0,1,2,3,4,5,correct,choiceA_probs,choiceB_probs,choiceC_probs,choiceD_probs
What is the term for a sub-optimal but acceptable outcome of negotiations between parties?,Bargaining,Satisficing,Accepting,Compromising,B,True,0.24699008464813232,0.3593684434890747,0.05511093512177467,0.10296078026294708
What is the term for the 'rule of thumb' type of bias in decision making?,Framing bias,Hindsight bias,Over-confidence bias,Heuristics,D,True,0.0757063552737236,0.12481869757175446,0.12481869757175446,0.4356600344181061
What is a normative perspective?,The way things are.,The way things are going to be.,The way things should be.,The way things were.,C,True,0.11970225721597672,0.07260309159755707,0.6078982353210449,0.06407200545072556
"In the 'five forces model', what is the type of competitive activity that exists between organisations?",The potential for entry into the industry,The threat of substitute products,The power of customers,The level of rivalry,D,True,0.07426820695400238,0.13875128328800201,0.03508181869983673,0.5487719774246216
Which one of the following political leaders could not be termed a 'transformational' leader?,Margaret Thatcher,Mikhail Gorbachov,Nelson Mandela,Bill Clinton,D,True,0.17015735805034637,0.19281354546546936,0.11694733798503876,0.21848638355731964
What is a Gantt chart a type of?,Work flow design,Work schedule design,Work rate design,Work output design,B,False,0.32130002975463867,0.2835462689399719,0.04927295818924904,0.07169172912836075
Which one of the following is a feature of McGregor's Theory X?,Workers enjoy responsibility.,Workers view physical and mental effort as a natural part of work.,Workers like to show initiative.,Workers like to be directed.,D,False,0.12882450222969055,0.30903393030166626,0.05370204150676727,0.30903393030166626
What is the term for power derived from status or position in an organisation?,Referent,Expert,Reward,Legitimate,D,False,0.2922339141368866,0.10750685632228851,0.06520619988441467,0.25789549946784973
Which writer is most associated with bureaucratic structures?,Henry Fayol,Max Weber,Adam Smith,Mary Parker Follett,B,False,0.3185054361820221,0.3185054361820221,0.043105024844408035,0.0805307924747467
Who of the following is the industrial philanthropist?,Frederick Taylor,Seebohm Rowntree,Henry Ford,Max Weber,B,True,0.15981148183345795,0.26348456740379333,0.09693057090044022,0.20520199835300446
Individualism as a guiding moral philosophy was advocated by which economist?,John Kenneth Galbraith,John Maynard Keynes,Milton Friedman,Alfred Marshall,C,False,0.19533157348632812,0.19533157348632812,0.19533157348632812,0.1723795086145401
The Hawthorn Studies are most associated with which writer?,Mary Parker Follett,Elton Mayo,Lillian Gilbreth,Frederick Taylor,B,False,0.37972015142440796,0.2609775960445404,0.04535110294818878,0.10879164189100266
How can you describe the thinking and outlook of transformational leaders?,Strategic,Operational,Functional,Developmental,A,False,0.15553918480873108,0.07347149401903152,0.07347149401903152,0.42279931902885437
What are the key characteristics of transactional leaders?,"Guiding, mentoring and motivating","Guiding, commanding and motivating","Guiding, demonstrating and motivating","Guiding, mentoring and demonstrating",A,True,0.31470268964767456,0.1486550271511078,0.06196863204240799,0.19087684154510498
What is not an assumption underpinning the rational decision making model?,Incomplete information,An agreed goal,A structured problem,High level of certainty regarding the environment,A,True,0.35226163268089294,0.1663966178894043,0.12958982586860657,0.12958982586860657
Which one of the following is not one of Drucker's five guiding principles of management?,Making people's strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant.,Enhancing the ability of people to contribute.,To operate the organisation's status system.,"Integrating people in a common venture by thinking through, setting and exemplifying the organisational objectives, values and goals.",C,False,0.10269639641046524,0.13186480104923248,0.16931773722171783,0.3584456443786621
What is a paradigm?,A theoretical assumption,An illustration,A theoretical model,An example serving as a model,D,False,0.29855507612228394,0.09692664444446564,0.1810828149318695,0.159805029630661
