, that he retired from the Field. 
+
+Cureies upon this advanced, and attacked the Capital 
+of JEtolia . In vain Oeneus prefles his Son to arm 
+
+ves and 
+his Wife 
+
+
+
+and repel the Foe 
+
+
+his Mother forg 
+
+
+him. He is inflexible till Cleop 
+falls at his Feet, and reprefents their mutual Danger. 
+Touched at this, he calls for his Armour , iflues to the 
+
+Fight, and repels the Enemy. 
+
+Nor was Diana lefs rigorous to her own Sex. Chi- 
+one the Daughter of Daedalion , being carefled both 
+by Apollo and Mercury, bore Twins, Phil a mo n the 
+Son of Apollo, a famous Muflcian, and Aiitolicus the 
+
+
+Son of Mercury , a fkilTui Juggler or Che 
+Mother was fo imprudent to boatl of her Sha 
+prefer the Honour of being Miflrefs 
+
+
+at. 
+
+
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Mode.fty of Diana , which fhe afcribed 
+
+
+Deities, 
+
+
+Want of Beauty: For 
+
+
+Goddefs pierced her 
+
+
+Tongue with an Arrow, and deprived her of 
+Power of future Boafting or Calumny. 
+
+The River Alpheus fell violently enamoured of 
+
+Diana , and having no 
+
+
+courfe to Force 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+where Hie amufed herfeif 
+fome Art 
+
+
+
+
+Succefs, had Re- 
+
+to the Letrint, 
+
+Dancing, and with 
+difguifed herfeif and her Nymphs, that 
+Alpheus no longer knew them. For this, thefe Peo¬ 
+ple ereCled a Temple to her. 
+
+During the Chace one Day, Diana accidentally 
+
+
+
+fliot Cenchrius » Son of 
+
+
+Nymph Pry 
+
+
+who be 
+
+
+
+
+(2) Ovid, Lib. VIII. 7,61. 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+IOO 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+wailed Iran fo much that flie was turned into a Foun 
+
+
+tain. 
+
+
+Diana had a great Variety of Na 
+
+
+die 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+called Cynthia and Delia , from the Place of her Birth 
+
+
+Artemis , on account of her Honour ami Mod'efty 
+
+
+Sp 
+
+
+Arcadians , /lie was named Orrhoft 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+\irtans, Orthia. 
+
+% 
+
+Greece and Italy 
+
+
+Her Tempi 
+
+
+and by the 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+ma ny 
+
+
+both 
+
+
+but the mad canfiderable was 
+
+
+E theft j 
+
+
+•a 
+
+tl 
+
+
+by Cteftpb 
+
+
+s, where die was herd in the higheft Venera- 
+The Plan: of this magnificent Edifice was laid 
+
+
+Ye 
+
+
+v . 
+
+
+W orld 
+
+
+
+
+Ah x a n de 
+
+
+bon , and the Structure of it employed for 
+s, the a hi eft Architedls* and Statuaries in the 
+
+It was fet on Fire by Erefiratus, on the Day 
+
+
+the Great came into the World 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+was foori rebuilt with equal Splendor under Dinocrates 
+who alfo built the City of Alexandria . 
+
+
+The Sacrifice 
+
+
+offered to Diana 
+
+
+were the firft 
+
+
+Fruits^dfthe Earth, Ox 
+
+
+Rams, and white Hinds 
+
+
+ho 
+
+Or 
+
+
+Vidtim 
+
+
+were lame times devoted to her in 
+
+
+Greece , as we find in the Cafe of Iphigenia. Her 
+Feftival, was on the Ides of Auguft, after which Time 
+all Hunting was prohibited, 
+
+Diana was reprefented of an uncommon high Sta- 
+
+
+her Hair difhevelled 
+
+
+Bow in her Hand, and 
+
+
+Quiver at her Back, a Deer-Skin faftened to her Breaft 
+
+
+<v 
+
+
+nd her Purple rotfe tucked up 
+
+
+the Knees with 
+
+
+Gold Buckles oi 
+a Hu'nting-Drefs 
+
+
+Clafp 
+
+
+and attended by Nympl 
+
+
+ith Nets and Hound 
+
+
+Diana was alfo called Dea Trife r mis, or Fergemina , 
+on account of her triple Charadter oi Luna in Heaven, 
+Diana on Earth, and Hecate' in the infernal Regions, 
+though the Adtions of the firft - and laft, are aferibed 
+to her under the fecond Name (3)* 
+
+. Luna was thought to be the Daughter oi Hyperion 
+
+
+and Th 
+
+
+The Egyptians , worshipped this Deity 
+
+
+both as Maie and Female, the Men facrifici 
+
+
+ng 
+
+
+LunaJ the/Women as Lunus , and each Sex on* thefe 
+
+
+Hefted makes” Lm 
+
+
+r 
+
+Diana , and Hecate 
+
+
+three diftrinxSt 
+
+
+GoddefTes 
+
+
+Occafions, 
+
+
+
+
+^ r 
+
+
+/? 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+» 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+Occafrons, afTtmiing the Drefs of the other 
+this Goddefs was 
+Caste fits of the Ajjy 
+
+
+lOI 
+
+Indeed 
+
+
+other than the Venus Ura 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+and R 
+Under * 
+l Name 
+
+
+'• tans , whole Wof 
+____ Phoenicians introduced into Greec 
+Character Diana was alio called Lucira 
+
+held in conjmon with Juno) and had the Protection 
+
+of Women in Labour (4), though fome make Lucina 
+a diftinCt Goddefs ftom either (5). By this Name fhe 
+was adored by the /Egenenfes and Eleans 
+
+
+Point of Challity on 1 
+her Virtue grew a little more relaxed when fhe g 
+
+
+ii'Dinna was fo rigi 
+
+
+the Skies. She bore Jupiter a Daughter 
+Erja , or the De<w, and Pan , w 
+
+
+ho was not the moil 
+
+
+pleafing ol the Gods, deceived he 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+Shap 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+white P. 
+
+
+B 
+
+
+moft 
+
+
+ted Amour was 
+
+
+h Eridymion (6) the Son ol JEthlius , and Grandlon 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+of Jupiter, 
+had the In 
+caft. into a pro 
+
+
+took him up 
+! to folicit J 
+
+Sleep 
+
+
+Hea 
+
+for 
+
+
+where he 
+h he wns 
+
+
+Luna had the Kind 
+
+
+
+
+to conceal him in a Cave of Mount Latinos in ( 
+
+
+where lire had fifty Daughters by him, and a Son 
+called Mtolus , after which he was again exalted lo 
+
+the Skies. 
+
+
+The Fable of Endymion 
+Thefe People in the Neo 
+they celebrated the ancie 
+
+
+had its Origin 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+F ea It 
+
+
+State of Mankind 
+
+
+Egyft. 
+
+which 
+c ho fe 
+
+
+a Grove, or 
+placed an 
+
+
+
+
+with 
+
+
+red Iliad y G 
+
+
+where they 
+
+
+Crefcent or Moon, and by 
+
+
+Side an Horns afleep, to denote the Security and: Re 
+
+
+pole 
+
+they 
+
+
+hich Mankind then enjoyed. This Figure 
+
+
+Endymion (7), and thefe Symbol 
+
+
+Fi 
+
+
+(4) It is Paid fhe afltfted Catena her Mother at the Birth of 
+Apollo \ but was fo terrified at the Pains, that fhe vowed per¬ 
+petual Virginity. 
+
+(5) Some make Lucina the Daughter of Jupiter and Juno , 
+and born in Crete . 
+
+(6) Others affirm, that Endyraion was a King of Elis, much 
+given to Aflronomy and Lunar Obfervations, for v/hich he was 
+laid 10 be in Love with the Moon, and care fifed by her. 
+
+(7) From En , g Grotto or Fountain; and Dimion , Refem* 
+blance, is made Endimion , or the Grotto of the Reprefentation . 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+102 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+gures, like the reft, degenerated into Idolatry, and 
+became the Materials for fabulous Hiftory. 
+
+As the Moon, Diana was reprefented with a Cref- 
+cent on her Head, in a Silver Chariot drawn by white 
+Hinds, with Gold Harnefs, which fome change to 
+Mules, becaufe that Animal is barren (8). Some 
+make her Conductors a white and black Horfe (9) $ 
+others Oxen, on account of the lunar Horns. 
+
+Hecate was the Daughter of Jupiter and Ceres . 
+As to the Origin of the Name there is fome Variation 
+(10). She was the Goddefs of the infernal Regions, 
+
+and on that Account is often confounded with Pro - 
+
+% 
+
+jerpine. She preiided over Streets and Highways ; 
+ior which caufe Ihe was called Trivia, as alfo Propy~ 
+Icza^ becaufe the Doois of Houfes were under her 
+Protection (1). The Appellation of Brimo was given 
+her on account of her dreadful Shrieks, when Mars , 
+Apollo , and Mercury , meeting her in the Woods at¬ 
+tempted to raviih her. She was alfo famous for Bo¬ 
+tany, efpecially in difco\ f ering baneful and poifonous 
+Herbs and Roots; as alfo for her Skill in Enchant¬ 
+ments and magical Arts, in the PraCtice of which 
+her Name was conftantly invoked (2). Heftod has 
+given a very pompous Defcription of the Extent of 
+her Power (3). She was ftyied in Egypt , Bubajiis . 
+
+AsW^crt/e, Diana was reprefented of an exceffive 
+Height, her Head covered with frightful Snakes, and 
+her Feet of a Serpentine Form, and furrounded with 
+Dogs, an Animal facred to her, and under whole 
+
+(8,) To exprefs that the Moon had no Light of her own, but 
+what (he borrowed from the Sun. 
+
+(9) Ttfexprels the Wane and Full of the Moon. 
+
+(ro) Either from sxaQivy at adiftance, becaufe the Moon dartfr 
+her Rays afar oft'; or from enurov a Hundred, becaufe a Heca¬ 
+tomb was the ufual Victim. 
+
+(1) At every new Moon the Athenians made a Supper for 
+her in the open Street, which in the Night was eaten by the 
+poor People. 
+
+(a) So Dido in Virgil\ calls on 
+
+‘Tergeminam Hecaten, tr'ta Virginis ora Dianie. iEn. IV. 
+
+(3) Theogony, 1 . 411. 
+
+Form 
+
+
+
+» 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 103 
+
+Form flie was fometimes reprefented. She was alfo 
+efteemed the Goddefs of inevitable Fate. 
+
+If we have Recourfe to the Egyptian Key, we fliall 
+find this threefold Goddefs the fame Symbol with 
+the Juno and Cybele we have already treated of. The 
+Greek Sculptors had too good a Tafte to endure the 
+Head of the Bull or Goat on their Deities, which 
+
+they borrowed from that Country. I hey ihereioie 
+altered thefe hieroglyphical Figures to their own 
+Mode ; but took Care to preferve the A r tribufes by 
+difpofing them in a more elegant Manner. The Lunar 
+Symbol among# the Egyptians was called Hecate, or 
+(4) Achete, and by the Syrians, Achot. The latter 
+alfo fly led her Deio , or Deione (5), and Demeter . 
+The Crefcent and Full Moon over her Head at the 
+Neomenice , made her mi (taken for that Planet, and 
+the Time of the Inierlunia, during which fire re¬ 
+mained invifible, fire was fuppofed to take a Turn to 
+the invifible World, andTo got the Name of Hecate. 
+Thus the tripartite Goddefs arofe. The Meaning of 
+the ancient Symbols was confounded and forgot, and 
+
+a fenfelefs Jargon of Fable and Superilition introduced 
+in its Place, a Point which can never be too exa&ly 
+attended to on this Occafion. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXIII. 
+
+
+
+Mercury. 
+
+
+
+(4) Achate , the only or excellent, or achet (in the SyrUc ) the 
+Sifter. 
+
+(5) Deio, or Detone, from Dei, fufficiency; or Demeter , from 
+Dei and Matar t Rain, /. e. Plenty of Rain* 
+
+E 4 a 
+
+
+
+104 Fabulous HISTOR Yd/ 
+
+« 
+
+as we have obferved under the Article of Apollo. Being 
+carefled, when an Infant in Vulcan % Arms, he ftole 
+away his Tools. The fame Day he defeated Cupid 
+Wreftling, and while Venus prailed him after his 
+V idtory, he found Means to convey away her Cejlus. 
+He pilfered Jupiter's Scepter, and had done the fame 
+Thing by his Thundeibolts, but they were too hot 
+for his Fingers. His Manner of treating Battus is 
+worth relating. This Man faw him Healing King 
+Admeties' s Cows front Apollo his Herdfman. T o bribe 
+him to filence he gave him a fine Cow, and the Clown 
+promifed to keep it fecret. Mercury to try him, 
+ailumed another Shape, and offering a higher Reward, 
+
+the Fellow told all he knew, on which (6) the God 
+turned him into a Touch-Stone 
+
+
+Mercury had feveral Appellations. He was called 
+Hermes (7) and Cylletiius , from his Temple upon 
+Amount Cyilene. Nor were his Employments lets Va¬ 
+rious. He 'was the Cupbearer to Jupiter till Gany¬ 
+mede took his Place. He was theMeffenger of the Gods, 
+and the tutelar God of Roads and Crofs-ways (8),. the 
+
+
+
+
+♦ <- n 
+
+
+od Meafutes, and the Guardian 
+
+
+y j MeafuTes, and the Gu 
+
+-iuvuiui Vv 7 
+
+of all Merchandize and Commerce, though ttm 
+
+
+OAice 
+
+
+feems but iil toagree with the Actions afcribed to him. 
+He was in a peculiar Manner the Protestor of Learn¬ 
+ing, hc*ing the firfl Difcoverer of Letters, and the God 
+of Rhetorick and Oratory. He was aIfo famous for 
+his Skill in Mufick, and fo eloquent, that he was not 
+only the Arbitrator of all Quarrels among!! the Gods, 
+hut in all Leagues and Negociations paiticular Re» 
+gard was paid (9) to him. 
+
+
+( 6 ) Ovid has given a fine Defcripticn of this Incident. Me~ 
+tatn Lib. 11 . 680. 
+
+{7)’'E^coj;, the Interpreter., becaufe he imparted the Mind of 
+t! e Gods to Men. 
+
+■ 
+
+(8) Where the Greeks and Romans placed certain Figares, 
+c: Ued: Aerm&i from him, being of Marble or Brats, with the 
+Head of a Mercury , but downwards of a fquare Figure. 
+
+(u) As tfce fectaiesy or Prielbs of MarSy proclaimed War ; fo 
+the Caducea.'or esy or Pritfts’of Mercu-y, were employed in alt 
+
+EmbalKes and Treaties of Peace. 
+
+Together 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+The Heath 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+
+Together with Delius and Pluto , Mercury was in¬ 
+voked amongft the terreftrial Gods, in Conjunction 
+with Hercules he prefided over Wreftling and the 
+Gymnaftick Exercifes, to fhew that Addrefs on thele 
+Occafions iliould always be joined to Force. He was 
+alio believed to prefide over Dreams, though Morpheus 
+claims a Share with him in this Department. 
+
+Annually in the Middle of May a Feftival was ce¬ 
+lebrated to his Honour at Rome , by the Merchants 
+and Traders who facrifieed a Sow to him, in treating 
+he would profpei their Bufinefs, and forgive their 
+
+
+Frauds. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+all Sacrifices offered to him, 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+'longues of the Victims were burnt, which Cuftoni 
+
+was borrowed horn the Megarenfes. Perfons who 
+efcaped imminent Danger facrifieed to him a Calf 
+with Milk and Honey. The Animals facred to him 
+were the Dog, the Goat and the Cock. 
+
+By his Sifter Venus he had a Son called Hermaphro - 
+
+
+dit 
+
+
+us , a 
+
+
+
+rea-t Hunter ; a Wood-Nymph, called Sal- 
+maeis, fell in Love with him, but had the Mortifica¬ 
+tion to be repulfed. Upon this, inflamed by her Paf- 
+fiou, ihe watched near a Fountain where he ufed to 
+bathe, and when {he law him naked in the Water, 
+ru/lied to embrace him i but the Youth thill avoiding 
+her, die prayed the Gcids their Bodies might become 
+one, which was immediately granted ; and what was 
+yet mpFe wonderful, the Fountain retained the Virtue 
+
+of making all thofe Hermaphrodites who ufed its Wa¬ 
+ters (to). • 
+
+A late Author gives this Story another Turn. He 
+lays, the Fountain Salmacis (i) being inclofed with 
+high VValis, very indecent Scenes palled there ; but 
+
+that a certain Greek of that Colony building an Inn 
+there for the Entertainment of Strangeis, the Barba¬ 
+rians, who reforted to it, by their Intercourfe with the 
+Greeks , became foftened and civilized ; which 
+Pj’fe to the Fable of their changing their Sex. 
+
+
+gave 
+
+
+
+See 
+
+
+Book IV 
+
+
+'Ps Defer im ion of 
+
+
+Ad 
+
+
+Me lam 
+
+
+City of Iialicarnafju 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+
+Mercury 
+
+
+
+io6 Fabulous HISTORY cf 
+
+Mercury had other Children, particularly Pan , Do- 
+
+lops, EcbioHy Caicusy Erix , BunuSy Pharesy and the 
+
+Laresy with feveral others. Such was the Mercury 
+of the Greeks and Romans. 
+
+But the Origin of this Deity mud be looked for a- 
+mongffc the Phoenicians - 9 whofe Image is the fymboli- 
+cal Figure of their great Anceftor and Founder, and 
+the proper Arms of that People. By the Bag of Mo¬ 
+ney which he held, was intimated, the Gains of Mer¬ 
+chandize. By the Wings, with which his Head and 
+Feet were furnifhed, was fhadowed the Shipping of 
+that People, their extenlive Commerce and Naviga¬ 
+tion. The Caduceusy with which (2) he was faid to 
+condu6t the Spirits of the Deceafed to Hades y pointed 
+out the great Principles of the Soul’s Immortality, a 
+State of (3) Rewards and Punifhments (4) after Death, 
+and a (5) Refufcitation of the Body. It is defcribed, 
+as producing three Leaves together 5 hence called by 
+Homer , th z golden three-leaved Wand. The Doctrine 
+alluded to by this, was more diftirdly taught by the 
+Emblems adorning the Hermetic Wand : For to the 
+Extremity of it was annexed the Ball or Circle. 
+Two Seraphs entwined the Rod ; over which were 
+expanded Wings, forming the. compleat Hiero¬ 
+glyphic of The mighty Ones. The Name of 
+Mercury is a Compound of the Celtic Merc 9 Merchant 
+dize (5) ; and Ur, a Man } and correfponds veiy ex¬ 
+actly with the Hebrew Etymology, rendering the 
+Meaning of the Word Cnaan or Canaan , a Merchant 
+or Fradtr. 
+
+This fymbolicai Figure (like many others, which at 
+hi ft were very innocent) became in Time the Object 
+of idolatrous Worfliip to molt Nations. We are not to 
+
+t 
+
+(2) Virgaque levem coerces 
+- A urea turbam. 
+
+(3) T u pi as ieetis animas repents 
+
+- Sedibus. Horace. 
+
+(4) Hac alias fub trifta Tartars mittit. 
+
+(5) Dat fomnos admitque. Virgil. 
+
+(5) From Racaly to trade, comes Marcolet, Merchandise. 
+
+
+wonder 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 107 
+
+wonder that the Egyptians particularly, whole Coun¬ 
+try was the Land of Ham> the Father of Canaan y 
+fhould do Honour tp this Figure, and apply it to 
+their Purpofes : For it is more than probable that, be¬ 
+ing fo near at hand, he might be greatly afllfting to 
+his Brother Mizraim in the Settlement of that Coun¬ 
+try ; belides the Conlideration of their After-Obliga¬ 
+tions to his Defcendant the Pkcenician> who is alfo 
+Called the JEgyptian , Hercules . 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXIV. Of Venus. 
+
+T HE next Deity that offers, is that powerful 
+
+Goddefs whofe Influence is acknowledged 
+by Gods and Men. Cicero mentions four of this 
+Name (6); but the Venus generally known is Ihe who 
+is fabled to have fprung from the Froth or Fermen¬ 
+tation raifed by the Genitals of Saturn , when cut off 
+by his Son Jupiter , and thrown into the Sea. Hence 
+Ihe gained the Name of Aphrodite (7). As foon as 
+bom /lie was laid in a beautiful Conch or Shell, em- 
+belii/hed with Pearl, and by gentle Zephyrs wafted 
+to the Ifle of Cythera in the JEgean Sea, from whence 
+Ihe failed to Cyprus, which ihe reached in April. 
+Here, as foon as fhe landed, Flowers rofe beneath 
+her Feet, the Hours received her, and braided her 
+Hair with golden Fillets, after which fhe was by them 
+wafted to Heaven. Her Charms appeared fo attrac¬ 
+tive in the AfTembly of the Gods, that fcarce one of 
+them but what delired her in Marriage. Vulcan , by 
+the Advice of Jupiter , put Poppy in her Ned a r , and, 
+by intoxicating her, gained PofTeffion. 
+
+Few of the Deities have been fo extenlively wor- 
+Ihipped, or under a greater Variety of Names. She 
+
+9 
+
+* 
+
+(6) The 1 ft the Daughter of Caelum % the id the Venus Aphro -f 
+dita ; the 3d born of Jupiter and Dione y and the Wife or Vulcan 
+and the 4th AJlarts , or the Syrian Venus , the Miftrefs of Adonis. 
+
+(7) From ’Atyfo Froth, tho’ feme derive it from afgatvsiv to 
+run mad, becaule all Love is Infatuation or Frenzy. 
+
+was 
+
+
+
+ic8 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+was called Cytberea , Fapbia , Cypria , Erycina> Italia, 
+Acidalia , from the Places where fhe was in a particu¬ 
+lar Manner adored. Other Appellations were given 
+her from her principal Attributes. She was Ityled 
+Vidrix (8), to denote her refiitlefs Sway over the 
+Mind ; Amic< 7, from her being propitious to Lovers ; 
+Apaturia , from the Deceit and Inconftancy of her 
+VMaries ; RiJens, from her Love of Mirth and Laugh¬ 
+ter (9) ; Hortenfisy from her influencing the Vegeta¬ 
+tion of Plants and Flowers ; Marina , from her being 
+born of the Sea ; Mdanis , from her delighting in 
+nocturnal (1 o) Amours ; Meretrix , from the Profti- 
+tution of her Votaries ; and Genetrix , from her pre¬ 
+siding over the Propagation of Mankind. The Epi¬ 
+thet of Migonithy was given her from her Power in 
+the Management of Love (1). and that of Murcia and 
+Myrtceay on account of the Myrtle confecrated to her. 
+She v/as named V erticffrdia. from her Power of chang¬ 
+ing the Heart ; for which Reafon the Greeks ftyled 
+heY Eth c-po^ia. The Spartans called her Venus Armata, 
+becaufe when befleged by the Meffeniansy their 
+Wives unknown to their Hulbauds, Tailed the Siege. 
+The Romans alfo termed her Barbata, becaufe when 
+a Dileafe had feized the Women, in which they 
+loft all theft Hair, on their Prayers to Venus it grew 
+again. A Temple was dedicated to her by the Appel¬ 
+lation of Cafva j becaufe when the Gauls inverted the 
+Capitol the Women offered their Hair "to make 
+Ropes for the Engines She had alfo the Ephhet of 
+
+Chiaciha (2), from her Image being erected in the 
+Place wheie the Peace was concluded between the 
+Romans and Sabines . 
+
+# _ 
+
+* 
+
+E) Under this Character fhe is rerrefented leaning on a Shield, 
+ami carrying Victory in her Right Hand, and a Scepter in her 
+I»eft. At other Times with a Helmet, and the Apple of Pans 
+in her Hand. 
+
+(9) Horace , Lib. I, Ode 2, Sive tu mavis Erycipa ridens, fo 
+Homer calls her 7, or the Laughter-loving 2j)ueen. 
+
+(fo)From (x*\a.q, black, becaufe Lover's chufe the Night, 
+
+(1) From Vy vv V> to m * x or mingle ; fo Hirgi 1 y 
+
+• - Mixta Deo Mulier. 
+
+(1) From Cluo to fight. 
+
+
+Let 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 109 
+
+Let us now enquire a little into the Actions afcribed 
+to this Goddefs. Her conjugal Behaviour we fhall fee 
+under the Article Vulcan, and find it was none of the 
+mod edifying. Her Amours were numerous. Not to 
+mention Apollo , Neptune , Mars and Mercury, who all 
+boafted of her Favours (3). She had eEneas (4) by 
+Ancbifes, but her principal Favourite was Adonis the 
+Son of Cynaras, King of Cyprus and Myrrha , and a 
+Youth of inconipaiable Beauty, unfortunately in Hunt¬ 
+ing, killed by a wild Boar. Venus, who flew to his 
+Aililtance, received a Prick in her Foot with a Thorn, 
+and the Blood which dropped from it produced the 
+Damaik Rofe (5) ; but coming too late to fave him, 
+flie changed him into the Flower Anemone , which ftill 
+retains a Crimfon Colour (6). After this fhe obtained 
+of Proferpine, that Adonis fliould continue fix Months 
+with her on Earth, and fix Months remain in the 
+lower Regions. 
+
+The moil: remarkable Adventure of Venus , was 
+her famous Contelt with Juno and Minerva for Beau¬ 
+ty. At the Marriage of Pelens and Thetis, the God¬ 
+defs Difcord refenting her not being invited,’ threw a 
+golden 'Apple amongll the Company with this Infcrip- 
+tion. Let it he given to the fairejl (7). The Compe¬ 
+titors for this Prize, were the three Deities above- 
+mentioned. Jupiter referred them to Parts , youngeit 
+Soi> to Priamus, King of Troy, who then kept his 
+Father’s Flocks on Mount Ida . Before- him the 
+Goddefles appeared, as moll fay, naked. Juno of- 
+
+(3) By Apollo fhe had Eljlryon- and five Sons; by Neptune , 
+Eryx, and Meligunis a Daughter; by Mars, Timor, and Pallor ; 
+and by Mercury , Hermaphroditus. 
+
+(4) She immortalized JEneas , by purifying and anointing his 
+
+B dy with ambrolial Elfence, and the Romans deified him by the 
+
+Name of Jndiges. We have ieveral ancient Infcriptions, Deo 
+Indigeti. 
+
+(5) Ovid, Lib. X. 505. . 
+
+(6) S irne mythologize this Story, to fignify by .Adonis the Sun, 
+
+who during the Summer Signs, refides with Mentis on the Earth, 
+
+and during the Winter with Proferpine, The Wild Boar which 
+killed him is the Cold. 1. 
+
+( 7 ) Detur Pulchncri . 
+
+
+fered 
+
+
+
+no Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+fered him Empire or Power $ Minerva Wifdom ; 
+and Venus endeavoured to bribe him with, the Promife 
+of the Fair eft Woman in the World, Fatally for 
+himfelf and Family, the Shepherd was more fufcep- 
+tible of Love, than of Ambition or Virtue, and de¬ 
+cided the Point in favour of Venus . The Goddefs 
+rewarded him with Helen (8), whom he carried off 
+from her Hufband Menelaus\ Krng of Sparta , and 
+the Rape gave Rife to that formidable A/fociation of 
+the Greek Princes, which ended in the Definition of 
+his Family, and the Ruin of Troy. 
+
+Venusy however propitious fhe was to Lovers, was 
+very fevere to fuch as offended her. She changed the 
+Women of Amathus in Cyprus , into Oxen for their 
+Cruelty. The Prop&tides, who denied her Divinity, 
+grew fo fhamelefsly impudent, that they were faid to 
+be hardened into Stones (9). Hippomenes and Atalan- 
+tay were another Infiance of her Refentment 5 for 
+after fhe had affifted him to gain the Virgin, on their 
+Negledt to pay her the due Offerings, /he infatuated 
+them fo, that they lay together in the Temple of 
+Cybeley who, for that Profanation, turned them into 
+
+Lions (to). 
+
+Nor was /lie lefs favourable to her Votaries. Pyg¬ 
+malion, a famous Statuary, from a Notion of the In¬ 
+conveniences of Marriage, *refolved to live fingle,, 
+He had, however, formed a beautiful Image of a 
+Virgin, in Ivory, with which he fell foo deeply ena¬ 
+moured, that he treated it as a real Miftrefs, and 
+continually folicited Venus , by Prayers and Sacrifices, 
+to animate his beloved Statue. His Wifhes were 
+granted, and by this enlivened Beauty he had a Son 
+called Paphos , who gave his Name to the City of Pa¬ 
+phos , in Cyprus (1). 
+
+(8) Such Helen was, and <who can blame the Boy , 
+
+Who in fo bright a Flame con fum'd his Troy ? 
+
+Waller. 
+
+(9) See Ovid, , Lib. X. 1 . 238. 
+
+(10) See the Article of Cjbele , and Ovid, Lib. XI 560. 
+
+(1) O-vidy Lib. X. 245. 
+
+
+A God 
+
+
+
+I i I 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+A Goddefs fo univerfally owned and adored could 
+not fail of Temples. That of Paphos in Cyprus , was 
+the Principal. In that of Rome, dedicated to her, by 
+the Title of Venus Libitina, were fold all Things 
+neceffary for Funerals. She had aifo a magnificent 
+Shrine built for her by her Son JEneas, on Mount 
+Eryx in Sicily. The Sacrifices ufuaily offered to her 
+were white Goats and Swine, with Libations of 
+Wine , Milk , and Honey. The Vi&ims were crowned 
+with Flowers or Wreaths of Myrtle. The Birds fa- 
+cred to her were the Swan, the Dove, and the Spar¬ 
+
+
+row 
+
+
+So far for the Venus Pandemos , or Popularis , the 
+Goddefs of wanton and effeminate Love; but the 
+Antients had another Venus , whom they ftyled Urania 
+and Celefiis , (who was indeed no other than the Sy¬ 
+rian AJiarte) and to whom they afcribed no Attributes, 
+but fuch as were ftridly chaileand virtuous. Of this 
+Deity they admitted no corporeal Refemblance, but fhe 
+was reprefented by the Form of a Globe ending coni¬ 
+cally (2), and only pure Fire was burnt on her Altars. 
+Her Sacrifices were patted Nephalia , on account of 
+their Sobriety 
+
+
+
+Honey and Wine being offered 
+but no Animal Victims except the Heifer, nor was 
+the Wood of Figs, Vines 9 or Mulberries fuffered to 
+be ufed in them. 
+
+Diftin&ion of two Venufes, the Chajle and 
+
+
+This 
+
+the Impi 
+the Fable 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+leads us to the true Expl 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+lbs, we fee thefe 
+
+
+different Attributes of the Egyp 
+
+
+adictory Chara&e 
+
+
+ex 
+
+
+plained. The Ifis crowned with the Crefcent Star or 
+fome of the Zodiacal Signs, is the celeffial Venus . 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+with the 
+
+
+terreftrial Symbols, fuch as the 
+Heads of Animals, a Multitude of Breafls, or a Child 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+her L 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+became the Goddefs of Fruitfulnefs and 
+
+
+Generation 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+As the latter was regarded 
+
+
+nfequently the Venus Pandemos 
+
+
+Divinity propitious to 
+
+
+(2) This Manner of Reprefentation was borrowed from the 
+Arabians and Syrians , who thought the Deity was not to be ex- 
+prefled by any corporeal Form. 
+
+
+
+
+11 2 
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+Luxury and Fleafure, it is no Wonder if fhe foon 
+gained the Afcendant over her Rival. In Phoenician 
+and Egypt , the young Girls (3) confecrated to the 
+Service of the terreftriai Ifts , ufualiy reikied in the 
+Tent or Grove near the Temple, and were common 
+Prollitutes ; whereas thofe devoted to the cele'hial 
+Ifs, or Venus Urania, were fbiChly cbafte Theft* 
+Tabernacles were called the Patuiliion of the Girls (4) ; 
+and gave Rife to the Name of Penns, afcribeb to the 
+Goddefs of Love. 
+
+
+1 he 
+
+
+5 j ; rians 
+
+
+alfo called the ter 
+
+
+reftrial Ifis,Myhtta, or Ulyth.ye (5), and the Greeks 
+and Romans adopUxi tjie Line Name. Thus the tym- 
+bolical Ifts of Egypt, after 
+
+
+roduemg 
+
+
+the different 
+
+Deities of Cyhele, Rhea, Vejla, Juno, Diana, Luna , 
+
+
+Hecate , and Proferpiue , formed alio the different Cha¬ 
+racters of the common and ceieftial Venus : to eafily 
+do Superltition and Invention multiply the ObjeCts 
+of Idolatry. 
+
+As Venus was the Goddefs of Love and Pleafure, 
+it is no Wonder if the Poets have been la villi in the 
+Defcription of her Beauties. Homer and Virgil have 
+(6) given us fine Pictures of this Kind. Nor were the 
+
+
+antient Sculptors and Painters negligent on lb inter 
+etiing a SubjeCt. Phidias formed her Statue of Ivory 
+
+
+and Gold, with one Foot on a Tortoife (7). 
+
+
+Scopas 
+
+
+(3) The y were called Kig-ofogoi, or Bafket-bearers, becavfe 
+they carried the Offerings. 
+
+(4) Succoth Venoth, the Tabernacle of the Girls. The Greeks 
+and Ramans, who could not pronounce the Word Venotb , called it 
+Venos, or Venus, and hearing the Tents of Venus fo often men¬ 
+tioned, took it for the Name cf the Goddefs herfelf. 
+
+(5) From jeled, to beget, comes Ilitta, Generation ; which the 
+
+Latins well expreffed by Diva Genitrix, or Genitalis. See Ho¬ 
+race. Carmen Seculare. I. 14. 
+
+(6) She Jaid , and turning round her Neck JbeJhow'd, 
+
+That with celeftial Charms divinely glow'd \ 
+
+Her waving Locks immortal FragranceJhed , 
+
+And breath'd ambrofial Sweets around her Head: 
+c In flowing Pompher radiant Robe was Teen, 
+
+« And all the Goddefs fparkiedjn her Mien*’ 
+
+Pitt’s Virgil, ^®neid I. 402. 
+
+(7) This Statue was at Elis> and the Tortoife was deftgned to 
+fhew, that Women fhould not go much abroad, but attend their 
+
+dorneflic Affairs. 
+
+reprefented 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods 
+
+
+”3 
+
+
+
+reprefented her riding on a He-Goat, and Praxiteles 
+wrought her Statue at Cnidos , of white Marble, half 
+opening her Lips and fmiling. Apelles drew her as 
+jull emerged from, the Sea, and preffing the Water 
+out of her Hair, a Piece that was reckoned 
+ble. It were endlefs to mention the Variety of Atti¬ 
+tudes in which Ihe is reprefented in Antique Gems 
+and Medals (8); (binetimes Ihe is cloathed in Purple, 
+glittering with Gems, her Head crowned with Roles, 
+
+Swans, Doves, or 
+
+
+
+and drawn in her Ivory Car, 
+parrows. At others Ihe is reprefented Handing with 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+the Graces attending her ; but in ail Pofitions Cupid 
+her Son is her infeparable Companion. I ihali only 
+add, that the Statue called the Medicean Venus, is 
+
+the bed Figure of her which Time has preferved. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXV. Of the Attendants o/Ve NUS, viz, 
+
+Cupid, Hymen, and the Ho r m, or Hours . 
+
+B EFORE we clofe the Article of Venus , it is 
+
+necelfary to give fome Account of the Deities 
+
+who were ufufilly Train, aud form¬ 
+
+ed a Part of that State in which ihe ufually ap¬ 
+peared. 
+
+The firft of thefe is Cupid. Some make him one 
+
+of the molt ancient of the Deities, and fay he had no 
+Parent ; but fucceeded immediately after Chaos. O- 
+tliers report, that Nox, or Night\ produced an Egg, 
+which having hatched under her fable Wings, brought 
+forth Cipid , or Love, who with golden Pinions im¬ 
+mediately Hew through ther’whole World (9). But 
+
+the common Opinion is, -that Cupid was the Son of 
+
+# ♦ 
+
+(8) See a great Number of thefe in Mr. Ogle's Antiquities, il« 
+
+lufbated by ancient Gems; a Wcik, which it is a great Lofs to 
+
+the Publick, that ingenious and worthy Gentleman did not live 
+to finiili. 
+
+(9) Otheis make him the Son of Pints, the God of Counfel, 
+who being drunk, begot him on Pent a the Ooddefs of Poverty. 
+Oihers the Sen of Cains and Terra,, and feme of Zephyr us and 
+
+
+Mars 
+
+
+
+114 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Mars and Venus and the Favourite Child of his 
+Mother, who without his Aid, as fhe confeffes in 
+Virgil , could do little Execution. Indeed the Poets, 
+when they invoke th’e Mother, feldom fail to make 
+their joint AddrdTes to the Son (10). Perhaps this 
+Confcioufnefs of his own Importance, rendered this 
+little Divinity fo arrogant, that on many Occasions he 
+Forgets his filial Duty. This Cupid, belonged to the 
+
+Venus Pandemos , or Popularis , and was called Ante - 
+ros , or Lujl, 
+
+But the Antients mention another Cupid , Son of 
+Jupiter and Venus } of a nobler Character, whofe De¬ 
+light it was to raife refined Sentiments of Love and 
+Virtue, whereas the other infpired bafe and impure 
+Defires. His Name was Eros , or true Love. Eros 
+bore a golden Dart, which caufed real Joy and Af¬ 
+fection $ Anteros a leaden Arrow, which raifed a flee¬ 
+ting Pallion, ending in Satiety and Difguft. 
+
+Cupid was represented ulually naked, to (how that 
+Love has nothing of its own. He is armed with a 
+Bow and Quiver full of Darts, to fhow his Power of 
+the Mind; and crowned with Rofes, to iliew the de¬ 
+lightful but tranfitory Pleafures he beftows. Some¬ 
+times he is depicted hlind y to denote that Love fees 
+no Faults in the ObjeCt beloved ; at others he appears 
+with a Rofe in one Hand and a Dolphin in the other ; 
+fometimes he is feen (landing between Hercules and 
+Mercury , to fignify the Prevalence of Eloquence and 
+Valour in Love ; at others he is placed near Fortune, N 
+to exprefs how much the Succefs of Lovers depends 
+on that inconflant Goddefs. He is always drawn 
+with Wings, to typify, that nothing is more fleeting 
+than the Paffion he exites. 
+
+The Egyptian Horus , which attended the terreftrial 
+IJis y or the Venus Popularis , or Pandemos , was, ac¬ 
+cording to the Cuftom of the A homenice, reprefented 
+with different Attributes, fometimes with the Wings 
+of the Etejian Wind, at others, with the Club of Her¬ 
+cules (i ),the Arrows of Apollo , fitting on a Lion, driving 
+
+(io) See Horace , Lib. I. Ode xxx. & Pafllm. 
+
+(1) There is a Gem in Mr. Ogle anfwering this Defcription. 
+
+a Buil, 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 115 
+
+a Bull, tying a Ram, or having a large FifH in his Nets. 
+Thefe Signs of the different Seafons of the Year, gave 
+Rife to as many Fables. The Empire of Eros, or 
+Love, was made to extend to Heaven and Earth, and 
+even to the Depths of the Ocean ; and this little, but 
+powerful Child, difarmed Gods and Men. 
+
+Hymen , thefe cond Attendant of Venus, was the God 
+of Marriage, and the Son of Bacchus and that God- 
+defs (2). He is faid to have been born in Attica , where 
+he made it his Bufinefs to refcue Virgins carried off 
+by Robbers, and to reftore them to their Parents. On 
+this Account all Maids newly married offered Sacri¬ 
+fices to him ; as alio to the Goddefs of Concord. He 
+was invoked in the nuptial Ceremony (3) in a particu¬ 
+lar Manner. 
+
+This God was reprefented of a fair Complexion, 
+crowned with Amaricus , or the Herb Sweet Marjo¬ 
+ram, and robed in a Veil of Saffron Colour (reprefen- 
+tative of the Bridal Blufhes) with a Torch lighted in 
+his Hand, becaufe the Bride was carried always Home 
+by a Torch-Light. 
+
+Every one knows it was a conftant Cufiom of the 
+oriental Nations, on the Wedding-Day, to attend the 
+Bridegroom and Bride with Torches and Lamps. The 
+Chorus on thefe Occafions was Hu ! Humeneh! Here 
+he comes ! This is the Fefti'val (4) / The Figure exhi¬ 
+bited on this Occafion in Egypt , was a young Man 
+bearing a Lamp or Torch, placed near the female 
+Figure, which denoted the Day of the Month fixed 
+for the Ceremony. 
+
+The Graces , who alway attended Venus , have been 
+
+already defcribed with the Mufes under the Article of 
+Apollo. 
+
+The Hor^e or Hours, were the Daughters of Jupi* 
+ter and Themis , and the Harbingers of Apollo. They 
+were alfo the Nurfes of Venus, as well as her Dreffers, 
+and made a necelfary Part of her Train. 
+
+(2) Hymen is thought to be the Son of the Goddefs Venus U- 
+rania or celeftial Venus, 
+
+( 3 ) They repeated often the Words, 0 Hymen! 0 Hymens. 
+
+(<l) From Hu , lo! or here he is, and Meneb the Feaft of Sa¬ 
+crifice, comes Hymenaus . 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXVI. Of Vii jl c an4 1 
+
+
+T HOUGH the Husband iliould ufually pre¬ 
+cede the Wife, yet Vulcan was too unhappy 
+in Wedlock to obtain this Diitin&ioun. There were 
+leveral of the Name (5), but the Principal, who ar¬ 
+rived at the Honour of being deified, was the bon of 
+Jupiter and Juno , or as others lay, ot Juno alone: 
+However this be, he was lo remarkably deformed, 
+that his Father threw him down from Heaven to the 
+
+
+
+IHe Lemnos , and in the Fall he broke his Leg (6). 
+
+Others report that Juno herfelf, dilguiled at his Sight, 
+
+hurled him into the Sea, where Ire was nurl'ed 
+Thetis (7). 
+
+The hr ft RefiJtnce of Vulcan on Earth, was the 
+Ifle of Lemnos (8), where he let up his Forge, and 
+taught Men how to foften and polillr Brafs and lion. 
+From thence he removed to the Lip are an Iltes near $i~ 
+
+with the A (lifi a nee of the Cyclops , he 
+
+
+rlla. u/K*r«a. 
+
+
+made Jupiter frelh Thunderbolts, as the old grew de¬ 
+
+
+cayed. 
+
+
+He alio wrought an Helmet for Pluto , which 
+
+
+rendered him inviiible, a Trident for Neptune that 
+ihakes both Land and Sea, and a Dog of Brafs for Ju¬ 
+piter y which he animated fo, as to perform (9) all the 
+natural Functions of the Animal. Nor is this a Won¬ 
+der, when we confider that at the Delire of the fame 
+God, he formed Pandora , who was fent with the fatal 
+Box to Prometheus , as has been related in its Place, 
+
+
+(5) The 1 ft, fa id to be the Son of Cashs \ the id, ihe Son of 
+Nilus y called Opas ; the 3d, the l r ulcan % Son of Jupiter and Juno^ 
+mentioned absve; and the 4th, the Son of Mtenalius , who re¬ 
+filled in the Vulccinian or Li par ran Ifles. 
+
+(6) He was caught by the Lemnians y or he had broke his 
+Neck. It is a ded, he was a whole Day in falling. 
+
+(7) Others rep rt he fell on the l and, and was nurfed by 
+Apes\ and that Jupiter expelled him the Skits for attempting to 
+refeue Juns % when Ihe confpired agaiiift him. 
+
+(8) Recaufe Lemnos abounds in Minerals and hot Springs. 
+
+(9) Jupiter gave this Dog to Eu>cpa , fhe to Ptocris , and by 
+her it was given to Cephalus her Hufband, and by Jupiter after 
+turned to a Stone. 
+
+k 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. i i 7 
+
+
+In fhort, Vulcan was the general Armourer of the 
+
+
+Gods. 
+
+
+He made Bacchus a golden Crown to prefent 
+
+
+Ariadne , a Chariot for the Sun, and another for Mars. 
+At the Reqtieff of Thetis, he fabricated the divine 
+Armour of Achilles, whole Shield is id beautifully dc» 
+feribed by Homer (»o) $ as alfo the invincible Armour 
+of A'.neas, at the Intrcaty of Venus . To conclude, 
+with an Inftance of his Skill this Way, in Revenge for 
+his Mother Juno's Unkindnefs, he prefented her a 
+golden Chair, managed by ldch unletn Springs, that 
+when fhe fat down in it ihe was not able to move, till 
+(lie was forced to beg her Deliverance from him. 
+
+Vulcan , like the reit of the (rods, had feveral Names 
+or Appellations: He was called Lemnius, from the 
+I lie of Lemnos confecrated to him ; Mulciher,. or MuV 
+cifer , from his Art of foftening Steel and Iron. By 
+the Greeks, Hephaijlos, from his delighting in Flames, 
+or Fire ; and JEtneus and Ltpareus, from the Places 
+fuppofed to be his Forges (1). As to his Woriliip, 
+he had an Altar in common with Prometheus (2), and 
+was one of the Gods who pr£ tided over Marriage, 
+becaufe he firfi; introduced the Ufe of Torches at the 
+Nuptial Rites. It was cuftomary with many Nations, 
+after Vidtory, to gather the Enemy’s Arms in a Heap, 
+and offer them to Vulcan. His principal Temple was 
+in a confecrated Grove at the foot of Mount /Etna, 
+
+
+guarded by Dogs, who had the Difcernment to dif- 
+tinguifh his Votaries, to tear the Vicious and fawn 
+upon the Virtuous, 
+
+The proper Sacrifice to this Deity was a Lion, to 
+denote the refdilefs Fury of Fire. His Feftiv.ils were 
+different : At thole called Protervia (amongfl the Ro¬ 
+mans) they ran about with lighted Torches. The Vul- 
+cania were celebrated by throwing living Animals into 
+the Fire. The Lamp a lophoria were Races performed to 
+his Honour, where the Contention was to carry lighted 
+
+
+(10) See Iliad, Lib. 18. 
+
+( 1) On Account of the Vilcanoes and fiery Eruptions there. 
+
+(2) Prometheus firfi invented" Fire, FuLan the Ufe of it, in 
+making Arms and Uteufils. 
+
+
+Torches 
+
+
+
+118 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Torches to the Goal ; but whoever overtook the 
+Perfon before him, had the Privilege of delivering him 
+his Torch to carry, arid to retire with Honour. 
+
+Vulcan, however difagreeable his Perfon was, was 
+fenfible of Love : His firft Paflion was for Minerva 9 
+and he had Jupiter's Confent to make his Addreffes 
+to her ; but his Courtlhip was too ill-placed to be fuc- 
+cefsful. He was more fortunate in his Suit to Venus , 
+though he had no great Reafon to boaft his Lot. The 
+Goddefs was too great a Beauty to be conftant, and 
+Vulcan too difagreeable to be happy. She chofe Mars 
+for her Gallant, and the Intrigue for fome Time went 
+on fwirnmingly. As Apollo , or the Sun , had a Friend- 
+ftiip for the Hufband, Mars was particularly fearful 
+of his difcovering the Affair, and therefore fet a Boy 
+called Alettryon , or Gallus , to warn him and his fair 
+Miftrefs of the Sun’s Approach. The Centinel un¬ 
+luckily fell aflee^p, and fo the Sun faw them together, 
+and let Vulcan prefently into the Secret. The Biack- 
+fmith God to revenge the Injury, againft their next 
+Meeting, contrived fo fine and imperceptible a Net¬ 
+work, that they were taken in their Guilt, and ex- 
+pofed to the Ridicule of the Gods, till releafed at the 
+Interceflion of Neptune. Mars , to puniih Aledryon 
+for his Negledt, changed him into a Cock, who to 
+atone for his Fault, by his crowing, gives conftant 
+Notice of the Sun-rife (3). 
+
+This Deity, as the God of Fire, was reprefented 
+varioufly in different Nations. The Egyptians de- 
+pi died him proceeding out of an Egg placed in the 
+Mouth of Jupiter , to denote the radical or natural 
+Heat diffufed through all created Beings. Some Hif- 
+torians make him one of the firft Egyptian Kings, who 
+for his Goodnefs was deified $ and add, that King 
+Menes erected a noble Temple to him at Thebes , with 
+a Coloffal Statue feventy-five Feet high. The Phoe¬ 
+nicians adored him by the Name of Cry for, and 
+thought him the Author and Caufe of Lightning, and 
+all fiery Exhalations. Some Writers confound him 
+
+
+
+(3) See Ovid, Lib. IV. 167. 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 119 
+
+with the Tubal Cain of Scripture. In ancient Gems 
+and Medals of the Greeks and Romans , he is figured as 
+a lame, deformed, and fqualid Man, working at the 
+Anvil, and uiually attended by his Men the Cyclops , 
+or by fome God or Goddefs who comes to afk his Af« 
+
+fiftance. 
+
+To examine into the Ground of this Fable, we muff 
+have once more Recourfe to the Egyptian Antiquities. 
+The Horus of the Egyptians was the moll: mutable Fi¬ 
+gure on Earth ; for he aflcmed Shapes fuitable to all 
+Seafbns of Time, and Ranks of People : To direct 
+the Hu (band men, he wore a rural Drefs. By a 
+Change of Attributes, he became the Inftrudtor of 
+the Smiths and other Artificers, whofe Inftruments 
+he appeared adorned with. This Horus of the Smiths 
+had aHiort or lame Leg to fignify, that Agriculture 
+or Hufbandry halts without the Alliftance of the Han- 
+dicraft or mechanic Arts. In this Apparatus he was 
+called Mulciber (4), Hephaifios (5), and Vulcan (6), 
+all which Names the Greeks and Romans adopted with 
+the Figure , which as ufual they converted from a 
+Symbol to a God. Now as this Horus was removed 
+from the Side of the beautiful IJis (or the Venus Pan¬ 
+demos') to make Room for the martial Horus # expofed 
+in Time of War, it occafioned the Jeff of the Aflilt- 
+ants, and gave Rife to the Fable of Vulcaris being 
+fupplanted in his Wife’s Affections by the God of 
+IVar. 
+
+* 
+
+(4) From Malac , to direct and manage; and Ber or Beer , a 
+Cave or Mine, comes Mulciber , the King of the Mines or 
+Forges. 
+
+(5) From Aph , Father, and Efto Fir^ is form’d Ephaifto y or 
+Hephejlion , the Father of Fire. 
+
+(6) From fVo/l y to work, and Canan. to haflen, comes EVol- 
+
+catiy or Work finifhed. 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+120 Fabulous HISTORY #/ 
+
+
+
+T HOUGH Vulcan had no Iffue by Venus , yet 
+
+he had a pretty numerous Offspring. We have 
+already mentioned his Paflion for Minerva: This 
+Goddefs coming one Day to befpeak fome Armour of 
+him, he attempted to ravifli her, and in the Struggle 
+his Seed fell on the Ground, and produced the Mon¬ 
+ger Erichthonius (7). Minerva nourished him in her 
+Thigh, and afterwards gave him to be nurfed by A- 
+glaurosy Pandrofus and Herfe , but with a ftridt Caution 
+not to look in the Cradle or Coffer which held him. 
+The fifft and lad: negle&ing this Advice ran mad. 
+Erichtbonus being born with deformed, or as fome 
+fay, Serpentine Legs, was the frrft InventoT of Cha¬ 
+riots to ride in. He was the 4th King of Athens , and 
+a Prince of great Juftice and Equity. 
+
+Cacus y another Son of Vulcan , was of a different 
+Character. He was a notorious Robber, and received 
+Jiis Name from his confummate Villany (g). He fixed 
+himfelf upon Mount Aventine , and from thence infefted 
+all Italy with his Depredations; bur having ftolen 
+fome Oxen from Hercules , he dragged them back¬ 
+wards to his Cave (9), that the Robbery might not be 
+difcovered by the Track. Hercules , however, pafling 
+that Way, heard the lowing of his Cattle, broke open 
+the Doors, and feizing the Wretch put him to Death. 
+
+A third Son of Vulcan , C&cucus (10), fo called 
+from his little Eyes, refembled his Brother Cacus , and 
+lived by Prey. It is faid his Mother fitting by the Fire, 
+a Spark flew into her Lap, upon which ihe conceived. 
+Others fay fome Shepherds found him in the Fire as 
+feon as born. He founded the City Prcenejie, 
+
+(7) Derived from and ^Gov^>, or Earth and Contention. 
+
+(8) From j bad or wicked. 
+
+(9) Virgil has given a fine Defcription of this Cave, but he 
+makes him but half a Man. See ^neid VIII. 194. 
+
+(10) It is thought the noble Roman Family of Cescilii derive 
+their Name from hirn. See Virgil. ^Eneid X. 544, and /Eneid 
+
+VII. 680. 
+
+
+
+I 21 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+By his Wife Aglaia , one of the Graces , Vulcan had 
+feveral Sons, as Ardalus , the Inventor of the Pipe, 
+
+called Tibia, Brotbeus , who being deformed like his 
+Father, deltroyed himfelf in the Fire, to avoid the 
+Reproaches he met with. JBtbiops> who gave his 
+Name to the /Ethiopians , before called /Ethereans y 
+Olenus the Founder of a City of his own Name in 
+Bceotia, /Egyptus f rom whom Egypt was called, Albion^ 
+Pertphenusy Morgion , Acus> and feveral others. 
+
+
+
+
+H A P. XXXVIIL Of the Cyclops and Po- 
+
+lvphemus.TOS 
+
+
+
+H E Cyclops were the Sons of Neptune and Am - 
+phitrite. The principal were Brontes , Sleropes 9 
+and Pyracmon , though their whole Number was above 
+a Hundred. They were the Journeymen of Vulcan. 
+It is faid, as foon as they were born Jupiter threw 
+them into Tartarus , but that they were delivered at 
+the Interceflion ot'Tellus, and 
+
+
+
+became the Aflill* 
+ants of our God. They had each but one Eye (i) 
+placed in the Middle of their Foreheads, and lived on 
+fuch Fruits and Herbs as the Earth brought forth 
+without Cultivation. They are reported to have built 
+the Walls of Mycenae and lyrinthe with fuch malTy 
+Stones, that the fmallefi; required two Yoke of Oxen 
+to draw it. The Dealers in Mythology fay, that the 
+Cyclops fignify the Vapours raifed in the Air, which 
+occalion Thunder and Lightning. 
+
+With thefe we may clafs Polyphemus , though he 
+was the Son of Neptune , having like the Cyclops but 
+one Eye ; but of lb gigantick a Stature, that his very’ 
+Afpe£t was terrible. His Abode was in Sicily , wheie 
+he furprized Ulyffes and his Companions, of whom 
+
+
+he devoured three ; but Ulyffes making him drunk 
+blinded him with a Firebrand, and fo elcaped with the 
+
+
+( i) From KuxX<^ Circuius, and Ocului , that is the one-c /1 
+
+
+Men. 
+
+
+
+re IF 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+122 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+reit. Vi.'Jl hath given us a fine De/cription of this 
+Ssene (2). 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XXXIX. Of Mi nerves or Pallas. 
+
+W E come next to Minerva, or Pallas , one of 
+
+the moft diftinguifiied of the Dii Majores, as 
+bein? the Goddefs of Sciences and Wifdoni. Cicero 
+
+o 
+
+mentions five (3) of this Name ; but the moft confi- 
+derstble was the Daughter of Jupiter 9 not by an y in¬ 
+famous Amour, nor even by the conjugal Bed, but the 
+Child of his Brain. It is faid her Father feeing Juno 
+barren, through Grief, ftruck his Forehead, and three 
+Months after came forth Minerva (4). On the Day 
+of her Nativity it rained Gold at Rhodes (5). Her 
+firft Appearance on Earth was in Libya, where behold¬ 
+ing her own Beauty in the Lake Triton, /lie from 
+thence gained the Name of Tritonis (6). 
+
+(z) See Virgil JEneid, Lib. Ill 610 , but the whole Defcrip- 
+tion, thV admirable, is too long to be copied here. 
+
+(3) The 1 ft the Mother of Apollo , or Latona ; the 2d produced 
+.from the Nile . and worfhipped at Sais in Egypt-, the 3d the 
+Child of Jupiter's Brain; the 4th the Daughter of Jupiter and 
+Corypha , who invented Chariots with four ^Wheels ; and the 
+3th the Child of Pallas whom Hie killed, becaufe he attempted 
+her Chaftiiy 
+
+( 4 ) b is faid Vulcan was the Midwife, by cleaving his Skull 
+with a Hatchet; but that feeing an armed Virago come out in- 
+ftead oF a Child, he ran away. Others report, that when Jupiter 
+Iwallowed 1Metis, one of his Wives, he was with Child of 
+Pallas. 
+
+(5) Hence the Rhodians were the firft who worfliipped her, as 
+Claudian remarks". 
+
+Auratos Rhodiis imhres , nafeente Minerva 
+Induxijfe Jovem ferunt. 
+
+Some fay it was becaufe (he taught them the Art of making Cc- 
+lojfal Statues. 
+
+(6) An annual Ceremony was performed at this Lake by the 
+Virgins , who in diftintt Bodies attacked each other with various 
+Weapons. The firft that fell was efteemed not a Maid, and 
+thrown into the Lake ; but fhe who received moft Wounds was 
+
+carried off in Triumph. 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gobs. 
+
+
+123 
+
+She had behde feveral other Appellations amongft 
+the Greeks and Romans. She was called Pallas from 
+the brandirtiing her Spear in War. Athena , becaufe 
+fhe was born full grown, and never fuclded ; whence 
+alfo die obtained the Name of Ametrofs , or Mother- 
+lefs. The Ep*ithet of Partbenis , or the Virgin, was 
+given; her on account of her perpetual Chaftity ; that 
+of Ergatis, or the Workwoman, for her Excellency 
+in Spinning and Weaving ; Muftca y from her invent¬ 
+ing the Pipe; Pylotisy becaute her Image was fet up 
+in the Gates • and Glaucopis, or green-ey’d, becau-le 
+her Eyes were of that Call (7), hke thole of the Owi. 
+
+Miner*va was the Goddefs of War, Wifdom and 
+Arts, fuch as Weaving, the making Oil, Mufick, elpe- 
+ciaily the Pipe (8) ; of building Cattles^ over which 
+flie prefided ; and, in fhort, was the Patron ‘ of all 
+thofe Sciences, which render Men ufeful to Socierv 
+
+* J 
+
+and themfeives, and intitle them to the Efteem of 
+
+W U 
+
+Pofterhy. 
+
+We have already had occafion to obferve how this 
+Goddefs vowed a perpetual Virginity, and in what 
+Manner fhe rejedled the Addreffes of Vulcan. She 
+was indeed very delicate on this Point, for ihe de¬ 
+prived Tirefias of his Sight, becaufe he accidentally 
+faw her bathing in the Fountain of Helicon • but at the 
+Interceflion of his Mother Charicley /lie relented fo 
+far, that to compenfate his Lofs, Ihe endued him 
+with the Gift of Prophecy (9). Nor was die lefs fe- 
+vere to Medufa , who being raviflied by Neptune in her 
+Temple, fhe revenged the Sacrilege, by turning her 
+Locks into Snakes, and caufing all who beheld her af¬ 
+ter to be changed into Stones. 
+
+She was equally jealous of her Superiority in the 
+Arts Ihe invented. Arachne y a Lyhian Princefs, the 
+
+\ 
+
+(7) Yet Homer and all the Poets call her the blue-ey'd Maid. 
+See Pope. 
+
+(8) It is fuid, feeing her Cheeks refleSed in the Water as (lie 
+played, fhe threw away the. Pipe with this Expreflion } 'That 
+Mufick tvai too dear if pur chafed at the Expence of Beauty, 
+
+(9) Ovid relates tne Story of Tirefas very differently; for 
+
+which lee Metamorph Lib. III. 316, 
+
+F 2 Daughter 
+
+
+
+12 4 Fabulous II ISTORY of 
+
+Daughter ot Idwott, had the Piefumption to challenge 
+her at Spinning. The Folly coll: her dear ; for Mi - 
+nerva itruck her with the Spindle on the Forehead, 
+for which attempting to hang herfelf through Defpair, 
+the Goddcfs turned ner into a Spider, in which Shape 
+ihe (till exercifes the Profeflion ihe lo much hoalted 
+(to). The Reader may confult Ovid, if he would 
+fee this Story let in a beautiful Light 
+
+As Conduct is oppofite, in military Adairs, to bru¬ 
+tal Valour, lb Minerva is always by the Potts placed 
+in Contrail to Mats. Thus we fee Homer makes her 
+fide with the Greeks in the Trojan War, while the 
+other Deity takes the Part of the Enemy. The Sue- 
+cefs is anfwerable to this Difpofiiion (i), and we fee 
+Prudence a$d Dilcipline victorious over Valour with¬ 
+out Counfel, and Force under no Direction. 
+
+One of the mod remarkable of Minerva's Adven¬ 
+tures, w'as her Cornell with Neptune, of which No¬ 
+tice has been taken under the Article of that Deity. 
+When Cecrops founded Athens, it was agreed, that 
+whoever of thefe two Deities fhould produce the moll 
+beneficial Gift to Mankind, (liould give Name to the 
+new City. Neptune with a Stroke of his Trident formed 
+a fJorJ'e ; Pallas caufed an Olive to fpring from the 
+Ground, and carried the Prize. The Meaning of 
+this Fable was' to .point out, that Agriculture was to a 
+riling Colony of more Importance than Navigation. 
+
+Minerva was highly honoured, and had feverai 
+Temples both in Greece and Italy. The Athenians , 
+who always had a particular Devotion to her, as the 
+’Patronels of their City, in the fiourifhfng State of their 
+Republick, erected a magnificent Temple to her by 
+the Name of Parthems, or the Virgin-GodJej's, in 
+which they .placed her Statue of Gold and Ivory thir¬ 
+ty-nine.Feet high, wrought by the Hands of Phidias. 
+She had a -ftately Temple at Rvme on Mount Aven~ 
+tine , where her Feftival called Mi ner valid or Quin- 
+
+quatria, was celebrated for live Days fucceflively 
+
+(to) See OviJ, Lib. VL r. 
+
+(i) Ste the Preface to Mr. Pope *s Homer, 
+
+
+
+The II i: a r H E N 
+
+
+
+O D S. 
+
+
+125 
+
+
+in the Month of March: She had fometimes her Al¬ 
+
+
+tars in common w 
+
+
+Vu lc 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+>y 
+
+
+'Hie iifual Vift 
+
+
+offered her w 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+Met 
+
+IVhii 
+
+
+Heifer never yoked. The Animals facred to her were 
+
+
+Coe h 
+
+
+Owl, and the Baftltjh 
+
+
+We muff not here omit the Palladium (2), or that 
+:r c d Statue which fell down from Heaven. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+w.i s 
+
+
+preferved in Troy 
+»>» the City dept 
+
+
+Me 
+
+
+ro ff 
+
+
+Treafurc on whofe Safety that 
+Diomedes and Ulyjjes found' 
+and the City was foon after taken 
+
+
+and deffroyed (3). However, it is certain that /E 
+brought either this or another of the fame Kind 
+him into Italy, and depofited it at Lav * 
+
+
+wi 
+
+
+from 
+
+whence it was removed to Rome, and placed in the 
+Temple of Vejla. When this Edifice was confumed 
+
+by fire, Metellus a noble Roman, ruffled in and brought 
+
+it otF, though with the Lofs of his Eye3, in Recoin - 
+pence for which heroic A6tion, he had the Privilege 
+of coming to the Senate in a Chariot, that the Honour 
+might in fome Degree allay the Senfe of his Mis for 
+tune. The Romans indeed 
+icent, r< 
+
+
+of their Trojan De 
+garded the Palladium in the fame Light wi 
+
+
+their Anceffors, and thought, the Security and Du- 
+lation of their Empire were annexed to the Pofleflipn 
+of this Guardian Image. 
+
+Come we next to enquire into the mythological 
+
+Birth j 
+
+
+nd Origin of this fabled Goddefs , who 
+
+
+new 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Drefs 
+Goddefs 
+
+
+other than the Egyptian Ifis under 
+Form, and the fame with the Pales , 
+of the Sabines (4). The Athenians, who were an 
+Egyptian Colony from Sais 9 followed the Cuffoms of 
+
+
+Authors differ 
+
+
+Wood 
+
+
+this Palladium , feme making 
+
+
+adding, it could move its Ey 
+
+
+fhake 
+
+
+the Scythians to the Proj 
+
+
+compofed of the Bones of Pelop 
+
+
+it of 
+
+Spear. 
+I old by 
+
+
+Some aflfert it was a Counterfeit Palladium the Greek Ge¬ 
+nerals ft (»1 e away, an‘d that JEncas laved the true One. Others 
+make two Palladiums. 
+
+(4) To whofe Honour the Feafts called Palilia were celebrated. 
+
+Now this Word is manif’eftly of Egyptian Derivation, being taken 
+
+from Pdlel, to govern the City \ whence corner Pel dab, the rub- 
+lick Order. 
+
+
+
+
+their 
+
+
+
+126 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+iheir Anceftors, by particularly applying themfelves to 
+railing Flax for Linen Cloth, and the Cultivation of 
+the Olive (5). Now the Figure worfliipped at Sals, 
+as prefiding over thefe Arts, was a Female in compleat 
+Armour. This, as Diodorus tells us, was becaufe 
+the Inhabitants of this Dynajly , were both the bell 
+Hulbandmen and Soldiers in Egypt. In the Hand of 
+this Image they placed a Shield with a Full Moon de¬ 
+picted on it, furrounded by Serpents, the Emblems 
+of Life and Happinefs. And at the Feet of this Sym- 
+bol they placed an Ovul, to fliew it was a noCturnal 
+Sacrifice. To this they gave the Name of Medufa (<5), 
+expreflive of what Hie was defigned to reprefent. The 
+Greeks who were ignorant of the true Meaning of all 
+this, did not think fit to put fuch a favourable Senfe 
+on the Head of Medufa , which feemed to them an 
+ObjeCt of Horror, and opened a fine Field for poetical 
+Imagination. The prelling of the Olives did indeed 
+turn Fruit into Stones, in a literal Senfe ; hence they 
+made the JEgis or Shield of Minerva petrify all who 
+beheld it. 
+
+Jo remind the People of the Importance of their 
+Linen Manufactory, the Egyptians expofed in their 
+Fdtivals another Image, bearing in her Right Hand 
+the Beam or Inftrument round which the Weavers, 
+rolled the Warp of their Cloth. This Image they 
+called Minerva (7). Now there are antient 'Figures 
+of Fallas extant, which correfpond with this Idea (8). 
+What (bill heightens the Probability of this is, that the 
+Name* of Athene given to this Goddefs, is the very 
+Word in Egypt for the flaxen Thread (9) ufed in their 
+Looms. Near this Figure, which was to warn the 
+Inhabitants of the Approach of the Weaving or Win- 
+ter-Seafon, they placed another of an InfeCt, whofe 
+
+(<) The City of Sais derived its Name from this Tree, Zaith 
+or Sais iignifying the Olive. 
+
+(6) From Difb, to prei's, comes Medujha or Medufa the Pref» 
+fing. See If a i a h xxv. 10. 
+
+(7) From Majtevrdy a Weaver’s Loom. 
+
+(8) In the Colle&ion of Prints ma-’e by M De Crszat. 
+
+(9) A'fond, Linen Thread. See Proverbs vii. i< 5 . 
+
+
+
+The Heathen God s. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+rf 
+
+
+
+Induftry fee ms to have given Rife to this Art, and to 
+which they gave the Name of (io), to de¬ 
+
+note its Application. Ail thefe Emblems tranfplanted 
+to Greece, by the Genius of that People, fond of the 
+marvellous, were converted into real Objects, and in¬ 
+deed afforded Room enough for the Imagination of 
+their Pqets to invent the Fable of the Transforma¬ 
+tion of Arachne into a Spider. 
+
+Minerva, by the Poets and Sculptors, is ufually re- 
+prefented in a (binding Attitude completely armed, 
+with.a compofed but Imiling Countenance, bearing a 
+golden Breait-plate, a Spear, in her.Right Hand, and 
+her terrible /Egis in her Left, having on it the Head 
+
+ufa entwined with Snakes. Her Helmet was 
+
+
+
+of 
+
+ufualjy entwined with Olives, to denote Peace is the 
+End of War, or rather becaufe that Tree was facred 
+to her. See her Pi&ure in Camhray s Telemaaue . 
+At her Feet is generally placed the Ovul, or the Cock; 
+the former being the Emblem of IVifdom, the latter 
+of IVar. 
+
+
+
+M ars was the Son of Juno alone, who being 
+
+chagrined that Jupiter ffiould bear Minerva 
+without her Help, to be even with him confulted 
+Flora , who (hewed her a Flower in the Olenian Fields, 
+on touching of which (he conceived, and became the 
+Mother of this dreadful Deity (i). Fhero , or Fierce- 
+nefs, was his Nurfe, and he received his Education 
+amongft the Scythians, the mod barbarous Nation in 
+the World, amongft whom he was adored in a parti¬ 
+cular Manner, though they acknowledged no other 
+
+God. . 
+
+This Deity had different Appellations. The Greeks 
+called him Ares (2), either from the Deftrudtion he 
+
+
+(jo) From Arach , to make Linen Cloth. 
+
+(i) Others make him the Son oi 'Jupiter and Juno, or of Ju - 
+
+piier and EVyr. 
+
+(t) Either from a-'s iv, to kill, or frorn a> to keep Silence. 
+
+F 4 caufcs, 
+
+
+
+
+
+128 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+caufes, or the Silence and Vigilance obferved in War. 
+He had the Names of GradRvus from his Majellick 
+Port • of Ehtirinus, when on the Defenfive, or at 
+Kelt. By the ancient Latins he was (tiled Salifuhfulus , 
+or the Dancer, from the Uncertainty that attends all 
+martial Enterprizes. 
+
+Mars was the God of War y and. in high Venera¬ 
+tion with the Romans , both on Account of his being 
+the Father of Romulus their Founder, and becaufe 
+their own Genius always inclined to Conqueft. Numa 9 
+r hough other wife a pacific Piince, having implored the 
+- Gods, during a great Pedilence, received a (mall Brafs 
+, Buckler, called Ancile, from Heaven, which the 
+\ Nymph Egeria advifed him to keep with the utmoft 
+; Care, the Fate of the Roman People and Empire de- 
+• pending on its Coniervation. To fecu:e lo valuable 
+a Pledge, Nutna caufed eleven more Shields of the 
+lame Form to be made, and intruded the Care of 
+thete to an Order of Prieds he inftituted, called Salii, 
+of the Prieds of Mars> in whofe Temple the twelve 
+.Ancilia were depofited. The Number of thefe 
+Prieits was alfo twelve, chofen out of the nobieft Fa¬ 
+milies, who on the id of March annually, the Fedivai 
+of Mars , carried the Ancilia with great Ceremony 
+found the City, clashing their Bucklers, and finging 
+Hymns to the Gods, in which they were joined by a 
+Chorus of Virgins chofen to alfid on this Occafion, 
+and drelTed like themfeives. This Fedivai was con¬ 
+cluded with a grand Supper (3). 
+
+Augufius erected a magnificent Temple to Mars at 
+Rome y by the Title of Ultor , which he vowed to him, 
+when he implored his Adiftance againft the Murder¬ 
+ers of Julius Co’far . The Vidfcims facrificed to him 
+were the Wolf for its Fiercenefs, the Horfe on ac 
+count of its Ufefulnefs in War, the Woodpecker and 
+Vulture for their Ravenoufnefs $ the Cock for his Vi¬ 
+gilance. He was crowned with Grafs , becaufe it 
+grows in Cities depopulated by War, and thicked in 
+Places moiftened with human Blood. 
+
+
+1 
+
+{3) Called Ccsna Saliaris. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heath en 
+
+
+
+s 
+
+
+
+to 
+
+The Hiftory of Mars furnifhes new Adventures. 
