0,1,2,3,4,5,correct,choiceA_probs,choiceB_probs,choiceC_probs,choiceD_probs
What is the term for a sub-optimal but acceptable outcome of negotiations between parties?,Bargaining,Satisficing,Accepting,Compromising,B,False,0.10795941203832626,0.13862262666225433,0.09527384489774704,0.1570800095796585
What is the term for the 'rule of thumb' type of bias in decision making?,Framing bias,Hindsight bias,Over-confidence bias,Heuristics,D,True,0.05619535595178604,0.09265048056840897,0.13480564951896667,0.25185009837150574
What is a normative perspective?,The way things are.,The way things are going to be.,The way things should be.,The way things were.,C,True,0.09304648637771606,0.10543549060821533,0.22320692241191864,0.11947406083345413
"In the 'five forces model', what is the type of competitive activity that exists between organisations?",The potential for entry into the industry,The threat of substitute products,The power of customers,The level of rivalry,D,True,0.057990286499261856,0.1227654442191124,0.07446099817752838,0.22935603559017181
Which one of the following political leaders could not be termed a 'transformational' leader?,Margaret Thatcher,Mikhail Gorbachov,Nelson Mandela,Bill Clinton,D,True,0.1167118176817894,0.10299781709909439,0.10299781709909439,0.16981469094753265
What is a Gantt chart a type of?,Work flow design,Work schedule design,Work rate design,Work output design,B,True,0.1503845900297165,0.17040805518627167,0.09121286869049072,0.1327139288187027
Which one of the following is a feature of McGregor's Theory X?,Workers enjoy responsibility.,Workers view physical and mental effort as a natural part of work.,Workers like to show initiative.,Workers like to be directed.,D,True,0.06462585926055908,0.1368129551410675,0.08298124372959137,0.255600243806839
What is the term for power derived from status or position in an organisation?,Referent,Expert,Reward,Legitimate,D,True,0.15588250756263733,0.09454752504825592,0.08343789726495743,0.17663802206516266
Which writer is most associated with bureaucratic structures?,Henry Fayol,Max Weber,Adam Smith,Mary Parker Follett,B,True,0.13934794068336487,0.15790189802646637,0.07458758354187012,0.13934794068336487
Who of the following is the industrial philanthropist?,Frederick Taylor,Seebohm Rowntree,Henry Ford,Max Weber,B,True,0.1092485710978508,0.15895572304725647,0.09641151875257492,0.15895572304725647
Individualism as a guiding moral philosophy was advocated by which economist?,John Kenneth Galbraith,John Maynard Keynes,Milton Friedman,Alfred Marshall,C,False,0.08502764254808426,0.10917765647172928,0.14018689095973969,0.15885254740715027
The Hawthorn Studies are most associated with which writer?,Mary Parker Follett,Elton Mayo,Lillian Gilbreth,Frederick Taylor,B,True,0.1339791864156723,0.1720326840877533,0.0812624841928482,0.1339791864156723
How can you describe the thinking and outlook of transformational leaders?,Strategic,Operational,Functional,Developmental,A,False,0.12228509783744812,0.06545450538396835,0.08404523879289627,0.1779237687587738
What are the key characteristics of transactional leaders?,"Guiding, mentoring and motivating","Guiding, commanding and motivating","Guiding, demonstrating and motivating","Guiding, mentoring and demonstrating",A,False,0.14500224590301514,0.1129278615117073,0.07761410623788834,0.18618656694889069
What is not an assumption underpinning the rational decision making model?,Incomplete information,An agreed goal,A structured problem,High level of certainty regarding the environment,A,True,0.16792678833007812,0.11541428416967392,0.11541428416967392,0.14819486439228058
Which one of the following is not one of Drucker's five guiding principles of management?,Making people's strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant.,Enhancing the ability of people to contribute.,To operate the organisation's status system.,"Integrating people in a common venture by thinking through, setting and exemplifying the organisational objectives, values and goals.",C,False,0.05692940950393677,0.10635814070701599,0.13656654953956604,0.17535492777824402
What is a paradigm?,A theoretical assumption,An illustration,A theoretical model,An example serving as a model,D,False,0.20931528508663177,0.08725558966398239,0.12695613503456116,0.12695613503456116