What one of the following is not a key management skill in planning?,Conceptual skills,Analytical skills,IT and computing skills,Communication skills,C,False,0.08603179454803467,0.09748679399490356,0.1607285588979721,0.34026235342025757
According to Belbin (1981) an extroverted and enthusiastic person fits with what role?,Co-ordinator,Shaper,Resource investigator,Implementer,C,False,0.2130168080329895,0.27351897954940796,0.08879861235618591,0.1658976525068283
Which is not a recognised form of business continuity planning?,Contingency planning,Scenario planning,Financial planning,Building planning,D,False,0.23541802167892456,0.12601019442081451,0.08660545945167542,0.23541802167892456
What is the term for an organisation that adapts to changes in the environment by quickly responding to shifts in supply and demand conditions?,Opportunistic organisation,Enterprising organisation,International organisation,Agile organisation,D,True,0.14603643119335175,0.060877032577991486,0.02875627391040325,0.3091591000556946
Which of these is not part of the recognised challenges for modern managers?,Micro-managing the workforce,Managing communications,Managing change,Managing the learning organisation,A,False,0.1405537873506546,0.09660109877586365,0.15926828980445862,0.3820647597312927
To what does emotional intelligence refer?,How people view and understand the world.,How people view and understand themselves.,How people view and understand others.,How people view and understand themselves and others.,D,True,0.1897810995578766,0.11510806530714035,0.14780166745185852,0.31289613246917725
Of what is individual freedom to schedule work an example?,Job design,Job enrichment,Job rate,Job planning,B,False,0.3035561740398407,0.18411612510681152,0.0677325427532196,0.16248191893100739
What are workers primarily motivated by according to the instrumental approach?,Peer recognition,Promotion,Greater freedom,Economic reward,D,True,0.07542990893125534,0.08547329157590866,0.08547329157590866,0.5573558807373047
Which is not a characteristic of corporate social responsibility?,Product safety,Consumer rights,Environmental policies,Price-fixing,D,True,0.1141260638833046,0.1465407758951187,0.12932176887989044,0.39833909273147583
Who was a major protagonist of utilitarianism?,John Stuart Mill,Thomas Hobbes,Karl Marx,Adam Smith,A,True,0.533706545829773,0.13494214415550232,0.034118715673685074,0.08184655010700226
As what is ensuring that one individual does not carry the burden of a whole work task referred to?,Work specialisation,Work design,Work schedule,Work shift,A,True,0.19892215728759766,0.19892215728759766,0.056992143392562866,0.06458055973052979
How do you describe a work group that comprises workers with demarcated tasks and distant line managers?,Dependent,Independent,Interdependent,Collaborative,B,False,0.08016546070575714,0.16971029341220856,0.31706055998802185,0.16971029341220856
Specialisation is a feature of which organisational structure?,Matrix,Divisional,Multi-divisional,Functional,D,False,0.2250088006258011,0.2250088006258011,0.12043853849172592,0.1752370297908783
Which one is not an element in the primary activities of a value chain?,Procurement,Inbound logistics,Outbound logistics,Service,A,False,0.10600899159908295,0.13611824810504913,0.13611824810504913,0.37000772356987
What is the term for the act of getting individuals to behave in ways that are acceptable to a group?,Indoctrination,Brainwashing,Propaganda,Socialisation,D,True,0.05114837735891342,0.08432941883802414,0.20229576528072357,0.3779382109642029
When does an acquisition take place?,Two equal partners decide to work together.,Two equal partners share resources.,Two unequal partners join together.,Two unequal partners become one after a buyout.,D,True,0.08822568506002426,0.14545957744121552,0.14545957744121552,0.3954000771045685
Who of these is the entrepreneur?,Barack Obama,James Dyson,Damien Hirst,Mo Farah,B,True,0.15651187300682068,0.3313356041908264,0.09492924809455872,0.10756892710924149
Which of these is not an advantage of a virtual team?,Team members can be recruited for their specific skills or experience.,No overhead costs associated with physical buildings.,Conflict can be resolved easily using face-to-face meetings.,Low transport or commuting costs.,C,False,0.10820750892162323,0.12261517345905304,0.22907529771327972,0.37768131494522095