+We have already related his Amour with Venus, by 
+whom he had Hermione , contracted to Orejies , and af¬ 
+terwards married to Pyrrhus King of Ep 
+By the Nymph Biji 
+
+reigned 
+
+
+Mars had Tereus, who 
+
+v 
+
+Thrace , and married Progne the Daught 
+
+
+of Pandion , King of Athens. This Princefs had a 
+Sifter called Philomela , a great Beauty 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+bein^ 
+
+
+defirous to lee her, fhe requefted her Hulband to go 
+to Athens and bring her Sifter, with her Father’s Per- 
+million, to her. Tereus , by the* Way, fell in Love 
+with his Charge, and on her rejecting his Solicitations, 
+ravilhed her, cut out her Tongue, and enclofed her 
+
+ftrong Tower, pretending to his Wife fhe died 
+
+
+the Journey 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+Condition the unhappy Princefs 
+
+
+found Means to embroider her Story, and fend it to 
+her Sifter, who trsnfported with Rage, contrived how 
+
+Firft fhe brought her Sifter 
+
+and 
+
+
+to revenge the Injury 
+Home privately ; next fhe killed her Son Ity 
+
+
+fei ved up his Fleih to his Father for Supper: After he 
+had eat it, fhe expofed the Head, and told him what 
+fhe had done $ Tereus, mad with Fury, purfued the 
+
+
+S.fter 
+
+
+who in their Flight became 
+
+
+formed 
+
+
+Progne r to a Swallow^ and Philomela A.O a Nightingale 
+
+
+ltys wa 
+
+
+
+the Gods changed to a Pheafi 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Tereus himfelt into a Lapwing Ovid has (4) given 
+us this Story with his ufuai Embeliifhments. 
+
+Mars married a Wife called Nerio,. or Ner.ione (q). 
+
+Tongue fignifies Valour or 
+
+the Principal of 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+in the 
+
+
+Sabine 
+
+
+Strength. He had feveral Child 
+whom were By this, who gave his Name to Bithy 
+Thrax, from whom Thrace was fo called ; JEn 
+
+
+nmaus 
+
+
+Af:a laph 
+
+
+Biji 
+
+
+
+Tnidus, Pylus, Euenus , Calyd 
+
+
+Stfymon , Parthenopaus 
+
+
+) 
+
+
+&c 
+
+
+This 
+Neptune 
+
+Gods for the Murder 
+
+
+Deity /having killed Halit othus the Son of 
+was indicted before the Aftembly of the 
+
+, as well as for the Crime -of.de 
+
+
+1 * - 
+
+
+(4) See Ovid Lib. VI. 4t 3. 
+
+fO Hence the Claud/an Family at Reine are.fard to derive the 
+Sirname of Nero, 
+
+
+r * 
+
+
+
+# • 
+
+
+
+banching 
+
+
+
+t 3 0 Fa butt us HISTORY of 
+
+bauching AUippe , Sifter to the Deceafed. Twelve 
+Gods were preient, of whom fix were for acquitting 
+him ; fo that by the Cufiom of the Court, when the 
+Voices were equal, the favourable Side carrying it, 
+he came off. Some fav this Trial was in the famous 
+Areopagus , or Hill of Mars , at Athens , a Court, 
+which in fucceeding Time gained the higheft Repu¬ 
+tation, for the Juftice and Impartiality of its Proceed¬ 
+ings (6). 
+
+Mars was neither invulnerable nor invincible ; for 
+we find him in Homer both wounded and purfued by 
+Diomedes , but then it muft be confide?ed that Homer 
+was fo good a Patriot, that he always affects to dif- 
+grace the Gods, who took the Trojan' s Part. 
+
+Mars , whatever his Appeaiance.be, was of Egyp¬ 
+tian Original. This Nation was divided into three 
+Cialfes, the Priefts, the Hufbrtndmen, and the Artifi¬ 
+cers ; of thefe the firft were by their Profeffion ex¬ 
+empt from War, and the laft reckoned too mean to 
+be employed in Defence of the State ; fo that their Mi¬ 
+litia was wholly taken from the fecond Body. We 
+have already obferved, that in the Sacrifices which pre¬ 
+ceded their military Expeditions, their Ifis appeared 
+in a warlike Drefs, and gave Rife to the Greek Pallas, 
+or Minerva. The Horus which accompanied this Fi¬ 
+gure, was alfo equipped with this Helmet and Buck¬ 
+ler, and called by the Name of Rarits (7), or the 
+formidable. The Syrians foftened this Wo d to Hazis 
+(8) the Greeks changed it to Ares ; the Gats Is pro¬ 
+nounced it Hefus; and th e>Romans, and Sabines , IVa- 
+rets or Mars . Thus the military Horus of the Egyp¬ 
+tians became perfonified and made the God of Com¬ 
+bats or War.. 
+
+# 
+
+# 
+
+a 9 
+
+(6) Thefe Judges were ch,fen out of Perfons of the rmfl; 
+blamelei's Characters. They fiffered no verbal Pleadings before 
+them, 1 a falfe Eloquence might varnifh a bad Caufe; and 
+all thei. Sentences were given in Writing, and delivered in the 
+Dark. 
+
+(7) From Harits, violent or enraged. See Jsbxv. %o. 
+
+(8) Hazis, (Syr), the terrible in War,. Pfalvi. xxiv. 8. The 
+Syrians alfo called him Ah Guerotk* or the Father of Combats; 
+whence the Romans borrowed their Gradivus Rater, 
+
+
+Mars 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The He a then Gods. 13 i 
+
+Mars is ufually defcribed in a Chariot drawn by fu¬ 
+rious Ho.ifes, compleatly armed, and extending his 
+Spear with the one Hand, while with the other H ind 
+he grafps a Sword embrued in Blood. His Afpect i$ 
+fierce and favage. Sometimes Difcord is reprefented 
+as preceding his Car, while Clamour, Fear , and Ter¬ 
+ror appear in his Train. Virgil has given a Dcfciip- 
+tion of this God pretty much agreeable to this Idea (9). 
+
+Bellona h ufai\\\y jeckpned the Sifter of Mars, tho’ 
+fonte call her both his Sifter and Wife. As her In- 
+
+« • * » , 1 1 
+
+clinations were equally cruel and favage, Hie toO;k a 
+Pleafure in fharing his Dangers, and is cpinqionly, der 
+pifted as driving his Chariot with a bloody. Whip in 
+her Hand. Appius Claudius built her a Temple at 
+Rome , where in her Sacrifices called Bellonaria , her 
+
+9 i * f # 
+
+Pjiefis ufe,d to flafli themfelves with Knives. Juft op- 
+pofite flood the Columna Bellica , a Pillar from whence 
+the Herald threw a Spear, when W$r was proclaimed 
+again.fi: any Nation. She is faid to be the Invcntrefa 
+of the Needle (10), from whence fhe took her Name. 
+
+This Goddefs is reprefented fomeijmes holding a 
+lighted Torch or Brand, at others with a Trumpet, 
+her Hair compofed of Snakes clotted with Gore, and 
+her Garments fiained with Blood, in a furious and 
+
+' * ^ * » t 
+
+tii drafted Attitude. 
+
+I > 1 ■ 
+
+
+
+CHAP, XL. O/Cerea. 
+
+\ 
+
+. * 
+
+I T may not be improper now to pafs to fofter Pic¬ 
+tures, whole Agreeablenefs may ferye as a Contraft 
+to the fironger Images jufi difplayed. As Plenty and 
+Abundance repair the VVafie and Havock of W'ar, we 
+fhail next to Mars introduce Ceres, a Divinity friendly 
+and beneficent to Mankind. 
+
+• This Goddefj was the Daughter of Saturn and 
+RJjea. Sicily, Attica, Crete, , and Egypt, claim the 
+Honour of her Birth, each Country producing it§ 
+
+
+, {9) Virgil, neid VIH. 
+
+(10) From a Needle. - 
+
+* . • j 
+
+P-eafon?, 
+
+
+
+t 3 2 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Reafons, though the firft has the general Suffrage. 'In 
+her Youth fhe was fo'beautiful, that her Brother Ju¬ 
+piter fell in Love with her, by whom fhe had Profer -■ 
+pine. Neptune next enjoyed her, but the Fruit of this 
+Amour is controverted, fome making it a Daughter, 
+called Him , others a Horfe, called Arion. Indeed as 
+this laft Deity careffed her in that Form, the latter 
+Opinion feems beft founded. However this be, fhe was 
+fo afhamed of this laft Affair, that fhe put on mourning 
+Garments, and retired to a Cave, where fhe continued 
+fo long, that the World was in Danger of perifhing 
+for Want (i). At laft Pan difcovered her Retreat, 
+and informed J’upiter^ who by the Intercellion of the 
+Parcce % or Fates, appealed her, and prevailed on her 
+to return to the World. 
+
+For fome Time fhe took up her Abode in Corcyra y 
+from whence fhe removed to Sicily , where the Mis¬ 
+fortune befel her of the Rape of Proferpine her Daugh¬ 
+ter, by Pluto The difconfolate Mother immediately 
+carried her Complaints to Jupiter , upbraiding him 
+with his permitting fuch an Injuftice to be committed, 
+efpecially on the Perfon of his own Daughter. But 
+obtaining little Satisfaction, /Tie lighted her Torches 
+at Mount /Etna, and mounting her Car drawn by 
+winged Dragons, fet out in Search of her beloved 
+Daughter. As her Adventures in this Journey were 
+pretty remarkable, we ihall mention them in their 
+Order. 
+
+Her firfl Stop was at Athens , where being hofpira- 
+b!y received by Celeus , fhe in return taught him to 
+fow Corn, and nourifhed his Son Triptolemus with 
+celeftial Milk by Day, at Night covering him with 
+Fire, to render him immortal. Cdeus out of Cu- 
+riofity difcovering this laft Particular, was fo affright¬ 
+ed, that he cried out and revealed it himfeif, on 
+
+which the Goddefs killed him. As to his Son, Ceres 
+lent him her Chariot, and fent him through the World 
+to inftruCt Mankind in the Art of Agriculture. 
+
+i 
+
+(i) Becaufe during her Abflnce the Earth produced no Cora 
+<&r Fruits. 
+
+Site 
+
+
+
+'The Heathen Gods. 
+
+She was next entertained by Hypothoon and Meg, 
+
+
+*33 
+
+
+ra (2) his Wife, who fet Wine before her, which flie 
+refined, as unlui table to her mournful Condition * 
+but fhe prepared herfelf a Drink from an Infufion of 
+Meal or Corn, which fhe afterwards ufed. Iambe (3), 
+
+
+Attendant of Meg 
+
+
+ufed 
+
+
+divert the God 
+
+
+defs with Stories and Jefts, which fhe repeated in a 
+certain Kind of Verfe. It happened^ during a Sa¬ 
+crifice made her here, that Abas , Son to Meganira, 
+derided the Ceremony, and ufed the Goddeis with 
+opprobrious Language, whereupon fprinkling him with 
+a certain Mixture flie held in her Cup, he became a 
+Newt or Water Lizard. Erifuhton alfo for cutting 
+down a Grove confeciated to her, was punifhed with 
+fuch an infatiable Hunger, that nothing could fatisfy 
+him, but he was forced to gnaw his own Flefh. 
+
+Fiom thence Ceres palled into Lycia , where being 
+
+
+thirfty, and defiring to drink 
+
+
+Spring, the Cio 
+
+
+nly hindered her, but fullied and dillurbed the 
+
+
+Water, reviling her for her Misfortune 
+
+
+pon which 
+
+
+flie turned them into Frogs. Thefe Frogs, though 
+already punifhed for affronting his Sifter, had the Folly 
+
+fk Jupiter to grant them a King. He fent them 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+Frog 
+
+
+whom they rejected, and defned another 
+
+
+upon which the God fent them a Water Serpent, who 
+devoured them, and effectually convinced them of 
+their Weaknefs. 
+
+It is difputed, who firft informed Ceres where her 
+Daughter was ; fome afcribe the Intelligence to c Crip - 
+tolemusy and his Brother Eubuleus ; but rhe moft Part 
+agree in giving the Honour of it to the Nymph Are- 
+tbufa (a Fountain in Sicily ) (4), who flying the Pur- 
+fuit of the River Alpbeus y law this Goddefs in the In¬ 
+fernal Regions. 
+
+We have but one Amour of Ceres recorded. Find** 
+ing Jafoti the Son* of Jupiter and Eledra afleep in a 
+
+
+(a) "Hypothoon was the Son of Neptune and Afope. 
+
+(3) Tiie Daughter of Pan and Echo , and the Inventrefs of 
+Iambic Verfe. 
+
+(4) The Daughter of Nereus and Daris, and a Companion of 
+Diana. * 
+
+Field 
+
+
+
+
+Field newly ploughed up, (he acquainted him with her 
+Pafilon, and bore him Plutvs the God of Riches; but 
+Jove incenled to fee his Son become his Rival, killed 
+him with a Thundeiboit. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Ceres had feveral Names ; ilie was called Magna 
+Dea , or the Great Goddefs, from her Bounty in lup- 
+porting Mankind; Melaina> from her black Cloath- 
+ing ; Euchl&a, from her Verdure ; Alma, Altrix , and 
+
+from her nouri/hing and impregnating all 
+Seeds and Vegetables, and being as it w.ere the com¬ 
+mon Mother of the World. The Arcadians , by Way 
+of Excellence, flyled her Dejpoina, or the Lady. She 
+was alfo honoured with the peculiar Epithet o fTbef- 
+mophoris, or the Legiflatrefs, becaufe Hufbondry hrft 
+taught the Ufe of Land-maiks, and the Value of 
+Ground, the Source of all Pioperty and Law. 
+
+It mull be owned this Goddefs was not undeferv- 
+ing the highelt 'Pities given her, confi'dered as the 
+Dmty who firft taught Men to plow and fow, to reap 
+and houfe their Com, to yoke Oxen, to make B.ead, 
+to cultivate all Sorts of Pulle and Garden (luff (except 
+Beans) though fome make Bacchus the fir It Inventor 
+of Agriculture. She alfo inflmdted Mankind to fix 
+Limits or Boundaries, to ascertain their Poffeflions. 
+
+There was none of the cclefiial Ajfembly, to whom 
+more Lien in Sacrifices were inftituted than to Ceres. 
+The Place where ilie was principally worfhipped, was 
+at EleufiSy where her Rites were performed In the 
+molt foie inn and myfleiious Manner. They were ce¬ 
+lebrated only once in five Years; all the Matrons ini¬ 
+tiated, were to vow a perpetual Chafirity. At the 
+Commencement of the Fellival, a Feali was kept for 
+feveral Days, during which, Wine was banifihed the 
+Altars. After this the Proceffion began, which con¬ 
+fined in the Carriage of the facred Balkets or Canifters, 
+in one of which was jnelofcd a Child, with a golden 
+Seraph, a Van, Grains, Cakes, &c. The Reprefen- 
+tation of the Myiteries, during which a profound Si¬ 
+lence (5) was to be obferved, concluded thus : After 
+
+
+(5) It was Death to fpeak, or to reveal what pafied in thefe 
+
+
+rel’gious Rites. 
+
+
+
+
+a horrid 
+
+
+
+
+a honid Darknds, Thunder, Lightning, and what¬ 
+ever is moll awfui in Nature, fucceeded a calm and 
+bright Illumination, which difcovered four Perfons 
+fpl.nd idly habited. The full was called the Hiero 
+phani , or the Expounder of facred Things, and repre- 
+
+lented the Demiurgus , or Supreme Being: The 
+Second bore a Tench, and fignified Qfiris ; the Third 
+flood near the Altar, and fignihed Ifts ; the Fourth, 
+whom they called the Holy MeJJenger , peifonated Mer¬ 
+cury (6). To theie Rites none were admitted but 
+Perldns of the hrft Character, for Probity or Emi¬ 
+nence. Only the Prieds were differed to fee the Sta¬ 
+tue of the Goddefs. All the Affembly ufed lighted 
+Torches, and the Solemnity concluded with Games, 
+in which the Vidors were crowned with Ears of 
+
+
+Barley. 
+
+According to Herodotus , thefe Rites were brought 
+om Egypt to Greece , by the Daughters of Danaus . 
+
+
+
+Others fay, that Eumolpus the Son ot Triptolemus and 
+Driope , transferred them from EleufisXo Athens. 
+
+The Thefraophoria, or leffer Feitivals of Ceres, were 
+
+
+celebrated annually at Argos , and in many Points re- 
+fembled the Eleuftnian lViyfteries, though they fell 
+/hurt of them very much in the Dignity and Grandeur 
+of the Celebration. 
+
+Memmius the ^j£dHe firfl introduced thefe Rites 
+into Rome by the Title of Cerealia (y). None were 
+admitted to the Sacrifices guilty of any Crime j fo 
+that when Nero attempted it, the Roman Matrons ex¬ 
+going into Mourning, 
+a Banquet and publick 
+
+
+prelfed their Refentmen., 
+This Feftival was clofed 
+Horfe Races. 
+
+
+
+
+The Amharvalia were Feafts celebrated 
+
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Roman Hufbandmen in Spiing, to render Ceres propi 
+
+
+(6) The whole Purport ef this Reprefentation, was dtfigned to 
+allegorize the defolate St2te of Mankind after the Flood, and 
+fhew (he Benefits of Agriculture and Iridufiry. 
+
+(y) This appears from a M(dal of this Magiftrate, cn which is 
+the Effigies of Cares holding in one Hand three Ears of Corn; 
+in the other a Torch, and with her left Foot treading on a Ser¬ 
+pent. ' 
+
+tious, 
+
+
+
+
+
+136 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+tious, by luftrating their Fields. Each Mafter of a Fa¬ 
+mily furnifhed a Victim with an Oaken Wreath round 
+its Neck, which he led thrice round his Ground, fol¬ 
+lowed by his Family finging Hymns, and dancing in 
+Honour of the Goddefs, The Offerings ufed in the 
+Luftration where Milk and new Wine. At the Clofe 
+of the Harveft there was a fecond Feftival in which 
+the Goddefs was presented with the firft Fruits of the 
+Seafon, and an Entertainment provided for the Rela¬ 
+tions and Neighbours. 
+
+The Beginning of April the Gardeners facrificed to 
+Ceres , to obtain a plentiful Produce of their Grounds, 
+which were under her Protection. Cicero mentions 
+an antient Temple of hers at Catanea in Sicily , in 
+which the Offices were performed by Matrons and 
+Virgins only, no Man being admitted. The ufual 
+Sacrifices to this Goddefs were a Sow with Pig, or a 
+Ram. The Garlands ufed by her in her Sacrifices 
+were of Myrtle or Rapeweed : but Flowers were pro¬ 
+hibited, becaufe Proferpine was loft as /he gathered 
+them. The Poppy alone was facred to her, not only 
+becaufe it grows amongft Corn, but becaufe in her 
+Diftrefs Jupiter gave it her to eat, that fhe might fleep 
+and forget her Troubles. 
+
+Let us now endeavour to find fome Explanation of 
+this Hiftory of Ceres. If we have Recourfe to our 
+former Key, we fhall find the Ceres of Sicily and 
+Eleujis , or of Rome and Greece , is no other than the 
+Egyptian Ifts, brought by the Phoenicians into thole 
+Countries. The very Name of Myftery (8) given to 
+the Eleufmian Rites, /hews they are of Egyptian 
+Origin. The IJts , which appeared at the Feaft apr 
+pointed for the Commemoration of the State of Man¬ 
+kind after the Flood, bore the Name of Ceres (9), fuit- 
+able to her Intention. She was figured in Mourning, 
+and with a Torch, to denote the Grief fhe felt for the 
+Lofs of Perfeph'one (10) her favourite Daughter, and 
+
+( 8 ) From Miftor , a Veil or Covering. 
+
+(9) From Cerets , Diflolution or Overthrow, Jeremiah xlvi. 20. 
+
+(10) From Peri, Fruit or Coro, and Saphau loft, comes Per*- 
+fopbeneh) or the Corn loft. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 137 
+
+the Pains flie was at to recover her. The Poppies 
+
+with which this IJts was crowned, fignified the Joy 
+Men received at the firft abundant Crop (1). Tr ip to- 
+lemus was only the Attendant Horns (2), bearing in 
+his Hand the Handle of a Plough, and Celens his 
+Father, was no more than (3) the Name of the Tools 
+ufed in forming this ufeftil Inlirument of Agricultu.e. 
+Eumolpus expreffed (4) the Regulation or Formation 
+of the People to Induftry and Tillage ; and Profer- 
+pina or Perfophoneh being found again, was a lively 
+
+Symbol of tiie Recovery of Corn alinoft loft in the 
+Deluge, and its Cultivation with Succefs. Thus the 
+Emblems, almoft quite fimple, of the moft important 
+Event which ever happened in the World, became, 
+when traniplanted to Greece and Rome , the Sources of 
+the moft ridiculous Fable and groffeft Idolatry. 
+
+Ceres was ufually reprefented of a tall rnajeftick 
+Stature, fair Complexion, languifhing Eyes, and yel¬ 
+low or flaxen Hair 5 her Head crowned with Poppies, 
+or Ears of Corn, her Breads full and fwelling, hold¬ 
+ing in her Right-Hand a Bunch of the fame Materials 
+with her Garland, and in her Left a lighted 'Porch. 
+When in a Car or Chariot, fhe is drawn by winged 
+Dragons, or Lions. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XLI. Of Bacchus. 
+
+
+
+S Corn and Wjne are the nobleft Gifts of Na¬ 
+ture, fo it is no Wonder, in the Progrefs of 
+Idolatry, if they became deified, and had their Altars. 
+
+It is therefore no unnatural Tranfition, if from Ceres 
+we pafs to Bacchus, 
+
+
+(1) Bobo fign:fied a double Chop, and is alfo the Name for the 
+Poppy. 
+
+( 2 ) From Paraph to break, and < Yelem a Furrow, comes 
+
+Triptclem ? or the Aft of Ploughing. 
+
+(3) Celtus , from Celt, a Tool or VefTel. 
+
+Virgea pr&terea Celei •vilifque fupellex. Virg. Geo. 
+
+(4) From Wam , People, and Alap, to learn is derived Eu* 
+molep or Eumolpus y i. e, the People regulated or inftrufted. 
+
+This 
+
+
+
+Fabulous HI STORY 
+
+
+
+138 
+
+This Deity was the Son of Jupiter and Semele (as 
+has been obferved in the Article of Jupiter) and was 
+born at Thebes. Cicero mentions five (5) of the 
+
+Name. It is faid the Nymphs took Care of his Edu- 
+
+though fome afcribe this Office to the three 
+
+ers to the Naiades. Mercury alter this 
+
+
+Hours : oth 
+
+
+carried him into Eubce 
+
+
+Macris the 
+
+
+
+
+ght 
+
+
+Arijleus (6), who anointed his Lips with Honey 
+
+
+of 
+
+but 
+
+
+Juno incenfed 
+
+
+red 
+
+
+finding ProteCtio 
+
+
+
+her, baniihed him thence 1 fo 
+
+
+Pi 
+
+Macris fled 
+
+nd 
+
+
+with him into the Country of the Phoenicia 
+nouriflied him in a Cave. Others fay, that Cadmus 
+
+
+Father to Semele, difcovering her Crime, put her and 
+
+
+the Child into a wooden Ark. which 
+
+
+
+was 
+
+
+led to Oreatat a Town of Lac 
+
+
+the Tides 
+
+where 
+
+
+Semele being found dead, was buried with great Pomp, 
+and the Infant nurfed by Ino in a Cave. During this 
+Perfec 
+and 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+Amphijb 
+
+
+being tired in his Flight, he fell afleep 
+
+
+or two-headtd Serpent, of the 
+
+he 
+
+
+moil pcifonous Kind, bit his Leg 5 Tut awaking 
+ftruck it with a Vine Twig, and that killed 
+
+
+In his Infancy 
+
+
+
+Tyrrhenian Merchants found 
+
+
+deep on the Snore, and attempted 
+
+
+carry 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+away 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+fuddenly he transformed himfelf into 
+monftrous Shapes j at the fame Time their Malls were 
+encompafled with Fines, and their Oars with Ivy, 
+
+tire Sea, 
+
+Homer 
+
+
+and ftruck with Madnefs, rhey jumped into 
+
+
+the God changed 
+
+
+into Dolph 
+
+
+has made this the $ubje£t of one of his Hy 
+
+
+Bacchus . during 
+
+
+the Giants W 
+
+
+diftinguiflied 
+
+
+himfelf greatly by his Valour in the Form of a Lion 
+while Jupiter , to encourage 
+
+
+his Son ufed 
+
+
+Word 
+
+
+Euhoe y which became afterwards frequently ufed in 
+his Sacrifices. Others fay, that in this Rebellion the 
+Titans cut our Deity to Pieces; but that Pallas took 
+
+
+The firfl: Son of Jupiter and Broprptne \ the fcd the Egyp~ 
+ttan Bacchus , the Son of Nile , who killed Nyja ; the 3d the S n 
+0 - Capri us ^ who reigned in Apa ; the 4th the Son of Jupiter and 
+
+Lun<*\ and the gth born of Nifus and "Tkione. 
+
+{6) Others fay Mercury carried him to Nyja, a City of At~a~ 
+
+
+bia 9 near 
+
+
+Egypt. 
+
+
+Us 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 139 
+
+his Heart, while yet panting, and carried it to her 
+Father, who colledied the Limbs and re-animated 
+
+the Body, after it had dept three Nights with Pro- 
+fir pine (7). 
+
+The 1110ft memorable Exploit of Bacchus was his 
+Expedition to India , which employed him three Years. 
+He let out from Egypt, where he left Mercurius 
+Trifmegijius to aflift his Wife in Quality of Co-Regent, 
+and appointed Hercules his Viceroy. Buftris he con- 
+ftituted Prefident of Phatnicia, and Antaeus of Lybia, 
+after which he marched with a prodigious Army, car¬ 
+rying with him Triplolemus and Maro, to teach Man- 
+kind the Arts of Tillage and planting the Vine. His 
+firft Prqgrefs was Weftward (8), and during his Cpurfe 
+he was joined by Pan and Lufus, who gave their 
+Names to different Paits of Iberia. Altering his Views, 
+he returned through Ethiopia , where the Satyrs and 
+Mufis increafed his Army, and from thence eroding 
+the Red Sea, he penetrated through Afia to the re¬ 
+mote il Parts of India , in the Mountains of which 
+Country, near the Source of the Ganges he eredted 
+two Pillars, to /hew that he had vifited the utmoft 
+Limits to the habitable World (9). After this, re¬ 
+turning Home with Glory, he made a triumphant 
+Entry into Thebes, offered Part of his Spoils to Jupi¬ 
+ter , and facrificed to him the richeft Spices of the 
+Eaft. He then applied himfelf folely to Affairs of 
+Government, to reform Abufes, enadt good Laws, 
+and confult the Happinefs of his People, for which 
+he not only obtained the Title of the taw-giver, by 
+Way of Excellence, but was deified after Death. 
+
+
+(7) The Mythologifts fay, that this is to denote the Cuttings 
+of Vines will grow* but that they will be three Years before they 
+come to bear, 
+
+($) Pan gave his Name to Spain , or Hifparfia , Lufus , to Lujt- 
+
+tania, or Portugal, 
+
+
+(9) In his Return he built Nyfi, and other Cities, and paffing 
+
+
+the Hcliefpoat he came into 'Thrace , where he left Maro , who 
+founded the t City Mareneea. To MaceHo he *>ave th.e Country 
+irom him called Macedonia y and left Triptolemus in Attica to 
+infhuct the People, 
+
+
+
+
+
+Juno having ftruck him with Madnefs, he had be¬ 
+fore this wandered through Part of the World. Pro¬ 
+teus, King of Egypt , was the firfl who received him 
+kindly. He next went to Cybella in Phrygia , where 
+being expiated by Rhea, he was initiated in theMyfe- 
+ries o £ Cybele. Lycurgus , King of the Edoni , near the 
+River Strymon , affronted him in this Journey, for 
+which Bacchus deprived him of his Reafon ; fo that 
+when he thought to prune his Vines, he cut off the 
+Legs at his Son Dryas and his own. By Command 
+of the Oracle, his Subjects imprifbned him, and he 
+was torn in Pieces by wild Horfes. It is eafy to fee 
+
+how inconfiftent thefe Accounts of the fame Perfon 
+
+# 
+
+are, and that the A6tions of different Bacchufes are 
+afcribed ro one. 
+
+We have two other Inftances recorded of the Re- 
+fentment of this Deity. Alcithoe a Theban Lady de¬ 
+rided his Priefteffes, and was transformed into a Bat $ 
+Pentbeus the Son of Echion and Agave , for ridiculing 
+his Solemnities (called Orgia ), was torn in Pieces by 
+his owm Mother and Sillers (to), who in their Mad- 
+
+neis took him for a wild Boar 
+
+The favourite Wife of Bacchus was Ariadne , whom 
+he found in the 1 fie of Naxos , abandoned by Thefeus, 
+he loved her fo paflionately, that he placed the Crown 
+fire wore as a Conftellation in the Skies. By her he 
+had Staphilus, 1 hyoneus, Hymen&us. &c. 
+
+Ciffusy a Youth whom he gready efteemed, fport- 
+ing with the Satyrs, was accidentally killed. Bacchus 
+changed him into the Plant Ivy, which became in a 
+peculiar Manner confederated to his Worfhip. Silenus, 
+another of his Favourites, wandering from his Maf* 
+ter came to Midas , King of Phrygia , at whole Court 
+he was well received. To require this Favour, Bac~ 
+chus promifed to grant whatever he requeued. The 
+Monarch, whofe ruling Paflion was Avarice, defired 
+all he touched might be turned to Gold ; but he foon 
+felt the Inconveniency of having his Wifh granted, 
+when he found his Meat and Drink converted into, 
+
+
+
+(10) Ovid, Lib. II. 5.3o. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 141 
+
+Metal. He therefore pray'd the God to recall his 
+Bounty, and releafe him from his Mifery. He was 
+commanded to waili in the River Paflolus, which from 
+that Time had Golden Sands (1). 
+
+Bacchus had a great Variety of Names ; he was 
+called Dionyftus (3), from his Father's Lamenefs, 
+while he carried him in his Thigh : The Appellation of 
+B if or mis was given him, becaufe he fometimes was 
+reprefented as old, fometimes as young ; that of J 5 W- 
+fasus, from his inventing the Wine-prefs (4)5 that of 
+Bromius, from the crackling of Fire heard when Se¬ 
+me ie perifhed by the Lightning of Jupiter ; that of 
+Bimater, from his having two Mothers, or being 
+twice born. The Greeks ftyled him Bugenes , or born 
+of an Ox, becaufe he was drawn with Homs; and 
+for the fame Realon the Latins called him faurifor - 
+mis. He was named Daemon bonus , becaufe in all 
+Feafts the laft Glafs was drank to his Honour. E<vius , 
+E-vous , and Evan, were Names ufed by the Baccha¬ 
+nals in their wild Proceffions, as were thofe of Eleus , 
+and Eleleus. He was llyled lacchus , from the Noife 
+made (5) by his Votaries in their drunken Frolicks; 
+Lenaeus, becaufe Wine afTuages the Sorrows and 
+Troubles of Life (6) ; Liber , and Liber Pater , be¬ 
+caufe he fets Men free from Conftraint, and puts them 
+on an Equality $ and on the fame Account he was 
+firnamed Lyceus, and Lycceus (7) $ Nyfizlius was an 
+Appellation given him, becaufe his Sacrifices were of¬ 
+ten celebrated in the Night; from his Education on 
+
+(1) Ovid, Lib. xi. 86. 
+
+(2) From Bax^stv, to ran mad, becaufe Wine inflames, and 
+deprives Men ot their Reafon. 
+
+(3) From At®-, God, and w<roq, lame or crippled. 
+
+(4) Some derive it from Brifa , his Nurfe ; others from the 
+
+Promontory, Brifa in the Ifle of Lejbos , where he was chiefly 
+wotftiipped. 
+
+(5) From to exclaim or roar. See Claudian'* Rape 
+
+of Proferpine. 
+
+(6) From Lento, to foften; but Servius gives the Epithet a 
+Greek Etymology, from Xevog, a Wine-Prefs. The firft Conjec¬ 
+ture is bed fupported by the Poets. 
+
+Cura fttgit multo diluiturque mero. Ovid. 
+
+(7) From >vv«, to unloofe or fet free. 
+
+Mount 
+
+
+
+
+
+Mount Nyfa, he gained the Epithet of Nifveus , as al- 
+
+fo that of Thyoneus, from Fhyo, his Nurfe ; and that 
+
+of Friumphus, from his being the firlt who inltituted 
+\Triumphs. 
+
+The principal Feftivals of Bacchus Were the Ofco- 
+phoria, inltituted by the Phoenicians. The Treiteri- 
+ca ( 3 ) celebrated in Remembrance of hrs three Years 
+Expedition to India. The Epilaiiea were Games ap¬ 
+pointed at the Time of Vintage, in which they con¬ 
+tended who Ihotikl tread out molt Muft or Wine, and 
+fung Hymns to the Deity. The Athenians obferved . 
+a certain Feafi called Apaturia ; as alfo others called 
+Afcolia and Ambrofia. Thefe latter were celebrated 
+in January , the Months facred to Bacchus ; the Ro¬ 
+mans called them Brumalia, and kept them in Februa¬ 
+ry and Auguji (9); but the molt conliderable, of the 
+Romans , with regard to this God, were the Baccha¬ 
+nalia, Dionyfia or Orgia , folemnized at Mid-dav in 
+February , by Women only at firft ; but afterwards by 
+both Sexes. Thefe Rites were attended with inch 
+abominable Ex cedes and Wickednefs, that the Senate 
+abolifhed them by a publick Decree (10). 
+
+The Victims, agreeable to Bacchus , were the Goat 
+and the Swine, becaufe thefe Animals were dellrudtive 
+to the Vines', the Dragon , and the Pye on Account 
+of its chattering. The Trees and Plants ufed in his 
+Garlands were the Ivy, the Fir, the Oak , and the 
+Herb Rapevoeed; as’ alfo the Flower Daffodil or Nar- 
+
+ciffus. 
+
+Bacchus was the God of Mirth, Wine, and good 
+Cheer, and as fuch the Poets have not been fparing 
+in his Praifes. On all Occalions of Pl'eafure and fbci- 
+
+
+al Joy they never failed to invoke 
+
+
+his Prefence, and 
+
+
+to thank him for the Bleflings he bellowed. To him 
+tbeynfcribed the Forgetfulnefs of their Cares, and the 
+fofc Tranfports of mutual Frieridihip and chearful 
+
+
+(8) Virgil, Alneid IV. 303. 
+
+(9) See Ccel Rhodog, Lib. XVII. cap. 5. 
+
+(10) See Horace, Book II. Ode XIX, wholly confecraied to 
+his Praife. 
+
+
+Con 
+
+
+
+‘The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+*43 
+
+
+Converfation. It would be endlefs to repeat the 
+Compliments paid him by the Greek and Latin Poets, 
+who, for the mod Part, were hearty Devotees to his 
+Worfliip. 
+
+Bacchus , by the Poets and Painters, is reprefented 
+corpulent Youth (i) naked with a ruddy Face 
+
+
+wanton Look, and effe 
+
+
+Ai 
+
+
+r. 
+
+
+He is crowned 
+
+
+with Ivy and Vine Leaves, and bears in his Hand 
+
+
+Tbyrfi 
+drawn fo 
+
+
+(*) 
+
+
+rcled wilh the fame, 
+by Lions, at other 
+
+
+Hi 
+
+
+
+Car is 
+
+Tyg 
+
+
+Leopards, or Panthers, and furrounded by a Band of 
+
+
+Saty 
+
+Foil 
+
+
+and Mcenades, or Wood Nymph 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+old Silenus riding on an Afs 
+
+
+» in frantick 
+to clofe the mad Procedion, appear: 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+carry fo fat and jovial a Comp 
+
+
+was fcarcely able 
+
+
+But on the great Sarcophagus ot his Grace the 
+Duke of Beaufort , at Badminton, he is exprefled as 
+
+on a Tvsrer. and habited in a 
+
+
+young Man mounted 
+
+
+long Robe. He holds a Thyrfus in one Hand, and 
+with the other pours Wine into 
+
+
+a Horn 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+Foot 
+
+
+re its 
+
+
+upon a Balket. His Attendants are the Seafon: 
+properly reprefented and intermingled with Fauns 
+
+
+Genie 
+
+
+See 
+
+
+To arrive at the true Original of this fabled Deity, 
+we mu ft once more revilit Egypt, the Mother-Country 
+
+
+of the Gods, were he was indeed no 
+
+
+than the 
+
+
+Ojiris of that People. Whence fprung another Bac¬ 
+chus, diftinguifhed from him, as will piefently appear. 
+We have already had fufficient Occafton, to remark 
+how their Horus changed his Name and Attributes 
+
+
+Op 
+
+
+ording to the Seafons, and the Circumftances 
+
+ons he was intended to dire6t. To comme- 
+the antient State of Mankind, he appeared un¬ 
+der the Symbol of a Child, with a Seraph by his Side, 
+and afTumed the Name ot Ben-Semele (3). This Was 
+
+
+(1) Bacchus was fometimes depicted as s 
+Beard, as at Elis in Greece, and it was only 
+
+
+old Man with a 
+en he had Horns 
+
+
+given him •, fometimes he was cloathed with a Tyger’s Skin. 
+(2,) The Thyrfus wa-s a wooden Javelin with an Iron Head 
+(3) Ben-S^mele, or the Child of the Reprefentation. 
+
+
+
+144 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+an Image of the Weaknefs and Imperfe&ion of Hus¬ 
+bandry after the Deluge. The Greeks , who knew no¬ 
+thing of the true Meaning of the Figure, called it the 
+Son of SemeUy and to heighten its Honour, made 
+Jupiter his Father, or according to the Eafiern Style (4), 
+produced him out of his Thigh. They even embel- 
+lifhed the Story with all the marvellous Circumftances 
+of his Mother’s Death, and fo effe&uaily compleated 
+the Fable. 
+
+Let us add to this, that in all the antient Forms of 
+Invocation to the Supreme Being, they ufed the Ex- 
+preffions afterwards appropriated to Bacchus , fuch as 
+io Teromhe (5)/ io Bacche (6) t or to Baccoth ! Jeho - 
+<va ! Hewan, Hewe, and Eloab (7)/ and Hu Ejh! 
+Attah Ejh (8). Thefe Exclamations were repeated in 
+After-Ages by the People, who had no longer any 
+Senfe of their true Signification, but applied them to 
+the Objects of their Idolatry. Jn their Huntings they 
+ufed the Outcries ot io Sahoi (9), io NiJJi, which with 
+a little Alteration became the 'Pities of the Deity we 
+are fpeakingof. The Romans or Latins , of ail thefe, 
+preferred the name of Baccoth , out of which they coir.-* 
+pofed Bacchus . The more delicate Ear of the Greeks, 
+chofe the Word Io NiJfij out of which they formed Z)/- 
+onyftus. Hence it is plain that no real Bacchus ever 
+exifted, but that he was only a Mafque or Figure of 
+fome concealed Truth. In fhort, whoever attentively 
+reads Horace's inimitable Ode to Bacchus -(to), will 
+fee that Bacchus meant no more than the Improve¬ 
+ment of the World, by the Cultivation of Agriculture, 
+and the Planting of the Vine. 
+
+(4) See Genefis xlvi. 2 5 , fpeaking of Jacob's Children, or who 
+came out of his Thigh. 
+
+(<) Io Terombe ! Let us cry to the Lord ! Hence Dithyrambus. 
+
+( 6 ) io Baccotk ! God fee our Tears ! whence Bacchus. 
+
+(7) Jehova ! Hcvan or Hevoe , the Author of Exigence 
+Ehcb , the mighty God ! Hence E*voe, Evous, &c c. 
+
+(ft) Hu Ejh! 'T hou art the Fire t AttaEJhl Thou art the 
+Life ! Hence Aites and Ves. 
+
+(< } ) Io Saboi ! Lord thou art an Hod to me! Io NiJJi! LofaLbe 
+my Guide ! Hence Sabajius and Diottyfius , the Names oiBac* 
+
+cl'US. 
+
+(10) Horace, Lib. II. Ode XIX. 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+345 
+
+
+CHAP. XLII. Of the Attendants of Bacchus ; 
+Sile nus, Sylvanus, and the M/enades or Bac- 
+c u jr, tkc Satyrs, Fauni and Sileni. 
+
+
+A S Bacchus was the God of Good-Humour and 
+
+convivial Mirth, fo none of the Deities appear 
+with a more numerous or fplendid Retinue. 
+
+Silenus , the principal Perion in his Train, had been 
+his Preceptor, and a very fuitable one for luch a Dei¬ 
+ty j for the old Man had a very hearty Affection for 
+his Bottle | yet Silenus dillingui.lied himfeif in the 
+Giants War, by appearing on his Afs, whofe. Braying 
+jut thofe dating Rebels into Confufion (1). Some 
+lay he was born at Malea a City of Sparta ; others, 
+at Nyfa in Arabia ; but the moil probable Conjecture 
+is, that he was a Princ e of Caria, noted for his Equi¬ 
+
+
+ty and Wjfdom (2). However this be, he was a con- 
+fiant Attendant and Companion of his Pupil in all 
+his Expeditions. Silenus was a notable good Moralift 
+in his Cups, as we find in Virgil , who has given us a 
+beautiful Oration of i.is on the nobleft Subjects (3), 
+in the fine Eclogue which bears his Name. 
+
+
+Silenus is depicted as a mort cotpulent old Man, 
+bald-headed, with a fiat Nofe, prominent Forehead, 
+and big Ears. He is ufually deferibed as over-loaden 
+with Win?, and feaied on a Saddie-back’d Afs, upon 
+
+
+-vhich he fupport 
+
+
+himfeif with a long Staff $ and in 
+
+
+the other H ind carries a Cantharus or Jug, with the 
+Handle worn out almoft, by frequent Ufe. 
+
+Sylvanus was a rural Deity, who often appears in 
+
+
+the Train of Bacchus ; fo-ne fuppofe him the Son of 
+Saturn; others, of Faunus. He was unknown to 
+the Greeks , but the Latins received the Wor/hip of 
+
+
+w 
+
+(1) For wh'ch it was railed to the Skies, and made aConftel- 
+la? ion. 
+
+(1) On this Account arofe the Fable of Midas lending him his 
+Ears, it is faid, that be'ng on^e taken Prifoner, he purchafed 
+his Liberty with this remarkable Sentence, ‘ That it was beft not 
+* to be born ; and, next to that, raoft eligible to die quickly.’ 
+
+(3) Firgil, Eclogue VI, j4. 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+h*m 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+146 
+
+
+Fabulous H I S T O 
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+
+him from the Pelafgi , who upon their Migration into 
+Italy , confecrated Groves to his Honour, 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+ap 
+
+
+poinied folenm Feftivals, in which.Milk was offered 
+to him. Indeed the Worfhrp of thi-s imaginary Deity 
+feems wholly to have rifen out of the antient facred 
+Ule of Woods and Groves. 
+
+The Mcencides were the PrieJleJJes and Nymphs who 
+attended Bacchus , and were alfo'Called Fhyades, frOin 
+their Fury ; Eacchee y from their Intemperance ; and 
+Mimalloties , from their DHpofition to ape and mimic 
+oiheis, which is one of the Qualities of drunken Peo 
+
+
+pie. 
+
+
+Thefe bore Thyrfufes bound with Ivy, and in 
+
+
+their Procefllons fliocked the Ear and Eye with their 
+extravagant Cries and ridiculous and ’indecent 'Con¬ 
+tortions. . 
+
+The Life-Guards or Trained-Bands of Bacchus , 
+
+« r* r • ^ • /• m « y* 
+
+
+w'ere the 
+
+
+KJ 
+
+
+atyrs 
+
+
+It is uncertain whence thefe ’half 
+
+
+Creatures fprung ; but their ufual Refidence was in 
+the Woods and Forells, and .they were of a very wan¬ 
+ton and lullful Difpofition ; fo that it was very dange 
+rous for a .ftray Nymph to fall into their Hands. In¬ 
+deed it was natural for them to ule Compulfion, for 
+their Fdrm was none of the moft inviting, having de¬ 
+formed Heads, armed with fliort Horns, crooked 
+Hands, rough and hairy Bodies, Goats Feet and Legs, 
+and Tails as long as Horfes. 
+
+We are now to feek fome Explanation of this 
+
+
+Groupe of Figures, and fo do this we mu ft have Re- 
+
+
+courfe to the Egyptian 
+
+
+
+C 
+
+
+y 
+
+
+As Idolatry improved. 
+
+
+the Feafts or Reprefentations of thofe People grew 
+more pompous and folemn. 
+
+
+Show 
+
+
+degenerated into 
+
+
+Mafquera.de, and Religion into Farce or Frenzy. The 
+Ben~Seme!e 9 or Child of Reprefentation , mentioned in 
+the Explanation of Bacchus , became a jolly rofy 
+
+
+Youth, who, to adorn the Pomp, was placed in a 
+
+
+Chariot, drawn 
+
+
+
+Actors in 
+
+
+
+Or Leopards 
+
+
+Skins, while others dreffed in thofe of Bucks, or Goats 
+fnrrounded him ; and to fhew the dangers they had 
+gone through in Hunting, they fmeared their Faces 
+with Dregs of Wine, or juice of Mulberries, to imi¬ 
+tate the Blood of the Beaffo they killed. Thefe Af- 
+
+fiftants 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Go 
+
+
+
+
+t 
+
+
+s. 
+
+
+*47 
+
+
+ftftants were called Satyrs (4), Fctwons (5), and I’hyades 
+(6), and M&nades (7), and Bafiarid.es (8): To clofe 
+the Procefiion, appeared an old Man on an Afs, of¬ 
+fering Wine to the tired Youth, who had returned 
+from a profperous Chace, and inviting them to take 
+fome Reft. This Perfon they called Silen (9), or »Sy/- 
+van, and his Dreis was dehgned to fhew, that old 
+Men were exempt from thofe Toils of Youth, which 
+•by extirpating Beafts of Prey, fecured the approaching 
+Harveft 
+
+
+_ rf 
+
+All thefe Symbols were by the Greeks and Romans 
+
+
+adopted in their Way, and the A&ors or Malks of 
+Egypt, became the real Divinities of Nations,, whole 
+Inclination to the marvellous, made them greedily em¬ 
+brace whatever ftatttered that Pfepofteftion. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XLIII. O/H.ekcvles, audits Labours. 
+
+
+e- 
+
+
+
+AVI N G gone through the Dii Majares , or ce- 
+leftial Deities of the firft Rank; we fhall pro¬ 
+to the Demi-Godsy who were either thole Heroes 
+whofe eminent Actions and fuperior Virtues raifed 
+them to the Skies, or thofe terrejirial Divinities , who 
+for their Bounty and Goodneis to Mankind, were 
+clafted with the Gods. 
+
+the former, Hercules undoubtedly 
+claims the forenioft-Place. There were federal of 
+this Name (10) ; but he to whom, among ft the Greeks , 
+the greateft Glory is attributed, was the Son of J#- 
+piter and Alcmena , Wife of .Amphitryon* King of 
+Thebes . This Monarch being gone on an Expedition 
+
+
+To begin with 
+
+
+(4) From 
+
+
+hidden or di.fgu.iiVd 
+
+
+From Phanim , a Mafque or falfe Face 
+
+
+wildly 
+
+
+mad 
+
+
+{6) From Fhcnak, to wander, 
+
+(7) From M envoy'll) to intoxic 
+
+(8) From Batfar, to garher 4 :he Grapes. 
+
+(9) From Selav, Safety,, or Repofe. 
+
+(to) The Egyptian Hercules is reckoned the eJdeft of thefe, 
+who fignalized himfelf in the Giants War, and was one of the 
+principal Divinities of that Country. 
+
+G 2 
+
+
+? ;« ft 
+
+
+
+jaH 
+
+
+
+a 
+
+
+huh 
+
+
+us 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+
+T O 
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+
+a p :i i ti ft 
+
+o 
+
+d e i t h r 
+
+
+Jove aiFumed his Form, and 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+he was 
+
+
+Diigujle eafily enjoyed his Delires 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+enamoured, that he prolonged the 
+Daiknels lor three Days and three Nights fuccellively. 
+Hercules was the Fruit of this extraordinary Amour, 
+
+
+and at 
+
+
+fa 
+
+
+Fi 
+
+
+me 
+
+
+Ale 
+
+
+bore Tw 
+
+
+to her 
+
+
+Hu (band. Laoda 
+
+
+nd Iphiclus, who was remarka 
+
+
+hie for his extraordinary Switnefs 
+
+
+This Intrigu 
+the Ears of his 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Jupiter , as ufual, ioon came to 
+us Wife, who from that Moment 
+
+
+leditated the Deftru&ion of Hercules . A favourable 
+
+
+Occafion offered to her Refentment. Archipp 
+
+
+Wife of ' Sthenclus, King of My 
+at the fame Time with Alcmena 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+tie, being pregnant 
+Jupiter had ordain¬ 
+
+
+ed, that the Child firft born ihould have the Superio¬ 
+rity, or Command over the other. Juno caufed Ar- 
+chippe to be delivered, at the End of feven Months, 
+
+and to retard the Labour 
+
+t at 
+5 a- 
+
+
+of a Son, called Euryflh 
+
+
+of Alcmena 
+
+
+the Form of an old Woman fhe 
+
+
+the Gate of Amphitryon's Palace, with her Legs 
+crofs, and her Fingers interwoven. By this 1'ecret 
+Inchantmenr, that Pi incefs was feven Days and Nights 
+
+Galantbis , one of her Attend- 
+
+re, and con- 
+l the News 
+
+
+Pa 
+
+ants, feeing Ji 
+
+
+fufpicious Poll 
+
+
+eduring the Caufe, ran hailily out 
+
+
+wir 
+
+
+Mid refs was dehVered. The Goddel 
+
+
+dart 
+
+
+ing tip at the News, A*catena was that Moment freed 
+of her Burthen ; but Juno was fo incenfed at Galan¬ 
+
+
+this , 
+
+
+ill 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+changed her into a Weefel 
+
+
+During his Infancy, Juno ient 
+
+
+Serpents to de 
+
+
+ftro 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+in his Cradle, but the undaunted Child 
+
+
+(Tangled them both with his Hands. After this, as 
+he grew up, he difeovered an uncommon Stature and 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+trength of Body (i), as well as heroic Ardour of 
+Mind. Thefe great Qua! 
+
+
+of Natui 
+
+
+were im 
+
+
+proved by fuitabie Cate, his Education being intruded 
+
+
+higl 
+
+
+Some fay when he arrived at Manhood he was four Cubits 
+and had three Rows of Teeth. 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 149 
+
+to the greateft Mailers (2) $ fo that it is no Wonder 
+if, with fuch confiderable Advantages, he made fucli 
+a Alining Figure in the World. 
+
+His extraordinary Virtues were early put to the 
+Tr ial, and the Talks impofed on him by Euryjtheus , 
+on Account of the Danger and Difficulty which at¬ 
+tended their Execution, received the Name of the 
+Labours of Hercules , and are commonly reckoned to 
+be ‘Twelve in Number. 
+
+t. The firft Labour or Tiiumph of Hercules , was 
+
+the Death of the Nemcean Lion. It is laid this furi- 
+
+% 
+
+ous Animal, by Juno's, Dire&ion, fell from the Orb 
+of the Moon, and was invulnerable. It in felled the 
+Nern&an Woods, between Phlius and Cleone, and did 
+
+infinite Mifchief. The Hero attacked it both with 
+his Arrows and Club, but in vain, till perceiving his 
+Error, he firft ftrangled, and then tore it in Pieces 
+with his Hands. The Skin he preferved, and con- 
+llantly wore, as a Token of his Victory. 
+
+2 His next Enterprife was againft a formidable 
+Serpent, 01 Monfter, which harboured in the Fens of 
+Lerna , and infe&ed the Region of Argos with his 
+poifonous Exhalations. The Number^ of Heads ai- 
+Sfigned this Creature is various (3) 5 but all Authors 
+agree, that when one was cut off ahother fbcceeded 
+in its Place, unlefs the Wound was immediately cau- 
+terifed. Hercules , not difcouraged, attacked this 
+Dragon, and having caufed hlaus to cut down Wood 
+fufficient for flaming Brands, as he cut off the Heads, 
+applied them to the Wounds, and by that Means ob¬ 
+tained the Conqueft, and deftroyed the Hydra. Some 
+explain this Fable, by fuppofing Lerna a Marih, much 
+
+(2) Linus the Son of Apollo inffru^ed him in Phjlofophy ; Eu- 
+rytus taught him Archery ; Eumolpas , Mufick, particularly the 
+Art of touching the Lyre; from Har paly thus the Sod of Mercu¬ 
+ry, he learned Wreltling and the Gymnallick* Exercifes ; Cajior 
+(hewed him the Artofmanaging his Weapons; and to compieat 
+all, Chiron initiated him in the Principles of Aftroncmy and Me¬ 
+dicine. 
+
+(3) Some make the Heads of the Lyrneean Hydra to be fe- 
+ven, others nine, others fifty. 
+
+G 3 
+
+
+infefted 
+
+
+
+15 o 
+
+
+Fabulous H I 
+
+
+
+rr« 
+
+
+
+ORY 
+
+
+
+feded wirh Snakes and other poifonous An 
+
+
+Wine 
+
+
+Hercules arid his Comp 
+
+
+g Fire to the Reed 
+
+
+drained this F 
+
+
+dellroyed 
+agine he 
+before unpayable 
+
+
+
+Other 
+
+
+
+O 
+
+
+make Lerna a Fort or Caftle of Robbers* under 
+
+
+a Leader 
+
+
+However this be 
+
+
+ed Hydra , whom Her cult 
+
+
+pa ted 
+
+
+Confideration of the Service of 
+
+
+Ida 
+
+
+this Occafion 
+
+
+old Age, his iVlafter, 
+Renewal of his Youth 
+
+
+grew decrepid with 
+
+
+
+s 
+
+
+Players, obtained 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+3 * 'I 
+
+
+Talk 
+
+
+ini 
+
+
+po fed 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+
+was to bring him alive a huge wild-Boar 
+
+
+~ ^- J O 
+
+vaged the Forell of Erymanth 
+
+
+Euryftb 
+
+which 
+
+
+nd had been fent 
+
+
+to Ehocis by D 
+her Sacrifices (4) 
+
+
+Holt 
+
+
+had provoked 
+
+
+After this he feized the fie 
+
+
+punifhr Qeiveus for negle&rng 
+Way he defeated the Cen - 
+
+by infulting Pbolus , hi 
+
+
+Animal in a 
+
+
+Fhicker, furroutided wirh Snow 
+
+
+Inj unci ion, 
+like to have 
+
+
+i him bou 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+Monarch 
+
+
+the Sigl 
+
+after ft 
+
+
+and, purfuant to his 
+
+Eury/iheus , who had 
+
+
+
+
+
+Force and Valour of Hercules 
+
+
+Experience of the 
+
+9 refolved to try his 
+Agility : For this End he was commanded to take a 
+Hind which frequented Mount Manalus y and had 
+
+
+brazen’ Feet and golden Horns 
+
+
+As die was facred to 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+Diana , Hercules durft not wound her, ana it 
+very eafy to run her down : This Chafe cod him a 
+whole Year's Foot-Speed. At lad, being tired our, 
+the Hind took to the Recedes of Mount Artemeftus y 
+
+
+but was in her Way 
+
+
+aken 
+
+
+die eroded the 
+
+
+River La don 
+
+
+brought to My 
+
+
+
+
+Near the Lake S lymphatics in Arcadia , haibou 
+
+
+Beak 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+ed certain Birds of Prey, with Wings, 
+
+Talons of Iron, who preyed on human Fledi, and 
+devoured all who palled that Way. Thefe Euryjlheus 
+fent Hercules to deftroy. Some fay he killed them 
+with his Arrows (5) i others, that Pallas lent him 
+
+(4) This Story has a near Reiembtance with the Boar of Ca~ 
+
+mentioned in' the Article of D’iaha, 
+
+
+b 
+
+($) There 
+
+Antiquities. 
+
+
+Gem exgreiSve of this. See Ogle 
+
+
+
+
+feme 
+
+
+
+The H E A then Gods. 151 
+
+feme brazen Rattles made by Vulcan , the Sound of 
+which frightened them to the Ifland of Aretia. Some 
+luppofe the Birds called Stymphalides , a Gang of def- 
+perate Banditti, whole Haunts were near that 
+Lake. 
+
+6. His next Expedition was againft the Cretan Bull. 
+Minos, King of that Ifland, being formidable at Sea, 
+had! forgot to pay Neptune the Worfbip due to him, 
+and the Deity, to punifli his NegleCt, tent a furious 
+Bull, whofe Noflrils breathed Fire, to deflrov the 
+Countiy. Hercules brought this terrible Animal, 
+bound, to Euryjlheus , who, on account of his being 
+facred, Set him loof'e in the Territory of Marathon, 
+where he was afterwards flain by Thefeus. Some re* 
+duce the Story to this, that Hercules only was lent to 
+Crete , to procure Eutyjiheus a Buii for breeding out 
+
+of. 
+
+7. Diomede, King of Thrace , the Son of Mars and 
+Cyrene , was a 'Tyrant potfeffed of a Stud of Hortes, 
+fo wild and fierce, that they breathed Fire, and were 
+conilantly fed with human Flefh, their Matter killing 
+all Strangers he could meet with for Provender for his 
+Cattle. Hercules having vanquifhed him, gave him 
+as a Prey to them, and killing fome, brought the reft 
+to Euryjlheus. 
+
+8. The next Employment of Hercules , feems a lit¬ 
+tle too mean for a Hero, but he was obliged to obey 
+a fevere Talk-mafter, who was fo fenflble of his own 
+Injustice in thefe Injunctions, that he did not care to 
+trull himfelf in the Power of the Perfbn he com- 
+manded (6). Augeas , King of Elts , had a Stable, 
+intolerable from the Stench ariflng from the Dung 
+and Filth it contained, which is not very furprifing, 
+if it be' true, that it flickered three thoufand Oxen, 
+and had not been cleaned for thirty Years. This 
+Place Euryjlheus ordered Hercules to clear in one Day ; 
+
+and Augeas promifed him, if he performed it, to give 
+
+» 
+
+% 
+
+( 6 ) It is. faid Euryjlheus never would fuffer Hercules to enter 
+Mycene , but notified his Commands to him over the Wails, by 
+Capreas an Herald. 
+
+g 4 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+
+1 5 - 
+
+
+Fubukus M ISTORY 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+him a Tenth Part of the Cattle. Hermits , by turn¬ 
+ing the CouiTc of the l’iver Alpheus through it, exe- 
+
+. his Defign ; which Augeas feeing, refilled to 
+hand by his Engagemen:s. The Heio, to reward his 
+Pci tidy, Hew him with his Arrows, and gave his 
+Kingdom to Phylctts his Son, who had jliewed his 
+AbIio r rcnce of his Fathci’s Treachery. Some add 
+that, from the Spoils taken at Elis, Hercules intl tnted 
+the Olympic Games to "Jupiter celebrated every tilth 
+^ ear, and which afterwards gave Rife to the Grecian 
+
+
+ra. 
+
+
+). Eitryflfj c us demons to prefent his Daughter Ad* 
+
+Hp/olyta, 
+
+
+worn 
+
+
+
+Win with tire Belt or Giidl 
+
+Queen ot the Amazons, Hercules was lent on this Ex* 
+p.dilion ; but he whs ilendeily provided, having blit 
+me Ship ; but V:dour like his was never di dilute 
+of Refou.ces in Dillrefs. In his Way he defeated and 
+killed Mygdon and Atnycus , two Brothers who op- 
+poled his Pallage, and fubduing Bebrycia, gave it to 
+/ yens, one of his Companions, who changed its Name 
+to Htrticha, in Memory of his Benefactor. On his 
+Approach to J bemifeyra, he lea:tied that the Amazons 
+had collected all theii Forces to meet him. The fit ft 
+Engagement was warm on both Sides, feveral of the 
+biiiveit of thefe Viragoes were killed, and others 
+made Piifoners. The Victory was followed by the 
+total Extermination of that Female Nation, 'and Hip - 
+pdyta, their Qrjeen, was by the Conqueror given to 
+"Thefeus, as a Reward lor his Valour. Her Belt he 
+brought to Euryflbeus. 
+
+His fuccceding Exploit was again(l Geryon, 
+King of Spain , who had three Bodies, and was the 
+Sou of Chry/nor is and Calirrhoe. This Monarch had 
+a Breed of Oxen, of a purple Colour, who devoured 
+all Strangers call to them, and weie guarded by a 
+
+on with ieven, befides 
+
+
+i o 
+
+
+Dog with two Heads, a 
+a very watchful and fevere 
+
+
+
+eeper 
+
+
+Htrcule 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+killed 
+
+
+both the Monarch and his Guards, and cartied the 
+Oxen to Gadira, or Cadiz, from whence he brought 
+them to Euryflbeus. it was during this Expedition, 
+that our Hero, as eternal Monuments of his Glory, 
+
+ere&ed 
+
+
+
+The Heathen God s. 
+
+
+
+
+try. 
+
+11. The next Tafk enjoined him by Euryftheus , was 
+to fetch him the golden Apples of the Hejperides (7), 
+which were guarded by a Dragon with an hundied 
+Heads. The Injunction was not eufy, fince Hercules 
+was even ignorant of the Place where they g>ew. The 
+Nymphs of EriJanus, whom he coniulted, advifed 
+him to go to Prometheus (g), who gave him the Infoi- 
+mation and Direction he wanted, after which he van- 
+quillied the Dragon, and brought the precious Fmit 
+
+to his Matter. 
+
+12. The laft Command of Euryflheus was for him to 
+go down to Hell, and bring away Cerberus^ Pluto's 
+Maftiff. Hercules , having facriftced to the Gods, en¬ 
+tered the infernal Regions, by a Cavity of Mount 
+Petnarus, and on the Banks of Acheron found a white 
+Poplar-Tree, of which he made him a Wreath, and 
+the Tree was ever after confecratcd to him ; patting 
+that River he difeovered Tbefeus and Pirithous- chained 
+to a Stone. The former he releafed, but left the lat¬ 
+ter confined. Mcenetius , Pluto's Cow-herd, endea- 
+vouring to hive his Matter’s Dog, was cru/hed to 
+Death. Cerberus , for Refuge, fled beneath Pluto's. 
+Throne, from whence the Hero dragged him out, and 
+brought him upon Earth by Way of Trazene. At 
+Sight of the Day, the Moniler vomited a poifonous 
+Matter, from whence fprung the Herb Aconite, or. 
+Wolf s -Bane - 9 but being presented to Euryfth.us, he, 
+
+
+(7) J un °y °n her Marriage with Jupiter , -gave him thefe 
+Trees, which bore golden Fruit, and were kept by the Nymphs' 
+JEgle, Are thuja , and Hefperethufa , Daughters of HeJperUs , who 
+were called the Hefperides. 
+
+(8) Or as others fay, to Nereus, who eluded his Enquiry, by . 
+afiuming various Shapes, 
+
+G t ordered 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+154 
+
+
+Fabulous H I S T O R Y 
+
+
+
+ordered him to bedlfmiflfed, and fuffered to return to 
+
+Hell. 
+
+It would be aimed endlefs to enumerate all the Ac- 
+
+and there- 
+
+He deli- 
+
+
+this celebrated Hero of Antiquity 
+
+
+tore we (hall only 
+
+
+on the principal 
+
+
+Creon y King ot Thebes > from 
+
+
+juft Tribute 
+
+
+poled on him by Erginus and the Myniee f for which 
+
+
+Seivice, that Prince gave him his Daughter Meg 
+by whom he had feveral Sons ; but Juno ftriking 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+h Frenzy, be flew thefe Children, and, on reco- 
+
+
+eriug his S 
+
+
+became lo Jliocktd at his Cruelty 
+
+
+that he abftained from all hum 
+
+
+Soc 
+
+
+for fome 
+
+
+Pirn 
+4 m a 
+
+
+In his Return from the Expedition againft the 
+Laomedon , King of Troy, by the Promifc of 
+
+
+line Horfesi engaged him to deliver his Daugh 
+
+
+Ihf 
+
+
+poled to a vaft Sea Monfter fent 
+
+
+
+Neptune j hut when he had freed the P 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+ful Monarch 
+
+
+6ted his Word. Up 
+
+
+Hercules took the City, killed L/tomedon^ and gave 
+
+one to Telamon*, who lit ft (baled the Walls (9). 
+
+; flew Tmohts and Telegonos, the Sons ot 
+celebrated Wieftlers, who put to Death 
+
+
+
+After 
+Ft oce 
+
+
+horn they overcame. He alfo killed Sarpedon 
+
+
+n of Nepth 
+During his Aft 
+
+
+_ ?y 
+Exped 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+l uii 
+
+Fall 
+
+
+vanquiflied 
+
+ing of rheffafyy the Son of Mars and Cleo 
+
+
+vage 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Who had vowed to ere & his 
+
+
+a Temple with the Heads or Skulls of the 
+
+
+Strangers he deftroyed 
+
+
+In Lyl 
+
+
+he encountered 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+famous Ahtaus^ the Son of Earth* A Giant of 
+
+
+nfe Stature 
+
+
+ho forced all whom he met to 
+
+
+eftle with him, and lb ftrangled them 
+
+
+He chal 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+lenged Hercules , who flung him thrice, and thought 
+each Time he had killed him ; but on his touching 
+
+
+■ 
+
+the Ground he renewed his Strength 
+
+
+Hercules be 
+
+
+pprized of this, held him up in the A 
+
+
+Manner, that 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+he foon exrwr 
+
+
+tng f 
+
+fqueezed him in fuch 
+
+ed(to). In his Progrefs flora Lyhia to Egypt, Bufi - 
+
+♦ 
+
+(9) TldsVPrincels redeemed her Brother iVfaarsfx, who was 
+
+
+* 
+
+long 
+
+
+wards King of Troy 
+o) This is finely exprefied i 
+ing to '.he Karl of Poriftnoxth 
+
+
+double. Antique Stsitae be 
+hi Jbourrse in Hatnpjbire „ 
+
+ri$ 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+*59 
+
+
+ceeded 'Juntas , as King of lower Egypt , being the iaft 
+of the Hycfos, or Shepherd Kings from Canaan; 
+who had held the Country 259 Years. He continued 
+the War with the Kings of upper Egypt 49 Years, 
+and then by Agreement withdrew, with his Subjects, 
+to the Number of 240,000. In his retreat he is faid 
+to have founded fir ft the City of Jerufalem (7) ; and 
+afterwards that of Tyre , where he was called Melcar - 
+thus (8). From Egypt he brought the Computation 
+of 365 Days to the Year, and fettled it in his own 
+Kingdom, where it continued many Ages, in his 
+Voyages he vifited Africa , where he conquered An¬ 
+taeus, Italy, France, Spain , as far as Cadiz, where 
+he flew Qeryon; and proceeded thence even to the 
+Bvuifh Iflands, fettling Colonies and railing Pillars 
+wherever he came, as the ftanding Monuments of 
+himfelf, and of the Patriarchal Religion which he 
+planted : For Pillars placed on Eminencies in circular 
+Order were the Temples of thofe early Times, and 
+as yet we find no Footfteps of Idolatry, either in ff- 
+gypt or Phoenicia. To his Arrival in thefe Iflands 
+
+(and not in Liguria) mu ft be applied whatever is re¬ 
+lated of his Encounter with Albion and Bergion, and 
+of his being aflifted when his Weapons were fpent, 
+
+by a Shower of Stones from Heaven. Albion is the 
+
+* 
+
+Name given afterwards to this Country ; and by the 
+miraculous Shower of Stones no more is intended, 
+than that the Inhabitants were at laft reconciled to 
+him on account of the divine Religion which he 
+taught, and the great Number of thefe open Temples 
+of Stones ere&ed by him. He is faid to have been at¬ 
+tended by Apher , the Grandfbn of Abraham , whofe 
+Daughter he married, and by whom he had a Son 
+named Dodorus (9). To him the Phoenicians were in¬ 
+debted for -the gainful Trade of Tin, which gave 
+
+
+(7) Manet ho apud Jofepbum, l. 1. contra Apion. 
+
+( 8 ) Or King of the City, from Melek , King and Cart ha, 
+City. 
+
+(9) J°f e phifS, from Polyhifior and Clcodemus. Idem in Atltiq. 1 . 
+1. Shindler's Lotion. See Stukely's Account of Abury and Stone¬ 
+henge; and Cooke's Enquiry into the Patriarchal Religion. 
+
+Name 
+
+
+
+1 60 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+
+
+TORY 
+
+
+
+Name to thefe Iflmds (10). He found ouf ulfo the 
+Purple Dye, and feems to have been the fir ft 
+
+
+plied the Load (tone to the 
+thence called Lapis H'eracli 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+
+ned at 
+
+
+ft 
+
+
+rpoles of 
+He is (uppjled to h 
+
+
+who ap 
+vigation 
+
+
+and became aftc'i wards one ot 
+
+
+the firft Objedls of Idolatry atnongft his Countrymen. 
+The Solemnities were performed to him in the Nighr, 
+as to one, who after ail his gi eat Fatigues and Labours, 
+had at length gained a Time and Place of Reft. Ma¬ 
+net ho calls him Arties, 
+
+Hercules is ulually depicted in a ftanding Attitude, 
+having the Skin ot the Ne nice an Lion thrown over hi; 
+
+
+Shoulders, and leaning on his Club, 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+is his infe- 
+
+
+parablc Attiibuie The Judgment of thos Hero, or 
+his Preference ot Virtue to Vice, who both iollicit him 
+to embrace their Party, makes one of the fiueft Pic¬ 
+
+
+tures ot Antiquity. 'The Choice he made does no 
+Dishonour to his Memory. 
+
+90 
+
+It may not be amifs to add the Explanation of the 
+Fable of the Hefperides, 
+
+
+as given by a 
+
+
+late 
+
+
+ingenious 
+
+
+Author (i), and which iufftcitntly thews how the 
+mo ft important and ufeful Truths, reprefented under 
+the plaineft Symbols, became difgniled or disfigured 
+by Etror and Fidtion. The Phoenicians were the fir ft 
+Navigators in the World, and their Trade to Hefperid 
+and Spain, was one of the nobieft Branches of their 
+Commerce. Prom hence they brought back exquifite 
+Wines, rich Ore of Gold and Silver, and that fine 
+Wool to which they gave fo precious a Purple Dye. 
+From the Coaft of Mauritania they drew the beft 
+Corn, and by the Way of the Red Sea, they exchanged 
+Iron Ware and Tools of final 1 Value for Ivory, Ebony, 
+and Gold Dull. But as the Voyage was long, the 
+Adventurers were obliged to aftociate and get their 
+
+
+Cargoes ready in Winter, fo as to fet out early in 
+
+
+Spring. 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+publick Sign, expofed on thefe Occafi 
+
+
+ons. 
+
+
+was a Tree with golden Fruit, to denote 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Riches arifing from this Commerce. The Dragon 
+
+
+(io) Britannia ip from Barat-anac , the Land of 7V«. 
+
+(1 ) La riutke 's Hiilory of the Heavens, Voi. II. 
+
+
+150 
+
+
+w hie h 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 161 
+
+which guarded the Tree, fignified the Danger and 
+Difficulty of the Voyage. The Capricorn, or forne- 
+times one Horn placed at the Root, expreiTed the 
+Month or Seafon ; and the three Months of Winter, 
+during which they prepaied i or the Expedition, weie 
+reprelemed by three Nymphs, who were fuppoftd to 
+be Proprietor of the Tree, and had the Name of 
+Hefper'tchs (2} ; which fully /hewed the Meaning of 
+this emblematical Group from whence the Greeks 
+
+I | 
+
+mi (baking its Defign and Ufe, compofed the Romance 
+of the Hefperian Gardens. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XLIV. Of Hebe aud Ganymede. 
+
+H EBE, the' Goddefs of Youth , was, according 
+
+to Homer , the Daughter of Jupiter and Juno, 
+
+But the Generality of Writers relate her Birth thus: 
+Juno being invited to an Entertainment by Apollo eat 
+very eagerly fome wild Lettuces, upon which lire con¬ 
+ceived, and infbmtly brought forth this Goddefs. 
+Jove was fo pleafed with her Beauty, that he made 
+her his Cup bearer, in the Discharge of which Office, 
+(he always appeared crowned with Flowers. Un¬ 
+luckily, at a Feftival of the Gods in Ethiopia , Hebe 
+being in waiting, (lipped her Foot, and got fo indecent 
+a fall, that Jupiter was obliged to temove her from 
+her ufual Attendance. To repair this Difgrace, *3 
+well as the Lofs of her Pod, Jupiter , nuon Hercules 
+being advanced to the Skies, married him to Hebe % 
+and their Nuptials were celebrated with all the Pomp 
+becoming a ceieftial Wedding. By this Union fh.e had 
+a Son named Anicetus. and a Daugther called A - 
+
+lexiare. 
+
+Hebe was held in high Veneration amongd the Sicy- 
+onians , who eredted a Temple to her by the Name of 
+Dia. She had another at Corinth , which was a 
+
+
+(2) From Efper, the good Share or beft Lot. See 1 Samuel y 
+vi. 19. ’ 
+
+# 
+
+San&uarry 
+
+
+
+
+
+CHAP. XLV. Of Castor and Pollux. 
