diff --git "a/README.md" "b/README.md"
--- "a/README.md"
+++ "b/README.md"
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
---
+language: en
library_name: setfit
tags:
- setfit
@@ -178,22 +179,23 @@ widget:
pipeline_tag: text-classification
inference: true
model-index:
-- name: SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
+- name: SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 on Wiki Labeled
+ Articles
results:
- task:
type: text-classification
name: Text Classification
dataset:
- name: Unknown
+ name: Wiki Labeled Articles
type: unknown
split: test
metrics:
- type: f1
- value: 0.7835469477082652
+ value: 0.7897499102401195
name: F1
---
-# SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1
+# SetFit with sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1 on Wiki Labeled Articles
This is a [SetFit](https://github.com/huggingface/setfit) model that can be used for Text Classification. This SetFit model uses [sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/multi-qa-mpnet-base-cos-v1) as the Sentence Transformer embedding model. A [SetFitHead](huggingface.co/docs/setfit/reference/main#setfit.SetFitHead) instance is used for classification.
@@ -211,7 +213,7 @@ The model has been trained using an efficient few-shot learning technique that i
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 512 tokens
- **Number of Classes:** 43 classes
-
+- **Language:** en
### Model Sources
@@ -221,58 +223,58 @@ The model has been trained using an efficient few-shot learning technique that i
- **Blogpost:** [SetFit: Efficient Few-Shot Learning Without Prompts](https://huggingface.co/blog/setfit)
### Model Labels
-| Label | Examples |
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-| 9 | - '##2 trichomonas vaginalis g vaginalis p bivia and e coli ohanlon and baeten found that 96 of lactobacillus species from a healthy vaginal ecosystem produced h2o2 l jensenii and l vaginalis produce the highest levels of h2o2 whereas only 6 of the lactobacilli recovered from women with bv produced h2o2 in agreement with this l iners most frequently associated with disturbed vaginal microflora is a poor producer of h2o2 vaginal colonization by h2o2producing lactobacilli has been associated with a decrease in the occurrence of bacterial vaginosis bv however more recently ohanlon et al demonstrated that cervicovaginal fluid and semen have a significant h2o2blocking activity and they later demonstrated that physiological concentrations of h2o2 below 100 μm fail to inactivate any of the 17 tested bvassociated bacteria eg a vaginae g vaginalis mobiluncus spp p bivia p corporis mycoplasma hominis even in the presence of human myeloperoxidase known to increase the microbicidal activity of h2o2 only supraphysiologic concentrations of exogenous h2o2 034 wv 100 mm were sufficient to inactivate bvassociated bacteria at which concentration it more potently inactivated vaginal lactobacilli l crispatus l gasseri l iners and l jensenii a concentration of 100 mm h2o2 is approximately 50fold higher than lactobacilli are capable of producing even under optimal aerobic lowantioxidant conditions and approximately 5000fold higher than the estimated h2o2 concentration in vivo even more remarkable the addition of only 1 vaginal fluid blocked the microbicidal activity of 1 m h2o2 possible explanations may be that cervicovaginal fluid and semen contain proteins glycoproteins polysaccharides lipids and other molecules with the potential to react with and inactivate h2o2 in addition the vagina is hypoxic most of the time whereas lactobacilli require oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide it is also remarkable that catalase which provides bacteria protection against toxic h2o2 is absent in lactobacilli and as such they would be unprotected against their own h2o2 production in contrast'
- '##sable morphology is useful sporulation requires the presence of free oxygen in the natural situation this means the vegetative cycles occur within the low oxygen environment of the infected host and within the host the organism is exclusively in the vegetative form once outside the host sporulation commences upon exposure to the air and the spore forms are essentially the exclusive phase in the environment bacillus subtilis spores are useful for the expression of recombinant proteins and in particular for the surface display of peptides and proteins as a tool for fundamental and applied research in the fields of microbiology biotechnology and vaccination examples of endosporeforming bacteria include the genera endospore staining'
- 'editor of the lancet richard horton apologized and acknowledged that naming the resistance enzyme after new delhi was an error following this ajai r singh editor of mens sana monographs demanded that such geographic names giving be abandoned and replaced by scientific name giving he proposed changing ndm1 to pcm plasmidencoding carbapenemresistant metallobetalactamase the first reported death due to bacteria expressing the ndm1 enzyme was recorded in august 2010 when a belgian man infected while undergoing treatment in a hospital in pakistan died despite being administered colistin a doctor involved in his treatment said he was involved in a car accident during a trip to pakistan he was hospitalised with a major leg injury and then repatriated to belgium but he was already infected in another case an indian citizen died in a hospital because of similar infection antibiotic resistance list of antibiotic resistant bacteria medical tourism methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus mcr1 nosocomial infection transduction genetics'
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-| 1 | - 'blade element theory bet is a mathematical process originally designed by william froude 1878 david w taylor 1893 and stefan drzewiecki 1885 to determine the behavior of propellers it involves breaking a blade down into several small parts then determining the forces on each of these small blade elements these forces are then integrated along the entire blade and over one rotor revolution in order to obtain the forces and moments produced by the entire propeller or rotor one of the key difficulties lies in modelling the induced velocity on the rotor disk because of this the blade element theory is often combined with momentum theory to provide additional relationships necessary to describe the induced velocity on the rotor disk producing blade element momentum theory at the most basic level of approximation a uniform induced velocity on the disk is assumed v i t a ⋅ 1 2 ρ displaystyle visqrt frac tacdot frac 12rho alternatively the variation of the induced velocity along the radius can be modeled by breaking the blade down into small annuli and applying the conservation of mass momentum and energy to every annulus this approach is sometimes called the froude – finsterwalder equation if the blade element method is applied to helicopter rotors in forward flight it is necessary to consider the flapping motion of the blades as well as the longitudinal and lateral distribution of the induced velocity on the rotor disk the most simple forward flight inflow models are first harmonic models while the momentum theory is useful for determining ideal efficiency it gives a very incomplete account of the action of screw propellers neglecting among other things the torque in order to investigate propeller action in greater detail the blades are considered as made up of a number of small elements and the air forces on each element are calculated thus while the momentum theory deals with the flow of the air the bladeelement theory deals primarily with the forces on the propeller blades the idea of analyzing the forces on elementary strips of propeller blades was first published by william froude in 1878 it was also worked out independently by drzewiecki and given in a book on mechanical flight published in russia seven years later in 1885 again in 1907 lanchester published a somewhat more advanced form of the bladeelement theory without knowledge of previous work on the subject the simple bladeelement theory is usually referred to however as the drzewiecki theory for it was drzewiecki who put it into practical form and brought it into general use also he was the first to sum up the forces on the blade elements to obtain the thrust and torque for a whole propeller and the first to introduce the idea of using airfoil data to find'
- 'in aerodynamics a hypersonic speed is one that exceeds five times the speed of sound often stated as starting at speeds of mach 5 and abovethe precise mach number at which a craft can be said to be flying at hypersonic speed varies since individual physical changes in the airflow like molecular dissociation and ionization occur at different speeds these effects collectively become important around mach 510 the hypersonic regime can also be alternatively defined as speeds where specific heat capacity changes with the temperature of the flow as kinetic energy of the moving object is converted into heat while the definition of hypersonic flow can be quite vague and is generally debatable especially due to the absence of discontinuity between supersonic and hypersonic flows a hypersonic flow may be characterized by certain physical phenomena that can no longer be analytically discounted as in supersonic flow the peculiarities in hypersonic flows are as follows shock layer aerodynamic heating entropy layer real gas effects low density effects independence of aerodynamic coefficients with mach number as a bodys mach number increases the density behind a bow shock generated by the body also increases which corresponds to a decrease in volume behind the shock due to conservation of mass consequently the distance between the bow shock and the body decreases at higher mach numbers as mach numbers increase the entropy change across the shock also increases which results in a strong entropy gradient and highly vortical flow that mixes with the boundary layer a portion of the large kinetic energy associated with flow at high mach numbers transforms into internal energy in the fluid due to viscous effects the increase in internal energy is realized as an increase in temperature since the pressure gradient normal to the flow within a boundary layer is approximately zero for low to moderate hypersonic mach numbers the increase of temperature through the boundary layer coincides with a decrease in density this causes the bottom of the boundary layer to expand so that the boundary layer over the body grows thicker and can often merge with the shock wave near the body leading edge high temperatures due to a manifestation of viscous dissipation cause nonequilibrium chemical flow properties such as vibrational excitation and dissociation and ionization of molecules resulting in convective and radiative heatflux although subsonic and supersonic usually refer to speeds below and above the local speed of sound respectively aerodynamicists often use these terms to refer to particular ranges of mach values this occurs because a transonic regime exists around m1 where approximations of the navier – stokes equations used for subsonic design no longer apply partly because the flow locally exceeds m1 even when the freestream mach number is below this'
- 'a suspension keel is an extension pylon to the bodywork of singleseat open wheel racing cars designed with a raised nose cone to allow the lower suspension arms to be attached to the car approximately parallel to the road surface in recent years the placing and design of a suspension keel or the lack of such has been one of the few distinct variables in formula one chassis designtraditional low nose cone designs eg the mclaren mp44 allow the lower suspension arms to be directly attached to the main structural members of the car however since the move to high nose cone designs – which allow better use of airflow underneath the car and to a lesser extent the front wing – location of these lower arms has proven problematic for ideal suspension geometry and hence maximum mechanical grip the lower arms should be long and near parallel with the road as there is no longer any structural bodywork in these low positions extensions were developed to allow the suspension to be mounted with correct geometry since the advent of high nose designs in the early 1990s pioneered on the tyrrell 019 formula one car three major keel designs have emerged to solve this problem singlekeel perhaps the simplest response utilising a single planar extension to the ventral surface of the cars nose cone providing a plate onto which the proximal ends of the suspension arms can be mounted benefits include a simple construction design and the flexibility of having a large surface thus allowing the suspension geometry to be altered for fine tuning a serious hindrance in the singlekeel design is that the keel itself protrudes into the underbody airflow thus reducing the benefits of the raised nose design as a consequence of this the single keel design fell out of favour in the late 2000s however for the 2010 formula one season both the mercedes mgp w01 and virgin vr01 feature single keel front suspension twinkeel as the name suggests rather than one single keel two shorter keel stubs are used each protrudes from the underside or lower corners of the nose cone and the left and right suspension arms are mounted to the appropriate keel this design reduces the disturbance to the airflow but compromises the suspension set up and configuration flexibility and introduces significant structural complexity and weight the twinkeel concept was conceived by harvey postlethwaite during his time at honda racing developments before being introduced by sauber during the 2000 formula one season and swiftly copied by many other teams in 2007 only red bull racing used a twinkeel chassis vkeel used principally by the renault f1 team who introduced the design in 2005 this variant uses two keel elements protruding downward in a v shape the tips of the'
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-| 42 | - 'dominant photosynthetic marine picoeukaryote and which infects micromonas pusilla utex 991 plymouth 27 common hosts of prasinoviruses include members from the genera ostreococcus and micromonas three potential species of ostreococcus have been identified and differ based on their light requirements one of the most widely studied prasinoviruses strain otv5 whose genome is fully sequenced infects ostreococcus tauri the smallest freeliving eukaryotes currently knownprasinoviruses employ a nucleocytoplasmic replication strategy where virions adhere to the hostcell surface followed by injection of dna into the host cytoplasm researchers found that empty otv5 viruses or viruses with only the capsid attached to the host membrane were rarely seen at any stage of the infection suggesting that virions detach from the host membrane after injection of their dna the authors also found that a high proportion of viruses did not attach to cells after inoculation and suggest that viral attachment may be a limiting step in the infection the viral dna is then replicated inside the nucleus by the host cells machinery virus particles are assembled in the cytoplasm usually occupying a space near the inner face of the nucleus due to the extremely small size of the algae cells the average burst size was found to be 25 virus particles per cellviral production without cell lysis has recently been observed in o tauri cells thomas et al 2011 found that in resistant host cells the viral genome was replicated and viruses were released via a budding mechanism this low rate of viral release through budding allows for prolonged survivability of the host and virus progeny resulting in a stable coexistence ectocarpus siliculosus virus esv1 belonging to the genus phaeovirus and paramecium bursaria chlorella virus pbcv1 belonging to the genus chlorovirus are two wellstudied viruses whose genomes have been found to encode many proteins these proteins function in virus stability dna synthesis transcription and other important interactions with the host pbcv1 has a 54kda glycosylated major capsid protein which comprises about 40 of total viral protein unlike most of the viral structural proteins which are glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum er and golgi apparatus by hostencoded glycosyltransferases pbcv1 glycosylates its major'
- 'matter which the degree of population complexity might be can be determined either following a biological or molecular cloning event or by deep sequencing of entire viral genomes in a manner that mutation linkage assignment of different mutations to the same genome molecule can be established each of these procedures implies some limitations biological cloning can bias the representation in favor of infectious genomes while molecular cloning can introduce noninfectious defective genomes in the analysis whole genome quasispecies description is still technically challenging due to the artifactual introduction of mutations most current deep sequencing platforms yield sequences of short reads for a given amplicon sequence under analysis minority mutations in an amplicon cannot be reliably linked to mutations in a different amplicon of the same genome at most statistical inferences on linkage can be proposed despite these limitations control experiments and improvements of bioinformatic procedures support that the majority of sequence heterogeneity analyzed in viral populations indeed reflects differences in the natural template populations if mutation linkage can be solved on a routine basis a new wave of molecular information relevant to epistatic interactions will enter the picture there are additional levels of indeterminacy in the sequential analysis of viral populations in particular those replicating in vivo components of the mutant spectrum represented at a given time in the sample taken for sequencing may differ from those in the next time point due either to sampling uncertainties or bona fide fluctuations of genome frequencies it is not justified to accept a rough similarity because even a single mutation in a given sequence context may affect biological properties in the words of john holland and colleagues it is important to remember that every quasispecies genome swarm in an infected individual is unique and new in the sense that no identical population of genomes has ever existed before and none such will ever exist again on top of the fleeting nature of any mutant distribution the standard methods available for quasispecies characterization provide genomic sequences of a minority of the population estimated in 10−8 to 10−13 for molecular cloningsanger sequencing and in 10−6 to 10−11 for deep sequencing we can only have an approximate representation of viral populations and their dynamics as evidenced by many experimental studies the points summarized in previous sections fully justifies addressing analytical tools towards the mutant spectrum rather than ignoring it or considering its presence a side issue use of consensus sequences to describe the genome of a virus isolate despite being warranted by the difficulties of conveying the information recapitulated in a mutant spectrum blurs and enfeebles biological interpretations experimental results have demonstrated that minority genomes from a'
- 'specific rna molecules is quantitative pcr after reverse transcription of the rna to cdna several different short singlestranded dna molecules oligonucleotides are used in a branched dnaassay the capture and captureextender oligonucleotide bind to the target nucleic acid and immobilize it on a solid support the label oligonucleotide and the branched dna then detects the immobilized target nucleic acid the immobilization of the target on a solid support makes extensive washing easier which reduces false positive results after binding of the target to the solid support it can be detected by branched dna which is coupled to an enzyme eg alkaline phosphatase the branched dna binds to the sample nucleic acid by specific hybridization in areas which are not occupied by capture hybrids the branching of the dna allows for very dense decorating of the dna with the enzyme which is important for the high sensitivity of the assay the enzyme catalyzes a reaction of a substrate which generates light detectable in a luminometer the amount of light emitted increases with the amount of the specific nucleic acid present in the sample the design of the branched dna and the way it is hybridized to the nucleic acid to be investigated differs between different generations of the bdna assay despite the fact that the starting material is not preamplified bdna assays can detect less than 100 copies of hivrna per ml of blood a recent publication in nature scientific reports uses levels of cfdna as a predictor of chemotherapy efficacy in treatment of advanced cancers and uses the branched dna approach to amplify signal of the trace occurring cfdna dendrimer'
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-| 26 | - 'autoclave reactors are used for reactions at higher temperatures which can enhance the rate of the reaction similarly autoclaves enable the use of gaseous reagents in the system after leaching the leach liquor must normally undergo concentration of the metal ions that are to be recovered additionally undesirable metal ions sometimes require removal precipitation is the selective removal of a compound of the targeted metal or removal of a major impurity by precipitation of one of its compounds copper is precipitated as its sulfide as a means to purify nickel leachates cementation is the conversion of the metal ion to the metal by a redox reaction a typical application involves addition of scrap iron to a solution of copper ions iron dissolves and copper metal is deposited solvent extraction ion exchange gas reduction treating a solution of nickel and ammonia with hydrogen affords nickel metal as its powder electrowinning is a particularly selective if expensive electrolysis process applied to the isolation of precious metals gold can be electroplated from its solutions in the solvent extraction a mixture of an extractant in a diluent is used to extract a metal from one phase to another in solvent extraction this mixture is often referred to as the organic because the main constituent diluent is some type of oil the pls pregnant leach solution is mixed to emulsification with the stripped organic and allowed to separate the metal will be exchanged from the pls to the organic they are modified the resulting streams will be a loaded organic and a raffinate when dealing with electrowinning the loaded organic is then mixed to emulsification with a lean electrolyte and allowed to separate the metal will be exchanged from the organic to the electrolyte the resulting streams will be a stripped organic and a rich electrolyte the organic stream is recycled through the solvent extraction process while the aqueous streams cycle through leaching and electrowinning processes respectively chelating agents natural zeolite activated carbon resins and liquid organics impregnated with chelating agents are all used to exchange cations or anions with the solution selectivity and recovery are a function of the reagents used and the contaminants present metal recovery is the final step in a hydrometallurgical process in which metals suitable for sale as raw materials are produced sometimes however further refining is needed to produce ultrahigh purity metals the main types of metal recovery processes are electrolysis gaseous reduction and precipitation for example a major target of hydrometallurgy is copper which is conveniently obtained by electrolysis cu2 ions are reduced to cu'
- 'false brinelling is a bearing damage caused by fretting with or without corrosion that causes imprints that look similar to brinelling but are caused by a different mechanism false brinelling may occur in bearings which act under small oscillations or vibrationsthe basic cause of false brinelling is that the design of the bearing does not have a method for redistribution of lubricant without large rotational movement of all bearing surfaces in the raceway lubricant is pushed out of a loaded region during small oscillatory movements and vibration where the bearings surfaces repeatedly do not move very far without lubricant wear is increased when the small oscillatory movements occur again it is possible for the resulting wear debris to oxidize and form an abrasive compound which further accelerates wear in normal operation a rollingelement bearing has the rollers and races separated by a thin layer of lubricant such as grease or oil although these lubricants normally appear liquid not solid under high pressure they act as solids and keep the bearing and race from touchingif the lubricant is removed the bearings and races can touch directly while bearings and races appear smooth to the eye they are microscopically rough thus high points of each surface can touch but valleys do not the bearing load is thus spread over much less area increasing the contact stress causing pieces of each surface to break off or to become pressurewelded then break off when the bearing rolls on the brokenoff pieces are also called wear debris wear debris is bad because it is relatively large compared to the surrounding surface finish and thus creates more regions of high contact stress worse the steel in ordinary bearings can oxidize rust producing a more abrasive compound which accelerates wear the simulation of false brinelling is possible with the help of the finite element method for the simulation the relative displacements slip between rolling element and raceway as well as the pressure in the rolling contact are determined for comparison between simulation and experiments the friction work density is used which is the product of friction coefficient slip and local pressure the simulation results can be used to determine critical application parameters or to explain the damage mechanisms physical simulation of the false brinelling mechanism has been standardized since the 1980s in the fafnir bearing test instrument where two sets of thrust ball bearings are compressed with a fixed load and the bearings are oscillated by an excentric arm under standardised conditions this culminated in the astm d4170 standard although an old method this is still the leading quality control method for greases that need'
- '##pitates in plaincarbon steels of carbon content 02 tempered at 100 – 200 °c nonstoichiometric εcarbide dissolves above 200 °c where hagg carbides and cementite begin to form hagg carbide monoclinic fe5c2 precipitates in hardened tool steels tempered at 200 – 300 °c it has also been found naturally as the mineral edscottite in the wedderburn meteorite haynes william m ed 2016 crc handbook of chemistry and physics 97th ed crc press isbn 9781498754293 smith william f hashemi javad 2006 foundations of materials science and engineering 4th ed mcgrawhill isbn 9780072953589'
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-| 16 | - 'bradyseism is the gradual uplift positive bradyseism or descent negative bradyseism of part of the earths surface caused by the filling or emptying of an underground magma chamber or hydrothermal activity particularly in volcanic calderas it can persist for millennia in between eruptions and each uplift event is normally accompanied by thousands of small to moderate earthquakes the word derives from the ancient greek words βραδυς bradus meaning slow and σεισμος seismos meaning movement and was coined by arturo issel in 1883 the area of phlegraean fields campi flegrei near naples is a collapsed caldera namely a volcanic area formed by several volcanic edifices which includes the solfatara volcano well known for its fumaroles the campi flegrei area is especially noted for bradyseismic uplift and subsidence the inflation and deflation of this caldera is especially well documented due to its seaside location and a long history of habitation and construction in the area in particular the town of pozzuoli features the roman macellum of pozzuoli in which three marble columns show bands of boreholes or gastrochaenolites left by marine lithophaga molluscs these occur up to 7 metres up the columns showing how bradyseism in the area lowered the land to at least this depth under the sea and subsequently raised it againmore recently between 1968 and 1972 the campi flegrei area suffered an episode of positive bradyseism and rose by 17 metres another rise of 18 metres occurred between 1982 and 1984 this correlated with a shallow 4 km deep earthquake swarm during the same period which led to the evacuation of 30000 people due to the perceived risk of imminent eruption'
- 'flux is modeled linearly as culling 1960 mckean et al 1993 q s k d s displaystyle qskds where k d displaystyle kd is the diffusion constant and s displaystyle s is slope for steep slopes diffusional sediment flux is more appropriately modeled as a nonlinear function of slope q s k d s 1 − s s c 2 displaystyle qsfrac kds1ssc2 where s c displaystyle sc is the critical gradient for sliding of dry soil on long timescales diffusive creep in hillslope soils leads to a characteristic rounding of ridges in the landscape creep deformation colluvium mass wasting sediment transport solifluction culling 1960 mckean et al 1993 monkhouse f j university of southampton a dictionary of geography london edward arnold publishers ltd 1978 roering kirchner and dietrich 1999 evidence for nonlinear diffusive sediment transport on hilslopes and implications for landscape morphology water resour res 35853 – 87 strahler arthur n physical geography new york john wiley sons 1960 2nd edition 7th printing pp 318 – 19 easterbrook don j 1999 surface processes and landforms prenticehall inc'
- '##cture interaction and in geologic hazard mitigation the engineering geologist provides recommendations and designs to mitigate for geologic hazards trained hazard mitigation planners also assist local communities to identify strategies for mitigating the effects of such hazards and developing plans to implement these measures mitigation can include a variety of measures geologic hazards may be avoided by relocation publicly available databases via searchable platforms can help people evaluate hazards in locations of interest the stability of sloping earth can be improved by the construction of retaining walls which may use techniques such as slurry walls shear pins tiebacks soil nails or soil anchors larger projects may use gabions and other forms of earth buttress shorelines and streams are protected against scour and erosion using revetments and riprap the soil or rock itself may be improved by means such as dynamic compaction injection of grout or concrete and mechanically stabilized earth additional mitigation methods include deep foundations tunnels surface and subdrain systems and other measures planning measures include regulations prohibiting development near hazardprone areas and adoption of building codes eleven distinct flood basalt episodes occurred in the past 250 million years resulting in large volcanic provinces creating lava plateaus and mountain ranges on earth large igneous provinces have been connected to five mass extinction events the timing of six out of eleven known provinces coincide with periods of global warming and marine anoxiadysoxia thus suggesting that volcanic co2 emissions can force an important effect on the climate system 2004 indian ocean earthquake and tsunami 2008 sichuan earthquake 2011 tohoku earthquake and tsunami the barrier located in garibaldi provincial park usoi dam a natural landslide dam earthquake engineering physical impacts of climate change'
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-| 21 | - 'to address these issues research has been increasingly using spatial climate data to better depict within region and even within vineyard differences in climate and therefore ripening and wine style potential to create spatially appropriate climate data numerous stations andor sensors are used to collect data which can then be interpolated over the landscape due to known interactions with elevation aspect slope and distance to the coast or other water bodies using geographic information systems gis instead of depicting a region as all one winkler region napa valley ava being a region iii for example spatial data summaries show the napa valley having a full range of winkler regions 12 a region ii 56 a region iii and 30 a region iv whereas the table above shows one station in napa st helena as being a region iv other significant differences exist depending on the time period of the data and formula used for calculating growing degreedays first to be comparable growing degreeday numbers from various sources need to come from the same time period due to both a variable climate and climate change a comparison of a tenyear period from the 1970s and the 2000s would be inappropriate as the variation and trends over time would make them incomparable a sufficient time period is suggested to allow the averaging to smooth out some of the variability the standard time period in use is the climatological normal period of 30 years however if 30 years of data is not available then at the minimum five years should be used however a fiveyear period is not directly comparable to a 30year period how data are averaged ie hourly daily or monthly is also very important while weather stations today can average data to an hour a minutes or even seconds historical data used to calculate growing degreedays has been done mostly on daily or monthly averages the table above was done using monthly climatological normals shorter term averaging to minutes or more commonly hourly arguably better reflects the true thermal effects on the crops but will result in growing degreeday values that are lower than both daily and monthly monthly averaged data can be very problematic as it can underestimate heat accumulation during the first and last months of the growing season therefore it is paramount that one know the time period that the growing degreeday values are calculated from so as to be comparable the winkler index uses the standard method of calculating growing degreedays in viticulture and is based on using a base temperature of 50 °f 10 °c with no upper temperature cutoff the first issue is that 50 °f 10 °c is not likely the best base temperature even though it is the most commonly used value even the early research on this topic stressed that the base temperature threshold for'
- 'a bridge graft is a grafting technique used to reestablish the supply of nutrients to the rootstock of a woody perennial when the full thickness of the bark has been removed from part of the trunk damage to the innermost layer of the bark called the phloem can interrupt the transport of leave photosynthesised sugars down to the roots such wounds are often caused by rabbits or other rodents nibbling the bark away and girdling the tree the inability to transport sugars from leaves down to the root system causes the root death after the stored nutrient are exhausted which eventually results in the plants death a bridge graft uses scions to bridge the gap each scion is taper cut in order to accommodate the need for matching the cambium layers of the scion with those of the tree to which it is being grafted it is also vital that the scions be placed so that the end which was closest to their own roots before they were cut is at the bottom of the graft and the end which was closest to the growing tip is at the top incorrect placement cells in the scion being upside down will result in its death once in place the graft wounds must be completely sealed in order to facilitate joining together and prevent infection of the site where onequarter or less of the trunk circumference has been girdled it may not be necessary to use this technique it is also difficult to apply on small caliper tree trunks the ontario ministry of agriculture factsheet gives details and diagrams for the technique 1 however modern arboriculture suggests that the application of pruning paints and wound dressings can inhibit the trees natural defences so a person attempting this technique may try it without the application of wound dressing prior to the graft insertion most trees will produce callus tissues to compartmentalize the wounded area this natural defence is stimulated by environmental factors which may include the presence of the first arrivals of fungi and bacteria on the wet wound for more about this natural protection refer to new tree biology 2 grafting wax grafting knife raffia used to secure the graft prior to waxing scions'
- 'sun scald is the freezing of bark following high temperatures in the winter season resulting in permanent visible damage to bark fruits may also be damaged in the northern hemisphere it is also called southwest injury the reason the sun can cause so much damage to trees is because of dormancy when a tree is dormant in the winter it can be reactivated by warm weather in the northern woods trees are exposed to the most sunlight and heat on the southwest facing side so this side is heated during warm sunny winter days in the afternoon thats why westwards to the point that it can be awoken from dormancy the temperature required to wake up a tree depends on plant species and length of day but it is typically just above freezing once active the cells on the southwest side of the plant are unable to return to dormancy by nightfall at which time the temperature returns to levels capable of killing active cells fluctuating winter temperatures can also cause frost cracks which result from the expanding and contracting of the tree trunk when sun scald appears on trees it is most frequently a result of reflected light off the snow during winter months the damage in this case will appear as sunken or dead bark on the trunk of the tree then later in the trees life the bark might fall away revealing dead tissue in the trees cambium layer this damage will typically be found on the south west facing side of the trees trunk it can be found on other sides of the tree if there is light reflection from other sources like man made structures or reflective rock faces after a tree is afflicted by sun scald it becomes much more vulnerable to decay organisms the plant will create walls around the affected area but sometimes it is not enough to block the infections the leaves of the tree are also affected by sun scald particularly on a bright sunny day following a period of warm cloudy humidity the damage to the leaves will start as bronzing of the epidermis between the veins of the leaf and if the sunny conditions persist the tissue of the leaf will die sun scald on fruit appears when a fruit is exposed to direct sunlight after being in the shade for an extended period of time the damage to fruit will often lead to the death of the fruit by consumption from insects animals bacteria or fungi this is the case if the defenses of the fruit are rendered useless which is the case when the outer skin is damaged to the point that the cell walls are either gone or so thin that the plants enemies can get through it some times the sun scalding is a more internal damage and although it destroys the fruit in a productive sense the fruit is able fend'