What one of the following is not a key management skill in planning?,Conceptual skills,Analytical skills,IT and computing skills,Communication skills,C,False,0.09506288915872574,0.10772036015987396,0.10772036015987396,0.17760084569454193
According to Belbin (1981) an extroverted and enthusiastic person fits with what role?,Co-ordinator,Shaper,Resource investigator,Implementer,C,False,0.13288263976573944,0.17062467336654663,0.10348910093307495,0.13288263976573944
Which is not a recognised form of business continuity planning?,Contingency planning,Scenario planning,Financial planning,Building planning,D,False,0.17336821556091309,0.10515313595533371,0.09279731661081314,0.15299691259860992
What is the term for an organisation that adapts to changes in the environment by quickly responding to shifts in supply and demand conditions?,Opportunistic organisation,Enterprising organisation,International organisation,Agile organisation,D,True,0.09832866489887238,0.07657844573259354,0.059639349579811096,0.20816177129745483
Which of these is not part of the recognised challenges for modern managers?,Micro-managing the workforce,Managing communications,Managing change,Managing the learning organisation,A,False,0.11708100140094757,0.09118276834487915,0.13267014920711517,0.21873609721660614
To what does emotional intelligence refer?,How people view and understand the world.,How people view and understand themselves.,How people view and understand others.,How people view and understand themselves and others.,D,True,0.07421722263097763,0.08409912139177322,0.09529680013656616,0.25904354453086853
Of what is individual freedom to schedule work an example?,Job design,Job enrichment,Job rate,Job planning,B,False,0.12922930717468262,0.12922930717468262,0.10064388811588287,0.14643599092960358
What are workers primarily motivated by according to the instrumental approach?,Peer recognition,Promotion,Greater freedom,Economic reward,D,True,0.064608633518219,0.0829591304063797,0.13677649199962616,0.2895558178424835
Which is not a characteristic of corporate social responsibility?,Product safety,Consumer rights,Environmental policies,Price-fixing,D,True,0.11503660678863525,0.147709921002388,0.13035355508327484,0.18966329097747803
Who was a major protagonist of utilitarianism?,John Stuart Mill,Thomas Hobbes,Karl Marx,Adam Smith,A,True,0.17762771248817444,0.10773665457963943,0.08390539139509201,0.13833659887313843
As what is ensuring that one individual does not carry the burden of a whole work task referred to?,Work specialisation,Work design,Work schedule,Work shift,A,True,0.12746986746788025,0.12746986746788025,0.08760867267847061,0.11249176412820816
How do you describe a work group that comprises workers with demarcated tasks and distant line managers?,Dependent,Independent,Interdependent,Collaborative,B,True,0.09197435528039932,0.13382188975811005,0.13382188975811005,0.11809740215539932
Specialisation is a feature of which organisational structure?,Matrix,Divisional,Multi-divisional,Functional,D,False,0.1239473968744278,0.14045079052448273,0.09653032571077347,0.1239473968744278
Which one is not an element in the primary activities of a value chain?,Procurement,Inbound logistics,Outbound logistics,Service,A,False,0.11601628363132477,0.1314636766910553,0.14896786212921143,0.19127851724624634
What is the term for the act of getting individuals to behave in ways that are acceptable to a group?,Indoctrination,Brainwashing,Propaganda,Socialisation,D,True,0.060514744371175766,0.12810972332954407,0.14516732096672058,0.18639853596687317
When does an acquisition take place?,Two equal partners decide to work together.,Two equal partners share resources.,Two unequal partners join together.,Two unequal partners become one after a buyout.,D,True,0.050416283309459686,0.10673128068447113,0.13704568147659302,0.2560350298881531
Who of these is the entrepreneur?,Barack Obama,James Dyson,Damien Hirst,Mo Farah,B,True,0.09761897474527359,0.11061679571866989,0.08614844083786011,0.09761897474527359
Which of these is not an advantage of a virtual team?,Team members can be recruited for their specific skills or experience.,No overhead costs associated with physical buildings.,Conflict can be resolved easily using face-to-face meetings.,Low transport or commuting costs.,C,False,0.08119406551122665,0.11813665926456451,0.1718878149986267,0.22070832550525665