+
+W E have already, under the Article o f-Jupiter, 
+
+mentioned his Amours with Leda the Wife of 
+Tyndtirus, King of Sparta, in the Form of a Swan, on 
+which Account he placed that Figure amongtt the 
+Conllellations. Leda brought forth two Eggs, each 
+containing Twins. From that impregnated by Jupiter 
+proceeded Pollux and Helena , both immortal; from 
+the other Cafior and Clytemnejlra, who being begot 
+by Tyndarus , were both mortal. They went how¬ 
+ever, all by the common Name of Tyndaridce, and 
+were bom and educated in Papbnus , an lfland belong¬ 
+ing to Laaedemon , though the MeJJtnians difputed this 
+Honour with the Spartans The two Brothers, how- 
+
+(3) The Winter being attended with frequent Rains, it is not 
+improbable that Ganymede fuould be the Si gn^iquarius. 
+
+
+ever 
+
+
+
+Tfre H E A T H K N G O D S. i 6 j 
+
+ever differing in their Natuie and Temper (4), had en¬ 
+tered into ail inviolable Friend ihip, which la fled for 
+Life. Jove loon alter lent Mercury to remove them 
+to Pellene , lor their further Improvement. Ah Ja/on 
+was then preparing for his Expedition to Colchis in 
+learch of the Golden Fleece, and the noblelt Youth 
+
+of Greece crowded to become Adventurers wirh him, 
+our two Brothers offered their Services, and behaved, 
+during the Voyage, with a Courage worthy of their 
+Biil'h. Being obliged to water on the Coaft of Ra~ 
+brycta, /ttnycus , Son of Neptune, King'oi that Coun¬ 
+try challenged all the Argonauts to box with him j 
+Pollux accepted the Biavado, and killed him. After their 
+Return from Colchis, the two Biot hers were very ac¬ 
+tive in clearing the Seas of Greece from Pirates. The-* 
+feus in the mean Time had llolen their Siller Helena, 
+to recover whom, they took Athens by Storm, but 
+(pared all the Inhabitants, except JElbra Mother to 
+The feus, whom they carried aw.rv Captive. For this 
+Clemency they obtained the 'Title of Diofcuri (5) 5 
+yet Love foon plunged them in the fame Error they 
+had fought to punilli in the Perfon of Thefe us. Leif 
+cippus and Arftnoe had two beautiful Daughters, called' 
+Ph&be and Talayra. Thefe Virgins were contracted 
+to Lynceus and Ida , the Sons of Aphareus. The two 
+Brothers without regard to thefe Engagements, car¬ 
+ried them off by Foice, Their Lovers flew to their Re¬ 
+lief, and met their Ravifliers with their Piize nearMouot 
+Tay get us. A fmart Conflict enfued, in which Cajlor 
+was killed by Lynceus , who in Return fell by the 
+Hands of Pollux. This immortal Brother had been 
+wounded by Ida , if Jupiter had not flruck him with 
+his Thunder. Po'lux, however, was fo touched with 
+his Lofs, that he earneftly begged of this Deity to 
+make Caftor immortal j but that Requefl: being impofli- 
+ble to grant, he obtained Leave to fhare his own Im- 
+
+
+(4) This Particular we learn from Horace ; 
+
+Carter gnudet Eqttis : Ovo prognattu eodem 
+Pugttis: Sptot capitum •vi-vant totidem Studiorum 
+
+mi hi a. Horat. 
+
+(5) The Sons of Jupiter • 
+
+
+l 
+
+
+mortality 
+
+
+164 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+
+
+TORY 
+
+
+
+mortality with his Brother; fo that they are faid to 
+live and die alternately every Day (6). I hey weie 
+buried in the Country of Laced#won, and forty Years 
+after their Deceale (ran flu ted to the Skies, where they 
+form a Conhellation Culled Gemini (one of the Signs 
+of the Zodiac) one of which Stars rites as the other 
+
+
+fers. 
+
+
+A Dance of the martial Kind was invented to 
+
+
+their Honour, called the PyrhU or Cailmean Dance. 
+
+
+Cttjlor 
+
+
+n 
+
+a 
+
+
+nd Pollux weie elleemed as Deities ptopi- 
+
+
+tious to Navigation ; the Reafon was this : When the 
+irgonnuts weighed trom $ig<tum (7), they were over¬ 
+taken with a Tempeil, duiing which, Orpheus offered 
+
+
+immediately 
+
+
+two 
+
+
+Vows for the Saleiy of the Ship 
+lambent Flames were difcoveteri ever the Heads of 
+Cm ft nr and Pollux, which Appearance was fucceeded 
+with lo great a Culm, as gave the C.ew a Notion ot 
+their Divinity. In iucceeoing l imes thefe Fires often 
+leen by the Mariners were always taken as a good or 
+favourable Omen. hen one was feen alone it was 
+
+reckoned to forebode fome Evil, and was called He¬ 
+lena (8). 
+
+The Cephalenfes (or the Inhabitants of Cephahnia) 
+placed thefe two Deities amongft the Dii Magni . The 
+
+111s offered them were n bite Lambs . The Rg- 
+
+
+Vidi 
+
+
+mans paid them particular Honours for their Afltftance 
+in an Engagement with the Latins , in which they 
+appeared on their Side, mounted on white Horfes, and 
+turned the Scale of Vidory in their Favour. For this 
+a Temple was ereded to them in the Forum. Amongft 
+the Romans , Me a ft or was an Oath peculiar to the 
+Women, but PEdepol was ufed indifcriminatcly by both 
+Stxes. 
+
+Caflor and Fo'lux were reprefented as two beautiful 
+
+
+Youths, compl 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+hS 
+
+
+over their H 
+
+
+nd ridingon white Horfe 
+
+Thefe Deities were 
+
+
+nknown to the Egyptians or Phcsntc 
+
+
+(6) Firgil alludes to this *, 
+
+
+St Fratrem Pollux alterna Morte redemit. 
+
+
+( 7 ) 
+
+
+ague rcditque <viam. 
+Th is Cape lies near Troy. 
+
+
+V: rg. iSneid VI. 
+
+
+(s) The firlt Helena carried off by Thcfeus. 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+The H E A T H E N GODS, 
+
+
+165 
+
+
+CHAP. XLVI. O/Perseus and Bellerophoist. 
+
+P ERSE U S was the Son of Jupiter and Danae, 
+
+whofe Amour has been already mentioned, and 
+is inimitably defcribed by Horace (9). Acriftus her 
+Father, on hearing of his Daughter’s Difgrace, caufed 
+her and the Infant to be Ihut up in a Cheft and caft 
+into the Sea, which threw them on the Ifle of Seriphus, 
+governed by King Poly defies, whofe Brother Difiys be¬ 
+ing a Fi/liing took them up, and ufed them kindly. 
+When Perfeus , for fo he was called, was grown up, 
+Polydefies , who was enamoured of his Mother, finding 
+he would be an Obftacle to their Courtfhip, contrived 
+to fend him on an Exploit, he judged would be fatal 
+to him, this was to bring him the Head of Medufa , 
+one of the Gordons. This Inchantrefs lived near the 
+
+Tritonian Lake, and turned all who beheld her into 
+Stone. Perfeus in this Expedition was favoured by 
+the Gods ; Mercury equipped him with a Scimiter and 
+the Wings from his Heels } Pallas lent him a Shield, 
+which refle&ed Gbjedts like a Mirror ; and Pluto 
+granted him his Helmet, which gave him the Privi¬ 
+lege of being invitible. In this Manner he flew to 
+c fartejfus in Spain , where directed by his Mirror, he 
+cut off Medufa s Head, and putting it in a Bag lent 
+him by the Nymphs , brought it to Pallas. From the 
+Blood arofe the winged Horfe Pegafus , and all Sorts 
+of Serpents. After this the Hero pafled into Mauri¬ 
+tania, where his Interview with Atlas has been al¬ 
+ready fpoken of under its proper Article (10). 
+
+In his Return to Greece (others fay, at his firft fet- 
+ting out) he vifited Ethiopia , and mounted on Pegafus , 
+delivered Andromeda Daughter of Cepheus, King of 
+that Country, who was expofed to a Sea Monfter. 
+Alter his Death, this Piincefs and her Mother Cafjiope, 
+or Cajjiopeia 9 were placed amongfl: the celeflial Conjlel- 
+lu lions . 
+
+(9) Hora /. Lib. HI. Ode XVI. 
+
+(io) See the Article of Atlas . 
+
+
+Perfeus 
+
+
+
+1 66 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Per feus was not only famous for Arms, but Litera¬ 
+ture, if it be true that he founded an Academy on 
+Mount Helicon. Yet he had the Misfortune inadver¬ 
+tently to commit the Crime of Paricide, for being re¬ 
+conciled to his Grandfather Acriftus y and playing with 
+him at the Difcus or Qtoits, a Game he had invented, 
+his Quoit bruiied the old King in the Foot, which 
+turned to a Mortification, and carried him off. Per- 
+feus interred him with great Solemnity, at the Gates 
+of Argos. Perfeus himlelf was buried in the Way be¬ 
+tween Argos and Mycerur y had divine Honours decreed 
+;him, and was placed amongfi: the Stars. 
+
+Belleropl'ott the Son of Glaucus> King of Efhyra, 
+and Grandfon of Stftpbus y was born at Corinth. Hap¬ 
+pening accidentally to kill his Brother, he fled to 
+Prcttus y King of Argos % who gave him a hofpitable 
+Reception; but Stbenobcva his Queen, falling ena¬ 
+moured with the beautiful Stranger, whom no lntrea- 
+ties could prevail onto injure his Benefactor, accufed 
+him to her Hufband, who unwilling to take violent 
+Mealures, fent him into Lycra , with Letters to folates, 
+his Father-in-Law (1), defiring him to punilh the 
+Crime. This Prince, at the Receipt of the Order, 
+was celebrating a Fellivai of nine Days, which pre¬ 
+vented Relhrophon’s Fate. In the mean Time he lent 
+him to fuhdue the Solirni and Amazons , which he per¬ 
+formed with Sue cefs. folates next employed him to 
+deftroy the Chim&ra (2), a very uncommon Monfler. 
+Miner*v a , or as orhers lay Neptune , compalhonating 
+his Innocence expo fed to fuch repeated Dangers, f is r— 
+niihed him with the Horfe Pegafus , by whole Help he 
+came oflFvi&orious. folates, on his Return, convinced 
+of vhis Truth and Integrity, and charmed with his Vir¬ 
+tues, gave him his Daughter Pbilonoe y and alTociated 
+him in his Throne. Stbenobata hearing how her Ma¬ 
+lice wasdifappointed, put an End to her Life. But 
+like other Princes, Belleropbon grew fooliHi with too 
+
+f r) King in his Hiftory makes Jcbates his Son*in-Lav?. 
+
+(2) The Chimera was a Monfler with the Fore-part like a 
+Lion, the Middle like a Coat, and the Tail like a Serpent. 
+
+
+much 
+
+
+
+167 
+
+
+7 he H uthf;n Go d s. 
+
+much Profperity, and by the Afli dance of Pegafus, re 
+folved to afeend the Skies ; Jupiter, to check his 
+Prefumption, lhuck him blind in the Flight, and he 
+fell back to the Earth, where he wandered till his 
+Death in Mifery and Contempt. Pegafus , however, 
+made a Shift to get into Heaven, where Jupiter placed 
+'him amongft the Conitellations. 
+
+Let us once more try to give fome Explanation of 
+thefe two Fables. The Subjects of Cyrus , who before 
+this Time had been known by the Name of Cuthaeans 
+
+
+and Elamites, thenceforward began ro be diilinguiflied 
+
+
+by that of the Perfians (3) or Horfe men. For it was 
+he who firft inured them to Equeftrian Exercifes; and 
+even made it fcandalous for one of them to be feen on 
+foot. PerJ'es , or Perfeus , then is a Horfeman, one 
+who had learned the Art of Horfenranfltip from the 
+Phamicians, who attended Cadmus in Greece. The 
+Wings at his Heels, with which he is faid to have 
+been fupplied by Mercury , were the Spurs he wore 
+by the Afliftance of which he made fitch Speed. The 
+Pegafus was no more than a reined Sneed (4). His 
+Rider, Bellerophon, is the Captain of the Archers or 
+Lnncemen (5). The Chim&ra , having the Form of 
+
+
+a Lion before, or of a Drcrgon “behind, and a Goat 
+between, is but the innocent Reprefentative of three 
+Captains of the Solymi (a Colony of the Phoenicians in 
+PiftJia), whofe'Names in the Language of that Peo¬ 
+ple, happened to flgnify thefe three Creatures (6). 
+And the very Place in the Country of the Argive $ 9 
+where Beileropbo amounted his Horfe and fet forward, 
+the Greeks called Kenthippe (7). From fuch trifling 
+Grounds the induftrious Greeks , according to their 
+•Cultom, wove this wondrous Tale! 
+
+
+(9) Perjim Horfemen. 
+
+(4) From Pega, a Bridle, and Sus, a Horfe. 
+
+(5) From Baal, a Lord or Captain, and Harovin, Archers or 
+Lancemen. 
+
+( 6 ) Ary, a Lion * Tfcban, a Dragon; and Azal or Urvsil, a 
+Kid. 
+
+(7) From ^svtIw to Simulate or fpur, and Xtshw an Horfe. v See 
+Btchart's Tlieorixoicon, ». c. 6 . p. 99. 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+168 
+
+
+C H A 
+
+
+
+XLVil. Of J 
+
+
+and the G 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+E EC£. 
+
+
+
+HIS anc’ent Greek Hero was the Son of JEfon t 
+King of Fhejfaly and Alctmedey and by the Fa- 
+Side allied to JEolus. Pelias his Uncle, who 
+sft his Guardian, fought to deftroy him ; blithe 
+
+J s Friends to a Cave, 
+where Chiron intruded him in Phyfick: whence he 
+took the Name of Jafon (8). Arriving at Years of 
+Maturity, he returned to his Uncle, who, probably 
+with ho favourable Intention to him, firft iafpi.ed him 
+
+
+was conveyed by his Fa the 
+
+
+with the Not 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Colchian Expedition 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+agr 
+
+
+bly flattered his Ambition with the View of 
+
+
+
+tempting a Piize as the Golden Fleecy. 
+
+Athamas % King of Fhebes y by his firft W ife had Belle 
+and Pbrixus. Ino his fecond, fell in Love with Phrixus 
+her Son-in-Law, but being rejected in her Advances, 
+jhe took the Opportunity of a great Famine to indulge 
+
+l the 
+
+Son 
+
+
+her Revenge 
+
+
+
+pcrfuading her Hufband, tha 
+
+
+Gods could not.be appeafed till he facrificed hi 
+and Daughter. But as they flood at the Altar, Nephele 
+
+
+heir Mother (9) 
+
+
+fibly 
+
+
+ied them off, giving 
+
+
+them a Golden Ram fhe had got from Mercury, to 
+
+
+bear them through the Air. Ho 
+
+
+palling the 
+
+
+Streights, between Aft a and Europe , Helle fell into 
+the Sea, which from thence was called the Hellefpont. 
+Phrixus continued his Courfe to Colchis , where' JEia y 
+King "of the Country, entertained him hofpitably ; 
+after which he offered up his Ram to Jupiter (10), 
+
+and.confecrated the Skin or Hide in the Grove of Mars , 
+
+* * 
+
+It was called the Golden Fleece from its Colour (1), 
+and guarded by Bulls breathing Fire, and a watchful 
+Dragon that never flept, as a Pledge of the utmoft 
+Importance. 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+(8) Or Healer, bis former Name bein? Diomede. 
+
+(9} Nephele , in Greek fignifies a Cloud. 
+
+(10) Who placed it amongft the Conftellatione. 
+
+( 1 ) Some make the Fleece of a purple Colour, others white 
+
+
+Jafon 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"The Heathen Gods. 169 
+
+Jafon being determined on the Voyage, built a 
+Veffel at Colckos in c The]faly> for the Expedition (2). - 
+The Fame of his Defign toon drew the brave# and 
+mod diftinguifhed Youth of Greece to become Adven¬ 
+turers with him, though Authors are not agreed as to 
+the Names or Number of the Argonauts , for fo they 
+were called (3). The fir# Place which Jafon touched 
+at was the Jfle of Lemnos , where he continued lorne 
+Time with Hipftpile the Queen, who bore him Twins. 
+Pie next vifited Phineus King of Paphlagonia y from 
+whom, as he had the Gift of Prophecy, he received 
+fome Information of Service to him in his Enterprize. 
+After this, fafely palling the Cyanean Rocks (4), he 
+entered the Euxine y and landing on the Banks of the 
+PhaJtSy repaired to the Court of King /Eta 7 and de¬ 
+manded the Golden Fleece. The Monarch granted his 
+Requeft provided he could overcome the Difficulties, 
+which lay in his Way (5), and which appeared not 
+ealily furmoun table. Jafon was more obliged to 
+Love than Valour for his Conquefts. Medea Daugh¬ 
+ter to Mta, by her Enchantments laid the Dragon 
+afleep, taught him to fubdue the Bulls, and fo by 
+Night he carried off the Prize, taking with him the 
+Princels, to whofe Aid he was chiefly indebted for his 
+Succefs (6). 
+
+JEta enraged at the Trick put upon him, purfued 
+the Fugitives; and it is faid, that to elude his Fury, 
+Medea tore in Pieces her young Brother Abfyrtesy and 
+fea tured the Limbs in his Way, to flop his Pro- 
+
+« 
+
+(z) Argos a famous Shipright was the Builder, whence (he 
+was called Argo . 
+
+(3) Some make the Number Forty-nine, others more. The 
+
+p incipai were Ancausy Idmony Orpkeus y AngiaSy Calais , Zetbus , 
+Cafiory Pollux ; Tipbys was their Pilot, and Lynceus remarkable 
+
+for hit quick Sight, their Look-out in Cafe of Danger. It is laid 
+Hercules was with them. 
+
+(4) Cyanean Rocks, called the Symplegatles ; were fo called 
+becaufe they floated and often cruflied Ships together. The Ar¬ 
+gonauts efcaped this Danger by fending out a Pigeon, and lying 
+by till they faw her fly through. 
+
+(5) Such as killing the brazen-footed Bulls arid the Dragon. 
+
+(6) CW, Lib. VII. 159. 
+
+
+
+grefs. 
+
+
+
+
+
+f 
+
+I 
+
+
+gusts (7). After this Jafon re turned lately to Greece y 
+
+and loon heard that Pelias had deilroyed ail his Friends,' 
+
+and made hinifeif Mailer of the Kingdom. To re- 
+
+• - ^ 
+
+venge this Adlior, Medea failed Home before him, and 
+introducing herieif to the Daughters of Pelias , under 
+the Character of a Piieftefs ot Diana , die wed them 
+feverai furprizing In dances of her magical Power. 
+She propofed making their Father young again, and 
+to convince them of the poflibility of it fhe cut an old 
+Ram in Pieces, and Teething it in a Cauldron, pro¬ 
+duced a young Lamb. The Daughters ferving Pelias 
+in the lame Manner killed him (8), and fled the Coun¬ 
+try. Jafon having Notice of this, arrived in fPhejjfaly , 
+and took Pofleflion of the Kingdom ; but afterwards 
+he generoufly refiored it to Acajlus Son of Pelias, 'who 
+had accompanied him in the Colchian Expedition, and 
+with Medea went and fettled at Corinth. 
+
+Here Jajon rinding himfelf cenfured for cohabiting 
+wiih a Sorcerefs, and a Stranger quitted her and 
+married Crettfa Daughter to Creon , King of the Coun¬ 
+try. Medea fcemingjy approved the Match, but medi¬ 
+tated a fevere Revenge. She firil privately killed the 
+two Children fhe had by him, and then fent the Bride a 
+Prefent of a Robe and Gold Cro wn tinged in Naptha, 
+which fet fire to her and the whole Palace. The 
+EnchantFefs then afeending her Car (9) drawn by 
+Dragons, eleaped through the Air to Athens', where 
+fhe married Kin g eus, by whom fhe had a Son 
+
+named Medus. Bnt attempting to poifo n Thefeus his 
+eideit Son, and the Defign being revealed, fhe with 
+her Son Medus fled to AJia, where he left his Name 
+to Media (.10). 
+
+
+(7) Others fay that JEta to ohflrnfr their fte'urn, ftmioned a 
+Fleet at the Mouth of the Euxitie Se^, and lb obliged Jofcn to 
+come Home by the Weft of Europe. 
+
+(8) Some Au hors relate the Story diderentlv, and fay that 
+this Experiment was tried by Medea on JEjexy JaJaft'* Father. 
+
+Ste Ovid in the Place cited. 
+
+{9) Given her by Phoebus, or the Sun. 
+
+(1 o) A Region of Perjia . 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The II E A T H E N G 
+
+
+O D S. 
+
+
+!?* 
+
+
+•• Jafon had feveral Temples ere&ed to him, particu- 
+laily one at Athens, by Pnrmenio, of policed Marble. 
+'The Place wheie lie was chiefly worihipped was at 
+Ah A era in 7 brace'. 
+
+If we feek for the real Truth of the Argonautic 
+Expedition, vve iliali find it to be this: The Value of 
+the Royal Treafury at Colchis had been greatly extol¬ 
+led ; and the Pillage of it was the 4 Tiring aimed at by 
+the Argonautic Expedition. The Word Gaga, in the 
+Colcbian Language (the fame, according to Herodotus, 
+with the Egyptian), fignifies a Fletce as well as a Fred- 
+Jure. This gave Occafidn of the Circumttance of the 
+
+Golden Fleece. The Wo;d Ser is a!fi> a H^all and a 
+
+# 
+
+Bull', Nacajb, Braj.s and a Serpent. So this Treafure 
+
+a double Wall and Brazen Boors , 
+
+
+
+being feoured 
+
+they formed hence the romantic Story of its being a 
+Golden Fleece guarded by two Bulls and a Dragon (t). 
+The Mariner’s Compafs is tuppofed (2) to have made 
+Part of this Treafure (and if fo, this was ofitfelf a 
+
+
+Curiofity of infinite Value) ; whence the Ships of 
+Pbrixus and Jafon which carried it, are faid to have 
+1 eeU oracular and to have given Refponfes* 
+
+
+
+C H A P. XLVIII. Of Theseus aad'A c h 1 l t e s* 
+
+W ITH rhefe two great Men, we fliall clof^ftte 
+
+Lifts of the Demi-Gods or Heioes. ^ ' 
+
+Bhefeus was Son to AEgeus , King of Athens and AE- 
+thra. In his Youth he had an early Pattion for Glory, 
+and propofed Hercules for his Model.' Sctron , a no¬ 
+torious Robber, who infetted the Roads between Me- 
+gara and Corinth , was by him thrown down a Preci¬ 
+pice, as he was accuttomed to treat fuel) as fell into 
+
+his Hands. Procruftes , a famous Tyrant of Attica , 
+he fattened to a bended Pine, which being loofed tore 
+
+him* afunder (3 V 
+
+♦ 
+
+(1) Bochart in Phaleg. I. 4. c. 31. p. 289'. 
+
+(2) Stukely's Stonehenge. 
+
+(3) He was a Tyrant of Attica, who ftized all Stranger?* and 
+meafured them bv his Bed-, if they were too 1 ng for it, he cut 
+them fiiorter; if too fhort, he ftretched them till they died. 
+
+H 2 .. His 
+
+
+
+i 7 z Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+His fiift diftinguiihing Adventure, was the Deduc¬ 
+tion of the Cretan Minotaur. Minos y King of that 
+I Hand, had made War on Mgeus y becaufe the Atheni¬ 
+ans had bafely killed his Son, for carrying away the 
+Prize from them. Being victorious, he impofed this 
+fevere Condition on the vanquiilied, that they /Iiould 
+annually fend feven of the nobleft Youths, chofen by 
+Lot, into Crete , to be devoured by the Minotaur (4). 
+The fourth Year of this Tribute* the Choice fell on 
+FhefeuSy Son to /Egeus y or as others fay, he intreated 
+to be fent hirnfelf. However this be, on the Arrival of 
+
+a 
+
+Thejeus at the Court of Minos , Ariadne his Daughter 
+fell deeply in Love with him, and gave him a Clue, 
+by which he got out of the Labyrinth. This done he 
+faded with his fair Deliverer for the Ifle of Naxos y 
+where he ungratefully left her (5), and where Bacchus 
+found her and took her for his Miftrefs. 
+
+The Return of Thefeus , through his own NegleCt, 
+^became fatal to his Father. The good King at his 
+
+Departure had charged him, as he failed out with black 
+Sails, to return with the fame in cafe he mifcarried, 
+other wife to change them to White. Impatiently he 
+every Day went to the Top of a Rock that overlooked 
+the Ocean, to fee what Ships appeared in View. At 
+Lit his Son’s VelTel is difcovered, but with the fable 
+Omens he dreaded ; fo that through Defpair he threw 
+hirnfelf into the Sea, which Hill retains his Name (6). 
+The Athenians decreed JF.geus divine Honours, and 
+Lcrificed to him as a Marine Deity, the adopted Son 
+
+of Neptune. 
+
+Thefeus performed after this feveral confiderable 
+ACtions 5 he killed the Minotaur ; he overcame the 
+Centaurs ; he fubdued the Thebans , and defeated the 
+
+(4) Paftphae, Wife to Minos King of Crete, and Daughter of 
+• the bun, inftigattd by Venus , conceived a brutal Paffion for a 
+B ’.ll. To gratify her, Daedalus coniri\ed an artificial Cow, in 
+which placing her, (he had her Defire. The fruit of this Beftial 
+Aav'ur was the Minotaur , who was kept in a Labyrinth made 
+by the fame Daedalus , and fed with human.Flefh. 
+
+(q) For this Story fee the Article of Bacchus. 
+
+(6) The JEgean Sea. 
+
+
+Amazons. 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 173 
+
+Amazons. He affifted his Friend Pirithous , in his En- 
+terprize to the infernal World, to carry off Prefer- 
+pine; but in this Expedition he failed, being impii- 
+foned and fettered by Pluto , till releafed by Hercules. 
+No doubt was the Story of Thefeus diverted of the 
+Marvellous, it would make a confiderable Figure (7). 
+
+Thefeus had feveral Wives ; his firft was Helena 
+Daughter of TynJarus> whom he carried off 5 the fe- 
+cond Hippolita, Queen of the Amazons, given him by 
+Hercules ; the lart was Phaedra^ Sifter to Ariadne , 
+whofe Lewdnefs fufficiently punifhed him for his Infi¬ 
+delity to her Sifter. This Priricefs felt an inceftuous 
+Flame for her Son-in-Law Hippolitus (8), a Youth of 
+uncommon Virtue and Chaftity. On his lepulfing her 
+Solicitations, her Love turned to Hatred, and flie ac- 
+cufed him to his Father for an Attempt to ravifli her. 
+Thefeus now grown old and uxuiious, too eafily gave 
+Ear to the Accufation. The Prince informed of his 
+Danger fled in his Chariot ; but his Horfes being 
+frighted by the Phocae , or Sea-Calves, threw him out 
+of his Seat, and his Feet being entangled, he was drag¬ 
+ged through the Woods and torn in Pieces (9). I'hct- 
+dra , tormented with Remorfe, laid violent Hands on 
+herfelf $ and foon after, Thefeus being exiled from 
+Athens , ended an illuftrious Lite in Obicunty. 
+
+To explain the Story of the Minotaur: It is faid, 
+that Paftphae fell in Love with a young Nobleman of 
+the Court, named Taurus: That Daedalus lent his 
+Houfe for the better carrying on of their Intrigue, 
+during a long Illnefs of Minos; and that the Queen 
+in due Time was delivered of two Children, one of 
+which re-fembled Minos , the other Taurus ; whence 
+the Minotaur. And the Athenians have aggravated 
+the Story, from their extieme Prejudice to Minos. 
+
+(7) He firft walled Athens, and inftituted Laws: fogethrr 
+with that Democratic Form of Government which lafteci till the 
+Time of Ptjtflra ‘us. 
+
+(8) Son of Hippollta, Queen of the Amazons. 
+
+(9) Some fay AZfculapius reftored him to Life? and that he 
+came into Italy, where he changed his Name to Virbius , i. e. 
+
+ttoi.e a ilCan. 
+
+h 3 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+
+
+
+*74 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+H I 
+
+
+
+TORY 
+
+
+
+But what became of the Athenian Youth, the Tax 
+ol whom was three Times paid ? The Cretan King 
+
+
+had inihtuted Funeral Games in Honour of Androgeos, 
+
+
+thofe unhappy Slaves were affigned as the 
+
+
+Prize of the Conqueror. The firft who bore away all 
+
+
+
+
+of Minos i 
+faid to be 
+
+
+s was Taurus, of an infbknt and tyrannical 
+Pifpohtion, and particularly fevw to the Athenians 
+delivered up to him ; which coniribured not a little 
+to the Fable. Thefe Wretches grew old in Servitude 
+and were obliged to earn their Jiving in the moil pain 
+fnl Drudgery under Taunts, the 
+and may therefore with fame Propriety 
+devoured by him. But it is certain they neither fought 
+at thofe Games, nor were destroyed by the Cruelty of 
+a Monfter which never esifted ( jo). 
+
+Of the fame Stamp is the Tak of the Centaurs, 
+The Thejfalians pretty early di ftmgu i fh ed themfelvea 
+from the reft of Greece, who fought only on Foot or 
+
+in Chariots, 
+
+
+
+their Application to HarfemaniMp. 
+To acquire the more Agliity in this E^efcife, they 
+were wont to fight with Bulla, which they pierced 
+with Darts or Javelins ; whence they obtained the 
+Name of Centaurs (i) and Hippocentaurs (2). As 
+thefe Horfemen became formidable by their Depre¬ 
+
+
+dations, the Equivocation, which appeared in the 
+Name, made them to be accounted Monfteis^ com¬ 
+pounded of two Natures. The Poets catched at this 
+Jdea, which gave the Story the Air of the Marvel¬ 
+lous : And they who.made Oranges to pafs for Golden 
+Apples s ShepherdefTes for Nymphs , Shepherds in Bif- 
+guife for Satyrs, and Ships, with Sails for winged Dra 
+gons. 
+
+Centaurs (3) 
+
+Achilles was^the Offspring of a Goddef?, Thetis 
+
+bore him to Peleus (4), and was fo fond of him, that 
+
+ilie took herfelf the Charge of his Education. By Day 
+
+
+would make no Difficulty in calling Horfemecs 
+
+
+(10) 
+
+<0 
+
+
+Banter's Mythology 
+
+
+goo 
+
+
+From K&tsoo to prick or lance , and Tav^og, a Bull. 
+
+(2) From °lmnros an Horfe. 
+
+(3) See the Abbe Banter 's Mythology, Vol. 3. p. 536 
+
+(4) King of TBeffaly. 
+
+
+jfhe 
+
+
+
+The He athenGqds. 175 
+
+ihe fed him with Ambrofta, and by Night ihe covered 
+him with ceieflial Fire to render him immortal (5). 
+She alfo dipped him in the Waters of S/yx^ by which 
+his whole Body became invulnerable, except that Part 
+of his Heel by which flie held him. She afterwards 
+
+intruded him to the Care of the Centaur Chiron (the 
+Matter of fo many Heroes) who fed him with Honey 
+and the Marrow of Lions and wild Boars, to give him 
+that Strength and Force necettary for maitial Toil. 
+
+When the Greeks undertook the Siege of Troy, 
+Chaleos the Pried of Apollo, foretold the City could 
+never be taken, ualefs Achilles was prefect. Thetis 
+his Mother, who knew what would be his Fate if he 
+went there, had concealed him in Female Difguife in 
+the Palace o i Lycomedes, King of the Ifle of Scyros. 
+UiyJJes, who had engaged to bring him to the Greek 
+Camp, having dilcovered the Place of his Retreat, 
+ufed the following Artifice: Under the Appearance 
+of a Merchant, he is introduced to ihe Daughters of 
+Lycomedes, and while they were ftudioutty intent on 
+viewing his Toys, Achilles employed himfelf in ex¬ 
+amining an Helmet and fame other Amour, which the 
+cunning Pah tic ian had. purpofely thrown in his Way. 
+Thus was Achilles prevailed on to go to Ttoy , after 
+Thetis had fu'rnifhed him with a Suit of imoenetrable 
+
+1 
+
+Armour made by Vulcan (6). His Adlions before 
+Troy, as well as his Character, are fo finely deferibed 
+by Homer, that it would be doing them injuftice to 
+repeat them here. It is fuificient to fay he could not 
+efcape his Fate, being treacherouily killed by Paris 
+( 7 ), who with an Arrow wounded him in the only 
+
+Part that was vulnerable. The Greeks after the Cap- 
+
+♦ 
+
+(5) See the Story of Triptolemus , under the Article of Ceres, 
+Upon Peleus di(covering thi , Tbet 4 parted from him. 
+
+(6) The Defcription of his Shiein in Homer is one of that Po¬ 
+et’s Mafter-Pieces. 
+
+(7} The Cafe was thus; Achilles enamoured with Pdyxena , 
+<hfi;ed her of Priam, who coni'ented to the Match. The Nuptials 
+were to be Jolemuized in the Temple o i ApoHo, where Paris had 
+privately concealed himfelf, and took the Opportunity to kill 
+Achilles. 
+
+H 4 
+
+
+ture 
+
+
+
+17 6 Fabulous HISTORY®/ 
+
+ture of Troy endeavoured to appeafe his Manes, by 
+Sacrificing Polyana. The Oracle at Dodona decreed 
+him divine Honours, and ordered annual Vidtims to 
+be offered at his Tomb. In purfuance of this the 
+Tbejjalians brought thither yearly two Bulls , one 
+Black, the other White, crowned with Wreaths of 
+Flowers and Water from the River Speccbius. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. XLIX. Of Cadmus, Europa, Am*- 
+
+phion, and Arion. 
+
+A G E N O R, King of Pbaenicia y by the Nymph 
+
+Melia, had a Daughter called Europa , one of 
+the rnoft beautiful PrincefTes of her Age. She could 
+hardly then be fuppofed to efcape the Notice of Ju¬ 
+piter, whofe Gallantries extended to all Parts of the 
+World. To feduce her, he affumed the Form of a 
+while Bull, and appeared in the Meadows where fhe 
+was walking with her Attendants. Pleafed with the 
+Beauty and Gentlenefs of the Animal file ventured on 
+his Back, and immediately the God triumphant, 
+bore her off to Crete (8), where laying afide his Di - 
+guife, he made the Bull a Conftellation in the Zodiac , 
+and to honour his new Mi/Ire fs gave her Name to the 
+lourth Part of the Wot Id. 
+
+In the mean Time Agenor y difconfolare for his 
+Daughter’s Lofs, fent his Sons Cadmus and Thafus 
+with different Fleets in Search of her (9). Thafus 
+fettled in an Ifland of the /Egean Sea, to which he 
+gave his Name (to). Cadmus enquiring of the Del¬ 
+phic Oracle for a Settlement, was anfwered. That he 
+ihould follow the Direction of a Cow, and build a 
+City where ilie laid down. Arriving a.mongtl the 
+Phocenfes , here one of Pelagon's Cows met him, and 
+conducted him through Bcsotia, to the Place where 
+
+(8) Ovi<f bib. II. 835. 
+
+(91 With an [qjundtion not to return withom her under Pain 
+oF Eanifhment 
+
+(io) It, was before called Plate , 
+
+
+Thebes 
+
+
+Tibe Heathen Gods, 177 
+
+Thebes was afterwards built. As he was about to 
+facrifice his Guide to Pallas, he fent two of his Com¬ 
+pany to the Fountain Ditce for Water, who were 
+killed by a Dragon. Cadmus foon revenged their 
+Death by flaying the Monfter; but fowing his Teeth, 
+according to Pallas's Advice, there fprung up a Num¬ 
+ber of Men armed, who afTauited him to revenge 
+their Father's Death. It feems the Goddefs of Wif- 
+dom had only a Mind to frighten him, for on his 
+cafting a Stone amongft them, thefe Upilart Warriors 
+turned their Weapons upon each other with fuch Ani- 
+mofity that only five furvived the Combat, who proved 
+very ufefui to Cadmus in founding his new City. 
+After this, to recompenfe his Toils, the Gods gave 
+Cadmus, Harmonia , or Hermione , the Daughter of 
+Mars and Venus, and honoured his Nuptials with pe¬ 
+culiar Piefents and Marks of Favour. But their Poile- 
+rity proving unfortunate, they quitted Thebes to Pen - 
+theus , and went to govern the Ecletlenfes , where in 
+an advanced Age, they were turned to Serpents (1), 
+or as others fay, fent to the Elyfian Fields in a Chariot 
+drawn'by Serpents. The Sidonians decreed divine 
+Honours to Kuropa, and coined Money in Memory of 
+her, with the Figure of a Woman crofling the Sea on 
+a Bull. 
+
+. The Greeks were indebted to Cadmus for the Inr 
+
+• " * 
+
+vention of Brafs, and the firft Ufe of Arms, In th& 
+Phoenician Tongue, the two Words, which the Greeks 
+tranllated Serpent's Teeth , fignified as well Spears of 
+Brafs (2). The Ambiguity of another Word helped 
+on the Fable (3), which from the Difference of Pro¬ 
+nunciation fignified either the Number Five, or One 
+ready for Action: And fo the fame Sentence which, 
+with the Phoenicians , intended only that he commanded 
+a dtfciplined Body of Men armed with Spears of Brafs, 
+was rendered by thefe Miracle-Mongers, He made t an 
+Army of Five Men out of the Teeth of a Serpent (4), 
+
+
+(1) Ovid Lib. IV. 5 $i. 
+
+(2) Sherti Nacajh. 
+
+(3) Chemejh. 
+
+( 4 ) Bock art de Coloniis Phoenicum. cap. 19 
+
+H 
+
+
+
+
+Cadm us 
+
+
+
+178 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Cadmus being an Hivite , a Name of near Affinity with 
+that of a Serpent, gave farther Occaiion to that Fart 
+of it, which fays that his Men fprung from a Serpent, 
+and that himfelf and his Wife were changed into this 
+Animal, Thus induftrious were the Greeks- to involve 
+the moft fimple Fadts in the moft myfterious Confu¬ 
+sion. 
+
+The Phoenician* with Cadmus, expelled their Coun¬ 
+try by JoJhua, firft introduced amongft the Greeks the 
+Practice of confecrating Statues to the Gods; and the 
+Uie of Letters ; thence called Phoenician or Cadmoean 
+letters. For the Creek Chara&ers aFe manifeftiy 
+taken from the Samaritan of Phoenician Alphabet. 
+Cadmus and Og, or Ogyges, are the fame: Whence 
+any Thing very ancient was termed* Ogygian by the 
+Thebans. The Gophyraei , fettled at Athens, were 
+Phoenicians that came with him, and preferved the 
+Memory of him by the Name of Ogyges • as from his 
+Name Cadmus, or Cadem (5), was their famous Place 
+of Learning, and thence every otheF,, named Acade¬ 
+mia (6). 
+
+Amphion, the Son of ’Jupiter and Ant tope, was in- 
+drudted in the Lyre by Mercury, and, became fo great 
+a Proficient, that he is reported t-Q have railed the 
+Walls of Thebes by the Power of his Harmony. He 
+im rfied Niobe, wbofe In full XoPPiana ©ecsfioned the 
+Lofs of their Children, The unhappy Father, in 
+Defpair, attempted to dedroy the Temple of Apollo , 
+
+but was pun tilled with \hz Lolli of Sight and Skill, 
+
+ant) thrown into the infernal Regions. 
+
+Arion was a Native of Methymna , and both a fkil- 
+ful Mulician and a good Di thy ram hie Poet. He lived 
+in the l ime of Periander, King of Corinth. After 
+
+fome Time in Italy and 
+r Fortune by his Profeffion 
+
+tenlum in a Corinthian Veffel homeward-bound. When 
+they wer.e got to. Sea, the avaricious Crew- agreed 1© 
+
+(5) Signifying the Eaji. He was fo ealled hecaufe he came 
+
+thence. 
+
+(6) Stilling fleet's Origiaes faerre. 
+
+1 
+
+
+pa fling 
+an eaf\ 
+
+
+Sicily, and 1 acquiring 
+, he failed from Ta~ 
+
+
+throw 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+*Tbe Heathen Gods, 179 
+
+throw Arion over-board, in Order to (hare his Money. 
+Having in vain ufed all his Eloquence to foften then; y 
+he played a farewel Air (called Lex Or thin) and 
+crowned with a Garland, with his Harp in his Hand, 
+plunged into the Sea, where a Dolphin charmed with 
+his Melody, received him and bore him fafe to Pcerm* 
+rus near Corinth. Having informed Perianeler of his 
+Story, the King was incredulous, till the Ship arrived, 
+when the Mariners being (bized and confronted with 
+Arion, owned the Fad, and fuffered the Puniftunei>t 
+due ito their Perfidy. For this Adion the Dolphin 
+was made a Conftellation. 
+
+
+
+
+I N the Multiplication of fabulous Deities, the 
+Ancients not only affigned each Element, and 
+
+Part of Nature its tutelar God, but even idolized 
+
+_ \ * 
+
+the Paffions, No Wonder then if we fee a God 
+or Chief of the Winds too, controuling all the reft. 
+This Province was naturally afligned to that which 
+was the moft violent and uncontroulable itfelf. For 
+this imaginary Deity they borrowed a Name from 
+the Phoenicians, and called him JEolus (7) the Son of 
+Jupiter, by Acafta or Sige/ia the Daughter of Hippo - 
+tus. He reigned in the Li par# an Ifles near Sicily , 
+from whencfe perhaps the Fable took its Original (8); 
+but his Refidence was at Strongyle, now called Strom - 
+holo (9). Here he held thofe unruly Powers enchained 
+in a vaft Cave, to prevent their committing the like 
+Devaluation they had been guilty of before they were 
+put under his Diredion (10;. 
+
+
+(7) Fro mAol for A.hi, a Storm, Whirlwind, or Tcmpeft. 
+
+( 8 ) Thefe Iflands being greatly fubje£t to Winds and Storms. 
+
+(9) Famous for its Volcano, though fome place his Rehdencc 
+at Reggio, io Calabria. 
+
+(1©) They had disjoined Italy from Sicily, and by difumting 
+Europe from Africa, opened aJPaflage for the Oc.an to form the 
+
+Mediterranean Sea. 
+
+
+Accord 
+
+
+
+8o 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY 
+
+
+
+According to fome Authors, the ABolian or Liparcp 
+an Ifles were uninhabited, till Liparus the Son of Au- 
+fonis fettled a Colony here, and gave one of them his 
+Name. JEolus the Son of Hippotus, who married his 
+Daughter, peopled the reft, and fucceeded him in the 
+Throne. He ruled his Subjects with Equity and Mild- 
+nefs, was an hofpitable good Prince, and being fkilled 
+in Aftronomy, by Means of the Reflux of the Tides, 
+which is remarkable near thofe Iflands, as well as by 
+obferving the Nature of the Volcanos with which they 
+abound, he was able to foretell the Winds that fliould 
+blow from fuch a Quarter (i). 
+
+We are indebted to Virgil for a fine poetical De¬ 
+scription of this God, when Juno vifits his Cave to de- 
+fire his Afllftance to deftroy Mneas in his Voyage to 
+Italy. 
+
+Parentage • but his ufual 
+
+
+Boreas was of 
+
+
+Residence w. s in Thrace (2). When Xet 
+
+
+King of 
+
+
+Perjia y crofted the Hellefpont with his numerous Ar 
+mada y to invade Greece , the Athenians invoked his 
+Afllftance, and he fcattered and deftroyed the greateft 
+
+Part of their Fleet. This Deity, notwithftanding his 
+Rage, was not inflexible to Love. He debauched 
+Color is the Daughter of Ar Gurus y by whom he hed 
+Hyrpace y and carried;^ to Mount Niphates , (called 
+the Bed of Boreas) but fince known by the Name of 
+Caucafus: But his favourite Miftrefs was Orithya the 
+Daughter of EriGbeus , King of Athens. By this P 
+
+
+
+cefs he had tw*o Sons, Zetes and Calais , who attended 
+
+in the Colchic Expedition, delivered Phineus 
+from the Harpies (3) ; and were afterwards killed by 
+Hercules: As alfo four Daughters, Upis y Laxo y He 
+caerge , and Cleopatra. Perhaps the North PVind y or 
+Boreas alone, was deified, becaufe, of the regular 
+Winds, it is the moft tempeiluous and raging that blows. 
+
+(1) It is faid that before a foutherly Wind blows, Lipara is 
+covered with a thick Cloud, but when it changes to the North 
+the Volcano emits clear Flames with a remarkable Noife. 
+
+(2) Probably becaufe his Country is much fubjeft to cold Nor¬ 
+therly Winds. 
+
+(3) Some fry out of Envy for their Swiftrtefs; others, becaufe 
+,|heir Father had by a Temped defhoyed the Ifle of Cos. 
+
+
+
+H 
+
+
+
+P. 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+i 8 i 
+
+CHAP. LI. Of Momus and Morp h eus. 
+
+♦ 
+
+M OMUS was the God of Pleafantry and Wit, 
+
+or rather the Jefter of the ceieftial AfTembly ; 
+for like other great Monarchs, it was but reafonable 
+that "Jupiter fhouid have his Fool. We have an In¬ 
+flan ce of his farcaftic Humour in the Conteft between 
+Neptune^ Minerva, and Vulcan for Skill. The Firft 
+had made a Bull ; the Second a Houfe ; and the Third 
+a Man; Momus found fault with them all: He dif- 
+liked the Bull, becaufe his Horns were not placed be¬ 
+fore his Eyes, that he might give a furer Blow ; he 
+condemned Minerva's Houfe , becaufe it was immove¬ 
+able, and fo could not be taken away if placed in a 
+bad Neighbourhood. With regard to Vulcan's Man , 
+he faid he ought to have a Window in his Brealt. 
+Heftod makes Momus (4) the Son of Somnus and Nox . 
+
+Morpheus (5) was the God of Dreams, and the Son 
+of Somnus , whom Ovid calls the mod placid of all 
+the Deities. Mr. Addijon obferves that he is ftill re¬ 
+prefen ted by the antient Statuaries under the Figure 
+of a Boy afleep, with a Bundle of Poppy in his Hand : 
+And black Marble, from the Relation which it bears 
+to Night, has with great 
+of. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+T HE Original, or Birth of Orion , borders a lit¬ 
+tle on the Marvellous. Hyricus , a Citizen of 
+Tanagra , in Bceotia , was fo hofpitabJe to Strangers, 
+that Jupiter , Neptune , and Mercury were refblved, 
+under the Character of benighted Travellers, to know 
+the Truth. Their Entertainment was fo agreeable, 
+
+that difcovering their Quality, they offered the old 
+
+/ 
+
+(4) From cavilling or finding fault. 
+
+(5) From a Form or Vifion. 
+
+
+Man 
+
+
+
+
+
+Man whatever he fliould afk ; his Requefl was a Son (6). 
+The Gods to gratify his Wjih called for an Ox Hide, 
+in which having depofited their Urine, they bid him 
+keep it under Ground for ten Months, at the Expira¬ 
+tion of which Time, he found it produced a Boy, 
+who was at fi ll called Urion , to exprefs his Origin 5 
+hut after, tor Decency’s Sake, his Name was changed 
+to Orion. 
+
+He was a .remarkable Hunter, and kept a fleet Pack 
+of Hounds. Neptune gave hint tbe Power of walk- 
+ing on the Surface of the Waters, with the lame 
+Speed that IphUlus did (7) over the Ears of Corn. 
+This Faculty teemed need lets, if it be true that Orion 
+was (q tall, thdt the deepeft Seas could cot cover his 
+Shoulders. Asa Proof of this, he eroded from the 
+Continent of Gree e to the Ifle of Chios, where, at- 
+
+
+
+Sights He then made War on Oe nop ion, whc&eon- 
+cealed himteif under Ground to efcape bis Vengeance 5 
+fo that frufhated of his Deftgn he went to Crete, 
+where he purfued his favourite Exercife of Hunting. 
+But having by dome Means offended Diana (9), that 
+Goddefs put him to Death (10); but afterwards re¬ 
+lenting, prevailed on Jupiter to Fade him to the Skies, 
+where he forms a Conlleilation (1) remarkable for pre¬ 
+dicting Rain and tempeftuous Weather. 
+
+
+( 6 ) H is Wife having left him childiefs, whom on her Death- 
+Bed, he prom:fed never to marry again. 
+
+(7) Brother to Hercules, See the Article of that God. 
+
+(8) H s Purfuit of the Pleiades has been mentioned under the 
+Article of Adis, 
+
+(9) Either for attempting her Chartity, or for boafting his fu- 
+perior Skill in the Chace: others fay, for endeavouring to de¬ 
+bauch Otis, one of her Nymphs. 
+
+(10) Either by her Arrows, or as others fay, railing a Scor¬ 
+pion, which gave him a mortal Wound. 
+
+(1) Virgil calls it Nimbofus Orion , on account of the Showers 
+
+which attend his Riling. iEneid I» 535. Lib, IV*. 52. 
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+The H E A T H E N Go D S. 
+
+
+183 
+
+
+CHAP. LIH. Of the Marine Deities , Oceanus, 
+Nereus, Triton, Ino, Palemon, and Glau- 
+cus. 
+
+\ 
+
+A S the antient Theogony took Care to people the 
+
+Heavens and Air with Dfeities, fo the Sea natu« 
+rally came in for its Share, nor was it juft to leave the 
+extended Realms of Water without Proteftion and 
+Guardianjhip. Neptune , though Monarch of the 
+Deeps, could not be prefent every where, and it was 
+proper to aflign him Deputies, who might relieve him 
+of tome Part of the Weight of Government. 
+
+Nereu.s y Son to Oceanus , fettled himfelf in the 
+Mgean Sea, and was regarded as a Prophet. He had 
+the Faculty of affirming what Form he pleafed. By 
+his Wife Doris he had fifty Nymphs, called Ne~ 
+reids (z), who conftantly attended on Neptune , and 
+when he went abroad furrounded his Chariot. 
+
+Triton was the Son of Neptune and Amphitrite (3-), 
+and was his Father’s Herald. He fometimes delighted 
+in Mifchief, for he carried off the Cattle from the 
+7 anagrian Fields, and deftroyed the fmall coaftiag 
+
+VeffeTs ; fo that to appeafe his Refentment, thofe 
+People offered him Libations of new Wine. Of this 
+he drank fo freely that he fell afleep, and tumbling 
+from an Eminence, one of the Natives cut off his 
+Head. Ho left a Daughter called Trijlia , by- whom 
+Mars had a Son named Menalippus. 
+
+This God is reprefented of a human Form, from 
+the Waift upwards, with blue Eyes, a large Mouth, 
+and Hair matted like wild Parfley. His Shoulders 
+were covered with a Purple Skin, variegated with 
+fmall Scales, his Feet refembling the fore Feet of a 
+Horfe, and his lower Parts turned like a Dolphin with 
+
+a forked Tail. Sometimes he is drawn in. a Car with 
+
+• - 
+
+0 
+
+(1) By which are meant the Rivers-, which empty themfelve? 
+
+in the Ocean . 
+
+(£) Some, fay of Neptune and Qekno r others of Nereus or 
+
+Oceanus , 
+
+Horfes, 
+
+
+
+184 
+
+
+Fabul 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+ous 
+
+
+
+
+
+TORY of 
+
+
+Conch 
+
+
+Sea Shel 
+
+
+Horfes of a Sky Colour. His Trumpet is a large 
+
+Ovid (4) has given two very 
+beautiful Defcriptions of him. There were indeed 
+many Tritons , who compofed the numerous Equipage 
+
+
+and were reckoned as Deitie 
+
+
+propitious 
+
+
+of Nept 
+to Navig 
+
+Ino was the Daughter of Cadmus and Harmonia, 
+and married to Athamas King of Thebes. This Prince 
+having the Misfortune to lofe his Senfes, killed his 
+Son Learchus in one.of his mad Fits, upon which his 
+Queen to lave Melicertes^ her remaining Boy, leaped 
+
+
+with him from the Rock Moly 
+
+
+Sea 
+
+
+Neb 
+
+
+tune received them with open Arms, and gave them 
+a Place amongft the marine Gods, only changing their 
+Names, Ino being called Leucothea, and Melicertes, 
+Pal&mon (5) ; for this we are indebted to the fertile 
+
+Melicertes being no other 
+
+
+Inve 
+
+
+of the Greeks 
+
+
+than the Melcarthus or Hercules of Tyre , who, from 
+
+having been drowned in it, was called a God of the 
+
+Sea t and from his many Voyages, the Guardian 
+Harbours. 
+
+Glaucus was a Fi/lierman, whofe Deification hap 
+
+
+
+in an 
+
+
+pened 
+Country (6) 
+
+
+odd Manner. His Parentage and 
+varioufly reported $ but he was an 
+llent Swimmer, and a Ikilfui Fiiherman. Having 
+Day taken a large Draught in bis Nets, he ob- 
+
+
+ferved with Surp 
+tain Herb jumped 
+
+
+the Exp 
+
+
+that the Filhes on tailing 
+the Sea again. Upon trying 
+
+
+himfelf, he followed them, and be 
+
+
+came a Sea God. Some afcribe to Glaucus the Gift 
+of Prophecy. Ovid has not 
+
+
+forgot his Transforma 
+
+
+among ft his Metamorpbofes (7). Firgil has given 
+
+
+legant Lift of thefe Deities in his fifth ALnei 
+
+
+
+( 8 ) 
+
+
+(4) Ovid Met. Lib. I. 
+
+(5) The Romans called him Portuntis ; and pain ed him with 
+a Key In his Hand, to denote him the Guardian of Harbours. 
+To Ino they gave the Name of Matuta , being reputed the God- 
+defs that ujbers in the Morning. 
+
+(6) Some make him the Son of Mercury, others of Neptune, 
+others of Anthadon \ on account of his Skill in Swimming he 
+
+was called Pontius. 
+
+(7) Ovid, Lib. XIII. 899, 
+
+(8) AZneidy Lib. V. 82a. 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Tbe Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+185 
+
+♦ 
+
+CHAP. LIV. Of Proteus and Phorcys, with 
+the and Gorgons, Scylla and Cha- 
+
+KYBDIS. 
+
+P ROTEUS, the Son of Neptune , by the Nymph 
+
+Phttnice, was by his Father appointed Keeper of 
+the Phocae , or Sea Calves. His Refidence was at A- 
+lexandria , in Egypt> from whence in a Journey he 
+made to Phlegra (9), he married the Nymph Torone, 
+who bore him Tmolus and Telegonusy both killed by 
+Hercules for their Cruelty to Strangers. Their Fa¬ 
+ther Proteus , who left them on account of their in- 
+hofpitable Temper, it is faid, was not much concerned 
+at their Death. By 7 orone he had alfo three Daugh¬ 
+ters, Cabera t Retia , and Idothea. Proteus had the 
+Art of affirming all Forms (10) ; as alfo the Gift of 
+Prophecy or Divination ; Orpheus calls him the Uni- 
+«verfal Principle of Nature. 
+
+Hiftorians make Proteus King of Carpathus { i) ; 
+who, on account of his great Character for Wifdom, 
+and Equity, was chofen King of Egypt , and deified 
+after his JDeath. According to Herodotus , Parts and 
+Helena in their Flight from Sparta , were received at 
+his Court, where. Helen continued all the Time of 
+the Trojan Siege, after which he refiored her honour¬ 
+ably to Menelaus. 
+
+Proteus is uliially reprefented in a Chariot drawn by 
+Horfes, in the Form of Tritons. 
+
+His half Brother Phorcys or Phorcus y was the Son 
+of Neptune , by the Nymph The fa (2). He married 
+his Sifter Ceto, by whom he had the Phorcydes and 
+Gorgonsy 7 hoof a (3) and Scylla. He was vanquished 
+by Atlas , who threw him into the Sea, where his 
+Father railed him to tire Rank of a Sea God. 
+
+(9) A Town in Ca tufa nia. y 
+
+(10) See Ovid y Lib. VUL 7-50. 
+
+(1) An Iflaed in the Mgean between Rhodes and Crete , 
+now called Scarpanto. 
+
+(a) Others call him the Son of Pontus and Terra. 
+
+(3) By whom Neptune had the Cyclops Polyphemus. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+x8 6 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Gordons were 
+
+
+TOR 
+
+
+four Sifters, of whom 
+
+
+
+ditfa was the Chief. They had Hair like Snakes, 
+Tuiks like wild Boars, brazen Hands, and golden 
+
+:aih of their Sifter, they purfued 
+
+
+Wings. 
+
+
+Perj 
+
+
+On the D 
+
+who laved himielf by puttin 
+
+
+Helmet 
+
+
+him by Pluto , and which rendered him invisible 
+
+
+The Gra?& were their Sifte 
+
+
+d are reprefente 
+
+
+
+nd had 
+
+
+as three old Women, who lived in Scytb 
+but one Eye and Tooth in common amongft them, 
+which they ufed as they had Occafion, and afterwards 
+laid it up in a Coffer. For the Prefervation of this 
+valuable Legend we are indebted to Paleephalus . 
+
+Scylla (4), another Daughter of Phorcys , by her 
+Familiarity with Glaucus , excited the Jealouly of 
+Circe, Daughter of the Sun, who by magick Spells 
+
+
+or Poi 
+
+
+lb infefled the Fou 
+
+
+in which /he 
+
+
+bathed, that fhe became a Moniler (5), upon which 
+
+through Defp 
+
+
+the Lofs of her Beauty 
+
+
+threw 
+
+
+herfeif into the Sea, and was changed into a Rock (6) 
+which became infamous for the Multitude of Ship 
+wrecks it occafioned, Thofe who would fee a beau 
+
+
+
+
+tiful Defcription of Scylla will find it in Virgil (7). 
+
+Care mujt be taken nor to confound this Scylla with 
+another of the fune Name, and D lighter of Nifus, 
+King 0 f Megara. Mims had belieged this Monarch 
+in hig Capital, but the Oracle had pronounced Nyfits. 
+invincible, while he preferved a Purple Lock of Hair 
+which grew on his Head. Scyl a, who was fecretly 
+in Love with Minos , betrayed both her Father and 
+
+
+(4.) Same make her the Daughter of Vhoronis and Hecate, and 
+fay that her Misfortune was owing to the Jealou'y o'i Auipbitrite, 
+for her cohabiting with Neptune. 
+
+(5 A uthor& difagree as to her Form; fome fay {he reta : ned 
+her Beauty from the Neck downwards, but had fix Dogs Heads; 
+others maintain, that her upper Parts continued entire, but 
+that fhe had below, the Body of a Wolf, and the Tail of a Ser¬ 
+pent. 
+
+( 6 ) It lies between Sicily and Italy, and the Noife o r the^ 
+W:iv«s beating on it, g3ve ife to the Fable ol the Barking of 
+
+Dog* and Howling of Wolves, aferibed to the Mcnfter, 
+
+(7) Jfirgil makes her changed to a Rock, which confounds her 
+
+with the o.fiet Sylfa. .dEneia, Lib. III. 414, 
+
+
+Country 
+
+
+
+The Heathen- Gods. 187 
+
+Country into his Hands, by cutting off the Lock ; but 
+
+the Conqueror detelting her Treachery, baniflied her 
+
+his Sight. Unable to bear the Treatment Hie fp juftly 
+merited, ihe caft herfelf into the Sea* and was 
+changed into a Lark (8). Her Father, transformed 
+into a Hawk Hill purities her for her Ingratitude and 
+Perfidy. 
+
+Qharybdh was a Female Robber, who it is faid Hole 
+Hercules 's Oxen, and was by Jupiter^ on that Account, 
+changed into a Whirlpool (9), which is very dange¬ 
+rous to Sailors, and lying oppofite to the Rock Scylla, 
+ciccafloned the Prove*b, of running put of one Dan¬ 
+ger to avoid another. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+I T is now Time to revifit the Earth again, and fee 
+the numerous Train of the inferior Deities, ap¬ 
+propriated to the ForeHs, Woods, and thofe Receffes 
+qf Nature whofe Pro r pe6t fills the Imagination with a 
+Kind of religious Awe or Dread. 
+
+Pan the principal of riiefe, is faid to be the Son of 
+Mercury and Penehpe (1) the Wife of VlyJJes , whom, 
+while fhe kept her Fathers Flocks on Mount Taygeius^ 
+he deflowered in the Form of a white Goat. As foon 
+as born, his Father carried him in a Goat Skin to 
+Heaven, where he charmed all the Gods with his 
+Pipe $ fo that they affociated him with Mercury in the 
+Poll of their Meffenger. After this he was educated 
+qn Mount Masnalus , in Arcadia , by Sinee and the 
+other Nymphs, who, attra&ed by his Mafic, follow- 
+ed him as their Conductor. 
+
+Pan, though devoted to the Pleafures of a rural 
+
+(8) Ovid, Lib. VIM. 142. 
+
+(9) An hhidy, or Whirlpool, on the Coaft o- Sicily y as you 
+emer the Fare t-f MeJJ'tna. See Virgil , i£n£id Ill. 4^0. 
+
+lid) htcidit in Styllam qui vu/t vitart Cbarybdim . 
+
+( i) S: me fay of Pgnelspe and all her Lovers, whence fve waft 
+
+call 4 rum* 
+
+Life, 
+
+
+
+i88 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Life, diftinguifhed himfeif by his Valour. In the 
+Giants War he entangled Typbon in his Nets, as we 
+have already obferved ; he attended Bacchus in his In¬ 
+dian Expedition with a Body of Satyrs, who did good 
+Service. When the Gauls invaded Greece , and were 
+about to pillage the Temple of Delphos , he ftruck 
+them with fuch a fudden Confternation by Night, that 
+they fled without any Body to purfue them (2). He 
+alfo aided the Athenians in a Sea Fight gained by Mil- 
+tiades over the Perftan Fleet, for which they dedicated 
+a Grotto to his Honour under the Citadel. A 
+
+This Deity was of a very amorous Conftitution. In 
+a Conteft with Cupid y being overcome* that little God 
+punifhed him with a Pafilon for the Nymph Syrinx , 
+who treated him with Difdain. But being clofely 
+purfued by him, and flopped in her Flight by the Ri¬ 
+ver Ladon , flie invoked the Naiades , who changed 
+her into a Tuft of Reeds, which the difappointed Lo¬ 
+ver grafped in his Arms. Contemplating a Transfor¬ 
+mation fo unfavourable to his Defires, he obferved the 
+Reeds tremble with the Wind, and emit a murmuring 
+Sound. Improving this Hint, he cut fome of them, 
+and formed the Pipe for which he became fo famous. 
+His other Amours were more fuccefsiul. He charmed 
+Luna y or the Moon, in the Shape of a beautiful Ram. 
+In the Difguife of a Shepherd, he became Servant to 
+the Father of Dryope (3) in order to gain Accefs to 
+his Mifirefs. By the Nymph Echo (4) he had a Daugh¬ 
+ter called Irynge , a famous Sorce efs, who fuppiied 
+Medta with her Phiitrum ; but Pan afterwards flight¬ 
+ing her, flie retired to the RecefTes of the Hills, where 
+fhe pined with Grief, till fhe dwindled to a Shadow, 
+and had nothing left but a Voice (5) ; others afcribe 
+the Change oi' Echo to another Caufe. 
+
+Pan 
+
+(*) Hence the Expreflion of a Pannick y for a fudden Fear and 
+Terror. 
+
+(3) Dryope rejected his Suit; but was afterwards changed in¬ 
+to the Lotus Tree. See Ovid Met. Lib. IX. 325. 
+
+(4) Some fay that Echo fell in Love,with Narcjjus y and was 
+flighted by him. 
+
+($) It is reported, that 'Juno punifhed Echo in this Manner for 
+her Loquacity, becaufe when Jupiter was engaged in any new 
+
+Amour , 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 189 
+
+Pan was properly the God of Shepherds and Hun¬ 
+ters, and as he was a Mountain Deity, the Flocks and 
+Herds were under his immediate Prote&ion and Care. 
+He was likewife honoured by the Fifliermen, efpecially 
+ihofe who inhabited the Promontories waflied by the 
+Sea. 
+
+He was chiefly efteemed in Arcadia , his Native 
+Country, where the Shepherds offered him Milk and 
+Honey in wooden Bowls. If fuccefsful in Hunting, 
+they allotted him-Part of the Spoil 1 but if otherwife, 
+they whipped his Image heartily. At Molpeus , a Town 
+near the City Lycofura , he had a Temple by the Title 
+of Nomiusy becaufe he perfected the Harmony of his 
+Pipe on the Nomian Mountains. 
+
+The Romans adopted him amongd their Deities by 
+the Names of Lupercus and Lycaeus . His FeftivaJs 
+called Lupercalia , and celebrated in February , were 
+inflituted by Evandery who Being exiled Arcadia , 
+
+e to Faunas King of the Latins , and 
+was by him allowed to fettle near Mount Palatine (6). 
+
+Romulus made fome Addition to thefe Ceremonies, in 
+
+which the Luperciy or Priefts of Pan y ran naked 
+through the City, ftriking thofe they met with Thongs 
+made of Goat Skins, particularly the Women, who 
+fancied that it helped their eafy Conception, or 
+fpeedy Delivery. 
+
+Pan is reprefented with a fmiling ruddy Face, and 
+thick Beard coveiing his Breads, two Horns on his 
+Head, a Star on his Bread, with the Nofe, Feet, and 
+Tail of a Goat. He is cloathed in a fpotted Skin, 
+having a Shepherd’s Crook in one Hand, and his Pipe 
+of unequal Reeds in the other, and is crowned with 
+Pine, that Tree being confecrated to his Service. 
+
+Pariy however, laid to be the Offspring of Penelopey 
+was indeed one of the mod ancient, being of the fird 
+Eight of the Egyptian Gods ; and was looked upon 
+as the Symbol of Nature . His Horns, fay the My- 
+
+
+fled for Refug 
+
+
+Amour, he lent this Nymph to amuTe his jealous Spoufe with 
+her Chat. 
+
+( 6 ) Where he had a Terapk built afterwards. 
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+i po Pabu'ous H ISTORY of 
+
+thologifh, reprefent the Rays of the Sun ; and the 
+Vivacity and Ruddinefs of his Complexion, the Brighi- 
+nefs of the Heavens the Star on his Bread, the Fn- 
+m ament ; and his Feet and Legs overgrown with 
+Hair, denote the inferior Part of the World, the 
+Earth, the Tiees and Plants (7). 
+
+Faunus was the Son of Pic us , King of the Lat'vs, 
+who was eotemporary with Orpheus. He reigned in 
+Italy at the Time that Pandion ruled Athens , and in¬ 
+troduced both Religion and Hufbandry into Latiitm . 
+He deified his Father, and his Wife Fauna or Fa- 
+tua (8). Be had the Gift of Prophecy. His Son 
+Sfiervutius was alfb honoured on account of his fhew- 
+ing how to improve Land by dunging or manuring it. 
+The Faunalia were kept in December with Feafting 
+and much Mirth, and the Victims offered were Goats. 
+
+The Fauni, or Children of Faunus , were vifionary 
+Beings much like the Satyrs, and were ufually crowned 
+withtPing. Both Faunus and they were the only Deities 
+regarded in Italy , and wholly unknown to the Greeks. 
+
+The Fauni were the Hufbandmen, the Satyrs the 
+Vine-dreffers, and the Sylvatti thofe who cut Wood 
+in the Forefts, who, as was ufual in thofe early Times, 
+being dreifed in the Skins of Bealls, gave Rife to thofe 
+fabulous Deities. 
+
+
+The Terreflrial Nymphs were divided into feveraf 
+Gaffes. The Heathen Theology took Care, that no 
+Part of Nature fliould remain uninformed or unpro- 
+
+
+Llie OreadeSy or Orejfeades , prefided over 
+
+
+tested. 
+
+
+the Mountains (9). Of thefe, Diana had a T hou- 
+fand ready to attend her at her Pleafure. ft is laid 
+they firfl reclaimed Men from ear&yg**©r devouring 
+
+
+each other, and 
+
+
+taught 
+
+
+the Ufe of 
+
+
+vegetable Food. 
+
+
+
+(~) /ybbe Battler's Mythology* Vol. t p. $40’. 
+
+(?) Seme add (lie was his Sifter, and a Prieilefs. He whip¬ 
+ped her to Death with Myrtle Rods for being drunk, and then 
+made her a Goddefs; for w hich Reafon no Myitle was ufed in 
+her Temples ; the Vefiels were covered, and the Wine offered 
+was called Mi'k. 
+
+(9) S me make '.hem five only, and call them the Daughters 
+of lliCatceus \ bm Homer fty’.es them th^ OffVpting of Jupiter. 
+
+Melijfa % 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods 
+
+
+191 
+
+
+Choice, either from irs Strength or Duration. 
+
+
+v 
+
+MeliJJa , one of ihele, was the Jnventrefs of Honey (io). 
+Tht: Napece were the tutelar Guardians of Vallies and 
+Flowery Meads*. The Dryades inhabited the Forelts 
+and Woods, reiiding in their particular Trees, with 
+which they were thought to be coeval, as feveral In- 
+fiances prove (n). Tire Oak was generally their 
+
+Some 
+
+were called Hamad* yades, whole Exigence was infe- 
+parably united to that of the Tree they animated. 
+'The Naiades were the Nymphs of the Brooks and 
+Rivers; the Limniades frequented the Lakes ; and the 
+Ephydriades delighted in Springs and Fountains. Thus 
+all the Face of Natore became enlivened by the Force 
+of imagination, and the Poets did not fail fo improve 
+fo ample a Field for Defeription, The Mythologies 
+deftroy all this fine Landfcape, by making the Nymphs 
+only fignify the univerfal Moifture which is diffufed 
+
+t h rough all Nature. 
+
+There were alfo celeftial Nymphs of a higher Rank, 
+who attended the Dii Majores. Jupiter boafls of his 
+in Quid (12). The Mufes were the Nymphs or At¬ 
+tendants of Apollo v as the Baffarides , or Mernades^ be¬ 
+longed to Bacchus. Juno had fourteen who waited on 
+her (13) Perfon ; and Neptune had no lefs than fifty 
+Nereides at his Back, on which Account he was called 
+Nymphagater , or the Captain of the Nymphs ( 14), 
+
+The ufual Sacrifices to thefe Deities were Goats 
+but more commonly Milk , 0 / 7 , Honey , and HAne. 
+The Nymphs were always reprefented as young and 
+beautiful Virgins, and dreffed in fuch a Manner as was 
+moft fuitable to the Character afcribed to them. 
+
+To the Jkain of Pan we may join two rural God- 
+delfes, of whom the fir ft is Feronia , or the Goddels of 
+Woods and Orchards (15). The Lacedemonians fir ft 
+
+
+% 
+
+(10) Whence the Bees are called MeUJfes. 
+
+(11) Areas preierWng a decayed Oak,, by watering the Roots, 
+was rewarded £>y marrytag the Nym[h who rtfided in it. 
+
+(j 2) Ovid Metam. Lib. L 
+(13) Virgtf. /Eneid f. 7^. 
+
+(14} See Hcjlod and Pindar . 
+
+(15) From Fero, to bear or produce. 
+
+
+introduced 
+
+
+
+p 
+
+
+192 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+introduced her Worfhip into Italy under Evander, 
+and buiit her a Temple in a Grove near Mount So- 
+rade. This Edifice being fet on Fire, and extin- 
+guifiied, the Neighbours refolved to remove her Sta¬ 
+tue, when the Grove became green of a fudden (16). 
+Strabo tells us, that her Priefts or Votaries could 
+walk barefoot over burning Coals unhurt. Slaves re¬ 
+ceived the Cap of Eibetty in her Temple, on which 
+Account they regarded her as their Patronefs. 
+
+Pales was the protecting Deity of Shepherds and 
+Pafturage. Her Feilival was obferved by the Coun¬ 
+try People in May y in the open Fields, and the Of¬ 
+ferings were Mtlk % and Cakes of Millet , in order to 
+engage her to defend their Flocks from wild Beafts, 
+and infectious Difeafes. Thefe Feafts were called 
+Palilia. Some make Pales the fame with V eft a or Cy- 
+bele. This Goddefs is reprefented as an old Woman. 
+
+Both thefe Deities were peculiar to the Romans , and 
+wholly unknown in Greece . 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LVI. Of Priapus and Terminus. 