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-| 24 | - 'species assemblies it determines where these elements should be placed so they can provide maximum benefit to the local environment permaculture maximizes synergy of the final design the focus of permaculture therefore is not on individual elements but rather on the relationships among them the aim is for the whole to become greater than the sum of its parts minimizing waste human labour and energy input and to and maximize benefits through synergypermaculture design is founded in replicating or imitating natural patterns found in ecosystems because these solutions have emerged through evolution over thousands of years and have proven to be effective as a result the implementation of permaculture design will vary widely depending on the region of the earth it is located in because permacultures implementation is so localized and place specific scientific literature for the field is lacking or not always applicable design principles derive from the science of systems ecology and the study of preindustrial examples of sustainable land usea core theme of permaculture is the idea of people care seeking prosperity begins within a local community or culture that can apply the tenets of permaculture to sustain an environment that supports them and vice versa this is in contrast to typical modern industrialized societies where locality and generational knowledge is often overlooked in the pursuit of wealth or other forms of societal leverage the tragic reality is that very few sustainable systems are designed or applied by those who hold power and the reason for this is obvious and simple to let people arrange their own food energy and shelter is to lose economic and political control over them we should cease to look to power structures hierarchical systems or governments to help us and devise ways to help ourselves bill mollison holmgren articulated twelve permaculture design principles in his permaculture principles and pathways beyond sustainability observe and interact take time to engage with nature to design solutions that suit a particular situation catch and store energy develop systems that collect resources at peak abundance for use in times of need obtain a yield emphasize projects that generate meaningful rewards apply selfregulation and accept feedback discourage inappropriate activity to ensure that systems function well use and value renewable resources and services make the best use of natures abundance reduce consumption and dependence on nonrenewable resources produce no waste value and employ all available resources waste nothing design from patterns to details observe patterns in nature and society and use them to inform designs later adding details integrate rather than segregate proper designs allow relationships to develop between design elements allowing them to work together to support each other use small and slow solutions small and slow systems are easier to maintain make better'
- 'the burnham plan of manila is a popular name for report on the improvements of manila and manila pi plan of proposed improvement a report and a map by daniel burnham and pierce anderson which detail the plan for the city of manila it proposed developments based on the characteristics of the city and is patterned after the cities of naples paris and venicethe plan was at the request of thenphilippine governorgeneral william howard taft in 1905 four years before burnham published the more known plan of chicago where the plan also appeared along with plans for washington dc cleveland and san francisco there have been efforts to revive the implementation of the plan throughout the years after not being completely realized because of the establishment of quezon city in 1939 as the new capital and the effects of the world war ii including the merging of manila with nearby cities forming the city of greater manila in 1942 and the battle of manila in 1945 the plan is often a subject of discussions in the issue of urban planning in the philippines burnham arrived in manila on december 7 1904 and studied the layout and the environment at the time of the cities of manila and baguio for almost a month he then went back to the united states where he worked on drawing out the plans for the two cities and completed it by june 1905 it was eventually approved by the us congress a year later the plan focused on five major points the plan suggests utilizing the citys resources such as the river and ocean bay for recreation and refreshment to mitigate the intense heat caused by manilas climate one key aspect of the proposal is the creation of a continuous parkway along the bay front extending from the existing luneta to cavite and possibly further north private portions of the bay front would be reclaimed for public use the boulevard would feature roadways tramways a bridle path plants and sidewalks providing protection from the elements with strategically planted palms bamboo and mango trees which adds mystery and enhances the value of the ocean and sky additionally shaded drives along the banks of the pasig river extending from the city to fort mckinley and beyond to the lake are also considered in the plan the existing luneta covered by the government group would be replaced by a new luneta placed further out in the bay preserving its unobstructed view of the sea on its westward side while trees would enclose the other three sides to provide sun protection and offer glimpses of the bay through the foliage the proposal recognizes the importance of parks and open spaces in enhancing the beauty and function of buildings the proposal includes creating small park spaces throughout the city such as plazas circles esplanades and parkway'
- 'the cemetery of lost cemeteries polish cmentarz nieistniejacych cmentarzy is a monument that commemorates the necropolis which no longer exists in the city of gdansk poland it is dedicated to the citizens of gdansk who were once buried in one of the city ’ s 27 graveyards either destroyed during world war ii or bulldozed on purpose after the end of the war the monument was designed to resemble a temple the main memorial is surrounded by broken gravestones representing all faiths and includes a poem by the jewish poet mascha kaleko 1912 – 1975 whose poetry was burned on the direct orders of hitler in may 1933 the designers of the project are hanna klementowska jacek krenz design team katarzyna boguckakrenz michał krenz andrzej wojcicki sculptors zygfryd korpalski witold głuchowski funded by the gdansk city hall in 2002it is located at 3 maja street in the park between the church of corpus christi and the bus station the layout of the cemetery of the lost cemeteries echoes a temple interior the colonnade of trees creates an atmosphere reminiscent of the main nave and side aisles the stone columns are in the shape of trunks symbolizing withered trees long since dead but thanks to the light which pervades from within are brought back to life the granite slab placed on a foundation of broken fragments of gravestones forms both a sacrificial altar and a symbolic tomb the inscription which is engraved around the granite comes from a poem by mascha kaleko whose volumes of poetry were among the books burnt on the pyre in may 1933 on hitler ’ s orders thus from the ashes these poetic words will now speak again chiseled in stone to last the lights set within the granite altar project upwards leading our thoughts to transcendence and thus binding the many burial places of various faiths into one metaphysical unity these columns of light represent the firm faith of the people and seen within the light wisps of smoke from the votive candles remind us at the same time of the fragility of human life behind the altar there is a hedge cut into the shape of a semicircular apse which provides a final screen to this natural sanctuary in the middle of the hedge there is an opening behind which we can see a wall of whitened stone a symbolic passage for the dead who proceed towards eternity the cemetery of the lost cemeteries is meant to be a place of our common prayer commemorating all those generations who have lived'
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-| 2 | - 'a height function is a function that quantifies the complexity of mathematical objects in diophantine geometry height functions quantify the size of solutions to diophantine equations and are typically functions from a set of points on algebraic varieties or a set of algebraic varieties to the real numbersfor instance the classical or naive height over the rational numbers is typically defined to be the maximum of the numerators and denominators of the coordinates eg 7 for the coordinates 37 12 but in a logarithmic scale height functions allow mathematicians to count objects such as rational points that are otherwise infinite in quantity for instance the set of rational numbers of naive height the maximum of the numerator and denominator when expressed in lowest terms below any given constant is finite despite the set of rational numbers being infinite in this sense height functions can be used to prove asymptotic results such as bakers theorem in transcendental number theory which was proved by alan baker 1966 1967a 1967b in other cases height functions can distinguish some objects based on their complexity for instance the subspace theorem proved by wolfgang m schmidt 1972 demonstrates that points of small height ie small complexity in projective space lie in a finite number of hyperplanes and generalizes siegels theorem on integral points and solution of the sunit equationheight functions were crucial to the proofs of the mordell – weil theorem and faltingss theorem by weil 1929 and faltings 1983 respectively several outstanding unsolved problems about the heights of rational points on algebraic varieties such as the manin conjecture and vojtas conjecture have farreaching implications for problems in diophantine approximation diophantine equations arithmetic geometry and mathematical logic an early form of height function was proposed by giambattista benedetti c 1563 who argued that the consonance of a musical interval could be measured by the product of its numerator and denominator in reduced form see giambattista benedetti § musicheights in diophantine geometry were initially developed by andre weil and douglas northcott beginning in the 1920s innovations in 1960s were the neron – tate height and the realization that heights were linked to projective representations in much the same way that ample line bundles are in other parts of algebraic geometry in the 1970s suren arakelov developed arakelov heights in arakelov theory in 1983 faltings developed his theory of faltings heights in his proof of faltingss theorem classical or naive height is defined in terms of ordinary absolute value on'
- 'in mathematics a polynomial transformation consists of computing the polynomial whose roots are a given function of the roots of a polynomial polynomial transformations such as tschirnhaus transformations are often used to simplify the solution of algebraic equations let p x a 0 x n a 1 x n − 1 [UNK] a n displaystyle pxa0xna1xn1cdots an be a polynomial and α 1 … α n displaystyle alpha 1ldots alpha n be its complex roots not necessarily distinct for any constant c the polynomial whose roots are α 1 c … α n c displaystyle alpha 1cldots alpha nc is q y p y − c a 0 y − c n a 1 y − c n − 1 [UNK] a n displaystyle qypyca0ycna1ycn1cdots an if the coefficients of p are integers and the constant c p q displaystyle cfrac pq is a rational number the coefficients of q may be not integers but the polynomial cn q has integer coefficients and has the same roots as q a special case is when c a 1 n a 0 displaystyle cfrac a1na0 the resulting polynomial q does not have any term in yn − 1 let p x a 0 x n a 1 x n − 1 [UNK] a n displaystyle pxa0xna1xn1cdots an be a polynomial the polynomial whose roots are the reciprocals of the roots of p as roots is its reciprocal polynomial q y y n p 1 y a n y n a n − 1 y n − 1 [UNK] a 0 displaystyle qyynpleftfrac 1yrightanynan1yn1cdots a0 let p x a 0 x n a 1 x n − 1 [UNK] a n displaystyle pxa0xna1xn1cdots an be a polynomial and c be a nonzero constant a polynomial whose roots are the product by c of the roots of p is q y c n p y c a 0 y n a 1 c y n − 1 [UNK] a n c n displaystyle qycnpleftfrac ycrighta0yna1cyn1cdots ancn the factor cn appears here because if c and the coefficients of p are integers or belong to some integral domain the same is true for the coefficients of q in the special case where c a 0 displaystyle ca0 all coefficients of q are multiple of c and q c displaystyle frac qc is a monic polynomial whose coefficients belong to any integral domain containing c'
- 'in mathematics a series expansion is a technique that expresses a function as an infinite sum or series of simpler functions it is a method for calculating a function that cannot be expressed by just elementary operators addition subtraction multiplication and divisionthe resulting socalled series often can be limited to a finite number of terms thus yielding an approximation of the function the fewer terms of the sequence are used the simpler this approximation will be often the resulting inaccuracy ie the partial sum of the omitted terms can be described by an equation involving big o notation see also asymptotic expansion the series expansion on an open interval will also be an approximation for nonanalytic functions there are several kinds of series expansions listed below a taylor series is a power series based on a functions derivatives at a single point more specifically if a function f u → r displaystyle futo mathbb r is infinitely differentiable around a point x 0 displaystyle x0 then the taylor series of f around this point is given by [UNK] n 0 ∞ f n x 0 n x − x 0 n displaystyle sum n0infty frac fnx0nxx0n under the convention 0 0 1 displaystyle 001 the maclaurin series of f is its taylor series about x 0 0 displaystyle x00 a laurent series is a generalization of the taylor series allowing terms with negative exponents it takes the form [UNK] k − ∞ ∞ c k z − a k textstyle sum kinfty infty ckzak and converges in an annulus in particular a laurent series can be used to examine the behavior of a complex function near a singularity by considering the series expansion on an annulus centered at the singularity a general dirichlet series is a series of the form [UNK] n 1 ∞ a n e − λ n s textstyle sum n1infty anelambda ns one important special case of this is the ordinary dirichlet series [UNK] n 1 ∞ a n n s textstyle sum n1infty frac anns used in number theory a fourier series is an expansion of periodic functions as a sum of many sine and cosine functions more specifically the fourier series of a function f t displaystyle ft of period 2 l displaystyle 2l is given by the expressionwhere the coefficients are given by the formulae in acoustics eg the fundamental tone and the overtones together form an example of a fourier seriesnewtonian serieslegendre polynomials used in physics to describe an arbitrary electrical field as a'
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-| 23 | - 'bonemarrowderived macrophage bmdm refers to macrophage cells that are generated in a research laboratory from mammalian bone marrow cells bmdms can differentiate into mature macrophages in the presence of growth factors and other signaling molecules undifferentiated bone marrow cells are cultured in the presence of macrophage colonystimulating factor mcsf csf1 mcsf is a cytokine and growth factor that is responsible for the proliferation and commitment of myeloid progenitors into monocytes which then mature into macrophages macrophages have a wide variety of functions in the body including phagocytosis of foreign invaders and other cellular debris releasing cytokines to trigger immune responses and antigen presentation bmdms provide a large homogenous population of macrophages that play an increasingly important role in making macrophagerelated research possible and financially feasible in order to produce bmdms mesenchymal stem cells are removed from the tibia or femur of mice since bmdms are derived from bone marrow withdrawn cells are healthy and naive or unactivated regardless of the condition of donor mice after removal stemcells are incubated with csf1 without csf1 the cells enter an inactive state but can reinitiate growth and differentiation if stimulated later mature macrophages and fibroblasts which may carry unwanted growth factors are removed next il3 and il1 two growth factors are often added to increase yield and promote rapid terminal differentiation exogenous media containing growth factors and other serums must also be added to make the cells continually viable full growth and differentiation take approximately 5 – 8 daysmillions of bmdms can be derived from one mouse and frozen for years after being thawed bmdms can respond to a variety of stimuli such as lps ifnγ pamps nfκb and irf3 these signals induce translation of genes that produce cytokines and determine if macrophages are m1 proinflammatory or m2 antiinflammatory if bmdms are not frozen they age and become less viable as csf1 and growth factors in their media decreasesproliferation of bmdms can also be inhibited by a number of reagents for example growth and differentiation is dependent on csf1 and a functional csf1 receptor a member of the tyrosine kinase family without a functional csf1 receptors stem cells cannot respond to csf1 stimuli and therefore cannot differentiate interferons can cause a down regulation of the'
- 'antigenantibody interaction or antigenantibody reaction is a specific chemical interaction between antibodies produced by b cells of the white blood cells and antigens during immune reaction the antigens and antibodies combine by a process called agglutination it is the fundamental reaction in the body by which the body is protected from complex foreign molecules such as pathogens and their chemical toxins in the blood the antigens are specifically and with high affinity bound by antibodies to form an antigenantibody complex the immune complex is then transported to cellular systems where it can be destroyed or deactivated the first correct description of the antigenantibody reaction was given by richard j goldberg at the university of wisconsin in 1952 it came to be known as goldbergs theory of antigenantibody reactionthere are several types of antibodies and antigens and each antibody is capable of binding only to a specific antigen the specificity of the binding is due to specific chemical constitution of each antibody the antigenic determinant or epitope is recognized by the paratope of the antibody situated at the variable region of the polypeptide chain the variable region in turn has hypervariable regions which are unique amino acid sequences in each antibody antigens are bound to antibodies through weak and noncovalent interactions such as electrostatic interactions hydrogen bonds van der waals forces and hydrophobic interactionsthe principles of specificity and crossreactivity of the antigenantibody interaction are useful in clinical laboratory for diagnostic purposes one basic application is determination of abo blood group it is also used as a molecular technique for infection with different pathogens such as hiv microbes and helminth parasites immunity developed as an individual is exposed to antigens is called adaptive or acquired immunity in contrast to immunity developed at birth which is innate immunity acquired immunity depends upon the interaction between antigens and a group of proteins called antibodies produced by b cells of the blood there are many antibodies and each is specific for a particular type of antigen thus immune response in acquired immunity is due to the precise binding of antigens to antibody only very small area of the antigens and antibody molecules actually interact through complementary binding sites called epitopes in antigens and paratopes in antibody in an antibody the fab fragment antigenbinding region is formed from the aminoterminal end of both the light and heavy chains of the immunoglobulin polypeptide this region called the variable v domain is composed of amino acid sequences that define each type of antibody and their binding affinity to an antigen'
- 'is very fast the graft is rejected in a few minutes or hours after the transplantation accelerated rejection leads to phagocyte and nk cell activation not of the complement through their fc receptors that bind fc parts of antibodies graft rejection occurs within 3 to 5 days this type of rejection is a typical response to xenotransplants chronic rejection chronic rejection is not yet fully understood but it is known that it is associated with alloantibody and cytokine production endothelium of the blood vessels is being damaged therefore the graft is not sufficiently supplied with blood and is replaced with fibrous tissue fibrosis it takes two months at least to reject the graft in this way cd4 and cd8 tlymphocytes along with other mononuclear leukocytes their exact function regarding the topic is not known participate in the rejection blymphocytes nk cells and cytokines also play a role in it cellular rejection – cd4 and cd8 tlymphocytes nk cells humoral rejection – blymphocytes cytokines humoral antibodymediated type of rejection is caused by recipients blymphocytes which produce alloantibodies against donor mhc class i and ii molecules these alloantibodies can activate the complement – this leads to target cell lysis alternatively donor cells are coated with alloantibodies that initiate phagocytosis through fc receptors of mononuclear leukocytes mechanism of humoral rejection is relevant for hyperacute accelerated and chronic rejection alloimmunity can be also regulated by neonatal b cells cytokine microenvironment where cd4 tlymphocytes recognize alloantigens significantly influences polarization of the immune response cd4 tlymphocytes differentiate into th1 helper cells in the presence of il12 which is usually secreted by mature dendritic cells th1 cells produce proinflammatory cytokine ifnγ and destroy the allograft tissue if there is il4 cd4 tlymphocytes become th2 cells secreting il4 and il5 then allograft tolerance is mostly observed tgfβ induces expression of foxp3 gene in the absence of proinflammatory cytokines and thus differentiation of cd4 tlymphocytes into regulatory t cells treg regulatory t cells produce antiinflammatory cytokines il10 and tgfβ which ensures the allograft tolerance however in'
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-| 14 | - 'the rpipiens embryo reaches its 8cell stage in 55 hours at the temperature of 18 degrees celsius and xlaevis does so in 45 hours in the same temperature when the embryo is composed of over 10000 blastomeres rpipiens – after 25 or 26 hours the next stage of embryonic development begins – gastrulation which lasts around 24 hours the first visible stage of gastrulation is the creation of a concavity on the dorsal side right under the gray crescent in this place begins the infiltration of cells of the future mesoderm from this moment the embryo is called a gastrula and the concave visible from outside is the emerging blastopore over the upper edge of the blastopore called the dorsal lip a migration of cells occurs which derives from the central area of the gray crescent the process of involution takes place – the dorsal lip turns in upon itself the moving cells enter the blastocoele as the blastopore deepens a new embryonic cavity develops the primitive gut or the archenteron it grows in length towards the future front part of the embryo it can be seen from outside the embryo that the dorsal lip curves itself and grows creating the side lips of the blastopore during this time the paraxial mesoderm enters the embryo it will change into somitomeres the bottom of the archenteron is composed of macromeres they later transform into the gut of the embryo the ventral lip of the blastopore develops and the lateral plate mesoderm enters the blastocoel through it the blastopore develops a ringlike shape and surrounds the macromeres creating the yolk sac the process of involution occurs simultaneously with the process of epiboly a cell movement associated with the covering of the embryo by the ectoderm the blastopore gradually closes and the macromeres which are endodermal cells are pulled inside of the embryo the process of emboly it can be seen from the outside as the shrinking of the yolk sac near the end of gastrulation the yolk sac becomes entirely covered by the ectoderm and the blastopore assumes the shape of a vertical cleavage the three germ layers form a characteristic shape the ectoderm is the outermost layer the mesoderm is the middle one and the endoderm forms the inside layer only in the locations of the future body openings the mouth and the anus the endoderm remains in immediate contact with the ec'
- 'polyembryony is the phenomenon of two or more embryos developing from a single fertilized egg due to the embryos resulting from the same egg the embryos are identical to one another but are genetically diverse from the parents the genetic difference between the offspring and the parents but the similarity among siblings are significant distinctions between polyembryony and the process of budding and typical sexual reproduction polyembryony can occur in humans resulting in identical twins though the process is random and at a low frequency polyembryony occurs regularly in many species of vertebrates invertebrates and plants the evolution of polyembryony and the potential evolutionary advantages that may entail have been studied in parasitoid wasps there are several hypotheses surrounding the evolutionary advantages of polyembryony one of them being that it allows female wasps that are small in size to increase the number of potential offspring in comparison to wasps that are mono embryonic there are limitations to monoembryony but with this method of development multiple embryos can be derived from each of the individual eggs that are laidthe potential advantages of polyembryony in competing invasive plant species has been studied as well armadillos are the most well studied vertebrate that undergoes polyembryony with six species of armadillo in the genus dasypus that are always polyembryonic the nine banded armadillo for instance always gives birth to four identical young there are two conditions that are expected to promote the evolution of polyembryony the mother does not know the environmental conditions of her offspring as in the case of parasitoids or a constraint on reproduction it is thought that nine banded armadillos evolved to be polyembryonic because of the latter a more striking example of the use of polyembryony as a competitive reproductive tool is found in the parasitoid hymenoptera family encyrtidae the progeny of the splitting embryo develop into at least two forms those that will develop into adults and those that become a type of soldier called precocious larvae these latter larvae patrol the host and kill any other parasitoids they find with the exception of their siblings usually sistersobligately polyembryonic insects fall in two classes hymenoptera certain wasps and strepsiptera from one egg these insects can produce over thousands of offspring polyembryonic wasps from the hymenoptera group can be further subdivided into four families including braconidae macrocentrus platygastridae platygaster en'
- 'migrating inward contribute to the mesoderm an additional layer between the endoderm and the ectoderm the formation of a mesoderm leads to the development of a coelom organs formed inside a coelom can freely move grow and develop independently of the body wall while fluid cushions protects them from shocksthe mesoderm has several components which develop into tissues intermediate mesoderm paraxial mesoderm lateral plate mesoderm and chordamesoderm the chordamesoderm develops into the notochord the intermediate mesoderm develops into kidneys and gonads the paraxial mesoderm develops into cartilage skeletal muscle and dermis the lateral plate mesoderm develops into the circulatory system including the heart and spleen the wall of the gut and wall of the human bodythrough cell signaling cascades and interactions with the ectodermal and endodermal cells the mesodermal cells begin the process of differentiationthe mesoderm forms muscle smooth and striated bone cartilage connective tissue adipose tissue circulatory system lymphatic system dermis dentine of teeth genitourinary system serous membranes spleen and notochord the ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo and it forms from the embryos epiblast the ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm neural crest and the neural tubethe surface ectoderm develops into epidermis hair nails lens of the eye sebaceous glands cornea tooth enamel the epithelium of the mouth and nose the neural crest of the ectoderm develops into peripheral nervous system adrenal medulla melanocytes facial cartilage the neural tube of the ectoderm develops into brain spinal cord posterior pituitary motor neurons retina note the anterior pituitary develops from the ectodermal tissue of rathkes pouch neural crest because of its great importance the neural crest is sometimes considered a fourth germ layer it is however derived from the ectoderm germ cell histogenesis neurulation list of human cell types derived from the germ layers'
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-| 7 | - 'tympanometry is an acoustic evaluation of the condition of the middle ear eardrum tympanic membrane and the conduction bones by creating variations of air pressure in the ear canal tympanometry is an objective test of middleear function it is not a hearing test but rather a measure of energy transmission through the middle ear it is not a measure of eardrum or middle ear mobility it is an acoustic measure measured by a microphone as part of the ear canal probe inserted into the ear canal the test should not be used to assess the sensitivity of hearing and the results of this test should always be viewed in conjunction with pure tone audiometry tympanometry is a valuable component of the audiometric evaluation in evaluating hearing loss tympanometry permits a distinction between sensorineural and conductive hearing loss when evaluation is not apparent via weber and rinne testing furthermore in a primary care setting tympanometry can be helpful in making the diagnosis of otitis media by demonstrating the presence of fluid build up in the middle ear cavity a tone of 226 hz is generated by a probe tip inserted into the external ear canal where the sound strikes the tympanic membrane causing vibration of the middle ear which in turn results in the conscious perception of hearing some of this sound is reflected back and picked up by the instrument most middle ear problems result in stiffening of the middle ear which causes more of the sound to be reflected back while 226 hz is the most common probe tone others can be used in infants under 4 months of age research has shown a 1000 hz tone yields more accurate results multifrequency tympanometry is conducted at multiple frequencies between 250 and 2000 hz and is used to help identify ossicular abnormalitiesadmittance is how energy is transmitted through the middle ear the instrument measures the reflected sound and expresses it as an admittance or compliance plotting the results on a chart known as a tympanogram normally the air pressure in the ear canal is the same as ambient pressure also under normal conditions the air pressure in the middle ear is approximately the same as ambient pressure since the eustachian tube opens periodically to ventilate the middle ear and equalize pressure in a healthy individual the maximum sound is transmitted through the middle ear when the ambient air pressure in the ear canal is equal to the pressure in the middle ear after an otoscopy examination of the ear with an otoscope to ensure that the path to the eardrum is clear and there is no perforation the test is performed by inserting the tympanometer'
- 'the 3m and 1m exposures used the modified earmuff and the charges were detonated at the base of a tube pointed vertically the left ears of the subjects were positioned 1m or 3m from the lip of the tube and 1 inch 254 cm or 3 inches 762 cm above the top edge of the tube the fourth exposure condition was a reverberant environment with the participants seated at the end of a 3meter long steel tube that opened into a concrete bunker the explosive charged were detonated outside the end of the 3m tube various conditions were accounted for such as the distance of the participants ear from the tube the acoustics of the surrounding environment the level of hearing protection and the number of impulses establishing a matrix of possible exposures an audiogram was used before and after each exposure to measure the threshold and the resulting threshold shift the pressuretime signatures were measured using bare gauges for all exposure conditions according to the analysis of the albuquerque studies by ahaahs developer the ahaah model model correctly predicted the acoustic hazards in 95 percent of the cases while the milstd1474d was correct in only 38 percent of the cases and the aweighted energy method was correct in only 25 percent of the cases with different selection of the exposure limits the equivalent aweighted energy can yield similar accuracy for all three approaches the errors mainly stemmed from the methods overpredicting the danger of the hazard the ahaah is the subject of controversy in regards to its use to assess acoustic hazards in 2003 a nato research study on impulse noise found that the ahaah produced unsatisfactory results for several exposure conditions and the concluding report contained conflicting opinions from several experts a 2010 review by the american institute of biological sciences aibs also concluded that while the ahaah model was a step in the right direction in terms of incorporating factors such as the middle ear muscle contractions in its analysis it was not yet fully developed and validated according to the aibs there were concerns as to whether the ahaah model was capable of modeling the acoustic hazard of a complex military environment with continuous noise from various different machinery and weapons being produced simultaneously in 2012 a review by the national institute for occupational safety and health niosh argued that the mem contractions that were used by the ahaah to justify increasing the recommended maximum noise levels were not present in enough people to be applied as a valid form of analysis the report also noted that the ahaah did not adequately take into account the effects of secondary exposure such as adjacent shooters and range safety personnel as of'
- 'world hearing day is a campaign held each year by office of prevention of blindness and deafness of the world health organization who activities take place across the globe and an event is hosted at the world health organization on march 3 the campaigns objectives are to share information and promote actions towards the prevention of hearing loss and improved hearing care the first event was held in 2007 before 2016 it was known as international ear care day each year the who selects a theme develops educational materials and makes these freely available in several languages it also coordinates and reports on events around the globe individuals and communities involved in hearing care are encouraged to organize activities to raise awareness about the importance of ear and hearing care and encourage them to seek services the 2024 world hearing day campaign will concentrate on overcoming challenges posed by societal misperceptions and stigmatizing mindsets through awarenessraising and informationsharing targeted at the public and healthcare providers the chosen theme for 2024 is let ’ s make ear and hearing care a reality for allwho has emphasized the importance of key messages it is emphasized as a fact that over 80 of people globally require hearing care this situation incurs an estimated cost of us1 trillion related to unaddressed hearing losssocial misperceptions and stigmatizing mindsets are recognized as factors that hinder efforts to prevent and address hearing loss the main objectives of world hearing day 2024 will be to challenge earrelated misconceptions provide evidencebased information to reshape public perceptions of hearing loss and call on nations and society to combat stigmas for equitable access to ear and hearing care the theme for 2023 and subsequent years is ear and hearing care for all let ’ s make it a reality not only will world hearing day 2023 highlight the importance of integrating ear and hearing care within primary care as an essential component of universal health coverage but also provide tools for that integration or expansion of services a new training manual primary ear and hearing care training manual for health workers and general practitioners was released on march 3 2023 and it is accompanied by a trainer ’ s handbook and other community resources a video by whos directorgeneral tedros adhanom ghebreyesus explains the effort wiki4worldhearingday2023 an editathon was part of the 2023 activities of the campaign to facilitate the contribution of hearingrelated content into wikipedia in several languages activities were reported in a wikimedia dashboard the theme of world hearing day 2022 was “ to hear for life listen with care ” key messages and information focus on the importance and means'