What is the richest form of information?,Telephone,Face-to-face,E-mail,Video conference,B,False,0.1188075840473175,0.1188075840473175,0.09252744168043137,0.1346266269683838
What is the purpose of a 'quality circle'?,Bring together managers and workers to find improvements.,Bring together managers and workers to discuss output.,Bring together managers and workers to review quality of work.,Bring together managers and workers to review targets.,A,True,0.18209208548069,0.11044443398714066,0.1251499354839325,0.09746687114238739
What is the guiding principle behind New Public Management?,Profit maximisation,Introducing private sector business principles into the public sector,Replacing public management with private sector management,Restructuring public organisations,B,True,0.07647137343883514,0.23554840683937073,0.05255795642733574,0.16188989579677582
Profitability stemming from how well a firm positions itself in the market is a key feature of which writer's view on strategy?,Peter Drucker,Jay Barney,Michael Porter,Henry Mintzberg,C,False,0.12573419511318207,0.14247550070285797,0.12573419511318207,0.07626163959503174
Functional structures help to create…...,teamwork,specialisation,project work groups,multi-skilled employees,B,True,0.13210998475551605,0.14970022439956665,0.11658665537834167,0.11658665537834167
What is a succession plan?,Dismissing an employee for a more favourable employee,A formal process of planning to fill a role that will become vacant,A vote of no confidence in a board member,The formal process of acquiring a new staff member,B,False,0.22959600389003754,0.20261776447296143,0.021355755627155304,0.08446366339921951
What is the definition of a scenario in scenario planning?,An imagined sequence of future events,An unpredictable event,A planned for event,An unplanned for event,A,True,0.3082316219806671,0.06877577304840088,0.041714612394571304,0.11339208483695984
What assumption is the garbage can model of decision making based on?,Limited knowledge and great insight,Limited knowledge but high level of experience,Limited knowledge and uncertainty,Limited knowledge and high risk,C,True,0.09291612356901169,0.11930666118860245,0.19670341908931732,0.15319278836250305
By which principle is utilitarianism defined?,Equality for everyone,Maximisation of outcomes for individuals,The best outcome for the majority of people,The least worst outcome for everybody,C,False,0.08541710674762726,0.1808280050754547,0.08541710674762726,0.23218774795532227
What is the term for the set of behaviours and tasks that a member of the group is expected to perform because he or she is a member of the group?,Group roles,Virtual teamwork,Synergy,Role making,A,True,0.30838751792907715,0.07797257602214813,0.028684506192803383,0.04173571243882179
"What is the term for a process that enables an organisation to assess and demonstrate its social, economic, and environmental benefits and limitation?",Social plan,Social strategy,Social audit,Social account,C,True,0.06638956069946289,0.09659624844789505,0.18046554923057556,0.10945789515972137
What type of organisational culture is most likely to deliver stability and efficiency?,Task culture,Role culture,Power culture,People culture,B,False,0.08757848292589188,0.08757848292589188,0.11245299875736237,0.18540364503860474
Who of the following is a leading writer on contingency theory of leadership?,Rosabeth Kanter,Joan Woodward,Rensis Likert,Fred Fiedler,D,False,0.12694565951824188,0.16300144791603088,0.12694565951824188,0.16300144791603088
What are characteristics of a programmed decision?,Complex and risky,Uncertain and non-routine,Low risk and certain,Routine and non-complex,D,False,0.1820545196533203,0.12512412667274475,0.12512412667274475,0.141784206032753
What is not an advantage of a hierarchical structure?,Clear chain of command,Quick response to change,Discipline and stability,Small span of control,B,False,0.1265052855014801,0.1265052855014801,0.1265052855014801,0.16243599355220795
What is a strategic alliance?,Any form of partnership between one firm and another,Formal agreement committing two or more firms to exchange resources to produce products or services,Formal agreement to share profits from a shared investment,Formal agreement to share knowledge,B,True,0.10645223408937454,0.22535938024520874,0.08290509134531021,0.13668736815452576