+
+P R 1 A P U S was, as the Generality of Authors 
+
+agree, the Son of Bacchus and Venus (1). This 
+Goddefs meeting him in his Return from his India Ex¬ 
+pedition, their amorous Congrefs produced this Child, 
+who was born at Lampfacus (2), but fo deformed, that 
+his Mother, alhamed of him, abandoned him (3). 
+Being grown up, the Inhabitants of that Place ba- 
+nifhed him their Territory, on account of his Vices ; 
+but being vifited with an epidemical pifeafe, upon 
+confulting the Oracle of Dodona> he was‘recalled ( 4 )* 
+
+(16) This Miracle is afoibed to other Drit’es. 
+
+( ) Some make him the Son of Bacckus and Nais ; others fay 
+Chicnc was his Mother. 
+
+(2) A City of Myfta at the Mouth of the Heliefpont. 
+
+(3) Some fay that Juno being called to aflift at the Labour, out 
+of Hatred to Bacchus the Son of her Rival Scmele , fpoilt the In¬ 
+fant in the Birth. 
+
+(4) Others fay, that the Women of Lampfacus prevailed on 
+their Hufbands to recall him. 
+
+And 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+*93 
+
+
+l y 
+
+n 
+
+
+And Temples were erected to him as the tutelar Dei- 
+of Vineyards and Gardens, to defend them from 
+Thieves and Birds deftruCtive to the Fruit. 
+
+Priapus had feveral Names. He was called A*uif- 
+tupor for the Reafon juft mentioned. The Title of 
+Hellefpontiacus was given him, becaufe Lampfaeus was 
+leafed on that Screight or Arm of the Sea. It is un 
+
+
+certain how he came by the Epithet of Bonus Deus 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+
+of Phallus 
+
+
+afcribed to him by Phurnutius . 
+and Fafcinum were affigned htm on a very obfcene 
+Account, and indeed his whole Figure conveyed fitch 
+an Idea of Uglinefs and Lewdnefs, that the Poets ge¬ 
+nerally treat him with great Contempt (5). The Sa¬ 
+crifice offered him was the Afs, either becaufe of the 
+natural Uncomelinefs of that Animal, and its ftrong 
+Propenlity to Venery, or becaufe as fome fay, Priapus 
+attempting the Chaftity of Vefta when alleep, Ihe was 
+awakened by the Braying of old Silenus his Afs y and 
+fo efcaped the Injury defigned her. 
+
+This Deity is ufually reprefented naked and obfcene, 
+with a ftern Countenance, matted Hair, and carrying 
+a wooden Sword (6), or Sickle in his Hand. His Bo¬ 
+dy ended in a fhapelefs Trunk or Block of Timber. 
+
+Some of the Mythologies make his Birth allude to 
+that radical Moifture, which fupports all vegetable 
+Productions, and which is produced 
+
+
+
+Bacchus and 
+
+Venus , that is, the Solar Heat, and the Water, or 
+liqu id Matter, whence Venus is fa id to fpring. The 
+Worfhip of this infamous Deity was taken from the 
+
+Syrians of Lampfaeus . 
+
+With Priapus we may alTbciate Terminus , a very 
+
+
+antient Deity amongft the Romans , whofe Worfhip 
+was firft inftituted by Numa Pompilius , who ereCteii 
+him a Temple on the Tarpeian Hill (7). This Deity 
+was thought to prefide over the Stones or Landmarks, 
+
+called Termini , which were held fo (acred, that it was 
+
+Sacrilege to move them, and the Criminal becoming 
+
+
+[f] Horat. Satyr VIII. 
+(6) Virgil, G.org. 
+
+
+? . IV. 
+
+(7) Which was open at Top 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+devoted 
+
+
+
+194 
+
+
+Fabulous PI I S T O 
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+0 
+
+
+
+devoted to the Gods, it was lawful for any Man to 
+
+kill him. 
+
+The Feafts called ‘ Terminnlia , were celebrated an¬ 
+nually about the End of February , when the antient 
+Te / miai , or Landn-aiks, were carefully vifued and 
+crowned with Garlands. At frit the Sacrifices to 
+
+
+thefe rural De 
+
+
+• • 
+
+
+were very fimpie 
+
+
+Wheat 
+
+
+Cakes, and the firft Fruits of the Field, with Milk (8): 
+but in later Times the Vidlims were Lambs, and Sous 
+that gave Suck, whofe Blood was lprinkled upon the 
+
+
+Stones. 
+
+The Rowan Termini were fquare Stones, or Pods, 
+much refembling our Mile Stones (9). 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LVIf. Of Flora. 
+
+
+
+H E P 
+Cbh 
+
+’id : 
+
+
+1 v ( a 1: e 
+
+
+
+
+ns 
+
+
+tire Vv 
+
+
+this Goddefs the 
+
+Zephyrus ( 10), mentioned 
+
+that the was a ce- 
+
+
+Hiitorians agree 
+
+
+brated Roman Courtezan, who having a mailed 
+
+
+rable Fortune by her Profefilon, 11 
+pie her Heirs, on Condition that 
+
+
+>. a d e 
+
+
+ca lied Fkralia 
+
+
+Birth D 
+
+mo us a 
+
+
+
+be 
+
+
+ally 
+
+
+bra ted 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+The Senate, to give 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+Glofs 
+
+
+Proftitution of R 
+
+
+j. ivmivuuv^u ui p! vivux»v.u a 
+
+defigned in Honour of Flora , a certain Sabine 
+
+. n 1 1 f s~ t /• c\ 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+; Roman 
+Games, 
+
+on her 
+fo in fa- 
+Fe it i 
+
+
+
+
+G 
+
+
+efs, who prefided 
+
+
+Ed owe 
+
+
+Lhefe Sp 
+
+
+held in the Campus Xlartius, and proclaimed 
+
+
+
+Sound of Trump 
+
+
+?r. No Women appeared at them, 
+nodeft of the Sex (1)*^ Yet when 
+
+Cato , during his Cenfotjhip y came to behold them, 
+
+
+out tne 
+
+
+ft 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+thought fit 
+
+Virtue ofc 
+titude. 
+
+
+fpended the Ceremonies through Sha 
+
+an Influence 
+a corrupt and diilol 
+
+
+to wi 
+
+
+fuch 
+
+
+Man 
+
+
+had the 
+
+re Mul- 
+
+
+(8) To fliew that no Force or Violence fhould be ufed in fet¬ 
+tling mutual Boundaries. 
+
+(9) Ovid Fajh y Lib. If. 
+
+(, 10) Ovid Fajii . 
+
+(i) Sat. VI. 
+
+' • *' > 
+
+F- 0 ra s 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+os mis 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 195 
+
+Flora s Image, in the Temple of C. ail or and Pollux , 
+was dreffed in a dole Habit, holding in her Hands the 
+Flowers of Peas and Beans •, for at the Celebration 
+of her Rites the /EcMes fcattered thefe and other 
+Pulfe amongft the People (2). The modern Poets 
+and Painters have fet off her Charms in a more laviih 
+Manner, and not without Reafon, lince no Part of 
+Nature affords fuch innocent and exquifrte Entertain¬ 
+ment to the Sight and Smell, as the Variety which 
+adorns, and the Odours which embalm the floral 
+World. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LVIIL Of Pomona WVertumnus, 
+hp H E Goddefs Pomona was a Latina Nymph, 
+
+If whom that Nation honouied as a tutelar Deity 
+of Orchards and Fruit-Trees. Vertumnus (the Pro¬ 
+teus of the Roman Ritual) (3) was the God ofTradef- 
+men, and from the Power he had of affuming any 
+Shape, was bel'eved to piefide over the Thoughts of 
+Mankind. His Fellivals called Vertumtiaha, were 
+
+celebrated in October. 
+
+Vertitmnus his Courtjfhip makes one of the nioft 
+elegant and entertaining Stories in 0<vid (4). Under 
+the Difguife of an old Woman he vifited the Gardens 
+of Pomona , whom he found employed in looking after 
+her Plantations. He artfully praifes the Beauty of her 
+Fruit, and commends the Care which produced it. 
+Thence from the View of the Vine, fupporred by the 
+Elm, he infinuates to her the Neceffity and Pieafure 
+of a married Life. The Goddefs heard all his Elo¬ 
+quence with an, indifferent Ear Her Heart remained 
+untouched, tili throwing off his Difguife, the God 
+affirmed his youthful Beauty, and by his Form foon 
+gained the Goddefs’s Confent. 
+
+
+(2) See Valerius Maximus , Lib. II. 
+
+(3) Becaufe of tbe Turns or Fluctuations to ^wch Trade U 
+fub j eft. 
+
+(4) <W, Lib. XIV. 6 zl. 
+
+I 2 
+
+
+Some 
+
+
+
+
+Some imagine Vertumnus an Emblem of the Year, 
+"which though it afTumes different Dreifes, according 
+to the different Seafons, is at no Time fo agreeable 
+as in Autumn, when the Harveft is crowned, and the 
+•richefl Fruitsappear in their full Perfection and/Luflre. 
+The Hiltorians fay, that this God was an antient 
+■Pufcan Prince, who firft taught his Subjects fo plant 
+Orchards, and to graft and -prune Fruit Trees ; 
+whence he is faid to have married Pomona. 
+
+Both thefe Deities are unknown-to the Greeks , and 
+are honoured only by the Romans. 
+
+
+
+
+H E Lares were the Offspring of Mercury. The 
+Nymph Lara having offended 'Jupiter , by dif- 
+clofing fomeof his Intrigues to Juno , that Deity or¬ 
+dered her Tongue to be cut out, and banifhed her to 
+the infernal Manfions. Mercury , who was appointed 
+to conduct her into Exile, raviihed her by the Way, 
+and fie brought forth the Lares C 5 >- 
+
+Thefe Deities not only prefided over the Highways 
+and the Confervation of the .publick Safety, but alio 
+over private Houfes., in mod of which the Romans had 
+a particular Place called Lararium y where were depo- 
+
+fited the Images of their domeftic Gods, the Statues 
+of their Anceftors, and the Lares. 
+
+Their Feflival, called Compitalia , was celebrated 
+in January , in the open Streets and Roads. At frf: 
+Boys were facrificed to them, but that favage Cuftom 
+-was foon difufed, and -Images of Wool and Straw (6), 
+with the ^firfl: .Fruits of the Earth, Wine, Incenfe, 
+and Garlands of Flowers were the Offerings. When 
+the Roman Youth laid afide the Bulla , (an Ornament 
+
+(5) Ovid Faji. Lib. II. 
+
+( 6 ) They hung up as many Images as there were Perfons of 
+-/all Sexes and Ages in the Family, and a woollen Ball for every 
+.-Servant. 
+
+they 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods.. 197 
+
+they eonffantly wore (7) till fourteen Years, of Age) 
+they confecraied or hung it up to the Lares, who were 
+regarded as infernal as well as dome (lie Deities. 
+
+The Antients fuppofed, (according, to fome Au¬ 
+thors). that the Souls of Men after Death became a 
+Kind of Demons, called Lemures (8). Thefe they 
+fubdivided into Gaffes, the one benevolent and friend¬ 
+ly to Mankind, which they termed Lares ; the other, 
+who being, wicked during Life, retained a malicious 
+
+Difpofi'tion in their difembodied State, they ftyled 
+Lar*v&. 
+
+The Lares - were reprefented as- young Boys with 
+Dog Skins about their Bodies. (9), and with their 
+Heads covered, which was a Sign of that Freedom 
+and Liberty which Men ought to enjoy in their own 
+Houfes. They had always the Image of a Dog near 
+them, to denote their Fidelity in preferving the Places 
+allotted to their Charge, on which Account this Ani¬ 
+mal was peculiarly confecrated to them. Some con¬ 
+found thefe with the Penates and Genii . 
+
+
+
+T H E Penates (10) were the Deities who prefided 
+
+over new born Infants. The antient Hetrufci 
+Galled them Confentes, or Complices , though others 
+make of them four of the Dii Majores (1). But thefe 
+were three Gaffes or Ranks of them : Thofe who 
+prefided over Empires and States (2) \ who had the 
+
+
+(7) The Bulla was a golden Ornament (haped like a Heart, 
+
+but hollow. 
+
+(8) So called from Remus, Brother of Romulus, whofe Ghofl 
+haunted hi* Brother. The Lemuralia were celebrated in the 
+Middle of May, daring which it was unlawful to marry. 
+
+(9) Some lay the Images were like Dogs. 
+
+(10) So ca led, from Venus, ‘within , either becaufe they pre- 
+fide over our Lives, or were placed in the innermoft Parts of the 
+Houle. 
+
+(1) Viz.. Jupiter, Juno , Minerva and Vefia. $ome drop 
+Vejia: Others make them only Two, Neptune and Apollo : O- 
+thers, Cceliim and Terra. 
+
+(a) Virgi\ JEca id III. 148. 
+
+
+
+Protedtlon 
+
+
+
+198 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Protection of Cities ; who look the Care or Guar- 
+
+dianihip of private Families, and were called the lef- 
+ler Penates (3). 
+
+Thefe Domellic Gods were placed in the utmoft 
+Recefs of the Houle, thence called Penetrale (4). 
+Dardanus brought them from Samathracia to Pfoy, 
+whence, on the Detlmftion of that City, JEneas 
+tranfported them to Italy. They were reckoned fo 
+facrcd, that the Expreifion of driving a Man from his 
+Penates (5) was ufed to fignify his being prolcribed, 
+or expelled his Country. 
+
+Dionyfius of lialicnrnaffus, Lib. 1. fays, that he 
+had leen them at Rome under the Figure of two young 
+Men lilting, with Spears in their Hands. 
+
+
+
+
+FI 
+
+
+
+
+LX I. 
+
+
+Of the Genii. 
+
+
+
+OME do not diilinguiili between thefe and the 
+
+w 
+
+Penates, or Lares ; but they weie very different. 
+The Antients afligned to every Thing its Guardian or 
+peculiar Genius ; Cities, Groves, Fountains, Hills, 
+were all provided with Keepers of this Kind, and to 
+each Man they allotted no lefs than two, one Goof, 
+the other Pud (6), who attended him from the Cradle 
+to the Grave. The Greeks called them. Demons, 
+They were named Pra'fUtes, from their fuperintend- 
+ing human Affairs 
+
+The Sacrifices offered thefe Divinities were Wine 
+(7) and Flowers, to which they joined Incenfe, parch¬ 
+ed Wheat, and Salt. Sometimes the Victim was a 
+Swine (8), though Animal Offerings were not ufual 
+to them. The Genii were represented under various 
+Figures, fuch as thole of Boys , Girls, old Men, and 
+
+
+(5) /T.neid VIII. 543. 
+
+(4) See Horace , Lib IV. Ode 4. 26. 
+
+(5) Hrgil, y£neid IV. 21. 
+
+(6) Horace, Lib. JI. Epift. 2. 
+
+(’) Per/tus, Sat. VI. 
+
+(8) Some afleit no Blood was fuffered to be fpilt in their S?- 
+
+crifices. 
+
+
+even 
+
+
+
+The Hf.atiien Gob s. 199 
+
+even Serpents. Thefe Images were crowned with 
+Plane-Tree Leaves, a Tree confecrated to the Genii. 
+
+By Genius is meant the adlive Power or Force of 
+Nature, from whence the Nuptial Bed is (Filed Ge¬ 
+nial , and the (lime Epithet given ro all Occrifions 
+wherein focial Joys and Pleafures aie felt. Hence al- 
+fo the Expreftions of indulging our Genius , that is, 
+living happily, or according to our Inclinations, con- 
+fulting our Genius , for examining how tar our Capa¬ 
+city extends, and the Term of a gieat Genius to r an 
+exalted or coinprehenfive Mind. The later Romans in 
+the degenerate Days of the State, introduced the 
+fervile Flattery of (wearing by the Genii of their Em- 
+perors , and the Tyrant Caligula put feveral to Death 
+
+for refilling to take the Oath. 
+
+
+
+
+HAP. LXII. Of Isis, Osiris, and Orus. 
+
+HE SE Three have been much fpoken of al¬ 
+ready, as having given Rife to alrnoft all the 
+ditie rent Divinities of Greece and Rome. Ifis is laid 
+to have been the Sifter of Ofiris (9), the Daughter a’l 
+Saturn , and a Native of Egypt, She mamed lie* 
+
+
+
+Brother, and (hared lvis Throne. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+icy gov 
+
+
+eined 
+Sub- 
+
+
+with great Equity and Wifdom, civilizing their 
+jefts, and inftru&ing them in Hulbamiry and other 
+
+1 j n-<t i T A • >1* 1 * 
+
+
+utefui Arts. 
+Verfe. and 
+
+
+Ofi 
+
+
+Fhele Inftrudlions were delivered in 
+
+Ifis (to). 
+
+ft Benefits on his 
+
+
+having conferred 
+
+
+own Subjects, made the 
+
+
+(fury D 
+
+
+AfFai 
+
+
+rs. 
+
+
+ing the Regency 
+
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+out 
+
+
+h a Body of Fo 
+
+
+Mankind 
+
+
+j 
+
+
+to civilize the reft of 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Perfuafion. and 
+
+
+ry, tha 
+
+
+
+the 1 
+
+
+9 ~ 
+
+
+Art 
+
+
+It into Etbiop 
+
+
+he-performed more by the Power of 
+
+Mu lick and Poe* 
+
+his Arms. He-marched 
+Arabia and India. Hav- 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+d Afia , he crofted the Hellefpbnt , andfp 
+
+
+
+
+(9) Diodor. Sic. 1 . I. 
+
+(ioj Plata de leg. Dialog. 2. 
+
+I 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+fome 
+
+
+
+200 
+
+
+Fabulous 
+
+
+
+
+T O 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+he 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+me time in Europe. Returning to 
+llafn by his Brother Typhon ; of whom wc have lpoken 
+lufHciently in tiie Chapter of the Giants. 
+
+When the News ot this reached Coptus , where //is 
+then was, llie cut her Hair, and in deep Mourning 
+went every where in Search of the dead Body ; which 
+the found at length, and concealed it at Butus. But 
+Tvpbon hunting by Moonlight found it there and tore 
+
+
+it into many Fieces, which he fcattered abroad. 
+
+
+I/is 
+
+
+then traverled the Lakes and watery Places, in a Boat 
+made ot the Papyrus, leeking the mangled Limbs ot 
+Ojnii: Where ihe found one, there the buried it. 
+Hence the many Tombs afcribed to O/iris. Thus Plu¬ 
+tarch. But Diodorus Siculus fays, that fhc joined the 
+Fragments, embalmed and buried them at Memphis ; 
+prevailed on the Egyptian Piietls to promote his Dei¬ 
+fication, in Condderation of a third Fait of the King¬ 
+dom given to i lie in. 
+
+Ifis afterwards, with the Afiiftance ofher Son Orus , 
+vanquijhing ; 73 '/»^o« ; reigned happily over Egypt to her 
+
+Death, and was alfo buried at Memphis. At Buftrts a 
+
+
+moil fuperb Temple was railed to her. 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+fucceeded by her Son Orus , who completed the Reign 
+of the Gods and Demigods in Egypt. 
+
+To do the greater Honour to thefe their Favourites, 
+the Egyptians made them to reprefent the Objects of 
+their idolatrous Worfhip. The Attributes of Ijis in¬ 
+deed, when expofed as the public Sign of their Feafts, 
+differed according to the different Purpofes to which 
+they applied the Figure. But at other Times this 
+Goddefs was reprefented with a flowing Veil, having 
+the Earth under her Feet, her Head crowned with 
+'lowers (like the Phrygian Another) the Emblem of 
+Height and Stability $ and foiuetimes with upright 
+Horns , equally exprellive of Dotninion and Power 
+next to thefe the Crefcent ; then the Sttn ; and above 
+ail, expanded IVitigs. She has alfo Wings, and a 
+Quiver on her Shoulders. Her left Hand holds a 
+Cornucoph , her Right a Throne charged with the Cap 
+and Sceptre of Oftris , and fometimes a flaming Torch * 
+and her right Arm is entwined by a Serpent. The 
+
+Imagi- 
+
+
+
+20 l 
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+Imagination of the Reader will prefently conceive this 
+to be the Symbol of the Mtber, the natuial Parent 
+and Spiiit of the Univerfe, comprehending and per¬ 
+vading the whole Creation. As luch ihe is ealily con¬ 
+founded with Nature, which is defined by Bulbils in 
+Cicero (1) to be “ That which contains and futlains 
+“ the whole World.” In Herodotus, fhe is the fame 
+with Ceres ; in Diodorus, with Luna , and Ceres and 
+Juno ; in Plutarch , with Minerva, Pt oj'erpine, Luna, 
+Thetys, By Apuleius, /lie is called the Mother oj the 
+Cods, and is the fame with Minerva, Venus, Diana , 
+Proferpine, Ceres, Juno, Bellona, Hecate, Rhamnufta , 
+hence termed fometimes fxv^oow^oq, or “ The Goddefs 
+“ of a thoufand Names.” Being a female f igure, 
+and thus principally honoured, lire was denominated 
+
+IJis (2). 
+
+So likewife in Herodotus, Qftris and Bacchus we the 
+fame ; in Diodorus , Sol , OJiris, Serapis, Dionyfms , 
+Pluto, Ammon, Jupiter, Pan ; in Plutarch, Sol, Oji - 
+ris, Pluto, Bacchus, Serapis, Apis, Ocean us, Sirius. 
+Hence we lee him in Gems with a radiated Crown and 
+a BaJhet on his Head, having the Horns of Ammon ; 
+and in his Hand a Trident entwined by a Serpent. He 
+is the great Emblem of the Solar Body. 
+
+Orus is the Symbol of Light, as the Name im-- 
+ports (3) ; and is generally figured as a winged Boy , 
+ltanding between Oftris and Ifis. He is the Herws of 
+the Greeks, and the Cupid of the Romans: The Son 
+of OJiris and ifis, whole Bullion for each other is fa id 
+to have commenced in the Womb, where they em¬ 
+braced ; and Orus was the Fruit of tin’s early Ccn-^ 
+jun&ion. I he whole containing this Ample Truth, 
+that Light, <4 has began to flow fiom the Body of the • 
+“ Sun, from its firft Ex i fie nee, thro’ the Mid ft of 
+** JEtherP But thefe themfelves wereftme natural Em- 
+blems. Plutarch therefore refers us higher ; .affirm¬ 
+ing, that Oftris lignifies the active Principle, of the 
+
+(t) Natura eft quje contineat mundum omnem eumque tuea«- 
+tur. De Nat Deor. I. 2. 
+
+(i) Or Ijha, the Woman, nctr 
+(3) From A or, bight. 
+
+1 s 
+
+
+inofL. 
+
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION 
+
+
+
+THESE three following Plates, <vtz. of Ifis, Oft - 
+riSy and Orus , were taken originally from the Bern - 
+bine or Ifiac Table in the Bodleian Library. This 
+Table or Altar-Plate is of Brafs, full of Hieroglyphics 
+inlaid in Silver and Enamel, which conftitute an Epi¬ 
+tome of the whole Egyptian Theology. It has been 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+described, copied and elaborately explained 
+learned Jefuit, Athanafius Kircher , in his OEdipus 
+Mgyptiacusy vol. 3. p. 8o, feq . Rom& 1654. 7 Hor. 
+
+A poll. 
+
+In this of lf .u the Top-Cornice over her abounds 
+with Flames, diflfufed like rifing Serpents, indicating 
+Light and Life fupernal and dillant from the Conta¬ 
+gion of grofs Matter. In thofe underneath, is the Cir¬ 
+cle with expanded Wings, the Emblem of JEther. The 
+Architraves are fupported by two Columns, with al¬ 
+ternate fquare Divifions of black and white, crowned 
+whh the Head of Ifis. At fome Diftance on the Out- 
+fides are two Piiafters, decorated with Flowers, from 
+which rife two Afpicsy Symbols of Warmth and Moif- 
+ture conjoined, the fecondary Caufe of Life. In the 
+Midft of this magnificent Throne is the Goddefs feat - 
+
+
+(4) De Ifi J . & OfiriJ. p. 354. See Ramfafs Theology of the 
+Pagans. 
+
+($) The Ball Apis was the Subflitute of 0fir is $ the Name of 
+the latter Sor, or o«r, fignifying''a Bull, and Apis, the mod 
+Mighty, But the Bull Apis had particular Marks; and they ad¬ 
+ded, that the Apis was animated by the Soul of Oftris . The 
+Greeks gave the Article and the Termination to the Word Of« 
+ris j fo diiguifing it 5 that the Egyptians knew it not again. 
+
+ed y 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 203 
+
+ed to denote Stability and Power. From the Nave! 
+to the Foot her Habit is compofed of Wings, repre¬ 
+senting the Velocity and Sublimity of the ALther, dif¬ 
+fusing itielf univerfally. Thence upwards to the 
+Biealt, die is full of Paps , diewing the Body of the 
+World, or the univerfal Machine to be thence nou- 
+riflied and fupported. The Collars round her Neck 
+are the celellial Orbs. The great Variety of created 
+Beings, is aptly fignified by the party-coloured Fea¬ 
+thers of the African Hen , which covers her Head, in 
+a dying Attitude. The Bajket on the B^ck of thrs 
+Bird is the Emblem of Plenty, from which, on each 
+Side, fprings a Leaf of the Egyptian Peach ; and two 
+Horns, which point out the Crefcent Moon, inclofing a 
+Circle marked with the Figure of the Scat abacus, or 
+Beetle, reprefenting the Sun. 
+
+The Geifure of her Left-Hand is commanding and 
+monitory : Her Right holds a Sceptre of the flowering 
+Lotus. Her Seat is adorned with the Figure of a Dog 
+fitting ; to intimate her Dominion, according to Dio¬ 
+dorus, refulgent in the Dog-Star . Within the Table, 
+beneath the Throne, is the Body of a Lion with the 
+Head of an Hawk, at his Forefeet a Canopus , flip port¬ 
+ing upright Wings ; Emblems of Earth, Fire , Water , 
+and Air. Over the Back of the Lion-Hawk is the 
+Sevpent , tranfmitted through a Circle , with expanded 
+Wings , explained in the Chapter of Mercury , Page 
+106, of whofe Caduceus thefe are the Attributes $ and 
+on his Head a Crefcent , with the Sun over that. By 
+the final 1 hieroglyphic Charaders near the Ifts, flie is 
+faid to be The Spirit of the World, penetrating all 
+Things with the Eye of Divine Providence ; and the 
+Bond of the Superior and Inferior Worlds. 
+
+
+
+Qfiris is reprefented here feated on a teffe Hated 
+Throne, to exprefs Dominion and the Viciffitudes of 
+Day and Night, which depend upon him. He has the 
+Head of an Hawk, a Bird, from his Strength of Vilion, 
+by which he is faid to look Heady on the Meridian Sun, 
+
+frequently 
+
+
+
+204 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+frequently depidled for the Symbol of the Solar Orb-. 
+He is crowned with a Mitre , full of frnail Ores, to 
+intimate his Superiority over ail the Globes. The 
+Gourd upon the Mitre implies his Adtion and Influence 
+upon Moilture, which, and the Nile particularly, was 
+termed by the Egyptians the Efflux of 0 fir is. The 
+lower Part of his Habit is made up of descending Rays, 
+and his Body is furrounded with Orbs. His Right 
+Hand is extended in a commanding Attitude, and his 
+Left holds a i Thyrfus or Staff of the Papyrus , point¬ 
+ing out the Principle of Humidity, and the Fertility 
+thence flowing, under his Direction. 
+
+
+Explanation of the Figure of Orus. 
+
+The Figure of Orus, which is the Emblem of the 
+
+Solar Efflux, is Juvenile, as perpetually renewed and 
+renewing Youth and Vigour. He flands to denote the 
+unabated Activity of Light: And is habited in a Sort 
+of Network, compofed of Globules of Light pufliing 
+
+ach other eve:w Way. He holds a 
+effing his Power in the four Ele¬ 
+ments ; and on it the Head of the Houp , a tranfient 
+Bird, to reprefem the continual Change of Things 
+which he produces by thofe Elements. This Staff, 
+the Symbol of his Rule, is further adorned with a 
+
+Gnomon arid a Trumpet, indicating Seafon and Symme¬ 
+try , Harmony and Order . At his Back is a Triangle> 
+with a Globe fixed to it ; /hewing the regular Being 
+of the World to depend upon him. The Sides of the 
+Portal, which he Hands in, are deco-rated-with the 
+celeftial Bodies, and on the Top of it is the Circle with 
+expanded IVings. The Hieroglyphics engraven on the 
+Bafe , call him, The Parent of vegetable Nalure ; the 
+Guardian of Moiflurc ; Proteflor of the Nile j Aver- 
+ter of Evils i Governor of the Worlds ; the many fi¬ 
+gured God $ the Author of Plenty . 
+
+
+
+
+CHAR 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+
+205 
+
+
+CHAP. LXIJI. Of the Cabiri. 
+
+
+B O CHART fays, that the Cabiri were the Gods 
+
+of the Phoenicians, and ohferves juftly, that Ca- 
+bir fignifies, both in the Hebrew and Arabic Tongues, 
+Great or Mighty: So that Cabiri, in the Plural, are 
+The Great or Mighty Ones. He that miniftered 
+in holy Things went by the Appellation of Cohes, a 
+manifeft Corruption of the Hebrew Cohen , a Prieji , 
+or Interceffor. 
+
+They are fpoken of by the Names of Axieros, 
+AxiocherJ'os and Axiocherfa ; as three diftinft Ferfons: 
+And in them our Author thinks that he has found 
+
+
+Ceres , Proferpine and Pluto ; the Abbe Pluche, Ofirts , 
+
+
+Orus, and Jfs 
+
+
+others, Jupiter, Ceres, and Bacchus. 
+
+
+To thefe, the Scholiall upon Apollonius has added a 
+Fourth, Cafmilus or Cadmilus • the lame,,fays he, is 
+
+
+Hermes or Mercury, whom Varro declares to be only 
+a Minifter Attendant on the Cabiri . 
+
+
+Several Authors have confined the Appellation of 
+Cabiri to Jupiter, Minerva and Juno. Nor is it at 
+all improbable that thefe fiiould have been fo called in 
+After-Ages, when the World in general had forfaken 
+the Worfhip of the Creator for that of the Creature, 
+and underftood by thefe Terms thofe Things which 
+mu ft indeed be allowed the mod proper and fignificant 
+
+Emblems of the Divine Perfonalities (6) : The Solar 
+
+Fire being meant by Jupiter (7) ; by Minerva, dart mg 
+from the Head of him, the Light thence fpringing ; 
+and by Juno, the JEiher, (including the Air) the na¬ 
+tural Reprefentative of the sacred Spirit. Thefe 
+are indeed the fame with the Egyptian GJiris, Oru$ y 
+
+and If5. 
+
+But in the earlier Times it was judged an' Aft of 
+Irreverence to pronounce their Names $ which was the 
+Cafe of the Tetragrammaton with the Jews . They 
+
+
+(6) Sic Homines novere Deos, quos arduus /Ether 
+
+Occnlit, & colitur pro Jove forma Jovit. Qvin>. 
+
+(7) Macrob. 1 . 1. c. 23. Plato in Phsed. Orpheus,, &c. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+206 
+
+
+Fab uhits II I S T Q R Y of 
+
+were therefore only fpoken of by the general Deno¬ 
+mination of Dio/couroty or fprang from Jove , a Ti¬ 
+tle afterwards conferred upon Ca/ior and Pollux. 
+
+Even Children were initiated into thele JViyfleries, 
+and thought by their Parents to be afterwards fecure 
+from Dangers of anv Kind. Such as were permitted 
+to partake of the Ceremonies, were wont to aifemble 
+iii a Wood or Grove, which was held lacred and be¬ 
+came a Sanctuary. By the Initiation Men were be¬ 
+lieved to become more holy, jull and pure ; and it is 
+fai u that none ever duly performed the Ceremonies, 
+without being amply rewaided for his Piety. 
+
+As to what is laid of a Man’s being lacrificed in 
+
+O 
+
+thele Myllcries upon fome extraordinary Occafion ; I 
+cannot find the Aifertion to he well-grounded. Julius 
+Pirmicas intimates, that the Cabiri were three Bro¬ 
+thers, one of whom was (lain by the other Two, and 
+then deified ; and ipeaks of his Worfhippers, as hold¬ 
+ing up their bloody Hands to the once-bleeding ; 
+which may refer either to their Hands being embrued 
+in the Blood of the ordinary Victims, or to the war¬ 
+like Diipolition of that conquering People (Macedo¬ 
+nians), But it the Thing be F a ft, it mu ft have pro¬ 
+ceeded from an Aft uranee that fuch a Sacrifice was 
+one Day or other to promote the Happineis of Man¬ 
+kind (S). 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LXIV. Of the inferior Deities a 
+
+ing Mankind from their Birth to their Death. 
+
+
+ttend ■ 
+
+
+I T would be a Tafk almoft endlefs to enter into a 
+
+minute Detail of the inferior Deities acknowledged 
+by the Greeks and Romans. The Names of thele 
+viiionary Beings occur fo feldoin in the Clafhc Au 
+thors, ihat it is fufticient barely to mark their Deno¬ 
+minations. 
+
+
+(S) This was alfo the leading Opinion of the Britijb Druids ; 
+
+Prs f r ita Hj minis ni/t Vtta Homtnts reddafiir, non foffe aliter 
+jDecrum i trt mort-alium tinmen placsri arbitrantur , Csf. Comm. 1# 
+
+6. c. 15. 
+
+During 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 
+
+During Pregnaney , the tutelar Powers were \ 
+God Ptlumnus (cj), and the Goddefles Intercidonia (i < 
+and Deverra (i). The Signification of thele Nan 
+
+
+207 
+
+the 
+
+
+feems to point out the Neceflity of Warmth and 
+Cleanlinefs to Perfons in this Condition. 
+
+BefidcB the fuperior Goddeifes Juno-Lucina, Diana- 
+llythia and Latona, who ail ptetided at the Birth, there 
+were the Gockleffes Egeria (2), Prof a (3), and M 
+
+
+geneta (4), who with 
+
+Care of Women 
+To Children. 
+
+
+Dii Nixii (5), had all the 
+
+
+Labour 
+
+
+Janus performed the Office of Door 
+keeper or Midwife, and in this Quality was afiilted by 
+
+
+the Goddefs Op 
+
+
+or Op 
+
+
+( 6 ) 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+rocked the 
+
+
+Cradle, while Carmentu fung their Deftiny ; La*vana 
+lifted them from the Ground (7) ; and Pegitanus took 
+
+
+Care of them when they cried ; Ru 
+
+
+(8) watched 
+
+
+them while they fuck led ; Po/ina furnifhed them with 
+
+
+Drink ; and Educa with Food 
+
+
+Nourishment 
+
+
+ft logo knit 
+
+
+Bones ; and Cat 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+) 
+
+
+Conftitut 
+
+
+ftrengthcned 
+
+
+Nundina (10) was the Goddefs of 
+
+
+Child 
+
+
+Purification ; Statilinus or 6/ 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+ft rutted them to walk, and kept them from falling 
+
+
+Fubulinus learnt them to prattle 
+
+
+Goddefs Pa<ven 
+
+
+(9) Either from Pilutn , a Peftle; or from Pello to drive away, 
+becaufe he procured a fafe Delivery. 
+
+(10) She taught the Ait of cutting Wood with a Hatchet to 
+
+make Fites. < 
+
+(1) The Inventrefs of Brooms. 
+
+(2) From cafling out the Biith. 
+
+(3) Auius GcHius, cap. xix. (4) JRlian. 
+
+(4) From Enitcr , to llruggle. See Aufonius , Idyll, t z. 
+
+(6) Some make her the fame with Rhea or Vejla. 
+
+(7) Amongft the Romans the Midwife always hid the Child 
+on the Ground, and the Father, or Somebody he appointed, lift¬ 
+ed it up ; hence the Expreffion of toilers Liberos , to educate Chil¬ 
+dren. 
+
+(8) This Goddefs has a Temple at Rome, and her Offerings 
+were Milk. 
+
+(9) On the Kalends of June Sacrifices were offered to Carna , 
+of Bacon and Bean-Flower Cakes; whence they were called 
+
+Fa barta. 
+
+(10) Boys were named always on the 9th Day after their 
+Birth, Girls on the 8th. 
+
+
+
+
+tin preferved them from Frights (i); and Camana 
+learnt them to fmg. 
+
+Nor was the Infant, when grown to riper Years, 
+left without his Protestors ; Juventas was the God of 
+Youth ; Agenoria excited Men to A&ion ; and the 
+Goddelfes Stimula and Strenua infpiied Courage and 
+Vivacity ; Hot ta (2) inlpired the Love of Fame or 
+.Glory ; and Sentia gave them Sentiments of Probity 
+and Juftice » Qiiies was the Goddefs of Repofe or 
+Eafe (3) $ and Idolena , or Lazinefs, was deified by 
+the Name of Murcia (4) ; Facuna piotetted the Idle; 
+Adeotui and Aheona fecured People in going abroad and 
+returning (5) ; and Vihilia , if they wandered, was fo 
+kind to put them in the right Way again 5 Feffonia re¬ 
+freshed the Weary and fatigued ; and Medilrina 
+healed the Sickly (6); Vitula was the Patroncfs of 
+Mirth and Frolick (7) j Folupia the Goddefs who 
+beitowed Fleafure (8) ; Orbotia was addrefled, that 
+Parents might not lofe their Offspring ; Pellonia a- 
+verted Mifchiefs and Dangers ; and Numerue taught 
+People to call ancl keep Accounts ; Angerona (9) 
+cured the Anguifh or Sorrows of the Mind ; H<eres - 
+Mavlia fecured Heirs the Elhites they expected ; and 
+Stata , or Statua Mater , fecured the Forum , or Mar- 
+.ket-Place, from Fire ; even the Thieves had a Pro- 
+
+
+
+(1) From Parorem ai'erfendo. 
+
+(i) She hah a Temple at Rome, which always flood open. 
+
+(3) She had a Temple without the Walls. 
+
+(4) Murcia had her Temple on Mount Adeni ne. 
+
+(5) From Abet, to go away, and Adeo, to come. 
+
+(6) The Feftival of this Goddefs was in September^ when the 
+Romans drank new Wine mixed with old by Way of PhyficK. 
+
+(7) From Vitulo , to leap or dance. 
+
+(b) From Voluptas. 
+
+( 9 ) a great Murrain which deftroyed their Cattle, the Re¬ 
+mans invoked this Goddefs, and fhe removed the Plague. 
+
+(to) The Image was a Head without a Body. Horace menti¬ 
+ons her, Lib. I Epift. XVI. 60. fhe had a Temple without the 
+Walls, which gave Name to the Porta Lavernalis* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The H K A TH EN Go D 9 . 209 
+
+
+fpired Men with a Difpofnion to do well ; and Horn - 
+rius raifed them to Preferment and Honours. 
+
+Nor was the Maniage State without its peculiar 
+Defenders, Five Deities were e(teemed fo neceflary,. 
+that no Marriages were folenmized without aftcing their 
+Favours; thele were Jupiter-perfeftus,. or the Adult , 
+
+Juno, Venus, Suadela (1)1 and Diana 
+
+Jugatinus ty’d the Nuptial Knot, Domiducus u/her- 
+ed the Bride Horne, Domitius took Care to keep her 
+there, and prevent her gadding abroad ; Manturna- 
+preferved the conjugal Union entire ; Virginenjis (2) 
+loofed the Biidal Zone or Girdle ; Viriplaca was a, 
+propitious Goddefs ready to reconcile the married 
+Couple in Cafe of any accidental Differences ; Matu- 
+ta was the Patronefs of Matrons, no Maid Servant be» 
+ing fuffered to enter her Temple; Mena and Februa 
+(3) weie the GoddefTes who regulated the Female 
+Kutamenia ; the Goddefs Vacuna (4) is mentioned by 
+Horace (5) as having her Temple at Rome $ the Rul- 
+ticks celebrated her Fel'tivai in December , after the 
+Harvelt was got in (6), 
+
+The Antients afligned the particular Parts of the 
+Body to peculiar Deities; the Head was facied to Ju¬ 
+piter, the Breaft to Neptune, the Waift to Mars , the 
+Forehead to Genius , the Eyebrows to Juno, the Eyes 
+to Cupid , the Ears to Memory, the Right-Hand to 
+Fides or Veritas , the Back to Pluto , the Reins to Ve¬ 
+
+
+
+il) The Goddefs o 1 'Eloquence, or Perfuafun, who had a!*- 
+ways a great Hand in the Succels of Courtfhip. 
+
+(а) She was alfo calle 1 Cinxtajuno. 
+
+(3) From Februo, to purge. 
+
+(4) She was an old Sabtne Deity. Some make her the fame 
+with Ceres ; but Farre imagines her to be the Goddefs of Fifto- 
+ry, the Fruits of which are Eafe and Repofe. 
+
+[:) For ace. Lib. I. Epift. X. 49. 
+
+(б) Ovid Fall Lib. VI, 
+
+(7) From this Dift.rilution arofe, perhaps, the'Scheme of our 
+modern Ahralogeis, who aifign the different Farts of the Body. 
+
+to 
+
+
+
+210 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+The Goddefs who prefided over Funerals was Libi- 
+(8) in whofe Temple at Rome, the Undertakers- 
+furniilied all the Neceffaries for the Interment of the 
+Poor or Rich ; all dead Bodies were carried through 
+the Porta Libitina , and the Rat tones Libitince, men¬ 
+tioned by Suetonius, very nearly anlwer our Bills of 
+Mortality. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LXV. Of the inferior Rural Deities. 
+
+T H E Romans were not content with the great 
+
+Variety of Gods, which filled their Ritual. 
+They were daily inventing new Deities of an inferior 
+Order, to anfwer the Demands of Superftition, and 
+increafe the Kalendar. Rufina thus became a Name 
+for a Goddefs, who prefided over the Country in ge¬ 
+neral. Cvllina had the Charge of the Hills, and Val- 
+Iona the Infpedtion of the Valiies.; Hippona was the 
+Guardian of Stables and Horfes; and Bubona took 
+Care of the Oxen ; S e a , or Sogetia watched the Seed 
+till it fprouted ; and Runcina weeded the young Corn ; 
+Sarritor was the God ol Sowing, and Occator of 
+Harrowing ; Rohigus kepr the Blights or Mildew a- 
+way (9) ; Stercutius manured or dunged the Ground j 
+Nodotus, or Nod of us took Cave to ftrengthen and knit 
+the Stalks of the Corn; Volufia watched the Blade $ 
+Patelina unfolded the Ear ; Laclucina filled it ; and 
+Matura brought it to due Ripenefs ; Hofiilina pro¬ 
+duced a plentiful Chop ; and Tutelina took Care to 
+reap and get it fate in; Pilumnus kneaded the Bread; 
+
+to the celediai Conftellations, or Signs of the Zodiac; as the 
+Head to Aries, the Neck to Taurus , the Shoulders to Gemini , 
+the Heart to Cancer , the Breath to Leo, the Belly to Virgo , the 
+Reins to Libra , the Secrets to Scorpio, the Thighs to Sagitarius , 
+the Knees to Capricorn , the Legs to Aquarius, and the Feet to 
+Ftfce*. 
+
+(8) Some confound this Goddefi with Trojerpine , others with 
+Venus, 
+
+( 9 ) H is Feftival, called Rohigalia , was celebrated in the Be¬ 
+ginning of May. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 2 t i 
+
+and Fornax (10) baked it: Mellona was the Goddefs 
+of Honey : but the Truth is, thefe fanciful Deities 
+are fo little mentioned in Authors, that we may call 
+them the Refufe or Scum of the Gods. 
+
+
+
+CHAP. LXVf. Of Themis, Astrea, and 
+
+Nemesis. 
+
+T HEMIS was the Daughter of Caelum and 
+
+Terra, and the Goddefs of Laws, Ceremonies 
+and Oracles. Jupiter confulted her in the Giant’s 
+War, and afterwards efpouied her; fhe infhu6led 
+Deucalion how to re-peopie the World after the De« 
+Juge, and was rather indeed a moral than an hillori- 
+
+cal Deity, as fhe fignifies that Power which reward's 
+Virtue and puniflies Vice. 
+
+T o Jupiter, Themis, befides a numerous Offspring, 
+already fpoken of, bore the Goddefs Afirea, who re¬ 
+dded on Earth during the golden Age, and Equity ; 
+
+but as the World grew corrupted, fhe returned to 
+
+Heaven (1), and became that Conftellation in the Z<?~ 
+
+diac, -which is called Virgo. This Gpddefs is repre® 
+
+fented with her Eyes bound or blinded, having a 
+
+Sword in one Hand, and in the other a Pair of Bal- 
+iances equally polled, 
+
+Nemefs was the Daughter of Jupiter and Neceffi- 
+
+ty (2). She had the Title of Adrajlea , becaufe A~ 
+
+■<draft us , King of Argos, firft raifed an Altar to her. 
+
+She had a magnificent Temple at Rhamnus and Attica , 
+
+with a Statue. She is reprefented with a flern Afpedt, 
+
+having in one Hand a Whip, in the other a Pair of 
+Scales. 
+
+( 10 ) 0<vid Fafti, Lib VT. 
+
+0 ) Terras Aftroea reliquit . 
+
+{%) Others fay of Occanvs and Nox 9 
+
+
+CHAP. 
+
+
+
+212 
+
+
+Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+
+
+I 7 GRTUNE was thought to have fa great a Share 
+
+. in human Affairs, that it is no Wonder the Ro ■- 
+mans made her a GodAefs. 'Juvenal, however, is not 
+a little fevere upon his Countrymen (3) for this Choice; 
+and Horace expreffes, if not an abiolute Contempt 
+for (4), yet at bell a very mean Opinion of this Dei¬ 
+ty. But whatever Sentiments the Philofophers or 
+Poets might entertain of her, they did not lefffen her 
+in the Sight of the Vulgar, who paid her much Vene¬ 
+ration. 
+
+This Goddefs had a Variety of Epithets y was 
+termed Regia and Aurea., fiom an Image of her ufual- 
+ly kept in the Apartment of the Cat fans. In the Ca¬ 
+pital fhe was worshipped by the Title of Bona, but* 
+her Temple at the Efquilia was confecrated by the 
+Name ot Mala, She was called Confervatrix, Ma* 
+nens and Felix, in antient Jnfcriptions, to denote the 
+Happinefs fhe bellows. Domitiun confecrated her a 
+Chapel by the Style of Redax, and in fome antient 
+Monuments fhe is called Stata. The Names of Bar- 
+Fata and Pan were given her by Servius Tullius, who 
+dedicated a Shrine to her (5): She was alfo termed 
+C&oa, not unjullly, on Account of the injudicious 
+Diltribuiion of hei Favours. She was honoured at 
+Rome by the Title of For tuna Equejlris > (,6). In a 
+Temple fhe had near that of Venus, fhe bore the Ap^ 
+pellations of Mafcufa and Virilis. At other Times 
+fhe was named Ma m m of a (7), Primogenfa (8), and 
+
+(3) Satyr X. 
+
+(4) bib. I. Ode XXXIV. 14. 
+
+(<;) He alfo called her Obfequensy from her favouring his 
+Wifhes. Hjrace calls her S^eva on a quite contiary Account. 
+
+(6) This Temple was erected id Purfuance of a Vow of the 
+Pnetor Fufaius Flaccus , for a Vidtory he obtained in Spain, by- 
+Means of! his Cavalry 
+
+(7) Either from her having large Breads, or the Plenty (he 
+
+fuppiitSi 
+
+( 3 ) From her giving Birth to the City and Empire. 
+
+Privatai 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 213 
+
+Privata , or Propria X9). In the Quality of FortuncT 
+Virgo, # Coats of young Children were offered to her 
+before they put them on; and /lie was llyled Vifcata , 
+or Vifcofa (10), on Account of her alluring or attract¬ 
+ing People by her deceitful Kindnefs. 
+
+The principal Temple of this Goddefs was at Pr<&- 
+nefie , whence ihe was called Prcenejlina. She isufu- 
+ally reprefented blind, handing on a Wheel in a mov¬ 
+ing Attitude, and holding a Cornucopia, from whence 
+
+ilie pours Wealth, and all the Emblems of Profperity 
+
+Horace has given a very mafterly Picture of hei in an 
+Ode to Maecenas. 
+
+
+She is fometimes figured in a flying Attitude, with 
+broad Wings, founding a Trumpet, and her flying 
+Robe wrought all over with Eyes, Ears, and Tongues, 
+to denote the Surprize, Attention, and Difcourfe /he 
+excites. Virgil (2) has given an inimitable Defcription 
+of her, nor does Ovid fall much fhort of him (3). 
+
+Peace is a Bleffing fo univerfally efteemed, that it is 
+no Wonder if the was deified. The Athenians (ac¬ 
+cording to Plutarch) ereCted her an Altar with her 
+Statue, attended by that of Plutus y the God of Riches, 
+
+
+to iliew that /lie was the Source of Plenty. At Rome 
+ihe had a magnificent Temple in the Forum (4), which 
+was confumed by Fire in the Reign of Commodus . 
+
+On Medals, this Goddefs is reprefented before an 
+Altar, fetting Fire with a Torch in her left Hand to 
+
+
+a Pile of Arms., and with the other holding an Olive 
+Branch. Behind her, on a Column appears the Image 
+of a naked Boy or Man extending his Arms in a re¬ 
+joicing Pofture (5). The Poets generally introduce 
+
+
+
+(9) From her favouring particular Perfons. Thefe two laft 
+Appellations were given her by Servius Tullus , a very great 
+Admirer of her Divinity. 
+
+(10) From Vifcus, Birdlime. Hence Seneca fays, Beneficia 
+Junt vipo/a, Obligations are catching. 
+
+(1) Horace Lib. III. Ode XXIX. 49. 
+
+(2) Virgil JEae\d I. 
+
+(3) Q<vidy Metam. XII. 42.63. 
+
+(4) Begun by Claudius , and finished by Vefpaftan, 
+
+(5) The Legend of this Metal, which was llruck by Vefpa - 
+
+
+
+214 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+her in Company with the moft filming Virtues (6). 
+And Virgil rcpielents her as tiie common Wiili of 
+Mankind (j). c laudian has compofed her Panegyrick 
+in a very cliitinguiilied Manner. Sometimes fhe ap¬ 
+pears like a Matron holding a Bunch or Ears of Coin, 
+and crowned with Olive, or Rofes. 
+
+The Goddefs Concordia, or Concord\ was another 
+Divinitv of the Romans. At the Requelt of his Mo- 
+
+J * 
+
+ther Livid, Widow of Atgnfins, a Temple was dedi¬ 
+cated to her by Tiberius at Rome She had feveral o- 
+tlier magnificent Temples; in one of thefe were de- 
+policed the rich Spoils of the Temple of Jerufalem. 
+
+Virtue and Honour had their Temples at Rome. 
+That to Virtue was eredted by M. Marcellas (8), and 
+was the only PafTage to the Temple of Honour , to 
+fliew that worthy Actions were the true Foundation of 
+lading Fame. The Sacrifices to Honour were per¬ 
+formed by the Priefts bare-headed. 
+
+Virtue was reprefented like an elderly Matron fit¬ 
+ting on a fquare Stone ; in antient Medals they ap¬ 
+pear jointly; However, upon fome of Gordian and 
+Nutnenian , fhe is found in the Figure of an old Man 
+with a Beaid. 
+
+Tides , or Faith , had a Temple near the Capitol, 
+founded by Nurna Pompilius. No Animals were of¬ 
+fered, or Blood Ip lit in her Sacrifices; during the 
+Performance of her Rites, her Priefts were cloathed 
+in while Veftments, and their Heads, and Hands co¬ 
+vered with Linen Cloth ; to fhew that Fidelity ought 
+to be fecret. Her Symbol was a white Dog, ami a 
+Figuie where two Women are joining Hands, rep:e- 
+fents the Goddefs. 
+
+Hope is another of the Paflions deifyM by the Ro¬ 
+mans. She had a Temple in the Herb-Market, which 
+was cunfum’d by Lightening. On Medals flie appears 
+
+Jhm on the Conquefl of Judaa, is Pact Orbis Terr arum. On a 
+Medal of his Son Titus , fhe is feen with a Pa'm in one Hand and 
+a Sceptre ih the other, the Inftription Pax j£ tenia. 
+
+(6) Horace , Carmen Sec. 57. 
+
+(7 ) y£neid XI. 36Z. 
+
+(8) Sou to Augujhts. 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods. 215. 
+
+in a (landing Altitude, with her Left-Hand holding up 
+lightly her ioofe Robes, and leaning on her Elbow; 
+in hei Right (lie has a Plate, on which is placed a Ci - 
+barium , or Cup, faihion’d like a Flower, with this 
+Infcription, Spesy P. R. the Hope of the Roman People, 
+(9). In the modern Statues and Paintings, her 
+Charablerifiick is a Golden Anchor . 
+
+Piety , or filial AfFedtion, had a Chapel at Rome> con** 
+fecrated by the Duumvir Attiliusy Glabrio on a re¬ 
+markable Occasion : “ A Man being fenrenced to 
+44 hard Impiifonment, his Daughter, who was then 
+44 a Nurfe, daily vilited him, and was itridlly fearch’d 
+4< by the Gaoler, to fee lire brought no Food to the 
+44 Piifoner. At lail a Difcovery was made, that fhe 
+44 fupporied him with her Milk. This Inllance of 
+“ Piety gained her Father’s Freedom. They were both 
+“ after wards fupported at the publick Expence, and, 
+44 the Place was conlecrated to this Goddeis (to).” 
+
+Pudiciiiay or Chaftity, was honoured at Rome under 
+two Names. Into the Temple of Pudicitia Patricia , 
+none were admitted but Ladies of noble Birth. Fir - 
+ginia the Daughter of Aulus having married a Plebeian , 
+lb offended thefe, that they excluded her their Alfem- 
+blies : Upon which Virginia calling a Meeting of the 
+Plebeian Matrons dedicated a Chapel to this Goddefs 
+by the Name 0 f Pudicitia Plebeia (1). Her Speech on 
+this Occafion was truly great. 44 J dedicate, fays (lie, 
+44 this Altar to Pudicitia Plcbeia y and defire you will 
+44 adore Chajlity as much as the Men do Honour; and 
+44 I wilh that this Temple may be frequented by 
+44 purer Votaries (if pollible) than that of Pudicitia 
+44 PatriciaV In both thefe Temples no Matron was 
+permitted to facrifice unlefs ilie had an unblemiibed 
+Character, and was but once married. In Medals this 
+Deity is reprefented under the Figure of a Woman 
+veiled, pointing with the Fore-Finger of her Right- 
+
+Ip) The Revet fe is a Head of Adrian. 
+
+(10) Pliny' s Nat. Hill:. Lib. VII. cap. 3 6. 
+
+(t) All Matrons who married but once, were honoured with 
+the Cessna Pudiciti<£y or Crown of Challity. 
+
+
+Hand 
+
+
+
+216 Fabulous HISTORY of 
+
+Hand to her Face* to fignify that ihe had no Reafon 
+to blufh. 
+
+Mercy , or Clemency had an Altar at Athens , eredted 
+by the Kindred of Hercules. At Rome was a Temple 
+dedicated to the Clemency of C&far (2). Both the 
+Romans and Creeks gave the Name of Afylum to the 
+Temples each had ere&ed to this Goddeis. 
+
+Fruthy according to Plutarch , was the Daughter of 
+Saturn and Time , and the Mother of Virtue, and was 
+reprefented as a beautiful young Virgin of a proper 
+Stature, niodeftly clad in a Robe, whole Whitenefs re- 
+fembled that of Snow. Democritus, to give an Idea 
+of the Difficulty of her being found, fays that ilie is 
+concealed in the Bottom of a Well. 
+
+Liberty was fo much the Delight of the Romansy 
+that it was but natural for them to imagine her a God- 
+defs, and to conlecrate to her Temples and Altars. 
+She was reprefented in the Form of a Virgin cloathed 
+in White, holding a Sceptre in her Right-Hand, and 
+a Cap in her Leit. 
+
+Good Senfe or Under Handing [Mens’] was honoured 
+with an Altar in the Capitol, by M. cEmilius , and 
+Atilius the Praetor eredled her Chapel. 
+
+FaujlitaSy or the publiclc Felicity and Welfare, had 
+many Altars, and was adored both by the Greeks and 
+Romans; the former honour’d this Goddefs under the 
+Names of Endaimonia and Macaria. The ^Athenians 
+confulting an Oracle on the Succefs of a Battle, were 
+informed, that they fhould win the Victory, if one of 
+the Children of Hercules would fubmit to a voluntary 
+Death ; on this Macaria , one of his Daughters, kill’d 
+herfelf, and the Athenians becoming victorious, paid 
+
+her Adoration under the Name of Felicity. She was 
+reprefented in Painting, as a Lady cloathed in a Pur¬ 
+ple Veflment trimmed with Silver, fitting on an Im¬ 
+perial Throne, and holding in one Hand a Caduceus, 
+and in the other a Cornucopia. 
+
+Vidory was honoured by feveral Nations as a God¬ 
+defs. According to He/iod, fhe was the Daughter of 
+
+(2) This Temple was built by a Decree of the Senate, after 
+the Death of Julius CaJ'ar. 
+
+
+Styx 
+
+
+
+The Heathen Gods, 217 
+
+Stjx and Pallas ; (lie was painted by the Ancients in 
+the Form of a Woman clad in Cloth of Gold, and is 
+rcpiefented on feme Medals with Wings, flying 
+
+through the Air, holding a Palm in one Hand, and a 
+Lawrel Crown in the other ; in others flie is to be 
+feen {landing upon a Globe, with the fame Crow* 
+and Branch of Palm. 
+
+The Goddefs orHeabh, had a Temple at 
+
+Rome near the Gate, from thence called Porta Sa!u- 
+tarisy and as the Blellings fhe bellows are known to 
+all, fo no doubt but fhe had a great Number of Vo¬ 
+taries. She was reprefented by a Woman lilting on a 
+Throne, and holding a Globe in her Hand. Near her 
+{Tod an Altar, with a Snake entwined round it. Ju 
+this Temple was pei formed the Augurium Salutis, a 
+Ceremony which Au.guft us revived from Defuetude. It 
+was a Day fet apart annually, for enquiring of the 
+Gods by Divination, whether they would allow the 
+People to pray for Peace ? On this Day the Roman 
+Armies were forbid to march or engage, ft is wor¬ 
+thy of Remark, that the Priefls of this Temple had 
+arrogated to ihemfelves the loie Privilege of offering 
+Supplications for the Health of every Individual, a* 
+well as for the State. 
+
+The Good Genius was adored by the Greeks , and, 
+according to Paufanias , had a Temple in the Road 
+Hading to Mount Mana las. At the clofe of Supper 
+
+a Cup was always offered him of Wine and Water, 
+and called the Grace-Cup. 
+
+Wealth has fuch an Influence on the Affairs of Life, 
+that it has in all Ages been the Object of publick 
+Worfliip, or of fecret Idolatry. Thus the Romans 
+deified both Plu f us and Pecunia , or -Money. Menan¬ 
+der wittily obferves on this Subject ; <6 That if you 
+“ can poffefs this Deity, you may a Ik and have what 
+“ you pleafe ; Even the Gods themfelves iliall be at 
+s4 your Devotion.” 
+
+Silence was, amongd the Romans , both a Male and 
+Female Deity, by the Names of Harpocrates and An¬ 
+ger ona ; but the latter fc-ems only to have been a Fe¬ 
+male Imitation of the former, whom they borrowed 
+
+K ficm 
+
+
+
+21 3 
+
+
+Fabulous II 
+
+
+STO R Y of 
+
+
+troui the Egyptians . 
+ten by OJbis after 
+
+
+He was the Son of Ifs t begot- 
+
+his Death, and on that Account 
+weakly Child. His Statue was 
+
+
+laid to have been a weakly Child. His Statue was 
+placed at iome (mall Di(lance from thole of Ofiris , 
+Orus and Ifs, with his Finger on his Mouth ; inti¬ 
+mating to the Worihippers, that not a Word was to 
+be fa id that thofe Deities had once been mortal. The 
+Greeks and Romans appropriated to themfelves this 
+
+
+mbol of Silenc 
+
+9 
+
+ginal Intention 
+
+
+but in general were ignorant of 
+
+
+No 
+
+
+
+
+by 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+Heathe 
+
+
+thefe 
+
+
+only vidonary Deities erected 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+Vi 
+
+
+Fear , Hop 
+
+
+Difeajt 
+
+
+Calamities 
+
+
+honoured with a View of 
+
+
+ing their Vifitation, or allaying their noxious Influences 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Febr 
+
+
+or the Fever, had her Altars at Ro 
+
+
+Ho [hi ins Tiillus vowed a Temple to the Goddelfe 
+
+
+Rale net 
+
+
+M. Marcellinus 
+
+
+efcap 
+
+
+Storm near Sicily^ built a Chap 
+
+
+pejiasy with 
+and Art wei 
+
+
+the 
+
+both 
+
+
+Gate 
+
+
+to the God Fern- 
+
+na. A nd Poverty 
+
+
+becaul’e Nee eh 
+was a Goddel 
+
+
+f Capena. And Povt 
+by the People of Coda 
+
+
+
+
+Mother of 
+
+
+w h o I 
+
+
+Peri 
+
+
+and Abo 
+
+
+E n vy 
+
+
+tably described by Ovid (3) 
+
+
+Calumny had 
+
+
+via ns. 
+
+
+W 
+
+
+ave a 
+
+
+f< 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+gteai Ape lie 
+
+
+Credulity 
+
+
+Altar erected to her by the Athe- 
+very remarkable Picture of this 
+K as drawn bv the Hand of the 
+
+J 
+
+ulity % reprelented by a Man with 
+
+
+jarge open Ears, invites this Deity to him 
+
+
+nding 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+;ce) appear 
+rh Palhon, 
+
+
+vc her. Ignorance and Sufpicion (land 
+Calumny (the principal Figure of the 
+
+
+holding 
+
+
+n g 
+
+
+her Coun 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+Left-Hand a 
+
+
+uffled 
+
+ghted 
+
+
+Torch, and with her Right dragging along a Youth 
+
+
+who lifts up his Hands fupplicating the Gods 
+
+
+Juft 
+
+
+pal 
+
+
+d i'quint 
+
+
+before her goes Fnzy pale and lquin 
+LhtrSide are Fraud and Confpiracy 
+hows Repentance with her Cloaths t 
+
+
+* 
+
+1 0 1 i O w s 
+
+
+h her CJoath 
+
+
+y. On her 
+Behind her 
+. and look- 
+
+
+Re; 
+
+
+backw 
+
+( 4 ). 
+
+
+on Fruth , who llowly clofe 
+
+
+up 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Contumely 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Impudi 
+
+
+were alfo 
+
+
+0 Mc'aro. Lib. II. /(Ti. 
+
+
+{4) Luciax. 
+
+
+honoured 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+The Heath e~n Gods. 219 
+
+honoured by the Athenians under the Figure of 
+Partridges , efteemed a very bold Bird. Difcord is re- 
+prefented as a Goddefs by Petronius Arbiter , whofe 
+Defcription of her is worthy fo maflerly a Pencil : 
+And Virgil has given us a Picture of Fury> a Deity 
+much of the fame Stamp. It is now Time to clofe 
+the particular Account, and to proceed to a Confide- 
+ration at large of the Heathen Theology. 
+
+
+
+
+Ka 
+
+
+ADIS 
+
+
+
+2 20 
+
+
+T II H O L O G Y 
+
+
+
+
+
+II E Re 
+
+
+the Object of it. 
+
+
+Mankind was 
+
+
+firft O 
+
+
+
+r> 
+
+
+when the latter was 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+
+
+Mode anti Ceremonial of Word 
+
+
+tinned Hill the lame 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Idolat 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+Things, was but in its Origin, 
+Religion, which is the Best ? 
+to wonder if we fee the lame 
+
+
+) 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+r , that Wors 
+
+Corruption of 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+tars, Priells 
+
+
+Sacrifices 
+
+
+F ir ft 
+
+
+Ufagc of Temp 
+
+
+not therefore 
+
+es. A1- 
+
+
+
+
+common to 
+
+
+he Patriarchs and Unbelievers, 
+thefe and many other Inftanc 
+
+
+We even behold, in 
+the 
+
+
+fame religious 
+Culloms amongft the Heathens, which it pleated the 
+divine Being to enforce the Continuance of by the 
+
+Mofuic Ditpenf. 
+
+they mull have been uncorrupt and innocent in their 
+
+Originu 
+
+
+a convincing Argument that 
+
+
+Nor did Mankind in general lofe Sight of the O 
+
+
+ginal Object lo loon, or fo 
+
+
+y, as is 
+
+
+pprehended. Since we find amongft the Ealtern Na 
+
+
+i j 
+
+
+tions, and indeed 
+
+
+gft f 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+Romans , the 
+
+
+oil 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+lted Notions of the Supreme 
+
+
+Being 
+
+
+According 
+
+
+Creator oi Heaven and Earth. 
+
+the Egyptian, (c), Eiclott 
+
+
+God, cxilted in his foiitary Unity bel 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+the firll 
+
+Being 
+
+
+Fountain and Oiiginal of every Thing that 
+
+
+Under Handing, or is to be underflood 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+(5) Jamb lie us de Myft. Egypt, F/i. Ludg. 1552. p. 153. 4 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathen s. 221 
+
+is the firft Principle of all Things, felf-fufHcient, in- 
+comprehenfible, and the Father of all Effences. Hermes 
+fays likewife, that this fupreme God has confirmed 
+another God, called Emeph , to be Head over all 
+Spirits, whether ethereal, empyrean, or celelliai ; 
+and that this fccond God, whom he flyles the Guide, 
+is a Wifdom that transforms and converts into itfclf 
+all fpiritual Beings. He makes nothing fupeiior to 
+this God-Guide, except the ftrft Intelligent, and firft 
+Intelligible, who ought to be adored in Silence. He 
+adds, that the Spirit which produceth all Things, 
+has different Names, according to his difFeient Pro¬ 
+perties and Operations ; that he is called in the Egyp¬ 
+tian Language Amoun y as he is wife; Ptha y as he is 
+the Life of all Things; and Ofiris t as he is the Au¬ 
+thor of all Good (6). 
+
+Let us proceed to the Greeks y amongfl: whom Or - 
+phetis claims the firtl Place in Right of his Antiquity, 
+and to whofe theological Sentiments the Preference 
+is always given by the early Writers in Favour of 
+Chriftianity. 
+
+“ There is one unknown Being, exalted above, and 
+44 prior to, all Brings (7), the Author of all Things, 
+“ even of the TEther, and of every Thing that is be- 
+“ low the i^ther ; this exalted Being is Life, Light 
+** and Wisdom; which three Names exprefs only 
+“ One and the fame Power, which drew all Beings, 
+44 vifible and invilible, out of nothing.” 
+
+Thus aifo the divine Plato ; “ That which (8) 
+“ gives Truth and P^eallty to Things known, and 
+44 endues the Knower with the Power of Underllanc!- 
+44 ing : This call thou the Idea of the Good One, 
+44 the Source of Wifdom and Truth.” But God is 
+every where diitinguifhc’J throughout the Works of 
+this illuftrious Philofopher, as the Beautiful, the 
+Good, the Just One, 
+
+
+
+
+222 
+
+
+THEOLOGY 
+
+Would you fee the Being and the Providence of God 
+demon lira ted from the Order and Adminiftration of 
+the World ? You will no where find it more con¬ 
+vincingly than the F^eafoning of Balbus in Cicero j and 
+from which Obfervations you muft of Neceffity draw 
+the fame Conciufion which he does, that (9) “ All 
+* Things in the World are wonderfully directed by a 
+“ divine Mind and Counfel, to the Safety and Confer- 
+“ vation of the Whole.” 
+
+Thefe Sentiments are alfo the Refult of Seneca s 
+Enquiries. “ By Jove y fays he (10C the wife Men 
+among!! the Ancients did not mean nich a One as we 
+fee in the Capitol and other Temples, but the Guar¬ 
+dian and Ruler of the Univerfe, a Mind and Spirit,, 
+the Mafter and Artificer of this Mundane Fabric, 
+whom every Title fuits. Would you call him Fate P 
+you will not err : For he it is on whom all Things de¬ 
+pend ; the Cause of Causes. Would you call him 
+Providence ? You are in the Right: For by his Wif- 
+dom is the World directed ; hence it moves unfliaken, 
+and performs its every Office. Would you call him 
+Nature P ’Tis not amifs : Since from him all Things 
+proceed, and by his Spirit we live : or the IVor Id P 
+’Tis well : For he is All in All, and exiting by his own 
+Power/’ 
+
+Innumerable are the Inflances which might be 
+brought from the Ancients to this Purpofe. But thefe 
+may fuffice. And from an attentive Confederation of 
+thefe it will appear, that the Philofophers endeavoured 
+to eftabliih a particular Syftem with Relation to the 
+Origin of Idolatry, which tends very much to lelfen 
+the fuppos’d Abfurdity of it. They maintained (1) 
+that the Idea which the wife Men of Antiquity had 
+formed to themfelves of God,' was that of a Being fu- 
+perior to Whatever exifts; of a Spirit prefent in all 
+the Bounds of the Univerfe, who animates all, who 
+is the Principle of Generation, and communicates Fer- 
+
+(9) Sic undique omni Rati one conclnditur , Mente Conjilioque Di - 
+*vino omnia'in hoc Mttndo ad Jalutem omnium confer-vationemque 
+
+admirabiliter adminiflrari. De Nat. Deer. i. 2. c. 53. 
+
+♦ 
+
+(10) Natural. Qujeft. 1 . 2* 0 45. 
+
+(1} See Banter's Mythology, Vol. I. p. 171. 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens, 223 
+
+tility to every Being: Of a Flame, lively, pure, and 
+always adtive : Ofan Intelligence, infinitely wife, 
+whofe Providence continually watches and extends 
+over all : In a Word, an Idea of a Being, to whom 
+they had given different Names anfwering to his fu- 
+perior Excellence ; yet fuch as always bore the Stamp 
+of that fupreme Right of Foffeflion, which is only in¬ 
+herent in the abfolute Lord, and in him from whom 
+
+all Things flow. 
+
+It is, however, too fatally true to be denied that, as 
+the Corruption of the Heart of Man dilated and en¬ 
+larged itfelf, a Difrelifh of fpiritual Things gradually 
+came on, and the Mind grew more devoted to fenfible 
+Objects. Of all created Things within his Profped, 
+the Sun was the mod glorious and the molt lifcely to 
+engage his Attention firft, and next his Wonder 
+and his Worfliip. Accordingly it had been confidered 
+from the Beginning as the great or primary Emblem of 
+the Divinity, being not only the moft beautiful of all 
+Bodies in its Appearance, but the mod beneficent in 
+its Effects ; the Regulator of the Seafons, and the na¬ 
+tural Parent of Light and Fertility. Hence Pluto (i) 
+calls it the “ The Offspring of the Good One, which 
+“ the Good One produced analogous to Himfelf.” 
+It is termed by others (3) “ The Eye of Jove,*' and 
+“ The Mind of Jove, of Heaven, of the World.** In 
+fine, whoever will be at the Pains to confult Macrb- 
+bius , may fee that the Figures of all the Heathen 
+Deities were but fo many different Fxpreffions of the 
+Qualities and Attributes of the Sun, or of the Seafons 
+which depended on and were governed by him ; to 
+whom his Votaries afcrib’d Omnipotence, and whom 
+in their Invocations they fainted as The Power, 
+“ the Light, and the Spirit of the World (4).” 
+
+
+De 
+
+
+; Aya.% 
+
+1 . 6 . 
+
+
+lyhye-ev ayxhoyov eavroc. 
+
+A 
+
+
+de Mundo, Macrobius 
+
+
+finem cap. 23 
+
+
+r. ear. 17. uf 
+
+
+Jolts ad 
+
+
+potejlatum fummitatem reft 
+
+
+indicant theologi \ qui in facris hoc brevijlima precatione demonjl 
+
+
+ditentes 
+
+
+
+
+Ibid 
+
+
+avToapaTop 
+
+
+kocnwtf 
+
+
+HO CUH 
+
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+224 THEOLOGY 
+
+The Solar Body y before Writing , could not more 
+properly be reprefented than by the Figure of a Circle ; 
+a Symbol fo plain and inoffenfive, that, one would 
+think, it fhould not eafily be perverted to the Ufes of 
+idolatry. It was accordingly fubftituted in Hiero¬ 
+glyphics as the Artificial (its Principal the Sun being 
+the great Natural) Emblem of the Divinity, and be¬ 
+came the Figure of all the open Temples 5 the earlieft 
+Places of Religious Worfhip. Thefe Circles , or Difs y 
+
+are the Sun-Images mentioned in Scripture (5), and 
+are at this Day the Symbols of Royalty, Glory and 
+Divinity: And it may be worth while perhaps to re¬ 
+mark that the Word from which this is fupplied (6), 
+is ufed to fignify Idolatry in general, from the near 
+Relation which it bears to the original Object of it (7), 
+whofe Derivative it is. 