What is the richest form of information?,Telephone,Face-to-face,E-mail,Video conference,B,False,0.17446918785572052,0.15396851301193237,0.1058209165930748,0.22402286529541016
What is the purpose of a 'quality circle'?,Bring together managers and workers to find improvements.,Bring together managers and workers to discuss output.,Bring together managers and workers to review quality of work.,Bring together managers and workers to review targets.,A,True,0.6712043285369873,0.09083762764930725,0.02949066087603569,0.012293537147343159
What is the guiding principle behind New Public Management?,Profit maximisation,Introducing private sector business principles into the public sector,Replacing public management with private sector management,Restructuring public organisations,B,True,0.1011698991060257,0.6597105860710144,0.01758069172501564,0.03721832484006882
Profitability stemming from how well a firm positions itself in the market is a key feature of which writer's view on strategy?,Peter Drucker,Jay Barney,Michael Porter,Henry Mintzberg,C,False,0.27369335293769836,0.2415335327386856,0.21315258741378784,0.05389341339468956
Functional structures help to create…...,teamwork,specialisation,project work groups,multi-skilled employees,B,False,0.27222660183906555,0.27222660183906555,0.11348092555999756,0.12859074771404266
What is a succession plan?,Dismissing an employee for a more favourable employee,A formal process of planning to fill a role that will become vacant,A vote of no confidence in a board member,The formal process of acquiring a new staff member,B,False,0.42761555314064026,0.37736940383911133,0.006099608261138201,0.008874877355992794
What is the definition of a scenario in scenario planning?,An imagined sequence of future events,An unpredictable event,A planned for event,An unplanned for event,A,True,0.7158358097076416,0.03563936427235603,0.0090110432356596,0.024494554847478867
What assumption is the garbage can model of decision making based on?,Limited knowledge and great insight,Limited knowledge but high level of experience,Limited knowledge and uncertainty,Limited knowledge and high risk,C,True,0.12140195071697235,0.10713685303926468,0.48015403747558594,0.12140195071697235
By which principle is utilitarianism defined?,Equality for everyone,Maximisation of outcomes for individuals,The best outcome for the majority of people,The least worst outcome for everybody,C,False,0.13289260864257812,0.5256004333496094,0.04314391314983368,0.10349685698747635
What is the term for the set of behaviours and tasks that a member of the group is expected to perform because he or she is a member of the group?,Group roles,Virtual teamwork,Synergy,Role making,A,True,0.5477831959724426,0.044964782893657684,0.007813707925379276,0.002874502446502447
"What is the term for a process that enables an organisation to assess and demonstrate its social, economic, and environmental benefits and limitation?",Social plan,Social strategy,Social audit,Social account,C,True,0.08840104937553406,0.12862275540828705,0.24029894173145294,0.11350918561220169
What type of organisational culture is most likely to deliver stability and efficiency?,Task culture,Role culture,Power culture,People culture,B,False,0.13210465013980865,0.07071051746606827,0.11658193916082382,0.3590976595878601
Who of the following is a leading writer on contingency theory of leadership?,Rosabeth Kanter,Joan Woodward,Rensis Likert,Fred Fiedler,D,False,0.2209000438451767,0.2836412787437439,0.13398265838623047,0.17203713953495026
What are characteristics of a programmed decision?,Complex and risky,Uncertain and non-routine,Low risk and certain,Routine and non-complex,D,False,0.36136898398399353,0.2191813737154007,0.10353395342826843,0.11731933057308197
What is not an advantage of a hierarchical structure?,Clear chain of command,Quick response to change,Discipline and stability,Small span of control,B,False,0.13583551347255707,0.19763951003551483,0.15392179787158966,0.2875637710094452
What is a strategic alliance?,Any form of partnership between one firm and another,Formal agreement committing two or more firms to exchange resources to produce products or services,Formal agreement to share profits from a shared investment,Formal agreement to share knowledge,B,True,0.19879136979579926,0.4768756926059723,0.05026232823729515,0.05695468187332153