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-| 18 | - 'a wide range of substrates eg flexible surfacetreated and materials e g organics to be used a stencil technique is employed in screen printing which uses a tightly woven mesh screen coated in a thin layer of emulsion to reproduce the original image as the stencil is attached to the screen a contiguous template is not necessary a stencil used in airbrushing called a frisket is pressed directly on the artwork it can be used to control or contain overspray create sharp or complex shapes but is not designed to be used more than once wall stencils to decorate walls and ceilings or create your own repeat for an overall modern wall pattern effect one form of pictograph found in ancient and traditional rock paintings is created by the hand first being placed against the panel with dry paint then being blown onto it through a tube in a process that is akin to airbrush or spraypainting the resulting image is a negative print of the hand and is sometimes described as a stencil in australian archaeologyminiature rock art of the stencilled variety at a rock shelter known as yilbilinji in the limmen national park in the northern territory is one of only three known examples of such art usually stencilled art is lifesize using body parts as the stencil but the 17 images of designs of human figures boomerangs animals such as crabs and longnecked turtles wavy lines and geometric shapes are very rare found in 2017 by archaeologists the only other recorded examples are at nielsons creek in new south wales and at kisar island in indonesia it is thought that the designs may have been created by stencils fashioned out of beeswax'
- 'the film industry quickly discovered that vibrantly coloured posters were an easy way to sell their films today posters are produced for most major films and movie posters are some of the most actively collected the record price for a poster was set on november 15 2005 when us690000 was paid for a poster of fritz langs 1927 film metropolis from the reel poster gallery in london other early horror and science fiction posters are known to bring tremendous prices as well with an example from the mummy realizing 452000 in a 1997 sothebys auction and posters from both the black cat and bride of frankenstein selling for 334600 in various heritage auctions the 1931 frankenstein 6sheet poster of which only one copy is known to exist is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world poster advertising proposing a travel destination or simply artistically articulating a place have been made an example is the beach town posters series a collection of art deco travel posters of american beach resorts that epitomise the advertising style of the 1920s and 1930s railway in the early days of steam powered railways in britain the various rail companies advertised their routes and services on simple printed sheets by the 1850s with increasing competition and improvements in printing technology pictorial designs were being incorporated in their advertising posters the use of graphic artists began to influence the design of the pictorial poster in 1905 the london and north western railway lnwr commissioned norman wilkinson to produce artwork for a new landscape poster advertising their rail and steam packet link to ireland in 1908 for the great northern railway gnr john hassall produced the famous image of the jolly fisherman with the skegness is so bracing slogan fortunino matania painted a number of posters for the lms the development of this commercial art form throughout the first half of the twentieth century reflected the changes in british society along with the changing styles of art architecture and fashion as well as changing patterns of holiday making terence cuneo produced poster art for the london midland and scottish railway the london and north eastern railway and british railways sheffield artist kenneth steel produced posters for british railways posters advertising events have become so common that any sort of public event from a rally to a play may be advertised with posters a few types of events have become notable for their poster advertisements boxing boxing posters were used in and around the venue to advertise the forthcoming fight date and ticket prices and they usually consisted of pictures of each boxer boxing posters vary in size and vibrancy but are not usually smaller than 18x22 inches in the early days few boxing posters survived the event and have thus become a collectible concert many concerts'
- 'courses to be made less academic and more attuned to the needs of the industry design history as a component of design courses is under increasing threat in the uk at least and it has been argued that its survival depends on an increased focus on the study of the processes and effects of design rather than the lives of designers themselves ultimately it appears that design history for practicebased courses is rapidly becoming a branch of social and cultural studies leaving behind its art historical roots this has led to a great deal of debate as the two approaches forge distinct pedagogical approaches and philosophies the debate over the best way to approach the teaching of design history to practicebased students is often heated it is notable that the biggest push to adopt a realistic approach ie nonherobased and analysing the production as well as the consumption of design that would otherwise be viewed as ephemeral comes from teachers delivering these programmes while critics are predominantly those who teach design history by approaching it in a more diverse and geographical standpointthe biggest criticism of the realistic approach appears to be that it imposes anonymity on designers while the counter argument is that the vast majority of designers are anonymous and that it is the uses and users of design that are more important the research literature suggests that contrary to critics predictions of the death of design history this realistic approach is beneficial baldwin and mclean at the university of brighton now at the university of dundee and edinburgh college of art respectively reported attendance figures for courses using this model rising dramatically and improved interest in the subject as did rain at central st martins this compares with the oftenreported low attendance and low grades of practicebased students facing the death by slideshow model the rise of western cultures in the 19th century facilitated the idea of having european civilization as culturally advanced which disregarded nonwestern cultures by representing them as cultures without history a global perspective of design history meant that there was a growth in understanding design history from a global context this meant that there became different understandings of design history and acknowledging its processes production and consumption based on the different cultural contexts this was done through what is called globalization one way this was done was by building on to the existing modernist knowledge from europe and making the processes production and consumption meet the standards of the different cultures the problem with this idea is that it assumes that there is only one narrative of design history by limiting it to a specific place and time globalizing design history also means popularizing other forms of design that may not constitute as design in the western countries this means moving beyond the modernists approaches and acknowledging other'
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-| 32 | - 'video with a high contrast mtf is only possible with oversampling so hd television with full theoretical sharpness is only possible by starting with a camera that has a significantly higher resolution followed by digitally filtering with movies now being shot in 4k and even 8k video for the cinema we can expect to see the best pictures on hdtv only from movies or material shot at the higher standard however much we raise the number of pixels used in cameras this will always remain true in absence of a perfect optical spatial filter similarly a 5megapixel image obtained from a 5megapixel still camera can never be sharper than a 5megapixel image obtained after downconversion from an equal quality 10megapixel still camera because of the problem of maintaining a high contrast mtf broadcasters like the bbc did for a long time consider maintaining standard definition television but improving its quality by shooting and viewing with many more pixels though as previously mentioned such a system though impressive does ultimately lack the very fine detail which though attenuated enhances the effect of true hd viewing another factor in digital cameras and camcorders is lens resolution a lens may be said to resolve 1920 horizontal lines but this does not mean that it does so with full modulation from black to white the modulation transfer function just a term for the magnitude of the optical transfer function with phase ignored gives the true measure of lens performance and is represented by a graph of amplitude against spatial frequency lens aperture diffraction also limits mtf whilst reducing the aperture of a lens usually reduces aberrations and hence improves the flatness of the mtf there is an optimum aperture for any lens and image sensor size beyond which smaller apertures reduce resolution because of diffraction which spreads light across the image sensor this was hardly a problem in the days of plate cameras and even 35 mm film but has become an insurmountable limitation with the very small format sensors used in some digital cameras and especially video cameras first generation hd consumer camcorders used 14inch sensors for which apertures smaller than about f4 begin to limit resolution even professional video cameras mostly use 23 inch sensors prohibiting the use of apertures around f16 that would have been considered normal for film formats certain cameras such as the pentax k10d feature an mtf autoexposure mode where the choice of aperture is optimized for maximum sharpness typically this means somewhere in the middle of the aperture range there has recently been a shift towards the use of large image format digital singlelens reflex cameras driven by'
- '##ensity representation of the expansions low density regions and compressions high density regions which characterize the flow the schlieren effect is often used in video projector technologies the basic idea is some device such as a liquid crystal light valve is used to produce schlieren distortions in a controlled manner and these are projected on a screen to produce the desired image projection display systems such as the nowobsolete eidophor and talaria have used variations of this approach as far back as the year 1940 backgroundoriented schlieren technique laser schlieren deflectometry mach – zehnder interferometer moire deflectometry schlieren imaging schlieren photography shadowgraph synthetic schlieren'
- 'distant clouds or snowy mountaintops will seem yellow for that reason that effect is not obvious on clear days but very pronounced when clouds are covering the line of sight reducing the blue hue from scattered sunlight the scattering due to molecule sized particles as in air is greater in the forward and backward directions than it is in the lateral direction individual water droplets exposed to white light will create a set of colored rings if a cloud is thick enough scattering from multiple water droplets will wash out the set of colored rings and create a washed out white color dust from the sahara moves around the southern periphery of the subtropical ridge moves into the southeastern united states during the summer which changes the sky from a blue to a white appearance and leads to an increase in red sunsets its presence negatively affects air quality during the summer since it adds to the count of airborne particulates the sky can turn a multitude of colors such as red orange pink and yellow especially near sunset or sunrise and black at night scattering effects also partially polarize light from the sky most pronounced at an angle 90° from the sun sky luminance distribution models have been recommended by the international commission on illumination cie for the design of daylighting schemes recent developments relate to “ all sky models ” for modelling sky luminance under weather conditions ranging from clear sky to overcast the color of a cloud as seen from the earth tells much about what is going on inside the cloud dense deep tropospheric clouds exhibit a high reflectance 70 to 95 throughout the visible spectrum tiny particles of water are densely packed and sunlight cannot penetrate far into the cloud before it is reflected out giving a cloud its characteristic white color especially when viewed from the top cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the gases as a result the cloud base can vary from a very light to very dark grey depending on the clouds thickness and how much light is being reflected or transmitted back to the observer thin clouds may look white or appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background high tropospheric and nontropospheric clouds appear mostly white if composed entirely of ice crystals andor supercooled water droplets as a tropospheric cloud matures the dense water droplets may combine to produce larger droplets which may combine to form droplets large enough to fall as rain by this process of accumulation the space between droplets becomes increasingly larger permitting light to penetrate farther into the cloud if the cloud is sufficiently large and the droplets within are spaced far enough apart it may be that a percentage of the light which'
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-| 22 | - 'the cone will not expand as far in this direction conversely if the cone of depression contacts a barrier such as massive bedrock ridge a clay body or the edge of the aquifer the cone of depression will decline to greater depths in order to supply water to the well when two cones of depression intersect one another they tend to have a combined effect on drawdown and result in water levels or pressures much lower than a single cone of depression would produce this can be an important consideration when planning well placement and pumping rates in the case of water supply wells whether for domestic use or irrigation wells typically are placed far enough apart in order to avoid intersecting cones of depression this way drawdown in the aquifer is minimized however in the case of dewatering for mines and landfills where the goal is to lower water levels and pressures wells often are placed close together in order to reduce head in the aquifer to the maximum amount water levels or pressures can be contoured similar to elevation on topographic maps contour maps often show “ bullseyes ” around pumped wells that represent the cones of depression in huge municipal wells these cones of depression often can extend many miles from the pumped well for many domestic wells the cones of depression often are too small to even show up on such maps again this really depends on the rate of pumping and the aquifer material cones of depression can be very useful when dealing with contaminant plumes in ground water often a well can be placed near a contaminant plume and pumped at a sufficient rate to create a cone of depression this cone of depression can act to capture the contaminant flow essentially pulling it out of the aquifer the pumped water can then be treated the use of capture wells has been helpful in protecting water supply wells and for isolating contaminants near spills landfills and other sources overdrafting'
- 'warmed approximately 07 degrees celsius over the last hundred years under river flow throughout the course of a river the total volume of water transported downstream will often be a combination of the visible free water flow together with a substantial contribution flowing through rocks and sediments that underlie the river and its floodplain called the hyporheic zone for many rivers in large valleys this unseen component of flow may greatly exceed the visible flow the hyporheic zone often forms a dynamic interface between surface water and groundwater from aquifers exchanging flow between rivers and aquifers that may be fully charged or depleted this is especially significant in karst areas where potholes and underground rivers are common artificial sources of fresh water can include treated wastewater reclaimed water atmospheric water generators and desalinated seawater however the economic and environmental side effects of these technologies must also be taken into consideration aircapture over oceans researchers proposed significantly increasing freshwater through the capture of humid air over oceans to address present and especially future water scarcityinsecurity atmospheric water generators on land a potentialsassessment study proposed hypothetical portable solarpowered atmospheric water harvesting devices which are under development along with design criteria finding they could help a billion people to access safe drinking water albeit such offthegrid generation may sometimes undermine efforts to develop permanent piped infrastructure among other problems the total quantity of water available at any given time is an important consideration some human water users have an intermittent need for water for example many farms require large quantities of water in the spring and no water at all in the winter to supply such a farm with water a surface water system may require a large storage capacity to collect water throughout the year and release it in a short period of time other users have a continuous need for water such as a power plant that requires water for cooling to supply such a power plant with water a surface water system only needs enough storage capacity to fill in when average stream flow is below the power plants need nevertheless over the long term the average rate of precipitation within a watershed is the upper bound for average consumption of natural surface water from that watershed it is estimated that 22 of worldwide water is used in industry major industrial users include hydroelectric dams thermoelectric power plants which use water for cooling ore and oil refineries which use water in chemical processes and manufacturing plants which use water as a solvent water withdrawal can be very high for certain industries but consumption is generally much lower than that of agriculture water is used in renewable power generation hydroelectric power derives energy from the force of water flowing downhill driving a turbine connected to a generator this hydroelectricity'
- 'was developed in the early 1970s under contract to the united states environmental protection agency epa this computer model formed the basis of much of the mitigation study that led to strategies for land use and chemical handling controls increasingly stormwater practitioners have recognized the need for monte carlo models to simulate stormwater processes because of natural variations in multiple variables that affect the quality and quantity of runoff the benefit of the monte carlo analysis is not to decrease uncertainty in the input statistics but to represent the different combinations of the variables that determine potential risks of waterquality excursions one example of this type of stormwater model is the stochastic empirical loading and dilution model seldm is a stormwater quality model seldm is designed to transform complex scientific data into meaningful information about the risk of adverse effects of runoff on receiving waters the potential need for mitigation measures and the potential effectiveness of such management measures for reducing these risks seldm provides a method for rapid assessment of information that is otherwise difficult or impossible to obtain because it models the interactions among hydrologic variables with different probability distributions that result in a population of values that represent likely longterm outcomes from runoff processes and the potential effects of different mitigation measures seldm also provides the means for rapidly doing sensitivity analyses to determine the potential effects of different input assumptions on the risks for waterquality excursions other computer models have been developed such as the dssam model that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants in this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters agricultural wastewater – contamination of water bodies agricultural nutrient runoff – farm management for controlling pollution from confined animal operations and surface runoffpages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets catchwater – runoff catching or channeling device effluent – liquid waste or sewage discharged into a river or the sea flash flood hydrological model – simplification of a realworld system that aids in understanding predicting and managing water resourcespages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback nationwide urban runoff program – us pollution research program – us research program nonpoint source pollution – pollution resulting from multiple sources organic matter – matter composed of organic compounds rain garden – runoff reducing landscaping method runoff curve number – parameter used in hydrology runoff model reservoir – type of water motion safe water stochastic empirical loading and dilution model trophic state index – measure of the ability of water to sustain biological productivity'
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-| 3 | - 'the direct historical approach to archaeology was a methodology developed in the united states of america during the 1920s1930s by william duncan strong and others which argued that knowledge relating to historical periods is extended back into earlier times this methodology involves taking an archaeological site that has historical accounts relating to recent periods of occupation and then excavating it to establish continuity back into prehistoric times the historical data then becomes the basis of analogy and homology for the study of the prehistoric communities at both the particular site and other sites in the region the main issue with the approach is that in many parts of the world there is no direct continuity between historically documented communities and the prehistoric occupants of the region in the nineteenth century the archaeological record of the americas was viewed as an extension into the past of the ethnographically documented record human behaviors of the archaeological past were seen as nearly identical to those described ethnographically and thus they could be studied with minimal training in archaeology the result of this particular view was the development and regular use of what came to be known as the direct historical approach roland b dixon was seen as an early proponent of this approach in his presidential address to the american anthropological association he stated “ one would logically proceed to investigate a number of sites of known ethnic affiliation and work back from these ” because it “ is only through the known that we can comprehend the unknown only from a study of the present that we can understand the past ” strong who later became attributed to this particular methodology argued that dixon set forth the procedure of the direct historical approach strong would later go on to say that “ once the archeological criteria of a historically documented culture had been determined it is then possible to advance from the known and historic into the unknown and prehistoric ” oddly the direct historical approach rarely appears in histories of american anthropology similarly very few texts point out that the direct historical approach was used for three distinct purposes in american archaeology these were 1 to identify the cultural association of an archaeological manifestation 2 to construct relative chronologies of archaeological materials and 3 to understand the human behaviors that were thought to have produced particular portions of the archaeological record after the peak of the direct historical approach willey wrote about its use as a means of assigning ethnic identity to archaeological phenomena he explained “ through a series of successive periods prehistoric cultures were linked to protohistoric historic and modern descendants this type of study sometimes called the ‘ direct historical approach ’ has a theoretical basis in cultural continuity starting with known documented habitation sites certain cultural assemblages were identified and associated with particular tribal groups earlier archaeological assemblages were then sought which'
- 'and the middle east were formed from voluntary and involuntary migrants after the holocaust 1938 to 1945 there was increased migration to the british mandate of palestine which became the modern state of israel as a result of the united nations partition plan for palestine provisions of the potsdam agreement from 1945 signed by victorious western allies and the soviet union led to one of the largest european migrations and the largest in the 20th century it involved the migration and resettlement of close to or over 20 million people the largest affected group were 165 million germans expelled from eastern europe westwards the second largest group were poles millions of whom were expelled westwards from eastern kresy region and resettled in the socalled recovered territories see allies decide polish border in the article on the oderneisse line hundreds of thousands of poles ukrainians operation vistula lithuanians latvians estonians and some belarusians were expelled eastwards from europe to the soviet union finally many of the several hundred thousand jews remaining in eastern europe after the holocaust migrated outside europe to israel and the united states partition of india in 1947 upon the partition of india large populations moved from india to pakistan and vice versa depending on their religious beliefs the partition was created by the indian independence act 1947 as a result of the dissolution of the british indian empire the partition displaced up to 17 million people in the former british indian empire with estimates of loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million muslim residents of the former british india migrated to pakistan including east pakistan now bangladesh whilst hindu and sikh residents of pakistan and hindu residents of east pakistan now bangladesh moved in the opposite direction in modern india estimates based on industry sectors mainly employing migrants suggest that there are around 100 million circular migrants in india caste social networks and historical precedents play a powerful role in shaping patterns of migration research by the overseas development institute identifies a rapid movement of labor from slower to fastergrowing parts of the economy migrants can often find themselves excluded by urban housing policies and migrant support initiatives are needed to give workers improved access to market information certification of identity housing and educationin the riots which preceded the partition in the punjab region between 200000 and 500000 people were killed in the retributive genocide unhcr estimates 14 million hindus sikhs and muslims were displaced during the partition scholars call it the largest mass migration in human history nigel smith in his book pakistan history culture and government calls it historys greatest migration early human migrations human migration immigration § history refugee crisis timeline of maritime migration and exploration reich david 2018 who we are and how we got here – ancient dna and the new science of the human past pantheon books isbn'
- 'salvage anthropology related to salvage ethnography is a term referring to the practice of collecting and documenting in the face of presumed cultural decline in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century salvage anthropology influenced collectors of all kinds including those interested in music material culture and osteology ideas connected to salvage anthropology influenced how cultures were written about and documented through a wide range of publications and popular exhibitions when the term was coined in the 1960s it referred mainly to archeological efforts to find cultural information before an area was obliterated by the construction of reservoirs power plants or roads or before land was leveled for irrigation these projects were often conducted under time restrictions based on when the area was slated for destructiondespite the origins of the term salvage anthropology is most frequently used to describe euroamerican attempts to “ preserve ” american indian culture in the 19th and 20th centuries while the term salvage anthropology did not emerge until later a widespread belief in the eventual extinction of indigenous societies drove widespread efforts to document record and collect beginning in the jacksonian era many americans subscribed to the belief that american indians were vanishing despite the fact that governmental actions including the forced removal of the cherokee from georgia via the trail of tears had much to do with the declining population of american indians in the eastern united states leading american thinkers shifted the causes of “ disappearance ” to the indians ’ own destiny to give way to whites in addition to the belief that american indians would physically vanish due to forced migration disease and war americans also held the belief that indians would culturally vanish through contact with whites and forced assimilation because of this belief euroamericans took on the responsibility of externally preserving the cultural memory and traditions of american indians particularly through collecting tribal objects since american indians were erroneously thought to be going extinct white american anthropologists did not trust them to preserve their own traditions within their communities and began an effort in the late nineteenth century to dispossess communities of spiritual and other items which would be transplanted into museums as euroamericans removed sacred objects from their communities they placed spiritual items into an educational context although the collectors believed they were using these objects to showcase the memory of a “ vanishing ” people the objects were taken from actual people many of whom believed that public display was disrespectful and potentially harmful to viewers many american indians also believed that exhibiting sacred objects stripped the items of their spiritual power by creating new meanings for the objects on display in attempts to externally preserve a culture anthropologists and collectors diminished the meaning that items held for the people who had created them nineteenth and earlytwentieth century salvage anthropology often was undertaken'
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-| 33 | - 'for ghost hunting enthusiasts lists over 300 of these organizations throughout the united states and the united kingdom scientific skeptics advocate critical investigation of claims of paranormal phenomena applying the scientific method to reach a rational scientific explanation of the phenomena to account for the paranormal claims taking into account that alleged paranormal abilities and occurrences are sometimes hoaxes or misinterpretations of natural phenomena a way of summarizing this method is by the application of occams razor which suggests that the simpler solution is usually the correct onethe committee for skeptical inquiry csi formerly the committee for the scientific investigation of claims of the paranormal csicop is an organization that aims to publicize the scientific skeptical approach it carries out investigations aimed at understanding paranormal reports in terms of scientific understanding and publishes its results in the skeptical inquirer magazine csis richard wiseman draws attention to possible alternative explanations for perceived paranormal activity in his article the haunted brain while he recognizes that approximately 15 of people believe they have experienced an encounter with a ghost he reports that only 1 report seeing a fullfledged ghost while the rest report strange sensory stimuli such as seeing fleeting shadows or wisps of smoke or the sensation of hearing footsteps or feeling a presence wiseman makes the claim that rather than experiencing paranormal activity it is activity within our own brains that creates these strange sensationsmichael persinger proposed that ghostly experiences could be explained by stimulating the brain with weak magnetic fields swedish psychologist pehr granqvist and his team attempting to replicate persingers research determined that the paranormal sensations experienced by persingers subjects were merely the result of suggestion and that brain stimulation with magnetic fields did not result in ghostly experiencesoxford university justin barrett has theorized that agency — being able to figure out why people do what they do — is so important in everyday life that it is natural for our brains to work too hard at it thereby detecting human or ghostlike behavior in everyday meaningless stimulijames randi an investigator with a background in illusion felt that the simplest explanation for those claiming paranormal abilities is often trickery illustrated by demonstrating that the spoon bending abilities of psychic uri geller can easily be duplicated by trained stage magicians he was also the founder of the james randi educational foundation and its million dollar challenge that offered a prize of us1000000 to anyone who could demonstrate evidence of any paranormal supernatural or occult power or event under test conditions agreed to by both parties despite many declarations of supernatural ability the prize was never claimed in anomalistic psychology paranormal phenomena have naturalistic explanations resulting from psychological and physical factors which have sometimes given the'
- 'supernatural scientific american 304 2 89 doi101038scientificamerican021189 pmid 21319549 retrieved 13 may 2020'
- 'consciousness or higher self attempts to communicate with the dead and other living human beings aka spirits have been documented back to early human history such as the biblical account of the witch of endormediumship became quite popular in the 19thcentury united states and the united kingdom after the rise of spiritualism as a religious movement modern spiritualism is said to date from practices and lectures of the fox sisters in new york state in 1848 the trance mediums paschal beverly randolph and emma hardinge britten were among the most celebrated lecturers and authors on the subject in the mid19th century allan kardec coined the term spiritism around 1860 kardec claimed that conversations with spirits by selected mediums were the basis of his the spirits book and later his fivebook collection spiritist codification some scientists of the period who investigated spiritualism also became converts they included chemist robert hare physicist william crookes 1832 – 1919 and evolutionary biologist alfred russel wallace 1823 – 1913 nobel laureate pierre curie took a very serious scientific interest in the work of medium eusapia palladino other prominent adherents included journalist and pacifist william t stead 1849 – 1912 and physician and author arthur conan doyle 1859 – 1930after the exposure of the fraudulent use of stage magic tricks by physical mediums such as the davenport brothers and the bangs sisters mediumship fell into disrepute however the religion and its beliefs continue in spite of this with physical mediumship and seances falling out of practice and platform mediumship coming to the fore in the late 1920s and early 1930s there were around one quarter of a million practising spiritualists and some two thousand spiritualist societies in the uk in addition to flourishing microcultures of platform mediumship and home circles spiritualism continues to be practised primarily through various denominational spiritualist churches in the united states canada australia and the united kingdom in the united kingdom over 340 spiritualist churches and centres open their doors to the public and free demonstrations of mediumship are regularly performed in 1958 the englishborn spiritualist c dorreen phillips wrote of her experiences with a medium at camp chesterfield indiana in rev james laughtons seances there are many indians they are very noisy and appear to have great power the little guides or doorkeepers are usually indian boys and girls who act as messengers who help to locate the spirit friends who wish to speak with you a spirit who uses a medium to manipulate psychic energy or energy systems in oldline spiritualism a portion of the services generally toward the end is given over to demonstrations of mediumship through purported contact with the spirits of the'
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-| 39 | - 'in warm water might be responsible for the faster crystallization distribution function strong deviations from the maxwellboltzmann distribution results in potential mpemba effect showing up in gases other phenomena in which large effects may be achieved faster than small effects are latent heat turning 0 °c 32 °f ice to 0 °c 32 °f water takes the same amount of energy as heating water from 0 °c 32 °f to 80 °c 176 °f leidenfrost effect lower temperature boilers can sometimes vaporize water faster than higher temperature boilers density of water heat capacity water cluster newton ’ s law of cooling auerbach david 1995 supercooling and the mpemba effect when hot water freezes quicker than cold pdf american journal of physics 63 10 882 – 885 bibcode1995amjph63882a doi101119118059 auerbach attributes the mpemba effect to differences in the behaviour of supercooled formerly hot water and formerly cold water chown marcus june 2006 why water freezes faster after heating new scientist conover emily 2017 debate heats up over claims that hot water sometimes freezes faster than cold science news 191 2 14 retrieved 2 april 2018 dorsey n ernest 1948 the freezing of supercooled water trans am philos soc 38 3 247 – 326 doi1023071005602 hdl2027mdp39076006405018 jstor 1005602 an extensive study of freezing experiments jeng monwhea 2006 the mpemba effect when can hot water freeze faster than cold american journal of physics 74 6 514 – 522 arxivphysics0512262 bibcode2006amjph74514j doi10111912186331 knight charles a may 1996 the mpemba effect the freezing times of hot and cold water american journal of physics 64 5 524 bibcode1996amjph64524k doi101119118275'