+
+When religious Worfhip began to be transferred 
+from the Divinity to his Emblem, from the Creator to 
+the Creature ; then that particular Day of the Week, 
+which had ever been kept fecret to the Creator of all 
+Things, began likewife to be fet apart and dedicated 
+to the Honour of this Luminary, was thence termed 
+Sunday y and continu’d to be had in efpecial Reverence 
+above toe reft. Hence celebrated by one of the moft 
+ancient Writers, as “ An holy Day, becaufe it was 
+
+the Birth Day of Apollo , or the Sun (8)”. Which 
+
+indeed was fo far true, that it was the Commemora¬ 
+tion of that Day, on which the human Eve was firft 
+blefTed with the Piofpedt of that glorious Object For 
+it requires no extraordinary Sagacity, but only a little 
+Attention, however generally and unaccountably this 
+Point has been overlooked, to fee and be convinced that 
+the Firft Holy Seventh Day was the particular ftated 
+Day of the Chriitian Sabbath. It appears from the 
+original Account of it, that the Work of the Creation 
+took up Six Days, and that the Jail created Being was 
+
+
+(-) Hatninichem , Sun-Images. 
+
+(“<) Humetty Idolatry. (7) Tlamah y the Sun. 
+
+( 8 ) -— - E'@<iofAcv i'epov njc^ap* 
+
+Tai yap .ffivraopa yttvcno Ajjtm. Hesiob. 
+
+i 
+
+Man ; 
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 
+
+
+225 
+
+
+Man 
+
+
+who was therefore in all Probability formed 
+
+
+
+
+
+the Evening of the Sixth Day. That which 
+d lately fucceeded was the Firft of Adams Life, 
+
+the Firft Sabbath. It was the Firft D \y of his Firft 
+
+
+Week, and Month and Year 
+
+
+t. e. 
+
+
+the Firii in Man’s 
+
+
+Accompt of Time 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+the Exp 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+this tv. ft 
+(ecular Days, as 
+
+The 
+
+
+Sabbath, he began to number h 
+they advanced in Order, till he had told fix 
+next was again his Holy Seventh; yet the firft D 
+his fecond Week, for 
+
+
+the R 
+
+
+of the Sabbaths 
+
+
+his Weeks were afcertnineft by 
+
+% fl H 1 • • # « « » 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+it obtained dul 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+Firft 
+
+
+in all ordinary and civil Computations to 
+Day of the Week, at the fame Time that it was dif 
+tinguiihed with a Retrolpedt to the Work ot the Crea¬ 
+
+
+tion, as an Holy Seventh Day , And it is 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+molt 
+
+
+he H 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+narkable, 
+rs, wh fe 
+
+
+they fpeak of it as liich, 
+
+Reafon for it (9), which the JevuiJh LegiOutor had be 
+
+
+have rendered the verv foine 
+
+
+fore 
+
+
+g* 
+
+
+«C 
+
+
+ended 
+
+
+mely, that “ On it all Th 
+
+
+pleted 
+
+
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+. a 
+
+then being of i 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+ny pa 
+
+
+and Patriarchal Ulage, was not confined 
+
+ticular Nation or Set of Men, like the JevoiJb Sabbath 
+
+but extended to all Mankind, and was univerfalSy ob- 
+ferved as the Birth-Day of the World : But being at 
+length abufcd and defecrated to the Purpofes of Ido- 
+
+it pleafed the divine Being, when he delivered 
+
+
+try 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+People from the Bondage 
+
+
+of th 
+
+
+/a 
+
+
+Egyp t 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+confeciate another Day to his peculiar Worfhip. This 
+
+Day in which he broug 
+
+
+
+was the fe If 
+forth with their Arm 
+Which was therefore 
+
+
+it them 
+
+from- the Land of Egypt . 
+be a Memorial of their De- 
+
+
+verance (10), as long as their State and Polity fhou’d 
+
+
+(9) 
+
+
+'E@$0(Ui0V Upov r,y.ap 
+
+Homer. 
+
+
+E@$o t ut) Pjv Is 
+E@<5 q{aov hfxctp e»jv Hctt teteXsco aTravra* 
+E£oo t uz t*i not T£7SXecr/Aeva wavra rsrvurat* 
+
+'EBfo'Ar, iv TpCVTOKTlj KAl E/S$0|C4JJ £$“< TE>.£lV 
+
+
+Hesiod* 
+
+
+Homer. 
+
+L N« 
+
+Callim. 
+
+
+Vide Clement. Alex, Strom. 1 , 5. p. 560. & Po!i. Synops 
+sd Genef. xi. 2, 
+
+
+(10) Deuteronom. c. v. 15 
+
+
+
+
+la ft, 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+226 THEOLOGY 
+
+1 ^ r 
+
+‘aft, and a Sign (i) and Covenant that the moft High 
+God was their God. 
+
+But to refume our Subjefr ; from which, we hope, 
+the Reader will excufe this little Digreflion, if fuch it 
+be. Another Emblem of the Divinity, in a Manner 
+univerfally received, was the Seraph or fiery-flying Ser¬ 
+pent, the Salutis Draco (2), the great Symbol of 
+Light and * Wifdom> of Life and Health. Why the 
+Figure of this Animal was thus honoured, feveral Rea- 
+fons may be afligned ; as, the annual Renovation of 
+its Youth and Beauty ; its Sinuofity, which enabled 
+it to put on various Forms ; the Acutenefs of Vifion, 
+and extraordinary Sagacity afcribed to it ; and its 
+
+Colour, which is that of vivid Flame, or burniftied 
+Brafs. Its Name of Seraph particularly is fo expref- 
+five (3) of that Blaze of Biightnefs which it feemed to 
+furnifhwhen reflecting the Splendor of the Sun-Beams ^ 
+that it has been transferred to a fuperior Order of 
+Angels ; and is once made ufe of to denote even the 
+glorious Appearance of the Cherubim ( 4). This is 
+the fame Symbol which was ereCted by Mofes in the 
+Wildernefs. But this alfo was at length proftituted to 
+abominable Purpofes, and made the Attribute of all 
+the Egyptian Deities (5). 
+
+Expanded Wings made a third Emblem of the Di¬ 
+vinity. This was the Hieroglyphic fubftituted for the 
+JEther , which was confidered as the natural Symbol 
+of the divine Spirit , and, as fuch, fucceeded to a 
+Share of idolatrous Worfhip (6). In fome of the ori¬ 
+ginal open Temples, particularly in that wonderful 
+
+One 
+
+
+(1) Ezekiel, c. xx. 10. ir, 12, 13 
+
+
+(2) Macrobius. 
+(4) Ifaiah vi. 
+
+
+(3) S.raph, a Flame or Burning. 
+(4.) Oms Apollo ; ad initium. 
+
+
+(5) T*va on Kat crs^vt'v&jv ttote Aeyoo S'eov, <a MsytLXe xai K.Xe iwa ? 
+yt ’Oupavov j cv xxi hxaioraroVf ooq ^vfXTraVTSq ctAAoi <$aitxovsq d'x& 
+xai Siol) t ifxav te xx: luy&cu uvtoo> Tov £s xzt riv ciA- 
+
+Am amoy dyaSm ttmtovv hfxiv dinov yeyovzvat, ordvreq dvo t uoA yo'ifxsv* 
+Platon. Epinomis. 
+
+Zenoni & reliquis fere Stoicis .Esther videtur furrsmus Deuf, 
+mente prceditus, qua omnia regantur, Ciceion. Academ. Quad. 
+1. 4 c. 41. 
+
+
+Cleanthes 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 2'7 
+
+One of Stonehenge, near Salijhury , in Wiltjhire , the 
+complex Figure of the Circle , and Seraph , with 
+panded Wings, was reprefented entire. 
+
+Such were the natural Emblems of the Divine 
+Being ; and fo plain and fimple their hieroglyphical 
+Representations ; the original Intent of which is ex¬ 
+plained to us by Kircher (7) from a Piece of Antiquity 
+in the Phoenician Language ; “ Jove , fays this Frag- 
+“ ment, is a figured Circle ; from it is produced a 
+“ Serpent ; The Circle fhews the Divine Nature to be 
+“ without Beginning or End ; the Serpent his Word, 
+44 which animates the World and makes it prolific ; 
+“ his Wings the Spirit of God, which gives Motion 
+“ to the whole Syttem ” 
+
+The Commencement of Idolatry, avowed and -aim¬ 
+ing at fome Eltabli fitment, mu it bear Da te from the 
+extraordinaiy Project let on foot at Babel. 'The De- 
+fign, as appears from the original Account of it (8) 
+was to build a City and a Tower, the Citadel or 
+commanding Part of which was to be erefled to thefe 
+Powers , which are there diflinguifhed as the Shemin , 
+or Heavens. The Suppofition of its being to reach 
+
+unto the Heavens is an Addition of the Tranllators; 
+
+# 
+
+The Confufion there fpoken of, was the Confufion of 
+the Lip , or religious Confeflion. The true Believers 
+on this Occafion feparated from the Idolaters, whom 
+they left behind in Ajfyria to proceed in their mad 
+
+Enter prize, and difperled themfelves in the adjoining 
+Countries, carrying with them the fame Language and 
+the fame Patriarchal Religion, where we find both for 
+a confiderable Time after. The Confufion of Tongues, 
+as it is called, was but the natural, and by no Mhns 
+
+the immediate Confequence of this Djfperfiori. 
+
+* 
+
+Ciean hes autem, qui Zenonem audivk, turn uit'mum,& a!- 
+lifiimum atque undique circurrfu 'um, &: extremum omnia cin- 
+gentem, atque complexum ardorern, qui ZEther nominatur j 
+certiffimum Deum judicat. Id de Nat.Deor. 1 . 1. c. 14. See 
+Chap. 62. of Ifis , 0 fir is and Or us. 
+
+(7) Obel. Pamph. p. 403. 
+
+(8) Gen. xi. 4. The Original runs firstly thus; u Let 11» 
+<c ere£t to us a City and a Tower, and the chief Place of it to 
+“ the Heavens.'" 
+
+
+Next 
+
+
+
+22S THEOLOGY 
+
+Next we find the Solar Body and its natural Symbol, 
+the five, worshipped at Ur of the Chaldees , thence de¬ 
+nominated. The fame Symbol was held in efpeciaL 
+Reverence afterwards by the Per fans, but never wor¬ 
+shipped, in the proper fenfe of the Exprefiion. The 
+Species of Idolatry relating to the Woriliip of the 
+human Figure was not intioduced till long after: Nor 
+was the Temple, which Ninas is faid to- have built, 
+erected*to his Father Belas, as many have aflerted, 
+but to Bel or Baal-Shemim, the Lord of the Heavens, 
+meaning the Sun. 
+
+Thus Idolatry in AJfyria was prior to the Time of 
+Abraham (9) j but it was confined to that Country r 
+For neither in his Time, nor for fome Time after, do 
+we find any Traces of it In Arabia , Phanicia, or 
+Egypt. We may reft alfured that Ijhmael , the Father 
+of the Arabians , and his Brethren bv Keturah , adored 
+the God of their Father, and eftahliil*ed his Worftiip 
+in the Eaft-Country, whither they were fent (Gen. 
+xviii. 19.)* In Phanicia we find Abimelech, the King 
+of the Philijlines , believing in God, favoured with a 
+divine Intercourfe, and pleading to the heavenly Vifion 
+the Righteoufnefs of his Nation. Their Behaviour 
+with Ifaac afterwards leaves no Room to doubt that 
+they continued then in the fame Faith (10). God 
+himfelf declares to Abraham, that his Children fliall 
+not poilefs that Land till the fourth Generation after 
+him, becaufe the Iniquity of its Inhabitants was not yet 
+full. Whence it is but rational to conclude, that till 
+the fourth Generation after, or till about the Time of 
+the Exodus, they had nor, at leaft generally, fwerved 
+intOjIdoiatry. Sir Ifaac . Newton (1) imagines that 
+they continued in the true Religion, till the Death of 
+Melchit&edeck \ but that afierwaids they began to em¬ 
+brace Idolatry fpreading thitherward from Chaldeea, 
+They could not, however, in any fhort Time after, 
+have amongft them more than the Beginnings of Idc- 
+
+latiy ; though 1 prefunie, they funk into it apace after 
+
+♦ 
+
+(9) Jothua xxiv. a. (10) Gen. xxvi. a8, 29, Sc feq. 
+
+( 1 ) Chronology of ancient Kingdoms amended , p. it: 8 . 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+
+! 
+
+
+
+the Heathen s. 229 
+
+the Departure of Jofepb’s Brethren with their Fa mi* 
+lies into Egypt. When the Patriarch came into this 
+lad-mentioned Country alfo, God is laid to have 
+fent Judgments upon Pharaoh' s Family, becaufe of 
+Abraham's Wife ; and the King ot Egypt fee ms to 
+have been no Stranger to the true God, but to have 
+had the Fear of him before his Eyes, and to have been 
+influenced by it in all his Adtions (2). Abraham was- 
+entertained by him without the Appearance of any In- 
+ciifpofition towards him, or any the lead Sign of their 
+having a different Religion. Even the Heathen Wri¬ 
+ters give Hints, that the Egyptians were at firft Wor- 
+fhippers of the true God. Plutarch teftifies, that ia 
+upper Egypt , the Inhabitants paid no Parr of the Taxes 
+raifed for the idolatrous Worfliip ; alferting them- 
+felves to own no mortal Being for God (3}, but pro- 
+felling to won'hip their God Cneph only. Porphyry 
+calls this Egyptian Cneph, tcv the Creator 
+
+of the Univerie. 
+
+I cannot peiiuade myfeif that Jafepb, when long 
+after this he flouri/hed at the Head of the Egyptian 
+Miniftry, had that People deferted the Wor/hip of the- 
+trueGoD, wopld have married into the Family he did, 
+or that the zealous Patriarch would have held fo facred 
+and inviolable the Lands and Endowments of an ido¬ 
+latrous Prieflhood. With Juftice therefore has the 
+great Groiius remarked (4) that in the Age of Jofeph 
+no certain Foot heps of Idolatry are to be difcerned in 
+Egypt. I would give it to the Reader as a Conjedtuie 
+highly probable, that Idolatry was not eftablillied by 
+Law in any Part of that Country, till the Difgrace of 
+Mofes at the Court of Egypt , when he firft retired to 
+his Brethren in Gojhen; about forty Years before the 
+Exodus, This is countenanced by a PafTage of Scrip¬ 
+ture, where it is faid of the Children of l/rael , that 
+they facrificedunto Devils, not to God : to Gods whom 
+
+(z) See Sbuckfordh Connexion, Vol. I. p. 281, and 312. 
+
+(3) De IJide & 0pride. 
+
+(4) Vide Foli Synopfn in Gen* 4 6* verf ultim . 
+
+
+
+
+f) 
+
+
+30 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+O G Y 
+
+
+they knew not, to new Gods that came newly up, whom 
+their Fathers jeared not ($). 
+
+So that EuJ'ebius , Laftantius , CaJJtan , Lucian , with 
+
+the 
+
+ppear to 
+
+
+many of the JewiJh Rahhies , as well as Vojji 
+
+
+Abbe Banie) 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Moderns in gene 
+
+
+have been grofsly midaken, in making either Phoenicia 
+or Egypt the Birth-Place of Idolatry. But this fymbo- 
+lical and hieroglyphical Divinity, proceeded from 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+^JJy 
+
+Phcsn 
+
+
+through Phoenicia 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+But it was the 
+
+
+Commerce which ipread it in the re¬ 
+
+
+ted Quarters of the World : And it isobferved 
+
+
+in all the Relig 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+now 
+
+
+the Eaft and 
+
+
+Wed Indies , there is not one of them, whofe Theo- 
+logy is not full of the like Emblems. 
+
+It mud be confelVd that the Multiplication of Sym¬ 
+bols became at length an inexhaudible Fund of Idola¬ 
+try. Thole Characters which, before the Knowledge 
+ot Letters, were innocent and even neceflary, being by 
+that tendered in ibort time ufelefs, generally neglected 
+
+under It cod 
+
+
+
+l 
+
+
+ew, and at lad gr 
+1 of infinite Errors 
+
+
+fly per 
+This may be well 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+plified by a fhort account of the Zodiac (6) 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+ab. an An 
+
+
+alking backwards or ob 
+
+
+liquely, feemed a proper Emblem of the Sun, who ar¬ 
+riving at this Sign begins his Retrogradation (7). The 
+wild Goat on the contrary, whole Cuflom is to feed as 
+he climbs, was chofen to denote the Sun, who on 
+
+
+coming to this point oi the Hea 
+
+
+quits the lowed 
+
+
+Part oi his Courie to regain the bigheft. The Ram , the 
+Bull and the two Kids gave Name to the three celeftial 
+Houles, through which the Sun paffes in Spring. This 
+ciidinguifired the diderent Kinds of young Cattle, pro¬ 
+duced in this Seafon, as they naturally fucceeded each 
+
+
+other. The Lambs appearing fird, the Calves next, 
+
+
+#< 
+
+
+the Kids lad. Two of thele latter were chofen 
+
+
+Account of the peculiar Fruitfulnefs of the Goat 
+
+
+hich generally bears Twi 
+
+
+But thefe the Greeks 
+
+
+{-) Deutr. 32. 17. 
+
+(5) See Abbe Piurbe's Hiftory of the Heavens, Vol. 1 . p. ro 
+
+
+6 c leq. 
+
+
+(7) Macrob, Saturn, I. 1. c. 17 
+
+
+dil- 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 
+
+
+n i 
+
+
+difplaced, fubftituting the Twin Brothers, Cajlor and 
+Pollux. The Fury of the Lion juftly expreiled the 
+Hecu of the Sun, on his leaving Cancer . The Virgin 
+crown’d with Ears of Corn, was an Emblem cf the 
+Harveft, ufually ending about that Time. Nothing could 
+better denote the Equality of Days and Nights under 
+the Autumnal Equinox, than the Ballance Libra. The 
+Difeafes, confequent upon the Fall of the Leaf, were 
+
+
+charaderifed 
+
+
+
+the Scorpion, The Chafe of wild 
+
+
+Beafts, annually obferved at that Time, was not impro¬ 
+perly diitinguilhed by Sagittarius , a Man on Horfe- 
+back, arm’d with a Bow and Arrow. Aquarius repte- 
+fented the Rains of Winter: And the tzvo Fijhes 
+bound together or inciofed in a Net, indicated the Sea- 
+fon for Fi thing-, ever bed at the Approach of Spring. 
+What could be more fimple and tifeful than this Divi- 
+lion of the Sun’s annual Courfe into twelve equal Por¬ 
+tions, expreifed by fo many viiible Signs, which ferved 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+to regulate and delcribe the Seafons and the Bufinel 
+proper to each. Thefe rude Delineations of thecelef- 
+tial Houfes probably gave Birth to Painting. But then 
+thefe Images preferred to the Mind a Meaning very 
+different from the Idea conveyed to the Eye. And 
+when this Meaning was loit, the 
+
+
+Imagination 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+qui 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+kly at Work to lupply another more agreeable 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+its own Corruption. 
+
+The Kingdom of Egypt , on Account of its peculiar 
+Situation, became the great School of this fymbolical 
+
+
+Le 
+
+
+arning 
+
+
+and thence, in Procefs of Time, the grand 
+Mart of Idolatry. It is not improbable that the Priefts 
+might, endeavour to Item the >Torrent of Superilition 
+that enfued from it, till finding all their Strength inef¬ 
+fectual, they fubmitted to the Times, and from Views 
+
+ice and Ambition became public Defenders of 
+
+For, 
+
+
+o f A v a r 
+
+
+tir.»fe Errors, which fecretly they condemned, 
+it is certain, that while they thus complied with the 
+popular Languages, they yet (ludied all they could 
+colled of the ancient and real Signification of thelym- 
+bolical Figures, taking Care to require a profound Se¬ 
+crecy of all Perfons whom they intruded in this Kind 
+of Knowledge. And for this realon Sphinges weie 
+
+placed. 
+
+
+
+232 THEOLOGY 
+
+placed at the Entiances of their Temples, intimating 
+to thole who appioached, that they were to look for 
+a further Meaning in wiiat they fhould fee ; for that 
+all was myftei ions there. 
+
+Such was the Origin of tho ft Initiation* (o much 
+
+fought alter in Egypt, Afui, and afterwards in Greece . 
+Indeed thefe Myiteries themfeives were in the End 
+molt grolsiy abufed ; yet there is no Queliion,, but 
+that in their primary Inflitution they were intended to- 
+explain the natural and divine Things couched undep 
+thole Reprelentafions For they did not only unfold 
+the Nature of Things, tho* this feems to have had (8) 
+the great elf Share in them ; but inculcated al fo the Im¬ 
+mortality of the Soul, a future State of (9) Rewards 
+and Puni/hments, the consequent Necefllty of Virtue, 
+and the other great Truths of Religion which had 
+been handed down from the earliefl: Ages. 
+
+Thus the antiem Ealtern Nations had a referved 
+Meaning in all their emblematical Figures j which il¬ 
+l's frequently in out Power, even at this Diftance of 
+Time, to make out. Much of the Language fpoken 
+by them is Hill exiiting: By the Means of which* 
+Matters of fo 1 emote Antiquity may in a great Meafure 
+be diiengaged tiom the mylterious Darknefs in which 
+the Ignorance of tome Ages and the Folly of others 
+
+
+( 8 ) Omitio Ehufinam■ fan-51 am iltam & auguflam r 
+
+Uni tnitiantur a ent s or arum ultima : 
+
+Fraiereo *S’.; mot brad a m , eaqne 
+
+«- input? Lemni- 
+
+Nodlurtto aditu occulta coluntur 
+Sjlv.Jlribus fcpibus denja : 
+
+< 3 )uihus expl.catis , ad rationsmque revocatis , rerum magis Na- 
+tura cognojc-tur , quam Deorum. Cicero tie Nat. Deor. 1. 1. c. 
+
+4 l • _ n ^ 
+
+(9) TeXsr?? 01 fx^riyovreg irefi te t?? ra &18 7E'>\£V'Tr,g uat ry cv/a- 
+
+iravrcs aiuvog nSdctq rag k’kirifia.q I'cor in Panegyr. 
+
+D/Itki cum multa examina dw.naque videntur Athena peperijfe y 
+
+atque in vita heminum atlulijje , turn nihil melius illis myjleriis r 
+quibus ex agrejli immanique vita, exculti ad humanitatem & mi~ 
+tigatt Junius: initiaque , ut appellan ur, ita re vera pr in dpi a 
+vitia cognovimus ; neque fdum cum latilia vivendi rationem ao 
+
+cepimus, J'edetiam cum fpe ineli re moriendi. Cicero de legi- 
+hus, 1. %. c. 14. 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 
+
+
+233 
+
+
+have involved them. I fhall be eafily underftood to 
+(peak this of the Hebrew Tongue ; fo much of which, 
+1 fay, is yet remaining to us, as will eafily by a Com- 
+parifon with other Languages, manifeii it to be an 
+Original: And all others, on Examination, will dif* 
+
+
+cover how largely they have drank of this Fountain. 
+
+
+The Names ,of Animals, fo intimately exprehive of 
+their Properties, befpeak it to have been given by 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+great Author of Nature; and thofe of the fir ft Men 
+
+
+(1 °), 
+
+
+
+nicely applied to their refpedtive Conditions 
+
+
+and Circumftances, leave no Room to doubt that they 
+were coseval with the Perfons themfelves. The Greeks 
+borrowed their Idolatry from Phoenicia and Xgytff 
+which indeed the innovating Spirit of that People im¬ 
+proved in the mod extravagant Manner: And it is not 
+poffible to explain their religious Antiquities without 
+having Recourfe to the Language of thofe Countries 
+from which they were tranfplanted. When therefoie 
+this is done without Force or Conftraint, propofing an 
+Inte/piefation natural and eafy ; not to receive it, were 
+to reject the only Means (in many Cafes) of Informa¬ 
+tion, which remain to us at this immenfe Diftance of 
+
+Time. The Reader 
+
+for the free Ufe which is made of this Tongue in the 
+preceding Sheets ; where he will find a great Number 
+
+of ftrange and otberwife unaccountable Stories having 
+their Foundation foieiy in the different Meanings of 
+the fame VV ord. So that an Account, in itfeH inno- 
+
+
+wiii confider this as an Apology 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+t 1 
+
+
+e n v 1 11 
+
+C ) 
+
+
+cent and eafy, by being peiverfely rendered, became 
+frequently the Source of idle Wonder, and 
+ot idolatrous Veneration It is not from the fabulous 
+Greeks themlelves that we are to expe£l full Satisfac¬ 
+tion in thefe Matters. Very few of them gave them- 
+felvcs the Trouble to enquire into the Meaning of 
+their own Ceremonies. Every Thing that was but 
+Egyptian was readily adopted : And the very Names 
+of the Gods they worfhipped were originally taken 
+
+
+upon Truft. For the Pelafgians , as Herodotus in 
+
+
+% 
+
+(io) See Origin of Languages by Dr. Gregory Sharpe. 
+
+
+forms 
+
+
+
+234 THEOLOGY 
+
+
+forms us, (i). had formerly facrificed and prayed to 
+Gods in general, without attributing either Name, or 
+Sirname to any Deity, which in thofe Times they had 
+never heard of: But they called them Gods, becaufe 
+they difpofed and governed all Actions and Countries. 
+After a long Time the Names of the other Gods were 
+brought among them from Egypt* and lath of all that 
+of Bacchus: Upon which they confulted the Oracle 
+of Dodona y dill accounted the mod ancient, and then 
+the only Oracle in Greece , and having enquired whe- 
+ther they fhould receive thefe Names from the Bar¬ 
+barians , the Oracle anfwet’d, they fhould. So from 
+that Time they invoked the Gods in their Sacrifices un¬ 
+der diftindt Names $ and the fame were afterwards re¬ 
+
+
+ceived by the Greeks from thefe Pelafgians. This, fays 
+my Author, I had from the Prieftefles of Dodona. 
+
+ft is faid to the Honour of Mofes , that he was learned 
+in all the Wifdom of the Egyptians . Whence is it 
+
+then that greater Abfurdities in Religion have been af- 
+cribed to this wife People, than have been met with 
+amongd the moil barbarous and unciviliz’d Nations ? 
+This could only proceed from the travelling Greeks, 
+who underdood little of what they law, and made the 
+
+
+word Ufe of what they carried home 5 which by their 
+Poets was afterwards enlarged and diverfified with all 
+the Wantonnefs of a licentious Imagination. Thus 
+that Idolatry, which had its Foundation in the Vanity 
+and Corruption of the human Heart, was chiefly in¬ 
+debted to its fabulous Bulk amongd the Greeks to the 
+warm and pladic Imaginations of the Poets y and was dill 
+further improved by the Boldnefs of the Pencil , the 
+fine Expreifion of the Chijfel , and the Licence of the 
+
+S tags, 
+
+When the human Figure was fird made the Object 
+of idolatrous Veneration, may perhaps be difficult to 
+determine. We read of Graven-Images in the Land 
+of Canaan in the Time of Mofes and JoJhua. But 
+
+
+thefe in all Probability were exttemely rough and in¬ 
+artificial, and perhaps nothing more than upright 
+
+
+( i) In Euterpe, 
+
+
+Stones 
+
+
+
+Of tie Heathens. 235 
+
+Stones or (landing Pillars. Such as they were, how* 
+ever, Cadmus is (aid to have carried the Ufe of them 
+into Greece. I iliould imagine* that they were not 
+worfhipped in Egypt till long after $ efpecially if that 
+be true, which Clemens of Alexandria quotes Leo as 
+affirming (2), in his Treatife of the Egyptian Gods,^ 
+that their celebrated Ifts lived not till the Time of 
+Lynceus , in the Eleventh Generation after Mofes . 
+
+It has been generally allowed that jhe Perfons, 
+whofe Memory was thus religioufiy preferved, were 
+fuch as had been greatly diflinguiflied tor the Inven¬ 
+tion of ufeful Arts, and their Beneficence to Man¬ 
+kind (3). But to make this Species of Idolatry go 
+down with the People, loan thing moie than a pre¬ 
+tended Deification Items to have been neceflary 5 be- 
+
+caufe in order to fecure this extravagant Honour to 
+their Favourites, we find the Egyptians arraying their 
+Images with various Enfigns and Attributes; thus 
+making them the Reprefentatives of fuch natural 
+Things as were adored already by the fupeiftitious 
+Heid. Thus we find Ofir is adorned with the Em¬ 
+blems of the 6’nw, lfts decked with thefe of the Ae¬ 
+ther, and the golden Seraph infeparable from Orus (4). 
+Granting therefore that there were fuch Perfons in* 
+the World, as 'Jupiter , Apollo, Bacchus, Ifts, i$c. yet 
+we mutl allow the Attributes given, and the Ceremo¬ 
+nies, paid to them, to be folely applicable to the Lu¬ 
+minaries, or to the natural Caufes and Effects, which, 
+it is manifeft, were reprefented by them. 
+
+Or it may be that Mankind were not altogether fo 
+eager and fo hafty in their Corruptions ; that the Con¬ 
+secration of eminent and virtuous Men was no more in 
+the firft Place than a Sort of Canonization ; and that 
+the Worfhip paid to them was only confidered as a 
+public Teftimony of their Belief, that fuch Perfons 
+
+
+( z) Strcihat. 1 . i. p. 322. 
+
+(3) Sufcepit autem vita hominum, confuetudoque communis , ut 
+beneficiis excellentes viros in cesium fama ac voluntate tollerent. 
+
+Cicero de Nat. Dear. 1.2. c 24. 
+
+(4) Infantemque vident, exporteSlumque Draconem, Ovid, 
+
+. See Chap. 62. of Ifis, OJiris y and Orus , 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+236 THEOLOGY 
+
+were received into the Abodes of the Blefled, and num¬ 
+bered among the Sons of God. This at leaft was the 
+Opinion of Cicero (5). For that the Law commands 
+thofe who were confecrated from amongtt Men, to be 
+worihipped $ it iliews indeed, fays he, that the Souls 
+of all Men are immortal ; but that thofe of the Brave 
+and the Good are divine- 
+
+May we not therefore conclude, with Regard to 
+the ancient Egyptians particularly, that they were not 
+ignorant of the One Supreme Being, who by his 
+Knowledge conceived the World, before he formed it 
+by his Will: But to comply with the growing Corrup¬ 
+tions of Mankind, in which Compliance they were ex¬ 
+tremely guilty, allow’d them to adore (and in this no 
+Doubt they found their Account) the different Attri¬ 
+butes of his Elfence, and the different Effetls of his 
+Goodnefs under the Symbols of the heavenly Powers, 
+of renowned Perfonages, and at laft even of the terref- 
+trial Bodies, as Plants and Animals : thus wilfully 
+laying the Foundation of the grolfeft Superftition 
+and Idolatry ? 
+
+Plow little the befotted Greeks had to fay for them- 
+fdves on this Head, and how ignorant indeed they 
+were of their own religious Rites, has been remarked 
+already. As thefe took their Gods fo fondly from the 
+Egyptians , fo did the Romans theirs chiefly from them. 
+This appears at large in the preceding Sheets. It rauft 
+be conteiVd at the fame Time, that as fome of thefe 
+Lift refer the whole Multitude of their Divinities to the 
+Sun y the original Object of Idolatry, thence called the 
+Univerfal One (6'), fo did others of them to the 
+Great Author of Nature, affirming “ Jupiter 
+44 to be the Soul of the World (7), who formed the 
+
+(5' §lyod aittem ex leminum genere cortfecratos r ficut .Kercuhtn 
+{$) tosferos, csli lex jubet y indicat omnium quidcm anintos tmmor - 
+tales cjfe, fed fortium bomr unique divines. De Leg: bu.% 1 . 2. QpXi. 
+
+(6) Dtverf<e virtutes J:lis ncmina Diis dederunt: unde 
+
+yrav Japientum principes prodtderunt. Macrob Saturn. 1 . I. c 17. 
+
+(7) St. AugpiLn oe Civiiatc Dei. c. u. Tome 5. p 4*, 43. 
+
+44 Urrivetfe 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 237 
+
+Univerfe of the four Elements, and fills and moves 
+44 it thus compa&ed.” In the JEtber he is Jupiter j 
+in the Air Juno; in the Sea, Neptune; in the lower 
+Parrs of the Sea, Salncra ; in the Earth, Pluto ; in 
+Hell, Proferpine ; in domeftic Fires, Vefta ; in the 
+Working-Furnace, Vulcan $ in the heavenly Bodies, 
+the Sun, Moon , and Stars ; amongft Diviners, Apollo ; 
+in Trade, Mercury ; in Janus , the Beginner ; in 
+Boundaries, the Terminator ; in Time, Saturn ; in 
+War, Mars and Pel Iona ; Bacchus in the Vintage ; 
+Ceres in the Harveft ; in the Woods, Diana ; in the 
+Sciences, Minerva 9 and is Himfelf, in fine, the whole x 
+Multitude of vulgar Gods and GoddefTes. Thefe 
+are all the One Jupiter , whether they be confidered, 
+according to fome, as Parts of Himfelf, or, accord¬ 
+ing to others, as his Virtues and Attributes. This is 
+exu&ly of a Piece with the Reafoningof Seneca ; who 
+alierrs that God may have Names in Number equal 
+to his Gifts (8). 
+
+Notwithftanding this, we find on fome Occafions, 
+even among thefe, the monftrous Abfurdity of making 
+new Gods arrived to fuch a Pitch, that Temples have 
+been every now and then vowed and erected by Ma- 
+giitrates and Commanders, even to Creatures of their 
+own fudden Imagination ; fuch as the Chance of 
+War, or their own Wilhes or Fears had raifed. So 
+that Pliny's Obfervation with fome Allowance for 
+the Latitude of Exprefiion, may feem to have been 
+not ill-founded 5 that the Extravagance of human 
+Palfions and AfFe&ions had made more Gods than 
+there were Men. 
+
+
+(8) Jovetn ilium optimum ac maximum rite dices & tonantem 
+& ftatorcm quodjiant bencftcio ejus omnia , Stator ftabihtorque eft . 
+
+
+Quacunque voles illi nomina proprie aptabis 
+
+
+aliq 
+
+
+leji 
+
+
+
+munera. 
+
+
+Hu 
+
+
+Qf Liberu 
+
+
+Tot appellationes ejus 
+
+
+& H, 
+
+
+
+oftri putant. Quia omnium parens fit 
+
+
+Qu 
+
+
+<uts 
+
+
+invitta fit. Quia ratio penes ilium eft, numerujque, <2? ordo 9 
+
+
+& Sc lent ia, &c 
+
+(9) Nat, Hid. Lib 
+
+
+7,8 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+238 THEOLOGY, E*. 
+
+Yet upon the Whole, the Hitlory of Religion is 
+not fo darkened with Error, but that, through all 
+the Shades of Folly, an attentive Enquirer may flill 
+difcern the Difpeniations of God, from the firft Of¬ 
+fence of Man to this Day, to have been regular and 
+uniform, and dire&ed to one great End, namely, his 
+own fupreme Glory in the Happinefs of his Crea¬ 
+tures. 
+
+Let us therefore adore this ever-gracious Being with 
+humble Sincerity. Let us acknowledge his infinite 
+Mercies with a due Senfe of our own Demerits : And 
+beware, above all Things, that we attempt not to 
+fet bp our own weak Reafon in Oppofition to the de¬ 
+clared Will and Commandments of God. This has 
+been the great Stumbling-Block in all Ages: And 
+from fuch Demeanour, Confufion of every Sort, 
+mufi: neceflarily enfue. 
+
+
+
+
+1 
+
+* •. 
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+
+Mythology of the Heathens. 
+
+
+TT AVING confidered the Theology of the 
+
+Heathens, we fhall next give fome Account 
+of their Mythology ; a Subject already touched upon 
+in the Hiltory of the Deities themfelves. We fliali 
+now enter into the Nature of the Pagan Fables, their 
+religious Sentiments, and the Manner of their Wor- 
+fhip. Here we fhall find Truth blended with Error, 
+and obfcured by FiCtion, which has wrapt in Clouds 
+the moft important Doctrines, fuch as the Creation of 
+the World, the Fall of Man, the DeftruCtion of 
+the human Race by a univerfal Deluge, the Change 
+produced in Nature by that great Event, the Origin 
+of natural and moral Evil, and the final Reftitution 
+of all Things to their primitive Glory and Splendor. 
+
+This will lead us to a fhort View of their moral Sen- 
+
+¥ 
+
+timents, as well as the Nature of their Worfhip. 
+
+Notwithftanding the great Corruption which had 
+crept into the Worfhip of all Nations, we have feen 
+that the Men of Learning and Reflection generally 
+maintained honourable Notions of the Deity, and the 
+moll: juft and rational Ideas of the Obligations of mo¬ 
+ral Virtue. Philofophers frequently arofe, and by 
+their InftruCtions difperfed the Clouds of Darknefs, if 
+not from the Minds of the Poor and Vulgar, at leaft: 
+from thofe who had Leifure and Opportunity to at¬ 
+tend their LeCtures, or to read their Works. By 
+thefe Morality was made a Science, and Ethics be¬ 
+came the moft valuable Branch of Philofophy, As the 
+Greeks and Romans had received their Divinities from 
+
+Egypt, 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+M Y T II O L O G Y 
+
+
+Egypt^ and by miftaking the Manners, the Cuftoms 
+and Language of that Nation, had made Gods of the 
+common Symbols which they employed to teach the 
+People to honour one God, the Author of all Good, 
+to live in Peace, to exprefs the Times and Seafons for 
+the Performance of the common Occurrences of Life, 
+and to expedf a better State to come ; fo their Reli¬ 
+gion became obfcmed by Fables, and a Variety of Fic¬ 
+tions, which, while the Vulgar unclerftood in a li¬ 
+teral Senfe, their Sages endeavoured to explain and 
+reduce to ingenious Allegories, and thereby to render 
+the Heathen Woif 1 1 ip confident with all the natuial 
+Notions of a fiipreme Deity, the wife Governor'of 
+the Woild, and by accounting for the Introduction 
+of moral Evil, to vindicate the Rules of his Provi¬ 
+dence, and tojudify the Ways of God to Man. 
+
+Fables, are indeed a very ancient Method of con¬ 
+veying Truth, and are therefore to be confidered ss 
+Veils of fo fine a Texture, as not wholly to conceal 
+the Beauties that lie beneath them. Thus, fays Origen; 
+(10) The Egyptian Philofophers have fublime No- 
+4< tions with regard to the divine Nature, which they 
+a keep fecret, and never difcover to the People, but 
+“ under the Veil of Fables and Allegories. All the 
+
+Eaftern Nations, the Per/ians, the Indians , the 
+46 rianSj conceal fecret Myfieries under their religious 
+** Fables. The wife Men of all Nations (i) fee into 
+“ the Senfe and Meaning of them, whillt the Vul- 
+“ gar go no farther than the exterior Symbol, and 
+“ fee only the Baik that covers them.” 
+
+This was frequently the Cafe when foreign and 
+diftant Nations adopted what they but imperfectly 
+undeiftood. Allegories became QbjeCts of Faith. 
+Thus could any Thing give a more lively Idea of the 
+
+
+(io) Origen contra Celfum, Lib. I. p. 11. 
+
+(i) u Thole who are acquainted wi<h thefe Myfleries,” fays 
+Ijocrates , 44 infure to ihemfelves very pleating Hopes agaiaft the 
+44 Hour-of Death, and which ext nd to a whde Eternity.” 
+44 Thefe Myfteiies” fays Epifietus, 44 weie eftablifhed by the 
+44 Ancients, to regulate the Lives of Men. and to banifh Dif- 
+“ orders fiom die World.” 
+
+
+State 
+
+
+
+Of the Heath k n s. 
+
+
+241 
+
+
+State of Retribution, and the Rewards or Punifhments 
+
+
+which follow upon 
+Ceremonies with 
+Dead. 
+
+
+a Life of Virtue or \ 
+which the Egyptians 
+
+
+ce, than the 
+buried their 
+
+
+TheGm’Lrand Romans , it ruck with the Ideas 
+
+that were fo ftrongly conveyed, took the Type for the 
+Reality : The Boat which was to convey the Body to 
+the Place of Burial, which was with the Egyptians an 
+Emblem of Death, and was called Tranquility, be- 
+caufe it carried over none but the Juft, was reprefent- 
+ed by the Greeks and Romans as a Boat to carry Soul 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+Cerberus , an Hieroglyphic, carved out of Wood or 
+Stone, to exprefs the Lamentations beftowed on the 
+
+The Lake 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+beca 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+ed Mon fte 
+
+
+r. 
+
+
+Acherufia became a vifionary River of "Tartar 
+
+
+and was called Acheron 
+
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Jud 
+
+
+that decided 
+
+
+the Merit of the Deceafed, were reprefented as con- 
+ligning the Spirit to final Happinefs or Milery, and 
+the flowery Field where the Righteous alone were bu¬ 
+ried, into that Place of Joy whLh the EJizout of the 
+Egyptians was only defigned as a faint Reprelentation. 
+Yet notwithftanding the Fables into which thefeMyi- 
+teries were turned, this very important Truth was 
+ftill conveyed, that there would be a State of Judg 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+Virtuous would be rewarded, and 
+
+
+Vicious punifhed according to their Deferts 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+
+The 
+
+Prayer, or Form of Abfolution, which was giv- 
+the Egyptian Piiefts to the Relations of the 
+
+
+
+
+Deceafed, containing a ufeful Lefion to the 
+
+
+as it exhibited a concite Syftem of thofe Morals which 
+were to entitle them to the divine Favour, and to a 
+
+
+decent Burial 
+Lake AcheruJ* 
+
+phy 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+Plaii 
+is P 
+
+
+on the Confi 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+
+
+who copied it from Euph 
+
+
+rayer was prefervcd by Por 
+
+
+whofe Work 
+
+
+are now loft, and is as follow 
+
+
+
+
+O Sun 
+
+
+fiift 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+
+Divinity ! And ye celeftial Gods, who ; gave Life 
+Man ! Vouchfafe to receive me this Day into 3 
+
+
+be ft 
+
+
+i< 
+
+
+holy Tabernacles. I have endeavoured 
+of my Power, to render my Life agreeable to you 
+
+
+“ I have beh 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+ii 
+
+
+the G 
+
+fancy 
+
+
+with the higheft Veneratidn toW^rds 
+s, with whom I was acquainted in my In- 
+I have never failed in my Duty; to Thtffe 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+tk 
+
+
+vv 
+
+
+
+
+242 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+‘‘ who brought me into Being, nor in natural AfFec- 
+“ tion to the Womb that bore me. My Hands are 
+“ pure from my Neighbour’s Blood ; I have main- 
+44 tained an inviolable Regard to Truth and Fidelity ; 
+“ and may 1 not appeal to the Silence of Mankind, 
+“ who have nothing to lay to my Charge, as a fure 
+“ and certain Teftimony of my integrity ? If how- 
+44 ever, any perfonal and fecret Fault hasefcaped me, 
+44 and I have offended in Eating or in Drinking, let 
+44 thefe Entrails bear all the Blame/* Here the En¬ 
+trails of the Deceafed were produced by the Relations, 
+and immediately thrown into the Lake. 
+
+But however ufeful thefe Ceremonies might be, as 
+practifed among the Egyptians , yet being confidered 
+as Realities by the Greeks , and rendered more ridicu¬ 
+lous by the Abfurdity of their Fables, it is no Won¬ 
+der that they loft their Efficacy, and became, as Ju¬ 
+venal informs us, difbelieved even by their Children. 
+
+But it is not at all ftrange, that this fliould be the 
+Cafe with the Greeks , when the Egyptians themfelves 
+were fallen into Idolatry, and thole iimple Emblems, 
+once lb well known to this People, were become the 
+Medium of their Prayers and Adorations. Every 
+Thing had an Air of Myftery, and thefe Myfteries 
+were underftood by none but the Priefts, or thofe to 
+whom they were pleafed to explain them, which was 
+always done under the Seal of Secrefy. -The Vulgar 
+were fufFered to continue in their Errors, fince it might 
+have been dangerous even for their Priefts to attempt 
+to open their Eyes, and to reduce their Worfliip to 
+the Simplicity of the ancient Practice. 
+
+But here I cannot help obferving, that notwith¬ 
+standing all that has been faid to the contrary, there 
+is far "from being fufficient Reafon for our believing, 
+that they were fo loft to Reafon and common Senfe, 
+as to pay Adoration to the Ox, the Goat, the Croco¬ 
+dile, or the Produce of their Gardens $ the PafTages 
+brought from Scripture to prove it, are far from be¬ 
+ing fat is factory, fince they are capable of a very dif¬ 
+ferent Interpretation. Would the Children of Ifrael, 
+
+i'lwhile in the Wiklernefs, have hankered after the 
+
+c i, .i J Onion® 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 243 
+
+Onions of Egypt, if they had been there an Object of 
+Worlhip ? It is as abfurd to fuppofe it, as to imagine 
+
+
+that the Egyp 
+
+
+could be guilty of fo fenfelels 
+
+
+Kind of Adoration. The Character that is giv 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+People in Holy Writ, feems flrongly to contradict 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+ft, when it is mentioned to the Praife of Mof 
+he was learned in all the Wifdom of the Egyptian*. 
+They were indeed univerfaliy allowed to be the wifelt 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+on Earth, which they could 
+
+
+hav 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+were they fo (tupid as to woriliip Beads, Birds, Fifties, 
+Reptiles, InfeCts, and Plants. However, their having 
+thefe on their Symbols, added to their drefting up a 
+Ram with Flowers, and having a Feftival on the Sun’s 
+Entrance into Aries, and the fame Ceremony of dref- 
+iing up a Bull at his entering Taurus , and fo of the 
+
+
+other Sig 
+
+
+Op 
+
+
+ght give Room to Strangers to enter- 
+
+efpecially as thefe might be prac- 
+
+
+tifed after the original Meaning was forgot: But 
+that has ever feen a Company of young Men and 
+Women in the Country of England, dancing round 
+a Maypole, adorned with green Bows and Garlands, 
+
+imagine that this Diverfion 
+
+
+could be 
+
+
+
+abfurd 
+
+
+was performed in Honour of the Goddefs Flora ? The 
+Abfurdity of the Support ion is not lefs in the former 
+Cafe than in the latter, ftnce the Bead drefted up in 
+Honour of the Sign into which the Sun was fuppofed 
+to enter, was not regarded as an ObjeCt of WorHiip, 
+though the Sun or the Stars might be adored as the 
+Emblems, or as the Refidence of the Deity. 
+
+Nothing has ever contributed more to difguife the 
+Truth, and to corrupt the Worftiip of the Greeks and 
+Romans , than the Multitude of Fictions introduced 
+
+
+by their Poets 
+
+
+
+this that has principally 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+honed that jumble of Images, that Indecoru 
+Characters, and that Abfurdity in their Fictions 
+
+which are fo juftly condemned by their wifeft Philo 
+(bphers. 
+
+Ir is the Province of Poetry to change the Face of 
+Nature, to give Life and Activity to inanimate Beings,. 
+Subdance and Form to Thought $ to*deity the Paf- 
+
+
+fi 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+World of 
+
+
+The Poet 
+
+
+
+2 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+
+244 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+
+is not bound by the fame Laws as other Men ; he has 
+a Power that enables him to create and deftroy at 
+Pleafure, and with the fame Eafe he forms Gods (2), 
+Pie 1 oes, Men and Monfters. He makes quick Tran¬ 
+sitions from Reality toFi&ion* from Fi&ion to Rea¬ 
+lity, and from thole Gods which he believes to thole 
+of his own creating : -And from hence ariies a princi¬ 
+pal Source of that Confufion which has given inch 
+different Interpretations to, and which renders it lb 
+difficult to explain the ancient Mythology. The Greek 
+and Roman Poets have almoft always preferred the 
+Marvellous and the Sparkling, to the Simplicity of 
+•naked Truth. If a Princefs died of Grief for the 
+
+
+Lofs of her Hufband or her Child, fhe was changed 
+into a Rock or Fountain ; inftead of faving that CV- 
+pbalus rofe with the Sun, Aurora muft be in Love 
+with the Youth, and force him abroad. To reprefent 
+the long Life of Iolaus , the Goddefs of Health muft 
+renew his Age. Intlead of faying that Endymhn (tu- 
+died on the Mountains of Carla, the Courfe of the 
+Moon, they tell us, that he had there an Interview 
+with Diana ; and that her ftaying with her Gallant 
+was the Caufe of Eclipfes: But as theft'Amours could 
+not laft lor ever, they were obliged to invent a new 
+Fable, to account for them another Way, and there¬ 
+fore they feigned that feme .Sorcerefs of Thejfaly , 
+her Enchantments, drew down the Moon to the Earth. 
+To account for the perpetual Verdure of the Laurel, 
+they talked of the Amours of Apollo and (3) Daphne. 
+To exprefs the Agility and Swiftnefs of Periclymenus, 
+they affirmed that he was able to alfume all Shapes, 
+and at laft turned himfelf into an Eagle. Ampbion, 
+by his Oratory, prevailed on a barbarous People to 
+build a Gity, and to dwell in Society ; he is therefore 
+faid to mile up the Walls of Tbebes by the Sound of 
+his Lyre, and Orpheus to charm the Lions and Tyger, 
+and to'move the Rocks and Trees by his Harmony $ 
+
+
+
+(z) The ancient Heroes were fuppofed to be a middle Kind of 
+^Beings, that partook both of the Nature of Gods and Men. 
+
+(3) The Laurel was called by the Greeks Daphne. 
+
+
+becaufe 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathen s'. 
+
+
+M 5 : 
+
+becaufe nothing could withftand his PerfuaEon, or ie~ 
+
+O ^ 
+
+fill the Force of his Eloquence^ 
+
+Who would imagine that by the Wings of Dadalvs 
+and Icarus , were fignified a Ship under Sail ? That all 
+the Changes of Achelous were only frequent Inunda¬ 
+tions ? That by the Combat of Hercules with the God 
+of that River, was only meant a Bank that was raifed 
+to prevent its Overflowing ?‘ That Hercules encounter- 
+
+the Hydra of Lerna y fignified no more than a 
+
+
+or that Hercules 
+
+
+Jn g . . , ^ 
+
+Man’s draining a maiihy country 
+leparating with his Hands the two Mountains CaIpe 
+and Aby/a t when the Ocean milled in with Violence, 
+arid found a Palfage into the Mediterranean, meant no 
+more, perhaps, than that in the Time of one Hercu¬ 
+les , the Ocean,, by the Afiiftance of an Earthquake, 
+broke a Neck of Land, and formed the Straits of Gi¬ 
+braltar ? Or that the Fable of Pafephae contains no¬ 
+thing but an Intrigue of the Queen of Crete with a 
+Captain named Taurus? 
+
+Who could believe that Scylla and Charybdis , thofe 
+dreadful Monfters that devoured all Paflengers, were 
+only two dangerous Rocks near the Ifland of Sicily 9 
+rendered famous 
+
+
+
+their being frequently fatal to 
+Mariners ? That the frightful Monller which ravaged 
+the Plains of Tioy v was the Inundations of the Sea 
+or that Heftone's being expofed to this Monfter, meant 
+no more than that ilie was to be given to him who put 
+a Stop to thefe Inundations ? 
+
+Thus, fays the Abbe Banier y if we would diftin- 
+guifli Truth from Fidtion, whenever a Poet brings a 
+God upon the Stage, he ought to be fet afide : What 
+Homer and Virgil afcribe to Minerva* is to be attri- 
+buted to Prudence and good Condudt It is no lon¬ 
+ger the Exhalations that produce Thunder, bin Jupi¬ 
+ter armed to affright Mortals. If a Manner perceives 
+a rifing Storm, it is angry Neptune fwelling the Waves. 
+Echo ceafes to be a mere Sound, and becomes a 
+Nymph bewailing the Lofs of her Narcijfus. 
+
+Thus by the Cloud with which Minerva concealed 
+Ulyjfes , is meant the Daiknefsof the Night, which 
+fuffered him to enter the Town of the Pbcenicians 
+
+L \ without 
+
+
+
+246 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+without being difcovered ; and when Priam is con¬ 
+ducted by Mercury into the Tent of Achilles , we are 
+only to linderftand, that he fet out to obtain Heflor’s 
+Body in the Dark, with a Prefent to appeafe his An¬ 
+ger. If the Delights of the Country of the Lotophagi 
+detain the Companions of Ulyffes y we are told by Ho¬ 
+mer, that the Fruits of that iiland made thole who 
+tailed them lofe all Remembrance of their Families, 
+or their native Country. This is an ingenious Fiction 
+intended to convey this important Froth, that the 
+Love of Pleafure debauches the Mind, and bi nifties 
+from the Heart every laudable AfreCtion. If they 
+loiter at the Court of Circe, and abandon themfelves 
+to Riot and Debauchery, this pretended Sorcerefs, 
+with great Elegance and Strength of Expreflion is faid 
+to turn them into Swine. Thus he elegantly conveys 
+this moral Sentiment, Thar as the principal DiftinCti- 
+pn between a Brute and a reafonable Creature conlifts 
+in a Power to exercife his Reafon, when this is loft he 
+is rather a B. ute than a Man, and therefore inftead 
+of limply faying, that the Deiires and Affections are 
+become brutal, he mentions the Body as affirming’ 
+that Form which beft funs with the Difpofttion of the 
+M*nd. The Narration would be thought too limple 
+and unadorned was he to fay, that UlyJJes was ex¬ 
+po fed to feveral Storms ; he muft have Neptune's Re- 
+fentment, who takes this Method of revenging the 
+Death of his Son Polyphemus. What an Apparatus 
+of FiClion is introduced before Achilles can kill Heflor ! 
+His Armour is made by Vulcan \ his Mother to render 
+him invulnerable, had dipped him in the River Styx. 
+Minerva affumes the Form of Deiphobus, that Heftor 
+may be deceived by imagining that he had the Alfift- 
+ance of his Brother; Jupiter takes the Scales, weighs 
+tfhe Deftinies of the two Heroes, and feeing Heflor’s 
+link, abandons him to his Fate, and then Achilles takes 
+away his Life. Homer , inftead of informing us, that 
+after the bloody Battle fought on the Banks of the 
+Xantbus , that River being choaked up with dead Bo¬ 
+dies, overflowed the Plain, till taking them out of 
+
+the Water, they kindled a Funeral Pile, and confumed 
+
+them 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 247 
+
+them to Afhes : Inftead of this, what a Variety of 
+Machinery is employed ! The River feeling himfelf 
+Qppreffed, utters his Complaints to Achilles , but re-, 
+ceiving no Satisfaction, dwells againii him, and pur- 
+fues him with fuch Rapidity, that he would certainly 
+have been drowned, if Neptune and Minerva had 
+not been commiflioned by Jupiter to moderate his 
+Wrath, by proinifing him a fpeedy Satisfaction. When 
+this great Poet would let us know, that after the Re¬ 
+treat of the Greeks an Inundation from the Sea deftroy- 
+ed the famous Wall they had built during the Siege 
+of Troy, to proteCt them from the Enemy : He fays, 
+that Neptune enraged at the Greeks , begs of Jupiter 
+to fufFer him to beat it down with his Trident; and 
+having prevailed on Apollo to give him his Afllftance, 
+they labour in Concert to perform this arduous Taft. 
+So when Turnus caufed the Fleet of /Eneas to be fet 
+on Fire, Virgil introduces Cytnle, who inflantly trans¬ 
+forms the Veflels into Nymphs. 
+
+If the Poet, fays LaSantius , found it for his Inte- 
+reft to flatter or confole a Prince for the Lofs of his 
+Son, it was but giving him a Place amoogfl the Stars. 
+Shepherds were all Satyrs or Fauns ; Shepberdefies, 
+Nymphs or Naiads ; Ships, flying Hoxfes ; Men on 
+Horfeback, Centaurs ; every lewd Woman was a Sy- 
+ren or a Harpy ; Oranges were Apples of .Gold $ and 
+Arrows and Darts, Lightning and Bolts of Thunder. 
+
+The Rivers and Fountains had their tutelary Dei¬ 
+ties., and fometimes were reprefented as being Deities 
+themlelves j the uniting their Streams was called Mar¬ 
+riage, and Brooks and Canals were filled their Chil¬ 
+dren. If they would fpeak of the Rainbow, that too 
+mull be a Gcddefs drefled in the richefl Colours ; and 
+as they were at a Lofs how to account for the Pro¬ 
+duction of this feeming Phenomenon, it was called 
+the Daughter of Thaumas , a poetical Perfonage, 
+whofe Names fignifies Wonderful. 
+
+Sometimes a Concern for the'Honour of the La¬ 
+dies became a Source of Fables. If a Princefs proved 
+too frail to withfiand the Attempts of her Lover, her 
+Flatterer, to fkreeri her Reputation, immediately call - 
+
+L 4 ed. 
+
+
+
+
+
+24S MYTHOLOGY 
+
+ied in the Affiftance of Jome enamoured God ; this 
+was eafily believed by the ignorant Vulgar ; for they 
+could fuppofe none but a divine Perfon could prefume 
+to attempt one of her Rank, or could be able to thaw 
+the Coldnefs of the infenfible Fair. Thus her Repu¬ 
+tation was unfuliied, and indead of becoming infa¬ 
+mous, /lie was highly honoured, and the Hufband 
+himlelf, inftead of being offended, partook of her 
+Glory. A great Number of Fables were derived from 
+this Source. Nor is the Story of Rhea Sylvia (4), the 
+Mother of Rhemus and Romulus , and of Paulina (5), 
+the only Inftances to be found in Hidory of the Cre¬ 
+dulity of Hufbands and Parents. From this Source, 
+and the Lewdnefs or Corruption of the Prieds, were 
+doubtlefs derived many of the Fables relating to the 
+Amours of the Gods. 
+
+At other Times, the ftrangeft Transformations 
+fprung only from a Similitude of Names, and confid¬ 
+ed in a Play of Words ; thus Cygnus was transformed 
+into a Swan ; Picas , into a Wood-pecker; Hieraje y 
+
+into a Spar-Hawk'; the Cercopes, into Monkies 5 and 
+
+Ah pis, into a Fox. 
+
+* w 
+
+Thus the ancient Poets gave Rife to innumerably 
+Errors, and indeed the Palmers and Statuaries have 
+employed all their Skill to confirm and drengthen the 
+Delufion. The Poets have fpread an Air of Fidlion 
+
+(4) Her Uncle, Amulius , having found Means to get into her 
+Apait nent, Numitor , her Father, iprrad a Rep >rt, that the 
+Twins, c f which fhe was delivered, proceeded from the Em¬ 
+braces of the God of War. Dim. de Halic. Ant. Rom. Lib. 1 . 
+Tit. Liv. Lib. I. 
+
+(5) A young Roman Knight, called Mundus, falling in Love 
+with Paulina , and finding all his Endeavours to conquer her Vir¬ 
+tue prove fruitlefs, corrupted the Priefts of Anubis, who per- 
+fuaded her to believe, that the God was (truck with her Beau y, 
+on which fhe was that very Night led by her Hufband to the 
+Temple. A few Days after, feeing Mundus, whom {he happened 
+accidentally to meet, he let her into the Secret; Paulina , en¬ 
+raged and filled with Indignation, carried her Complaint before 
+Tiberius, who ordered the Statue of Anubis to be thrown into 
+the Tiber, his Priefts to be burnt alive, and Mundus to be lent 
+into Exile. 
+
+
+
+
+over 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens, 249 
+
+over ferious Hiftories, difguifed and altered Fa6ts (6), 
+and rendered the divinetl Truths fabulous. This in 
+nothing appears more evident? than in the Account 
+they have left us of the Origin of the World, which 
+feems partly compofed of Traditions handed down 
+from the Sons of Noah , partly of the Fictions and 
+Ornaments introduced by the Poets, and partly from 
+their endeavouring to reconcile confufed and imperfect 
+Traditions with popular Opinions, and the Corrup¬ 
+tions introduced into religious Woriliip, This, it is 
+proper for us particularly to examine, as it is an En¬ 
+quiry abfoiutely neceftaiy to explain many of the Pa¬ 
+gan Fables, and to give us juft Ideas of their religious 
+Sentiments, which will be found much plainer exr 
+p.elfed by their Philofophers than their Poets. 
+
+The ancient Opinion, that the World was formed, 
+from that Chaos, or a confufed Concourfe of Matter, 
+which Hefiod calls the Father of the Gods, probably 
+had its Rife from a literal Interpretation of the Be¬ 
+ginning of that lubiime Defcription, which Mofes 
+gives us of the Creation (7) ; wheVe, before the For¬ 
+mation of any Part of the Univerfe, it is faid, ’The 
+Earth was without Form , and void, and Darknefs. 
+nvai upon the Face of the Deep , as the latter Part of 
+the Verfe, where the Spirit of God is reprefented as 
+moving or hovering aver the Waters , might give the 
+
+(6) The Abbe Battier, from whom we have borrowed many 
+of thele Remarks, lays, 44 That Homer, of a faithlefs Prollitute, 
+
+44 has made his chalte Penelope, and Virgil, of a Traitor to his 
+44 Country, has given us the pious Hero % of a Reneeado, who 
+4 ' 1 his L ire in a Battle againft Mcs&entius> he has made a 
+44 Conqueror and a Demi-God. The fame Poet has not yet 
+44 even fcrupled to reflect Difhonour on Dido, a Princela of ftri£t 
+44 Virtue, and divefting her of the Reputation {lie- had acquired 
+44 for Chaftity and Courage, has reprefented her as indulging an 
+44 infamous PafTion, and a Cowardice capable of Defpair. Al- 
+44 mod all of them have confpired to make Tantalus pal's for a 
+44 Miler, and have fet him in the Front of the Avaricious, in the 
+44 Center of Hell*, where he is reprefented as differing a Pun- 
+44 ifhment proportionable to his Guilt. Thus they have treated- 
+44 a Man, who, according to Pindar, was a religious and a ge- 
+44 nerous Prince. Banior y Vol. I. Book I. c. 4. 
+
+C7J Gen. i. %. 
+
+# 
+
+L J Egyptian? 
+
+
+
+250 
+
+
+M Y T 
+
+
+
+O 
+
+
+
+O G Y 
+
+
+Egyptians , the Phoenicians, the Chaldeans, the Per - 
+Jians, and the Indians , the Idea which they mean to 
+exprefs when they talk of the Egg of the World. 
+
+But it was not fufficient for Hefiod to make a God 
+of Chaos, to defcribe the Order that fprang from this 
+Confufion $ Chaos muff have an Offspring, and there 
+
+
+fore inftead of faying like Mofes, that Darknefs was 
+
+
+upon the Face of the Deep j k fays, Chaos brought 
+forth Glootninefs and Night; and to continue the Ge¬ 
+nealogy, inftead of faying with the infpired Writer, 
+God^divided she Light from the Darknefs , he expreffes 
+fomething like the fame Idea, by adding, that from 
+Night fprang Air and Day. Mofes fays, that God or¬ 
+dered the dry Land to appear, and created the Firma¬ 
+ment which he called Heaven ; Hefiod fays, that the 
+
+Earth begat Heaven , the high Mountains and the 
+Caves, He then informs us of the Ocean, who was 
+the Father of Springs and Rivers , of the Bhth of the 
+Sun anti Moon, and feveral other Gods of the like 
+
+Kind. 
+
+Jt is very evident, that this whole Account is nothing 
+more than an allegorical Hiftory of the Formation of 
+all Things, in which the various Parts of Nature are 
+perfonated ; but the Hand of the great Architect is 
+wanting. Ovid treats this Subject in a more intelli¬ 
+gible Manner, and with great Beauty introduces the 
+Creator, whom he calls God, or Nature, forming the 
+various Parts with the utmoft Regularity and Order. 
+But in nothing does he come fo near to Mofes, as in 
+the Account he gives of the Formation of Man, which 
+as well as Mofes, he makes the lafk Work of the Crea¬ 
+tion, and introduces Prometheus, or Council, forming 
+him of Clay, in the Image of the Gods. 
+
+
+A Creature of a more exalted Kind 
+
+Was wanting yet, and then was Man deign'd, 
+
+Confcious of Thought, of more capacious Bre&ft* 
+
+fbt Empire form'd, and fit 10 rule the reft (8). 
+
+
+($) Omd y Ub. I. 
+
+
+From 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 
+
+
+251 
+
+
+From this Introduction it will not admit of a Doubt> 
+but that Ovid underftood the Story of Prometheus iu 
+the literal Senfe. And as to the Circumftance which 
+he omits, of his taking Fire from Heaven to animate 
+tie lumpifli Form ; what is this, fays a modern Au¬ 
+thor, but Gocts breathing into his Nojirils the Breath 
+
+of Life P 
+
+Father Liffiteau (9) gives us an Account of a very 
+whimfical Opinion maintained by the Iroquois , one of 
+the mod confiderable of all the Savage Nations. 
+They believe that in the Beginning there were fix 
+Men (10); but as yet there being no Earth, thefe 
+Men were carried about in the Air at the Mercy of 
+the Winds. As they had no Women they forefiiw 
+that their Race mu ft foon come to an End 5 at laft 
+they learned that there was one in Heaven, on which 
+it was agreed, that one whom they fixed upon fhould 
+go and fetch her from thence ; the Attempt was dan¬ 
+gerous, but it was accompli Hied by the Afliftance of 
+the Birds, who wafted him thither on their W ings. 
+Upon his Arrival he waited for the Woman’s coming 
+out to draw Water, and as foon as fhe appeared, he 
+
+
+feduced her by offering her a Piefent. The Lord of 
+
+
+Heaven knowing what had palled, banifhed this Wo 
+man, and a Tortoife received her on its Back ; when 
+the Otter and the Fifties drawing up Mud from the 
+Bottom of the Water, formed of the Body of the 
+Tortoife a fmall Iftand, and this encreafing by De¬ 
+grees was the Original of the Earth. The Woman 
+had at firft two Sons, one of whom aiming bimfelf 
+with offenfive Weapons, flew his Brother ; and that 
+after this fhe had feverai Children, from whom fprang 
+the reft of Mankind. 
+
+Wild and extravagant as this Tradition is, yet it 
+feems at leaf! to be founded on a Remnant of the pri¬ 
+mitive Hiftory of the World, the Banifliment of Eve 
+from the terreftrial Paradife, and the Murder of Abel 
+
+
+(9) Manners of the Savages, Vol. I. 
+
+(10) The People of Peru and Braf l agree upon the fame 
+Number. 
+
+
+
+252 
+
+
+M Y T H O 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+by Cain his Brother. Thus they altered the Trad 
+
+
+tion, 
+
+
+though Part of it was (till retained 
+
+
+And heie it cannot be improper to mention a Fable, 
+which Plato puts into the Mouth of Arijlophdnes (1) ; 
+The Gods, fays he, formed Man at hrtt of a round 
+
+
+i K 
+
+
+M. 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+four F 
+
+
+
+
+with two Bodies, 
+and both Sexes 
+
+
+two F 
+The 
+
+
+Men 
+
+
+four Leg 
+
+
+were of 
+
+
+46 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+*6 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+4 i 
+
+
+fuch extraordinary Strength, that they refolved to 
+
+
+ke W 
+
+
+pon the Gods ; Jup 
+
+
+incenfed at 
+
+
+this Enterprise, would have defhoyed them as he 
+
+
+had done the G 
+
+
+he nil 
+
+he contented himfelf with dividing 
+
+
+but feeing that by this Means 
+
+
+ft have detiroyed the whole hu 
+
+
+hem 
+
+
+1 Race 
+
+funder 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+<4 
+
+
+4 6 
+
+
+and at the fame Time ordered Apollo to ftretch m 
+the Bread, and other Parts of the Body, the Sk 
+
+
+
+
+w 
+
+
+Thefe two P 
+to be 
+
+
+4i 
+
+
+prefe 
+
+thus disjoined 
+
+the Origin of Love. 
+
+Ovid mentions only the Formation of Ma 
+t taking 
+
+
+rts of one Body 
+ted ; and this is 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+lead Notice of E 
+
+
+denily copies the Account given us 
+omits mentioning this in h 
+
+
+in which he 
+
+Moft 
+
+
+Crea 
+
+
+who 
+
+general Hidory of the 
+
+
+
+And the Hint of this Fable was probably 
+
+
+ken from this Circumda 
+
+
+where the Script 
+
+
+fays (2), God created Man, and then adds, Male and 
+Female created he them ; and the Circumftance of 
+their being cut afunder, the clofmg up the Fleih, and 
+the Reaffon given for conjugal Love, from Eve 's be¬ 
+ing made of a Rib taken out of Adams Side, and his 
+
+
+Lying upon 
+
+
+She is Bone of my Bone , and Flefh 
+
+
+f my Flejh ; therefore fhall a Man Lave his Father 
+and Mother , and cleave unto his Wife (3). 
+
+
+From hence it feems at lead probable, that 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Writ.... 
+
+
+of Moft 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+unknown to the Greek 
+
+
+which makes it the more likely, that thefe Writings 
+or a more antient Tradition, gave Rife to the differ 
+ent Reprefentations the Pagans have given us of ai 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+ginal State of Innocence, which was an Object of 
+
+
+(1) Plato in his Banquet. 
+(3) Gen. ii. 21, 22, 23, 24 
+
+
+(2) Gen. i. 27 
+
+
+Faith 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 253 
+
+Faith amongft all civilized Nations. This has been 
+paintedln the moft beautiful Colours, by the Heathen 
+Poets, under the Diftinftion of the golden Age, or 
+the Reign of Saturn. This was the pre-exiftent State 
+of Pythagoras , and of all the Eaftern Nations ; from 
+whence it is eafy to fee that the Abbe Banier muft be 
+greatly miftaken, when he fays (4), that the golden 
+Age had only a Relation to the antient Inhabitants of 
+Latium , after the Arrival of Janus , who, according 
+to him, foftened the Ferocity of their Mariners, gave 
+them Laws, and brought them to live together in 
+Cities and Villages. Plato , fpeaking of the Creator 
+of the* World, fays(5), “ This Architect had a Mo- 
+“ del, by which he produced every Thing, and this 
+44 Model is himfelf. The World was perfect in its 
+44 Conftitution, perfect in the various Parts that com- 
+“ pofe it, and was fubjedl neither to the Difeafes nor 
+44 to the Decay of Age. God was then the Prince, 
+44 the common Parent of all ; he governed the World 
+44 by himfelf, as he governs it now by inferior Deities : 
+“ Rage and Cruelty did not then prevail upon Earth, 
+44 War and Sedition were entirely unknown, God 
+44 himfelf took Care of the Suftenance of Mankind,. 
+41 and was their Guardian and Shepherd: There 
+44 were no Magiftrates, no Civil Polity as now. In 
+44 thole happy Days Men fprung from the Bolom of 
+4< the Earth, which produced them of itlelf, as it 
+44 produces Mowers and Trees. The fertile Fields 
+
+44 yielded Corn and Fruit, without the Labour of 
+44 Tillage. Mankind being troubled with no Incle- 
+44 mency of the Seafons, had no need of Raiment to 
+44 cover their Bodies 5 they took their Reft on Beds 
+44 of ever verdant Turf (6) $ every Thing was beau- 
+44 tiful, harmonious and tranfparent $ Fruits of an 
+44 exquifite Tafte grew fpontaneoully*; and it was 
+44 watered with Rivers of Neftar ; they there breath- 
+44 ed the Light as we breathe the Air, and drank Wa- 
+44 ters which were purer than Air itfelf.” 
+
+(4) Banter , Vol. II. p. 271. (5) Plate in Tinaseus, p. 1047. 
+
+(6) Plato in Timreus, p. 537, 538. 
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+
+254 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+Thefe were the Sen 
+
+
+and Romans , but 
+Chinefe Authors c 
+fore and after the 
+fciibing the fir ft * 
+
+
+
+
+44 
+
+
+O L O G Y 
+
+it ;rs not only of the Greeks 
+.i'.e (y) Raft, The ancient 
+nguiib the two States of Man be¬ 
+ll, by tj>e two Heavens, and de- 
+AH Things fay they, were then 
+
+
+f all 
+
+
+dt 
+
+
+4 ( 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+
+
+t ft 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+in an happy State, every Thing was beautiful, every 
+Thing was good, all Beings were perfect in their 
+Kind. In this happy Age, Heaven and Earth em¬ 
+ployed all their Virtues jointly to embellish Nature. 