What are group norms?,Modes of behaviour that are acceptable to and shared by group members,Modes of behaviour that are shared by some members of the group,Modes of behaviour that challenge group values and beliefs,Modes of behaviour that are different of those of the other group members,A,True,0.4418182969093323,0.05979360640048981,0.03200521320104599,0.09858299046754837
Which of the following is not a recognised type of plan?,Business,Succession,Ad hoc,Financial,C,False,0.09381019324064255,0.09381019324064255,0.09381019324064255,0.1752605140209198
What is the term for the extent to which competition in one country is influenced by competition in other countries?,International trade,Global economics,Global competition,Globalisation,D,False,0.06591106206178665,0.12313807755708694,0.13953371345996857,0.13953371345996857
As what are key factors that reflect the situation of an organisation referred to?,Administrations,Processes,Activities,Contingencies,D,False,0.1597067415714264,0.11684394627809525,0.11684394627809525,0.11684394627809525
Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?,Expectations,Choice opportunities,Problems,Solutions,A,False,0.11093948781490326,0.09790375828742981,0.14244912564754486,0.14244912564754486
What does PEST stand for?,"Political, environmental, strategic, testing","Political, environmental, strategic, technological","Political, economic, strategic, technological","Political, economic, social, technological",D,True,0.046206820756196976,0.12560316920280457,0.14232704043388367,0.23465761542320251
What does the acronym SMART stand for?,"Suitable, measurable, actionable, rewarded and timely","Specific, measurable, actionable, resourced and timely","Standardised, measurable, achievable, rewarded, and timely","Specific, measurable, achievable, rewarded and timely",D,True,0.084418386220932,0.10839534550905228,0.084418386220932,0.22947293519973755
Which writer was concerned with the reaction of workers to key characteristics of bureaucracies?,Merton,Weber,Gouldner,Mayo,C,False,0.09962037950754166,0.16424624621868134,0.09962037950754166,0.16424624621868134
What is the optimal span of control?,2,5,7,None of the above,D,True,0.06153677776455879,0.11496584117412567,0.08953548222780228,0.21478445827960968
What one of these is not a recognised type of authority?,Executive,Functional,Line management,Supplier,D,False,0.09821479022502899,0.09821479022502899,0.12611030042171478,0.12611030042171478
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a team?,Minimal and formal knowledge sharing,Collective output,Individual and collective responsibility,Fluid dimension to roles and tasks,A,False,0.083427794277668,0.10712339729070663,0.1766166239976883,0.2267802357673645
Which of these factors is not one of the competing responsibilities that influence corporate social responsibility?,Ethical,Economic,Discretionary,Technical,D,True,0.10592865198850632,0.10592865198850632,0.1200328916311264,0.15412527322769165
What is the term used in Ansoff's matrix for increasing market share with existing products in existing markets?,Product development,Market penetration,Diversification,Market development,B,True,0.1067180261015892,0.17594827711582184,0.08311208337545395,0.15527381002902985
What is characteristic for the location of a virtual team?,In the same building,In the same industry,In the same country,remotely,D,True,0.037901971489191055,0.0802384689450264,0.11674629896879196,0.31734931468963623
"According to the Five Factor model, 'extraversion' as a personality type is characterised by what type of people?",Good natured,Calm and self-confident,Sensitive and curious,Assertive and sociable,D,True,0.07959775626659393,0.09019607305526733,0.07959775626659393,0.3148152232170105
What is the overriding philosophy underpinning the strategic direction of an organisation?,Vision statement,Mission statement,Strategy statement,Business statement,B,False,0.14408570528030396,0.11221405863761902,0.0990285649895668,0.11221405863761902
What is the term for the action in which managers at an organisation analyse the current situation of their organisation and then develop plans to accomplish its mission and achieve its goals?,Synergy planning,Strategy formulation,Functional planning,SWOT analysis,B,True,0.1413513422012329,0.181498721241951,0.0520002543926239,0.058924008160829544