- 'negative thermal expansion nte is an unusual physicochemical process in which some materials contract upon heating rather than expand as most other materials do the most wellknown material with nte is water at 0 to 398 °c also the density of water ice is smaller than the density of liquid water waters nte is the reason why water ice floats rather than sinks in liquid water materials which undergo nte have a range of potential engineering photonic electronic and structural applications for example if one were to mix a negative thermal expansion material with a normal material which expands on heating it could be possible to use it as a thermal expansion compensator that might allow for forming composites with tailored or even close to zero thermal expansion there are a number of physical processes which may cause contraction with increasing temperature including transverse vibrational modes rigid unit modes and phase transitions in 2011 liu et al showed that the nte phenomenon originates from the existence of high pressure small volume configurations with higher entropy with their configurations present in the stable phase matrix through thermal fluctuations they were able to predict both the colossal positive thermal expansion in cerium and zero and infinite negative thermal expansion in fe3pt alternatively large negative and positive thermal expansion may result from the design of internal microstructure negative thermal expansion is usually observed in nonclosepacked systems with directional interactions eg ice graphene etc and complex compounds eg cu2o zrw2o8 betaquartz some zeolites etc however in a paper it was shown that negative thermal expansion nte is also realized in singlecomponent closepacked lattices with pair central force interactions the following sufficient condition for potential giving rise to nte behavior is proposed for the interatomic potential π x displaystyle pi x at the equilibrium distance a displaystyle a where π [UNK] a displaystyle pi a is shorthand for the third derivative of the interatomic potential at the equilibrium point this condition is i necessary and sufficient in 1d and ii sufficient but not necessary in 2d and 3d an approximate necessary and sufficient condition is derived in a paper where d displaystyle d is the space dimensionality thus in 2d and 3d negative thermal expansion in closepacked systems with pair interactions is realized even when the third derivative of the potential is zero or even negative note that onedimensional and multidimensional cases are qualitatively different in 1d thermal expansion is caused by anharmonicity of interatomic potential only therefore the sign of thermal expansion coefficient is determined by the sign of the third derivative of the potential in'
- 'the maximum power principle or lotkas principle has been proposed as the fourth principle of energetics in open system thermodynamics where an example of an open system is a biological cell according to howard t odum the maximum power principle can be stated during selforganization system designs develop and prevail that maximize power intake energy transformation and those uses that reinforce production and efficiency chen 2006 has located the origin of the statement of maximum power as a formal principle in a tentative proposal by alfred j lotka 1922a b lotkas statement sought to explain the darwinian notion of evolution with reference to a physical principle lotkas work was subsequently developed by the systems ecologist howard t odum in collaboration with the chemical engineer richard c pinkerton and later advanced by the engineer myron tribus while lotkas work may have been a first attempt to formalise evolutionary thought in mathematical terms it followed similar observations made by leibniz and volterra and ludwig boltzmann for example throughout the sometimes controversial history of natural philosophy in contemporary literature it is most commonly associated with the work of howard t odum the significance of odums approach was given greater support during the 1970s amid times of oil crisis where as gilliland 1978 pp 100 observed there was an emerging need for a new method of analysing the importance and value of energy resources to economic and environmental production a field known as energy analysis itself associated with net energy and eroei arose to fulfill this analytic need however in energy analysis intractable theoretical and practical difficulties arose when using the energy unit to understand a the conversion among concentrated fuel types or energy types b the contribution of labour and c the contribution of the environment lotka said 1922b 151 the principle of natural selection reveals itself as capable of yielding information which the first and second laws of thermodynamics are not competent to furnish the two fundamental laws of thermodynamics are of course insufficient to determine the course of events in a physical system they tell us that certain things cannot happen but they do not tell us what does happen gilliland noted that these difficulties in analysis in turn required some new theory to adequately explain the interactions and transactions of these different energies different concentrations of fuels labour and environmental forces gilliland gilliland 1978 p 101 suggested that odums statement of the maximum power principle htodum 1978 pp 54 – 87 was perhaps an adequate expression of the requisite theory that theory as it is expressed by the maximum power principle addresses the empirical question of why systems of any type or size organize themselves into'
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-| 27 | - 'benzidine and a biphenol unit the cationic ring typically prefers staying over the benzidine ring but moves over to the biphenol group when the benzidine gets protonated at low ph or if it gets electrochemically oxidized in 1998 a study could capture the rotary motion of a decacyclene molecule on a copperbase metallic surface using a scanning tunneling microscope over the following decade a broad variety of amms responding to various stimuli were invented for different applications in 2016 the nobel prize in chemistry was awarded to sauvage stoddart and bernard l feringa for the design and synthesis of molecular machines over the past few decades amms have diversified rapidly and their design principles properties and characterization methods have been outlined more clearly a major starting point for the design of amms is to exploit the existing modes of motion in molecules for instance single bonds can be visualized as axes of rotation as can be metallocene complexes bending or vlike shapes can be achieved by incorporating double bonds that can undergo cistrans isomerization in response to certain stimuli typically irradiation with a suitable wavelength as seen in numerous designs consisting of stilbene and azobenzene units similarly ringopening and closing reactions such as those seen for spiropyran and diarylethene can also produce curved shapes another common mode of movement is the circumrotation of rings relative to one another as observed in mechanically interlocked molecules primarily catenanes while this type of rotation can not be accessed beyond the molecule itself because the rings are confined within one another rotaxanes can overcome this as the rings can undergo translational movements along a dumbbelllike axis another line of amms consists of biomolecules such as dna and proteins as part of their design making use of phenomena like protein folding and unfolding amm designs have diversified significantly since the early days of the field a major route is the introduction of bistability to produce molecular switches featuring two distinct configurations for the molecule to convert between this has been perceived as a step forward from the original molecular shuttle which consisted of two identical sites for the ring to move between without any preference in a manner analogous to the ring flip in an unsubstituted cyclohexane if these two sites are different from each other in terms of features like electron density this can give rise to weak or strong recognition sites as in biological systems — such amms have found applications in catalysis and drug delivery this switching behavior has been further optimi'
- 'have provided a wealth of knowledge in this area although the md simulation are still limited to a small number of atoms and molecules due to limitation in the computational performance they have proved to be an instrumental branch of this emerging field'
- 'freely travel long distances and thus induce largescale plasticity countermeasures involve using alloys not susceptible to grain boundary depletion using a suitable heat treatment altering the environment eg lowering oxygen content andor use cathodic protection selective leaching can be used to produce powdered materials with extremely high surface area such as raney nickel and other heterogeneous catalysts selective leaching can be the prefinal stage of depletion gilding corrosion engineering'
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-| 17 | - 'yoldia sea is a name given by geologists to a variable brackish water stage in the baltic sea basin that prevailed after the baltic ice lake was drained to sea level during the weichselian glaciation dates for the yoldia sea are obtained mainly by radiocarbon dating material from ancient sediments and shore lines and from clayvarve chronology they tend to vary by as much as a thousand years but a good estimate is 10300 – 9500 radiocarbon years bc equivalent to ca 11700 – 10700 calendar years bc the sea ended gradually when isostatic rise of scandinavia closed or nearly closed its effluents altering the balance between saline and fresh water the yoldia sea became ancylus lake the yoldia sea stage had three phases of which only the middle phase had brackish water the name of the sea is adapted from the obsolete name of the bivalve portlandia arctica previously known as yoldia arctica found around stockholm this bivalve requires cold saline water it characterizes the middle phase of the yoldia sea during which saline water poured into the baltic before the acceleration of glacial melting the baltic ice lake the yoldia sea the ancylus lake and the littorina sea are four recognized stages in the postglacial progression of the baltic basin – there are also transition periods which can be considered as substages from earliest to most recent they run the baltic ice lake – fresh water proglacial lake with level greater than sea level – dammed by glacial ice until the ice dam broke free at the north slope of billingen uplands – the lake level then dropped 26 meters to sea level 10000 years before the present bc transition period between the baltic ice lake and the yoldia sea there was a transient lake stage before the ingression of salt water this lasted 300 years 292 309 annual deposition varves are seen in the geologic record depending on where measured the yoldia sea – a short lived connection with the sea across southcentral sweden over the narke strait – approximately 10000 to 9600 bc the ancylus lake – creation of a fresh water lake through uplift which blocked the narke strait 9600 to 7800 βp the littorina sea – with the rise in sea level and the submergence of the øresund strait the baltic again communicated with the north sea beginning 7800 βp to present this is sometimes split into substagesthe mastogloia sea a substage sometimes used to distinguish the period between'
- 'a moulin or glacier mill is a roughly circular vertical or nearly vertical welllike shaft formed where a surface meltstream exploits a weakness in the ice the term is derived from the french word for millthey can be up to 10 meters wide and are typically found on ice sheets and flat areas of a glacier in a region of transverse crevasses moulins can reach the bottom of the glacier hundreds of meters deep or may only reach the depth of common crevasse formation about 10 – 40 m where the stream flows englacially they are the most typical cause for the formation of a glacier cave moulins are parts of the internal structure of glaciers that carry meltwater from the surface down to wherever it may go water from a moulin often exits the glacier at base level sometimes into the sea and occasionally the lower end of a moulin may be exposed in the face of a glacier or at the edge of a stagnant block of ice water from moulins may help lubricate the base of the glacier affecting glacial motion given an appropriate relationship between an ice sheet and the terrain the head of water in a moulin can provide the power and medium with which a tunnel valley may be formed the role of this water in lubricating the base of ice sheets and glaciers is complex and it is implicated in accelerating the speed of glaciers and thus the rate of glacial calving firn giants kettle holocene glacial retreat melt pond neve sinkhole snake coils subglacial lake supraglacial lake'
- 'inertia time scale of the shallower ocean ice sheet inertia even after co2 emissions are lowered the melting of ice sheets will persist and further increase sealevel rise for centuries the slower transportation of heat into the extreme deep ocean subsurface land sediments and thick ice sheets will continue until the new earth system equilibrium has been reachedpermafrost also takes longer to respond to a warming planet because of thermal inertia due to ice rich materials and permafrost thickness earths carbon cycle feedback includes a destabilizing positive feedback identified as the climatecarbon feedback which prolongs warming for centuries and a stabilizing negative feedback identified as the concentrationcarbon feedback which limits the ultimate warming response to fossil carbon emissions the nearterm effect following emissions is asymmetric with latter mechanism being about four times larger and results in a significant net slowing contribution to the inertia of the climate system during the first few decades following emissions depending on the ecosystem effects of climate change could show quickly while others take more time to respond for instance coral bleaching can occur in a single warm season while trees may be able to persist for decades under a changing climate but be unable to regenerate changes in the frequency of extreme weather events could disrupt ecosystems as a consequence depending on individual response times of species the ipcc concluded that the inertia and uncertainty of the climate system ecosystems and socioeconomic systems implies that margins for safety should be considered thus setting strategies targets and time tables for avoiding dangerous interference through climate change further the ipcc concluded in their 2001 report that the stabilization of atmospheric co2 concentration temperature or sea level is affected by the inertia of the climate system which will cause climate change to continue for a period after mitigation actions are implemented uncertainty regarding the location of possible thresholds of irreversible change and the behavior of the system in their vicinity the time lags between adoption of mitigation goals and their achievement earths energy budget planetary boundaries systems theory and systems analysis'
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-| 10 | - '##hyde by aldolase b is relatively slow therefore fructose1phosphate accumulates with the corresponding reduction of intracellular pi available for phosphorylation reactions in the cell this is why fructose is contraindicated for total parenteral nutrition tpn solutions and is never given intravenously as a source of carbohydrate it has been suggested that excessive dietary intake of fructose may also result in reduced phosphorylation potential however this is still a contentious issue dietary fructose is not well absorbed and increased dietary intake often results in malabsorption whether or not sufficient amounts of dietary fructose could be absorbed to cause a significant reduction in phosphorylating potential in liver cells remains questionable and there are no clear examples of this in the literature'
- 'using sanger or nextgeneration sequencing ngs there are two major applications to studying the genome at the single cell level one application is to track the changes that occur in bacterial populations where phenotypic differences are often seen these differences are missed by bulk sequencing of a population but can be observed in single cell sequencing the second major application is to study the genetic evolution of cancer since cancer cells are constantly mutating it is of great interest to see how cancers evolve at the genetic level these patterns of somatic mutations and copy number aberration can be observed using single cell sequencing singlecell transcriptomics uses sequencing techniques similar to single cell genomics or direct detection using fluorescence in situ hybridization the first step in quantifying the transcriptome is to convert rna to cdna using reverse transcriptase so that the contents of the cell can be sequenced using ngs methods as was done in genomics once converted there is not enough cdna to be sequenced so the same dna amplification techniques discussed in single cell genomics are applied to the cdna to make sequencing possible alternately fluorescent compounds attached to rna hybridization probes are used to identify specific sequences and sequential application of different rna probes will build up a comprehensive transcriptome the purpose of single cell transcriptomics is to determine what genes are being expressed in each cell the transcriptome is often used to quantify the gene expression instead of the proteome because of the difficulty currently associated with amplifying protein levelsthere are three major reasons gene expression has been studied using this technique to study gene dynamics rna splicing and cell typing gene dynamics are usually studied to determine what changes in gene expression affect different cell characteristics for example this type of transcriptomic analysis has often been used to study embryonic development rna splicing studies are focused on understanding the regulation of different transcript isoforms single cell transcriptomics has also been used for cell typing where the genes expressed in a cell are used to identify types of cells the main goal in cell typing is to find a way to determine the identity of cells that dont have known genetic markersrna expression can serve as a proxy for protein abundance however protein abundance is governed by the complex interplay between rna expression and posttranscriptional processes while more challenging technically translation can be monitored by ribosome profiling in single cells there are three major approaches to singlecell proteomics antibody based methods fluorescent protein based methods and massspectroscopy based methods antibody – based methods the antibody based methods use designed antibodies to bind to proteins of interest allowing'
- '##less fluorinated chemicals ie not perfluorinated compounds can also be detected in the environment because biological systems do not metabolize fluorinated molecules easily fluorinated pharmaceuticals like antibiotics and antidepressants can be found in treated city sewage and wastewater fluorinecontaining agrichemicals are measurable in farmland runoff and nearby rivers fluorine absorption dating a relative method for archeological dating of bone or other organics fluorine deficiency fluoride toxicity'
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-| 6 | - 'shape of galaxies and eventually by gaining better general cosmological insights how life originated'
- 'causal dynamical triangulation abbreviated as cdt theorized by renate loll jan ambjørn and jerzy jurkiewicz is an approach to quantum gravity that like loop quantum gravity is background independent this means that it does not assume any preexisting arena dimensional space but rather attempts to show how the spacetime fabric itself evolves there is evidence that at large scales cdt approximates the familiar 4dimensional spacetime but shows spacetime to be 2dimensional near the planck scale and reveals a fractal structure on slices of constant time these interesting results agree with the findings of lauscher and reuter who use an approach called quantum einstein gravity and with other recent theoretical work near the planck scale the structure of spacetime itself is supposed to be constantly changing due to quantum fluctuations and topological fluctuations cdt theory uses a triangulation process which varies dynamically and follows deterministic rules to map out how this can evolve into dimensional spaces similar to that of our universe the results of researchers suggest that this is a good way to model the early universe and describe its evolution using a structure called a simplex it divides spacetime into tiny triangular sections a simplex is the multidimensional analogue of a triangle 2simplex a 3simplex is usually called a tetrahedron while the 4simplex which is the basic building block in this theory is also known as the pentachoron each simplex is geometrically flat but simplices can be glued together in a variety of ways to create curved spacetimes whereas previous attempts at triangulation of quantum spaces have produced jumbled universes with far too many dimensions or minimal universes with too few cdt avoids this problem by allowing only those configurations in which the timelines of all joined edges of simplices agree cdt is a modification of quantum regge calculus where spacetime is discretized by approximating it with a piecewise linear manifold in a process called triangulation in this process a ddimensional spacetime is considered as formed by space slices that are labeled by a discrete time variable t each space slice is approximated by a simplicial manifold composed by regular d − 1dimensional simplices and the connection between these slices is made by a piecewise linear manifold of dsimplices in place of a smooth manifold there is a network of triangulation nodes where space is locally flat within each simplex but globally curved as with the individual faces and the overall surface of a geo'
- 'than iron via a rapid neutroncapture mechanism known as the rprocess see below stars with initial masses less than about eight times the sun never develop a core large enough to collapse and they eventually lose their atmospheres to become white dwarfs stable cooling spheres of carbon supported by the pressure of degenerate electrons nucleosynthesis within those lighter stars is therefore limited to nuclides that were fused in material located above the final white dwarf this limits their modest yields returned to interstellar gas to carbon13 and nitrogen14 and to isotopes heavier than iron by slow capture of neutrons the sprocess a significant minority of white dwarfs will explode however either because they are in a binary orbit with a companion star that loses mass to the stronger gravitational field of the white dwarf or because of a merger with another white dwarf the result is a white dwarf which exceeds its chandrasekhar limit and explodes as a type ia supernova synthesizing about a solar mass of radioactive 56ni isotopes together with smaller amounts of other iron peak elements the subsequent radioactive decay of the nickel to iron keeps type ia optically very bright for weeks and creates more than half of all the iron in the universevirtually all of the remainder of stellar nucleosynthesis occurs however in stars that are massive enough to end as core collapse supernovae in the presupernova massive star this includes helium burning carbon burning oxygen burning and silicon burning much of that yield may never leave the star but instead disappears into its collapsed core the yield that is ejected is substantially fused in lastsecond explosive burning caused by the shock wave launched by core collapse prior to core collapse fusion of elements between silicon and iron occurs only in the largest of stars and then in limited amounts thus the nucleosynthesis of the abundant primary elements defined as those that could be synthesized in stars of initially only hydrogen and helium left by the big bang is substantially limited to corecollapse supernova nucleosynthesis during supernova nucleosynthesis the rprocess creates very neutronrich heavy isotopes which decay after the event to the first stable isotope thereby creating the neutronrich stable isotopes of all heavy elements this neutron capture process occurs in high neutron density with high temperature conditions in the rprocess any heavy nuclei are bombarded with a large neutron flux to form highly unstable neutron rich nuclei which very rapidly undergo beta decay to form more stable nuclei with higher atomic number and the same atomic mass the neutron density is extremely high about 1022 – 24 neutrons per cubic centimeter'
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-| 8 | - '##ponder on any aircraft within range of the interrogation replies on 1090 mhz with their squawk code known as mode a and altitude code or mode c mode s transponders also reply on this frequency and encoded within the mode s transmission is the mode a squawk and mode c altitude information military aircraft also respond on this frequency but use a different transmission protocol see step 3 a pcascontaining aircrafts own transponder should also reply however the xrx unit watches for this signal and will not report it as a threat aircraft the unit may use this information to establish base altitude for use in step 4 the pcas unit computes range maximum 6 miles based on the amplitude of the received signal the altitude code is decoded and the signal angleofarrival is determined to a resolution of quadrants ahead behind left or right using a directional antenna array xrx will recognize interrogations from tcas skywatch and any other active system military protocols and mode s transmissions the altitude of the aircraft in the example 2500 ft is compared to the altitude of the pcas altitude eg 1500 ft and the relative altitude is calculated eg 1000 ft above you with relative direction altitude and range determined xrx displays this information and stores it in memory if additional aircraft are within detection range the above process is repeated for each aircraft the top threat is displayed on the left of the traffic screen and the second and third threats are displayed on the right the greatest threat is determined by looking at aircraft within the detection window and comparing primarily the vertical separation ± relative altitude and secondarily the range to the aircraft currently being displayed xrx uses algorithms to determine which of two or more aircraft is a greater threat'
- 'in close maneuvering engagements several nations responded with programs to counter the mig29hmdr73 and later su27 combination once its effectiveness was known principally through access to former east german mig29s that were operated by the unified german air force one of the first aircraft with simple hmd devices appeared for experimental purpose in the mid1970s to aid in targeting heat seeking missiles these rudimentary devices were better described as helmetmounted sights the us navys visual target acquisition system vtas made by honeywell corporation was a simple mechanical ring and bead – style sight fitted to the front of the pilots helmet that was flown in the 1974 – 78 acevalaimval on us f14 and f15 fighters vtas received praise for its effectiveness in targeting offboresight missiles but the us did not pursue fielding it except for integration into latemodel navy f4 phantoms equipped with the aim9 sidewinder from 1969 hmds were also introduced in helicopters during this time – examples include the boeing ah64 apache with the integrated helmet and display sighting system ihadsisy demonstrated in 1985one successful hmd was the israeli air force elbit dash series fielded in conjunction with the python 4 in the early 1990s the us uk and germany pursued a hmd combined with asraam systems technical difficulties led to the us abandoning asraam instead funding development of the aim9x and the joint helmetmounted cueing system in 1990 american and european fighter hmds became widely used in the late 1990s and early 2000s the first civilian use of hmd on aircraft was the elbit skylens hmd on atr 7242 airplane while conceptually simple implementation of aircraft hmds is quite complex there are many variables precision – the angular error between the lineofsight and the derived cue the position of the helmet is what is used to point the missile it thus must be calibrated and fit securely on the pilots head the line between the pilots eye and the reticle on the visor is known as the line of sight los between the aircraft and the intended target the users eye must stay aligned with the sight in other words current hmds cannot sense where the eye is looking but can place a predicted impact point marker between the eye and the target latency or slew rate – how much lag there is between the helmet and the cue field of regard – the angular range over which the sight can still produce a suitably accurate measurement weight and balance – total helmet weight and its center of gravity which are particularly important under high g maneuvers weight is the largest problem'
- 'the horizontal situation indicator commonly called the hsi is an aircraft flight instrument normally mounted below the artificial horizon in place of a conventional heading indicator it combines a heading indicator with a vhf omnidirectional rangeinstrument landing system vorils display this reduces pilot workload by lessening the number of elements in the pilots instrument scan to the six basic flight instruments among other advantages the hsi offers freedom from the confusion of reverse sensing on an instrument landing system localizer back course approach as long as the needle is set to the localizer front course the instrument will indicate whether to fly left or right in either direction of travel on the hsi the aircraft is represented by a schematic figure in the centre of the instrument – the vorils display is shown in relation to this figure the heading indicator is usually slaved to a remote compass and the hsi is frequently interconnected with an autopilot capable of following the heading select bug and of executing an ils approach by following the localizer and glide slopeon a conventional vor indicator left – right and to – from must be interpreted in the context of the selected course when an hsi is tuned to a vor station left and right always mean left and right and tofrom is indicated by a simple triangular arrowhead pointing to the vor if the arrowhead points to the same side as the course selector arrow it means to and if it points behind to the side opposite the course selector it means from the hsi illustrated here is a type designed for smaller airplanes and is the size of a standard 3 ¼inch instrument airline and jet aircraft hsis are larger and may include more display elements the most modern hsi displays are electronic and often integrated with electronic flight instrument systems into socalled glass cockpit systems hsi is part of a remote indicating compass system which was developed to compensate for the errors and limitations of the older type of heading indicators the two panelmounted components of a typical system include the hsi and a slaving control and compensator unit which pilots can set to autocorrect the gyro error using readings from a remotely mounted magnetic slaving transmitter when the system is set to slave gyro mode in a free gyro mode pilots have to manually adjust their hsi acronyms and abbreviations in avionics flight instruments'
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-| 11 | - 'the arteriovenous oxygen difference or avo2 diff is the difference in the oxygen content of the blood between the arterial blood and the venous blood it is an indication of how much oxygen is removed from the blood in capillaries as the blood circulates in the body the avo2 diff and cardiac output are the main factors that allow variation in the bodys total oxygen consumption and are important in measuring vo2 the avo2 diff is usually measured in millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood ml100 ml the arteriovenous oxygen difference is usually taken by comparing the difference in the oxygen concentration of oxygenated blood in the femoral brachial or radial artery and the oxygen concentration in the deoxygenated blood from the mixed supply found in the pulmonary artery as an indicator of the typical mixed venous supplyput in simple terms avo2 diff ca – cv where ca the oxygen concentration of arterial blood oxygenated blood cv the oxygen concentration of venous blood deoxygenated bloodthe usual unit for avo2 diff is millilitres of oxygen per 100 millilitres of blood ml100 ml however particularly in medical uses other units may be used such as micro moles per millilitre μmolmlin practice avo2 diff may be determined using the fick principle rather than by taking direct blood samples in order to do so oxygen consumption vo2 may be measured using a spirometer to detect gaseous concentrations in exhaled air compared to inhaled air while cardiac output can be determined using a doppler ultrasoundarterial blood will generally contain an oxygen concentration of around 20 ml100 ml venous blood with an oxygen concentration of 15 ml100 ml would therefore lead to typical values of the avo2 diff at rest of around 5 ml100 ml during intense exercise however the avo2 diff can increase to as much as 16 ml100 ml due to the working muscles extracting far more oxygen from the blood than they do at restalternatively in order to find the efficiency of the lungs in replenishing blood oxygen levels the avo2 diff may instead be taken by comparing blood from the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein in this case a negative value for avo2 diff would be obtained as the oxygen content of the blood would have increased physical exercise leads to an increase in the arteriovenous oxygen difference in all individuals as exercise intensities increase the muscles increase the amount of oxygen they extract from the blood and this'
- '##ation to thrombosis was 186 months and from march 2011 onward it was 27 months the occurrence of elevated ldh levels within 3 months after implantation mirrored that of thrombosis thrombosis was presaged by ldh levels that more than doubled from 540 iu per liter to 1490 iu per liter within the weeks before diagnosis while starting in 2011 device failures due to clots forming inside the pumps appeared to rise dramatically there is some indication that these failures may now be declining but data analysis and interpretation are complex computational fluid dynamics cfd is an invaluable tool in the development of vads enabling new designs to be tested rapidly and undesirable flow characteristics eliminated in successive versions before prototypes are manufactured cfd is used for predicting pressureflow characteristics and efficiency curves revealing the detailed flow field to help eliminate regions of recirculation or stagnation and for calculating fluid dynamic forces when combined with models of blood damage cfd has been used for predicting haemolysis and platelet activation by vads when combined with shape optimization algorithms it can be used in design optimization'
- 'known to be at very high risk for cardiac arrest to trigger an internal shock to cardiovert the heart in the event of a fatal rhythm occurring'
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-| 0 | - '##tion of the main chambers ventricle and atrium point of care ultrasound has many applications in emergency medicine these include differentiating cardiac from pulmonary causes of acute breathlessness and the focused assessment with sonography for trauma fast exam extended to include assessment for significant hemoperitoneum or pericardial tamponade after trauma efast other uses include assisting with differentiating causes of abdominal pain such as gallstones and kidney stones emergency medicine residency programs have a substantial history of promoting the use of bedside ultrasound during physician training both abdominal and endoanal ultrasound are frequently used in gastroenterology and colorectal surgery in abdominal sonography the major organs of the abdomen such as the pancreas aorta inferior vena cava liver gall bladder bile ducts kidneys and spleen may be imaged however sound waves may be blocked by gas in the bowel and attenuated to differing degrees by fat sometimes limiting diagnostic capabilities the appendix can sometimes be seen when inflamed eg appendicitis and ultrasound is the initial imaging choice avoiding radiation if possible although it frequently needs to be followed by other imaging methods such as ct endoanal ultrasound is used particularly in the investigation of anorectal symptoms such as fecal incontinence or obstructed defecation it images the immediate perianal anatomy and is able to detect occult defects such as tearing of the anal sphincter ultrasonography of liver tumors allows for both detection and characterization gynecologic ultrasonography examines female pelvic organs specifically the uterus ovaries and fallopian tubes as well as the bladder adnexa and pouch of douglas it uses transducers designed for approaches through the lower abdominal wall curvilinear and sector and specialty transducers such as transvaginal ultrasoundobstetrical sonography was originally developed in the late 1950s and 1960s by sir ian donald and is commonly used during pregnancy to check the development and presentation of the fetus it can be used to identify many conditions that could be potentially harmful to the mother andor baby possibly remaining undiagnosed or with delayed diagnosis in the absence of sonography it is currently believed that the risk of delayed diagnosis is greater than the small risk if any associated with undergoing an ultrasound scan however its use for nonmedical purposes such as fetal keepsake videos and photos is discouragedobstetric ultrasound is primarily used to date the pregnancy gestational age confirm fetal viability determine location of fetus intrauterine vs ectopic check the location of'
- 'this describes the known fact that the sensitivity of an ideal optical iq receiver is not improved by an ideal optical preamplifier noise noise electronic noise figure meter noise level thermal noise signaltonoise ratio yfactor'