+There was no jarring in the Elements 
+
+
+no 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+4 4 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+In- 
+
+Things grew without La- 
+an univerfal Fertility reigned. The active 
+
+prod uce 
+
+
+clemency in the Air 
+bour 
+
+
+and paftlve Virtues confpired together 
+and perfect the Univerfe.” And again, “ Whilft 
+the firft State of Heaven lafted, a pure Pleafure and 
+perfect Tranquility reigned over ail Nature. There 
+were neither Labour nor Pain, nor Sorrow nor 
+Crimes (8) ” 
+
+But as the Heathens could not believe that it was 
+confident with the Goodnefs of a wife and infinitely 
+benevolent Being, to create a World in the difordered 
+State in which this Earth is at prefent, fo nothing per¬ 
+plexed them more than the Difficulty of accounting for 
+the Introduction of natural and moral Evil. The Story 
+of Pandora and her Bex, though it feems to have fome 
+
+
+Relat 
+
+
+to that of Eh>e, as fhe was created by the 
+
+
+fame Prometheus , was the firft Woman, and the firft 
+who introduced Mifery and Death into the World, 
+yet could not give Satisfaction to any reafonable Mind. 
+Heftod had given it too much the Air of a Fiction, 
+and indeed it feems only a fine Allegory, to fliew the 
+
+
+Confeq 
+
+
+of Difobed 
+
+
+in Thing 
+
+
+to Ap 
+
+
+pearance, the mod indifferent; that from hence fpring 
+
+
+41 
+
+44 
+
+44 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+(7) The Bramins of India teach, u That Souls were origin' 
+ally created in a State of Purity ; bat having finned, were 
+thrown down into the Bodies cf Men or of Bealls according to 
+their refy.edtive Demerits; fo that the Body where the Soul 
+refide^ is a fort of Dungeon or Prifon.*’ Vi.’e 
+
+
+A . Rogers on 
+
+o 
+
+
+the Religion of th^ Bramins. 
+
+(8) D1 bald's H»ft. of China, in his Abfirail of the Chinefe 
+Ctafiics, 
+
+
+innumerable 
+
+
+
+0 / /fo Heathens, 255 
+
+innumerable Evils $ while Hope, which only can al¬ 
+leviate them, (lays behind. It was dcubtlefs in this 
+Light that this Fable was confidered by th« Men of 
+Sente and Under (landing. It could give no Satisfac¬ 
+tion to the penetrating Genius of the Philofophers, 
+and therefore Pythagoras adopted the Notion of Tranf- 
+migration, and of a pre-exiftent State which he learnt 
+from the Egyptians , Opinions which Plato fomefimes 
+feems firmly to believe, and at others mentions only 
+as an ingenious Allegory : However, with thefe Sen¬ 
+timents each of thefe great Men attacked the Opinions 
+of thofe who, on Account of the Introduction of 
+Evil denied a Providence, by proving that the Dis¬ 
+order of the World, and the Mifery and Death to 
+which Man is fubjeCl, are only the Confequences 
+which Men have brought upon themfelves by their 
+Crimes. 44 Our Alienation from God, fays Pytha - 
+“ goras (9), and the Lofs of the Wings which ufed 
+44 to raife us up to heavenly Things, have thrown us 
+44 down in the Region of Death, which is over-run 
+“ with all Manner of Evils ; fo the dripping ourfelves 
+46 of earthly Affe&ions, and the Revival of our Vir- 
+'* tues, make our Wings to grow again, and raife us 
+44 up to the Manfions of Life, where true Good is to 
+44 be found without any Mixture of Evil.” This h 
+more fully explained by Plato , who fays, “ That the 
+44 etherial Earth, the ancient abode of Souls, is 
+44 placed amongd the Stars in the pure Regions of 
+44 Heaven ; but that, as in the Sea, every Thing is 
+44 altered and disfigured by the Salts that abound in 
+* 4 it 5 fo in our prefent Earrh, every Thing is de- 
+* 4 formed, corrupted, and in a ruinous Condition, if 
+44 compared with the primitive Eatth.” In other 
+Places he endeavours to account for this imaginary 
+Change in the Refidence of Man ; he reprefents the 
+Univerfe, as filled with innumerable Worlds inhabited 
+by free Spirits, qualified to enjoy the double Felicity 
+of contemplating the divine Prefence, and of admiring 
+him in his Works. But as the Sight of the fupreme 
+
+# 
+
+(5) Hiecoch Comm, in aufea Carm. p. 187, 
+
+
+Good 
+
+
+
+MYTHOLOGY 
+
+Good muft neceffarily engage all the Love of his Crea¬ 
+tures, the Will could never ojfend while the Soul 
+had an immediate View of the divine Effence ; he 
+therefore fuppofes, that at fome certain Intervals thefe 
+Souls quitted the divine Prefence, to furvey the Beau¬ 
+ties of Nature, and to feed on the more pioper Food 
+of infinite Beings, and that then it became poffible for 
+them to adhere to thefe, and to fuffer themfelves to 
+be alienated from the Love of the Supreme, when 
+they were thiown into fome Planet fitted for their 
+Reception, there to expiate their Guilt inhuman Bo¬ 
+dies, till they are cured and recovered to Virtue by 
+their Sufferings ; that Souls lefs degraded than others 
+dwell in the Bodies of Philofophers ; and the molt 
+dtfpicable of all the anin ate Bodies of Tyrants ; and 
+that after Death they will be more or lefs happy, ac¬ 
+cording as they have in this Life loved Virtue or 
+Vice. 
+
+Though thefe Sentiments are not conformable to 
+the Mofaic Account of the Fall, yet they are never- 
+thelefs very fublime, and have a natural Tendency to 
+promote that Lo.ve of God, that Refignation, to the 
+divine Will, and that Redlitude of Life, which was 
+fo flrongly inculcated in the Old and New Teftament. 
+In feveral Things, however, both Mofes and Heathen 
+Philofophers agree ; they equally affert, that Man was 
+created in a State of Innocence, and coniequently in 
+a State of Happinefs, hut that debafing'his Nature, 
+and alienating himfelf from God, he became guilty, 
+fubjedt to Pain, Difeafes and Death, and to all thofe 
+Afflictions which are neceffary to awaken his Mind, 
+and, to call him to his Duty: That we are no Stran¬ 
+gers here, that this is a State of Trial, and rhat it is 
+as much our Intereft as Duty, to fit ourfelves by a 
+Courfe of Virtue and Piety, for a nobler and more 
+exalted State of Exigence. The Egyptians (10) and 
+Perfians (i) had other Schemes, wherein the fame 
+
+important 
+
+\ 
+
+(10) The Egyptians derive their Source of natural and moral 
+Evil, from a wicked Spirit whom they call Pyphon. 
+
+(i) The Perfians deduce the Origin of all the D'forderand 
+
+Wickednefs 
+
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 257 
+
+important Truths were conveyed, though according 
+to the Genius of thofe Countries, they were wrapped 
+up in Allegories. Plutarch has given us his Senti¬ 
+ments on the fame Subject, and they are too juft and' 
+rational to be omitted- “ The World, at its Birth, 
+“ fays he (2), received from its Creator all that is 
+“ good: Whatever it has at prefent, that can be 
+“ called wicked or unhappy, is an Indifpofition foreign 
+4< to its Nature. God cannot be the Caule of Evil, 
+“ becaufe he is fovereignly good: Matter cannot be 
+“ the Caufe of Evil, becaufe it has no a&ive Force ; 
+44 but Evil comes from a third Principle, neither fo 
+4 ‘ perfect as God, nor fo imperfect as Matter.” 
+
+The Indian and Chinefe Authors are ftiil more ex¬ 
+plicit in their Account of the Fall of Man, than the 
+Philofophers we have mentioned, and fpeak of this 
+great Event in fuch Terms, as muft raife the Admi¬ 
+ration of every Reader. One of their Authors (3} 
+fpeaking of the latter Heaven, or the World after the 
+Fall, fays, “ The Pillars of Heaven were broken, the 
+“ Earth was fliaken to its Foundations 1 the Heavens 
+44 funk lower towards the North j the Sun, the Moon 
+44 and the Stars changed their Motions; the Earth 
+44 fell to Pieces j the Waters enclofed within its Bofon* 
+“ burft forth with Violence, and overflowed it. Man 
+44 rebelling againft Heaven, the Syftem of the Uni- 
+
+
+Wickednefs in the World from evil Spirits, the chief of whom 
+they call Ahrttn or Aritnanius. Light, fay they, can produce 
+nothing but Light, and can never be the Origin of Evil: It pro 
+duced feveral Beings, all of them fpiritual, luminous and power¬ 
+
+
+ful \ but Artmcnius their Chief had an evil Thought contrary to 
+
+
+the Light: He dou : ted, and 
+
+
+
+that doubting became dark 
+
+
+and fiom her.ce proceeded whatever is contrary to the Light. 
+
+They alfo tell us> that there will come a T me when Arimantus 
+
+{hall be compleatly dellroyed, when the Earth (hall change its 
+
+Form, and when all Mankind fhnli enjoy the fame Li 'e, Language 
+
+and Government. See Dr. Hyde "'6 ancient Religion of the 
+Perjians. 
+
+(2) Plutarch de Anim. form. p. 101$. 
+
+(3) f he Philofopher Hoinantefe. See an Account of his 
+Works in L^uhald’s Hitt, of China. 
+
+
+u 
+
+
+verfe 
+
+
+
+258 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+“ verfe was quite difordered.” Other Authors (4) ft ill 
+more ancient exprefs themfelves thus: “ The univer- 
+“ fal Fertility of Nature degenerated into an ugly Bar- 
+** rennefs, the Plants faded, the Trees withered 
+“ away, difconfoiate Nature refufed to diftribute her 
+“ uftial Bounty. All Creatures declared War againll 
+“ one another; Miferies and Crimes overflowed the 
+“ Face of the Earth. All thefe Evils arofe from Man’s 
+“ defpifing the Supreme Monarch of the Univerfe: 
+“ He would needs difpute about Truth and Fallliood, 
+tfS and thefe Difputes banifh’d the eternal Reafon. 
+“ He then fixed his Looks on terreftrial Objects, and 
+“ loved them to excels : hence arofe the Pallions ; he 
+“ became gradually transform’d into the Objects he 
+
+loved, and the celeftial Reafon entirely abandon’d 
+“ him.” 
+
+It was the Opinion of Socrates and Plata, that 
+the Soul only was the Man, and the Body nothing 
+more than a Prifon, a Dwelling-Place, or a Garment; 
+and confequently, that they had no necefla-ry Con¬ 
+nection with each other, fince the Soul being entirely 
+diftinCt from Matter, might live, and think, and aCt, 
+without the Afliftance of fuch grofs Organs, and would 
+only begin to exert itfelf with its native Freedom, 
+when the Clog of the Body was fhaken off and de¬ 
+stroyed. The Mind then,’ in his Efteem, was the 
+only Part worthy of our Care; and that our principal 
+Study fliould therefore be to raife and exalt its Facul¬ 
+ties, to improve in Virtue and in Piety, and in all 
+thole Difpofitions which will bring us to. a nearer 
+Refemblance to the fupreme and only perfect Mind. 
+
+And here it cannot be amils to obferve, that the 
+Notion of good and bad Daemons, which was almoft 
+univerfally believed, had a very near Relation to 
+our Ideas of Angels and Devils, as they were 
+a middle Clals of Beings, fuperior to Men and 
+inferior to the Gods; the one Species endeavour¬ 
+ing to infpire Motives, to Virtue, and to lhield 
+
+(4) P^entfe and Lientfe. See J)uhal'd t 
+
+from 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 259 
+
+from Danger the other leading to Sin and Ruin. 
+
+Plato and Jamblicus , who as well as Socrates y believed 
+the Exigence of thefe tutelary Deities, denied that 
+wicked Spirits had any Influence on human Affairs. 
+Thefe Phiiofophers maintained the Liberty of the 
+Will, and at the fame Time endeavoured to prove 
+the Necellity Man frequently flood in of being fa¬ 
+voured with the divine Afllftance, which they im¬ 
+agined they partook of by the Intervention of thefe 
+Beings. They believed that (5) “ Every Man had 
+“ one of thefe Genii, or Daemons for his Guardian, 
+u who was to be the Witnefs not only of his A&ions, 
+u but of his very Thoughts ; that at Death the Genius 
+<,c delivered up to Judgment the Perfon who had been 
+u committed to his Charge • that he is to be a Wit- 
+^ nefs for or againft him, and according to his Deci- 
+“ flon his Doom is to be pronounced.” 
+
+The Notion of Guardian Angels has been contended 
+for by many Chriflians, who alledge feveral Paflages of 
+Scripture, that feein to favour this Dodlrine, while 
+others have turned all that has been laid of thefe. 
+Genii into Allegory; and afTert, that by the two 
+Demons, the one good, and the other bad, are 
+meant the Influence of Conlcience, and the Strength 
+
+of Appetite. 
+
+It is very evident, however, that the Greeks had an 
+Idea of thele Beings, and that their Exiflence was ge¬ 
+nerally believed. Hence according to Plutarch , came 
+their Fables of the titans and Giants, and the Engage¬ 
+ments of Python againft Apollo ; which have fo near a 
+Refemblance to the Fictions of Oftris and ( Typhon» 
+Thefe were Beings fuperior to Men, and yet compofed 
+of a fpiritual and corporeal Nature $ and confequently 
+capable of animal Pleafures and Pains. The Fictions 
+relating to the Giants, in Mr. Banters Opinion (6). 
+took their Rife from a Paflage in Genefis ; where it ia 
+
+(5) Apuleius on the Damon of Socrates* 
+
+(6) Baoser, V©U I. 12,1, jaa. 
+
+
+
+260 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+laid, that the (7) Sons of God, whom the Ancients flip- 
+pofed to be the Guardian Angels, became enamoured 
+with the Daughters of Men, and. that their Children 
+were mighty Men, or Giants, the Word in the Origi¬ 
+nal fignitying either Giants, or Men become monftrous 
+by their Climes; their Heads indead of their Guilt, 
+were laid to reach to the Clouds, while the Wicked- 
+nefs of their Lives might not impioperly he termed 
+fighting againft God, and daring the Thunder of 
+Heaven. But however this be, it will hardly be 
+doubted, but that this Padage might give Rife to the 
+Amouis of the Gods and Goddefles, and their various 
+Intrigues with Mortals. As the frequent Appearance 
+
+of real Angels to the Patriarchs, and.the hoTpitable 
+Reception they met with under the Difguife of Travel¬ 
+lers, might give Room for the Poets to form, upon 
+the fame Plan, the Tales of Baucis and Philemon , and 
+lo contraft that beautiful Picture of humble Content, 
+and of the Peace that bleffed the homely Cottages of 
+the innocent and good, with the Story of Lycaon , who 
+wanting Humanity, and being of a favage inhofpitable 
+Temper, is, with great Propriety, fa id to change his 
+Form into one more iuitable to the Difpofition of his 
+Mind. The Moral of this Fable is, that Humanity is 
+the Chara&eriftick of Man ; and that a cruel Soul in a 
+human Bpdy is only a Wolf in Difguife, 
+
+It is certain that the Traditions relating to the uni- 
+verfal Deluge, have been found in almofl all Nations 5. 
+and though the Deluge oi Deucalion fliould not appear 
+to be the fame as that of l\ T oab> it cannot be doubted 
+but that lb me Ciicumllances have been borrowed from 
+
+Noah's Hifl oi y, ami that ilrefe are the raoft ftriking 
+Parts of the Dele iplion. Lucian , fpeaking of the an¬ 
+cient Peoph < f Syria, in the Country where the De¬ 
+luge oi Deucalion is fuppoled to have happened,, fays, 
+(8) that “ The Greeks affert in their Fables, that the 
+
+(7) Gen . vi. 2. By the Sons of God, is here undoubtedly 
+meant the Def endents of Seth, who had probably this Tit e 
+given them, to d'ftinguifh them from the Dependents of Cain , 
+who were called (he Sons of M.n. 
+
+(8) De Dca Syria. 
+
+
+“ fir ft 
+
+
+
+ci 
+
+Ci 
+
+* c 
+Cl 
+
+
+«< 
+
+
+<.4 
+
+<< 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+Cl 
+
+
+l 4 
+
+
+0/ the Heathen s. 261 
+
+fir ft Men being of an infolent and cruel Difpofition, 
+inhuman, inhoi'pitabie, and regardlefs of their Paith, 
+were all deftroyed by a Deluge ; the Earth (9) pour¬ 
+ing forth vaft Streams of Water, fwelled the Rivers, 
+which, together with the Rains, made the Sea rife 
+above its Banks and oveifiow the Land, fo that all 
+was laid under Water, that Deucalion alone faved 
+hitnfelf and Family in an Ark, and two of each kind 
+of wild and tame Animals, who lofing their Ani- 
+mofity, entered into it of their own accord. That 
+thus Deucalian floated on the Waters till they be 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+came afluaged, and 
+
+
+then 
+
+
+repaired the human 
+
+
+“ Race. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+We are alfo informed 
+
+
+Veflel re fled 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+high Mountai 
+Dove, 
+
+
+and Plutarch even mentions the 
+and Abydinus (peaks of a certain Fowl being 
+Jet out of the Ark, which finding no Place of Reft 
+returned twice into the Veflel. We are told too that 
+
+tue, of r 
+Thus the fa- 
+that Noah offered Sacrifices 
+
+
+Deucalion , a Perlbn of ftridt Piety and Vi 
+fered Sacrifice to Jupiter the S iviour. 
+
+
+cred Writings inform us, 
+of clean Beads in Token of Gratitude to God 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+having gracioufly preferved both him and his Family. 
+The Chaldean Authors have alfo related a Traditi 
+
+refer to this cele 
+
+
+on, which undoubtedly 
+brated Event : 
+
+
+nly 
+
+
+and which, for its Singularity, deferves 
+to be mentioned (10). Cbronus (or Saturn , fay they) 
+
+appearing to Xifutbrus in a Dream, informed him, that 
+
+on the Fifteenth of the Month Dceftus , a Deluge would 
+deftroy Mankind, and fome Time enjoining him to 
+write down the Origin of the Hillory, and End of all 
+Things, and then to conceal the Writing in the Earth 
+in the City of the Sun, called Si [par a. He was next 
+enjoined to build a Ship, to provide neceffary Provi- 
+fions, and to enter into it himfelf with his Friendsand 
+Relations, and to fliut in with them the Birds and four 
+
+
+footed Beads. Xifutbrus obeyed the orders that had 
+been given him, and made a Ship two Furlongs in 
+
+(9) The Tame Thought is exprefled by Mofes , who fays. The 
+
+
+(10) 
+
+
+of the great Deep were broken up 
+Synce’l. Chronolor 
+
+
+Breadth, 
+
+
+
+262 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+Breadth, and five in Length j which he had no iboncr 
+entered than the Earth was overflowed. 
+
+Some Time after, perceiving that the Waters were 
+abated, he let out feme Fowls, but finding neither 
+Food nor Reding-Place, they returned into the VelTel. 
+In a few Days more he fent out others, who returned 
+with Mud in their Claws; but the Third Time he let 
+them go, they returned no more : From whence he 
+Concluded, that the Earth began to appear : He then 
+made a Window in the VefLi, and finding that it had 
+reded on a Mountain, came forth with his Wife, his 
+Daughter, and the Pilot, and having paid Adoration 
+to the Earth, raifed an Altar and offered a Sacrifice 
+to the Gods ; when he and they who were with 
+him, indantly difappeared. The Perfons in the Ship 
+finding they did not return, came out and fought for 
+them in vain: At lad they heard a Voice faying, 
+
+Xifutbnis, on Account of Piety is, with thole 
+£< who accompanied him, tranfiated into Heaven and 
+
+numbered among the Gods.” They were then, by 
+the fame Voice, exhorted to be religious, to dig up 
+the Writing that had been buried at Sippara 9 and then 
+to repair to Babylon. 
+
+Thus it appears, that Idolatry and Fables being 
+once fet on Foot, the People, who dill retained con- 
+
+fufed Ideas of feme ancient Truths, or the mod re- 
+
+♦ 
+
+markable Particulars of fome pad .Tranfablions, 
+adapted them to the prefent Mode of Thinking, or 
+applied them to fuch Fables as teemed to have any 
+Relation thereto. By this Means Truth and Faifliood 
+were blended together ; and thus it happens that we 
+frequently find fome Traces of Hidory intermingled 
+with the mod ridiculous Fiftions, and remarkable 
+Tranfa&ions fometimes pretty exactly related, though 
+at the fame Time confounded with the groffeff Ab- 
+furd i ties. 
+
+It is very evident that the Divifion of Time into 
+feven Days, could only be a Tradition conftantly pre- 
+ferved and handed down from the mod eatly Ages. 
+This appears to be the mod ancient Method of reckon¬ 
+ing Time, fince it was very early obferve^ by the 
+
+Egyptians, 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 263 
+
+Egyptians . But of this we have faid enough in the 
+preceding Diflertation, to which it properly belongs. 
+
+We might here add a Number of other Circum- 
+{lances in which there feems to be fome Refemblance 
+between the facred Hiftory and the Fictions of the Fa¬ 
+gans ; this indeed has' opened fo wide a Field for the 
+Conjectures of Men, that there is hardly a Perfon in 
+the Old Teftament, but on account of fome Incident 
+in his Life, has been thought to be the Model of a 
+correfpondent Character in the Heathen Poets. 
+
+But not with Handing the Difficulty of difcovering the 
+Origin of Fables, when fome are founded on Tradi¬ 
+tion, others on Hiftory, others on the Strength of a 
+warm and lively Imagination ; and others, perhaps, on 
+a Mixture of all thefe together: Yet it muft be confef- 
+fed, that they are generally filled with the nobleft 
+Sentiments, and the Morals which the Poets intended 
+
+to be conveyed, are frequently obvious to the meaneft 
+Capacities. Virtue is painted in the mo ft beautiful 
+Colours, and Vice in its native Deformity. All Me¬ 
+thods are taken to render Viilany hateful, and undiT 
+fembled Goodnefs amiable in the Eyes of Men. Who 
+can read the Picture 0 *vid gives of Envy (1), without 
+detefting the hateful Perverfion of the Paffions ? The 
+very defcription of the Fiend muft have a greater 
+Force than all the Arguments of a long and laboured 
+Difcourfe ' 
+
+Livid and meagre were her Looks, her Eye 
+In foul diftorted Glances turn’d awry ; 
+
+A Hoard of Gail her inward Parts poffefs’d. 
+
+And fpread a Greennefs o’er her canker’d Bread : 
+Her Teeth were brown with Ruft, and from her 
+
+Tongue, 
+
+In dangling Drops the ftringy Poifon hung. 
+
+She nevei fmiies, but when the wretched weep, 
+Nor lulls her Malice with a Moment’s Sleep. ’ 
+Reftlefs in Spite, while watchful to deftroy. 
+
+She pines and fickens at another’s Joy, 
+
+Foe to herfelf. - - Addisson. 
+
+(1) Ovid Metsm. 1 . 2. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+264 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+It is eafy to fee the Advantage of fuch Portraits as 
+thefe, where the Virtues and Vices are coloured with 
+fuch Juftice and Strength of Fancy. 
+
+The Story ot Deucalion and Pyrrha teaches, that 
+
+Piety and Innocence will always infure the divine Pro¬ 
+tection. 
+
+That of Phaeton , that a too exceffive Fondnefs in 
+the Parent is Cruelty to the Child. 
+
+That of Na rcijjus , that an inordinate Self-Love, 
+
+which renders us cruel to others, is lure to be its own 
+Tormentor. 
+
+That of PentheiiSy that Enthufiafni is frequently 
+more cruel than Atheifm, and that inordinate Zeal 
+deftroys the ElfeCts it would produce. 
+
+Thai of Minos and Scylla, the Infamy of felling our 
+Country ; and that even they who reap Advantage 
+from the Crime, detell the Criminal. 
+
+The Story of Cippus , is adapted to infpire that 
+noble Magnanimity and true Greatnefs of Soul, which 
+made him preier the Publick welfare to his own pri¬ 
+vate Grandeur, while with an exemplary Generofity 
+he chofe rather to live a‘private P'reeman than to 
+
+command Numbers of Slaves. 
+
+_ % 
+
+From the Story of Tereus we learn, that he who 
+is guilty of one Crime lays the Foundation of another 
+and that he who begins with Lull may poll!bly end 
+with Murder." 
+
+From the Avarice of Midas we learn that Cove- 
+toufnefs is its own Punifhment, and that nothing 
+would prove more fatal to us than the Completion of 
+
+our Wiflies, and the Gratifications of our fondelt De- 
+
+_ • 
+
+fires. 
+
+As the Morals of the Greeks and Romans w’ere 
+generally founded on the Confh’tution of the human 
+Frame and our various Relations as animal, as ra¬ 
+tional, and accountable Beings, they came very near 
+to the Morals or Chrilliani ry. They fprang from the 
+Seeds of eternal Truth originally Town in the Mind, 
+by the great Cieator himfelf. They were founded in 
+Nature, and confequently, mud, fo far ns they were 
+uncorrupted, be agreeable to* every Revelation that 
+
+could 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathe n s. h6'$ 
+
+could pafilbly proceed from the God of Nature : For 
+the Dictates of unbiafl'ed and unprejudiced Reafon 
+can never deviate far from the Ttuth. T he Laws of 
+Juftice and Humanity are fo level to the Underftand- 
+ing, and fo conformable to the Impulfes of the moral 
+Senfe, that a ferious Enquirer can never be much mis¬ 
+taken unlefs his Heart be corrupt. “ According to 
+“ the Opinions of the greatefland wifeft Philofopher, 
+“ fays Cicero (2), the Law is not an Invention of the 
+<4 human Mind, or the arbitrary Conftitutlon of Men $ 
+44 but flows from the eternal Reafon that governs the 
+44 Univerfe. The Rape which Tar quin committed 
+44 upon Lucretia , was not lefs criminal from there being 
+44 at that l ime no written Law at Rome againft fuch 
+44 ACtsof Violence; the Tyrant was guilty of a Breach 
+44 of the eternal Law, whofe Origin is as ancient as 
+“ the divine Intellect; for the true, the primitive, 
+44 and the fupreme Law, is nothing elfe but the fo- 
+“ vereign Reafon of the great fo^veR Can any Thing 
+be more juft and more rational than this Sentiment! 
+
+The Philofophers, the Hiftorians and the Poets, 
+fome few Inftances excepted ; were unanimous in the 
+Caufe of Virtue. The Philofophers laid down the 
+niceft Rules for the Regulation of the moral Conduct, 
+for the Exercife of Humanity, and the Manner in 
+which Benefits ought to be conferred ; they employed 
+themfelves in making good Laws, they inculcated a 
+Love of the Gods, a Love of their Country, a Con¬ 
+tempt for Luxury, and for the mean Gratifications of 
+Senfe. And thefe were inforced by the brighteft Con¬ 
+jectures relating to a happy Immortality. The Hif- 
+torians generally wrote of Virtue as if they felt it, and 
+expreffed a Love and Admiration of it by their Man¬ 
+ner of defcribing great, generous, and good Actions ; 
+and thofe that were mean, felfifli and cruel. The 
+Honours of the fir ft, and the Infamy of the laft, they 
+trail fin it ted down to future Ages. The Poets have 
+dreffed up Pietv with Virtue, in all the Inftances of 
+Life, in the biiglueft and mod lively Colours ; here 
+
+
+(z) Cicero de leg. 1 . 2. p. 1194. 
+
+M 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+
+266 
+
+
+M Y T 
+
+
+
+O 
+
+
+
+O G Y 
+
+
+their Numbers flow with the fofteft, mildeft, and mod 
+melodious Harmony, while all the Thunder of Poetry 
+was employed to blaft the falfe Joy of the Wicked. 
+
+Pindar writes in a Strain of exalted Piety, and en¬ 
+deavours to wipe off the Afperfions which ancient 
+Fables had thrown on their Deities. Virtue and Re- 
+ligion are the Subjects of his Praifes, and he fpeaks of 
+the Rewards of the Juft with a warm and lively At- 
+
+fhrance. 
+
+uuenal eftablifhes the Diftindtions of Good and 
+Evil, and builds his Dodlrines on the immoveable 
+Foundations of a fuprenie God, and an over-ruling 
+Piovidence : Elis Morals are luited to the Nature and 
+Dignity ot an immoital Soul, and like it derive their 
+Oiiginal from Heaven. 
+
+
+
+He aflerts (}), that the Indulgence of a fecret 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+clination to Vice, though never ripened into Adlion, 
+ltains the Mind with Guilt, and juftly expofes the 
+Offender to the Punifhment of Heaven. What a 
+Scene of Elorror does he lay open (4.), when he ex¬ 
+pofes to our View the Wounds and Anguilliof a guil¬ 
+ty Confcience! With what Earneftnefs does he exhort 
+his Reader (5) to piefer Confcience and Principle to 
+Life itfelf, and not be reftrained from the Exercife 
+of his D uy by the Threats of a Tyrant, or the Prol- 
+pe6t of Death, in all the Circumftances of Cruelty and 
+Terror. How juftly does he expofe the fatal Paflion 
+of Revenge (6), from the Ignorance and Littlenefs of 
+the Mind that is carried away by it ; from the Honour 
+and Generoftty of pafttng by Affronts, and forgiving 
+Injuries: and from the Example of thofe who had 
+been remarkable for their W ifdom and their Meeknefs, 
+and efpecially from that of Socrates , who was fo great’ 
+a Proficient in the beft Philofophy, that being fenfible 
+that his Perfecutors could do him no Hurt, had not 
+t'>e leaft Willi to do them any : Who juft before he 
+was going to die, talked with that eafy and chearful 
+
+
+(3) Juv- Sat. 13. v. 208 
+
+(4) lb. v. 192, 210. 
+
+(5) Sat. 8. v. 79, 85. 
+
+
+(6) Sat. 13. v. 181. 
+
+
+Compofure, 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathens. 267 
+
+• • 
+
+♦ 
+
+Compofure, as if he had been going to take PofTeflion 
+of a Crown (7), and drank of the poifonous Bowl, as a 
+Potion that was to help him forward to a happy im¬ 
+mortality. 
+
+Thus did theTeftimony of a good Confcience fnp- 
+port the wile and virtuous of the Heathens in their hut 
+Moments, while Guilt was hire to dwell upon the 
+Mind, and deprive it of all Confidence in God. What 
+Plato fays to this Purpofe is admirably good (8). 
+‘‘ Know, Socrates , fays he, that when any one is at 
+“ the point of Death, he is filled with anxious Doubrs 
+“ and Fears, from a Reflection on the Errors of his 
+“ paft Life; then it is that the Pains and Torments 
+“ referved in the other World for the Guiity, which 
+
+he had before ridiculed as fo many idle Fables, be- 
+44 gin to affeCt his Soul, and to fill him with dieadfui 
+44 Apprehenfions left they fhould prove real. Thus, 
+44 whether it be that the Mind is enfeebled with Age., 
+<i or that having Death nearer at Hand, he examines 
+44 Things with greater Attention, his Soul is feized 
+44 with Fear and Terror, and if he has injured any 
+4< one, finks into Dcfpair ; while he, who has nothing 
+4 ' to reproach himfelf with, feels the fweet Hope 
+“ fpringing up in his Soul, which Pindar calls The 
+44 Nurfe of old Age? 
+
+Socrates traces all the principal Duties to God and 
+Man (9) in fuch a Manner, as is moft likely to engage 
+and prevail upon the Mind. He made as many Im¬ 
+provements in tiue Morality, as was poftible to be 
+made by the utmoft Strength of human Reafon, and 
+in fome Places he feems as if enlightened by a Ray from 
+Heaven. In one of Plato 's Dialogues he prophefies, 
+that a Divine Person, a tine Friend and Lover of 
+Mankind, would come into the World, to inftrufl 
+
+(7) Socrates being alked by his Friends to give them the Rea¬ 
+fon of this ferene Joy and noble intrepidity ; 1 hope, he replied, 
+
+“ to be re-united to ‘he good and perf(A God.«, and to be aflb- 
+“ dated with better Men than thofe I leave upon the EaithT 
+Plato's Dialogues, p. 48. 5 1. 
+
+(8) DeRep. 1. 
+
+(9) Xen.phQns memorable Things of Socrates . 
+
+M 2 
+
+
+them 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+268 MYTHOLOGY 
+
+I 
+
+them in the molt acceptable Way of addrefiing their 
+Pravers to the Majetty of Heaven, and defcribes him 
+by the Great and Providential Title of One that taketh 
+Lure of us , 
+
+Tbeie were the Sentiments of fome of the moft ce¬ 
+
+
+lebrated of the Pagan Philolophers , whence Chriitiani- 
+ty receives this Teltimony of its Truth, that the Puri¬ 
+ty of its moral Precepts, is confirmed by the Dictates 
+of the unprejudiced Reafon, and unbiaifed Judgments 
+of the wife it and belt Men in all Ages. Can any 
+'Thing be a greater Confirmation of its Divinity, than 
+its bearing thofe Signatures of eternal Reafon, which 
+are Itauiped on all Hearts ? And that while the Works 
+of the Heathens, however excellent, are mingled with 
+Uncertainty and Miftake, this alone has the moil re¬ 
+markable Credentials of that eternal Truth which is 
+always confident with itfelf, and at the greateft Dif- 
+tance from Error. 
+
+But here it may be afked, how are thefe fubHnre 
+Conceptions confident with Idolatry: with the Blind- 
+nefs of Men who paid Adoration to fenfelefs Statues, 
+who were continually adding to the Number of 
+their Gods, and who were fo ftupid, as not only 
+to build a Temple to Puhlick Faith, to Virtue, and 
+other Deities of the like Kind $ but even to worflifp 
+the Fever, and to build an Altar to Fear f 
+
+
+To reconcile thefe feeming Contradictions, it is ne- 
+ceflTay, in a few Words, to throw what has already 
+been faid upon this Subject, in one Point of View. 
+
+it appeais from,the Account we have given of the 
+Theology of the Ancients, that the Egyptians, Greeks 
+and Romans worshipped otaly one Almighty, indepen¬ 
+dent Being, the Father of Gods and Men, with a fu- 
+preme Adoration; and that the feveral fuperior Deities 
+publickly worihipped, were only different Names, or 
+Attributes of the fame God. This is averted not only 
+by feveral of the Pagans, but even by St. Auftin . 
+Whether this Diitinction was maintained by the Bulk 
+of the People amongfl the Greeks and Romans , is not 
+fo eafy 10 determine ; it is probable, that they might 
+
+imagine them diltinft Beings fubordinate to the Su- 
+
+
+
+
+Of Heathens, 269 
+
+preme. However, there were others univerfally al“ 
+lowed to be of an inferior Gals, and tliefe were the 
+national and tutelary Deities, among which laft Num¬ 
+ber we may reckon the good Daemons, or houfhold 
+Gods, which the Romans upon conquering any Na¬ 
+tion or City, invited to take up their Refidence among ft 
+them. Thefe were undoubtedly worfhipped with an 
+inferior Kind of Adoration. Since the Stoic and Epi¬ 
+curean Philofophers, who allowed their Exiflence, 
+believed them to be mortal, and that they were to 
+perilli in the general Conflagration, in which they 
+imagined the World was to be dellroyed by Fiie. To 
+this Pliny alludes, when defcribing the Daiknefs and 
+Horror that attended the Emption of V efu t .- ius, he 
+fays, that fotne were lifting up their Hands to the 
+Gods ; but that the greater Part imagined, that the 
+laft and eternal Night was come, which was to de¬ 
+ll roy both the Gods and the World together. 
+
+This Diftin&ion may be juftified by the united Tef- 
+timony of the Ancients; and indeed it in a great Mea- 
+fure removes the Abfurdity of their continually in¬ 
+troducing what were called new Gods; that is, new 
+Mediators, and new Methods or Ceremonials to be 
+added, on particular Occafions to the ancient Woi- 
+ill ip. 
+
+The Idolatry of the Pagans, did not confid in 
+paying a direct Adoration to the .Statues, but in 
+making them the (10) Medium of Worfliip ; and 
+
+M 3 therefore, 
+
+(io) The Folly of reprefenting the infinite and omniprefent 
+
+Spirit, by a fenfibie Image, is obvious fiom a very frhall Degree 
+of Reflection ; and from hence aiifes the Grime of Idolatry, or 
+reprefenting him by the Works cf Nature, or (hole of Mens 
+Hands, as it is a Degradation of the Deity, and an Affront to the 
+Being, whofe glorious Eflfence is unlimited and uneonfined ; from 
+hence proceeds that Exclamation of the Prophet, Whereuntofbal\ 
+ye Li ken me, faith the Lord , &c. 
+
+When »he Ifraelites made the Golden Calf, and cried out. 
+This is the God that brought us out of the Land of Egypt, they 
+mull be- fuppofed to mean, This rpprefents the God that brought 
+us out of the Land of Egypt. They had lately left a Country fond 
+
+of Symbols, wheie they had been ufed to fee one Thing repre¬ 
+sented 
+
+
+
+h 
+
+
+
+therefore, whether the feveral Deities were reckoned 
+to be inferior Beings, or only different Names or At¬ 
+tributes of one Supreme, yet their Symbols, the Sun, 
+Moon and Stars, or the Statues erected to the Honour 
+
+
+of their Gods, were never (except amongft the loweft 
+and mod ignorant of People) acknowledged as the ul- 
+
+
+o — r 
+
+innate Objects of Worfhip. 
+
+
+In thefe Statues, how 
+
+
+ever, the Deity was fuppofed to refide in a peculiar 
+Manner.. 
+
+
+But even this w as not always the Cafe: it is very 
+evident, that the Statues eredted to the Paflions, the 
+Virtues, and the Vices, were not of this Oafs. The • 
+Romans had particular Places for offering up particular 
+Petitions: they offered up their Prayers for Health 
+in the Temple of Safus 5 they prayed for the Prefer- 
+vation of their Liberties before the Statue of Liberty , 
+and offered their Sacrifices to the Supreme before a 
+Figure exprcfflve of their Wants. Fever, in the 
+Opinion of the 1110ft ffupid of the Vulgar, could never 
+be confidered as a God, yet at the Altar of Fever they 
+befought the Supreme, to preserve them from being 
+infedted with this Diforder or to cure their Friends 
+who were already infedted by it: And at the Altar of 
+Fear % they put up their Supplications, that they might 
+be preferved from the Influence of a fhameful Panic 
+in the Day of Battle. 
+
+As this appears evidently to be the Cafe, it is no 
+Wonder, that the Number of thefe Kind of Gods be¬ 
+came very great. Some of thefe, by the .Parade of 
+Ceremonies that attended this Method of Devotion, 
+were found to have a mighty Effedt on the Minds of 
+the Vulgar: So that when any Virtue began to lofe 
+
+
+Tented by another ; and the Sun, the mod glorious Image of the 
+Deity, when he enters into Taurus , represented by a Bull. Had 
+they been To fiupid as to imagine this Calf which they had juft 
+made to be the God of their Fathers, the God that had wrought 
+fo many Miracles for them even before they had given him Exif- 
+tence ; their Folly would be entirely inconfiftent with the ra¬ 
+tional Nature of Man, and they muft have been abfolutely in¬ 
+capable both of moral and civil Government, and could only be 
+accounted Idiots or Madmen. 
+
+Ground, 
+
+
+
+Of the Heathe n s. 27 ( 
+
+Ground, a Temple, or at leafl an Altar ere&ed to its 
+Honour, was luie to raii'e it from its declining Siate y 
+and to re-inilate its Influence on the Heart of Man. 
+
+This appears to be a true Reprelentation of the 
+Cafe, from the Account which Dionyfius of Mallear - 
+najjas gives (1) of the Reafons, which induced Numa 
+Pompilius to introduce Faith Into the Number of the 
+Roman Divinities, and which, douhtiefs, gave Rife 
+to all other Deities of the fame Kind, that were 
+aiterwards introduced. “ To engage his People to 
+44 mutual Faith and Fidelity, fays he, Numa had Re- 
+44 courfe to a Method hitherto unknown to the molt 
+44 celebrated Legiflators ; public Contracts, he ob- 
+*• ierved, were feldom violated, from the Regaui 
+** paid to thofe who were Witnefles to any Engage- 
+44 ment, while thofe made in private, though in their 
+44 own Nature no lefs indifpenfible than the other, 
+44 were not fo (tridtly obferved ; whence he concluded, 
+44 that by deifying Faith , thefe Contracts would be 
+44 dill more binding : Befides, he thought it unrea- 
+44 fonable, that while divine Honours were paid to 
+“ Juflice, Nemefts and Themis ; Faith the moil facred 
+44 and venerable Thing in the WorW, iliould receive 
+“ neither publick nor private Honour ; he therefore 
+44 built a Temple to publick Faith , and inftituted Sa- 
+44 crifices, the Charge of which was to be defrayed 
+“ by the Publick, This he did with the Hope, that 
+44 a Veneration for this Virtue being propagated 
+44 through the City, would infenfibly be communi- 
+“ cated to each individual. His Conjectures proved 
+
+44 true, and Faith became fo revered, that die had 
+44 more Foice than even Witnefles and Oaths 5 fo that 
+44 it was the common Method, in Cafes of Intricacy, 
+44 for Magiftrates to refer the Decifion to the Faith 
+44 of the contending Parties.” 
+
+Thus it appears evident, that thefe kind of Gods, 
+and the Temples ereCted to their Honour, were 
+founded not only on political, but on virtuous Piin- 
+ciples. This was undoubtedly the Cafe, with reflect 
+
+(1) Dion . Bali I. 2. c. 75. 
+
+m 4 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+*72 MYTHOLOGY, £*. 
+
+to the Greeks a? well as the Romans: For a Propofol 
+being made at Athens , to introduce the Combats of the 
+Gladiators ; firjl throw down y cried out an Athenian 
+Philofopher from the midfi of the Aflernbly, throw 
+down the Altar , erefted by our Ancejlors above a 
+tboufand Tears ago to Mercy . Was not this to fay, 
+that they had no need of an Altar to inipire a Regard 
+to Mercy and Companion, when they wanted publick 
+Spectacles to teach a Savage Cruelty and Ha r cine is of 
+
+Heart l 
+
+
+$ 
+
+« 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+► 
+
+
+Af PEN 
+
+
+
+APPEND I X. 
+
+CONTAINING 
+
+% 
+
+An Account of the various Methods of Divination hy 
+Afro logy , Prodigies , Magic , Augury , M<? Arufpices 
+and Oracles 5 y&ar/ Account of Altars^facred 
+
+Groves and Sacrifices , Priefis and Temples. 
+
+
+
+
+Of Ast rology. 
+
+
+
+E fhafl now unfold the Methods, by which the 
+Names of the Heathen Gods laid the Foun¬ 
+dation of feveral pretended Sciences; and this we 
+think the more neceffary in this Place, as it is a Sub¬ 
+ject which has a clofe Connection with the Origin of 
+Idolatry. And here we muft again turn our Eyes to 
+the ancient Egyptians , who were not only the Inven¬ 
+tors of Arts, but the Authors of the groffell Sn per¬ 
+ditions. We have already accounted for the Names 
+given to the Signs of the Zodiac, which, in rhefr fir & 
+Inditmion, had expreflive Meaning, and which one 
+
+
+Would hardly imagine capable of producing the Mu! 
+titude of fuperftitious Ceremonies, and extravagant 
+Opinions which refulted from them l . Ceremonies and 
+Opinions didufed over the whole Earth, and propa¬ 
+gated with Succefs in almoft every Nation. 
+
+Aftrology was doubtlefs the fird Method of Di¬ 
+vination, and probably prepared the Mind of Man for 
+the other no lefs abfurd Ways of fearchiog into Fu¬ 
+turity: And therefore a fhort View of the Rife of this 
+pretended Science cannot be improper in this Place, 
+
+efpecially as the Hiftory of theie Abfurdities is the bed 
+Method of confuting them. And indeed as this 
+
+M c Treat ife 
+
+
+
+
+274 APPENDIX. 
+
+Treatife is chiefly defigned for the Improvement of 
+Youth, nothing can be of greater Service to them than 
+to render them able to trace the Origin of thofe pre¬ 
+tended Sciences, iome of which have even ftill an 
+
+Influence on many weak and ignorant Minds. But to 
+
+* - 
+
+Egyptians becoming ignorant of the Agronomi¬ 
+cal Hieroglyphics, by Degrees looked upon the Names 
+of the Signs, as exprefling certain Powers with, which 
+
+they were inverted, and as Indications of theirUevera! 
+Offices. The Sun on Account of its Splendor and en¬ 
+livening Influence, was imagined to be the great Mover 
+of Na ure ; the Moon had the fecond Rank of Powers, 
+and each Sign and Conftellation a certain Share in the 
+Government of the WorW ; the Ram had a ftrong In¬ 
+fluence over the Young of the Flocks and Herds ; the 
+Ballance could infpire nothing but Inclinations to good 
+Order and Juftice ; and the Scorpion excite only evil 
+Difpofitions : And in fhort, that each Sign produced 
+the Good or Evil intimated by its Name. Thus, if 
+the Child happened to be bom at the Inftant when the 
+fir ft Star of the Ram rofe^above the Horizon, (when in 
+order to give this Nonfenfe the Air of a Science, the Star 
+was fuppofed to have its greateft Influence) he would 
+be rich in Cattle : and that he who fhould .enter the 
+World under the Crab, fhould meet with nothing but 
+Difappoinlment ; and all his Affairs fhould go back¬ 
+wards and downwards. The People were to be hap¬ 
+py whofe King entered the World under the Sign 
+Libra 5 but completely wretched if he fhould light 
+under the horrid Sign Scorpio : The Perfons bom 
+under Capricorn, efpecially if the Sun at the fame Tin e 
+afcended the Horizon, were fare to meet with Sue- 
+cefs, and to rife upwards like the. wild Goat, and the 
+.Sun which then afeends for fix Months together; the 
+Lion was ta produce Heroes; and the Virgin with her 
+Ear of Coin, to infpire Chaftity, and to unite Virtue 
+and Abundance. Could any Thing be more extrava¬ 
+gant and ridiculous I u This Way of Arguing, fays 
+** anirigenious modern Author, is nearly like that of 
+“ a Man, who ihpuld imagine, that in order to have 
+
+“ good 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 275 
+
+44 good Wine in his Cellar, he need do no more than 
+4 * hang a good Cork at the Door/’ 
+
+The Cafe was exactly the fame with refpedt to the 
+Planets, whofe Influence is only founded on the 
+groundlefs Suppofition of their being the Habitation of 
+the pretended Deities, whofe Names they bear, and 
+the fabulous Characters the Poets have given them. 
+
+Thus to Saturn they imputed languid and even de¬ 
+structive Influences, for no other Reafon, but becaufe 
+they had been pleafed to make this Planet the Refi- 
+dence of Saturn, who was painted with gray Hairs 
+and a Scythe. 
+
+To Jupiter they attributed the Power of beftowjng 
+Crowns, and diftributing long Life, Wealth and 
+Grandeur, merely becauie it bears the Name of the 
+Father of Life. 
+
+Mars was fuppoled to infpire a ftrong Inclination 
+for War ; becaufe it was believed to be the Refidence 
+of the God of War. 
+
+Venus had the Power of rendering Men voluptuous 
+and fond of Pleafure, becaufe they had been pleafed to 
+give it the Name of one, who, by fome, was thought 
+to be the Mother of Pleafure. 
+
+Mercury, though ahnoft always invifible, 4 vouki 
+never have been thought to fupei intend the Profperity 
+of States, and the Affairs of Wit and Commerce,, had 
+not Men, without the lead Reafon, given it the Name 
+of one who was fuppofed to be the Inventor of civil 
+Polity. 
+
+According to the Aftroiogers, the Power of the 
+
+afcending Plane t is greatly incre fed by that of an af- 
+cending Sign ; then the benign Influences are all united, 
+and fall together on the Head of all the happy Infants 
+which at that Moment enter the r World (2) •> yet can 
+
+any 
+
+f C h * 
+
+(1) 44 What compleatsthe Ridicule, fays the Abbe La Ptuche , 
+
+44 to whom we are obliged for thefe ju icious Observations is, 
+44 that what Astronomers call the firft Degree of the Ram, the 
+44 Ballance, or cf Sagitarrus, is no longer the firft Sign, which 
+44 gives fruitfuinefs to 'he Flocks, infpires Men with a Love of 
+44 Juftice^r forms the Hero. It has been found that all the ce- 
+
+4 * leftial 
+
+
+
+
+APPEND rx. 
+
+
+my Thing be more contrary to Experience ; which 
+Ihews ns that the Characters and Events produced 
+by Perfons born undey the fame AfpeCt of the Stars, 
+are fo far from being alike, that they are direCtly op- 
+
+polite. 
+
+Thu§, it is evident, that Aftrology is built upon no 
+
+Principles, that it is founded on Fables, and on In¬ 
+fluences void of Reality. Yet abfurd as it is, and ever 
+was, it obtained Credit, and the more it fpread, the 
+greater Injury was done to the Caufe of Virtue. In- 
+Uead of the Exercife of Prudence and wife Precaution, 
+it fubftituted fuperftitious Forms and chfldi/h Prac¬ 
+tices, it enervated the Courage of the Brave by Ap- 
+prehenlioos grounded on Puns and Quibbles, and en¬ 
+couraged the Wicked, by making them lay to the 
+Charge of, a Planet, thofe Evils which only proceeded 
+from their own Depravity. 
+
+But not content with thefe Abfurditie$, which de- 
+ftroyed the very Idea of Liberty, they aflerted that 
+thefe Star?, which had not the Jeaft Connection with 
+Mankind, governed all the Parts of the human 
+
+Body (3), and ridiculoufly affirmed, that the Ram 
+
+prefided 
+
+
+se 
+
+fit 
+
+
+tt 
+
+fit 
+
+fit 
+
+
+tt 
+
+
+1 • * 
+
+tl leftial Signs have, by little apd little, receded from the v$rnfl 
+€t Equinox, and drawn back to the Eaft: Notwithftandipg th'if* 
+44 the Point of the Zodiack that cuts the Equator is ftill called the 
+M firft Degree of the Ram, theugh the firft S arof the Ram be 
+thirty Degrees beyond it, and all the other Signs in the fame 
+Proportion. When therefore any one is faid to be born under 
+46 the Firft Degree of the Ram, it was in Reality one of the De 
+4t grees of Pifces that then came above the Horizrn; and when 
+“ another is faid to be born with a royal Soul, and heroic Difpo- 
+4t fitions, becaufe at his Birth the Planet Jupiter attended the 
+Horizon, in Conjunction with the frit Star of Sagitary ; Jupitgjr 
+was indeed at thatTinpe in Conjunction with a Star thiity De¬ 
+grees eaftwaid of Sagitaiy, and in good* Truth it was the per¬ 
+nicious Scorpion, that prefided at the Birth of this happy, this 
+44 incomparable Child. Abbe Plucbe's Hift. of the Heaven, Vol. 
+I. p. 255. 
+
+(3) Each Hqur of the Day had aifo one ; the Number fevea, 
+
+as being that of the Planets, became of mighty Cwiequence. 
+The feven Days in the Week, a Period of Time handed down by 
+Tradition, happened to cortefppnd with t ; he Number of the 
+Planets * and therefore they gaye the Name qf a Planet to each 
+
+©ay, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+
+
+277 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+prefided over the Head $ the Bull over the Gullet 
+the Twins over the Breaft 3 the Scorpion over the En¬ 
+trails ; the Fifties over the Feet, By this Means 
+
+
+they pretended to 
+
+
+the various Diforders 
+
+
+of the Body 3 which was fuppofed to be in a good or 
+bad Difpofition, according to the different AfpeCts of 
+
+
+thefe Signs. To mention only one Inftance 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+pretended that great Camion ought to be ufed in tak 
+ing a Medicine, under Taurus, or the Bull, becaufe 
+as this Animal chews his Cud, the Perfon would not 
+be able to keep it in his Stomach. 
+
+Nay, the Influences of the Planets were extended 
+to the Bowels of the Earth, where they were fuppofed 
+to produce Metals. From hence it appears, that 
+when Superflition and Folly are once on Foot, there 
+
+
+fetting Bounds to 
+
+
+their Progrefs 
+
+
+Gold 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+fure, mutt be the Produ&ion of the Sun, and the 
+Conformity in Point of Colour, Brightnefs and Value 
+was a fepftble Proof of it. By the fame way of Rea- 
+
+
+foning the Moon produced 
+
+U* t It 1 
+
+
+the Silver 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+was related 
+
+
+
+Colour; Mars all the Iron, which 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+ought to be the favourite Metal of the God of War 
+Venus prefided over Copper, which flie might well 
+be fuppofed to produce, fince it was found in Plenty 
+in the Ifle of Cyprus , which was fuppofed to he the 
+favourite Refidence of this Goddefs. By the famd 
+
+fine Way of Reafoning, the other Planets prefided 
+over the other Metals. The languid Saturn was fet 
+
+over Mines of Cead ; and Mercury, on Account of 
+his Activity, had the Superintendency of Quickfilver 3 
+while it was the Province of Jupiter to prefide over 
+Tin, as this was the only Metal that was left him. 
+
+
+,-£)ay *, and from thence fome Days in the Week were cortfidered 
+as more fortunate or unlucky than the reft : And hence feven 
+Times feven, called the clima&erical Period of Hours, Days, or 
+’Years, were thought extremely dangerous, and to have a^ur- 
+prifing EffeCt on private Perfons, the Fortunes of Princes, and 
+the Government of States. Thus the Mind of Man becam e 
+diftreffed by imaginary Evils, and the Approach of thefe Mo¬ 
+ments, in themfeives, as harrnlefs as the reft of their Lives, 
+has, by the Strength of Imagination, brought on the rood fatal 
+Effe&s. 
+
+
+From 
+
+
+
+27$ APPENDIX. 
+
+From hence the Metals obtained the Names of the 
+Planets ; and from this Opinion, that each Planet en¬ 
+gendered its own peculiar Metal, they at length con¬ 
+ceived an Opinion, that as one Planet was more pow¬ 
+erful than another, the Metal produced by the Weak- 
+eft, was converted into another by the Influence of a 
+ftronger Planet. Lead, though a real Metal, and as 
+perfect in its Kind as any of the reft, was confidered 
+as only a Half Metal, which through the languid In¬ 
+fluences of old Saturn, was left imperfedt 5 and there- 
+f >re under the Afpedfc of Jupiter it was converted into 
+Tin ; under that of Venus into Copper; and at laft 
+into Gold, under fome particular Afpedls of the Sun. 
+And from hence, at laft, arofe the extravagant Opini¬ 
+ons of the Alchvmifts, who with wonderful Sagacity 
+endeavoured to find out Means for haftening thefe 
+Changes or Tranfmutations, which, as they con¬ 
+ceived, the Planets performed too flowly ; but, at laft, 
+the World was convinced, that the Art of the Al- 
+chymift was as ineffedtual as the Influences, of the 
+Planets, which, in a long Succeflion of Ages, had 
+never been known to change a Mine of Lead to that 
+of Tin, or any other Metal. 
+
+II. Of Prodigies. 
+
+W HOEVER reads the Roman Hiftorians (4), 
+
+mu ft be furprixed at the Number of Prodigies 
+which are conftantly recorded, and which fiequently 
+filled the People with the mod dreadful Apprehen- 
+fions. It mu ft be confefled, that fome of thefe feem 
+altogether fupernatural ; while much the greater 
+Part only confift of fome of the uncommon Produc¬ 
+tions of Nature, which Superftition always attributed 
+to a fuperior Caufe, and reprefented as the Prognofti- 
+cations of fome impending Misfortunes. 
+
+Of this Clafs may be reckoned the Appearance of 
+two Suns, the Nights illuminated by Rays of Light, 
+
+(4) Particularly Lvy^ Dicnyfus cf Hall car najfus, Pliny, and 
+Valerius Maximus, 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 279 
+
+the Views of fighting Armies, Swords and Spears dart¬ 
+ing through the Air; Showers of Milk, of Blood, of 
+Stones, of Allies, or of Fire; and the Birth ofMon- 
+fters, of Children, or of Beafts who had two Heads, 
+or of Infants who had fome Features refembling thofe 
+of the Biute Creation. Thefe were all dreadful Pro¬ 
+digies, which filled the People with inexpreflible Af- 
+tonifihment, and the whole Roman Empire with an 
+extreme Perplexity; and whatever unhappy Event 
+followed upon thefe, was attributed to be either 
+caufed or predicted by them. 
+
+Yet nothing is more eafy than to account for thefe 
+Productions ; which have no Relation to any Events 
+that may happen to follow them. The Appearance of 
+
+two Suns has frequently 4 iappened in England ', as well 
+as in other Places, and is only caufed by the Clouds 
+being placed in fuch a Situation, as to refleCt the Image 
+of that Luminary ; NoCturnal Fires, inflamed Spears, 
+fighting Armies, were no more than what we call the 
+Aurora Borealis, northern Lights, or inflamed Va¬ 
+pours floating in the Air ; Showers of Stones, of 
+Aihes, or of Fire, were no other than the Effects of 
+the Eruptions of fome Volcano at a confiderable Dif- 
+tance ; Showers of Milk were only caufed by fome 
+Quality in the Air condenfing, and giving a whitifli 
+Colour to the Water ; and thofe of Blood are now 
+well known to be only the red Spots left upon the 
+Earth, on Stones and the Leaves of Trees, by the 
+Butterflies which hatch in hot or ftormy Weather (5). 
+
+III. Of Magic. 
+
+9 
+
+M AGIC, or the pretended Art of producing, 
+
+by the Afliltance of Words and Ceremonies, 
+iuch Events as are above the natural Power of Man, 
+was of feveral Kinds, and chiefly confifted in invoking 
+the good and benevolent, or the wicked and mif- 
+
+chievous Spirits. The firft, which was called Tbeur- 
+
+# _ 
+
+(5) This has been folly proved by M, Rearnur , in his Hiftory 
+of Infects. 
+
+i {a > 
+
+
+
+280 APPENDIX. 
+
+A 
+
+gin, was adopted by the wifert of the Pagan World, 
+who efteemed this as much as they defpifed the latter, 
+which they called Goetia. Tbeurgia was, by the Phi- 
+lofophers, accounted a divine Art, which only ferved 
+to raife the Mind to higher Perfection, and to exalt the 
+Soul to a greater Degree of Purity $ and they, who by 
+Means of this Kind of Magic, were imagined to arrive 
+at what was called Intuition, wherein they enjoyed 
+an intimate Intercourfe with the Deity, were believed 
+to be inverted with their Powers : So that it was ima¬ 
+gined, that nothing was impoflible for them to per¬ 
+form. 
+
+All who made Profeflion of this Kind of Magic, 
+afpired to this State of Perfection. The Prieft, who 
+was of this Order, was to be a Man of unblemifhed 
+Morals, and all who joined with him were bound to 
+a ftriCt Purity of Life j they were to abrtain from 
+Women, and from animal Food j and were forbid to 
+defile themfelves by the Touch of a dead Body. No¬ 
+thing was to be forgot in their Rites and Ceremonies ; 
+the Teart Omiflion or the lea ft Miftake, rendered all 
+their Art ineffectual: So that this was a conftant Ex- 
+cufe for their not performing all that was required of 
+them, though as their foie Employment, (after hav¬ 
+ing arrived to a certain Degree of Perfection, by Fart¬ 
+ing, Prayer, and the other Methods of Purification) 
+was the Study of Univerfal Nature j they might gain 
+fuch an Infight into phylical Caufes, as might enable 
+them to perform Actions, that might very well fill the 
+ignorant Vulgar with Amasemenr. And it is hardly 
+to be doubted, but that-this was all the Knowledge 
+that many of them ever afpired after. In this Sort of 
+Magic, Hermes 7 rijmegiftus and Zoroajter excelled : 
+And indeed it gained great Reputation amongft the 
+Egyptians, Chaldeans , Per/tans , and Indians In 
+Times of Ignorance, a Piece of Clock-work, or fome 
+curious Machine, was fufficient to entitle the Inventor 
+to the Works of Magick: And fome have even af- 
+ferted, that the Egyptian Magic, that has been ren¬ 
+dered fo famous by the Writings of the Antients, 
+confifted only in Dilcoveries drawn from the Mache- 
+
+maticfci 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. zSt 
+
+maticks and natural Philofophy, fince thofe Greek Phi- 
+loiophers, who travelled into Egypt, in order to ob¬ 
+tain a Knowledge of their Sciences, returned with on¬ 
+ly a Knowledge of Nature and Religion, and fome 
+rational Ideas of their antient Symbols. 
+
+But it can hardly be doubted, but that Magic in its 
+groifeft and moft ridiculous Senfe was pradtifed in 
+Egypt, at lealt amonglt fome of the Vulgar, long be¬ 
+fore Pythagoras or EtnpeJocles travelled into that 
+Country. 
+
+The Egyptians had been very early accuftomed to 
+vary the Signification of their Symbols, by adding to 
+
+them feveral Plants, Ears of Corn, or Blades of Grafs, 
+to exprefs the different Employments of Hufbandry $ 
+but underftanding no longer their Meaning, nor the 
+Words that had been made Ufe of on thefe Occasions, 
+which were equally unintelligible, the Vulgar might 
+miftake thefe for fo many myfferious Practices obferved 
+by their Fathers $ and hence they might conceive the 
+Notion, that a Conjunction of Plants, even without 
+being made Ule of as a Remedy, might be of Effica¬ 
+cy to preferve or procure Health. “ Of thefe,” fays 
+the Abbe Pluche , “ they made a Collection, and an 
+44 Art by which they pretended to procure the Bkf* 
+44 fmg8, and provide againft the Evils of Life.” By 
+the Afliifance of thefe, Men even attempted to hurt 
+their Enemies, and indeed the Knowledge of poifon- 
+ous or ufefui Simples, might, on particular Occafions, 
+give fufficient Weight to their empty Cuifes or Invo¬ 
+cations. But thefe magic Incantations, fo contrary to 
+Humanity, were detefied and punHhed by almoft all 
+Nations, nor could they be tolerated in any. 
+
+Pliny , after mentioning an Herb, the throwing of 
+which into an Army, it was faid, was fufficient to pul 
+it to the Rout, afks, where was this Herb when Rome 
+was fo diftrefled by the Cimhri and 7 eutones? Why 
+did not the Perjians make ufe of it when Lucullus cut 
+their Troops in Pieces? 
+
+But amongd all the Incantations of Magic, the 
+moft foie run, as well as the moft frequent, was that 
+of calling up the Spirits of the Dead ; this indeed 
+
+was 
+
+
+
+282 APPENDIX. 
+
+t 
+
+was the Quintt (fence of their Art ; and the Reader 
+cannot be difplenfed to find this Myllery unravelled. 
+
+An Affedtion for the Body of a Pei^cn, who in his 
+Life-time was beloved, induced the fit ft Nations to 
+inter the Dead in a decent Manner ; and to add to 
+this melancholy Inftance of their Efteem, thofe Wiihes 
+which bad a peculiar Regard to their new State of 
+Exigence, the Place of Bdrial, conformable to the 
+Cuftom of characterizing ail beloved Places, or thofe 
+diftinguifhed by a memorable Event, was painted out 
+by a large Stone, or a Pillar raifed upon it. To this 
+Place Families, and when the Concern was general, 
+Multitudes repaired every Year, where, upon this 
+Stone, were made Libations of Wine, Oil, Honey 
+
+.and Flour $ and here they facrificed and eat in com¬ 
+mon, having firft made a Trench in which they burnt 
+the Entrails of the Victim, and into which the Liba¬ 
+tion and the Blood was made to flow. They began 
+with thanking God foT having given them Life, and 
+providing their neceffary Food ; and then praifed him 
+for the good Examples they had been favoured with. 
+From thefe melancholy Rites were banifhed all Li- 
+centioufnefs and Levity j, and while other Cuftonis 
+changed, thefe continued the fame. They roafted 
+the Fiefh of the Victim they had offered, and eat it 
+in common, difcourfing on the Virtues of him they 
+came to lament. 
+
+All other Feafts were diftinguiilred by Names fuita- 
+ble to the Ceremonies that attended them. Thefe 
+Funeral Meetings were (imply called the Manes , that 
+is, the Affembly. Thus the Maries and t ie Dead 
+.were Words that became fynonymous. In thefe 
+Meetings, they imagined that they renewed their Al¬ 
+liance with the Deceafed, who, they fuppofed, had 
+ftill a Regard for the Concerns of their Country and 
+Family, and who, as affectionate Spirits, could do no 
+lefs than inform them of whatever was neceffary for 
+them to know. Thus the Funerals of the Dead were 
+at lail converted into Methods of Divination, and an 
+
+innocent Inftitntion, into one of the groffeft Pieces of 
+Folly and Superftition. 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 283 
+
+But they did not flop here ; they grew fo extrava¬ 
+gantly credulous, as to believe that the Phantom drank 
+the Libations that had been poured forth, while the 
+Relations were leading on the reft of the Sacrifice 
+round the Pit: And from hence became apprehendve 
+left the left of the Dead fhould promifcuonfly throng 
+about this Spot to get a Share in the Repali they weie 
+fuppofed to be fo fond of, and leave nothing for the 
+dear Spirit for whom the Feaft was intended. 1 hey 
+then made two Pits or Ditches, into one of which 
+they put Wine, Honey, Water and Flour, to employ 
+the generality of the Dead \ and in the other they 
+poured the Blood of the Victim $ when fitting down 
+on the Biink, they kept off, by the Sight of their 
+Swords# the Ciowd of Dead who had no Concern in 
+their Affairs, while they called him by Name, whom 
+they had a Mind to cbear and confult, and defired 
+him to d'.aw near (6). 
+
+The Queftions made by the Living were very in¬ 
+telligible 1 but the Anfwers of the Dead, as they con- 
+fifted of Silence, were not fo eafily underftoed, and 
+therefore the Priefts and Magicians made it their Bu- 
+finefs to explain them. They retired into deep Caves, 
+where the Darknefs and Silence refembled the State 
+of Death, and there fa-fted and lay upon the Skins of 
+the Beafts they had facrificed, and then gave for An- 
+fwer the Dream which moft affe&ed them ; or opened 
+certain Books appointed for this^Purpofe, and gave 
+the firft Sentence that offered. At other Times the 
+Prieft, or any Perfcn who came to confult, took Care 
+at his going out of the Cave, to liften to the firft: 
+Words he fhouid hear, and thefe were to be his An- 
+fwer. And though they had no relation to the Bufi- 
+nefs in Hand, they were turned fo many Ways, and 
+their Senfe fo violently wrefted, that they made 
+
+( 6 ) Homer gives the fame Account of the r e Ceremonies, when 
+UlyJJes railes the Soul of *Iirefias\ and the fame Ulages are 
+found in the Poem of Stilus It alien'. And to thefe Ceremonies 
+the Seripiures frequently allude, when th t Ifraclitcs aie forbid 
+to aflembie upon high Places. 
+
+thens* 
+
+
+
+284 APPENDIX 
+
+them fignify almoft any Thing they pleafed. At ci¬ 
+ther Times they had Recourfe to a Number of Tic- 
+kets, on which were fome Words or Veriest and 
+thefe being thrown into an Urn, the firft that was ta¬ 
+ken out was delivered to the Family. 
+
+
+
+T HE fuperftidous Fondnefs of Mankind, for 
+
+fearching into Futurity, has given Rife to a 
+Vatt Variety of Follies, all equally weak and extra¬ 
+vagant. The Romans , in particular, found out almoft 
+innumerable Ways of Divination; all Nature had a 
+Voice, and the moft fenfelefs Beings, and moil trifling 
+Accidents, became Prefages of future Events, This 
+introduced Ceremonies, founded on a miftaken Know¬ 
+ledge of Antiquity, that were the moft childifli and 
+ridiculous, and which yet were performed with an Air 
+of Solemnity. The Perfons appointed to unravel the 
+Decrees of Heaven, were thofe of the moft repeCt- 
+able Characters, and the higheft Stations, who re¬ 
+ceived great Honour from the Privilege of exerciiing 
+
+this Office. 
+
+
+Cicero^ who was perfectly fenflbie of the Folly of 
+thefe Practices, relates a Saying of Cato> who de¬ 
+clared, that one of the moft furprifing Things to 
+him was, how one Soothfayer could look another in 
+the Face without laughing; and indeed that Prieft 
+urn ft have a furprifing Command of himfelf who 
+could avoid Trailing whenever he faw his Colleagues 
+walking with a grave and ftately Air, and holding up 
+the augural Staff, to determine the Limits beyond 
+which every Thing ceafed to be prophetical. 
+
+Birds, on account of their Swiftnefs in Flying, were 
+fometimes confldered bv the Egyptians as the Symbols 
+of the Winds ; and Figures of particular Species of 
+Fowl, were fet up to denote the Time when thejaear 
+Approach of a periodical Wind was expeCfced. 
+hence, before they undertook any Thing 
+quence, 
+
+
+From 
+Confe- 
+
+as Sowing, Planting, or putting out to 
+
+Sea. 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 285 
+
+Sea, it was ufual for them to fay (7), Let us con - 
+fult the Birds , meaning the Signs fixed up to give 
+them the neceffary Informations they then flood 
+in Need of. By doing this they knew how to regu¬ 
+late their Conduct $ and it frequently happened, that 
+when this Precaution was omitted, they had Rea- 
+fon to reproach themfelves for their Neglect. From 
+hence. Mankind iniftaking their Meaning, and retain¬ 
+ing the Phrafe, Let us confult the Birds , and perhaps 
+hearing old Stories repeated of the Advantages fuch 
+and fuch Perfons had received, by confulting them in 
+a critical Moment, when the Periodical Wind would 
+have mined their Affairs, they began to conceive an 
+Opinion, that the Fowls which fkim through the Air, 
+were fo many Meflengers fent from the Gods, to in¬ 
+form them of future Events, and to warn them againft 
+any difallrous Undertaking. From hence they took 
+Notice of their Flighf, and from their different Manner 
+of Flying, prognofticated good or bad Omens. The 
+Birds were inltanily grown wondrous wife, and an 
+Owl who hates the Light, could not pafs by the Win¬ 
+dow of a fick Perfon in the Night, where he was of¬ 
+fended by the Light of a Lamp or a Candle, but his 
+Hooting muft be confidered as Prophefying, that the 
+Life of the poor Man was nearly at an End. 
+
+The Place where thefe Auguries were taken, a- 
+mongft the Romans , was commonly upon an Emi¬ 
+nence ; they were prohibited after the Month of Au- 
+gufty becaufe that was the Time for the moulting of 
+Birds, nor were they permitted on the Wane of the 
+Moon, nor at any Time in the Afternoon, or when 
+the Air was the leaft difturbed by Winds or Clouds. 
+
+When all the previous Ceremonies were performed, 
+the Augur cloathed in his Robe, and holding his au¬ 
+gural Staff in his Right Hand, fat down at the Door 
+of his Tent, looked round him, then marked out the 
+Divifions of the Heavens with his Staff, drew a Line 
+from Eafl to Weft, and another from North to South, 
+and then offered up his Sacrifice. A ftiort Prayer, the 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+2«6 APPENDIX. 
+
+Form of which may be fufficiently feen, in that of¬ 
+fered to Jupiter, at the Election of Numa Pompi- 
+lius 9 was as follows : “ O Father Jupiter , if it be 
+
+thy Will, that this Numa Pompilius y on whole 
+44 Head I have laid my Hand, Ihould be King of 
+44 Rome y grant that there be clear and unerring Signs, 
+44 within the Bounds I have defcribed.” The Prayer 
+being thus ended, the Priefl turned to the Right and 
+Left, and to whatever Point the Birds directed their 
+Flight, in order to determine from thence, whether 
+the God approved or rejected the Choice. 
+
+The Veneration which the Romans entertained for 
+this Ceremonial of their Religion, made them attend 
+the Refult of the Augury with the mo ft profound Si¬ 
+lence, and the Affair was no fooner determined, than 
+the Augur reported his Decifton, by faying, The Birch 
+approve, or Pbe Birds difapprove it. However, not- 
+withftanding the Augury might be favourable, the 
+Enterprise was fometimes deferred, till they fancied 
+
+a new S'gn. 
+
+But of all the Signs which happened in the Air, the ’ 
+mo ft infallible was that of Thunder and Lightning, 
+efpecially if it happened to be fair Weather, if it 
+came on the Right-Hand it was a bad Omen, but if 
+on the Left a good One, becaufe, according to Dona-' 
+tus y all Appearances on that Side were fuppoted to 
+proceed from the Right Hand of the Gods. 