What are group norms?,Modes of behaviour that are acceptable to and shared by group members,Modes of behaviour that are shared by some members of the group,Modes of behaviour that challenge group values and beliefs,Modes of behaviour that are different of those of the other group members,A,True,0.8638830780982971,0.010874683037400246,0.0012987956870347261,0.002749550621956587
Which of the following is not a recognised type of plan?,Business,Succession,Ad hoc,Financial,C,False,0.12173499166965485,0.12173499166965485,0.10743077099323273,0.292027086019516
What is the term for the extent to which competition in one country is influenced by competition in other countries?,International trade,Global economics,Global competition,Globalisation,D,False,0.06324302405118942,0.19480225443840027,0.36393851041793823,0.11815353482961655
As what are key factors that reflect the situation of an organisation referred to?,Administrations,Processes,Activities,Contingencies,D,False,0.2955411374568939,0.1581917703151703,0.13960374891757965,0.10872351378202438
Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?,Expectations,Choice opportunities,Problems,Solutions,A,False,0.11337466537952423,0.10005278140306473,0.1649591624736786,0.30818426609039307
What does PEST stand for?,"Political, environmental, strategic, testing","Political, environmental, strategic, technological","Political, economic, strategic, technological","Political, economic, social, technological",D,True,0.0814385935664177,0.1521473377943039,0.221373051404953,0.3220959007740021
What does the acronym SMART stand for?,"Suitable, measurable, actionable, rewarded and timely","Specific, measurable, actionable, resourced and timely","Standardised, measurable, achievable, rewarded, and timely","Specific, measurable, achievable, rewarded and timely",D,True,0.11907651275396347,0.06373706459999084,0.03865848109126091,0.5336638689041138
Which writer was concerned with the reaction of workers to key characteristics of bureaucracies?,Merton,Weber,Gouldner,Mayo,C,False,0.20283600687980652,0.33442002534866333,0.07461919635534286,0.17900215089321136
What is the optimal span of control?,2,5,7,None of the above,D,True,0.12662653625011444,0.18424050509929657,0.11174751073122025,0.3442065715789795
What one of these is not a recognised type of authority?,Executive,Functional,Line management,Supplier,D,True,0.07079124450683594,0.07079124450683594,0.16981936991214752,0.27998480200767517
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a team?,Minimal and formal knowledge sharing,Collective output,Individual and collective responsibility,Fluid dimension to roles and tasks,A,False,0.08891444653272629,0.08891444653272629,0.21329469978809357,0.451544851064682
Which of these factors is not one of the competing responsibilities that influence corporate social responsibility?,Ethical,Economic,Discretionary,Technical,D,True,0.13990448415279388,0.12346528470516205,0.12346528470516205,0.2306635081768036
What is the term used in Ansoff's matrix for increasing market share with existing products in existing markets?,Product development,Market penetration,Diversification,Market development,B,True,0.21909943222999573,0.3612338900566101,0.04314323514699936,0.08060217648744583
What is characteristic for the location of a virtual team?,In the same building,In the same industry,In the same country,remotely,D,True,0.01188499853014946,0.03660837188363075,0.03230677545070648,0.7352988123893738
"According to the Five Factor model, 'extraversion' as a personality type is characterised by what type of people?",Good natured,Calm and self-confident,Sensitive and curious,Assertive and sociable,D,True,0.08934669941663742,0.12999868392944336,0.05419151484966278,0.5141547918319702
What is the overriding philosophy underpinning the strategic direction of an organisation?,Vision statement,Mission statement,Strategy statement,Business statement,B,False,0.3072090446949005,0.21114148199558258,0.11301589757204056,0.09973616898059845
What is the term for the action in which managers at an organisation analyse the current situation of their organisation and then develop plans to accomplish its mission and achieve its goals?,Synergy planning,Strategy formulation,Functional planning,SWOT analysis,B,False,0.262292742729187,0.262292742729187,0.027645450085401535,0.02153029851615429