- 'generated by traffic ships vehicles and aircraft can affect the survivability of wildlife species and can reach undisturbed habitats although sounds are commonly present in the environment anthropogenic noises are distinguishable due to differences in frequency and amplitude many animals use sounds to communicate with others of their species whether that is for reproduction purposes navigation or to notify others of prey or predators however anthropogenic noises inhibit species from detecting these sounds affecting overall communication within the population species such as birds amphibians reptiles fishes mammals and invertebrates are examples of biological groups that are impacted by noise pollution if animals cannot communicate with one another this would result in reproduction to decline not able to find mates and higher mortality lack of communication for predator detectioneuropean robins living in urban environments are more likely to sing at night in places with high levels of noise pollution during the day suggesting that they sing at night because it is quieter and their message can propagate through the environment more clearly the same study showed that daytime noise was a stronger predictor of nocturnal singing than nighttime light pollution to which the phenomenon often is attributed anthropogenic noise reduced the species richness of birds found in neotropical urban parkszebra finches become less faithful to their partners when exposed to traffic noise this could alter a populations evolutionary trajectory by selecting traits sapping resources normally devoted to other activities and thus leading to profound genetic and evolutionary consequences why invertebrates are affected several reasons have been identified relating to hypersensitivity in invertebrates when exposed to anthropogenic noise invertebrates have evolved to pick up sound and a large portion of their physiology is adapted for the purpose of detecting environmental vibrations antennae or hairs on the organism pick up particle motion anthropogenic noise created in the marine environment such as pile driving and shipping are picked up through particle motion these activities exemplify nearfield stimulithe ability to detect vibration through mechanosensory structures is most important in invertebrates and fish mammals also depend on pressure detector ears to perceive the noise around them therefore it is suggested that marine invertebrates are likely perceiving the effects of noise differently than marine mammals it is reported that invertebrates can detect a large range of sounds but noise sensitivity varies substantially between each species generally however invertebrates depend on frequencies under 10 khz this is the frequency at which a great deal of ocean noise occurstherefore not only does anthropogenic noise often mask invertebrate communication but it also negatively impacts other biological system functions through noiseinduced stress another one of the leading causes of noise effects in invertebrates is because sound is used in multiple behavioral'
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-| 19 | - 'usual although estrogens exact pathomechanism in icp remains unclear several explanations have been offered estrogen may induce a decrease in the fluidity of the hepatic sinusoidal membrane leading to a decrease in the activity of basolateral nakatpase a weaker na gradient results in diminished sodiumdependent uptake of bile acids from venous blood into hepatocytes by the sodiumbile acid cotransporter more recent evidence suggests that estrogen promotes cholestasis via its metabolite estradiol17βdglucuronide e2 e2 secreted into the canaliculi by mrp2 was found to repress the transcription of bile salt export pump bsep the apical abc transporter responsible for exporting monoanionic conjugated bile acids from hepatocytes into bile canaliculi e2 was also found to upregulate mir148a which represses expression of the pregnane x receptor pxr pxr is a nuclear receptor in hepatocytes that senses intracellular bile acid concentrations and regulates gene expression accordingly to increase bile effluxgenetic predisposition for icp is suggested by familial and regional clustering of cases several studies have implicated heterozygous mutations of the genes abcb11 and abcb4 in icp which respectively encode the canalicular transport proteins bsep and multidrug resistance protein 3 mdr3 mdr3 is responsible for exporting phosphatidylcholine the major lipid component of bile into bile canaliculi where it forms micelles with bile salts to prevent the latter from damaging luminal epithelium bile flow requires canalicular secretion of both bile salts and phosphatidylcholine mdr3 mutations are an established predisposing factor found in 16 of icp cases more recently studies have demonstrated involvement of bsep mutations in at least 5 of cases the v444a polymorphism of abcb11 in particular may lead to icp by causing a reduction in hepatic bsep expression and consequently decreased bile salt export other notable mutations identified in icp patients include ones in the farnesoid x receptor fxr a nuclear receptor in hepatocytes which activates transcription of mdr3 and bsep upon binding intracellular bile acids thereby increasing canalicular bile efflux bile is secreted by the liver to aid in the digestion of fats bile formation begins in bile canaliculi that form'
- 'liver cancer also known as hepatic cancer primary hepatic cancer or primary hepatic malignancy is cancer that starts in the liver liver cancer can be primary starts in liver or secondary meaning cancer which has spread from elsewhere to the liver known as liver metastasis liver metastasis is more common than that which starts in the liver liver cancer is increasing globallyprimary liver cancer is globally the sixthmost frequent cancer and the fourthleading cause of death from cancer in 2018 it occurred in 841000 people and resulted in 782000 deaths globally higher rates of liver cancer occur where hepatitis b and c are common including asia and subsaharan africa males are more often affected with hepatocellular carcinoma hcc than females diagnosis is most frequent among those 55 to 65 years oldthe leading cause of liver cancer is cirrhosis due to hepatitis b hepatitis c or alcohol other causes include aflatoxin nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and liver flukes the most common types are hcc which makes up 80 of cases and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma the diagnosis may be supported by blood tests and medical imaging with confirmation by tissue biopsygiven that there are many different causes of liver cancer there are many approaches to liver cancer prevention these efforts include immunization against hepatitis b hepatitis b treatment hepatitis c treatment decreasing alcohol use decreasing exposure to aflatoxin in agriculture and management of obesity and diabetes screening is recommended in those with chronic liver disease for example it is recommended that people with chronic liver disease who are at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma be screened every 6 months using ultrasound imagingbecause liver cancer is an umbrella term for many types of cancer the signs and symptoms depend on what type of cancer is present symptoms can be vague and broad cholangiocarcinoma is associated with sweating jaundice abdominal pain weight loss and liver enlargement hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with abdominal mass abdominal pain vomiting anemia back pain jaundice itching weight loss and fevertreatment options may include surgery targeted therapy and radiation therapy in certain cases ablation therapy embolization therapy or liver transplantation may be used liver cancer can come from the liver parenchyma as well as other structures within the liver such as the bile duct blood vessels and immune cells there are many subtypes of liver cancer the most common of which are described below the most frequent liver cancer accounting for approximately 75 of all primary liver cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma hcc hc'
- 'is designed to counteract the unwanted effects of cold ischemia although static cold storage method has long been standard technique various dynamic preservation methods are under investigation for example systems which use a machine to pump blood through the explanted liver after it is harvested from the body during a transfer have met some success see research section for more living donor liver transplantation ldlt has emerged in recent decades as a critical surgical option for patients with end stage liver disease such as cirrhosis andor hepatocellular carcinoma often attributable to one or more of the following longterm alcohol use disorder longterm untreated hepatitis c infection longterm untreated hepatitis b infection the concept of ldlt is based on 1 the remarkable regenerative capacities of the human liver and 2 the widespread shortage of cadaveric livers for patients awaiting transplant in ldlt a piece of healthy liver is surgically removed from a living person and transplanted into a recipient immediately after the recipients diseased liver has been entirely removed historically ldlt began with terminal pediatric patients whose parents were motivated to risk donating a portion of their compatible healthy livers to replace their childrens failing ones the first report of successful ldlt was by silvano raia at the university of sao paulo faculty of medicine in july 1989 it was followed by christoph broelsch at the university of chicago medical center in november 1989 when twoyearold alyssa smith received a portion of her mothers liver surgeons eventually realized that adulttoadult ldlt was also possible and now the practice is common in a few reputable medical institutes it is considered more technically demanding than even standard cadaveric donor liver transplantation and also poses the ethical problems underlying the indication of a major surgical operation hemihepatectomy or related procedure on a healthy human being in various case series the risk of complications in the donor is around 10 and very occasionally a second operation is needed common problems are biliary fistula gastric stasis and infections they are more common after removal of the right lobe of the liver death after ldlt has been reported at 0 japan 03 usa and 1 europe with risks likely to decrease further as surgeons gain more experience in this procedure since the law was changed to permit altruistic nondirected living organ donations in the uk in 2006 the first altruistic living liver donation took place in britain in december 2012in a typical adult recipient ldlt 55 to 70 of the liver the right lobe is removed from a healthy living donor the donors liver will regenerate approaching 100'
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-| 13 | - '##graphy digital illustrations may include both raster and vector graphics in the same work a bitmap image file may be saved in a format which embeds a layer of vector information and vector image file may include imported bitmap images since the development of touchscreen mobile devices various digital illustration softwares are available on mobile phones making digital illustration more accessible and affordable mobile illustration softwares have allowed a broader range of artists to get into digital drawing and painting photobashing is a technique commonly used by concept artists the process involves the artist merging and blending photographs andor 3d assets while painting to composite a final art piece this technique is very similar to the process of compositing in video editing this technique is commonly used by concept artists to help increase their productivity with higher accuracy graphic art software graphic design graphics software'
- 'or through steam but is not sold on any other websites the free demo is only available from the main site the mobile ipad and iphone versions can only be bought via the apple app store and cannot be registered on the artrage site the android version is available from the galaxy gift store for specific samsung devices and will be made available on the samsung apps and google play stores upgrades upgrading from artrage lite or any preexisting desktop editions gives a permanent 50 discount on artrage 4 the most recent full desktop edition this upgrade discount is handled separately by the steam and the artrage stores so users cannot currently switch between stores to upgrade owners must register their serial number in the artrage members area unless it is a steam or mobile version this also allows users to download both the macos and the windows versions of their software at any time an unlimited number of times steam and mobile versions are updated through steam and the app store the artrage for android app was released as part of a bundle deal with samsung it is free for the new samsung galaxy note 4 and samsung galaxy note edge smartphones distributed through the galaxy gifts store and is available for purchase from the galaxy app store for other samsung devices it was released for sale on the google play store in february 2015artrage lite comes free with the wacom intuos draw tablet the older editions of artrage also come as bundled software with various devices artrage 2 and artrage studio pro are still available bundled with several wacom graphics tablets as well as various other devices such as asus ep121 tablets sony vaio laptops and adesso cybertablets the serial numbers in these cases are handled by the companies distributing the hardware artrage is usually provided as a software download although it can come preinstalled or on an accompanying cd a version of artrage called ink art was included in microsofts experience pack for the tablet pc in 2005 and on some older wacom tablets ink art contained a subset of features offered in the full artrage program promethean planet an educator community distributes a free version of artrage for classroom use on prometheans range of interactive whiteboards sony duo pcs artrage is included on the following models from the sony duo touchscreen range sony vaio tap 20 sony vaio duo 11 sony vaio l24 sony vaio e14p sony vaio t13 sony vaio duo 13 wacom tablet models see full tablet details here artrage 45 has full 64bit support on windows and macs there are also ios supported versions for iphone and ipadartrage for android'
- 'loab lobe is a fictional character that artist and writer steph maj swanson has claimed to have discovered with an unspecified texttoimage ai model in april 2022 in a viral twitter thread swanson described it as an unexpectedly emergent property of the software saying they discovered it when asking the model to produce something as different from the prompt as possible the swedenbased artist steph maj swanson said that they first generated these images in april 2022 by using the algorithmic technique of negative prompt weights accessing latent space the initial prompt – brando1 requesting the opposite of actor marlon brando – generated a skyline logo with cryptic lettering attempting to generate the opposite of this image using the prompt digita pntics skyline logo1 yielded what swanson described as offputting images all of the same devastatedlooking older woman with defined triangles of rosacea on her cheeks swanson nicknamed the character loab after one of the generated images resembled an album cover that included the printed word loabswanson says that using the image as a prompt for further images produced increasingly violent and gory results swanson speculated that something about the image could be adjacent to extremely gory and macabre imagery in the distribution of the ais world knowledge swanson says that when they combined images of loab with other pictures the subsequent results consistently return an image including loab regardless of how much distortion they added to the prompts to try and remove her visage swanson speculated that the latent space region of the ai map that loab is located in in addition to being near gruesome imagery must be isolated enough that any combinations with other images could only use loab from her area and no related images due to its isolation after enough crossbreeding of images and dilution attempts swanson was able to eventually generate images without loab but found that crossbreeding those diluted images would also eventually lead to a version of loab to reappear in the resulting imagesswanson has said that for various reasons they are declining to disclose the software used to create the images loab has been referred to as the first aigenerated cryptid and as such has gone viral despite hyping up the cryptid nature of the discovery in their wording swanson admitted that loab isnt really haunted of course but noted that the mythos that has sprung up around the aigenerated character has gone beyond their initial involvement also since more images of loab are being made by other artists now future ais will use those images as a part'
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-| 4 | - 'also be used to facilitate counting such as hand tally counters and abacuses inclusive counting is usually encountered when dealing with time in roman calendars and the romance languages in the ancient roman calendar the nones meaning nine is 8 days before the ides more generally dates are specified as inclusively counted days up to the next named day in the christian liturgical calendar quinquagesima meaning 50 is 49 days before easter sunday when counting inclusively the sunday the start day will be day 1 and therefore the following sunday will be the eighth day for example the french phrase for fortnight is quinzaine 15 days and similar words are present in greek δεκαπενθημερο dekapenthimero spanish quincena and portuguese quinzena in contrast the english word fortnight itself derives from a fourteennight as the archaic sennight does from a sevennight the english words are not examples of inclusive counting in exclusive counting languages such as english when counting eight days from sunday monday will be day 1 tuesday day 2 and the following monday will be the eighth day for many years it was a standard practice in english law for the phrase from a date to mean beginning on the day after that date this practice is now deprecated because of the high risk of misunderstandingsimilar counting is involved in east asian age reckoning in which newborns are considered to be 1 at birth musical terminology also uses inclusive counting of intervals between notes of the standard scale going up one note is a second interval going up two notes is a third interval etc and going up seven notes is an octave learning to count is an important educationaldevelopmental milestone in most cultures of the world learning to count is a childs very first step into mathematics and constitutes the most fundamental idea of that discipline however some cultures in amazonia and the australian outback do not count and their languages do not have number words many children at just 2 years of age have some skill in reciting the count list that is saying one two three they can also answer questions of ordinality for small numbers for example what comes after three they can even be skilled at pointing to each object in a set and reciting the words one after another this leads many parents and educators to the conclusion that the child knows how to use counting to determine the size of a set research suggests that it takes about a year after learning these skills for a child to understand what they mean and why the procedures are performed in the meantime children learn how to name cardinalities that they can subitize in mathematics the essence'
- 'rata die rd is a system for assigning numbers to calendar days optionally with time of day independent of any calendar for the purposes of calendrical calculations it was named after the latin ablative feminine singular for from a fixed date by howard jacobsonrata die is somewhat similar to julian dates jd in that the values are plain real numbers that increase by 1 each day the systems differ principally in that jd takes on a particular value at a particular absolute time and is the same in all contexts whereas rd values may be relative to time zone depending on the implementation this makes rd more suitable for work on calendar dates whereas jd is more suitable for work on time per se the systems also differ trivially by having different epochs rd is 1 at midnight 0000 local time on january 1 ad 1 in the proleptic gregorian calendar jd is 0 at noon 1200 universal time on january 1 4713 bc in the proleptic julian calendar there are three distinct forms of rd heretofore defined using julian dates dershowitz and reingold do not explicitly distinguish between these three forms using the abbreviation rd for all of themdershowitz and reingold do not say that the rd is based on greenwich time but page 10 state that an rd with a decimal fraction is called a moment with the function momentfromjd taking the floating point rd as an argument and returns the argument 17214245 consequently there is no requirement or opportunity to supply a time zone offset the first form of rd is a continuouslyincreasing fractional number taking integer values at midnight local time it is defined as rd jd − 17214245midnight local time on december 31 year 0 1 bc in the proleptic gregorian calendar corresponds to julian date 17214245 and hence rd 0 in the second form rd is an integer that labels an entire day from midnight to midnight local time this is the result of rounding the first form of rd downwards towards negative infinity it is the same as the relation between julian date and julian day number jdn thus rd floor jd − 17214245 in the third form the rd is an integer labeling noon time and incapable of labeling any other time of day this is defined as rd jd − 1721425where the rd value must be an integer thus constraining the choice of jd this form of rd is used by dershowitz and reingold for conversion of calendar dates between calendars that separate days on different boundaries decimal timefractional days julian date lilian date'
- 'with respect to the distance function of the metric space the stability of sublevelset filtrations can be stated as follows given any two realvalued functions γ κ displaystyle gamma kappa on a topological space t displaystyle t such that for all i ≥ 0 displaystyle igeq 0 the i th displaystyle itextth dimensional homology modules on the sublevelset filtrations with respect to γ κ displaystyle gamma kappa are pointwise finite dimensional we have d b b i γ b i κ ≤ d ∞ γ κ displaystyle dbmathcal bigamma mathcal bikappa leq dinfty gamma kappa where d b − displaystyle db and d ∞ − displaystyle dinfty denote the bottleneck and supnorm distances respectively and b i − displaystyle mathcal bi denotes the i th displaystyle itextth dimensional persistent homology barcode while first stated in 2005 this sublevel stability result also follows directly from an algebraic stability property sometimes known as the isometry theorem which was proved in one direction in 2009 and the other direction in 2011a multiparameter extension of the offset filtration defined by considering points covered by multiple balls is given by the multicover bifiltration and has also been an object of interest in persistent homology and computational geometry'
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-| 40 | - 'x n 1 n displaystyle xn1n in it which is cauchy for arbitrarily small distance bound d 0 displaystyle d0 all terms x n displaystyle xn of n 1 d displaystyle n1d fit in the 0 d displaystyle 0d interval however does not converge in x displaystyle x — its limit number 0 does not belong to the space x displaystyle x every convergent sequence with limit s say is a cauchy sequence since given any real number ε 0 displaystyle varepsilon 0 beyond some fixed point every term of the sequence is within distance ε 2 displaystyle varepsilon 2 of s so any two terms of the sequence are within distance ε displaystyle varepsilon of each other in any metric space a cauchy sequence x n displaystyle xn is bounded since for some n all terms of the sequence from the nth onwards are within distance 1 of each other and if m is the largest distance between x n displaystyle xn and any terms up to the nth then no term of the sequence has distance greater than m 1 displaystyle m1 from x n displaystyle xn in any metric space a cauchy sequence which has a convergent subsequence with limit s is itself convergent with the same limit since given any real number r 0 beyond some fixed point in the original sequence every term of the subsequence is within distance r2 of s and any two terms of the original sequence are within distance r2 of each other so every term of the original sequence is within distance r of sthese last two properties together with the bolzano – weierstrass theorem yield one standard proof of the completeness of the real numbers closely related to both the bolzano – weierstrass theorem and the heine – borel theorem every cauchy sequence of real numbers is bounded hence by bolzano – weierstrass has a convergent subsequence hence is itself convergent this proof of the completeness of the real numbers implicitly makes use of the least upper bound axiom the alternative approach mentioned above of constructing the real numbers as the completion of the rational numbers makes the completeness of the real numbers tautological one of the standard illustrations of the advantage of being able to work with cauchy sequences and make use of completeness is provided by consideration of the summation of an infinite series of real numbers or more generally of elements of any complete normed linear space or banach space such a'
- 'for the usual topology on the real numbers a closed interval is an interval that includes all its endpoints and is denoted with square brackets for example 0 1 means greater than or equal to 0 and less than or equal to 1 closed intervals have one of the following forms in which a and b are real numbers such that a ≤ b displaystyle aleq b a b x ∈ r a ≤ x ≤ b abxin mathbb r colon aleq xleq b the closed intervals are those intervals that are closed sets for the usual topology on the real numbers the empty set and r displaystyle mathbb r are the only intervals that are both open and closed a halfopen interval has two endpoints and includes only one of them it is said leftopen or rightopen depending on whether the excluded endpoint is on the left or on the right these intervals are denoted by mixing notations for open and closed intervals for example 0 1 means greater than 0 and less than or equal to 1 while 0 1 means greater than or equal to 0 and less than 1 the halfopen intervals have the form every closed interval is a closed set of the real line but an interval that is a closed set need not be a closed interval for example intervals − ∞ b displaystyle infty b and a ∞ displaystyle ainfty are also closed sets in the real line intervals a b displaystyle ab and a b displaystyle ab are neither an open set nor a closed set if one allows an endpoint in the closed side to be an infinity such as 0∞ the result will not be an interval since it is not even a subset of the real numbers instead the result can be seen as an interval in the extended real line which occurs in measure theory for example in summary a set of the real numbers is an interval if and only if it is an open interval a closed interval or a halfopen intervala degenerate interval is any set consisting of a single real number ie an interval of the form a a some authors include the empty set in this definition a real interval that is neither empty nor degenerate is said to be proper and has infinitely many elements an interval is said to be leftbounded or rightbounded if there is some real number that is respectively smaller than or larger than all its elements an interval is said to be bounded if it is both left and rightbounded and is said to be unbounded otherwise intervals that are bounded at only one end are said to be halfbounded the empty set is bounded and the set of all reals is the only'
- 'of the postulate instead debate centered over whether it was necessary as an axiom or whether it was a theory that could be derived from the other axioms around 1830 though the hungarian janos bolyai and the russian nikolai ivanovich lobachevsky separately published treatises on a type of geometry that does not include the parallel postulate called hyperbolic geometry in this geometry an infinite number of parallel lines pass through the point p consequently the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180° and the ratio of a circles circumference to its diameter is greater than pi in the 1850s bernhard riemann developed an equivalent theory of elliptical geometry in which no parallel lines pass through p in this geometry triangles have more than 180° and circles have a ratio of circumferencetodiameter that is less than pi although there was a prevailing kantian consensus at the time once noneuclidean geometries had been formalised some began to wonder whether or not physical space is curved carl friedrich gauss a german mathematician was the first to consider an empirical investigation of the geometrical structure of space he thought of making a test of the sum of the angles of an enormous stellar triangle and there are reports that he actually carried out a test on a small scale by triangulating mountain tops in germanyhenri poincare a french mathematician and physicist of the late 19th century introduced an important insight in which he attempted to demonstrate the futility of any attempt to discover which geometry applies to space by experiment he considered the predicament that would face scientists if they were confined to the surface of an imaginary large sphere with particular properties known as a sphereworld in this world the temperature is taken to vary in such a way that all objects expand and contract in similar proportions in different places on the sphere with a suitable falloff in temperature if the scientists try to use measuring rods to determine the sum of the angles in a triangle they can be deceived into thinking that they inhabit a plane rather than a spherical surface in fact the scientists cannot in principle determine whether they inhabit a plane or sphere and poincare argued the same is true for the debate over whether real space is euclidean or not for him which geometry was used to describe space was a matter of convention since euclidean geometry is simpler than noneuclidean geometry he assumed the former would always be used to describe the true geometry of the world in 1905 albert einstein published his special theory of relativity which led to the concept that space and time can be viewed as a single construct known as spacetime in this theory the speed of'
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-| 37 | - 'kegan paul fromkin v ed 2000 linguistics an introduction to linguistic theory malden ma blackwell publishers haegeman l and j gueron 1999 english grammar a generative perspective oxford uk oxford university press horrocks g 1986 generative grammar longman london napoli d 1993 syntax theory and problems new york oxford university press ouhalla j 1994 transformational grammar from rules to principles and parameters london edward arnold van riemsdijk h and e williams 1986 introduction to the theory of grammar cambridge ma the mit press van valin r 2001 an introduction to syntax cambridge uk cambridge university press'
- 'in common usage and linguistics concision also called conciseness succinctness brevity or laconicism is a communication principle of eliminating redundancy such as using as few words as possible in a sentence while preserving its meaning more generally it is achieved through the omission of parts that impart information that was already given that is obvious or that is irrelevant outside of linguistics a message may be similarly dense in other forms of communication for example a sentence of it is a fact that most arguments must try to convince readers that is the audience that the arguments are true may be expressed more concisely as most arguments must demonstrate their truth to readers – the observations that the statement is a fact and that readers are its audience are redundant and it is unnecessary to repeat the word arguments in the sentence polymath blaise pascal wrote in a 1657 letter william strunk and e b whites the elements of style an american english style guide says of concision that a sentence should contain no unnecessary words a paragraph no unnecessary sentences for the same reason that a drawing should have no unnecessary lines and a machine no unnecessary parts this requires not that the writer make all his sentences short or that he avoid all detail and treat his subjects only in outline but that every word tell joseph m williamss style lessons in clarity and grace suggests six principles for concision delete words that mean little or nothing delete words that repeat the meaning of other words delete words implied by other words replace a phrase with a word change negatives to affirmatives delete useless adjectives and adverbsconcision is taught to students at all levels it is valued highly in expository english writing but less by some other culturessuccinctness is a related concept laconic speech or writing refers to the pithy bluntness that the laconian people of ancient greece were reputedly known for in computing succinct data structures balance minimal storage use against efficiency of access in algorithmic game theory a succinct game is one that may be accurately described in a simpler form than its normal representation in an influential study by educational psychologist richard e mayer and others succinctness of textbook and lecture content was linked to better understanding of the material brevitas – rhetorical style using a minimum of essential words chekhovs gun – dramatic principle circumstantial speech – seemingly tangential discussion that returns to the point evidencebased education – paradigm of the education field frame semantics linguistics – theory of linguistic meaning developed by charles j fillmore relating linguistic semantics to encycloped'
- 'a pun also rarely known as paronomasia is a form of word play that exploits multiple meanings of a term or of similarsounding words for an intended humorous or rhetorical effect these ambiguities can arise from the intentional use of homophonic homographic metonymic or figurative language a pun differs from a malapropism in that a malapropism is an incorrect variation on a correct expression while a pun involves expressions with multiple correct or fairly reasonable interpretations puns may be regarded as injokes or idiomatic constructions especially as their usage and meaning are usually specific to a particular language or its culture puns have a long history in writing for example the roman playwright plautus was famous for his puns and word games a homophonic pun is one that uses word pairs which sound alike homophones but are not synonymous walter redfern summarized this type with his statement to pun is to treat homonyms as synonyms for example in george carlins phrase atheism is a nonprophet institution the word prophet is put in place of its homophone profit altering the common phrase nonprofit institution similarly the joke question why do we still have troops in germany answer to keep the russians in czech relies on the aural ambiguity of the homophones check and czech often puns are not strictly homophonic but play on words of similar not identical sound as in the example from the pinky and the brain cartoon film series i think so brain but if we give peas a chance wont the lima beans feel left out which plays with the similar — but not identical — sound of peas and peace in the antiwar slogan give peace a chance a homographic pun exploits words that are spelled the same homographs but possess different meanings and sounds because of their origin they rely on sight more than hearing contrary to homophonic puns they are also known as heteronymic puns examples in which the punned words typically exist in two different parts of speech often rely on unusual sentence construction as in the anecdote when asked to explain his large number of children the pig answered simply the wild oats of my sow gave us many piglets an example that combines homophonic and homographic punning is douglas adamss line you can tune a guitar but you cant tuna fish unless of course you play bass the phrase uses the homophonic qualities of tune a and tuna as well as the homographic pun on bass in which ambiguity is reached through the identical spellings of a string instrument and a kind of fish homographic puns do not necessarily'
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-| 15 | - 'hue historically a large number of french nouns refer to the color of a horse coat resulting from a mixture of chestnut and white depending on the different shades possible the chestnut roan has been called millefleurs hypericum flower aubere strawberry roan pechard fleur de pecher peach blossom etc the various shades of chestnut combined with white in various proportions give rise to a thousand varieties which it is impossible to designate by precise names but whose particular accidents are easy to describe in the reports – baron de curnieu this color of the horse coat is compared for example to that of the hypericum flower the name pechard or millefleurs hypericum flower comes from the pinkish hue created by the mixture of red and white hairsthe word aubere is now considered an old name although it was retained as an equivalent when the 1999 french classification was published the official term used by the institut francais du cheval et de lequitation ifce by its acronym in french is alezan granite to allow genetic distinction this coat is sometimes rarely referred to in english as alezan roan firstly because the word aubere can be used to designate phenotypes of equine coats that correspond to several different genotypes and secondly because in french the word rouan historically and by default designates the only variant of the bay roan in other languages in walloon the strawberry roan coat is called blanc baiet in german it is called fuschsschimmel or rotschimmel and in hungarian it is called fako in wolof it is called jen jen bu weex when white dominates and jen bu xonq when red dominates in 1910 alfred sturtevant published a coat genetics study on a population of american carriage horses in the biological bulletin in which he identified a genetic factor for roan which he named r he noted that the coat corresponding to roan chestnut was present in less than 10 of carriage horses on the streets of new york city but that it was never identified separately two years later in his article a critical examination of recent studies on color inheritance in horses he states that the roan factor causes a mixture of white hairs with another basic color of the horse and seems dominant in its transmission in 1913 in his article the inheritance of coat color in horses edward n wentworth noted the existence of chestnut and black horses expressing the roan factor and considered it probable that there also exists a chestnut roanbuilding on the work of the aforementioned authors sewall wright noted in 1917 that a horse born chestnut and becoming white as it aged would'