What is Frank Gilbreth`s work most noted for?,Working conditions,Time and motion studies,Work psychology,Work as a social setting,B,True,0.16009621322155,0.18141277134418488,0.06673803925514221,0.11003240942955017
What is another name for contingency planning?,Synergy planning,Ad hoc planning,Business level planning,Scenario planning,D,False,0.05768243968486786,0.10776498913764954,0.12211373448371887,0.12211373448371887
Which feature does not form one of Fayol's 14 principles of management?,Esprit de corps,Initiative,Order,Individualism,D,False,0.10982777923345566,0.10982777923345566,0.14102165400981903,0.14102165400981903
What one of the following is not a characteristic of the job characteristics model?,Task identity,Autonomy,Reward,Feedback,C,False,0.11984391510486603,0.09333454072475433,0.10576188564300537,0.15388263761997223
Workers' acceptance of change is characteristic of what type of culture?,Team culture,Collaborative culture,Group culture,Collective culture,B,False,0.12153252959251404,0.1072520762681961,0.1072520762681961,0.1768287718296051
What is a virtual organisation?,An organisation that uses information and communications technologies (ICT's) to coordinate activities without physical boundaries between different functions,An organisation that uses internet technologies to sell products to customers,An organisation that manages the supply chain using digital technologies,An organisation that coordinates the workforce via video conferencing,A,True,0.3165673613548279,0.08004076033830643,0.05501115322113037,0.10277436673641205
From what does a chain of command extend?,Bottom to top,Top to bottom,Diagonally,Laterally,B,False,0.15790726244449615,0.10852796584367752,0.05809083208441734,0.09577558934688568
"What do you call a style of leadership that takes account of others' views, opinions and ideas?",Laissez-faire,People-oriented,Democratic,Autocratic,C,False,0.08564180880784988,0.1813036948442459,0.12460809201002121,0.04584075137972832
What is the guiding principle of scientific management?,Experimentation,Fluid working relationships,Freedom of association,One best way to do a job,D,True,0.03975239396095276,0.057839397341012955,0.07426725327968597,0.3771602511405945
What is the term Tuckman uses for reaching consensus as a group?,Storming,Performing,Forming,Norming,D,True,0.13180327415466309,0.13180327415466309,0.09058697521686554,0.14935266971588135
What theory is built around the principle that 'people make choices regarding how to behave based on values and beliefs'?,Expectancy,Instrumental,Classical,Contingency,A,False,0.07228106260299683,0.10516833513975143,0.11917133629322052,0.22264136373996735
What is the term for decisions limited by human capacity to absorb and analyse information?,Cognitive rationality,Conscious rationality,Bounded rationality,Restricted rationality,C,True,0.031905706971883774,0.23575307428836823,0.30271294713020325,0.09827650338411331
What is a definition of an objective?,A defined specified outcome to be achieved in the long-term,A clear set of goals to be attained given a set number of resources,A clearly defined and measurable outcome to be achieved over a specified timeframe,A set standard of performance agreed by workers and managers,C,True,0.19416356086730957,0.10392826795578003,0.22001613676548004,0.11776615679264069
What is not a purpose of an organisational structure?,To coordinate people and resources,To organise lines of communication,To formalise authority,To limit workers' rights,D,False,0.15053337812423706,0.11723551154136658,0.11723551154136658,0.08057471364736557
To what time-frame do strategic plans relate?,Long-term,Medium-term,Short-term,Unspecified time it takes to achieve an aim,A,True,0.18919074535369873,0.13002876937389374,0.08936738222837448,0.13002876937389374
What is the term for organisational development through a formally designed organisational structure?,Organic,Mechanistic,Formal,Structured,B,False,0.07646051049232483,0.14284703135490417,0.16186688840389252,0.0981772318482399
'There is no discernible link between planning and performance'. Who is this position held by?,Michael Porter,Milton Friedman,Gary Hamel,Henry Mintzberg,D,False,0.11748288571834564,0.15085101127624512,0.10367828607559204,0.13312555849552155
What does situational theory of leadership emphasise?,Personality traits,Events,Environment,Political situation,B,False,0.09863003343343735,0.11176247149705887,0.20879977941513062,0.09863003343343735