What is Frank Gilbreth`s work most noted for?,Working conditions,Time and motion studies,Work psychology,Work as a social setting,B,True,0.2953702509403229,0.37926289439201355,0.02747371233999729,0.02139654941856861
What is another name for contingency planning?,Synergy planning,Ad hoc planning,Business level planning,Scenario planning,D,True,0.0769365206360817,0.1437363624572754,0.11194199323654175,0.304289847612381
Which feature does not form one of Fayol's 14 principles of management?,Esprit de corps,Initiative,Order,Individualism,D,True,0.12165620923042297,0.13785454630851746,0.1770087331533432,0.25754618644714355
What one of the following is not a characteristic of the job characteristics model?,Task identity,Autonomy,Reward,Feedback,C,False,0.13707973062992096,0.09421341866254807,0.10675778985023499,0.3726212978363037
Workers' acceptance of change is characteristic of what type of culture?,Team culture,Collaborative culture,Group culture,Collective culture,B,False,0.3028045892715454,0.18366028368473053,0.08675497025251389,0.18366028368473053
What is a virtual organisation?,An organisation that uses information and communications technologies (ICT's) to coordinate activities without physical boundaries between different functions,An organisation that uses internet technologies to sell products to customers,An organisation that manages the supply chain using digital technologies,An organisation that coordinates the workforce via video conferencing,A,True,0.7960689067840576,0.024039197713136673,0.005363869946449995,0.0068873455747962
From what does a chain of command extend?,Bottom to top,Top to bottom,Diagonally,Laterally,B,False,0.39660465717315674,0.1873427778482437,0.025354085490107536,0.0608212947845459
"What do you call a style of leadership that takes account of others' views, opinions and ideas?",Laissez-faire,People-oriented,Democratic,Autocratic,C,False,0.11783983558416367,0.4113014340400696,0.15130935609340668,0.009672882966697216
What is the guiding principle of scientific management?,Experimentation,Fluid working relationships,Freedom of association,One best way to do a job,D,True,0.04971440136432648,0.04971440136432648,0.04971440136432648,0.6862860918045044
What is the term Tuckman uses for reaching consensus as a group?,Storming,Performing,Forming,Norming,D,False,0.3856295943260193,0.18215852975845337,0.059138212352991104,0.14186520874500275
What theory is built around the principle that 'people make choices regarding how to behave based on values and beliefs'?,Expectancy,Instrumental,Classical,Contingency,A,False,0.05883391946554184,0.09700073301792145,0.14113524556159973,0.5582007169723511
What is the term for decisions limited by human capacity to absorb and analyse information?,Cognitive rationality,Conscious rationality,Bounded rationality,Restricted rationality,C,True,0.028692129999399185,0.24023626744747162,0.576296865940094,0.03684142231941223
What is a definition of an objective?,A defined specified outcome to be achieved in the long-term,A clear set of goals to be attained given a set number of resources,A clearly defined and measurable outcome to be achieved over a specified timeframe,A set standard of performance agreed by workers and managers,C,True,0.3173205852508545,0.10301890969276428,0.4074476957321167,0.04294466972351074
What is not a purpose of an organisational structure?,To coordinate people and resources,To organise lines of communication,To formalise authority,To limit workers' rights,D,False,0.20955681800842285,0.18493324518203735,0.16320301592350006,0.08735627681016922
To what time-frame do strategic plans relate?,Long-term,Medium-term,Short-term,Unspecified time it takes to achieve an aim,A,True,0.5200788974761963,0.14900510013103485,0.04837487265467644,0.062114570289850235
What is the term for organisational development through a formally designed organisational structure?,Organic,Mechanistic,Formal,Structured,B,False,0.09124894440174103,0.17047546803951263,0.4089494049549103,0.09124894440174103
'There is no discernible link between planning and performance'. Who is this position held by?,Michael Porter,Milton Friedman,Gary Hamel,Henry Mintzberg,D,False,0.23338428139686584,0.23338428139686584,0.11024293303489685,0.20596091449260712
What does situational theory of leadership emphasise?,Personality traits,Events,Environment,Political situation,B,False,0.08710524439811707,0.11184532940387726,0.5679975152015686,0.041145604103803635