- '##aptic stimulation of sufficient strength synaptic tagging may result in capture of the rnarnp complex via any number of possible mechanisms such as the synaptic tag triggers transient microtubule entry to within the dendritic spine recent research has shown that microtubules can transiently enter dendritic spines in an activitydependent manner the synaptic tag triggers the dissociation of the cargo from motor protein and somehow guides it to dynamically formed microfilaments since the 1980s it has become more and more clear that the dendrites contain the ribosomes proteins and rna components to achieve local and autonomous protein translation many mrnas shown to be localized in the dendrites encode proteins known to be involved in ltp including ampa receptor and camkii subunits and cytoskeletonrelated proteins map2 and arcresearchers provided evidence of local synthesis by examining the distribution of arc mrna after selective stimulation of certain synapses of a hippocampal cell they found that arc mrna was localized at the activated synapses and arc protein appeared there simultaneously this suggests that the mrna was translated locally these mrna transcripts are translated in a capdependent manner meaning they use a cap anchoring point to facilitate ribosome attachment to the 5 untranslated region eukaryotic initiation factor 4 group eif4 members recruit ribosomal subunits to the mrna terminus and assembly of the eif4f initiation complex is a target of translational control phosphorylation of eif4f exposes the cap for rapid reloading quickening the ratelimiting step of translation it is suggested that eif4f complex formation is regulated during ltp to increase local translation in addition excessive eif4f complex destabilizes ltp researchers have identified sequences within the mrna that determine its final destination called localization elements les zipcodes and targeting elements tes these are recognized by rna binding proteins of which some potential candidates are marta and zbp1 they recognize the tes and this interaction results in formation of ribonucleotide protein rnp complexes which travel along cytoskeleton filaments to the spine with the help of motor proteins dendritic tes have been identified in the untranslated region of several mrnas like map2 and alphacamkii synaptic tagging is likely to involve the acquisition of molecular maintenance mechanisms by a synapse that would then allow for the conservation of synaptic changes there are several proposed processes'
- 'were abnormally large compared to the average before conducting this research it was also hypothesized that the locus for ham weight was related to the ovine callipyge locus in sheep after researching it was discovered that the two regions were likely unrelated due to different forms of parental inheritance exhibited in both cases and a relatively large physical distance between the loci on the chromosome unlike the form of paternal polar overdominance that occurs in the ovine callipyge locus the locus that controls ham weight operates in a maternal polar overdominant fashion the term polar is used to describe this type of inheritance because the phenotype of one heterozygote is expressed at a level higher than other genotypes for the same locus including those displaying either homozygous geneotype this unique form of inheritance has largely been studied in nonhuman mammals since 1996 until it was first described in humans in 2008 in humans the inheritance of the alleles for the dlk1 gene imprinted in eutherian mammals is linked to a higher rate of obesity in the f1 generation the imprinted dlk1gtl2 in sheep is homologous to the dlk1 gene in humans and includes the callipyge locus there has been evidence to show that by screening potential fathers for a mutation at the dlk1 locus one could potentially see if their child is at a higher risk for obesity individuals who inherit this mutant allele from their father are more likely to show signs of obesity because the dlk1 gene is key in adipogenesis or more simply the formation of fat cells imprinting genetics meg3 a gene occasionally expressed through polar overdominance cockett noelle e jackson sam p shay tracy l farnir frederic berghmans stephane snowder gary d nielsen dahlia m georges michel 1996 polar overdominance at the ovine callipyge locus science 273 5272 236 – 8 bibcode1996sci273236c doi101126science2735272236 pmid 8662506 s2cid 41491391'
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-| 34 | - 'paulo freire and the cold war politics of literacy is a book by historian andrew j kirkendall published by the university of north carolina press in 2010 it discusses the involvement of brazilian educator and critical pedagogy philosopher paulo freire 19211997 in literacy programs in latin american during the cold war and analyzes the effect of politics on literacy programs the book also details freires work with organizations such as the world council of churches and the spread of his ideas this book is an analysis of paulo freires work in latin american literacy campaigns during the mid 20th century the first chapter entering history helps set the stage for the rest of the book it summarizes freires early life and the historical context of brazil in the 1940s and 1950s it goes on to explain how the need for improving literacy rates was becoming apparent during this time and describes freires ideas regarding education and politicsthe second chapter the revolution that wasnt and the revolution that was in brazil describes freires work in the northeast of brazil during the presidency of joao goulart it describes the literacy programs that he set up in the region particularly in angicos and also discusses freires methods of education it explains how the issue of literacy became increasingly prominent during the 1960s due to the governments need to define itself and expanding student movements the chapter also argues that talk of a revolution in brazil which was common on in goularts party was interpreted in widely varying ways with some fearing that it could lead to communist uprisings and others believing that it simply described rapid progress towards literacy and democracy the involvement of the united states which tried to promote literacy through the alliance for progress but also was preoccupied with preventing the spread of communism was also discussed the chapter ends with the 1964 coup motivated by fears of a radical left that deposed goulart and forced freire to flee the countryreformist chile peasant consciousness and the meaning of christian democracy describes freires time in chile from 1964 to 1969 during this time he served under the administration of eduardo frei who made the eradication of illiteracy a central aspect of his vision for the county this chapter argues that freire experienced some of his most productive years in chile due to the success of his programs in spreading literacy in the chilean countryside this helped him gain increased international recognition and ensured that his ideas would spread globally however it also points out that many of the attempts to increase the political awareness of the illiterate were also designed to promote christian democratic views at the expense of other political parties freis party also encouraged the formation of'
- 'myth of wholeword reading also sight words saying it has been refuted by recent experiments we do not recognize a printed word through a holistic grasping of its contours because our brain breaks it down into letters and graphemes one districts experience bethlehem pa in 2015 jack silva the chief academic officer for bethlehem pennsylvania discovered that a lot of students in his district were struggling with reading in 2015 only 56 percent of thirdgraders were scoring proficient on the state reading test silvia conducted a survey of reading instruction methods that were being used the predominant approach he learned involved the use of methods based upon a wholelanguage philosophy in response the bethlehem district invested approximately 3 million on training materials and support to help its early elementary teachers and principals learn the science of how reading works and how children should be taught focusing on phonics instruction at the end of the 2018 school year after the phonicsbased retraining 84 percent of kindergartners met or exceeded the benchmark score adoption of some wholelanguage concepts while rancor continues much of whole languages emphasis on quality literature cultural diversity and reading in groups and to students is widely supported by the educational community due to its benefits of increased comprehension the importance of motivation long a central focus of wholelanguage approaches has gained more attention in the broader educational community in the last few years prominent critic of whole language louisa cook moats has argued however that the focus on quality literature diversity reading groups and motivation are not the sole property of whole language she and others contend that these components of instruction are supported by educators of diverse educational perspectives as one report states reading materials must be carefully chosen so as to be at the right reading level phonics instruction cannot stand alone moats contends that the principles essential to whole language and those that render it ineffective and unfit for reading education are a children learn to read from exposure to print b hostility to drilling in phonics and other forms of direct instruction and c the tendency to endorse the use of contextclues and guesswork to decipher a word rather than phonemic decoding balanced literacy since 1996 balanced literacy has been suggested as an integrative approach portrayed by its advocates as taking the best elements of both whole language and codeemphasizing phonics something promoted by adams in 1990 in 1996 the california department of education described the balanced approach as one which combines the language and literaturerich activities associated with whole language with explicit teaching of the skills needed to decode words — for all children in 1997 the department called for gradeone teaching of concepts about print phone'
- 'foreign language immersion programs than in traditional foreign language education elementary school models dual immersion programs in the us are designed for students whose home language is english as well as for students whose home language is the immersion language usually spanish the goal is bilingual students with mastery of both english and the immersion language as in partial foreign language immersion academic content is delivered through the medium of the immersion language for part of the school day and through english the rest of the school day indigenous immersion programs in the us are designed for american indian communities desiring to maintain the use of the native language by delivering elementary school content through the medium of that language hawaiian immersion programs are the largest and most successful in this category the silent way is a discovery learning approach invented by caleb gattegno in the late 1950s the teacher is largely silent giving more space for the students to explore the language students are responsible for their own learning and are encouraged to express themselves beginners talk about what they see more advanced students talk about their lives and what they think the role of the teacher is not to model the language but to correct mistakes by giving sensitive feedback with respect to teaching pronunciation the silent way is a good example of the articulatory approach the community language learning cll is a method proposed by charles a curran during the 1970s it is based on the counseling approach in which the teacher is seen as a counselor it emphasizes the sense of community in the learning group encourages interaction as a vital aspect of learning and it considers as a priority the students feelings and the recognition of struggles in language acquisition there is no syllabus or textbook to follow and it is the students themselves who determine the content of the lesson notably it incorporates translation and recording techniques suggestopedia was a method that experienced popularity especially in past years with both staunch supporters and very strong critics some claiming it is based on pseudoscience the natural approach is a language teaching method developed by stephen krashen and tracy d terrell they emphasise the learner receiving large amounts of comprehensible input the natural approach can be categorized as part of the comprehension approach to language teaching in total physical response tpr the instructor gives the students commands in the target language and the students act those commands out using wholebody responses this can be categorized as part of the comprehension approach to language teaching teaching proficiency through reading and storytelling tpr storytelling or tprs was developed by blaine ray a language teacher in california in the 1990s at first it was an offshoot of total physical response that also included storytelling but it has evolved into a method in its own right and has gained a large following among teachers'
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-| 38 | - '##structures of inequality persist through discursive processes across multiple sites and texts cda has been applied to media studies advertisements texts english language teaching heritage language power and ideology socialization and environmental sciences to name a few notable writers include norman fairclough michał krzyzanowski paul chilton teun a van dijk ruth wodak john e richardson phil graham theo van leeuwen siegfried jager christina schaffner james paul gee roger fowler gunther kress mary talbot lilie chouliaraki thomas huckin hilary janks veronika koller christopher hart bob hodge and william feighery amoussou f allagbe a a 2018 principles theories and approaches to critical discourse analysis international journal on studies in english language and literature 61 11 – 18 henry widdowson 1995 review of faircloughs discourse and social change applied linguistics 164 510 – 516 norman fairclough 1996 a reply to henry widdowsons discourse analysis a critical view language literature 51 49 – 56 henry widdowson 1996 reply to fairclough discourse and interpretation conjectures and refutations language literature 51 57 – 69 henry widdowson 1998 the theory and practice of critical discourse analysis applied linguistics 191 136 – 151 ohalloran kieran a 2003 critical discourse analysis and language cognition edinburgh edinburgh university press beaugrande robert de 2001 interpreting the discourse of hg widdowson a corpusbased critical discourse analysis applied linguistics 221 104 – 121 toolan michael 1997 what is critical discourse analysis and why are people saying such terrible things about it language literature 62 83 – 103 stubbs michael 1998 whorfs children critical comments on critical discourse analysis in ryan a wray a eds evolving models of language british studies in applied linguistics 12 clevedon baalmultilingual matters blommaert jan bulcaen chris 2000 critical discourse analysis annual review of anthropology 29 447 – 466 blommaert jan collins james heller monica rampton ben slembrouck stef jef verschueren discourse and critique special issue of critique of anthropology 211 5 – 107 and 212 117 – 183 slembrouck stef 2001 explanation interpretation and critique in the analysis of discourse critique of anthropology 21 33 – 57 slembrouck stef 2005 discourse critique and ethnography classoriented coding in accounts of child protection language sciences 27619 – 650 threadgold terry 2003 cultural studies critical theory and critical discourse analysis histories remembering and futures linguistik online 142 tyrwhittdrake hugh 1999 resisting the discourse'
- 'in the use of catalan as a core language in their social handles despite the fact that they were already aware that the hospital had two user profiles one for each language cronica global published another report on the case that included the expression “ fanatics of catalan ” in the headline'
- 'deeply than variationist sociolinguistics the two major findings of social network theory are that dense highly interconnected networks are resistant to change and that most linguistic change is initiated by weak links — people who are not centrally connected to the network in question though most sociolinguistics working on social networks agree on these findings there has been extended debate about which actors in the network are the primary drivers of linguistic change the results of this debate are two theories the strongtie theory and the weaktie theory strong tie theory the strong tie theory or agentive theory has long been thought of in classical sociolinguistic theory as a driver of change even prior to social network theory in the context of social network theory agents are the people who are most connected to others in the network and whose speech style is often imitated by people within the network these agents also regulate language usage inside the network and therefore ensure the dominance of their preferred variant form throughout the network because group members are more likely to adopt highstatus variants strong tie networks are believed to be resistant to linguistic innovation because prestige forms also tend to be conservative forms central agents are also able to engage in dialogues with leaders in other network according to strongtie theory this is how new variants are spread william labovs study of philadelphia speech communities provides an example of the strongtie theory weak tie theory sociolinguists have recently begun to focus their studies on weak links individuals who are not closely tied to a group such as people who move frequently or live in isolated areas the weak tie theory first proposed by milroy and milroy in 1983 posits that language change is propagated by the people who are second order members of social networks agents who are weakly connected are more likely to come into contact with new linguistic variants since they spend most of their time interacting with people outside of the central network loosely connected individuals are also under less social pressure to conform to group language practices than integral members weaktie social network theory postulates that linguistic variables are spread by means of weak unidimensional social links between noncentral individuals therefore it is the case that language change will have the propensity to be faster in larger communities rather than in smaller communities support for this theory is found in labovs study of lames in harlem and in lesley milroys 1987 belfast study the jocks and burnouts study this study demonstrated that actors chose to imitate other more prestigious actors who embodied desirable social attributes especially toughness as exemplified by urban students this imitation of desirable qualities indicates that strongly connected agents lead change by spreading norms through network members'
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-| 12 | - 'n ≥ 1 1 c 2 n g z 2 n 1 2 log 1 1 − g z 2 displaystyle gzsum ngeq 1leftfrac 1c2nrightgz2nfrac 12log frac 11gz2 this implies that the labelled odd cycle operator cycodd c 1 c 3 c 5 [UNK] displaystyle c1c3c5cdots is given by g z log 1 1 − g z − 1 2 log 1 1 − g z 2 1 2 log 1 g z 1 − g z displaystyle gzlog frac 11gzfrac 12log frac 11gz2frac 12log frac 1gz1gz the series is 1 s 1 s 2 s 3 [UNK] displaystyle 1s1s2s3cdots ie the symmetric group is applied to the slots this creates multisets in the unlabelled case and sets in the labelled case there are no multisets in the labelled case because the labels distinguish multiple instances of the same object from the set being put into different slots we include the empty set in both the labelled and the unlabelled case the unlabelled case is done using the function m f z y [UNK] n ≥ 0 y n z s n f z f z 2 … f z n displaystyle mfzysum ngeq 0ynzsnfzfz2ldots fzn so that m f z m f z 1 displaystyle mathfrak mfzmfz1 evaluating m f z 1 displaystyle mfz1 we obtain f z exp [UNK] ℓ ≥ 1 f z ℓ ℓ displaystyle fzexp leftsum ell geq 1frac fzell ell right for the labelled case we have g z 1 [UNK] n ≥ 1 1 s n g z n [UNK] n ≥ 0 g z n n exp g z displaystyle gz1sum ngeq 1leftfrac 1snrightgznsum ngeq 0frac gznnexp gz in the labelled case we denote the operator by set and in the unlabelled case by mset this is because in the labeled case there are no multisets the labels distinguish the constituents of a compound combinatorial class whereas in the unlabeled case there are multisets and sets with the latter being given by f z exp [UNK] ℓ ≥ 1 − 1 ℓ − 1 f z ℓ ℓ displaystyle fzexp leftsum'
- 'of rational points every cyclically ordered group can be expressed as a quotient l z where l is a linearly ordered group and z is a cyclic cofinal subgroup of l every cyclically ordered group can also be expressed as a subgroup of a product t × l where l is a linearly ordered group if a cyclically ordered group is archimedean or compact it can be embedded in t itself a partial cyclic order is a ternary relation that generalizes a total cyclic order in the same way that a partial order generalizes a total order it is cyclic asymmetric and transitive but it need not be total an order variety is a partial cyclic order that satisfies an additional spreading axiom replacing the asymmetry axiom with a complementary version results in the definition of a cocyclic order appropriately total cocyclic orders are related to cyclic orders in the same way that ≤ is related to a cyclic order obeys a relatively strong 4point transitivity axiom one structure that weakens this axiom is a cc system a ternary relation that is cyclic asymmetric and total but generally not transitive instead a cc system must obey a 5point transitivity axiom and a new interiority axiom which constrains the 4point configurations that violate cyclic transitivitya cyclic order is required to be symmetric under cyclic permutation a b c ⇒ b c a and asymmetric under reversal a b c ⇒ ¬c b a a ternary relation that is asymmetric under cyclic permutation and symmetric under reversal together with appropriate versions of the transitivity and totality axioms is called a betweenness relation a separation relation is a quaternary relation that can be thought of as a cyclic order without an orientation the relationship between a circular order and a separation relation is analogous to the relationship between a linear order and a betweenness relation evans macpherson ivanov 1997 provide a modeltheoretic description of the covering maps of cycles tararin 2001 2002 studies groups of automorphisms of cycles with various transitivity properties giraudet holland 2002 characterize cycles whose full automorphism groups act freely and transitively camperoarena truss 2009 characterize countable colored cycles whose automorphism groups act transitively truss 2009 studies the automorphism group of the unique up to isomorphism countable dense cycle kulpeshov macpherson 2005 study minimality conditions on circularly ordered structures ie models of firstorder languages that include a cyclic order relation these conditions are analogues of ominimality and'
- 'roots come in complex conjugate pairs if all the characteristic roots are distinct the solution of the homogeneous linear recurrence can be written in terms of the characteristic roots as where the coefficients ci can be found by invoking the initial conditions specifically for each time period for which an iterate value is known this value and its corresponding value of t can be substituted into the solution equation to obtain a linear equation in the n asyetunknown parameters n such equations one for each initial condition can be solved simultaneously for the n parameter values if all characteristic roots are real then all the coefficient values ci will also be real but with nonreal complex roots in general some of these coefficients will also be nonreal converting complex solution to trigonometric form if there are complex roots they come in conjugate pairs and so do the complex terms in the solution equation if two of these complex terms are cjλtj and cj1λtj1 the roots λj can be written as where i is the imaginary unit and m is the modulus of the roots then the two complex terms in the solution equation can be written as where θ is the angle whose cosine is αm and whose sine is βm the last equality here made use of de moivres formula now the process of finding the coefficients cj and cj1 guarantees that they are also complex conjugates which can be written as γ ± δi using this in the last equation gives this expression for the two complex terms in the solution equation which can also be written as where ψ is the angle whose cosine is γ√γ2 δ2 and whose sine is δ√γ2 δ2 cyclicity depending on the initial conditions even with all roots real the iterates can experience a transitory tendency to go above and below the steady state value but true cyclicity involves a permanent tendency to fluctuate and this occurs if there is at least one pair of complex conjugate characteristic roots this can be seen in the trigonometric form of their contribution to the solution equation involving cos θt and sin θt in the secondorder case if the two roots are identical λ1 λ2 they can both be denoted as λ and a solution may be of the form an alternative solution method involves converting the nth order difference equation to a firstorder matrix difference equation this is accomplished by writing w1t yt w2t yt−1 w1t−1 w3t yt−2 w2t−1 and so on then the'
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-| 5 | - 'life analyzer mila mila processes minuscule volumes of fluid samples to isolate amino acids which are building blocks of proteins the rover tested different strategies for searching for potential evidence of life in the soil and established that roving drilling and life detection can take place in concert these tests validated the system for planetary exploration some improvements to be addressed in the future are instrument miniaturization extraction protocols and antibody stability under outer space conditions solid would be one of the payloads of the proposed icebreaker life to mars or a lander to europa'
- 'these animals eg by placement in the cold is usually accompanied by general homeostatic disturbance and stress the present study was based on the finding that rats exposed to slightly increased gravity are able to adapt with little chronic stress but at a higher level of basal metabolic expenditure increased rate of living the rate of aging of 17monthold rats that had been exposed to 314 g in an animal centrifuge for 8 months was larger than of controls as shown by apparently elevated lipofuscin content in heart and kidney reduced numbers and increased size of mitochondria of heart tissue and inferior liver mitochondria respiration reduced efficiency 20 larger adp 0 ratio p less than 001 reduced speed 8 lower respiratory control ratio p less than 005 steadystate food intake per day per kg body weight which is presumably proportional to rate of living or specific basal metabolic expenditure was about 18 higher than in controls p less than 001 after an initial 2month adaptation period finally though half of the centrifuged animals lived only a little shorter than controls average about 343 vs 364 days on the centrifuge difference statistically nonsignificant the remaining half longest survivors lived on the centrifuge an average of 520 days range 483 – 572 compared to an average of 574 days range 502 – 615 for controls computed from onset of centrifugation or 11 shorter p less than 001 therefore these results show that a moderate increase of the level of basal metabolism of young adult rats adapted to hypergravity compared to controls in normal gravity is accompanied by a roughly similar increase in the rate of organ aging and reduction of survival in agreement with pearls rate of living theory of aging previously experimentally demonstrated only in poikilotherms pups from gestating rats exposed to hypergravity 18 g or to normal gravity at the perinatal period were evaluated by comparison to controls the hypergravity group had shorter latencies before choosing a maze arm in a tmaze and fewer exploratory pokes in a hole board during dyadic encounters the hypergravity group had a lower number of selfgrooming episodes and shorter latencies before crossing under the opposing rat gforcehuman tolerance'
- 'mainly to areas near the coast the decomposition of sinking organic matter would have also leached oxygen from deep watersthe sudden drop in o2 after the great oxygenation event — indicated by δ13c levels to have been a loss of 10 to 20 times the current volume of atmospheric oxygen — is known as the lomagundijatuli event and is the most prominent carbon isotope event in earths history oxygen levels may have been less than 01 to 1 of modernday levels which would have effectively stalled the evolution of complex life during the boring billion however a mesoproterozoic oxygenation event moe during which oxygen rose transiently to about 4 pal at various points in time is proposed to have occurred from 159 to 136 ga in particular some evidence from the gaoyuzhuang formation suggests a rise in oxygen around 157 ga while the velkerri formation in the roper group of the northern territory of australia the kaltasy formation russian калтасинская свита of volgouralia russia and the xiamaling formation in the northern north china craton indicate noticeable oxygenation around 14 ga although the degree to which this represents global oxygen levels is unclear oxic conditions would have become dominant at the noe causing the proliferation of aerobic activity over anaerobic but widespread suboxic and anoxic conditions likely lasted until about 055 ga corresponding with ediacaran biota and the cambrian explosion in 1998 geologist donald canfield proposed what is now known as the canfield ocean hypothesis canfield claimed that increasing levels of oxygen in the atmosphere at the great oxygenation event would have reacted with and oxidized continental iron pyrite fes2 deposits with sulfate so42− as a byproduct which was transported into the sea sulfatereducing microorganisms converted this to hydrogen sulfide h2s dividing the ocean into a somewhat oxic surface layer and a sulfidic layer beneath with anoxygenic bacteria living at the border metabolizing the h2s and creating sulfur as a waste product this created widespread euxinic conditions in middlewaters an anoxic state with a high sulfur concentration which was maintained by the bacteria however more systematic geochemical study of the midproterozoic indicates that the oceans were largely ferruginous with a thin surface layer of weakly oxygenated waters and euxinia may have occurred over relatively small areas perhaps less than 7 of the seafloor among rocks dating to the boring billion there is a conspicuous lack'
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-| 31 | - '##al attitudes in turn are the building blocks of our understanding of thoughts that populate everyday life as well as folk psychology in this way we have an analysis that ties our common everyday understanding of thoughts down to the scientific and philosophical understanding of concepts the physicalist view of concepts in a physicalist theory of mind a concept is a mental representation which the brain uses to denote a class of things in the world this is to say that it is literally a symbol or group of symbols together made from the physical material of the brain concepts are mental representations that allow us to draw appropriate inferences about the type of entities we encounter in our everyday lives concepts do not encompass all mental representations but are merely a subset of them the use of concepts is necessary to cognitive processes such as categorization memory decision making learning and inferenceconcepts are thought to be stored in long term cortical memory in contrast to episodic memory of the particular objects and events which they abstract which are stored in hippocampus evidence for this separation comes from hippocampal damaged patients such as patient hm the abstraction from the days hippocampal events and objects into cortical concepts is often considered to be the computation underlying some stages of sleep and dreaming many people beginning with aristotle report memories of dreams which appear to mix the days events with analogous or related historical concepts and memories and suggest that they were being sorted or organized into more abstract concepts sort is itself another word for concept and sorting thus means to organize into concepts the semantic view of concepts suggests that concepts are abstract objects in this view concepts are abstract objects of a category out of a humans mind rather than some mental representationsthere is debate as to the relationship between concepts and natural language however it is necessary at least to begin by understanding that the concept dog is philosophically distinct from the things in the world grouped by this concept — or the reference class or extension concepts that can be equated to a single word are called lexical conceptsthe study of concepts and conceptual structure falls into the disciplines of linguistics philosophy psychology and cognitive sciencein the simplest terms a concept is a name or label that regards or treats an abstraction as if it had concrete or material existence such as a person a place or a thing it may represent a natural object that exists in the real world like a tree an animal a stone etc it may also name an artificial manmade object like a chair computer house etc abstract ideas and knowledge domains such as freedom equality science happiness etc are also symbolized by concepts it is important to realize that a concept is merely a symbol a representation of'
- '##7 – 1068 doi101007s110980129999z s2cid 170894297 matti eklund 2008 the picture of reality as an amorphous lump pdf in theodore sider john hawthorne dean w zimmerman eds contemporary debates in metaphysics blackwell pp 382 ff isbn 9781405112284 metaontology which i will be concerned with is about what ontology is eli hirsch 2011 quantifier variance and realism essays in metaontology oxford university press isbn 9780199732111 metaontology a term that has recently become popular referring to the philosophical theory concerning the nature and proper methodology for ontology including the nature of existence claims p 278 peter van inwagen 2001 chapter 1 metaontology ontology identity and modality essays in metaphysics cambridge university press pp 13 ff isbn 9780521795487 willard van orman quine 1990 chapter 1 evidence pursuit of truth 2nd ed harvard university press pp 1 ff isbn 9780674739505 frank x ryan 2004 analytic analyticsynthetic in john lachs robert b talisse eds american philosophy an encyclopedia psychology press pp 36 – 39 isbn 9780203492796 amie l thomasson carnap and the prospects for easy ontology archived from the original on 20131220 retrieved 20130328 after more than fifty years metaontology has come back in fashion to be published in ontology after carnap stephan blatti sandra lapointe eds'
- 'a proposition is a central concept in the philosophy of language semantics logic and related fields often characterized as the primary bearer of truth or falsity propositions are also often characterized as being the kind of thing that declarative sentences denote for instance the sentence the sky is blue denotes the proposition that the sky is blue however crucially propositions are not themselves linguistic expressions for instance the english sentence snow is white denotes the same proposition as the german sentence schnee ist weiß even though the two sentences are not the same similarly propositions can also be characterized as the objects of belief and other propositional attitudes for instance if one believes that the sky is blue what one believes is the proposition that the sky is blue a proposition can also be thought of as a kind of idea collins dictionary has a definition for proposition as a statement or an idea that people can consider or discuss whether it is trueformally propositions are often modeled as functions which map a possible world to a truth value for instance the proposition that the sky is blue can be modeled as a function which would return the truth value t displaystyle t if given the actual world as input but would return f displaystyle f if given some alternate world where the sky is green however a number of alternative formalizations have been proposed notably the structured propositions view propositions have played a large role throughout the history of logic linguistics philosophy of language and related disciplines some researchers have doubted whether a consistent definition of propositionhood is possible david lewis even remarking that the conception we associate with the word ‘ proposition ’ may be something of a jumble of conflicting desiderata the term is often used broadly and has been used to refer to various related concepts aristotelian logic identifies a categorical proposition as a sentence which affirms or denies a predicate of a subject optionally with the help of a copula an aristotelian proposition may take the form of all men are mortal or socrates is a man in the first example the subject is men predicate is mortal and copula is are while in the second example the subject is socrates the predicate is a man and copula is is often propositions are related to closed formulae or logical sentence to distinguish them from what is expressed by an open formula in this sense propositions are statements that are truthbearers this conception of a proposition was supported by the philosophical school of logical positivism some philosophers argue that some or all kinds of speech or actions besides the declarative ones also have propositional content for example yes – no questions present propositions being inquiries'
