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# 使用 🤗 PEFT 加载adapters
[[open-in-colab]]
[参数高效微调(PEFT)方法](https://huggingface.co/blog/peft)在微调过程中冻结预训练模型的参数,并在其顶部添加少量可训练参数(adapters)。adapters被训练以学习特定任务的信息。这种方法已被证明非常节省内存,同时具有较低的计算使用量,同时产生与完全微调模型相当的结果。
使用PEFT训练的adapters通常比完整模型小一个数量级,使其方便共享、存储和加载。
<div class="flex flex-col justify-center">
<img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/peft/PEFT-hub-screenshot.png"/>
<figcaption class="text-center">与完整尺寸的模型权重(约为700MB)相比,存储在Hub上的OPTForCausalLM模型的adapter权重仅为~6MB。</figcaption>
</div>
如果您对学习更多关于🤗 PEFT库感兴趣,请查看[文档](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/index)。
## 设置
首先安装 🤗 PEFT:
```bash
pip install peft
```
如果你想尝试全新的特性,你可能会有兴趣从源代码安装这个库:
```bash
pip install git+https://github.com/huggingface/peft.git
```
## 支持的 PEFT 模型
Transformers原生支持一些PEFT方法,这意味着你可以加载本地存储或在Hub上的adapter权重,并使用几行代码轻松运行或训练它们。以下是受支持的方法:
- [Low Rank Adapters](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/conceptual_guides/lora)
- [IA3](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/conceptual_guides/ia3)
- [AdaLoRA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2303.10512)
如果你想使用其他PEFT方法,例如提示学习或提示微调,或者关于通用的 🤗 PEFT库,请参阅[文档](https://huggingface.co/docs/peft/index)。
## 加载 PEFT adapter
要从huggingface的Transformers库中加载并使用PEFTadapter模型,请确保Hub仓库或本地目录包含一个`adapter_config.json`文件和adapter权重,如上例所示。然后,您可以使用`AutoModelFor`类加载PEFT adapter模型。例如,要为因果语言建模加载一个PEFT adapter模型:
1. 指定PEFT模型id
2. 将其传递给[`AutoModelForCausalLM`]类
```py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
peft_model_id = "ybelkada/opt-350m-lora"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(peft_model_id)
```
<Tip>
你可以使用`AutoModelFor`类或基础模型类(如`OPTForCausalLM`或`LlamaForCausalLM`)来加载一个PEFT adapter。
</Tip>
您也可以通过`load_adapter`方法来加载 PEFT adapter。
```py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
model_id = "facebook/opt-350m"
peft_model_id = "ybelkada/opt-350m-lora"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
model.load_adapter(peft_model_id)
```
## 基于8bit或4bit进行加载
`bitsandbytes`集成支持8bit和4bit精度数据类型,这对于加载大模型非常有用,因为它可以节省内存(请参阅`bitsandbytes`[指南](./quantization#bitsandbytes-integration)以了解更多信息)。要有效地将模型分配到您的硬件,请在[`~PreTrainedModel.from_pretrained`]中添加`load_in_8bit`或`load_in_4bit`参数,并将`device_map="auto"`设置为:
```py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
peft_model_id = "ybelkada/opt-350m-lora"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(peft_model_id, device_map="auto", load_in_8bit=True)
```
## 添加新的adapter
你可以使用[`~peft.PeftModel.add_adapter`]方法为一个已有adapter的模型添加一个新的adapter,只要新adapter的类型与当前adapter相同即可。例如,如果你有一个附加到模型上的LoRA adapter:
```py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, OPTForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from peft import PeftConfig
model_id = "facebook/opt-350m"
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
lora_config = LoraConfig(
target_modules=["q_proj", "k_proj"],
init_lora_weights=False
)
model.add_adapter(lora_config, adapter_name="adapter_1")
```
添加一个新的adapter:
```py
# attach new adapter with same config
model.add_adapter(lora_config, adapter_name="adapter_2")
```
现在您可以使用[`~peft.PeftModel.set_adapter`]来设置要使用的adapter。
```py
# use adapter_1
model.set_adapter("adapter_1")
output = model.generate(**inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(output_disabled[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
# use adapter_2
model.set_adapter("adapter_2")
output_enabled = model.generate(**inputs)
print(tokenizer.decode(output_enabled[0], skip_special_tokens=True))
```
## 启用和禁用adapters
一旦您将adapter添加到模型中,您可以启用或禁用adapter模块。要启用adapter模块:
```py
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, OPTForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
from peft import PeftConfig
model_id = "facebook/opt-350m"
adapter_model_id = "ybelkada/opt-350m-lora"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
text = "Hello"
inputs = tokenizer(text, return_tensors="pt")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(model_id)
peft_config = PeftConfig.from_pretrained(adapter_model_id)
# to initiate with random weights
peft_config.init_lora_weights = False
model.add_adapter(peft_config)
model.enable_adapters()
output = model.generate(**inputs)
```
要禁用adapter模块:
```py
model.disable_adapters()
output = model.generate(**inputs)
```
## 训练一个 PEFT adapter
PEFT适配器受[`Trainer`]类支持,因此您可以为您的特定用例训练适配器。它只需要添加几行代码即可。例如,要训练一个LoRA adapter:
<Tip>
如果你不熟悉如何使用[`Trainer`]微调模型,请查看[微调预训练模型](training)教程。
</Tip>
1. 使用任务类型和超参数定义adapter配置(参见[`~peft.LoraConfig`]以了解超参数的详细信息)。
```py
from peft import LoraConfig
peft_config = LoraConfig(
lora_alpha=16,
lora_dropout=0.1,
r=64,
bias="none",
task_type="CAUSAL_LM",
)
```
2. 将adapter添加到模型中。
```py
model.add_adapter(peft_config)
```
3. 现在可以将模型传递给[`Trainer`]了!
```py
trainer = Trainer(model=model, ...)
trainer.train()
```
要保存训练好的adapter并重新加载它:
```py
model.save_pretrained(save_dir)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(save_dir)
```
<!--
TODO: (@younesbelkada @stevhliu)
- Link to PEFT docs for further details
- Trainer
- 8-bit / 4-bit examples ?
-->
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