What is intuitive decision making based on?,Guesswork,Gambling,Instinct,Rationality,C,False,0.0628407746553421,0.0712079182267189,0.19356319308280945,0.21933583915233612
Enhancement of job satisfaction and productivity are key characteristics of which theoretical perspective of work design?,Process improvement,Techno-structural change model,Job characteristics model,Socio-technical systems,D,False,0.051135774701833725,0.08430863916873932,0.333447128534317,0.09553420543670654
Which 18th century writer produced a famous book called 'The Wealth of Nations'?,Frederick Taylor,Henry Mintzberg,Adam Smith,Dr Samuel Johnson,C,True,0.07371736317873001,0.09465496242046356,0.20038455724716187,0.05741113796830177
Which one of these characteristics is most commonly associated with the 'rational goal' model of management?,Worker welfare,Health and safety,Interpersonal relationships,Productivity,D,True,0.1037520170211792,0.08080215752124786,0.13322022557258606,0.2196430265903473
In what order do managers typically perform the managerial functions?,"organising, planning, controlling, leading","organising, leading, planning, controlling","planning, organising, leading, controlling","planning, organising, controlling, leading",C,False,0.15521138906478882,0.1369735598564148,0.05709908530116081,0.1369735598564148
How does lateral communication in an organisation occur?,Information passes upwards.,Information passes downwards.,Information is a two-way process.,Information passes between different departments and functions.,D,False,0.0361112505197525,0.059537388384342194,0.23547492921352386,0.18338806927204132
Of what is advertising a form?,Focusing strategy,Differentiation,Cost leadership,Growth,B,False,0.14221055805683136,0.1255003809928894,0.11075370013713837,0.14221055805683136
What is not a component of an agile organisation?,Market focus and position,Human resources: multi-skilling,Organisational structure,Project-based culture,D,False,0.11167147755622864,0.11167147755622864,0.1433890163898468,0.1433890163898468
Of what is worker autonomy in decision making an example?,Worker freedom,Greater worker negotiation,Worker empowerment,Increased worker power,C,False,0.08507675677537918,0.10924072563648224,0.10924072563648224,0.20408853888511658
Vertical integration forwards is when a firm mergers or acquires another,Towards the source of supply,Towards the consumer,At the same stage of the supply chain,In another industry,B,False,0.11826901137828827,0.10437203198671341,0.10437203198671341,0.172080397605896
What is the term for an autonomous business entity within an overall corporate enterprise which is set apart from other areas of the business?,Subsidiary,Strategic partnership,Strategic alliance,Strategic business unit,D,True,0.12850429117679596,0.1000792384147644,0.12850429117679596,0.24007762968540192
What is not a characteristic of a corporate social responsibility framework?,Retaining the status quo,Understanding society,Harnessing diversity,Building capacity,A,False,0.1533866673707962,0.1194576621055603,0.1194576621055603,0.17380987107753754
What is a whistleblower?,Someone who reports illegal or unethical acts,Someone who commits illegal or unethical acts,Someone who benefits from illegal or unethical acts,Someone who devises illegal or unethical acts,A,True,0.30112171173095703,0.06718933582305908,0.052327100187540054,0.12552620470523834
What is T-group training?,A group whose aim is transformational change,A group brought together to deliver training programmes,Team training for the purposes of advancing technology,Team building activities involving learning,D,True,0.12332750856876373,0.10883614420890808,0.10883614420890808,0.23040610551834106
What is a social enterprise concerned with?,Profit maximisation,Maximising market share,Providing public service,Running a business to create social benefits,D,True,0.028301555663347244,0.046661376953125,0.16286420822143555,0.3447835147380829
Which of the following is not part of Schein's model of the formation of culture?,Shared values,Pre-conceptions,Shared beliefs,Norms,B,False,0.13333822786808014,0.10384391248226166,0.11767057329416275,0.15109199285507202
What is not one of the layers of cultural influence?,Social,Business,Organisational,Company,D,False,0.12534083425998688,0.1420297622680664,0.09761554002761841,0.1106128990650177