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-| 30 | - 'the cancer biomedical informatics grid cabig was a us government program to develop an opensource open access information network called cagrid for secure data exchange on cancer research the initiative was developed by the national cancer institute part of the national institutes of health and was maintained by the center for biomedical informatics and information technology cbiit and program managed by booz allen hamilton in 2011 a report on cabig raised significant questions about effectiveness and oversight and its budget and scope were significantly trimmed in may 2012 the national cancer informatics program ncip was created as cabigs successor program the national cancer institute nci of the united states funded the cancer biomedical informatics grid cabig initiative in spring 2004 headed by kenneth buetow its goal was to connect us biomedical cancer researchers using technology known as grid computing the program led by the center for bioinformatics and information technology cbiit began with a 3year pilot phase the pilot phase concluded in march 2007 and a trial was announced buetow promoted the program in 2008in addition to cagrid the underlying infrastructure for data sharing among organizations cabig developed software tools data sharing policies and common standards and vocabularies to facilitate data sharing software tools targeted collection analysis and management of basic research data clinical trials management from patient enrollment to adverse event reporting and analysis collection annotation sharing and storage of medical imaging data biospecimen managementcabig sought to provide foundational technology for an approach to biomedicine it called a “ learning healthcare system ” this relies on the rapid exchange of information among all sectors of research and care so that researchers and clinicians are able to collaboratively review and accurately incorporate the latest findings into their work the ultimate goal was to speed the biomedical research process it was also promoted for what is often called personalized medicine cabig technology was used in adaptive clinical trials such as the investigation of serial studies to predict your therapeutic response with imaging and molecular analysis 2 ispy2 which was designed to use biomarkers to determine the appropriate therapy for women with advanced breast cancer health information technology hit was promoted for management and secure exchange of medical information among researchers health care providers and consumers hit initiatives mentioning cabig were nci and the american society of clinical oncology initiated a collaboration to create an oncologyspecific electronic health record system using cabig standards for interoperability and that will enable oncologists to manage patient information in an electronic format that accurately captures the specific interventional issues unique to oncology the nationwide health information network was an initiative to share patient clinical data across geographically'
- 'entailed doubling federal funding for cancer research within 5 years focusing on nih and nci as well as working with congress to increase funding for the food and drug administration their plan would provide additional funding for research on rare cancers and those without effective treatment options the study of health disparities and evaluation of possible interventions and efforts to better understand genetic factors that can impact cancer onset and outcomespresident obamas 2009 economic stimulus package includes 10 billion for the nih which funds much of the cancer research in the us and he has pledged to increase federal funding for cancer research by a third for the next two years as part of a drive to find a cure for cancer in our time in a message published in the july 2009 issue of harpers bazaar president obama described his mothers battle with ovarian cancer and noting the additional funding his administration has slated for cancer research stated now is the time to commit ourselves to waging a war against cancer as aggressive as the war cancer wages against us on 30 september 2009 obama announced that 1 billion of a 5 billion medical research spending plan would be earmarked for research into the genetic causes of cancer and targeted cancer treatmentscancerrelated federal spending of money from the 2009 recovery act can be tracked online the international union against cancer uicc has organized a world cancer campaign in 2009 with the theme i love my healthy active childhood to promote healthy habits in children and thereby reduce their lifestylebased cancer risk as adults the world health organization is also promoting this campaign and joins with the uicc in annually promoting world cancer day on 4 february joe biden announced moonshot 20 a new front in the war on cancer on the 4th of february 2022 as part of world cancer day as part of the moonshot 20 the biden administration set a goal of reducing cancer death rate by at least 50 percent over the next 25 years and improving the experience of living with and surviving cancer the new effort will signal a reignition of the cancer moonshot biden began as vice president under barack obama moonshot 20 was reported to be deeply imbued with personal grief since the presidents son beau had died the year before from brain cancerbidens new plan calls for a cancer cabinet as well as a new federal agency for highlevel research for which his administration is seeking 65 billion in seed funding the president named danielle carnival a neuroscientist who worked on the 2016 cancer initiative to oversee the moonshots second version moonshot 20 would continue work from 2016 involving fostering publicprivate partnerships including with biomedical giants community organizations and academic institutions the administration'
- 'the prohibition were denied south africa also terminated all import of asbestos or acms from zimbabwe south africa would allow products to pass through its borders while in transit under strict conditions and if registered with the department of environmental affairs and tourism everite a building company supported the governments ban on imports from zimbabwe it became an offence to acquire process package or repackage manufacture or distribute these products from after july 28 2008 kgalagadi relief trust krt chair brian gibson stated that asbestos may still be imported into south africa for research or analysis asbestos may also be imported into the country for disposal from southern african development community sadc countries that were unable to dispose of the waste themselves in may 1997 the manufacture and use of crocidolite and amosite commonly known as blue and brown asbestos were fully banned in south korea in january 2009 a fullfledged ban on all types of asbestos occurred when the government banned the manufacture import sale storage transport or use of asbestos or any substance containing more than 01 of asbestos in 2011 south korea became the worlds sixth country to enact an asbestos harm aid act which entitles any korean citizen to free lifetime medical care as well as monthly income from the government if they are diagnosed with an asbestosrelated disease in 1984 the import of raw amphibole blue and brown asbestos into new zealand was banned in 2002 the import of chrysotile white asbestos was banned the british governments health and safety executive hse has promoted rigorous controls on asbestos handling based on reports linking exposure to asbestos dust or fibres with thousands of annual deaths from mesothelioma and asbestosrelated lung cancer over 5000 asbestosrelated disease deaths per year currently 2022 the tuc uk cited a figure of 5000 deaths per year in 2004the hse does not assume that there is any minimum threshold for exposure to asbestos below which a person is at zero risk of developing mesothelioma since they consider that it cannot currently be quantified for practical purposes they cite evidence from epidemiological studies of asbestosexposed groups to argue that even if there is any such threshold for mesothelioma it must be at a very low level previously it was possible to claim compensation for pleural plaques caused by negligent exposure to asbestos on the grounds that although it is in itself asymptomatic it is linked to development of diffuse pleural thickening which causes lung impairment it has been highly contentious however as to the probability of pleural plaques developing into pleural thickening or other asbestosrelated illnesses on october 17 2007 this point'
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-| 36 | - 'flavius dioscorus greek φλαυιος διοσκορος romanized flavios dioskoros lived during the 6th century ad in the village of aphrodito egypt and therefore is called by modern scholars dioscorus of aphrodito although he was an egyptian he composed poetry in greek the cultural language of the byzantine era the manuscripts which contain his corrections and revisions were discovered on papyrus in 1905 and are now held in museums and libraries around the world dioscorus was also occupied in legal work and legal documents and drafts involving him his family aphroditans and others were discovered along with his poetry as an administrator of the village of aphrodito he composed petitions on behalf of its citizens which are unique for their poetic and religious qualities dioscorus was a christian a copt and lived in a religiously active environment the collection of greek and coptic papyri associated with dioscorus and aphrodito is one of the most important finds in the history of papyrology and has shed considerable light on the law and society of byzantine egypt the papyri are also considered significant because of their mention of coptic workers and artists dispatched to the levant and arabia to work on early umayyad architectural projects the papyri of dioscorus were discovered by accident in july 1905 in the village of kom ashkaw also called kom ishgau kom ishqaw etc which was built above the ancient site of aphrodito an inhabitant was renovating his home when a wall collapsed and revealed a chasm below papyrus rolls and fragments were seen in the crevice but by the time the antiquities service was notified and arrived most of the papyrus was gone during subsequent excavations a large jar filled with papyrus was discovered in a romanstyle house important fragments of athenian comedy both old and new were discovered among these papyri including fragments of the famous comedy writer menander there were also fragments of homers iliad and other literary works and reference works most importantly the excavator gustave lefebvre unearthed an archive of sixthcentury legal business and personal papers and original poetry these were turned over to the young scholar jean maspero son of the director of the antiquities service of egypt who edited and published the documents and poems in several journal articles and two volumes of the catalogue general des antiquites egyptiennes du musee du caire papyrus grecs d ’ epoque byzantine cairo 1911 1913 jean was killed in'
- 'same tone or intention — this depends on pragmatics rather than grammar such differing but syntactically equivalent constructions in many languages may also indicate a difference in register the process of deleting pronouns is called prodropping and it also happens in many other languages such as korean japanese hungarian latin italian portuguese swahili slavic languages and the lao language in contrast formal english requires an overt subject in each clause a sentence may not need a subject to have valid meaning but to satisfy the syntactic requirement for an explicit subject a pleonastic or dummy pronoun is used only the first sentence in the following pair is acceptable english its raining is rainingin this example the pleonastic it fills the subject function however it does not contribute any meaning to the sentence the second sentence which omits the pleonastic it is marked as ungrammatical although no meaning is lost by the omission elements such as it or there serving as empty subject markers are also called syntactic expletives or dummy pronouns compare there is rain today is rainthe pleonastic ne ne pleonastique expressing uncertainty in formal french works as follows je crains quil ne pleuvei fear it may rain ces idees sont plus difficiles a comprendre que je ne pensaisthese ideas are harder to understand than i thoughttwo more striking examples of french pleonastic construction are aujourdhui and questce que cest the word aujourdhuiau jour dhui is translated as today but originally means on the day of today since the now obsolete hui means today the expression au jour daujourdhui translated as on the day of today is common in spoken language and demonstrates that the original construction of aujourdhui is lost it is considered a pleonasm the phrase questce que cest meaning whats that or what is it while literally it means what is it that it is there are examples of the pleonastic or dummy negative in english such as the construction heard in the new england region of the united states in which the phrase so dont i is intended to have the same positive meaning as so do iwhen robert south said it is a pleonasm a figure usual in scripture by a multiplicity of expressions to signify one notable thing he was observing the biblical hebrew poetic propensity to repeat thoughts in different words since written biblical hebrew was a comparatively early form of written language and was written using oral patterning which has many pleon'
- 'likely will create a realm of similar meanings more frequently than others five vectors of influence are identified for iconic photographs reproducing ideology communicating social knowledge shaping collective memory modeling citizenship and providing figural resources for communicative action reproducing ideology iconic images have the capability of representing ideology which hariman and lucaites define as a set of beliefs that presents a social order as if it were a natural order that presents asymmetrical relationships as if they were mutually beneficial and that makes authority appear selfevident a photograph has the power to create such public meaning that can manipulate order relationships and authority as part of reproducing ideology communicating social knowledge because icons are distinctively public visual images they recast social knowledge with regard to the distinctive concerns and roles of public life by tapping into the knowledge of the public to which they are being presented icons effectively persuade members of a society and their social interactions as any successful rhetoric does photographs can communicate social knowledge because they are accepted as representations of social performance shaping collective memory photographic icons can negotiate collective memory as part of the social knowledge it communicates an icon can shape public understanding of specific events and contexts at the kairotic time of their occurrence and thereafter thus society as a whole acts as the audience of the rhetorical message sent about the time the photograph was taken hariman and lucaites contend the more collective memory is constructed through the visual media the more likely it is that the iconic photos will be used to mark frame and otherwise set the tone for later generations understanding of public life in the specific time period modeling citizenship members of the public interpreting iconic images can themselves be shaped by the messages sent by the icons as can their rhizomatic relationships with each other when viewing icons that portray us citizens the audience sees themselves in those citizens and emulates their portrayal of society iconic images essentially display the public to themselves providing figural resources for communicative action since society can be considered abstract in terms of relationships between citizens photographs serve to communicate such ambiguous citizenship and supply models for how to be a good citizen hariman and lucaites explain that an iconic photograph can continue to shape public understanding and action long after the event has passed or the crisis has been resolved pragmatically the collective memory formed by iconic photographs inspire action to perform as a mor'
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-| 20 | - '##er tribal societies of the mesolithic but only as a metaphor a societys golden age marks that period in its history having a heightened output of art science literature and philosophy ancient egypt experienced several golden ages including the fourth dynasty during the old kingdom as well as the new kingdom the belle epoque period is considered frances golden age as it was a time when culture science and living standards reached their peak athenian golden age presided by pericles 14th 15th century africa were a golden age for west africa when trade routes flourished leading to the advancement of mathematics and science golden age of latin literature the period in latin literature between cicero and ovid the age of the five good emperors during the principate part of the pax romana period is generally considered the zenith of the roman empire and edward gibbon even considered it the happiest age of humanity golden age of india the period between the 3rd century to the 6th century ce under the leadership of the gupta empire during which indians made great achievements in mathematics science culture religion philosophy and astronomy the classic period of mesoamerica 3rd to 9th century the era when teotihuacan dominated central mexico and several important maya city states reached their apogee early christian ireland when ireland was united under one high king and was significant in european art islamic golden age in which islamic scientific achievements spanned a wide range of subject areas including medicine mathematics astronomy and agriculture as well as physics economics engineering and opticsreign of harun alrashid 786 – 809 the height of the abbasid caliphate before the fourth fitna the anarchy at samarra and the onset of political fragmentation more generally from the reign of harun alrashid until the sack of baghdad by the mongols 1258 in the arab world reignited in the 15th century in the age of the islamic gunpowders ottoman safavid and mughal empires until the early 17th century 14531683byzantine empire under the macedonian dynasty 867 – 1056 has been dubbed the golden age of byzantium golden age of bulgaria the reign of emperor simeon i the great late 9th – early 10th centuries golden age of kyiv 10th century china has had multiple golden ages with the han especially the rule of wen and jing and the rule of ming and zhang tang song ming and qing all considered golden ages in chinese history the chinese golden age is used to refer to the period of the tang and song dynasties from 618 to 1279 which saw an economic revolution golden age of jewish culture in the iberian peninsula the period between 900 and 1100 sometimes categorized as part of the larger islamic golden'
- 'reliable if they conform well to what is known of the historical and social situation of the time namely 1stcentury palestine arthur j bellinzoni 2016 distinguished a criterion of semitism or aramaism for all linguistic issues and a criterion of contextual credibility for the historical political social and religious contexts of jesus as a galilean jew in roman palestine for a brief period around 30 with which documents must be consistent matthew begins with a hebrew gematria a method of interpreting hebrew by computing the numerical value of words in matthew 11 jesus is designated the son of david the son of abraham the numerical value of davids name in hebrew is 14 so this genealogy has 14 generations from abraham to david 14 from david to the babylonian exile and 14 from the exile to the christ matthew 117 such linguistic peculiarities tie new testament texts to aramaicspeaking jews with knowledge of the hebrew bible or septuagint translations in 1stcentury palestineehrman 1999 cited the conversation between nicodemus and jesus in chapter 3 of the gospel of john their confusion is based on the multiple meanings of the greek word ανωθενanothen again and from above but in 1stcentury palestine they would have spoken aramaic which has no word with the same double meaning therefore the conversation could not have taken place as narrated 2610 another example given is saying 37 of the coptic gospel of thomas which says when you undress without being ashamed and you take your clothes and put them under your feet as little children and tramp on them then you shall see the son of the living one and you shall not fear this saying fits the egyptian 2ndcentury context when a gnostic myth which could make sense of the saying was influential but it does not fit the early 1stcentury palestinian context of jesus 2508 likewise the gospel of peter claims that jesus was crucified by herod antipas tetrarch of galilee and perea rather than pontius pilate roman governor of judea which contradicts what is known about how the romans governed their provinces and thus fails the criterion of contextual credibility 2539 aside from also failing the criteria of independent attestation because all other early sources hold pilate responsible and dissimilarity because it serves the authors demonstrable antijewish biasbellinzoni 2016 argued that the words take up their cross in mark 834 failed the criterion of dissimilarity and may thus represent an interpolation perhaps inserted into the tradition before the author of the gospel of mark wrote it down but that when these words are'
- 'the study of human relationships through time with the natural communities of which they are a part in order to explain the processes of change that affect that relationship and in 2006 as history that seeks understanding of human beings as they have lived worked and thought in relationship to the rest of nature through the changes brought by time as a method environmental history is the use of ecological analysis as a means of understanding human historyan account of changes in human societies as they relate to changes in the natural environment environmental historians are also interested in what people think about nature and how they have expressed those ideas in folk religions popular culture literature and art in 2003 j r mcneill defined it as the history of the mutual relations between humankind and the rest of nature traditional historical analysis has over time extended its range of study from the activities and influence of a few significant people to a much broader social political economic and cultural analysis environmental history further broadens the subject matter of conventional history in 1988 donald worster stated that environmental history attempts to make history more inclusive in its narratives by examining the role and place of nature in human life and in 1993 that environmental history explores the ways in which the biophysical world has influenced the course of human history and the ways in which people have thought about and tried to transform their surroundings the interdependency of human and environmental factors in the creation of landscapes is expressed through the notion of the cultural landscape worster also questioned the scope of the discipline asking we study humans and nature therefore can anything human or natural be outside our enquiry environmental history is generally treated as a subfield of history but some environmental historians challenge this assumption arguing that while traditional history is human history – the story of people and their institutions humans cannot place themselves outside the principles of nature in this sense they argue that environmental history is a version of human history within a larger context one less dependent on anthropocentrism even though anthropogenic change is at the center of its narrative dimensions j donald hughes responded to the view that environmental history is light on theory or lacking theoretical structure by viewing the subject through the lens of three dimensions nature and culture history and science and scale this advances beyond worsters recognition of three broad clusters of issues to be addressed by environmental historians although both historians recognize that the emphasis of their categories might vary according to the particular study as clearly some studies will concentrate more on society and human affairs and others more on the environment themes several themes are used to express these historical dimensions a more traditional historical approach is to analyse the transformation of the globes ecology through themes like the separation of'
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-| 35 | - 'unlike that from which the overlying solum presumably formed plant roots can penetrate c horizons which provide an important growing medium included as c layers are sediments saprolite nonindurated bedrock and other geological materials that commonly slake within 24 hours when airdry or drier chunks are placed in water and that when moist can be dug with a spade some soils form in material that is already highly weathered and if such material does not meet the requirements of a e or b horizons it is designated c changes not considered pedogenic are those not related to overlying horizons layers having accumulations of silica carbonates or gypsum even if indurated may be included in c horizons unless the layer is obviously affected by pedogenic processes then it is a b horizon r layers these consist of hard bedrock underlying the soil granite basalt quartzite and indurated limestone or sandstone are examples of bedrock that are designated r airdry or drier chunks of an r layer when placed in water will not slake within 24 hours the r layer is sufficiently coherent when moist to make hand digging with a spade impractical the bedrock may contain cracks but these are so few and so small that few roots can penetrate the cracks may be coated or filled with soil material i layers these are ice lenses and wedges that contain at least 75 per cent ice by volume and that distinctly separate layers organic or mineral in the soil l layers these are sediments deposited in a body of water they may be organic or mineral limnic material is either i deposited by precipitation or through action of aquatic organisms such as algae especially diatoms or ii derived from underwater and floating aquatic plants and subsequently modified by aquatic animals l layers include coprogenous earth or sedimentary peat mostly organic diatomaceous earth mostly siliceous and marl mostly calcareous w layers these are either water layers in soils or water layers submerging soils the water is present either permanently or cyclic within the time frame of 24 hours some organic soils float on water in other cases shallow water ie water not deeper than 1 m may cover the soil permanently as in the case of shallow lakes or cyclic as in tidal flats the occurrence of tidal water can be indicated by the letter w in brackets w a horizon that combines the characteristics of two master horizons is indicated with both capital letters the dominant one written first example ab and ba if discrete intermingled bodies of two master horizons occur together the horizon symbols are combined using a slash example ab and ba the master horizon symbols may be followed by the lowercase letters indicating subordinate characteristics see below example ah'
- 'yedoma russian едома is an organicrich about 2 carbon by mass pleistoceneage permafrost with ice content of 50 – 90 by volume yedoma are abundant in the cold regions of eastern siberia such as northern yakutia as well as in alaska and the yukon the landscape of yedoma areas is of glacier plains and hills with shallow depressions known as alas yedoma usually form in lowlands or stretches of land with rolling hills where ice wedge polygonal networks are present in stable relief features with accumulation zones of poor drainage severe cold and arid continental climate zones resulting in scanty vegetation cover intense periglacial weathering processes as well as the proximity of sediment sources such as low mountain ranges and foothillsthe amount of carbon trapped in this type of permafrost is much more prevalent than originally thought and may be about 210 to 500 gt that is a multiple of the amount of carbon released into the air each year by the burning of fossil fuels thawing yedoma is a significant source of atmospheric methane about 4 tg of ch4 per year the yedoma region currently occupies an area of more than one million square kilometers from northeast siberia to alaska and canada and in many regions is tens of meters thick during the last glacial maximum when the global sea level was 120 m lower than that of today similar deposits covered substantial areas of the exposed northeast eurasian continental shelves at the end of the last ice age at the pleistocene – holocene transition thawing yedoma and the resulting thermokarst lakes may have produced 33 to 87 of the highlatitude increase in atmospheric methane concentration alas geography baydzharakh frederick west 1996 american beginnings the university of chicago press isbn 0226893995 p52 velichko 1984 p141 chapter 15 tomirdiaro periglacial landscapes and loessa accumulation in the late pleistocene arctic and subarctic k m walter s a zimov j p chanton d verbyla f s chapin iii methane bubbling from siberian thaw lakes as a positive feedback to climate warming nature 443 7175 2006 lutz schirrmeister ipy from the beginning of the pliocene cooling to the modern warming archived 20101220 at the wayback machine – past permafrost records in arctic siberia past permafrost original ipy project no id 152011 apex arctic palaeoclimate and its extremes ruttervelichko 1997 quaternary of northern eurasia late pleistocene and holocene landscapes stratigraphy'
- 'will progressively lock the tablets when they are pulled apart and induce hardening the nanoscale the 30 nm thick interface between the tablets that connects them together and the aragonite grains detected by scanning electron microscopy from which the tablets themselves are made of together represent another structural level the organic material “ gluing ” the tablets together is made of proteins and chitinto summarize on the macroscale the shell its two layers nacre and calcite and weaker strands inside nacre represent three hierarchical structures on the microscale the stacked tablet layers and the wavy interface between them are two other hierarchical structures lastly on the nanoscale the connecting organic material between the tablets as well as the grains from which they are made of is the final sixth hierarchical structure in nacre like nacre and the other mineralized tissues bone has a hierarchical structure that is also formed by the selfassembly of smaller components the mineral in bone known as bone mineral is hydroxyapatite with a lot of carbonate ions while the organic portion is made mostly of collagen and some other proteins the hierarchical structural of bone spans across to a three tiered hierarchy of the collagen molecule itself different sources report different numbers of hierarchical level in bone which is a complex biological material the types of mechanisms that operate at different structural length scales are yet to be properly defined five hierarchical structures of bone are presented below the macroscale compact bone and spongy bone are on a scale of several millimetres to 1 or more centimetres the microscale there are two hierarchical structures on the microscale the first at a scale of 100 μm to 1 mm is inside the compact bone where cylindrical units called osteons and small struts can be distinguished the second hierarchical structure the ultrastructure at a scale of 5 to 10 μm is the actual structure of the osteons and small struts the nanoscale there are also two hierarchical structures on the nanoscale the first being the structure inside the ultrastructure that are fibrils and extrafibrillar space at a scale of several hundred nanometres the second are the elementary components of mineralized tissues at a scale of tens of nanometres the components are the mineral crystals of hydroxyapatite cylindrical collagen molecules organic molecules such as lipids and proteins and finally water the hierarchical structure common to all mineralized tissues is the key to their mechanical performance the mineral is the inorganic component of mineralized tissues this constituent is what makes the tissues harder and stiffer hydroxyapatite calcium carbonate si'
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-| 41 | - 'the 421a tax exemption is a property tax exemption in the us state of new york that is given to realestate developers for building new multifamily residential housing buildings in new york city as currently written the program also focuses on promoting affordable housing in the most densely populated areas of new york city the exemption is granted for any buildings that add multiple new residential units and typically lasts for 15 to 25 years after the building is completed longer exemption periods apply in less densely populated areas of the outer boroughs and upper manhattan the original program gets its name from section 421a in the new york real property tax law the 421a program began in 1971 and the state government later added provisions to mandate the creation of affordable housing units in order for developers to qualify for the program under the original program areas in which developers qualified for the tax break included all of manhattan and portions of the rest of new york city the original program lapsed in january 2016 after disagreements between the state government and the new york city government but a deal was struck in november 2016 among unions developers and governor andrew cuomo to bring it back pending the approval of the new york state legislature after the april 2017 budget negotiations the program was officially renewed with the official new program name being affordable new york the program is administered by the new york city department of housing preservation and development under the program much of the stabilization benefit going to market renters goes away as does the older versions 50 community preference making this program controversial tenant rights were expanded under the housing stability and tenant protection act of 2019 leading housing advocates to call for the repeal of 421a real estate board of new york rebny president james whelan in january 2022 indicated support for gov kathy hochuls proposed affordable neighborhoods for new yorkers program a rebrand of the expiring 421a tax breakdue to the enactment of the 1994 new york state limited liability company llc law millions of dollars are donated to albany and local politicians from luxury residential buildings office towers and parking garages controlled by some of new york citys biggest tycoons all owned by llcs a structure shielded from new yorks tight restrictions on corporate campaign donations real estate developers can give virtually unlimited sums each campaign season privately and through the rebny by influencing state elections developers have undermined rent stabilization and preserved a key tax break that saves them far more money than they spend on political campaigns the value of that subsidy which is known as 421a has soared from 73 million in 1986 to an estimated 14 billion this year 2016 in return for the tax benefit owners are supposed to limit rent increases and set'
- 'they maintain within their communityalong with the development of these theories urban sociologists have increasingly begun to study the differences between the urban rural and suburban environments within the last halfcentury consistent with the communityliberated argument researchers have in large part found that urban residents tend to maintain more spatiallydispersed networks of ties than rural or suburban residents among lowerincome urban residents the lack of mobility and communal space within the city often disrupts the formation of social ties and lends itself to creating an unintegrated and distant community space while the high density of networks within the city weakens relations between individuals it increases the likelihood that at least one individual within a network can provide the primary support found among smaller and more tightly knit networks since the 1970s research into social networks has focused primarily on the types of ties developed within residential environments bonding ties common in tightly knit neighbourhoods consist of connections that provide an individual with primary support such as access to income or upward mobility among a neighbourhood organization bridging ties in contrast are the ties that weakly connect strong networks of individuals together a group of communities concerned about the placement of a nearby highway may only be connected through a few individuals that represent their views at a community board meeting for instancehowever as the theory surrounding social networks has developed sociologists such as alejandro portes and the wisconsin model of sociological research began placing increased leverage on the importance of these weak ties while strong ties are necessary for providing residents with primary services and a sense of community weak ties bring together elements of different cultural and economic landscapes in solving problems affecting a great number of individuals as theorist eric oliver notes neighbourhoods with vast social networks are also those that most commonly rely on heterogeneous support in problemsolving and are also the most politically activeas the suburban landscape developed during the 20th century and the outer city became a refuge for the wealthy and later the burgeoning middle class sociologists and urban geographers such as harvey molotch david harvey and neil smith began to study the structure and revitalization of the most impoverished areas of the inner city in their research impoverished neighbourhoods which often rely on tightly knit local ties for economic and social support were found to be targeted by developers for gentrification which displaced residents living within these communities political experimentation in providing these residents with semipermanent housing and structural support – ranging from section 8 housing to community development block grant programs has in many cases eased the transition of lowincome residents into stable housing and employment yet research covering the social impact of forced movement among these residents has noted the difficulties individuals often have'