What is intuitive decision making based on?,Guesswork,Gambling,Instinct,Rationality,C,False,0.05495114251971245,0.037767332047224045,0.27906492352485657,0.4601002633571625
Enhancement of job satisfaction and productivity are key characteristics of which theoretical perspective of work design?,Process improvement,Techno-structural change model,Job characteristics model,Socio-technical systems,D,False,0.062198251485824585,0.0704798549413681,0.668694257736206,0.042748190462589264
Which 18th century writer produced a famous book called 'The Wealth of Nations'?,Frederick Taylor,Henry Mintzberg,Adam Smith,Dr Samuel Johnson,C,True,0.13106286525726318,0.11566256731748581,0.4574543237686157,0.013813924044370651
Which one of these characteristics is most commonly associated with the 'rational goal' model of management?,Worker welfare,Health and safety,Interpersonal relationships,Productivity,D,True,0.14369547367095947,0.09876036643981934,0.1119101494550705,0.44261324405670166
In what order do managers typically perform the managerial functions?,"organising, planning, controlling, leading","organising, leading, planning, controlling","planning, organising, leading, controlling","planning, organising, controlling, leading",C,False,0.44024187326431274,0.11131057143211365,0.024836748838424683,0.12613141536712646
How does lateral communication in an organisation occur?,Information passes upwards.,Information passes downwards.,Information is a two-way process.,Information passes between different departments and functions.,D,False,0.013521596789360046,0.022293344140052795,0.5749529004096985,0.23967602849006653
Of what is advertising a form?,Focusing strategy,Differentiation,Cost leadership,Growth,B,False,0.3397618234157562,0.18186140060424805,0.09734339267015457,0.1416337937116623
What is not a component of an agile organisation?,Market focus and position,Human resources: multi-skilling,Organisational structure,Project-based culture,D,True,0.1558283418416977,0.1765766441822052,0.1765766441822052,0.2000875473022461
Of what is worker autonomy in decision making an example?,Worker freedom,Greater worker negotiation,Worker empowerment,Increased worker power,C,False,0.18678820133209229,0.18678820133209229,0.14547079801559448,0.2116587609052658
Vertical integration forwards is when a firm mergers or acquires another,Towards the source of supply,Towards the consumer,At the same stage of the supply chain,In another industry,B,False,0.2580733299255371,0.15652938187122345,0.08378414064645767,0.2580733299255371
What is the term for an autonomous business entity within an overall corporate enterprise which is set apart from other areas of the business?,Subsidiary,Strategic partnership,Strategic alliance,Strategic business unit,D,False,0.37059286236763,0.12031388282775879,0.0729740560054779,0.19836406409740448
What is not a characteristic of a corporate social responsibility framework?,Retaining the status quo,Understanding society,Harnessing diversity,Building capacity,A,True,0.21274736523628235,0.16568781435489655,0.11387546360492706,0.21274736523628235
What is a whistleblower?,Someone who reports illegal or unethical acts,Someone who commits illegal or unethical acts,Someone who benefits from illegal or unethical acts,Someone who devises illegal or unethical acts,A,True,0.8164586424827576,0.01694505847990513,0.007063751574605703,0.009070036932826042
What is T-group training?,A group whose aim is transformational change,A group brought together to deliver training programmes,Team training for the purposes of advancing technology,Team building activities involving learning,D,True,0.1927674561738968,0.17011667788028717,0.10318098217248917,0.360137015581131
What is a social enterprise concerned with?,Profit maximisation,Maximising market share,Providing public service,Running a business to create social benefits,D,True,0.01970341056585312,0.028668291866779327,0.12848235666751862,0.6524873375892639
Which of the following is not part of Schein's model of the formation of culture?,Shared values,Pre-conceptions,Shared beliefs,Norms,B,False,0.18475200235843658,0.1269780695438385,0.1269780695438385,0.30460456013679504
What is not one of the layers of cultural influence?,Social,Business,Organisational,Company,D,False,0.1996474266052246,0.17618823051452637,0.10686356574296951,0.10686356574296951