+
+Let us now take a View of the facied Chickens ; 
+for an Examination into the Manner of their raking 
+the Corn that was offered them, was the moll com¬ 
+mon Method of taking the Augury. And indeed the 
+Romans had fuch Faith in the Myfteries contained in 
+their Manner of Feeding, that they hardly ever under¬ 
+took any important Affair without firft adviling with 
+them. Generals fent for them to the Field, and con- 
+fu 1 ted them before they ventured to engage the Ene¬ 
+my, and if the Omen was unfavourable, they imme¬ 
+diately defifted from their Enterprize: The facred 
+Chickens were kept in a Coop or Penn, and entrufted 
+to the Care of a Perfon who, on Account of his Of¬ 
+fice, was called Pullarius. The Augur, after having 
+
+c o rn- 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 287 
+
+commanded Silence, ordered the Penn to be opened, 
+and threw upon the Ground a Handful of Corn. If 
+the Chickens inftanrly leaped out of the Penn, and 
+pecked up the Corn with fuch Eagernefs as to let lome 
+of it fall from their Beaks, the Augury was called 
+‘Tripudium , or Tripudium Solijiimum, from its (hiking 
+the Earth, and was eiteemcd a moll aufpicious Omen5 
+but if they did not immediately run to the Corn, if 
+they flew away, if they walked by it without minding 
+it, or if they fcattered it abroad with their Wings, it 
+portended Danger and ill Succefs. Thus the Fate of 
+the greatetl Undertakings, and even the Fall of Cities 
+and Kingdoms, was thought to depend on the Appe¬ 
+tite of a few Chickens. 
+
+Obfervations were alfo taken from the Chattering, 
+Singing, or Hooting of Crows, Pies, Owls, &c. and 
+from the Running of Beads, as Heifers, AfTes, Rams, 
+Jdaies, Wolves, Foxes, Weefels and Mice, when 
+thefe appeared in uncommon Places, eroded the Way, 
+or ran to the Right or Left, They alfo pre¬ 
+
+tended to draw a good or bad Omen from the molt 
+common and trifling Actions or Occurrences of Life, 
+as Sneezing, Stumbling, Starting, the Numbnefs of 
+the little Finger, the Tingling of the Ear, the Spil¬ 
+ling of Salt upon the Table, or Wine upon one's 
+Cloaths, the accidental Meeting of a Bitch with 
+Whelp, &c. It was alfo the Bufinefs of the Augurs 
+to interpret Dreams, Oracles, and Prodigies. 
+
+The College of Augurs, as fird indicated at Rome 
+by Romulus , was only compofed of three Perfons, tak¬ 
+en from the three Tribes, into which all the Inhabi¬ 
+tants of the City were divided + but feveral others 
+
+* » 
+
+were afterwards added, and at lad, according to a 
+Regulation of Scylla , this College confided of fifteen 
+
+Perfons, all of the fird Diftindtion, the elded of 
+
+♦ 
+
+whom was called the Mader of the College $ “ It was 
+“ a Priefthood for Life, of a Character indelible, 
+“ which no Crime or Forfeiture could efface; it was 
+** neceifary that every Candidate fhould be nomina- 
+“ ted to the Peop’e by two Augurs, who gave a fo- 
+** lemn Teftimony upon Oath, of his Dignity and 
+
+“ Fitnefs 
+
+
+
+288 APPENDIX. 
+
+c< Fitnefs for that Office (8).” The greated Precau¬ 
+tions were indeed taken in this Election ; for as they 
+were invelled with fuch extraordinary Piivileges, none 
+were qualified but Perfons of a blamelefs Life, and 
+free from all perfonal DefeCts. The Senate could at- 
+fenible in no Place but what they had confecrated. 
+They frequently occalioned the difplacing of Magif- 
+trates, and the deferring of publick Alfemblies ; “ But 
+“ the Senate, at lad, confidering that fuch an unli- 
+“ mited Power was capable of authoring a Number 
+“ of Abufes, decreed that they fliould not have it in 
+“ their Power to adjourn any Aflembly that had been 
+^Jegaliy convened (9).” 
+
+Nothing can be more adonifliing, than to find fo 
+wife a People as ihe Romans addicted to fuch childifh 
+Fooleries. Scipio , Auguftus , and many others have, 
+without any fatal Coniequence, defpifed the Chickens 
+and the other Arts of Divination : But when the Ge¬ 
+nerals mifcarried in any EnterprizO, the People laid 
+the whole Blame on the Heedleflhefs with which they 
+had been confulied, and if he had entirely negleCted 
+con ulting them, all the Blame was thrown upon him 
+who had preferred his own Forecaft to that of the 
+Fowls, while thofe who made thefe Kinds of Predic¬ 
+tions a Subject of Raillery, were accounted impious 
+and prophane. Thus they conftrued, as a Punithmeni 
+from the Gods, the Defeat of Chmdnts Fulcher , who 
+when the facred Chickens refufed to eat what was fet 
+befoie them, ordered them to be thrown into the 
+Sea f If they 'won't eat , faid he, they Jhall drink . 
+
+V. Of the Aruspices. 
+
+I N the mod early Ages of the World a Senfe of 
+Piety, and a Regard to Decency, had introduced 
+a Cuftom of never facrificing to him, who gave them 
+all their Bleffings, any but the founded, the fated and 
+
+mod beautiful Victims, They were examined with 
+
+(8) Middleton's Life o r Cicero. 
+
+(51) Banter's Mythology, Vol. I. p. 400, 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 289 
+
+the clofefl and mod exaCt Attention, that none 
+might be offered but the mod perfect. This Cere¬ 
+monial, which doubtlefs fprang at fird from Gra¬ 
+titude, and fome natural Ideas of Fitnefs and Proprie¬ 
+ty, at lad degenerated into trifling Niceties and fu- 
+perftitious Ceremonies, which they conceived to be 
+of the utmoft Importance, and even commanded by 
+the Deity. And it having been once imagined, that 
+nothing was to be expeCted from the Gods, when the 
+Victim was imperfect, the Idea of Perfection was 
+united with Abundance of trivial Circumstances; 
+fuch a Deity was fond of white Victims, others of 
+Black, and others of Red. The Entrails were exa¬ 
+mined with peculiar Care, and the whole Ceremony 
+was imagined to be entirely ufelefs, if the lead Defeat 
+was difcovered ; but, on the other Hand, if the Whole 
+was without Biemith, their Duties were fulfilled, and 
+under an Alluranee that they had engaged the Gods 
+to be on their Side, they engaged in War, and in the 
+moll hazardous Undertakings, with fuch a Confidence 
+of Succefs, as had the greatefl Tendency to produce 
+it. 
+
+The Idea of the Neceflity of this Perfection natu¬ 
+rally increafed, as foon as it was believed to be an in¬ 
+fallible Means of fatisfying the Gods, and procuring 
+their Afllftance and Prote&ion ; and this introduced 
+their calling in the Aflillance of thofe who fhould aid 
+the Fried in his Office, and make it their Bufinefs to 
+ftudy all the Rules neceflary to be obferved, to avoid 
+the ill Confequences that might attend the flighted 
+LFdake. Thefe introduced all the Obfervances that 
+loilowed ; the Rules were obferved merely for the 
+f ke of the Prediction they were to draw from them, 
+t : ey had no longer any Connection with the pious 
+Motives that had at firft inllituted them; and it be¬ 
+came their grand Principle, that the Perfection or De¬ 
+feats of the. outward and inward Parts, was a Mark 
+
+of the Confent or Difapprobatiba of the Gods. All 
+the Motions of the ViCtim that was led to the Altar 
+became fo many Prophecies. If he advanced with 
+a:; eafy Air in a ftraight Line, and without offering 
+
+N Refinance* 
+
+
+
+290 APPENDIX. 
+
+Refinance, if he made no extraordinary Bellowing 
+when he received the Blow, if he did not get loofe 
+from the Perfon that led him to the Slaughter, it was 
+•a Piognoftick of an eafy and flowing Succefs. 
+
+The Victim was knocked down, but before its Bel¬ 
+ly was ripped open, one of the Lobes of the Liver 
+was allotted to thofe who offered the Sacrifice, and 
+the others to the Enemies ol the State. That which 
+was neither blemifhed nor withered, of a bright Red, 
+and neither larger nor finaller -than it ought to be, 
+prognolticated great Profperity to thofe for whom 
+it was fet apart ; that which-was livid, final), or cor¬ 
+rupted, prefaged the mod fatal Mifchiefs. 
+
+The next thing to be confidered was the Heart, 
+which was alfo examined with the utmoft Care, as 
+was the Spleen, the Gall, and the Lungs ; and if any 
+;of thefe were let fall* if they .fmelt rank, or were 
+bloated, livid or withered, it prefaged nothing but 
+Misfortunes. Lucan has elegantly deicribed almofl: all 
+ihefe Imperfections, as meeting in one Victim. 
+
+The Liver wet with putrid Streams he fpy’d. 
+
+And Veins that threaten’d on the hoftile Side ; 
+
+Part of the heaving Lungs is no where found. 
+
+And thinner Films the fever’d Entrails bound; 
+
+No uiual Motion flirsi the panting Heart, 
+
+The chinky Velfels ooze in ev’ry Part : 
+
+The Caw!, where wrapt, the clofe Inteftines lie, 
+Betrays its dark Recedes to the Eye. 
+
+One Prodigy fuperior threaten’d dill. 
+
+The never-failing Harbinger of III : 
+l.o ! By the fibrous Liver’s riling Head, 
+
+A fecond Rival Prominence is fpread. 
+
+Rowe’s Lucan. 
+
+After they had flniilied their Examination of the 
+Entrails, the Fire was kindled, and from this alfo they 
+drew feveral Prefages. If the Flame was clear, if it 
+mounted up without dividing, and went not out till 
+
+the Victim was entirely confumed, this was a Proof 
+
+that the Sacrifice was.accepted ; but if they found it 
+
+difficult 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 291 
+
+difficult to kindle the Fire, if the Flame divided, if 
+it played around inftead of taking hold of the Victim, 
+if it burnt ill, or went out, it was a bad Omen. 
+
+At Rome the Arufpices were always chofen from the 
+beft Families, and as their Employment was of the 
+fame Nature as the Augurs, they were as much ho¬ 
+noured. It was a very common Thing indeed to fee 
+their Predictions verified by the Event, efpecially in 
+their Wars : Nor is this at all wonderful, the Predic - 
+tion never lulled them into Security, or prevented their 
+taking every necefiary Precaution ; but on the contra¬ 
+ry, the Affurance of Victory infpired that Intrepi¬ 
+dity and high Courage, which in the common Soldiers 
+was the principal Thing neceffary to the Attainment 
+of it. But if after the Appearance of a complete Fa¬ 
+vour from the Gods, whom they had addrefled, their 
+Affairs happened to mifcarry, the Blame was laid on 
+fome other Deity. "Juno or Minerva had been ne- 
+gleCled. They facrificed to them, recovered their 
+Spirits, and behaved with greater Precaution. 
+
+' However, the Bufinefs of the Arufpices was not 
+reftrained to the Altars and Sacrifices, they had an 
+equal Right to explain all other Portents. The Se¬ 
+nate frequently .confulted them on the moft extraordi¬ 
+nary Prodigies. 
+
+<6 The College of the Arufpices (1 o), as well as 
+“ thofe of the other religious Orders, had their par- 
+“ ticular Regifters and Records, fuch as the Memo- 
+
+“ rials of Thunder and Lightnings, the (1) Tufcan 
+“ Hiltories, 13 c. 
+
+N 2 VI. Of 
+
+(10) Rennet’s Roman Antiq. Lib. II. c. 4. 
+
+(i) Romulus, who founded the Inftitution of the Arufpiefes, 
+borrowed it from the Tufcans , to whom the Senate afterwards 
+fent twelve of the Sons of the principal Nobility to be infli;u£led 
+in thefe Myfteries, and the other Ceremonies of their Religion. 
+
+The Origin of this Art amongft the People of Tufcany, is re¬ 
+lated by Cicero in the following Manner: 41 A Peafan% fays be, 
+44 ploughing in the Field, his Pl.vwfhare running pretty deep in 
+44 the Earth, turned up a Clod, from whence fprung a Chi d, 
+44 who taught him and the other Tufcans the Art of Divination.* 
+
+See Cicero de Div. 1 . 2. • This Fable undoubtedly mean* no 
+
+more. 
+
+
+
+292 APPENDIX. 
+
+A 
+
+VI. Of Oracles. 
+
+0 
+
+I T is very evident, that whatever were the politic 
+
+Reafoos that induced the wifeft Nations to conti¬ 
+nue and encourage the above Superftitions, which 
+were but little regarded by fome ot the nioft learned 
+and fenfible Men among them, yet they all originally 
+arofe from the Imperfedion of human Nature, the 
+Diffatisfadion which a Man frequently finds in the En¬ 
+joyment of the prefent Moment, the Eagernefs with 
+which his Hopes and Fears ftretch forwards into Fu¬ 
+turity, a Poffibility of regulating his Condud, by 
+knowing what would be the Refuit or particular Ac¬ 
+tions, added to that Curiofity and inquifilive Difpo- 
+ftion, which adheres to the Minds of the greateft 
+Fart of Mandind. Thefe prepared the Way for all 
+the various Methods, which Superflirion has pointed 
+out for difcoveting future Events. This Weaknefs 
+paved the Way for the ridiculous Extravagancies of 
+Aftrology, Magic, the innumerable little Obfervances 
+ranked under the Ideas of Prodigies, good and ill 
+Omens, all the Whimhes of the Augurs and the A- 
+jufpices, and all the Delufions of the Oracles. 
+
+Thus Mankind, by endeavouring’to become fome- 
+thing more, have in all Ages rendered themfelves un¬ 
+happy, fubjed to groundlefs Fears, and endlefs In¬ 
+quietudes. The Knowledge of Futurity was wifely 
+concealed from Mortals: This is a Truth that the 
+Heathens themfelves could not but confefs ; and Ci¬ 
+cero, though a Roman, though an Augur, gives us his 
+Sentiments on this Subject, with that affeding Ele¬ 
+gance of Exprelfion, which Ihews that he fpoke the 
+naked Sentiments ot his Heart. “ In what a deep 
+“ jVJelancholy, fays he, had Priam fpent the remain- 
+
+“ der of his Days, had lie been fenlible of the un- 
+
+* 
+
+♦ 
+
+# 
+
+more* than that this Child faid to fpring from a Clod of Earth, 
+was a Youth of a very mean and obfcure Birth, and that from 
+him the Tufcans had learned this Method of Divination. But it 
+is not known whether he was the Author of it, or whether he 
+learnt it cf the Greeks or other Nations. 
+
+
+“ happy 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX 293 
+
+
+4< happy Fate that awaited him ? Would the three 
+** Confulfhips, the three Triumphs of Pompey y have 
+“ given him the fmalleft Beam of Joy, had he been 
+u able to forefee what even we cannot mention with- 
+
+
+“ out Tears, that on a fatal Day, after the Lofs of a 
+“ Battle, and the total Defeat of his Army, he fhould 
+4< fall in the Defarts of Egypt P And oh l What would 
+• “ Coe far have thought, if he too had been fenlible 
+i( that in the Midi! of that very Senate, which he 
+“ had compofed of his Friends and his Creatures, he 
+4< fhould be (tabbed near the Statue of Po??ipey, in the 
+ic Sight of his Guards, and covered with Wounds by 
+“ his bell: Friends - ; that his Body would be ahan- 
+“ doned, and not a Man dare to alfift him ? It is 
+“ furely then much better to be ignorant of the Evils 
+* € of Futurity than to know them.” 
+
+The Egyptians , one of the mod inquifitive Nations 
+on Earth, were probably verfed in mod of the above 
+Methods of Divination, at the Time when Mofes led 
+the Ifraelites into the Wildernefs. They had fre¬ 
+quently heard him talk of confulting his God ; they 
+had feen him go out for this Purpofe, and at his Re¬ 
+turn had heard him predict Things that were fpeedily 
+to come to pafs, and the Event always anfwered to 
+what he had foretold. They were s terrified by mira¬ 
+culous Events, which as they were above the Power 
+of Man to perform, they probably confidered them 
+only as feme Phenomenon in Nature, or in Provi¬ 
+dence, which he by his Knowledge in Aftrology, or 
+lome of the other Arts of Divination, Svas enabled to 
+forefee,and which he was willing to irnpofe upon them, . 
+as a Proof of his acting under the Authority and In¬ 
+fluence of Heaven. Filled with thefe Ideas, no fooner 
+
+
+was the Effect of one Predi&ion over, than they re- 
+lapfed into Scepticifm and a fond Security ; but at lall 
+wearied out by their Sufferings, and in fome meafure 
+
+
+convinced in fpite 
+the Advantage they 
+
+
+Ifraelites , a 
+the Country 
+Power of a 
+
+
+of themlelves 
+reaped from 
+
+
+ey reiinquidled 
+Slavery of the 
+
+
+
+
+them Permidion to retire out of 
+
+
+bjll findinr that they 
+
+
+efcaped the 
+
+
+formidable Army, and had miraculoudy 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+eroded 
+
+
+
+2 §4 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+crofted the Red Sea in Safety, while the King and all 
+his Forces were drowned, they were probably con¬ 
+quered by the Strength of the Conviction, and con¬ 
+vinced that the Whole was'miraculous*, and that God 
+really condefcended to foretel Things; to come-$ and 
+that had their Priefts• consulted : him in- the fame Man¬ 
+ner Mofes had done* all the Evils that had fallen up¬ 
+on them might have been prevented. The Priefts' 
+were then' doubtlefs reproached for their Negligence, 
+when to fatisfy the Defires of the People, they might’ 
+be obliged-to confult their Gods upon the Mountains, 
+their ufual Places of Worfhip, and to fupport their 
+Credit with the People by pretended Revelations. 
+
+It is not improbable but that this might be the firft' 
+Rife- of Oracles, as the moving Temple or Taberna¬ 
+cle of the IfraeliteSy in which God Was confulted, 
+
+might fpread the Opinion of Oracle's among the 
+neighbouring Nations, and give the firft Intimation 
+of building a Temple-. The Priefts and Magi, who 
+were utterly unacquainted with the Methods;and Ce¬ 
+remonials netreftkry to obtain an Anfwer to their: Peti¬ 
+tions, had Recourfe to fevera! Methods, which ferved 
+at once to amufe the People, to infpire them with the 
+Idea of their extraordiriary ; Penetration, and to give 
+the Air of Science to the Art of interpreting the Will 
+of the Gods; which they almoft always took* Care to 
+exprefs in fuch ambiguous' Terms, as to-prevent any 
+Diftionour falling upon their Order; by a Contrariety 
+between the Event’and the Prediction; 
+
+Of ail the Nations upon the Earth, Greece was the 
+mo ft famous for Oracles, and foine* of their wifeft 
+Men have endeavoured to vindicate them upon folid 
+Piincipies, and refined Reafonings. Xenophon expa¬ 
+tiates on the Neceftlty of confulting the Gods by Au¬ 
+gurs and Oracles. He reprefents Man as naturally 
+ignorant of what is advantageous or deftruCtive to 
+himfelf; that he is fo far from being able to penetrate 
+into the future, that the’prefen t itfelf efcapes- hint*; 
+that his Defigns may be'fi uft rated 1 bythe flighted Ob¬ 
+jects ; that the' Deity alone, to whom all Ages ares 
+preterit, can impart-to him ther infallible Knowledge 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+295. 
+
+
+of Futurity ; that no other. Being can give Succefs 
+to his Enterprizes, and that it is:highly; reafonahie to 
+believe that he will guide and pFate£t thole who adore 
+him with, a, pure. Aifie&ion, who call upon him,, and 
+confult him'with a finc.ere and humble Refignation. 
+How furpriling; it, is that fuch refined and: nohle Prin¬ 
+ciples: fhould be, brought to defend the moil puetil 
+and abfurd Opinions J For what Arguments, can: vin¬ 
+dicate their prefianing to interrogate the Moft High, 
+and oblige him to give Anfwers concerning every, idle 
+Imagination and unjuft Enterpcize! 
+
+Oracles were thought by th % Greeks to proceed in a 
+more immediate^ Manner from: God than the other 
+Arts of Divination-; and on this. Account: fearce any 
+Peace was!concluded, any War engaged in, any. new 
+
+
+Laws- enacted, or any new Form of Gov 
+ftituted without confulting Oracles 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+herefore 
+
+
+Minos , to give his Laws a proper Weight with 
+
+Peopl 
+
+
+afcribed to them a divine San£ti 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+pre 
+
+
+tended to- receive from Yupiter, Inftruftions how to 
+
+
+new models his Governme 
+
+
+And hymr-gus made 
+
+
+frequent Wilts, to the Delphian: Oracle;. that the Peo 
+
+
+
+ght entertain a. Belief 
+
+
+he.received, from 
+
+
+Apolltt the Platform which he. afterwards; cornmuni 
+
+
+cated to- the Spa 
+
+
+Thefe pious Frauds were 
+
+
+effectual Means, of eftablifhing the.Authority of Laws, 
+and engaging the? People to. a Compliance with the 
+
+
+Will of the Lawgiver. Perfons thus 
+
+
+frequently thought worthy of 
+
+
+fpi red 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+that they were: 
+from a Perfuafion 
+
+
+higheft Truft 
+
+
+
+a 
+
+
+*< 
+
+
+fometimes advanced: to,regal Power 
+
+as they! ,were admitted u 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Councils of- the Gqds 
+
+
+ey 
+
+
+heft ahle to 
+
+
+provide for the Safety and Welfare of Man (2).” 
+The high Veneration for ttePrioils of the; Oracles, 
+being the ftrongeft Confirmation,, that: their Credit 
+was thoroughly eftabliilied, they fuffered none to 
+confult the Gods but tliole who brought Sacrifices 
+
+and rich Prefects, to them ; whence few, befides the 
+
+_ • 
+
+Great, were admitted. This Proceeding, ferved at 
+
+
+(2) Potter's Antiquities of Greece ,, Voj. I. p. 2.63 
+
+
+
+
+once 
+
+
+
+A P P E N D I X. 
+
+
+'!<)() 
+
+once to enrich the Priefts, and to raife the Chara&er 
+ot the Oracles amonglt the Populace, who are always 
+apt to defpile what they are too familiarly acquainted 
+
+with : Nor were the Rich, or even the greateft Prince 
+admitted, except at thofe particular Times when the 
+God was in a Difpofition to be confuhcd. 
+
+One ot the molt antient Oracles, of which we 
+have received any particular Account, was that of 
+Jupiter at Dodotia , a City faid to be built by Deucalion % 
+after that famous Deluge which bears his Name, and 
+which deftroyed the greateft Part of Greece. It was 
+fituated in Epirus , and here was the firlt Temple that 
+ever was feen in Greece. According to Herodotus , 
+both this and the Oracle of Jupiter Ammon had the 
+Same Original, and both owed their Inftitution to the 
+Egyptians. 'Hie Rife of this Oracle is indeed wrapped 
+up in Fable. 'Two black Pigeons, fay they, flving 
+from Thebes in Egypt , one of them fen led in Lyhia , 
+and the other flew as far as the Foreft of Dodona s a 
+Province in Epirus , where fitting in an Oak, ilie in¬ 
+formed the Inhabitants of the Country, that it was 
+
+✓ 9 
+
+the Will of Jupiter that an Oracle flibuld be found¬ 
+ed in that Place. Herodotus gives two Accounts of 
+the Rife of this Oracle, one of which clears up the 
+Myftery of this Fable. He tells us, that he was in- 
+formed by the Priefts of Jupiter , at Thebes in Egypt , 
+
+that fame Pbatiician Merchants carried oft two 
+
+% 
+
+Pi ieftelfes of Thebes , that one was carried into Greece , 
+and the other into Lyhia. She who was carried into 
+Greece , took up her Refidence in the Foreft of Dodo- 
+na, and there, at the F'oot of an Oak, ere&ed a final 1 
+
+Chapel in Honour of Jupiter , whole Priellefs ilie had 
+been at Thebes (3). 
+
+We learn from Servius (4), that the Will of Hea¬ 
+ven was here explained by an old'Woman, who pre- 
+
+(3) The Abbe Saltier takes this Fable to be built upon the 
+double Meaning of the Word vreteixi, which in Attica, and ie ve- 
+ral other Parts of Greece, lignifies Pigeons, while in the Dialect 
+of Epirus , it meant old Women. See Mem. Acad. Belles Let- 
+& 4 S, Vol. V. p. 3<. 
+
+(4) Servius in 3 ]®n. 5. 4 66. 
+
+
+tended 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 297 
+
+(ended to find owt a Meaning to explain the Murmurs 
+of a Brook that flowed from the Foot of an Oak. 
+After this, another Method was taken, attended with 
+more Formalities; Brazen Kettles were iufpended in 
+the Air, with a Statue of the fame Metal, with a 
+Whip in his Hand (5) ; this Figure, when moved by 
+the Wind, flruck againlt the Kettle that was next ir, 
+which alfo caufing all the other Kettle?.-to ftrike aga in ft 
+each other, railed a clattering Din, which continued 
+lor fome Time, and from thefe Sounds flie formed her 
+
+Predictions. 
+
+Both thefe Ways were equally abfurd, for as in each 
+the Anfwer depended folely on the Invention of the 
+Prieltefs, fhe alone was the Oracle. Suidas informs 
+us, that the Anfwer was given by an Oak in this 
+Grove, as Homer alfo has delivered (6) ; and as it was 
+generally believed to proceed from the Trunk, ir is 
+eafy to conceive how this was performed ; for the 
+Prieftefs had nothing more to do than to hide herfelf 
+in the Hollow of an old Oak, and from thence to 
+give the pretended Senfe of the Oracle, which (lie 
+might the more eafily do, as the Diftance the Suppli¬ 
+ant was obliged to keep, was an effectual Means to 
+prevent the Cheat from being difeovered. 
+
+There is one remarkable Circumftance relating to 
+this Oracle yet remaining, and that is, that while all 
+the other Nations received their Anfwer from a Wo¬ 
+man, the Boeotians alone received it from a Man, and 
+the Reafbn given for it is as follows : During the War' 
+between the 'Thracians and Boeotians, the latter fent 
+Deputies to confult this Oracle of Dodona , when the 
+Prieltefs gave them this Anfwer, .of which die doubt - 
+lefs did not forefee the Confequence, If you would meet 
+
+with Succefs, you mujl he guilty offome impious Ad ion. 
+
+1 # 
+
+♦ 
+
+I 
+
+($) As this was evidently a Figure of Ofris, which was on 
+particular Occafions reprefented with a Whip in his Han 1 , it is 
+an additional l^roof, that this Oracle was derived from Egypt. 
+
+
+(6) Tov AooS’aSvnv <paTo ’BhfxvJdu, o-pga §£QiO 
+
+'£* v^mojuao Ate? BeXrjv hutHtitni. 
+
+Hom. OJ. 
+
+
+N $ 
+
+
+1 9'. 
+
+The 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+20 $ 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N* 
+
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+Fhe Deputies no doubt* furprisked, and perhaps exas¬ 
+
+
+perated 
+
+
+
+maginirig that' the Prieftefs prevaricated 
+
+
+) 
+
+
+them in order to pieafe the Pdafgiy from whom 
+flie was'defoended', and who' : were’in a ; ftri£t Alliance 
+with the ‘Thracians , rdblved tO> fulfil' the’ Decree of 
+the Oracle; and therefore feiaifig the Prieftefs Burnt 
+her alive ; alledging that this Adion wasjuftifiable in' 
+whatever Light it' was*cdtl(idered, that if fhe intended' 
+th deceive-them,' it was fit fhe fliould be puniflied for* 
+the Deceit j or, if 41 ie was fincere, they had only liter¬ 
+ally fulfilled the Senfe of the Oracle. The two re¬ 
+maining PrieftefTes(for ? according V 6 Strabo, the Oracle 
+at that- Time had ufually Three) highly* exafperated’a t‘ 
+this* Cruelty, caufed them to- be feiized, and as they 
+
+were to be their Judges, the-Deputies pleaded 1 the 
+legality of their being tried 1 by Women. The Juftice 
+of this Plea was'admitted by the People, who allowed 
+
+
+
+tWo Priefta to try. them in 
+
+
+
+PrieftefTes 
+
+
+which being acquitted 
+
+
+ifnd condemned 
+
+
+qua! 
+
+
+
+
+
+With the 
+former. 
+
+
+the latter’, the Votes being 
+they were releafed. For this Reafoit the 
+Boeotian*, for the future, received their Anfwers from 
+the Priefts 
+
+we have 
+
+
+The Oracle of Jufilefr AtmMn 
+
+
+hk 
+
+
+already faid, was derived' fr 6 m Egypt, arid* is* of the 
+fame Antiquity as the former of Dodona, and though 
+lurrounded by a large tra6l ; of burning Sands, was ex«* 
+
+
+tremely famous. This Oracle gave his Anfwets not* 
+By Words but by a Sign. What was called the Image 
+of the God, was carried about iri a 4 gilded Barge on the 
+Shoulders of his Priefts, who moved wliitheHbever they 
+pretended the divine Impulie dire6led them. This ap~ 
+pears to'* have been nothing more than the Mariners' 
+Compafs (7), the Ufe of which Was* not 
+
+
+rely 
+
+
+un 
+
+
+Known to tfiat Age, tho* fo long kept fecret from the 
+
+
+Europ 
+
+
+It was adorned with precious Stories, and 
+
+
+the Barge with.many Silver Goblets hanging on either 1 
+Side ; and thefe'Pioceflions were accompanied with a 
+
+
+(7) Umbilico Jtmitify fm'aragdto (§? gift mis codgntehVatus. HunC 
+ncwigio auratd gejlant facerdotes, Ch. Curtivs, 1 . 4. c, 7. 
+
+' rr< 
+
+I roop 
+
+
+
+A- P P E N D I X. 
+
+
+
+Troop* of Matrons and- Virgins (inging Hymns in 
+Honour Q§Jupiten Thefe Priefts refold the Bribes 
+offered them by Lyfonder y who wanted their A ill dance 
+to help him to change the Succefiion to the Throne 
+of Spot-to \ However, they were not fo. fcrupulous 
+when' Alexander y either to gratify his Vanity, or to 
+fcreen the Reputation of his Mother, took that pain¬ 
+ful March through the Deferts oilybia, in order to 
+obtain* the Honour of being called; the Son of Jupiter ,• 
+sPrieft Hood, ready to receive him, and diluted him 
+with the Title of, Son of the King of Gods.. 
+
+The Oracle of Apollo, at Delphos y was one of the 
+moft famous in all Antiquity, This City Hood upon, 
+a Declivity* about the Middle of Mount ParnaJJus ; it 
+was built on- a fmall Extent of even Ground, and fur- 
+
+
+rounded with Precipices, that fortified it without the 
+Help of Art (8).. Diodorus Siculus relates (9) a Tra¬ 
+dition of a very whimfical Nature, which- was laid to 
+give Rife to this Oracle. There was a Hole in one of 
+the Valleys, at the foot o i Par naff us, the-Mouth of 
+which was very (bait ; the Goats that were feeding at 
+no great Diftance, coming near it began to friik about 
+in fuch a Manner, that the Goat-herd being (truck 
+with Surprize, came up to the Place, and leaning over 
+it, was feized with fuch an* enthufiaftic I nip 11 lie, or 
+temporary Madnefe, as prompted him to utter (bme 
+extravagant Expreflions, which palfed for Prophecies. 
+The Report of this- extraordinary Event drew thither 
+the neighbouring People, who on approaching the 
+Hole were feized with the fame Tranfports. Surprized 
+at fo alionifiling a Prodigy, the Cavity wa& no longer 
+approached without Reverence. The Exhalation was 
+
+
+concluded to have fomething divine in it 
+
+
+Th®y 
+
+
+imagined it proceeded from fome friendly Deity, and 
+from that Time beftoweda particular Worfiiip on the 
+Divinity of the Place, and regarded what was delivered 
+in thefe Fits of Madnefs as Predictions j and’ here they 
+afterwards built the City and Temple of Delpbos . 
+
+
+(8) Strabo, lib. 14. p. 427, 428 
+
+(s) Diod» 4. 1. 
+
+
+Fhis 
+
+
+
+3C0 APPENDIX. 
+
+This Oracle, it was pretended, had been pofleffed 
+by feveral fucceffive Deities, and at laft by Apollo i who. 
+railed its Reputation to the greatefl Height. It was 
+reforted to, by Pei ions of all Stations, by which it ob¬ 
+tained immenfe Riches, .which expofed it to be fre¬ 
+quently plundered. At firft it is faid, the God in¬ 
+spired all indifferently who approached the Cavern ; 
+but fome having in this fit of Madnefs thrown them* 
+Selves into the Guiph, they thought fit to choofe a 
+Priefiefs, and to fet over the Hole a Tripos, or three- 
+legged Stool, whence die might without Danger catch 
+the Exhalations ; and this Priefiefs was called Fytbia , 
+irom the Serpent Python, flain by Apollo. For a long 
+Time none but Virgins pofleffed this Honour, till a 
+young. Tbejfalian , called Ecbtcrates , falling in Love 
+with the Priefiefs, who was at that Time very beauti¬ 
+ful, raviflied her ; when topreventany Abufes of the 
+like Kind for the future, the Citizens made a Law to 
+prohibit any Woman being chofen under fifty Years 
+old. At firfl they had one Piieflefs, but afterwards 
+they had two or three. 
+
+The Oracles were not delivered every Day, hut 
+the Sacrifices were repeated till the God was pleafed 
+to deliver them, which frequently happened only one 
+Day in the Year. Alexander coming here in one of 
+thefe Intervals, after many Entreaties to engage the 
+Priefiefs to mount the Tripod, which were all to no 
+Purpofe ; the Prince growing impatient at her Refu- 
+fal, drew her by Force from her Cell, and was leading 
+her to the Sanctuary, when faying, My Son , thou art 
+invincible , he cried out that he was fatisfied, and 
+needed no other Anfwer. 
+
+Nothing was wanting to keep up the Air of Myf- 
+tery, in order to preferve its Reputation, and to pro¬ 
+cure it Veneration. The negle&ing the fmallefl Punc¬ 
+tilio was fufficient to make them renew the Sacrifices 
+that were to precede the Refponfe of Apollo. The 
+Priefiefs herfelf was obliged to prepare for the Dif- 
+cbarge of her Duty, by falling three Days, bathing 
+in the Fountain of Cajlalia t drinking a certain Quan¬ 
+tity of the Water, and chewing fome Leaves of Lau¬ 
+rel 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+
+
+
+3 ° 
+
+
+gathered near the Fountain. After thefe Prep 
+
+
+tions the Temple was made to fliake, which palled 
+for the Signal given by Apollo to inform them of his 
+Arrival, and then the Prieil led her into the Sanctuary 
+and placed her on a Tripod, when beginning to be 
+agitated by the divine Vapour, her Hair flood an End, 
+her Looks became wild, her Mouth began to foam> 
+and a Fit of trembling feized her whole Body In this 
+
+
+Condition fhe feemed to ftruggle to get loofe from the 
+
+
+Priefls, who pretended to hold her by Force, while 
+
+
+her Shrieks and Howlings, which refounded through 
+the Temple, filled the deluded By-ftanders with a 
+Kind of facred Horror. At lafl being no longer able 
+-to refill the Impulfes of the God, Ihe fubmitied, and 
+at certain Intervals uttered fome unconne&ed Words, 
+which were carefully picked up by the Priefls, who 
+put them in Connection and gave them to the Poets 
+
+
+who were alfo prefe 
+
+
+put them into a Kind of 
+
+
+Verfe, which was frequently fliff, unharmonious, and 
+always obfcure, * this occafipned that piece of Raillery, 
+that Apollo the Prince of the Mufes was the word of 
+the Poets. One of the PneftefTes who was called 
+Pbemonde, is faid to have pronounced her Oracles in 
+Verfe 5 in latter Times they were contented with 
+delivering them in Profe, and this,, in the Op 
+
+
+nion of 
+
+of the Reafons of the Declenfion 
+
+
+Plutarch r 
+
+of this Oracle. 
+
+C reef us intending to make Trial of the feveral 
+Oracles of Greece, ns well as that of Lyhia , commanded 
+the refpeCtiv.e Ambafladors to c’onfult them all on a 
+Hated Day, and to bring the Refponfes in Writing. 
+
+_ a xxzi._. /-» r... 
+
+The 
+
+
+reft of the Oracles failed ; but the Delphian anfwered 
+
+
+The Queflion propofed was, “ What is Craefi 
+Son of Alyattes i King of Lydia, now doing 
+
+
+truly, that 
+
+gethe 
+
+
+
+
+
+i was boiling as Lamb and a Torloife 
+brazen Pot.” This gained his Confi- 
+
+In 
+
+
+dence and a Profufion of the richefl Offerings 
+
+
+Return, the Oracle on the 
+
+
+hi 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+
+Enquiry, informed 
+
+
+By making War upon the Perft 
+
+
+fhould deftroy a great Emp 
+
+
+ins, he 
+The Event is 
+
+well 
+
+
+
+3 °* 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+know 
+
+
+n. 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+vain Confidence loffc him both 
+
+
+his Crown and Liberty (10) 
+Trophonius, 
+
+
+tiusy who according to fome Authors', wasr 
+than a Robber, or at mod a Hero, iiad an 
+Oracle in Bceotia, which acquired great Rep 
+
+
+Pauf, 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+eon fulled it, and gone through 
+
+
+fliort 
+
+
+all its Formalities, has given a very particular De 
+fcription of it, and'from him we ilia 11 ; ext radl 
+Hitiory of this 
+
+fays this Author 
+
+
+this Oracle. 
+The.facred Giove of Trapb 
+
+
+( i i ), is at a final 1 Dida 
+
+
+from Lebadea 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+It Cities in Greece; and in this Grove' is the Tempi 
+
+
+of Tropb 
+
+
+ith his Statue^ the Workmanfliip of 
+
+
+Praxiteles. Thole who apply to this Oracle mud 
+
+
+pet form certain Ceremonies before they 
+
+
+permitted 
+
+
+to go down- into the Cave* where the Refponfe is 
+
+
+given 
+
+
+Some Days mud be fp 
+
+
+Chapel dedi 
+
+
+Pu 
+
+
+uir 
+
+
+gated to Fortune and thegofcd Genii, where 
+r i heat ion confida in-Abftinence from all Thing 
+lawful, and in making ule of the cold Bath. He mud 
+facrihce to 7 'ropbonius and ail his Family, to Jupiter, 
+
+z, who was 
+mi us. The 
+
+
+Saturn , and to Ceres t firnamed Europ 
+
+been the Nurfe of Tropb 
+
+
+believed to have 
+Diviners conluited the Entrails of every* Vidfcim, to 
+difeover if it was agreeable to Tropbonius that the Per- 
+fon fhooid defcend into the Cave. If the Omens were 
+favourable, he was led that Night to the River Mercy* 
+
+where two Boys* anointed his Body with Oil. Then 
+
+
+he was conducted as far 
+
+
+the Source of the Ri 
+
+
+where he was obliged to drink two Sorts of Water, 
+that? of Lethe , to efface from his Mind all profane 
+
+ie. to enable him to 
+
+
+Thoughts, and that of M'nemofy 
+
+
+whatever he was 
+
+
+fee in the facred Cave 
+
+
+he 
+
+to 
+
+
+was then piefemed to the Statue of Tropbonius , 
+which he was to addfefs a fliort Prayer ; he then was 
+
+
+cloatlied in a Li 
+
+
+Funic adorned with iacred Fillets 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+lad was conducted in a fbteinii Manner to the 
+
+
+
+
+(10) Herodot. in. Clio. 
+
+(i i) Paufan. Lib. 9. p. 6"oa, ^04, 
+
+
+
+
+
+PE N 
+
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+3°3 
+
+
+Oracle,, which was inclofed within a Stone Wall on 
+the Top of a Mountain. 
+
+In this Inclofure was a Cave formed like an Oven: 
+the Mauthtof which wa5 narrow;, and: the Defcent 1 1 
+
+
+it not 
+
+
+
+Step 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+
+a fliort Ladder 
+
+
+on going' 
+
+
+down there appeared another Gave, the Entrance to 
+which was very ftrait. The Suppliant, who was ob¬ 
+liged to take a certain Compofilion of Money in each* 
+Hand, without which he could not be admitted, prof 
+trated himfelf on the Ground, and then putting his 
+
+into the Mouth of the Cave', his* whole Body 
+
+was forcibly drawn in. 
+
+Here fonie had' the Knowledge of Futurity by Vi- 
+
+an audible Voice. They then 
+
+
+
+fion 
+
+
+
+
+and others 
+
+
+
+got out of the Cave in the fame Manner as they went 
+in, with their Feet, forenvoft, and proftrate On the 
+Earth: The Suppliant going up the Ladder was con¬ 
+ducted; to the Chair o i .Mtiemojyne, the Goddefs of 
+Memory, in which being feared, he Wasquefiioned 
+on what he had heard and feen j.andTrom thence was 
+brought into the Chapel of the good Genii* where 
+having flayed till he had recovered from his Affright 
+
+
+and T 
+
+
+he was obliged to write in a Boole all that 
+
+
+he had feen or heard, which the Priefts took upon 
+them to interpret. There never was but one Many 
+fays- Paufunins\ who loft his Life in' this Cave, and 
+
+
+was a Spy who had been fent 
+
+
+
+JDetnetr 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+fee whether in that holy Place there was any Thing 
+worth plundering; The Body* of this M&n was af¬ 
+terwards found at a great Diftance ; 
+not unlikely, that his Defign being difcoveted, he 
+
+aftaftlnated bv the Priefts, who- might carry out 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+ndeed it is 
+
+
+his: Body by fbme fecret PafTag 
+in and out without being perceived 
+The Oracle of the Branchiae, 
+hood of Mil'ctus\ was very 
+teem. Xerxes returning fi 
+
+
+which they went 
+
+
+Greece 
+
+
+the Neighb 
+
+great 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+Prieds to deliver up 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+in 
+
+pre 
+
+
+burnt the Temple, when to fecure the 
+Vengeance of the Greeks , he granted th 
+
+frt of Jtjii 
+
+
+ifhment 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+oft diftant P 
+
+
+Ef- 
+
+ed on 
+d then 
+
+nil-the 
+Ellalr- 
+
+Afler the 
+Defeat 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+
+
+Defeat of Darius by Alexander, this Conqueror 
+
+dellroyed the City where thefe Priefts had fettled, of 
+
+which their Descendants were then in adual PofTef- 
+
+(ion ; and thus puniihed the Children for the Perfidy 
+of their Fathers. 
+
+The Oracle o{ Apollo at Claras , a Town of Ionia in 
+Afia Minor , was very famous, and frequently con¬ 
+sulted. Claros was faid to be founded by (i) Manto 
+the Daughter of Tirejias , fome Years before the taking 
+of Troy, The Ani wers of this Oracle, fays Tacitus 
+. (2), were not given by a Woman but by a Man, chofen 
+out of certain Families, and generally from Miletus . 
+It was fufiicient to let him know the Number and 
+Name's of thole who came to confult him ; after which 
+he retired into a Cave, and having drank of the Wa¬ 
+ters of the Spring that ran within it, delivered Anfwers 
+in Verfe upon what the People had in their Thoughts, 
+though he was frequently ignorant, and unacquainted 
+with the Nature and Rules of Poetry. “ It is faid, 
+
+“ our Author adds, that he foretold the hidden 
+“ Death of Germanicus , but in dark and ambiguous 
+“ Terms.” 
+
+Paufanias mentions an Oracle of Mercury , in Achaia , 
+of a very fingular Kind ; after a Vaiiety of Ceremonies, 
+which it is needlefs here to repeat, they whifpered in 
+the Ear of the God, and told him, what they were 
+defirous of knowing; then (lopping their Ears with 
+their Hands, they left the Temple, and the firft 
+Words they heard after they were out of it, was the 
+Anfwer of the God. 
+
+
+But it would be an endlefs Talk to pretend to enu¬ 
+merate all the Oracles, which were fo numerous, that 
+Van Dale gives a Lift of near three Hundred, moft of 
+which were in Greece. Not that all thefe ever fub- 
+
+
+(1) Manto has been greatly extolled for her Prophetic Spirit 5 
+and fabulous Hiftory informs us, that lamenting the Miferie.s of 
+her Country, (he difrolved away in Tears, and that thefo formed 
+si Fountain, the Water of which communicated the Gift of Pro¬ 
+phecy to thofe who drank it; but being at the fame Time un- 
+whole io me, it brought on Difeafes and fhortuefs of Life. 
+
+(2) Tacit. Anna!. 1 . a. c. §4. 
+
+
+fi ft®d 
+
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 305 
+
+fifted at the fame Time ; the ancient Ones were fre¬ 
+quently neglected, either from a Diicovery of the Im- 
+poltures of the Priefts, or by the Countries in which 
+they were placed being laid wafte by War, Earth¬ 
+quakes, or the other Accidents to which Cities and 
+Kingdoms are expofed. 
+
+But no Part of Greece had fo many Oracles as 
+Bceotia , which were there numerous, from its abound¬ 
+ing in Mountains and Caverns ; for as Mr. Fontenelle 
+obferves, nothing was more convenient for the Priefts 
+than thefe Caves, which not only infpired the People 
+with a Sort of religious Horror, but afforded the 
+Priefts an Opportunity of forming fecret Paffages, of 
+concealing themfelves in hollow Statues, and of making 
+Ufe of all the Machines, and all the Arts neceffary to 
+keep up the Deiufion of the People, and to encreafe 
+the Reputation of the Oracles. 
+
+Nothing is more remarkable than the different 
+Manners by which the Senfe of the Oracles was con¬ 
+veyed ; befides the Methods already mentioned, in 
+fume the Oracle was given from the Bottom of the 
+Statue, to which one of the Priefts might convey him- 
+feU by a fubterranean Paffage. In others by Dreams ; 
+in others again by Lpts, in the Manner of Dice; 
+
+4 containing certain Characters or Words, which were 
+
+to be explained by Tables made for that Purpofe. In 
+
+fome Temples the Enquirer threw them himfelf, and 
+
+in others they were dropped from a Box ; and from 
+
+hence the proverbial Phrafe, The ■ Lot is f’alien . 
+
+Childifti as this Method of deciding the Succtfs of 
+
+Events by a Throw of the Dice may appear, yet 
+
+it was always preceded by Sacrifices and ether Cere¬ 
+monies. 
+
+Jn others the Queftion was propofed by a* Letter, 
+fealed up and given to the P;ieft, or left upon the Al¬ 
+tar, while the Perfon fent with it was obliged to lie 
+all Night in the Temple, and thefe Letters were to be 
+fent back unopened with the Anfwer. Here this won¬ 
+derful Art confifted in the Priefts knowing how to 
+open a Letter, without injuring the Seal, an Art ftill 
+pra&ifed, on particular Occaftons, in all tfce General 
+
+Poft- 
+
+
+
+306 APPENDIX. 
+
+Pod-Offices in Europe. A Governor of Cilicia, whom 
+the Epicureans endeavoured to infpire with a Con¬ 
+tempt for the Oracles, fent a Spy to. that of Mopfus 
+at Maths, with a Letter well fealed up ; as this Man 
+was lyingin the 1 empie, a Perfon appeared to.him and 
+uttered the Word Black. This Anfwer he carried to 
+the Governor, which tilled him . with Alton!diluent, 
+
+though it appeared ridiculous to the Epicureans, to 
+whom he communicated it, when to convince them of 
+the Injullice of the Raillery cn the Oracle, he broke 
+open the Letter, and foewed that he had wrote thefe 
+Words, Shall I facrijice to thee a White Ox or a 
+Black ? The Emperor Trajan made adike Experiment 
+on the God at Heliopolis , by fending, him a- Letter 
+fealed up, to which he requeued an Anfwer. The 
+
+Oracle commanded, a Blank Paper, well folded and 
+
+fealed, to be given to the Emperor, who, upon his 
+receiving,ir, was Itruck with Admiration at feeing,an 
+
+Anfwer fo corre:pendent to his own Letter, in which.. 
+
+he had wrote nothing. 
+
+The general Charaftcrifttc of Oracles, fays the 
+
+juftiy:admired Rollin (3), were Ambiguity, Obfcurity, 
+and Conveitibility • fa that one Anfwer would agree 
+with feveral.different and even oppofite Events * and 
+this was generally the Cafe when the Event was in 
+the lead: dubious. Trajan convinced of the Divinity 
+of the Oracle, by the Blank Letter above mentioned, fent 
+a fecond Nme, wherein he defired to know, whether 
+he lhould return to Rome after the Gonclufion of the 
+War which he had then in View *, the Oracle anfwered 
+this Letter by fending to him a Vine broke in Pieces. 
+The Predi&ion of the Oracle, was certainly fulfilled 5 
+for the Emperor dying in the War, his Body, or if 
+you pleafe his Bones, reprefented by the broken Vine, 
+were carried to Rome- But it would have been equally 
+accomplifoed had the Romans conquered the Par - 
+thians > or the Parthians the Romans ; and whatever 
+had been the Event, it might have been condrued in¬ 
+to the Meaning of the Oracle. Under fuch Awibi- 
+
+
+
+(.3). Ancient Hid. Voi. 5. p. 25. 
+
+
+
+APPENDI X. 
+
+
+3 t> 7 
+
+guides they eluded all Difficulties, and were hardly 
+ever in the Wrong, In this all their Art, and all their 
+luperior Knowledge confifted ; for when the Queftion 
+was plain, the Anfwer was commonly fo too. A Man 
+requefting a Cure for the Gout, was anfwered by the 
+Oracle, that he fhould drink nothing but cold Water. 
+Another defiring to know by what Means he might: 
+become rich, was anfwered by the God, that he^ had 
+no more to do but to make himfelf Ma/ler of all be¬ 
+tween Sicyon and Corinth (4). 
+
+
+VII. Of Altars, open Temples, fucred Groves, 
+
+and Sacrifices. 
+
+
+
+LTARS and Sacrifices mutually imply each 
+
+
+other, and were immediately confequent to the- 
+Man, iho’ the original Altars were Ample, 
+
+being compered of Earth or Turf, or unhewn Stones. 
+There is great Probability- that'the Cloathing of our 
+firft Parents confifted of the Skins of Beafisfacrificedi 
+
+
+
+Adam in the Interval between his Offence and 
+Expuifio.n from Paradife. Cain and Ahel> Noah' and 
+the Patriarchs* purfued the PrafHce. Even fhofe* who? 
+forfook the living God, yet continued this' early' 
+
+Method of Worfhip. Thefe Idolaters at firft imitated' 
+the Ample Manner in which they had been railed bjr 
+Noah. But the Form and Materials infenlibly changed ^ 
+there ^were fome fquare, others long, round, or trb' 
+angular. Each Feaft obtained a peculiar Form.. Some¬ 
+times they were of the common Stone, fometimes of 
+Marble, Wood, or Brafs. 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+Altar was fur rounded 
+
+
+with Carvings in Bas-relief, and the Corners orna 
+
+
+mented 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+Heads of various Animals. 
+
+
+So n ie 
+
+
+reached no higher than the Knee, others were reared 
+as high as the Waite, while others were much higher. 
+Some again were fo]id, others hollow, to receive the 
+Libations and the Blood of the Victims. Others were 
+portable, refemblinga Trevet, of a-magnificent Form, 
+to hold the Offering from the Fire, into which they 
+
+(4) Banier, Voi. I. 
+
+
+
+308 APPENDIX. 
+
+threw Frankincenfe, to over-power the difagreeable 
+Smell of the Blood and burning Fat. In fhort, what 
+had been approved on fome important Occafion palled 
+into a Cuftom, and became a Law. 
+
+Where the Altars were placed, there was faid to be 
+in the eariy Ages of the World an Houfe or 'Temple of 
+Jehovah, which was moftly upon Eminencies, and 
+always uncovered. Where they could be had, up¬ 
+right Stones were eredled near them. This in Scrip¬ 
+ture is Called Jetting up a Pillar ; nor was it done 
+without a particular Form of Confecration. The Be¬ 
+haviour of the Patriarch Jacob , to whom we refer the 
+Reader (5), will explain the Whole. 
+
+It is faid of Mofes likewife. That he rofe up early 
+in the Mornings and huilded an Altar under a Hill, 
+and twelve. Pillars , &c. (6) The entire Work of 
+thefe facred Eminences was furrounded at a con¬ 
+venient Diftance, by a Mound or Trench thrown up, 
+in order to prevent the profane Intrufion of the 
+
+People (7). 
+
+At 01 her Times the Altars were enclofed by Groves 
+of Oak (8). Whence this Tree is faid to be facred 
+to Jove. The Heathens, when they left the Object, 
+yet continued this Ufage alfo of the original Worlhip $ 
+which indeed was fo linked to Idolatry, that it became 
+neceffary for Mofes to forbid the Hebrews planting 
+
+Groves about their Altars, to prevent their falling in¬ 
+to the pra£lices of the Nations round about them- 
+Thefe Groves were hung with Garlands and Chap¬ 
+lets of Flowers, and with a Variety of Offerings in lo 
+lavilh a Manner, as almofl: entirely to exclude the 
+Light of the Sun. They were confidered as the pe¬ 
+culiar Relidence of the Deity. No Wonder therefore, 
+
+(5} Gen. xxviii. 18, 19, lo, zi , 22, and xxxv. 7, 14, 15. 
+
+(6) Etfod. xxiv. 4. Thecketh , inferiuty Jeorfum , on the De¬ 
+clivity ot the Hill. 
+
+(7) Exod. xix. 12, 23. 
+
+(8) Gen. xxi. 33. xii. 6. 7. xxxv. 4. xiii. 18. Deut. xi. 30. 
+Judges ix. 6 y See. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 309 
+
+% 
+
+that it was deemed the moft inexpiable Sacrilege to 
+cut them down (9). 
+
+The high Antiquity and Univerfality of Sacrificing, 
+befpeak it a divine Inililution. The utter Impoflibility 
+that there iliould be any Virtue or Efficacy in the 
+7 hi tig itfelfi iliews plainly that it mult have been 
+looked upon as vicarious , and having Refpe6t to 
+fomevohat truly meritorious , and which thofe who 
+brought the Sacrifice were at firft fufficiently ac¬ 
+quainted with the Nature of. For it is not to be 
+preiumed upon what Grounds Men could be induced 
+to think of expiating their Sins, or procuring the di¬ 
+vine Favour by facriliciai Oblations. It is much more 
+reafonable to conclude it a divine Appointment. All 
+Nations have ufed it. They who were fo happy as to 
+*iv(ilk with Go d, were initrudted in it from Age to Age. 
+And they, who rejected him, hill facrificed. But they 
+invented new Rites ; and at length miftaking and per¬ 
+verting the original Intent and Meaning, offered even 
+human Vidims ! It is indeed moll furprizing to ob- 
+lerve, that a 1 moll all Nations from the Ufe of bejlial , 
+have advanced to human Sacrifices ; and many of 
+them from the fame Mi Hake and Perverfion, even to 
+the Sacrifice of their own Children l 
+
+This moff cruel Cuftym, among the Carthaginians , 
+of offering Children to Saturn (so), occafioned an 
+Embaffy being fent t6 them from the Romans , in order 
+to perfuade them to abolifli it. And in the Reign of 
+Tiberius , the Priefts of Saturn were crucified for 
+prefuming to facrifice Children to him ; and Amafis y 
+
+(9) Lucan mentioning the Trees which Cafar ordered to be 
+felled, to make his warlike Engines, deferibes the Confirmation 
+ot the Soldiers, who refufed to obey his Orders, till taking an 
+Axe he cut down one of them himfelf. Struck with a religious. Re¬ 
+verence for the Sanftity of the Grove, they imagined that if they 
+prefumptuoufly attempted to cut down any of its Trees, the Axe 
+would have recoiled upon themftlves. They however believedl 
+it lawful to prune and clear them, and to fell thofe Trees which 
+they imagined attracted the Thunder. 
+
+(to) Thofe Sacrifices were pradfifed annually by the Cartha - 
+ginianSy who firfi offered the Sons of the principal Citizens; but 
+afnrwa.de privately brought up Children ior that Purpofe. 
+
+
+
+3ro APPENDIX. 
+
+King, of Egypt , made a Law, that only the Figures of 
+
+Men ftiould be facrificed inftead of themfeives. Plu¬ 
+tarch informs us, that at the Time of a Plague the 
+Spartans were ordered by an Oracle to facrifiee a Vir- 
+.gin ; but the Lot having fallen upon a young Maid 
+whole Name was Helena, an Eagle carried away the 
+fieri ficing Knife, and laying it on the Head of an 
+Heifer it.was facrificed in her dead. The fame Author 
+informs us, that Pelopidas the Athenian General dream- 
+: ing the Night before the Engagement, that he fhould 
+:facrifiee a Virgin to the Manes of the Daughters of 
+Scedafus , who had been ravifhed and murdered, he 
+.was filled with Horror at the Inhumanity of fuch a 
+! Sacrifice, which he could not help thinking odious to 
+- the Gods ; but feeing a Mare, by the Advice of Pheo- 
+.critus the Sooihfayer, he facrificed it, and gained the 
+Victory, 
+
+The Ceremonies ufed at Sacrifices were extremely 
+: different, and to every Deity a diftinft Victim.was al¬ 
+lotted (i): but whatever Victims were offered, the 
+. greateft Care was to be taken in the Choice of them ; 
+for the very fame Blemifhes that excluded them from 
+.being offered by the Jews, rendered them alfo im¬ 
+perfect among the Pagans. 
+
+The Prieft having prepared himfelf by Continence, 
+during the preceding Night, and by Ablution, be¬ 
+fore the Prcceffion went an Herald crying Hoc age, to 
+give the People Notice that they were to give their 
+foie Attention to what they were about ; then fol¬ 
+lowed the Players on feveral Inftruments, who be¬ 
+tween the Intervals of Playing, exhorted the People 
+in the fame Manner. The Prieft, and fometimes the 
+Sacrifices went before cloathed in White, and the 
+Prieft, befides being dreffed in the Veftments belong¬ 
+ing to his Office, was fare to be crowned with a Chap- 
+
+(i) Lucian informs us, that 44 That Vrflims were alfo dif- 
+44 ferent according to the Quality and Circumftances of the Per- 
+44 fons who offered them. The Hufbandman, fays he, facrifices an 
+44 Ox ; the Shepherd, a Lamb; the Goat-herd, a Goat. There 
+« 4 are fome who offer only Cakes, or Incenfe, and he that. has 
+44 nothing facrifices by killing his Right-Hand. t>e Sacr” 
+
+
+
+let 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+3 11 
+
+.let of tlie .Leaves of the Tree facred to the-God for 
+*whom the Sacrifice was appointed ; the Victim had 
+his Horns gilt, and was alfo crowned with a Chaplet 
+-of the fame Leaves, and adorned with Ribbons and 
+Fillets. In Greece y when the Pried app.oached the 
+Altar he cryed, Who is here? To which the Spec¬ 
+tators anfwerd. Many good People (2). The Pried; 
+then faid, Begone all ye Profane , which the Romans 
+exprelfed by laying Procul efie Profani. The Victim 
+arriving at the Altar, the Pried: laid one Hand upon 
+
+the Altar, and began with a Prayer to all the Gads, 
+beginning with Janus and ending with Vefta, during 
+which the itri&eft Silence was obferved. Then the 
+Sacrifice began, by throwing upon the Head of the 
+Victim, Corn, Frankincenfe, Flour and Salt, laying 
+-upon it Cakes and Fruit (3), and this they called Im- 
+molitioy or the Immolition. Then the Pried took the 
+Wine, and having firft tailed, he gave it to the By- 
+danders to do fo too (4), and then poured it out, or 
+fprinkled the Bead with it between the Horns. After 
+this, the Pried plucked off fame of the rough Hairs 
+from the Forehead of the Victim threw them into 
+the Fire, and then turning to the Eaft drew a crooked 
+-Line with his Knife along the Back, from the Fore¬ 
+head to. the Tail, and then ordered the Servants (5) 
+to flay the Victim, which they had no fooner done 
+than he was opened, and the Duty of the Arufpex be¬ 
+gan, which was no fooner over, than the Carcafs was 
+cut in Quarters, and then into fmaller Pieces, and ac- 
+-cording to Paufantas (6) and Apollonius Rhodius (7), 
+the Thighs were covered with Fat, and facrifced as 
+the Part allotted to the God (8) 5 after which they re- 
+
+(2) rioXXoi ^ayetQot. 
+
+(3) All thefe were not nfed for every Sacrifice. 
+
+(4) This was called Libntia, 
+
+(5) Thefe inferior Officers, whofe Bufinefs it was to kill, to 
+imbowel, to flay and wafh the Vi&im, were called Vifttmarit 7 
+
+Agones^ Cuhrarii. 
+
+(6) Lib. 4. p. 192. 
+
+(7) In Att. p. 42. 
+
+(8) In the Holocaufls, the whole Vi&irr, wa* burnt, and no¬ 
+thing left for the Feaft. 
+
+gaied 
+
+
+
+312 APPENDIX.- 
+
+galed themfelves upon the reft, and celebrated this re¬ 
+ligious Feaft with Dancing, Mudck, and Hymns fungr 
+in Honour of the-Godsr 
+
+Upon (ignal Viftories, or in the midfl of fome pub- 
+lick Calamity, they fometime offered in one Sacrifice 
+an hundred Bulls, which was called an Hecatomb : But 
+fometimes the fame Name was given to the Sacrifice 
+of an hundred Sheep, Hogs, or other Animals. >r l'is 
+faid, that Pythagoras offered up an Hecatomb for 
+having found out the Demondration of the forty-ie- 
+venth Propofition in the firft Book of Euclid. 
+
+* 
+
+VIII. Of the Priests, Priestesses, &c. of the 
+
+Greeks and Romans. 
+
+♦ 
+
+I N the early Ages of the World the Chiefs of Fami¬ 
+lies compofed the Priefthood ; and afterwards 
+when publick Frieds were appointed. Kings, as Fa¬ 
+thers and Mailers of that large Family which com- 
+jx)fed the Body-politick, frequently offered Sacri¬ 
+fices ; and not only Kings, but Princes and Captains 
+
+of Armies. Inftances of this Kind are frequently to 
+be met with in Homer. 
+
+When the Ancients chofe a Pried, the drifted En¬ 
+quiry was made into the Life, the Manners, and even 
+the bodily external Perfeftions of the' Perfons to 
+be chofen. They were generally allowed to marry 
+once, but were not always forbid fecond Maniages. 
+
+/I he Greeks and Romans had feveral Orders of 
+Prieds; but as Greece was divided into many inde¬ 
+pendent States, there naturally arofe different Hier¬ 
+archies. In feveral Cities of Greece the Government 
+of Religion was intruded to Women, in others it was 
+conferred on the Men ; while again in others, both in 
+Concert had a Share in the Management of it. The 
+Priedeffes of Argos were very famous. • At Athens a 
+Priedefs predded over the Wordiip of Minerva ; there 
+was alfo a Priedefs for Pallas , at Cl-azomena?; for 
+Ceres 9 at Cutanea, &c. The Hierophant w r ’ere very 
+famous Piieds of Athens , and both they and their 
+Wives, who were called Hterophantid# , were fet 
+
+apart 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 313 
+
+apart for the Worfliip of Ceres and Hecate , as were 
+the Orgiopbantce , and the Women tailed Orgiajiar, 
+appointed to prelide over the Qrgies of Bacchus , &e. 
+Befides, the Priedefs of Apollo , at Delpbos y who wai 
+by Way of Eminence called Pytbia (9) 5 there be¬ 
+longed to this Oracle five Princes of the Prielfs and 
+feveral Prophets, who pronounced the Senfe of the 
+Oracle. There were alfo chief Prieds, one of whom 
+prefided over a City, ’and fometimes over a whole 
+
+Province ; lometimes he was inveiled wbh this Dig- 
+niry for Life, and at other Times only for five Years* 
+Befides thefe, there were chief Prieftefles, who were 
+the Superinrendants of the Prieftefies, and were cho- 
+fen from the nobled Families ; but the mod cele- 
+biated of thefe was the Pythia. 
+
+The Prieds of Rome enjoyed feveral very confider- 
+able Privileges, they were exempted from going to 
+War, and excufed from all burthenfome Offices in the 
+Stare. They had commonly a Branch of Laurel and 
+a Torch carried before them, and were allowed to 
+ride in a Chariot to the Capitol. Romulus indituted 
+‘ fixty Piiefts, who were to be at lead fifty Years of 
+Age, free from all perfonal Dele£ts, and dilliifc 
+'guiihed both by their Birth and the Rediitude of their 
+Morals. 
+
+I 
+
+The Pont if ex Maximus , or the High-Pried, was 
+adeemed the Judge and Arbitrator of all divine and 
+human Affairs, aiid his Authority was fo g eat, and 
+his Office fo much revered, “ That all the Empe- 
+“ rors, after the Example of Julius Cerfar and Au~ 
+“ gujlus, either a&ualiy took upon them the Office, 
+
+(9) Thus the Prieftefs of Va]las y at Clax.omen<p, was ca'Ied 
+Hcfychia y and that of Bacchus , Tby as ; and in Crete, that of 
+Cybeh , Melijja. Among the Athenians , the inferior Minifters 
+were f iled Varafiti , a Word rht did not at that Time- tarry 
+with it any Mark of Reproach-; for it b mentioned in -an Infcrip* 
+
+' tton at Athens, that of two Bulls offered in Sacrifices, the one 
+fhould be referved for the Gatrer, and the other diftiibuted 
+among the PrieiL and Parafites Thefe Parafites hid a Place 
+among the chief Magiftrates, and the principal Part of their 
+
+Employment was to choofe the Wheat appoimed for their Saui- 
+. fices, Banicr \s Mythology, VeJ. i. p, 203. 
+
+o 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+
+3*4 APPENDI X. 
+
+► 
+
+“ or at lead ufed the Name (10).” He was not allowed 
+to go out of Italy, though this was difpenfed with in 
+Favour of Julius Ctffar ; whenever he attended a Fu¬ 
+neral, a Veil was put between him and the Funeral 
+
+Bed i for it was thought a Kind of Profanation for 
+him to fee a dead Body. 
+
+The Rex Sacrorum ( j), according to Dionyfius of 
+Halica*'naJ]us (2), was infiitu'ted after the ExpuUion 
+of th q Roman Kings, to peipetuate . the Memory of 
+the great Services iome of them had don,e the State. 
+On this Account the Augurs and Pontihces were di- 
+
+* CD. .* 
+
+reded to choofe cut a fit Perfon, who ffiould devote 
+hirnfelf to the Care of religious Wor/hip, and the 
+Ceremonies of Religion, without ever interfering in 
+civil Affairs : but led the Name of King, which was 
+become odious to the People, fhouid raile their Jealou- 
+ly, it was at the fame Time appointed, that he ihould 
+be fubjedt to the High-Priefts. His Wife had the 
+Title of Repina Sticrorum. 
+
+f *• 1 1 ■ . 
+
+The Fiamines , according to Livy (3), were ap¬ 
+pointed by Numa Pompilius , to difcharge thofe reli¬ 
+gious Offices, which he imagined properly belonged 
+to the Kings. At firft there were but three, (4), 
+which were chofen by the People, and their Eiedion 
+confirmed by the High-Pried.. They were afterwards 
+
+increafed to fifteen, three of whom were chofen from 
+
+*• * 
+
+among!! the Senators, and were called F/amines Ma- 
+jores ; and the other .Twelve chofen from the Ple¬ 
+beians, were filled Fiamines Minores. 
+
+The Feciahs were alfo infiituted by Numa , and 
+confuted of twenty Perfons, chofen out of the mod 
+
+(10) Kenneth Rom. Antiq, 
+
+(1) He was alfo (tiled Rex Sacrifcuius, 
+
+(2.) Lib. 1. (3) Liv. lib. 1. 
+
+(4) The Flamen dials of Jupiter , the Mart tails of Mars, aad 
+
+the Quirinalis of uirinus . The firft facred to Jupiter, was a 
+Perfi s of a very high Dilti.vStion, though he was obliged to fub- 
+mit to iome burthenfome Regulations and’ fuperftitious Ob- 
+feivances : His Wife was a Prieftefs, and had the Title of Fla - 
+winica e , and alfo enjoyed the fame Privileges, and was under the 
+fame Reftri&ions as her Hufband. Aulius Gellius , No£t. Att. 
+
+i. 10. c. 15. . „ . 
+
+diilinguirtied 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+3 ! 5 
+
+the 
+
+
+diflfinguiflied Families. Thefe were properly 
+Heralds of the Republick, who, whenever it was 
+injured, were fent to demand Satisfa&ion, which if 
+they could not obtain, they called the Gods to wit¬ 
+ness between them and the Enemy, and denounced 
+War. They had the Power of ratifying and confirm¬ 
+ing Alliances, and were the Arbitrators of sll the Dif¬ 
+ferences between the Repubiick and orher Nations ; 
+fo that the Romans could not lawfully take up 
+Arms till the Feciales had declared that W-ir was ruoft 
+expedient. 
+
+The Palter Patratus derived his Name from a Cir¬ 
+cumstance neceffary to his enjoying the Title, and in 
+order that he might be more itrongly interefted in the 
+Fate of his Country, he was to have both a Father 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+and a Son living at the fame Time, 
+chofen by the College of Feciales out of their own 
+Body, to treat with the Enemy on the Subject of War 
+and Peace. 
+
+The Epilones were Minifters appointed to prepare 
+
+the facred Banquets at the folemn.Games, and had the 
+Privilege of wearing a Robe like the Pontiffs, bordered 
+
+with Purple. Thefe Minifters were originally' three 
+in Number, to which two- were afterwards'addcd, and 
+then two more, till ^in the Pontificateqf Julius Coe far 
+they were encreafed to Ten. The fuoft confiderable of 
+the Privileges granted t,o the EpulonesJ was one which 
+they'enjoyed dn‘coriiriioh With the other Miniftets, 
+
+their not being obliged to make tfreif Daughters Vef- 
+tals (5). 
+
+Befides thefe were the Salii, or Priefts of Mars: 
+The Ph&bades of dpollo> the Baffarides of Bacchus , 
+•the Luperci of Pan , and feverai others who pre- 
+fided over the Worfhip of particular Deities, each 
+of which had a particUlar'Coilege, and conftkuted a 
+■ diftinft r eommuhity. ! ' ' ? : r * 
+
+
+(3) jSulus Geiliu x, lib, 1. c. 12. 
+
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+■i 36 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+Of the Temples o/ the Pagans 
+
+
+
+KEN G 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+or u 
+
+
+ptigl 
+
+
+i a circular Opening in 
+Stones placed in the fa 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Ok 
+
+Th 
+
+
+nclufmg an Altar, were the origi 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+hill 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+was that of Babel 1 and in all 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+VI V wi 11J UiV JL auvjuavivj gt.f iUV. 
+
+the fiill Thought of building a Houfe for iheir God 
+
+
+obability it w 
+
+di 
+
+
+t 4 
+
+
+ly one of the K 
+
+
+Tabernacle, might gi 
+
+
+Mofes 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+Mad Temples been built in Egypt at the Time when 
+
+
+illrjfcs relided 
+
+
+it can 
+
+
+that he 
+
+
+,i have 
+
+
+% be conceived bu 
+
+
+tioned them 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+Tempi®, might ferve as a Model for the red 
+
+
+pro 
+
+
+hie, 
+
+
+there is a near Refemblance be 
+
+
+tween the Sanflum Sanft 
+
+I 
+
+
+w 
+
+I 
+
+and the holv Place 
+
+
+
+
+m 4 wi 
+
+the Pagan 'Temple 
+
+
+In th 
+
+
+of Mofe 
+
+
+God 
+
+
+wa 
+
+
+confulced, and none i offered to enter tut the Priefts 
+
+h the holy Places in the Hea 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+dly agrees 
+[’em pies 
+
+
+wi 
+
+
+the Oracle was delivered 
+
+
+It was the Opinion of Lucian> that the firft Temples 
+were built by the Egyptians* and that from them this 
+Cuftont was conveyed to the People of the neighbour¬ 
+ing Countries; and from Egypt and Phoenicia it palTcd 
+into Greece . and.from Grttce to Rowe 
+
+
+They all began with little Chapels, which were 
+
+
+generally ere&ed by private Perfons, and thefe were 
+
+regular Buildings, and the moft 
+
+
+loon 
+
+
+ceeded 
+
+
+
+when even the Grandeur and 
+
+
+magnificent Structures, 
+
+Beauty of the Buildings heightened the Veneration that 
+
+lined for them. They had often Por- 
+always n,n Afceqt of Steps, while fome 
+
+
+was 
+
+ticoes 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+of them were fur rounded 
+
+
+Rc 
+T 
+
+
+ws 
+
+
+of Pill 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+Galleries fupported 
+
+
+
+ill Part in 
+
+
+entering 
+
+
+t he (e 
+
+
+pies was die Porch, in which was placed the 
+
+• _ . A. . ^ ^ I —. a » * • -4 I * * * - 
+
+
+holy Water for the Expiation of thof^ that entered 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Temple. The next was the Nave (6) or Body 
+
+
+of the Temple, and then the holy Place 
+
+
+
+into 
+
+
+(6) Nao;. 
+
+(7) Called Fenctralifj Sacririujn, AJyturn. 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+APPENDIX 31? 
+
+ft 
+
+which none but the Priefis were allowed to enter. 
+Sometimes there was behind the Building another Part, 
+called the Back-Temple. 
+
+The Infide was frequently adorned with Paintings, 
+Gildings, and the richeft Offerings, among which 
+were the Trophies and Spoils of War. But the prin¬ 
+cipal Ornaments w ; ere the Statues of the Gods, and 
+thofe of Perfons diftinguilhed by great and noble Ac¬ 
+tions, which were fometimes of Gold, Silver, ivoiy, 
+Ebony, and other precious Materials. 
+
+The Veneration for thefe Buildings was carried by 
+the Romans and oiher Nations to the inoft: fuperftitious 
+Excefs. Before the eietting one of thefe noble Edi¬ 
+fices, the Arufpices chofe the Place, and- fixed; t he 
+Time for beginning the Work ; for here every Thing 
+vtfas of Importance. They began when the Air was 
+ferene, and the Sky clear and unclouded ; on the 
+Limits of the Building were placed Filiets and Gar-’ 
+lands, and the Soldiers whofe Names were thought 
+aufpicious, entered the Enclofure with Boughs in 
+their Hands : Then followed the Veftal Virgins, at¬ 
+tended by fucli Boys and Girls who had the Happinels 
+to have their Fathers and Mothers living, and thefe- 
+affifted the Veftals in fprinkling all the Ground with * 
+clear Water ; then followed a folemn Sacrifice, and 
+Prayers to the Gods, to profper the Building they were 
+going to ereft tor their Habitation : And this being 
+over, the Pr’cft touched the Stone that was to be firit 
+laid, and bound it with c. Fillet, after which the Ma~ 
+gillrates, and Perfons of thegreatefi Diilin&ion, aTiiied 
+by the People, with the utmoft Joy and Alacrity in 
+removing the Stone, which was extremeIv large, fixed 
+it for a Foundation, throwing in with it feverai linail 
+.Gold Coins, and other Pieces of Money. 
+
+When thefe Buildings were finillied, they were con- 
+fecrated with Abundance ofCeiemony, and fo great 
+was the Veneration felt by the People for the Temples, 1 
+that they frequently, as a Mark of Humiliation, 
+clambered to them on their Knees; and fo holy w as 
+the Place, that it was thought criminal for a Man to 
+Ipit or blow his Nofe in it. The Women proftrated 
+
+O 3 themielves 
+
+
+
+3x8 APPENDIX. 
+
+
+themfelves in them, and fwept the Pavements with 
+rljeir Hair. They became Sanctuaries tor Debtors 
+and C riniinals ; anti on all Holidays were conftantiy 
+decked with Branches of Laurel, Olive and Ivy. 
+
+One of the iii ll Temples built in Egypt, was that 
+of Vulcan, at Memphis , ereCted by Menes : At firil 
+it had the piimitive Simplicity -of all other antient 
+
+Buildings, and without Statues (8); but the Succcf- 
+
+fors of this Prince drove to excel each other in em- 
+
+
+belli/hing this Work with (lately Porches and Statues 
+of a monftrous Size. There were indeed a tireat 
+
+o 
+
+Number of Temples in Egypt, but the uioft extraor¬ 
+dinary Thing of this Kind was a Chapel hewn out of 
+a fingle Scone, which by Order of Amafis was cut out 
+of the Quarries in upper Egypt , and with incredible 
+Difficulty carried as far as Sais, where it was designed 
+to have been fet up in the Temple of Minerva, but 
+was left at the Gate. Herodotus mentions this Woik 
+with Marks of Aftoni/hment : “ What I admire more, 
+44 fays he, than at the other Works of Amafis, is his 
+44 caufing a Houfe to be brought from Eliphantina, a 
+44 Houfe hewn out of a: iingle Stone; which two 
+44 thoufand Men were unable to remove thither in lefs 
+44 than three Years. This Houfe was thirty-one Feet 
+4< in Front, twenty-one Feet in Breadth, and twelve 
+“ in Height $ and on the Inline twenty feven Feet in 
+44 Length, and feven Feet and a half high.” 
+
+The Temple of Diana at Ephefus{ 9), has been 
+always admired as one of the nobleit Pieces of Archi¬ 
+tecture that the World has ever produced. It was 
+four Hundred and twenty-live Feet long, tw^ Hun¬ 
+dred Feet broad, and fupported by an Hundred and 
+twenty-feven Columns of Marble fixty Feet high, 
+iwenty-leven of which were beautifully carved. This 
+
+
+(8) According to the beft Hiftorians, there were no Statues in 
+ihe antient Temples of Egypt. But this is not at all ftrange, 
+tince Plutarch , who has his Authority from Vatro, fays, That the 
+Romans were a hundred and fevemy Years without Statues 5 
+Numa prohibited them by a Law *, And Tertullian lets us know, 
+that even in his Time there were feveral Temples that had no 
+
+Statues. 
+
+(9) This Temple was accounted one of the Wonders of ther 
+World. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+n 
+
+J> 
+
+
+*9 
+
+
+Temple, which was two hundred Years in Building, 
+was burnt by Erojirarus with no other View than i<> 
+
+
+perpetuate his Memory: However, it was rebuilt 
+and the Jail Temple was not inferior either in Riches 
+or Beauty, to the former, being adorned with the 
+Works of tlie moft famous Statuaries ot Greece . 
+
+The Temple of Ceres and Proferpine was built in 
+the Doric Order, and was of fo wide an Extenr, as 
+to be able to contain thirty ThoufandMen ; for there 
+were fiequently that Number at the Celebration of 
+the Myfteries of the two GoddefTes. At firli this 
+Temple had no Columns on the Outfide ; hut Philo 
+afterwards added to it a magnificent Portico. 
+
+The Temple of Jupiter Olympias , as well as the 
+admirable" Statue of Jupiter placed in it, were raifed 
+from the Spoils which the Elians took at the Sacking 
+of Pifa (10). This Temple was of the Doric Order, 
+
+the moft antient, as well as the mod fuitable to grand 
+Undertakings j and on the Outfide was furrounded 
+with'Columns, which formed, a noble Per.illyle. The 
+Length of the Temple was two hundred and thirty 
+Feet, Lt$ Breadth ninety-five, and its Height, from 
+the Area to the Roof, two hundred and thirty. 
+From the Middle of the Roof hung a gilded Victory, 
+
+under which was a golden Shield, on which was re¬ 
+prefen ted Medufaz Head $ and round the Temple, a- 
+bove the Columns, hung twenty-one gilt Bucklers, 
+
+
+which Mum mi us confecrated to Jupiter after the Sack¬ 
+ing of Corinth: Upon the Pediment in the Frpnt was 
+repreiented with exquifite Art, the Chariot-Race be¬ 
+tween Pelops and Qenomaus : And 99 the back Pedi¬ 
+ment, the Battle of the Centaurs with the Lapithee at 
+
+' * - * 
+
+the Marriage of Pirithous; and the Brafs Gates were 
+
+adorned with'the Labours of Hercules. In the In- 
+
+* . 
+
+iide, two Ranges of tall and (lately Columns fupport- 
+ed two GalJeiies, under which was th$ Way that led 
+to the Throne of Jupiter. 
+
+, The Statue of the God and this Throne were the 
+
+
+• i 
+
+
+Maftep-pieces of the great Phidias , and the mofb mag¬ 
+nificent and higheft finifhed in all Antiquity. The 
+
+* • • i Q. •' ■ * A ■ J 
+
+
+(to) Paufanias in Uiap, p. 30.3. & feq. 
+
+4 
+
+
+
+Statue, 
+
+
+
+
+APPENDIX. 
+
+
+Statue, which was of a prodigious Size, was of Gold 
+and Ivory, fo artfully blended as to fill all Beholders 
+with Aiionilhment. The God wore upon his Head 
+an Olive Crown, in which the Leaf of the Olive was 
+imitated in the nicelt Perfection. In his Right Hand 
+he held the Figure of Victory, formed likewife of 
+Gold and Ivory ; and in his left a golden Sceptre, on 
+the Top of which was an Eagle. The Shoes and 
+Mantle of the God were of Gold, and on the Mantle 
+were engraven a Variety of Flowers and Animals. 
+The Throne fparkled with Gold and precious Stones, 
+while the different Materials, and the Affemblage of 
+Animals and other Ornaments, formed a delightful 
+Variety. At the four Corners of the Throne, were 
+lour Victories that feemed joining Hands fora Dance ; 
+and at the Feet of Jupiter were two others. On the 
+Forefide, the Feet of the Throne were adorned with 
+Sphinxes plucking the tender Infants from the Boipms 
+of the Theban Mothers, and underneath were Apillo 
+and Diana (laying the Children of Niobe with their 
+Arrows, lAc. At the Top of the Throne, above the 
+Head of Jupiter , were the Graces and Hours. The 
+Pedellal which fupported the Pile, was equally adorn- 
+ed with the red: It was covered with Gold ; on tbe 
+one Side Phidias had engraven Phabus guiding his 
+Chariot; on the other, Jupiter and Juno , Mercury , 
+Veftn, and the Graces : Here Venus appeared as riling 
+from the Sea, and Cupid receiving her, while Pitho, 
+or the Goddefs of Perfuafion, feemed prefenting her 
+with a Crown : There appeared Apollo and Diana , 
+Minerva and Hercules. At the Foot of the Pedeftal 
+were Neptune and Amphitrite , with Diana, who ap¬ 
+peared mounted on Horfeback. In (hort, a woollen 
+Veil died in Purple, and curloufly embroidered, hung 
+down from the Top to the Bottom. A large Balluf- 
+trade painted and adorned with Figures enepmpaffed 
+
+the whole Work: There with inimitable Art was 
+
+* 
+
+painted Atlas bearing the Heavens upon his Should¬ 
+ers, and Hercules (looping to eafe him of his Load. 
+The Combat of Hercules with the Nemtran Lion, Ajax 
+offering Violence to Cajfdndra , Prometheus in Chains, 
+and a Variety of other Pieces of fabulous Hi (lory. 
+
+
+
+A PPENDI 32! 
+
+' This Temple was paved with the fined Marble, 
+
+adorned with a prodigious Number of Statues, and 
+
+with the Prefents which feveral Princes had. conlecrat* 
+cd to the God. 
+
+Though the Temple of Apollo at Delpbos , was 
+
+greatly inferior in Point of Magnificence to the fot- 
+mer, yet the immenfe Prefents. lent to it from every 
+quarter, rendered it infinitely more rich. The-prin¬ 
+cipal Value of the former arofe from its containing 
+the Works of Phidias , and his Mailer-piece was real¬ 
+ly invaluable 5 but what this Temple wanted, in not 
+containing the Productions of fo curious an Artifi, 
+was amply made up by a Profufion of Treafure, which 
+arofe from the Offerings of thofe who went to con- 
+folt the Oracle. The firff Temple which was buiit 
+being burnt, the AmphiCtyones, or general Council 
+of Greece , took upon themielves the Care of rebuild¬ 
+ing it; and for that Purpofe agreed with an Architect 
+for three hundred Talents, which amount to forty - 
+five thoufand Pounds, and this Sum was to be railed 
+by the Cities of Greece ; Collections were alfb made 
+in foreign Countries, Amafis , King of Egypt , and 
+the Grecian Inhabitants of that Country, contributed 
+confiderable Sums for thal Service. The Alcmceonedes r 
+one of the mail powerful Families in Athens , had the 
+Charge of conducting the Building, which they ren¬ 
+dered more magnificent, by making, at their own 
+Expence, confiderable Additions that had not been 
+propofed in the Model. 
+
+After the Temple of Delphos was finished, Gyges , 
+King of Lydia , and Crcefus , one of his Succetiors, 
+enriched it with an incredible Number of the molt 
+valuable Prefents, and after their Example, many other 
+Princes, Cities, and private Perlbns, bellowed upon 
+it a vaft Number of Tripods, Tables, VefFels, Shields, 
+Crowns, and Statues of Gold and Silver of incon¬ 
+ceivable Value. Herodotus informs us (1), that the 
+Prefents of Gold made by Crafus alone to this Tem¬ 
+ple, amounted to more than two Hundred and Fifty 
+
+♦ 
+
+(1) Her. Lib. 1. c. 50, gf. 
+
+o 5 Talents, 
+
+
+
+3 22 APPENDIX. 
+
+Talents, or 33,500!. Sterling ; and it is probable 
+thofe of Silver vyere not of lefs Value. And Diodorus 
+
+Siculus (2) adding the£® tQ thofe of the other Princes, 
+computes them at ten Thoufand Talents, or about 
+
+1,300,0001. (3). 
+
+Plutarch informs us (4), that amonglt the Statues 
+of Gold, which Crcefus placed in the Temple of 
+Delphosy was one of a Female Baker, of which this 
+was the Occasion : Alyattus , the Father of Crcefus , 
+having married a fecond Wife, by whom he had 
+Children ; lhe formed the Defign of fecuring the Crown 
+to her own Iffue, by putting a Period to the Life of 
+her Son-in-law ; and with this View engaged a Fe¬ 
+male Baker to put Poifon into a Loaf, that was to be 
+ferved up at the Table of the young Prince. The 
+Woman ftruck with Horror, at the Thought of her 
+bearing fp great a Share in the Guilt of the Queen, 
+let Croffus into the Secret ; on which the Loaf was 
+ferved to the Queen’s own Children, and their Death 
+fecuied his Succeflion to the Throne, which when he 
+afcended, from a Senfe of Gratitude to his Benefac- 
+trefs, he erefted this Statue to her Memory in the 
+Temple of Delphos. An Honour that our Author fays 
+ihe had a better Title to, than many of the boafted 
+Conquerors or Heroes, who rofe to Fame only by 
+Murder and Devaluation. 
+
+Italy was no lefs famous for abounding in Tem¬ 
+ples than Greece * but none of them were more noble, 
+or more remarkable for the Singularity of their Form, 
+than the Pantheon , commonly called the Rotundo , 
+originally confecrated to all the Gods, as it is now to 
+all the Saints. It is generally believed to have been 
+built at the Expence of Agrippa , Son-in-law to Au~ 
+
+pjfjkts. This noble P'abric is entirely round and with- 
+
+/ 
+
+(2.) Diod. Lib. 16. p. 453. 
+
+(3) It is impqiliWe to form an y tolerable Idea of thefe Sums 
+without bringing alfo into the Account the comparative Scarpity 
+of Gold at that Time, which rendered its real Value vaftly 
+greater than what it bears at prefent. The Mines of Mexih 
+and' Peru have deltroyed all Companion, 
+
+(4) Pint, de Pyth. oxac. p. 401. 
+
+
+©Ut 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N D 
+
+
+
+
+323 
+
+
+out Windows, receiving 3. fufficient Degree of Light 
+from an Opening admirably contrived in the Center of 
+
+• • -*• * ' A "0 7 • • * • ; f' * * * *. 
+
+the Dome. It was richly adorned with the Statues of 
+all the Gods and Goddefles let in Niches. But the 
+
+^ « • f • t > • * # • • 
+
+portico, cpmpoled of fixteen Columns of granate 
+
+
+Marble, each of 
+
+
+Angle Stone, is more beautiful 
+
+
+and xpo^e furprihng than the Temple itfelf, fince thefc 
+
+
+Columns 
+
+
+Feet high, without 
+
+
+five feet in Diameter, and thirty-feven 
+
+
+ters. 
+
+
+Fhe Eirip 
+
+
+
+
+the Bafes and Chap 
+antius the Third, (tripped 
+
+
+it ojf the Plates of gilt B^afs tfiat covered the Roof 
+and of the Beams, which were of the fame Metal. 
+Off the Copper Plates of the Portico, Pope Urban> 
+the Eighth, afterwards formed the Canopy of St Pe¬ 
+ter } and even of the Nails, which fattened them, caft 
+tjie great Piece of Artillery, which is ftill to be feen 
+in the Caftle of St. Angelo, 
+
+But of the Roman Teipples the Capitol was the 
+
+with an Account of which we (ha 11 there- 
+
+- * • - M » k • • 
+
+conclude. In the la& Sabine War, Tarquinius 
+MS vowed a Temple to Jupiter , Juno and Mi 
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+nernja 
+
+
+The Event of the War 
+
+
+his Wiihe 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+the 
+
+But 
+
+
+
+efponded with 
+Aufpices unanimoufly fixed upon 
+
+
+eian Mountain for the deftined Structure 
+
+
+more fee ms 
+
+
+befides this Defig 
+
+
+
+have been done towards ii 
+
+* • I « % 1 
+
+till the Reign of Tarquiniu 
+
+irit conform 
+
+
+
+Prince of Doftinefs and 
+ing to his Name, who fet about it in Earned 
+laid out the Defign with fuch Amplitude and Mag 
+
+
+# - 
+
+
+having 
+
+
+licence as might fuit the King of Gods and Men, the 
+Glory of the rifing Empire, and the Majetty of the 
+Situation. The Folfcian Spoils were dedicated to this 
+Service. An incredible Sum was expended upon the 
+Foundations only, which were quadrilateral , and near 
+upon two hundred Feet every Way ; The Length ex¬ 
+ceeding the Breadth not quite fifteen Feet. ' When 
+the Foundations were clearing, a human Head 
+
+found, with the Lineaments of the Face entire. 
+
+
+Whic 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+the Blopd yet frefli and flowing : 
+preted as. an Omen of future Emp 
+
+was faid to have belonged to one Oil us ox To 
+
+
+was 
+
+and 
+
+
+Thir Head 
+
+
+whence 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+
+324 APPENDIX. 
+
+whence the Structure received its compound Name. 
+Tho’ pdftibly it might be as well to deduce the Name 
+from Caput only ; and that too upon another Ac¬ 
+count, becaufe it was the commanding Part, the 
+Head and Citadel of Rome y and the chief Place of its 
+religious Worftiip. The Edifice was not finiihed till 
+after the Expulfion of the Kings 5 the Completion of 
+it being a Work, (ays Li<yy % referved for the Days of 
+Liberty. It ftood the Space of 425 Years to the Con- 
+lulate of Scipio and Norbanus , when it was confirmed 
+by Fire ; but was rebuilt by Sylla , whole Name was 
+infcribed in Letters of Gold upon the Faftigium or 
+Pediment of it. In the mid It were formed three Cells 
+or Temples, feparated by thin Partitions, in which 
+hood the golden Images of the Deities to whom it 
+had been devoted. Thofe of 'Juno and Minerva were 
+on each Side of 'Jupiter % for it was not ufual for him 
+to be worlhipped without the Company of his Wife 
+and Daughter. The three Temples were covered by 
+one Eagle with his Wings expanded. This Wonder¬ 
+ful Structure teems to have been of the Dork Order, 
+in Imitation of thofe raifed to the fame Deity in 
+Greece , and abounded with curious Engravings and 
+every plaftic Ornament, particularly the Fajligium . 
+The fpacious Entrances, or Threfholds, were com- 
+pofed of Brafs. The lofty Folding-Doors, which 
+were of the fame Metal, mod elegantly emboffed, 
+grated harih Thunder upon brazen Hinges ; and were 
+afterwards entirely oveilaid with Plates of Gold. The 
+telfellated Pavement ft ruck the Eye with an aftonifh- 
+ing AflembLge of rich Colours from the variegated 
+Marble. The Beams were folid Brafs ; and the Splen¬ 
+dor of the fretted Roof was dazzling ; where (5) 
+
+— The glittering Flame 
+
+Play’d on the Temple’s Gold and awful Height, 
+
+And foed-around its trembling Rays of Light. 
+
+* 
+
+(5) Flamma chore fuo Tcmplorum vcrberat A is rum, 
+
+£t Uemsdum fumnaa fpargU in cede jubar. 
+
+Ovid Faft. I. 9. 
+
+Without, 
+
+
+A P P E N D 1 X. 
+
+
+
+Without, the Covering was of Plates of Brafs, fa- 
+fliioned like TyJes, which, being gilt with Gold, 
+refle&^d the Sun-beams with excefiive Luftre. The 
+Front, to^-he South was encompaded with a triple 
+Row of lofty Marble Columns^ beautifully polifhed, 
+brought from the Temple of Olympian Jove at Athens , 
+by Order o Sylla: All the other Sides by a double 
+Row. The Afcent was by an Hundred Steps that 
+gently rofe, which made the PaflVge to it extiemely 
+grand and llriking. 
+
+But this Capitol was likewife burnt in the Civil 
+War between Vitellius and Vefpajian ; and rellor’d 
+by the latter, with fome Addition of Height : it 
+quickly after underwent the fame Fate, and was 
+raifed again by Domitian with more Strength and 
+Magnificence than before ; who arrogated the whole 
+Honour of the Structure to himfelf. The Poets were 
+midaken, when they promifed to thisiad Fabric an eter¬ 
+nal Duration: For not many Years intervened before 
+it was fired by Lightning, and a^great Part of it con- 
+
+fumed. The Left Hand of the'golden Image of Ju¬ 
+piter was melted. Afterwards, under Arcadius and 
+Honorius , the Plunder of it was begun by Stilicho ; 
+
+w}io dripped the Valves or Folding-Doors of the thick 
+\ plated Gold which covered them: In one Part of 
+
+which was found a grating Inlcription, declaring them 
+^.Reserved for an unfortunate Prince. Gi - 
+zeric % King, o,f\the Vandals, cairied with him into 
+Africa mod of its remaining Ornaments, among 
+which one Half of the gilded Tyles of Brafs; 
+and great Part of it was dedioyed by Tot Hus the Goth . 
+Theodoric indeed made fome Attempts to'* repair the 
+Capitol, the Amphitheatre, and other the more fplen- 
+. did Buildings of the City, but in vain; The prevail¬ 
+ing Light of Chriftianity left them for the mod Part 
+
+uf elefs and defer tech 
+
+• *• i 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+
+4 + 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A. 
+
+
+ABAS turned by Ceres, into a Newt, or Water- 
+
+-A4 1 •_) 
+
+Page 133 
+
+
+Lizard 
+
+
+Achelous y who affumed all Shapes, conquered by Her 
+cutes, 155. An Explication of this Fable 245 
+
+Acheron fent to Hell, and transformed into a River 61 
+
+f • _ 
+
+Achilles , his Birth and Education, 174. Is concealed, 
+to prevent his going to Troy> and is difcovered 
+
+Ulyjjesy 175. Divine Honours paid him 176 
+
+^crifius ihuts up Danae in a Brazen Tower, 44. Caufes 
+Danae and her Son Per feus to be put into a Chefl, 
+and caft into the Sea, i 6 $* Receives an accidental 
+
+
+
+
+166 
+
+V 
+
+his own 
+
+9 ? 
+
+
+Hurt, which caufes his Death 
+ASxon turned into a Stag, and devoured 
+
+
+Dogs, 97. The literal Senfe of the Fable 
+
+
+Adonis beloved by Venus, 109. Killed by a wild Boar, 
+and turned by that Goddefs into the Flower Ane- 
+
+109 
+
+66, 67 
+
+
+mone 
+
+
+AEacus , who, his Hiftory 
+Mgeus throws h&safelf from a Rock, and is drowned in 
+
+
+
+
+
+> t. 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+
+the Sea ; which was afterwards called the J&gean 
+
+
+Sea 
+
+
+172 
+
+
+
+Algis, Jupiter s Shield, why called by this Name 46 
+
+Jupiter under the Appearance 
+
+44 
+
+95 
+*79 
+
+AEfculaprus, the God of Phyfic, his Birth and Skill, 
+
+
+Angina, corrupted 
+
+of Fire 
+
+Aglaia , one of the Graces 
+ALolus , God of the Winds, his Hiftory 
+
+
+His coining to Italy in the Forjn of a Serpent, 
+Killed by Jupiter , 74. The Origin of the. 
+Fable, 85. The Manner in which he was repre- 
+
+
+84. 
+
+85. 
+
+
+fented 
+
+
+86 
+
+
+/Eta , the Father of Medea, deprived of the golden 
+Fieece 169 
+
+Aglaia , one of the Graces, and the Wife of Vulcan 
+
+121 
+
+Alchymy, or the Tranfmutation of Metals, £ 5 c. founded 
+
+
+ly on the Names given to Planets 
+Abides, one of the Names of Hercules 
+Alcithoe , for deriding the PrieftefTes of Bacchus , ti; 
+formed into a Bat 
+
+Alcmena, deceived by Jupiter under the Form of 
+
+
+277 
+
+1 5 7 
+
+
+40 
+
+
+Hufband Amphyt 
+
+
+Alefto 
+Alph 
+
+
+of the Furies 
+Love with Diana 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Altars, facred Groves, and Sacrifice 
+
+
+Simplicity of the moll 
+
+
+
+dudlfon of Altar 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+Ag 
+
+
+3 ° 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+47 
+
+67 
+
+99 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Groves, 308. Of the antient Sacrifices, 309 
+
+
+human Victims, 309 
+
+
+
+
+10 
+
+
+and the Intro- 
+ginal of facred 
+
+Of 
+
+u fed 
+
+
+The Ceremc 
+
+
+Sacrifices, and the Manner in which they 
+
+
+performed 
+
+Althaea, caufes the Death of her Son 
+Amalthcea, the Goat that nurfed Jupiter 
+Amathus (the Women of) changed into 
+Amazons, defeated by Hercules 
+
+
+310, 3 
+
+
+Oxen 
+
+
+98 
+
+4 * 
+
+1 10 
+
+
+Astibarnsalia^ Feftivals in Honour of Ceres, how per 
+
+
+formed 
+
+
+Ampb 
+
+
+(aid to raife the Walls of Thebes 
+
+
+Harmony of his Ly 
+
+
+
+*35 
+
+the 
+
+ire 
+
+
+Amph 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+Neptune's Wife 
+
+
+Amy 
+
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+E X. 
+
+
+Amy 
+
+
+Son of A leptune, killed by Pellux 
+
+
+Andie* a Brals Buckler 
+
+
+be lent 
+
+
+Hea 
+
+
+163 
+
+
+12S 
+
+Andromeda , expofed to a Sea Monfter, delivered by 
+Per/ 
+
+Anheus, a Giant, fqueezed to Death by Hercules 
+
+
+
+3 
+
+
+1 54 
+
+Antiope, debauched by Jupiter in the Form of a Satyr 
+
+44 
+
+Apelh, his Birth and Adventures 74, 75, 76, 77 Tne 
+princioal Places where he was worfliipped, 78. The 
+Origin of the Fable of/fy*//*, 80, 81. In what 
+Manner he was Teprefented 82. His Offspring, 
+
+
+83 
+
+
+9 it 
+
+
+His Oracle at Delphos defcribed, 79, 299, 
+
+t V ■* « % m m m 9 m 1 • I 
+
+
+1 hat Temple and the Riches it contained 
+
+
+Arachrte pretending to 
+turned into a Spide 
+ble 
+
+Ariadne gives Thtfeus a Clue 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+322 
+
+
+Minerva in Weaving, is 
+
+
+23 
+
+
+The Origin of this F 
+
+
+1 2 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+
+of the Labyrinth; but he ungratefully 
+iTie is found by Bacchus, who takes her 
+Crown turned into a Conftellation 
+
+
+hich he gets out 
+
+
+7 2 
+
+
+• » 
+
+
+her. 
+Her 
+140 
+
+Argonauts, Jafon-s Companions, who attended him hi 
+Im ExpeditionJo fetch the golden Fleece, 169. The 
+Origin of the Fable of the Argonauts' Expedition 
+
+
+171 
+
+
+Argus , who had an hundred Eyes, ordered to 
+Jo, but is killed by Mercury, when J 
+
+
+wa 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+into a Peacock,.45, 46. This Fable explained, 46, 
+
+47 
+
+a fkilful Mufician, being robbed and thrown 
+
+
+the Sea 
+
+
+carried to Land 
+
+
+the Back of 
+
+
+Dolphin 
+Arijheus , hi 
+Arufpices, o 
+
+
+Biftory 
+
+
+etching future Events 
+
+. v. 
+
+
+Entrails of Victims, 288. F 
+
+
+
+fiiperftirious Obfer 
+
+
+Manner 
+
+
+which the Intrails 
+
+
+hat were the Rules of judging 
+
+
+178, 179 
+
+.90 
+
+nfpe&ing 
+whence thele 
+
+The 
+
+examined, and 
+
+289, 290 
+
+
+derived, 289 
+
+
+Afcalaphus, telling that Proferptne had eaten fome 
+
+
+Grains of a Pomeg 
+
+Toad 
+
+
+js transformed into a 
+
+58 
+
+Aftertax 
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+AUt 
+
+
+via 
+
+
+Eagle 
+
+
+iway by Jupiter in the Shape of 
+
+
+Ajl 
+
+
+returns to H 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+JS 
+
+
+Coutlell 
+
+Altrology, 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+ged 
+
+
+its O 
+
+
+clitic* and 
+
+dications 
+Good and Ev 
+
+
+trgo 
+
+igm 
+thole of 
+of’ their 
+
+
+44 
+
+the 
+
+21 t 
+
+
+3 - 
+
+PI 
+
+
+The Names of the 
+
+
+
+Offices 
+
+
+;igincd to be Jo 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+rding to their Na 
+
+
+prod 
+
+
+74 
+
+
+$75. The figns fuppofed to prtftde ove 
+of the human Body 
+Atalanta and Hippomenes turned into Lions 
+
+
+all Pa 
+
+
+Atlas 
+
+
+Defce 
+
+
+Offspring 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+
+F.xpl 
+
+
+*75 
+
+11 o 
+
+
+
+Per feus, by /hewing him the Meduft 
+
+
+Head 
+
+
+him into a Mountain, ibid. The origin of 
+
+
+Fable of Atlas 
+
+
+Atropos 
+
+
+Deftin 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+6 z 
+
+
+Atys y beloved by Cybele , is murdered by his Father’s 
+Order, 37. Turned into a Pine-Tree ibid. 
+
+Augeas 's Stable, containing three thoufand Oxen, 
+
+and himfelf /lain for 
+
+
+cleanfed by Hercules in a Day 
+
+
+Am 
+
+
+Perfidy 
+
+
+ght of Bi 
+
+
+forming a Judgment of Futurity 
+
+
+
+
+the 
+
+From whence it arofe, 283. 
+The Manner in which the Ceremony was perform 
+
+
+2S4 
+
+
+nd wh 
+
+
+the Rules of judging, 285, 286. 
+Of the facred Chickens, and the other Methods of 
+
+
+Di 
+
+
+2S6 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+1 » 
+
+
+Of the College of Au 
+
+
+Qualifications neccllary to render 
+
+
+Pedbn 
+
+
+pable of being chofe 
+
+
+the Office 
+
+
+287 
+
+
+288 
+
+
+Aurora 9 her Delcent, ie. Carries Cepbalus and Titfra 
+
+
+nils into Heaven, ibid. Her Defcrip 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+B. 
+
+
+JP>Acchsi nalia a 
+
+Bacchus 
+
+Bacchus , his Ed 
+His N amts, 1 
+
+
+Brumalia , Feftivals in Honour of 
+
+
+and Expl 
+
+
+3 &> 139 
+
+
+42 
+
+4°* 
+
+
+4 i 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+His principal Fe/fivals, 842 
+
+
+How; reprefented by the .Poets and Painters 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Oiigin of this fabulous Deity 
+
+
+
+
+43 
+
+
+*43 
+
+144 
+
+
+His Attendants 
+
+
+45»146 
+Battus 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Bat t us 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+1'ouch-it o ut 
+
+
+Be I ides, their Crime and Punifhment in Tarta 
+
+
+Belief oph 
+
+
+Hi it 01 y 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+04 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+Fabi 
+
+
+Bell 
+
+
+the Goddefs of War, defcrihed 
+
+
+Boar of Erimantl 
+
+
+ken hy Hercules 
+
+
+Fhe Origin of 
+
+167 
+
+1 34 
+
+150 
+
+
+
+Polina , to lave herfelf from Apollo, throws herfelf 
+the Sea 
+
+Bona Dea % one of the Titles of Cybtle 
+
+Boreas , 
+
+
+the North Wind, his Hiitory and Offspring 
+
+
+
+Bmnchidce, Oracle of 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+ed 
+
+
+
+being 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+gled in her own Nets 
+
+
+80 
+238 
+is 
+
+97 
+
+
+Bull , one that breathed Fire, taken by Hercules 
+
+
+
+Bufiris , a ci uel Ty 
+
+
+taken by Hercules, and facri 
+
+
+faced 
+
+
+Nett 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+54 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+c. 
+
+
+✓*>Abiri, three great Deities introduced from Egypt 
+
+vy o . ? j _. 
+
+
+into S a moth* acia 
+
+
+20 $ 
+
+
+Cacus, the Son of Vukan> a notorious Robber, killed 
+
+
+by Hercules 
+
+
+130 
+
+
+Cadmus, his Hiftory, 176, 177. He and his Wife 
+Hermione turned to Serpents, 177. This F.able ex 
+
+
+plained 
+
+C.celus , the Son of Gaia or Terra 
+Caculus, Son of Vulcan, 3 20. Caftrated 
+
+
+
+177, 178 
+
+iz 
+
+Saturn 
+
+l 3 
+55 
+
+
+Counts transformed into a Man 
+Cali ft O' debauched by Jupiter under the Form cf 
+Diana ; turned into a Bear, and made a Cpnftella- 
+
+43 
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+Calliope , one of the Mufes, prefiding over Rhetoric 
+
+9 1 . 
+
+Calumny , an Altar erected to her, 218. A Picture of 
+
+ibid. 
+
+3 2 3 
+
+
+this, Goddefs drawn by Apelles defcribed 
+Capitol at Rome defcribed 
+Cafialia, turned into a Fountain 
+
+
+78 
+
+Cajlpr and Pollux, their Birth and Actions, 162, 163 
+
+Their 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+frr* 
+
+
+I heir flia 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+rtality between them, and 
+
+zmini 163 
+
+
+
+64 
+
+26 
+
+
+
+made the Cancellation G 
+Cecrops , turned into /fpes 
+Celeus killed by Ceres 
+Cepbalus , beloved by /ai 
+cris without Defign 
+
+1 m O f 
+
+Cerberus del'cribed 64, 65. Dragged out of Hell by 
+
+The Origin of the Fables related 
+
+
+Kills his Wife Pro 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+Htrcu 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+of this Montter 
+Ceres , her Birth, 
+
+
+Search 
+
+
+Her Adventu 
+
+her Daughter Proferpine 
+
+
+
+
+73. 
+
+while 
+32 , 
+
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+Her feveral Names, and Defcription of the Manner 
+
+
+in which Sacrifices were offered to her 
+
+
+36 
+
+
+34 
+
+
+
+The Origin of the Fables, and of tne my it 
+Rites of Ceres. 1 
+
+
+
+37 
+
+
+The Manner in 
+
+
+which Hie was repiefented by the Poets and Paint- 
+
+The Temple of Ceres and Proferpine 
+
+
+ers, 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+^ . 3 f 9 
+
+Chaos, according to Hefiod , the Father of the Gods, 
+
+249 
+
+
+11. 
+
+
+Why reprefen ted as a God 
+
+
+Charon , his Office and Character, 64. The Origin of 
+
+
+this fabulous Character 
+Cbarybdis, turned into a Whirlpool 
+
+
+Ckenchrius , ki lied 
+Fountain 
+
+
+73 
+
+1S7 
+
+
+
+Diana, and transformed into a 
+
+
+Chimara, deftroyed by Bellerophon 
+Cbione , deprived of Speech by Diana 
+
+
+99, ICO 
+
+164 
+
+99 
+
+
+Circe , a famous Sorcerefs, banifhed for killing her 
+Hufband, 91. Falls in Love with Glaucus , and 
+turns her Rival Scylla into a Sea Monfler,9i. Turns 
+the Companions of Ulyffes into Swine, ibid. 
+
+
+The 
+
+✓a/ 
+
+Origin of this Fable 91, 246 
+
+Cijfus y tiunsformed by Bacchus into the Plant Ivy 140 
+Clemency , Altars axd Images erected to this Virtue 216 
+
+93 
+
+62 
+78 
+
+
+Clio, one of the Mufes, pi eliding over Hiftory 
+Clotbo , one of the Deliinies 
+Clytie , changed into a Sun Flower 
+C/ytoris , deflowered by Jupiter in the Shape of an Ant 
+
+
+Cocytus , one of the infernal Rivers 
+Compitalia , a Feftival in Honour of the Lares 
+
+
+44 
+
+61 
+
+396 
+
+C oncordia , 
+
+
+
+I N D EX. 
+
+Concordia , or Concord, a Goddefs 214 
+
+Cupid , two of this Name mentioned by the Poets, 11 
+114. The Manner in which Cupid is reprefented 
+by the Poets and Painters, 114. The Origin of this 
+little God derived from 1 he Egyptian Horus. 114, 
+
+n? 
+
+Cybele , or Vejla the Elder, her Hillory, and the De- 
+fcription of her Image, 36, 37, Her Piiefts, Sa¬ 
+crifices, &c. 37, 38, 39 
+
+
+Cyclops defcribed 121. Their Employment, 74. Kil¬ 
+led by Apollo ibid. 
+
+CycnuSy a Savage Prince vanquiflied by Hercules 1^4 
+Cycnus , turned into a Swan 87 
+
+Cynthia , one of the Names of Diana 100 
+
+Cyparijfus , turned into a Cyprefs-Tiee 75 
+
+Cypria and Cytherea , Names given to Venus 108 
+
+Cythtron , rejecting Tijiphcne's Love is turned into a 
+Mountain 68 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+ry< 4 nae t (educed by Jupiter in the Form of a golden 
+
+
+Shower 
+Daphne turned into a Laurel 
+
+
+44 
+
+77 
+
+
+Dejanira , the Wife of Hercules , the innocent Caufe of 
+
+
+1 s^, 157 
+
+
+ills Death 
+
+Death, the Daughter of Nox , or^Night 
+
+
+Deities , inferior, attending Mankind from their Bir{h 
+
+
+
+to their Deceafe 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+206, 207, 208, 209,' 2to 
+
+
+Deliusy one of the Names of Apollo 
+Delphosy the Temple and Oracle of Apollo there 
+
+
+Dejiinies or Fates y their Names and Offices. 
+Mythology of thefe Characters 
+
+
+78 
+
+79 
+
+The 
+
+62, 63 
+
+
+Deucalion , reftoies the Race of Mankind deftroyed by 
+the Deluge, 23, 24. Other Fables of the faille 
+
+
+Kind, 
+
+
+251, 260, 261 
+
+hit _1 r_ 1 
+
+
+Diana , her Adventures, 97, 98, 99. Her'fevejal 
+Names, and the different Characters under whioh 
+flie was worfhipped, 100, 101. The Origin of the 
+Fables relating to this Goddefs, 101, 102, 103. Her 
+. Temple at EphefusAzi bribed 318 
+
+Dion.i;Je t 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+Diomede , the Tyrant of Thrace, vanquished * by Hercu¬ 
+les , and given as a Prey to his own Horfes, who 
+breathed Fire, and were fed with human Fleflh 1st 
+
+
+220 
+
+
+Difiertation on the Theology of the Heathens 
+Dryades, the Nymphs of the Foreffs and Woods 191 
+
+
+E. 
+
+
+m 0 , has a Daughter by Pan , 
+
+flie 
+
+
+Voice 
+
+
+but he flighting her, 
+pined a Way till ilie had nothing left but her 
+
+183 
+
+Egyptians, fome Remarks on the Ceremonies ufed at 
+their Funerals, 72, 73, 240, 241. The Improba¬ 
+bility of their worihipping Beaffs, Reptiles, and Ve¬ 
+
+
+getables, 242 
+Egyptians 
+
+Eleufinian Rites 
+
+
+243 . 
+
+
+Temples nrft built 
+
+
+
+the 
+
+136 
+
+
+Elyftan Fields defcribed, 71, 72. The Origin of the 
+
+
+babies relating to them 
+
+
+Endymion , beloved 
+
+this Fable 
+
+
+
+Diana , 101. 
+
+
+72, 73, 240, 241 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+
+
+Origin of 
+
+
+101 
+
+
+Epimetheus , opens Pandora's Box 
+Epulanes , their Office 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+102 
+22 
+
+r r , 3r; 
+
+Erato , one of the Mufes, prefiding over Elegiac Poe¬ 
+
+
+try and Dancing - 93 
+
+Ericlbonius , the Son of Vulcan , the firft Inventor of 
+
+; . ; Ch£iiots 
+
+Erimanthian Boar feized by Hercules 
+
+
+120 
+
+* 5 ° 
+
+
+Eriftcbton, punifhed by Ceres with perpetual Hunger $ 
+and fells his Daughter under different Shapes to 
+
+
+fupply his Wants 
+Eumenidss , or the Furies, defcribed, 67, 68. 
+
+Fable of the Furies explained 
+Euphrofyne , one of the Graces 
+
+
+The 
+68, 69 
+
+95 
+
+Europe , debauched by Jupiter in the Shape of a white 
+
+Bui! ] 176 
+
+Eurydice. her Story 87 
+
+Euryjlheus commands Hercules to perform his Labours 
+
+
+Euterpe % the Mufe of Tragedy 
+
+
+*49 
+
+93 
+
+
+Fame, 
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+
+F. 
+
+
+J?Ame, how reprefented 
+
+
+JL i 
+
+
+Fauns , Tural Gods 
+
+
+213 
+190 
+
+
+Faunusy a rural God, from whence fprang the Fauns, 
+
+190 
+
+FauftitaSy or Public Felicity, many Temples conle 
+
+
+
+crated to her., 21 
+Feciales, their Office 
+
+
+How repreiented 
+
+
+ibid , 
+
+3 ! 4 > 3*5 
+
+
+Feroniay the Goddefs of Woods and Orchards 1,91,192 
+Fiilss , or Faith, the Manner in which her Sacrifices 
+
+
+were performed 
+Flamines their Office 
+fldra, Goddefs of Flowers 
+
+
+Floralia 
+
+
+
+afts in Honour of Flora 
+
+
+94 
+
+
+214 
+
+314 
+
+95 
+
+94 
+
+
+1 
+
+i 
+
+
+For tuna y or .Fortune, worfhi-pped as a Goddefs, 212 
+
+
+Her various Names, 212. 
+
+
+How 
+
+
+prefenteu 
+
+
+Furies, their Office, ; Characters, arid Perfons defcrib 
+
+
+
+ed 
+
+
+67, .68 
+
+
+The Fable of the Furies explained 
+
+68, 69 
+
+
+G 
+
+
+• • 
+
+
+1 * * 
+
+
+1 Alan ibis changed into a Weafel 
+
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+VJT /'v., y; 
+
+
+4 
+
+% 
+
+
+Gallusy or Akflryon r transformed into a Cock 
+
+
+48 
+
+18 
+
+
+Ganymede , carried by Jupiter into Heaven, and made 
+
+
+his Cup~beai 
+this 1 Fable 
+Genii , or Dsen 
+
+
+62 
+
+
+Different Interpretations of 
+
+
+98 
+
+
+ons, attendant Sp 
+orifices and Offerings made them 
+Geryon , King of Spain , who had three Bodies 
+by Hercules 
+
+Giants, their War with Jupiter , and Defeat, 
+An Explication of this Fable 
+
+
+1 62 
+The Sa- 
+
+ibid. 
+
+killed 
+
+
+
+3 
+
+
+y 
+
+
+
+Glaucus 
+
+
+Fifherman made a Sea God 
+
+
+33 
+
+30 
+
+
+Golden Age defer ibed 
+Golden Fleece, an Account of the Ram that bore it. 
+Its being guarded by a Dragon and Bulls breath 
+
+
+ing F 
+
+7 a f‘ 
+
+
+68 
+
+
+And of its being 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+away by 
+
+169 
+Good 
+
+
+
+I N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+Good Genius , a Temple erected to h 
+Good SenJ 
+Gorgons, 
+
+
+Altar ere&ed to him 
+
+
+deferibed 
+Graces* three Attendants on 
+
+
+the. 
+
+
+Or 
+
+
+tgin 
+
+
+ibid , 
+
+
+How reprefented 
+
+
+ViUies, 95 
+
+
+G rtf a*. Sifters to the Gorgons y deferibed 
+
+
+Crozes, fi 
+
+
+21 7 
+
+2 16 
+
+186 
+
+
+Tb 
+
+
+wnence 
+
+
+eir 
+
+96 
+186 
+
+were conftdered as facred 
+
+308 
+
+
+H. 
+
+
+TSAmadryrules y Nymphs who animated fonie 1 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Harpyesy their Na 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+and a Defcription of them 
+
+
+with the Mythology of their Characters 
+HeirpocrateSy the God of Silence, his Origin 
+
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+
+Healthy her Tempi 
+
+Hebe, her Birth and Hiftory 
+
+
+64 
+
+18 
+
+1 7 
+
+
+
+Heca te 
+
+
+of the Names sfiv'en to Dian 
+
+
+Her Temples ibid , 
+
+
+Figure as Gotidefs of the Infernal Reg 
+
+The Orid 
+
+
+Her 
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+of th 
+
+
+GoddefsC and‘of 
+
+
+diffe 
+
+
+Names and Characters 
+
+Helena^ carried away by Theft 
+Helle , when on 
+
+
+°3 
+73 
+
+
+the point of being facrificed, is car 
+ried through the Air on the Ram that bore the goi 
+
+
+den Fleece : but fall 
+
+
+mg 
+
+
+is drowned 
+
+
+which from her is called the Hellefp 
+
+
+that Sea* 
+
+168 
+
+
+Hercules • his Birth 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+48 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+5 ° 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+^4 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+The Origin of thefe Fabies 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+57 
+
+
+Labours, 
+
+His Death 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+49 
+
+56 
+
+60 
+
+16 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+Hennaphroditus and Salwacis, formed into one Ferfcn 
+
+
+called an Hermcbhrodi 
+
+
+Hermes 
+
+
+of Mercury's N 
+
+
+Hermione. the Wife of Cad??. 
+
+
+pent 
+
+
+turned into 
+
+
+Heft 
+
+
+* 
+
+pofed td a Sea Mohfter r and delivered 
+
+
+io 5 
+
+104 
+
+Ser- 
+
+*77 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+
+HefperideSy their Garden gua v djed by a Dr 
+
+
+54 
+
+
+hundred He 
+
+
+ads. 
+
+
+cules kills the Dtagon, and 
+
+takes 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+takes away the golden Fruit, 153. An Explication 
+of the Fable of the HefperUts , 
+
+
+160, 16 c 
+
+
+He [pet us y the Son of Atlas , transformed into the 
+
+Morning Star i 3 
+
+Hitidy with brazen Feet and golden Horns, taken by 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+150 
+
+
+Hippolitus, rejects the Solicitations of Phadray flies to 
+efcape the EfFedts of her Revenge, and is killed by 
+
+
+a Fall from his Chariot 
+Hippomenes and Atalanta turned into Lions 
+
+Honour , her Temple 
+
+
+1 73 
+
+110 
+
+214 
+
+
+Hopey woriliipped, 214. How reprefented, 214, 215 
+Honey or the Hours, their Defcent, and how em- 
+
+115 
+
+4 1 
+
+
+ployed 
+
+Horn of Plenty, its Origin 
+
+
+Hyacinthusy killed 
+Flower 
+
+
+
+A poll0 , and changed . into a 
+
+IS 
+
+
+Hyadesy lamenting the Lofs of their Brother Hyas 9 ar« 
+
+
+turned into Stars 
+Hydra , a monftrous Serpent killed by Hercules 
+
+
+l 9 
+
+*49 
+
+
+Hymen y his Birth, and the Manner in which he was 
+reprefented, 115. His Origin an Egyptian Horus 
+
+ibid . 
+
+% • 4 
+
+Hyperiotty the Son of Ccelus and Terra , aflafllnated 14 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+
+Anusy his Hiftory, 34. His Image deicribed, 36. 
+
+J The Meaning of the Fable o i Janus 
+
+Japetusy the Father of Epimetheus and Prometkeus % 21 
+
+Jafotiy his Birth and Education, 168. Undertakes a 
+Voyage to fetch the golden Fleece, which he gains 
+by the Afliftance of Medea , 169. The Adtions of 
+this Sorcerefs, who follows him to Greece 9 Jafon's 
+leaving her, and her Revenge 
+
+Idaliay one of the Names of Venus 
+Idmon, the Son of Apolhy killed by a wild Boar 
+
+c 
+
+
+170 
+
+ic8 
+
+89 
+
+
+
+
+Idolatry, fome Conjedtures concerning its Original 
+
+
+Infernal Regions deicribed 
+
+P 
+
+
+220, 230 
+
+61 
+
+Inferior 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+Inferior Deities attending Mankind from their Birth to 
+their Deceafe 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 
+
+Inferior rural Deities 
+Ino and Melicertes , turned into Marine Deities, and 
+
+
+210 
+
+
+take the Names of Leucotbea and Palcemon 
+h , her Story 
+
+lolaus , at the Intercelhon of Hercules , reftored to 
+Youth, 150. After his Death returns to Earth to 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+84 
+
+46 
+
+
+revenge the Infults offered to the Heraclidce 
+Iris, the Meffenger of Juno 
+
+
+*5 7 
+5 1 
+
+
+IJis> an Egyptian Goddefs, whofe Worfoip was intro 
+duced at Rome 199, 210, 211 
+
+Itys murdered by Progne , and turned into a Pheafant 
+
+129 
+
+Juno, her Birth and Names, 49, 50. The Manner 
+
+51, 52 
+
+, His War with 
+
+
+in which die was reprefented 
+Jupiter his Birth and Education, 41 
+
+
+
+
+
+tents* 42. 
+
+
+trigues, 43, 
+
+
+J • f ■ 
+
+His other Exploits, 42. His In- 
+44, 45, 46. An Explication of the 
+Fables refited of Jupiter , 46, 47. The Manner in 
+which he was reprefented, 48. His Oracle at Do- 
+dona 'deferibed, 296. And that of Jupiter Ammon 
+in Lybia, 298. The Temple of Jupiter Olympus , 
+
+
+&c-. 
+
+
+Ixion , his Crime and Puni foment in Tartarus 
+
+
+3 ! 9, 3 20 
+
+
+70 
+
+
+L. 
+
+
+• \ 1 
+
+
+
+
+T Achefis, 
+
+
+of the D^ftihies 
+
+
+Lares, do'meftic Gods, their Deicent, 196 
+Manner in Which they were reprefented 
+Lntonjt , the Mother of Apollo and Diana , ti 
+
+
+62 
+
+The 
+
+197 
+s the 
+
+
+Clowris of Ly 
+
+
+Frog 
+
+
+for refilling to let her 
+
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+Leda debauched by Jupiter in th£ Shape of 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+Brings forth two Egg 
+
+
+a Swan, 
+
+62 
+72 
+
+77 
+
+Leucoiboe , turned into the Tree that bears Frankincenle 
+
+78 
+
+Liberty, Altars and Temples confecrated to her 21 
+
+Limniades 
+
+
+Let be, the River of Forgetfulnefs 
+Leucippus dabbed 
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+' 9 * 
+
+
+Ltmniadesy Nym phs who frequented Lakes 
+LinceuSy kills CaJlor y and is himfelf killed by Pollux 
+
+26 3 
+
+Linusy Son of Apollo y his Story, 89. The Origin at 
+
+
+the Fable 
+
+
+90 
+
+
+Linus punifhed with Death, for prefuming to fing with 
+
+
+Apollo 
+
+
+7 6 
+
+
+Lucinay one of the Names of Juno and Diana 50, 101 
+Luna , or the Moon, one of Diana *s Names 
+
+
+100 
+
+
+Lupercaliay a Feaft celebrated in Honour of Pan 189 
+Lycaon, for his Impiety and Inhumanity turned into a 
+
+
+Wolf 
+
+
+4 a 
+
+
+Lycasy being hurled into the Air by Hercules y falls in¬ 
+to the River Thertnopolisy where he is transformed 
+into a Rock 156, 157 
+
+Lycian Clowns, turned into Frogs for muddying the 
+
+*33 
+
+
+Water, when Ceres wanted to drink 
+
+
+Lycurgusy having affronted Bacchus, is deprived of 
+
+
+his Reafon 
+
+
+M. 
+
+
+140 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+JEnades , the Priefteffes and Nymphs of Baccbu 
+
+246 
+
+Maoris , the Nurfe of Bacchus 138 
+
+Magky of two Kinds, 279. Its Origin, 280. 
+
+calling up the Spirits of the Dead 
+Magna Pales , one of the Names of Cybele 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+281, 282 
+
+39 
+
+
+Mars , how produced, 127. His different Names, 127 
+128. His Intrigue with Venus, 15,8. His Offspring, 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+29. The Origin of the Fables relating to this 
+God, 130. The Manner in which he has been re- 
+prefented by Poets, Painters, and Statuaries 131 
+Marfyasy pretending to equal Apollo in Mufic, is 
+flea’d alive, and afterwards changed into a River 76 
+Medeay a Sorcerefs, aflifts Jafon in obtaining the gol¬ 
+
+
+den Fleece, 169. Her Exploits 
+
+
+169, 470 
+
+
+Medufa, her Hair turned to Snakes by Minerva, 98. 
+All that looked at her turned into Stones, ibid. Her 
+
+
+Head cut off by Per feus 
+Meg#ra % one of the Furies 
+
+
+*6$ 
+67 
+
+
+Melanthoy furprized by Neptune , as flae was riding on 
+
+a Dolphin 
+
+
+
+54 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+Meleager 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+I N D E X. 
+
+Meleager , his Story, 98, 99. His Sifters turned into 
+Hen Turkies 98, 99, 
+
+Melpomene , one of the Mufes, who preftded over Ly¬ 
+ric and Epic Poetry 93 
+
+Mentha , changed into Mint 58 
+
+Mercury , his Birth, Thefts, and his other Exploits* 
+103, 104. His various Offices, 104. The real Origin 
+of this fabulous Deity, 106. His Oracle at Claros 
+
+3 l 4 
+
+Mercy , Altars and Temples erected to this Virtue 216 
+Metra , transforms herfelf into various Shapes, and is 
+as often fold by her Father 5$ 
+
+Midas , for giving an unjuft Sentence againft Apollo , is 
+jewarded with Afles Ears, 76. Bacchus grants his 
+Wifli, that whatever he touched might be changed 
+into Gold • 140 
+
+Minerva, her feveral Names, 122. Her Character 
+and Exploits, 123. Her Temples, Statues, &c. 
+124. The Oiigin of this Goddefs, and of the Fa¬ 
+
+
+bles related of her, 125, 126. How reprefenteJ 
+by the Poets and Sculptors 127 
+
+Minos , one of the Judges of Hell, his Hiftory 66 
+
+Minotaur , a Monfter who lived on hum in Fleffi, kill¬ 
+ed by Th:feus, 172. This Fable explained 173 
+Maenades tear Orpheus to Pieces 88 
+
+Momus cenfures the Actions of the Gods 181 
+
+MorpheUs , the God of Sleep, defcribed 183 
+
+Mufes , their Birth and diftinft Provinces, 92, 93. 
+
+Their Origin 94 
+
+
+Mythology of the Heathens, 239. Of FidEon in ge¬ 
+neral, 240. By what Means Allegoiies became Ob¬ 
+jects of Faith, illu ft rated by fome Obfervations on 
+the Ceremonies with which the Egyptians buried 
+their Dead, ibid. A Prayer tiled by the Egyptians 
+at their Funerals, 241. The Improbability of their 
+worshipping Beafts, Reptiles, and Vegetables, 242. 
+Many of the Heathen Fables derived from the Fic- 
+r tions of tlie Poets, a Concern for the Honour of 
+the Ladies, and a Similitude of Names, 243, 244, 
+235, 246, 247, 248. The Sentiments of the Pa¬ 
+gans in Relation to the Origin of the World, 
+
+
+com¬ 
+
+pared 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+pared with thofe given us by Mo/es , 248, 249, 250, 
+
+Or the golden Age, as deicribed by 
+
+
+251 
+
+
+2152. 
+
+
+Phiiofophers and Poets, 2S3, .254. Of the FalJ of 
+Man, as defcribed by Pythagoras, Plato, and feverai 
+Indian and Chinefe Authors, 254, 25256? 257. 
+Of good or bad (Daemons, 25$. Of the Fables of 
+
+the Titans, and Giants, 259, 2,60. Traditions re¬ 
+lating to the jCJniverfal Deluge, 260, 261 , 262. The 
+Heathen Fables filled with noble Sentiments, 263, 
+264. Or the Morals of the Qrepk and Roman Phi¬ 
+iofophers., 264, 265, 266, 267, 268. In w ; hat 
+Pagan idolatry .confided 268, 270, 27 ?, 272 
+
+
+N. 
+
+
+hTAiaJes, Nymphs of Brooks and Rivers 
+
+JL V A 1 _ . t 'TT» 1 .. 1 • r TT 
+
+
+19^ 
+
+A lap<e<e v the Tutelar Guardians of Vallies, and 
+
+ib id. 
+
+*49 
+
+
+flowery Meads 
+Ntmaan Lion killed by Mercuries 
+
+
+
+how r«> 
+
+213 
+
+
+Nenujis, one of .the 
+
+:preiented 
+
+Neptune, his Defcent, 53. His remarkable Actions 
+53, $4, 55.. The Mythological Senfe of this Fa¬ 
+ble, 56. The Manner in .which he was painted ibid. 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+Nereus , a Sea God 
+
+
+183 
+
+
+Nereids, Sea Nymphs, the Fifty Daughters- of Ne 
+
+reus \ ibid. 
+
+Nejus, the Centaur, killed by Hercules with a poiton 
+
+ed Arrow jfjfi 
+
+Niobeh Children Cain by ApoJh, and herfelf ftupificd 
+with Grief for the Lofs of her Children, is turned 
+
+T3 
+
+6$ 
+
+
+into a Stone, 76. 
+Nox, and her Progeny 
+
+
+
+
+after having loft his purple Lock of Hair, and 
+
+I • ^ 1 : • r * ' ^ . 
+
+
+his Kingdom, is transformed into a.Hawk 
+
+
+186 
+
+
+Oi 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+f*lCeanus, the Son of Cal us and Terra 
+
+Qmphnle, Hercules *s Miftreis 
+
+T itula tor and Optimus Maximus, 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Ops , one of the Names of Cybele 36 
+
+Oracles , 292. Much of our Happinefs depends on 
+our Ignorance of Futurity, ibid\ t$c. Rife of Ora¬ 
+cles, and the Ufe made of them by Legiflators, 293, 
+&c. Of the Oracle of Jupiter at Dqdona , 296. 
+• Remarkable Circumftance relating to this Oracle, 
+297. T he Oracle of Jupiter Ammon in Lybia , 298. 
+' Apollo at Delphos y 299, et feq. What gave Rife to 
+it, 300. Manner in which Anfwers were given, 
+ibid) &c. Tropbonius in Bceotia, 302. Branchidce 
+“ near Miletus , 303. Apollo at Claros and of Mercu¬ 
+ry in Actinia, 304. Different Manners of convey¬ 
+
+
+ing Anfwers 305 
+
+Oreades , Nymphs who prefided over the Mountains 
+
+190 
+
+Orgia 19c, 192. 
+
+Orion , his wondrous Birth, &c. 181. Put to Death 
+
+i % 0 " 
+
+by Diana , 182. Made a Conftellation ibid 
+
+Orpheus , his Story, 89. Fable unfolded 90 
+
+Qrthofia and Orthia , Names of Diana 100 
+
+O/cophot in, Phoenician Feftivals to Bacchus 142 
+
+Oftris, the Egyptian Deity 199 
+
+• ' • 
+
+* i 
+
+p. 
+
+
+pjflolus, its golden Sands - 141 
+
+' Palcemon See Jno. 
+
+_ ♦ • 
+
+Pales , the Goddefs of Shepherds 192 
+
+Pnlilia , Feafts in Honour of Pales ibid. 
+
+Palladium 125 
+
+Pallas. See Minerva. 
+
+
+Pan , chief of the rural Gods, 187. His Defcent, ib. 
+s Valour and Amours, j 88. Signification of the 
+Name, 191. Where principally worfhipped, ibid. 
+' His Feftivals, and how reprefented ibid. feq . 
+Pan , a Name of Fortune 206 
+
+Pandora , the fiift Woman,' 21, £ 5 ?Her Box, 25. 
+
+Evils that fpread thence among It Mankind, ibid . 
+Fable explained 254 
+
+Paphia , a Name of Venus 108 
+
+Pater Patratus, his Office 315 
+
+Purely 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+Parctf 
+
+
+Deftinies 
+
+
+Paris decides the difpute about the golden Appl 
+
+
+Partiajpdi 
+
+Parthenis 
+Peace . ar 
+
+
+Name given to the Mules 
+
+
+Name 
+
+
+Mi nerva 
+
+
+Altar erected 
+
+
+6z 
+
+1 10 
+92 
+
+123 
+
+
+Pecunia , a Goddefs 
+
+Pegafus , with the Explication of the Fable 
+Penates 
+
+
+
+Per fed 
+Perft 
+
+
+a, a Name of Ji 
+his Defcent. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+Favoured 
+
+
+
+u 7 
+
+95 
+
+[97 
+
+5 ° 
+
+the 
+
+
+Gods, ibid . Cuts off MedufcH $ Head, /£ id. 1 
+
+
+Atlas into a Mountain 
+
+
+
+fcf/**. Delivers 
+
+
+meda, founds an Academy on Mount Helicon 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+Kills his Father inadvertently, ibid. Placed amongft 
+
+
+Stars 
+
+
+67 
+
+
+Fable explained 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+Phaedra > attempts to corrupt her Son-in-Law, Hippo 
+
+Dreadful confequences ibid. & feq 
+
+
+lilus 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+Phaeton , Story of, 86. His Sitters changed 
+lars, 87. Oiigin of the Fable 
+Philomela , her dilinal Story 
+Pbineus tormented by the Harpi 
+Myfteries of Jupiter 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+Pop- 
+
+ibid. 
+
+29 
+
+
+aling the 
+
+
+Ph lege than 
+
+
+of the infernal Rive 
+
+
+
+
+Phlegyas burns the Temple of Apollo 
+Phoebe and Talayra carried off by Cajlor and PqI'/ux 163 
+
+
+70 
+
+
+Phaeh 
+Phry 
+
+
+Name of Apollo 
+
+
+ej edt s 
+
+
+Advances of Ino 
+
+
+68 
+
+
+Efca 
+
+
+
+Efledts of her Fury, by Means of a Ram ibid. 
+
+
+Pic us turned into a Wood pecker 
+
+
+Pier ides 
+
+
+Name of the Mufes 
+
+
+
+9 * 
+
+
+Piety or filial Affedtion, what occafioned the eredting 
+
+
+Chapel to that Virtue 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Planets, &c. the Names given them, became Indicati 
+ons of their feveral Offices, 274. Why fuppofed to 
+produce Metals 277 
+
+Pleiades l Daughters of Atlas y changed to a Conftella- 
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+
+Pluto , his Defcent, 57. Steals away Proferpine , 
+
+His Names, 58. Manner in which he is reprefent- 
+
+il id. 
+
+
+ed, 59 
+
+
+Mythology at the Fable 
+
+
+Pollux and Cajlor their Exp! 
+
+
+62 
+
+
+Made a Co 
+
+ftellatio 
+
+
+
+
+6 4 
+
+
+N D 
+
+Prop 
+
+
+
+
+the Romans * ibid. Unknown to 
+
+
+ftellation, i 
+Worihipped 
+
+the Egyptians and Phoenicians 
+Polyphemus the Giant blinded by UlyJJi 
+Pomona, Qoddefs of Fruit-Tiees 
+ihip with Vertumnus 
+Pont if ex Maximus 
+Populofa , a Name of Juno 
+
+
+X. 
+
+to Navigation 
+
+
+ibi d. 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+ne ot JupiUr 
+
+Deity of Vineyards, tsfc 
+
+
+Ptcedator , a N 
+
+P via pus, tutel 
+
+Names, &c 
+Priehs, &c. of the Romans 
+Proclyjlifys, a Name of Neptune 
+Procris and Cephalus, their Story 
+Procruftes the Tyrant, killed by Theft 
+Prouigies, 278. Accounted for 
+
+
+ibid 
+
+IZl 
+
+Her Court- 
+
+ibid a 
+
+3*3 
+
+5 ° 
+
+48 
+
+, 193. His 
+
+ibid. 
+
+3*3 
+
+55 
+
+
+
+171 
+
+ibid & feq 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Philomela 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Prog n 
+
+Prometheus, Account of him, 21, & feq. Fable 
+plained 
+
+Ptqnuha, a Name of 
+Propeetides turned into Stones 
+
+Proferpine carried away by Pluto, 60. Her various 
+Names, ibid. Fable explained, ibid. Her Mother 
+
+
+
+^3 
+
+50 
+
+110 
+
+
+goes in learch of her, and the Adventures ike 
+
+
+with 
+
+Prorervia , Feltivals of Vulcan 
+
+Proteus 
+
+Pryerie turned into a Fountain 
+Pudicitia or Chadiiy 
+
+Pygmalion falls enamoured of 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+
+84 feq 
+
+99 
+
+
+
+inn 
+
+
+king 
+
+
+Name of Minerva 
+
+
+Pylot 
+
+Pyrrka , the Wile 0! Deucalion 
+
+Python y a Serpent (lain by dpolla, 79* Pable explained 
+
+8 
+
+
+Statue of his own 
+
+
+110 
+123 
+
+23 
+
+
+
+
+INDEX. 
+
+
+
+T>E lux, a Name of Fortune 
+
+
+JL\ 
+
+
+Rex Sacroium 
+
+Rhea, one of the Names of Cyhele 
+Sacrifices originally extremely fimple, 306, &c. 
+
+
+2\2 
+
+3 5 4 
+
+36 
+
+Of 
+
+
+human Victims 
+* 5 'alii, Priefts of 
+
+Salifubfulus , a Name of 
+Salmoneus punifhed for imitating Thunder 
+Salus, her Temple, 217. How reprefented 
+
+
+309, 310, &c. 
+
+
+
+
+1 2S 
+\b id t 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+ibid. 
+
+
+Saturn caftrates his Father Ccelus, 12 Devours his 
+Male Children 25. Taken Piifoner by Titan , but 
+fet at Liberty by Jupiter , whoafterwards dethrones 
+him, ibid. Esf feq . Fable explained, 2&, 
+
+Mildnefs of his Reign, 27.' Contraiy Accounts of 
+
+
+h i m 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+* 7 / rV/ 
+
+
+Feftivals called Saturnalia , 28. 
+
+
+Amours 
+
+
+His 
+Hid . 
+
+
+
+• • * 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*45 
+
+
+Their Origin 
+
+
+Scyron killed by TheJeus 
+
+
+*47 
+
+171 
+
+
+Scylla, Daughter of Phorcus , turned by CrVcf into a 
+
+
+186 
+187 
+
+45 
+
+201 
+
+217 
+
+ibid. 
+
+53 
+
+7 ° 
+
+5 ° 
+
+152 
+
+48 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+Monfter 
+
+Scylla, Daughter of Ny/us, turned into a Lark 
+Semele deltroyed by the embraces of Jupiter 
+Strapis , an Egyptian Deity 
+Silence, worihipped at /?«/»* 
+
+Silenus defcribed, 145. Origin of the Fable 
+Silver Age defcribed 
+
+yftphus, his Punifhment 
+Socigena and Sofpita , Names of Ji/wo 
+Stable of Augeas cleaned by Hercules 
+Stator, a Name of Jupiter 
+
+Stymphalides , monftrous Birds deftroyed by Hercules 150 
+Styx River 61 
+
+*45 
+
+ibid. 
+188 
+
+
+Syrens 96. Origin of the Fable 
+Syrinx , changed into a Tuft of Reeds 
+
+
+Tantalu 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+
+INDEX 
+
+
+T. 
+
+
+CT*Antalus> his Crime and Punifhment 
+
+
+JL nr 
+
+
+70 
+
+
+Tartarus bribed, 71. Perfons punifhed there 
+72, feq. Origin of thofe Fables 
+
+
+72 
+
+37 
+
+Ceremo- 
+
+ufed by the Romans , before they began to build 
+
+
+Telchinesy Prlefts of Vefl 
+Temples, firft built by the Egyptians , 316 
+
+
+a Tempi 
+
+
+3 1 7 
+
+
+Temple of Vulcan at Memph 
+
+
+and an extraordinary Chapel hewn out of Stone 
+
+
+318, feq .—of Diana at Ephefi 
+
+
+ibid- 
+
+
+and Proferpine y 319 .—Jupiter Olympus , ibid 
+
+
+Ceres 
+
+His 
+
+
+Statue and Thron? 
+
+
+ibid, 
+
+
+Temple of Apollo at 
+
+
+Delphosi 32 1. Of the Temples in Italy , 3 
+
+
+Pa 
+
+
+gans unanimous.in the Reverence of a Deity, ibid, 
+
+
+Theology of the Heathens, Differtation on the 
+
+
+220. 
+
+
+Conjectures concerning the Original of Idolatry, 
+
+ibid. Conformity between the Religious Rites of 
+
+the Pagans and Hebrews accounted for, ibid. The 
+
+Adoration as the primary Di- 
+
+
+Sun 
+
+
+what led 
+
+
+
+vinity, 223.—The Seraph , or fiery-flying Serpe 
+confidered as an Emblem of the Divinity, 226. 
+dolatry in Affyria prior to the Time of Abraham , 
+
+Perveifion of the Names of the Signs of the 
+ac, 230. Egypt , the chief Refidence of Sym 
+
+
+228 
+
+Zodi 
+
+
+bolical Learning 
+
+
+introduced as an ObjeCt of Worihip 
+
+
+The Human Figure , whence 
+
+
+be de 
+
+
+termined 
+
+
+Egyptians , how they came to fall 
+Idolatry , 236.— Greeks , their great Propenfity 
+
+
+2 3 4 
+
+
+to Idolatry 
+them 
+
+
+ibid 
+
+
+Deities, the great lncreafe of 
+
+237 
+
+
+Tereus, after marrying Progne y falls in Love with her 
+
+
+Sifter Philomela 
+
+
+29 
+
+
+Her barbarous Treatment 
+
+
+and Progne 's Revenge, ibid. Tereus’s being turned 
+
+
+Ijy 
+
+ingale 
+
+
+Lapwing, ibid. Progne into ft Swallow, ibid, 
+
+Pheafant, ibid. Philomela into a Night™ 
+
+ibid\ 
+
+
+Serminus, the God of Landmarks 
+
+
+Terra 
+
+
+Set by 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+the Mother and Wife of Ccelus 
+the Wife and Sifter of Oceanus 
+
+
+*93 
+
+12 
+
+*4 
+
+Tbeia , 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+N 
+
+Vifiory y a Goddefs 
+Virginia , the Daughter of Aulus> dedicates a Chapel 
+
+
+
+i « 
+
+
+to Pudicitia Plebeia 
+
+
+Virility a Name of Fortune 
+
+i 
+
+Virtue and Honour , Temples ere&ed to 
+
+
+21 $ 
+21 Z 
+
+214 
+
+
+Vulcany his Employment, and the curious Work he 
+
+
+performed, 116, feq. His Names, 117 
+
+
+Sacrl 
+
+
+hce and Fedivals, ibid\ His Amours, ibid. De 
+teds Mars with his Wife, and his Method of Re 
+venge, 118. How reprefented, ibid. Fable ex 
+plained, ng}. His Temple at Memphis defcribed 
+318. 
+
+Vulcania , Feafts of Vulcan 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+His Offspring 
+
+
+
+
+120 
+
+It? 
+
+
+Ulyjjes difcovers Achilles , notwithstanding his being 
+
+difguifed,.and takes him with Him to- the Siege of 
+
+
+
+roy 
+
+
+Vnxia , a Name of Juno 
+
+Urania Venus 
+
+% 
+
+Uranus , Son of AZtber and Dies 
+
+
+
+
+*75 
+
+
+
+5 ° ' 
+
+
+jin 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+13 
+
+
+• - ' 
+
+
+• ■ 
+
+
+
+f 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+a Name of Jupiter „ 48 
+
+Xifuthrasy faved from the Deluge by a Dream; a 
+
+
+Chaldean Tradition 
+
+
+
+
+261 
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+F J H r 8 
+
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