- 'after habsburg monarchs in 1950 horanszky utca named after dual monarchyera hungarian member of parliament and trade minister nandor horanszky was renamed makarenko utca in honour of soviet educational theorist anton makarenko in 1962 rokk szillard utca named after a wealthy 19th century philanthropist was renamed somogyi bela after a leftist journalist murdered by white forces in 1920 of the palotanegyeds eleven or so cafes which existed during budapests prewar heyday all except one vanished the one survival the muzeum though it calls itself a caferestaurant is only a restaurant today despite the occasional acts of disdain and vandalism shown by the communist regime towards budapests historical fabric the vast majority of the palotanegyeds preworld war ii buildings survived war revolution soviet occupation and the socialist decades at the same time by the early postcommunist period the jozsefvaros had acquired a reputation amongst hungarians as the poorest and most crimeridden of the pest districts this reputation reflected the dilapidation and poverty especially of the outer part of the district ie east of the jozsefkorut and the proportionately high population of typically poor gypsies in that area this reputation coloured perceptions of the whole of jozsefvaros including probably unfairly the palotanegyed it was ironic given that historically the area had been one of the wealthiest parts of the city one of the early decisions of the post1989 democratic authorities was to restore some precommunist street names horanszky utca and otpacsirta utca reappeared as did rokk szillard although oddly only at its southern end brody sandor utca puskin utca somogyi bela at its northern end and szabo ervin ter remained unchanged the 1930 statue of count nandor zichy in front of what was his palace on lorinc pap ter returned since the mid1990s the palotanegyeds fortunes have steadily recovered many of the districts palaces have been restored and slowly but surely other buildings are following suit local and international investors have seen that the area combines charm and innercity convenience and the jozsefvaros local government has made much progress rebuilding the districts streets to make pedestrianonly areas widen footpaths rationalise parking plant more trees and generally smarten the area up as of november 2022 areas completed include reviczky utca otpacsirta utca mikszath kalman ter the area between the szabo'
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-| 29 | - 'forming a parallelogram that slipped outward between the two strikeslip crossfaults more than one fault was required to release the stress to the east because the velocity of the rotating subduction increases outward along the radius of rotation the western trough the surface expression of the kfz appears to come to an end on the west at 37°48 ′ n 20°00 ′ e it is generally sgreed that the fault represents the offsetting of the hellenic arc from the hellenides north of the gulf of corinth due to aegean plate extension prior to the offset the subduction zone of the adriatic or apulian plate under the edge of the balkans was continuous with the hellenic trench one might conclude that the trench is the location of the subduction and the border of the aegean plate as some have as it turns out the mediterranean ridge mr also arcuate curves a little more to the north to intersect the kfz a little further out than the ht there is evidence that the kfz projects further into the abyssal plain of the ionian sea at an angle to the strike of the previously known kfz the plain is the site of the mesozoic basement that further east is subducted it is believed the kfz may extend into it to a depth of as much as 15 kilometres 49000 ft as the kfz may terminate both the ht and the mr on the north either may be the location of the subduction the location of the border between aegean plate and ionian sea plain is again deferred until more definitive evidence can be obtained the hellenic trench from the intersection with the kfz to south of crete consists of a line of deepsea basins named after surface features and divided from each other by gravity rises the three major parts of the western trench are as follows the zakynthosstrophades basins the kfz is on the outer border of an archipelago termed by some the southern ionian island chain the four main islands are lefkada ithaki kefalonia and zakynthos the geographical custom in designating the waters between an island and the mainland is to call it a basin the zakynthos basin zb etc the southern ionians also include the diminutive islands around the larger including the two small islands to the south of zakynthos the strofades they and zakynthos are joined by the submarine zakynthos – strofades ridge the waters around zakynthos are the zb around the st'
- '°f at the oceans surfacedespite its size the top of davidson seamount remains over 4500 ft 1372 m below the oceans surface this great depth means that the habitats that the seamount supports have not been significantly disturbed by human activity anchoring and trawling typically does not occur below a depth of 1500 ft 457 m and waste disposal and discharge occurs much closer to shorein comparisons drawn to the nearby monterey bay national marine sanctuary the two were shown to be very different biologically species that are rare in monterey bay are common on davidson and vice versa the ecology on davidson seamount is dominated by an extensive forest of ancient deepsea coral and sponges some of which are over 100 years old although these species also grow elsewhere they are generally sparsely distributed and far smaller and younger than the coral growth on davidson conversely sea cucumbers which are very common on the walls of monterey canyon are all but absent on davidson an example of the polarity between davidson and monterey bayresearchers speculate that davidson seamount is an ideal habitat for deepsea corals and sponges because it has favorable bottom rock bare lava rock a steady food supply supplied by a water current favoring the seamount see the section above and has not been disturbed by strong bottom currents than often bother other seafloor areascraig mcclain one of the scientists studying the seamount told physorg the large groves of corals and sponges are unique to seamounts the crests of seamounts are particularly good because they provide flat rocky surfaces that dont accumulate much sediment this is partly due to the fact that seamounts are so far offshore in contrast when you look at the seafloor in monterey canyon its mucky that makes it tough for filter feeders especially sponges any flat surface in the canyon collects mud this makes it tough for corals to settle anywhere except on nearvertical surfaces just staying attached to these surfaces can be a challenge in itself research also suggests that seamounts such as davidson seamount may be ecologically valuable to rare species that use them as breeding grounds the seamounts are likely to be a source of larvae that maintains the population of the species in nearby suboptimal areas known as sinks sinks are lowlying areas in which species can live but do so very poorly if they are not replenished by nearby population centers such as at davidson they could disappear from the area entirely dna studies may in the future help scientists prove seamounts are indeed sources of larvae for their surrounding seafloor davidson seamount was initially'
- 'the pool of remineralised carbon which generally takes the form of carbon dioxide tends to increase in the photic zone most remineralisation is done with dissolved organic carbon doc studies have shown that it is larger sinking particles that transport matter down to the sea floor while suspended particles and dissolved organics are mostly consumed by remineralisation this happens in part due to the fact that organisms must typically ingest nutrients smaller than they are often by orders of magnitude with the microbial community making up 90 of marine biomass it is particles smaller than the microbes on the order of 10−6 that will be taken up for remineralisation biological pump decomposition fratio john d hamaker soil remineralisation mineralization biology mineralization soil science immobilization soil science'
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-| 25 | - 'x displaystyle cos x originally discovered by madhava 1670 isaac barrow publishes lectiones geometricae 1671 james gregory rediscovers the power series expansion for arctan x displaystyle arctan x and π 4 displaystyle pi 4 originally discovered by madhava 1672 renefrancois de sluse publishes a method of drawing tangents to all geometrical curves 1673 gottfried leibniz also develops his version of infinitesimal calculus 1675 isaac newton invents a newtons method for the computation of roots of a function 1675 leibniz uses the modern notation for an integral for the first time 1677 leibniz discovers the rules for differentiating products quotients and the function of a function 1683 jacob bernoulli discovers the number e 1684 leibniz publishes his first paper on calculus 1686 the first appearance in print of the [UNK] displaystyle int notation for integrals 1687 isaac newton publishes philosophiæ naturalis principia mathematica 1691 the first proof of rolles theorem is given by michel rolle 1691 leibniz discovers the technique of separation of variables for ordinary differential equations 1694 johann bernoulli discovers the lhopitals rule 1696 guillaume de lhopital publishes analyse des infiniment petits the first calculus textbook 1696 jakob bernoulli and johann bernoulli solve the brachistochrone problem the first result in the calculus of variations 1711 isaac newton publishes de analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas 1712 brook taylor develops taylor series 1722 roger cotes computes the derivative of sine in his harmonia mensurarum 1730 james stirling publishes the differential method 1734 george berkeley publishes the analyst 1734 leonhard euler introduces the integrating factor technique for solving firstorder ordinary differential equations 1735 leonhard euler solves the basel problem relating an infinite series to π 1736 newtons method of fluxions posthumously published 1737 thomas simpson publishes treatise of fluxions 1739 leonhard euler solves the general homogeneous linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficients 1742 modern definion of logarithm by william gardiner 1742 colin maclaurin publishes treatise on fluxions 1748 euler publishes introductio in analysin infinitorum 1748 maria gaetana agnesi discusses analysis in instituzioni analitiche ad uso della gioventu italiana 1762 joseph louis lagrange discovers the divergence theorem 1797 lagrange publishes theorie des fonctions analytiques 1807 joseph fourier'
- '##tyle y such as the square loss or hinge loss and λ displaystyle lambda is a parameter which controls the importance of the regularization term r f displaystyle rf is typically chosen to impose a penalty on the complexity of f displaystyle f concrete notions of complexity used include restrictions for smoothness and bounds on the vector space norma theoretical justification for regularization is that it attempts to impose occams razor on the solution as depicted in the figure above where the green function the simpler one may be preferred from a bayesian point of view many regularization techniques correspond to imposing certain prior distributions on model parametersregularization can serve multiple purposes including learning simpler models inducing models to be sparse and introducing group structure into the learning problem the same idea arose in many fields of science a simple form of regularization applied to integral equations tikhonov regularization is essentially a tradeoff between fitting the data and reducing a norm of the solution more recently nonlinear regularization methods including total variation regularization have become popular regularization can be motivated as a technique to improve the generalizability of a learned model the goal of this learning problem is to find a function that fits or predicts the outcome label that minimizes the expected error over all possible inputs and labels the expected error of a function f n displaystyle fn is i f n [UNK] x × y v f n x y ρ x y d x d y displaystyle ifnint xtimes yvfnxyrho xydxdy where x displaystyle x and y displaystyle y are the domains of input data x displaystyle x and their labels y displaystyle y respectively typically in learning problems only a subset of input data and labels are available measured with some noise therefore the expected error is unmeasurable and the best surrogate available is the empirical error over the n displaystyle n available samples i s f n 1 n [UNK] i 1 n v f n x i y i displaystyle isfnfrac 1nsum i1nvfnhat xihat yi without bounds on the complexity of the function space formally the reproducing kernel hilbert space available a model will be learned that incurs zero loss on the surrogate empirical error if measurements eg of x i displaystyle xi were made with noise this model may suffer from overfitting and display poor expected error regularization introduces a penalty for exploring certain regions of the function space used to build the model which can improve generalization these techniques are named for andrey nikolayevich tikhonov who applied regularization to integral equations and'
- '0 1 [UNK] c 2 100 0 0 1 displaystyle mathbf x 2beginbmatrix01endbmatrixtop qquad mathbf c 2beginbmatrix100001endbmatrix then the weighted mean is x [UNK] c 1 − 1 c 2 − 1 − 1 c 1 − 1 x 1 c 2 − 1 x 2 09901 0 0 09901 1 1 09901 09901 displaystyle beginalignedbar mathbf x leftmathbf c 11mathbf c 21right1leftmathbf c 11mathbf x 1mathbf c 21mathbf x [UNK] which makes sense the 1 0 estimate is compliant in the second component and the 0 1 estimate is compliant in the first component so the weighted mean is nearly 1 1 in the general case suppose that x x 1 … x n t displaystyle mathbf x x1do'
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-| 28 | - '1 1 r 1 r 1 − t displaystyle sum n0infty hnrfrac tnnetleftsum n1r1hnrnfrac tnnfrac r1r2tr2f2left11r1r1trightright where 2f2 is a hypergeometric function the r1 case for the harmonic numbers is a classical result the general one was proved in 2009 by i mezo and a dilthe next relation connects the hyperharmonic numbers to the hurwitz zeta function [UNK] n 1 ∞ h n r n m [UNK] n 1 ∞ h n r − 1 ζ m n r ≥ 1 m ≥ r 1 displaystyle sum n1infty frac hnrnmsum n1infty hnr1zeta mnquad rgeq 1mgeq r1 it is known that the harmonic numbers are never integers except the case n1 the same question can be posed with respect to the hyperharmonic numbers are there integer hyperharmonic numbers istvan mezo proved that if r2 or r3 these numbers are never integers except the trivial case when n1 he conjectured that this is always the case namely the hyperharmonic numbers of order r are never integers except when n1 this conjecture was justified for a class of parameters by r amrane and h belbachir especially these authors proved that h n 4 displaystyle hn4 is not integer for all r26 and n23 extension to high orders was made by goral and sertbas these authors have also shown that h n r displaystyle hnr is never integer when n is even or a prime power or r is odd another result is the following let s x displaystyle sx be the number of noninteger hyperharmonic numbers such that n x ∈ 0 x × 0 x displaystyle nxin 0xtimes 0x then assuming the cramers conjecture s x x 2 o x log 3 x displaystyle sxx2oxlog 3x note that the number of integer lattice points in 0 x × 0 x displaystyle 0xtimes 0x is x 2 o x 2 displaystyle x2ox2 which shows that most of the hyperharmonic numbers cannot be integer the problem was finally settled by d c sertbas who found that there are infinitely many hyperharmonic integers albeit they are quite huge the smallest hyperharmonic number which is an integer found so far is h 33 64 2 2659 − 1 32 displays'
- '##c varphi mmoleft2omega mright the characteristic function of the primes can be expressed by a convolution with the mobius function χ p n μ ∗ ω n [UNK] d n ω d μ n d displaystyle chi mathbb p nmu ast omega nsum dnomega dmu nd a partitionrelated exact identity for ω n displaystyle omega n is given by ω n log 2 [UNK] k 1 n [UNK] j 1 k [UNK] d [UNK] k [UNK] i 1 d p d − j i s n k ⋅ μ j displaystyle omega nlog 2leftsum k1nsum j1kleftsum dmid ksum i1dpdjirightsnkcdot mu jright where p n displaystyle pn is the partition function μ n displaystyle mu n is the mobius function and the triangular sequence s n k displaystyle snk is expanded by s n k q n q q ∞ q k 1 − q k s o n k − s e n k displaystyle snkqnqqinfty frac qk1qksonksenk in terms of the infinite qpochhammer symbol and the restricted partition functions s o e n k displaystyle soenk which respectively denote the number of k displaystyle k s in all partitions of n displaystyle n into an odd even number of distinct parts a continuation of ω n displaystyle omega n has been found though it is not analytic everywhere note that the normalized sinc displaystyle operatorname sinc function sinc x sin π x π x displaystyle operatorname sinc xfrac sinpi xpi x is used ω z log 2 [UNK] x 1 [UNK] r e z [UNK] sinc [UNK] y 1 [UNK] r e z [UNK] 1 x 2 x − y z displaystyle omega zlog 2leftsum x1lceil rezrceil operatorname sinc leftprod y1lceil rezrceil 1leftx2xyzrightrightright an average order of both ω n displaystyle omega n and ω n displaystyle omega n is log log n displaystyle log log n when n displaystyle n is prime a lower bound on the value of the function is ω n 1 displaystyle omega n1 similarly if n displaystyle n is primorial then the function is as large as ω n [UNK] log n log log n displaystyle omega nsim frac log nlog log n on average order when n displaystyle n is a power of'
- 'recall that an arithmetic function is dirichlet invertible or has an inverse f − 1 n displaystyle f1n with respect to dirichlet convolution such that f ∗ f − 1 n δ n 1 displaystyle fast f1ndelta n1 or equivalently f ∗ f − 1 μ ∗ 1 ≡ ε displaystyle fast f1mu ast 1equiv varepsilon if and only if f 1 = 0 displaystyle f1neq 0 it is not difficult to prove that is d f s displaystyle dfs is the dgf of f and is absolutely convergent for all complex s satisfying [UNK] s σ 0 f displaystyle re ssigma 0f then the dgf of the dirichlet inverse is given by d f − 1 s 1 d f s displaystyle df1s1dfs and is also absolutely convergent for all [UNK] s σ 0 f displaystyle re ssigma 0f the positive real σ 0 f displaystyle sigma 0f associated with each invertible arithmetic function f is called the abscissa of convergence we also see the following identities related to the dirichlet inverse of some function g that does not vanish at one g − 1 ∗ μ n n − s 1 ζ s d g s g − 1 ∗ 1 n n − s ζ s d g s displaystyle beginalignedg1ast mu nnsleftfrac 1zeta sdgsrightg1ast 1nnsleftfrac zeta sdgsrightendaligned using the same convention in expressing the result of perrons formula we assume that the summatory function of a dirichlet invertible arithmetic function f displaystyle f is defined for all real x ≥ 0 displaystyle xgeq 0 according to the formula s f x [UNK] n ≤ x ′ f n 0 0 ≤ x 1 [UNK] n x f n x ∈ r [UNK] z ∧ x ≥ 1 [UNK] n ≤ x f n − f x 2 x ∈ z displaystyle sfxsum nleq xprime fnbegincases00leq x1sum limits nxfnxin mathbb r setminus mathbb z wedge xgeq 1sum limits nleq xfnfrac fx2xin mathbb z endcases we know the following relation between the mellin transform of the summatory function of f and the dgf of f whenever [UNK] s σ 0 f displaystyle re ssigma 0f d f s s ⋅ [UNK] 1 ∞ s f'
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+| 27 | - 'integration into microfluidic systems ie micrototal analytical systems or labonachip structures for instance ncams when incorporated into microfluidic devices can reproducibly perform digital switching allowing transfer of fluid from one microfluidic channel to another selectivity separate and transfer analytes by size and mass mix reactants efficiently and separate fluids with disparate characteristics in addition there is a natural analogy between the fluid handling capabilities of nanofluidic structures and the ability of electronic components to control the flow of electrons and holes this analogy has been used to realize active electronic functions such as rectification and fieldeffect and bipolar transistor action with ionic currents application of nanofluidics is also to nanooptics for producing tuneable microlens arraynanofluidics have had a significant impact in biotechnology medicine and clinical diagnostics with the development of labonachip devices for pcr and related techniques attempts have been made to understand the behaviour of flowfields around nanoparticles in terms of fluid forces as a function of reynolds and knudsen number using computational fluid dynamics the relationship between lift drag and reynolds number has been shown to differ dramatically at the nanoscale compared with macroscale fluid dynamics there are a variety of challenges associated with the flow of liquids through carbon nanotubes and nanopipes a common occurrence is channel blocking due to large macromolecules in the liquid also any insoluble debris in the liquid can easily clog the tube a solution for this researchers are hoping to find is a low friction coating or channel materials that help reduce the blocking of the tubes also large polymers including biologically relevant molecules such as dna often fold in vivo causing blockages typical dna molecules from a virus have lengths of approx 100 – 200 kilobases and will form a random coil of the radius some 700 nm in aqueous solution at 20 this is also several times greater than the pore diameter of even large carbon pipes and two orders of magnitude the diameter of a single walled carbon nanotube nanomechanics nanotechnology microfluidics nanofluidic circuitry'
- 'states are governed by the effective energy barrier e a displaystyle ea crystal surfaces have specific bonding sites with larger e a displaystyle ea values that would preferentially be populated by vapor molecules to reduce the overall free energy these stable sites are often found on step edges vacancies and screw dislocations after the most stable sites become filled the adatomadatom vapor molecule interaction becomes important nucleation kinetics can be modeled considering only adsorption and desorption first consider case where there are no mutual adatom interactions no clustering or interaction with step edges the rate of change of adatom surface density n displaystyle n where j displaystyle j is the net flux τ a displaystyle tau a is the mean surface lifetime prior to desorption and σ displaystyle sigma is the sticking coefficient d n d t j σ − n τ a displaystyle dn over dtjsigma n over tau a n j σ τ a 1 − exp − t τ a n j σ τ a exp − t τ a displaystyle njsigma tau aleft1exp leftt over tau arightrightnjsigma tau aleftexp leftt over tau arightright adsorption can also be modeled by different isotherms such as langmuir model and bet model the langmuir model derives an equilibrium constant b displaystyle b based on the adsorption reaction of vapor adatom with vacancy on the substrate surface the bet model expands further and allows adatoms deposition on previously adsorbed adatoms without interaction between adjacent piles of atoms the resulting derived surface coverage is in terms of the equilibrium vapor pressure and applied pressure langmuir model where p a displaystyle pa is the vapor pressure of adsorbed adatoms θ b p a 1 b p a displaystyle theta bpa over 1bpa bet model where p e displaystyle pe is the equilibrium vapor pressure of adsorbed adatoms and p displaystyle p is the applied vapor pressure of adsorbed adatoms θ x p p e − p 1 x − 1 p p e displaystyle theta xp over pepleft1x1p over peright as an important note surface crystallography and differ from the bulk to minimize the overall free electronic and bond energies due to the broken bonds at the surface this can result in a new equilibrium position known as “ selvedge ” where the parallel bulk lattice symmetry is preserved this phenomenon can cause deviations from theoretical calculations of nucleation surface diffusion describes the lateral motion of'
- 'in particular the invention of smart and active packaging nano sensors nano pesticides and nano fertilizerslimited nanotechnology labeling and regulation may exacerbate potential human and environmental health and safety issues associated with nanotechnology it has been argued that the development of comprehensive regulation of nanotechnology will be vital to ensure that the potential risks associated with the research and commercial application of nanotechnology do not overshadow its potential benefits regulation may also be required to meet community expectations about responsible development of nanotechnology as well as ensuring that public interests are included in shaping the development of nanotechnologyin 2008 e marla felcher the consumer product safety commission and nanotechnology suggested that the consumer product safety commission which is charged with protecting the public against unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with consumer products is illequipped to oversee the safety of complex hightech products made using nanotechnology failsafes in nanotechnology international center for technology assessment fritz allhoff patrick lin and daniel moore what is nanotechnology and why does it matter from science to ethics oxford wileyblackwell 2010 fritz allhoff and patrick lin eds nanotechnology society current and emerging ethical issues dordrecht springer 2008 fritz allhoff patrick lin james moor and john weckert eds nanoethics the ethical and societal implications of nanotechnology hoboken john wiley sons 2007 alternate link kaldis byron epistemology of nanotechnology sage encyclopedia of nanoscience and society thousand oaks ca sage 2010 approaches to safe nanotechnology an information exchange with niosh united states national institute for occupational safety and health june 2007 dhhs niosh publication no 2007123 mehta michael geoffrey hunt 2006 nanotechnology risk ethics and law london earthscan provides a global overview of the state of nanotechnology and society in europe the us japan and canada and examines the ethics the environmental and public health risks and the governance and regulation of this technology donal p omathuna nanoethics big ethical issues with small technology london new york continuum 2009'
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+| 22 | - 'generally form a nontree network with an incorrect topology alternative stream ordering systems have been developed by shreve and hodgkinson et al a statistical comparison of strahler and shreve systems together with an analysis of streamlink lengths is given by smart the strahler numbering may be applied in the statistical analysis of any hierarchical system not just to rivers arenas et al 2004 describe an application of the horton – strahler index in the analysis of social networks ehrenfeucht rozenberg vermeir 1981 applied a variant of strahler numbering starting with zero at the leaves instead of one which they called treerank to the analysis of lsystems strahler numbering has also been applied to biological hierarchies such as the branching structures of trees and of animal respiratory and circulatory systems when translating a highlevel programming language to assembly language the minimum number of registers required to evaluate an expression tree is exactly its strahler number in this context the strahler number may also be called the register numberfor expression trees that require more registers than are available the sethi – ullman algorithm may be used to translate an expression tree into a sequence of machine instructions that uses the registers as efficiently as possible minimizing the number of times intermediate values are spilled from registers to main memory and the total number of instructions in the resulting compiled code associated with the strahler numbers of a tree are bifurcation ratios numbers describing how close to balanced a tree is for each order i in a hierarchy the ith bifurcation ratio is n i n i 1 displaystyle frac nini1 where ni denotes the number of nodes with order i the bifurcation ratio of an overall hierarchy may be taken by averaging the bifurcation ratios at different orders in a complete binary tree the bifurcation ratio will be 2 while other trees will have larger bifurcation ratios it is a dimensionless number the pathwidth of an arbitrary undirected graph g may be defined as the smallest number w such that there exists an interval graph h containing g as a subgraph with the largest clique in h having w 1 vertices for trees viewed as undirected graphs by forgetting their orientation and root the pathwidth differs from the strahler number but is closely related to it in a tree with pathwidth w and strahler number s these two numbers are related by the inequalities w ≤ s ≤ 2w 2the ability to handle graphs with cycles and not just trees gives path'
- '##ied at the specified conditions but also because the amount of cbw at reservoir conditions varies with the salinity of formation water in the “ effective ” pore space humiditydried cores have no water in the “ effective ” pore space and therefore can never truly represent the reservoir cbw condition a further complication can arise in that humidity drying of cores may sometimes leave water of condensation in clayfree microporeslog derivation of effective porosity includes cbw as part of the volume of shale vsh vsh is greater than the volume of vcl not only because it incorporates cbw but also because vsh includes clay size and siltsize quartz and other mineral grains not just pure clay small pores ” contain capillary water which is different from cbw in that it is physically not electrochemically bound to the rock by capillary forces capillary water generally forms part of the effective pore space for both log and core analysis however microporous pore space associated with shales where water is held by capillary forces and hence is not true cbw is usually estimated as part of the vsh by logs and therefore not included as part of the effective porosity the total water associated with shales is more properly termed “ shale water ” which is larger in value than cbw if we humidity dried core samples some of the electrochemically bound cbw would be retained but none of the capillarybound microporous water notwithstanding comments in therefore although the figure infers that a humiditydried core could produce an effective porosity similar to a log analysis effective porosity the effective porosity from the core will usually be higher see “ examples ” section — notwithstanding comments in traditionally true cbw has been directly measured neither on cores nor by logs although nmr measurement holds promiseat a given height above the freewater level the capillary water becomes “ irreducible ” this capillary water forms the irreducible water saturation “ swi ” with respect to effective porosity notwithstanding the inclusion of microporous water as vsh during the log analysis whereas for total porosity the cbw and capillary water combined form the “ swi ” ” large pores ” contain hydrocarbons in a hydrocarbon bearing formation above the transition zone only hydrocarbons will flow effective porosity with reference to the figure below can be classified as only the hydrocarbonfilled large pore spaces above the transition zoneanecdotally effective pore space has been equated to displaceable'
- 'april 2001 sharan had incidentally noticed substantial condensation on the roof of a cottage at toran beach resort in the arid coastal region of kutch where he was briefly staying the following year he investigated the phenomenon more closely and interviewed local people financed by the gujarat energy development agency and the world bank sharan and his team went on to develop passive radiative condensers for use in the arid coastal region of kutch active commercialisation began in 2006sharan tested a wide range of materials and got good results from galvanised iron and aluminium sheets but found that sheets of the special plastic developed by the opur just 400 micrometres 0016 in thick generally worked even better than the metal sheets and were less expensive the plastic film known as opur foil is hydrophilic and is made from polyethylene mixed with titanium dioxide and barium sulphate there are three principal approaches to the design of the heat sinks that collect the moisture in air wells high mass radiative and active early in the twentieth century there was interest in highmass air wells but despite much experimentation including the construction of massive structures this approach proved to be a failurefrom the late twentieth century onwards there has been much investigation of lowmass radiative collectors these have proved to be much more successful the highmass air well design attempts to cool a large mass of masonry with cool nighttime air entering the structure due to breezes or natural convection in the day the warmth of the sun results in increased atmospheric humidity when moist daytime air enters the air well it condenses on the presumably cool masonry none of the highmass collectors performed well knapens aerial well being a particularly conspicuous example the problem with the highmass collectors was that they could not get rid of sufficient heat during the night – despite design features intended to ensure that this would happen while some thinkers have believed that zibold might have been correct after all an article in journal of arid environments discusses why highmass condenser designs of this type cannot yield useful amounts of water we would like to stress the following point to obtain condensation the condenser temperature of the stones must be lower than the dew point temperature when there is no fog the dew point temperature is always lower than the air temperature meteorological data shows that the dew point temperature an indicator of the water content of the air does not change appreciably when the weather is stable thus wind which ultimately imposes air temperature to the condenser cannot cool the condenser to ensure its functioning another cooling phenomenon — ra'
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+| 3 | - 'feminist anthropology is a fourfield approach to anthropology archeological biological cultural linguistic that seeks to transform research findings anthropological hiring practices and the scholarly production of knowledge using insights from feminist theory simultaneously feminist anthropology challenges essentialist feminist theories developed in europe and america while feminists practiced cultural anthropology since its inception see margaret mead and hortense powdermaker it was not until the 1970s that feminist anthropology was formally recognized as a subdiscipline of anthropology since then it has developed its own subsection of the american anthropological association – the association for feminist anthropology – and its own publication feminist anthropology their former journal voices is now defunct feminist anthropology has unfolded through three historical phases beginning in the 1970s the anthropology of women the anthropology of gender and finally feminist anthropologyprior to these historical phases feminist anthropologists trace their genealogy to the late 19th century erminnie platt smith alice cunningham fletcher matilda coxe stevenson frances densmore — many of these women were selftaught anthropologists and their accomplishments faded and heritage erased by the professionalization of the discipline at the turn of the 20th century prominent among early women anthropologists were the wives of professional men anthropologists some of whom facilitated their husbands research as translators and transcriptionists margery wolf for example wrote her classic ethnography the house of lim from experiences she encountered following her husband to northern taiwan during his own fieldworkwhile anthropologists like margaret mead and ruth benedict are representatives of the history of feminist anthropology female anthropologists of color and varying ethnicities also play a role in the theoretical concepts of the field hortense powdermaker for example a contemporary of meads who studied with british anthropological pioneer bronislaw malinowski conducted political research projects in a number of then atypical settings reproduction and women in melanesia powdermaker 1933 race in the american south powdermaker 1939 gender and production in hollywood 1950 and classgenderrace intersectionality in the african copper belt powdermaker 1962 similarly zora neale hurston a student of franz boas the father of american anthropology experimented with narrative forms beyond the objective ethnography that characterized the protopseudoscientific writings of the time other african american women made similar moves at the junctions of ethnography and creativity namely katherine dunham and pearl primus both of whom studied dance in the 1940s also important to the later spread of feminist anthropology within other subfields beyond cultural anthropology was physical anthropologist caroline bond day and archeologist mary leakey the anthropology of women introduced through peggy goldes women in the field and michelle rosaldo and louise lampheres edited volume woman culture and society attempted to'
- '##nagh fosterage childrearing in medieval ireland history ireland 51 1997 28 – 31 parkes peter celtic fosterage adoptive kinship and clientage in northwest europe society for comparative study of society and history 482 2006 359 – 95 pdf available online smith llinos beverley fosterage adoption and godparenthood ritual and fictive kinship in medieval wales welsh history review 161 1992 135 parkes peter alternative social structures and foster relations in the hindu kush milk kinship allegiance in former mountain kingdoms of northern pakistan comparative studies in society and history 434 2001 36 parkes peter fostering fealty a comparative analysis of tributary allegiances of adoptive kinship comparative studies in society and history 45 2003 741 – 82 parkes peter fosterage kinship and legend when milk was thicker than blood comparative studies in society and history 46 2004 587 – 615 parkes peter milk kinship in southeast europe alternative social structures and foster relations in the caucasus and the balkans social anthropology 12 2004 341 – 58 mccutcheon james 2010 historical analysis and contemporary assessment of foster care in texas perceptions of social workers in a private nonprofit foster care agency applied research projects texas state university paper 332 httpecommonstxstateeduarp332 crawford sally childhood in anglosaxon england stroud sutton publishing 1999 especially pp 122 – 38'
- 'an anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies social anthropology cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and values of societies linguistic anthropology studies how language affects social life while economic anthropology studies human economic behavior biological physical forensic and medical anthropology study the biological development of humans the application of biological anthropology in a legal setting and the study of diseases and their impacts on humans over time respectively anthropologists usually cover a breadth of topics within anthropology in their undergraduate education and then proceed to specialize in topics of their own choice at the graduate level in some universities a qualifying exam serves to test both the breadth and depth of a students understanding of anthropology the students who pass are permitted to work on a doctoral dissertation anthropologists typically hold graduate degrees either doctorates or masters degrees not holding an advanced degree is rare in the field some anthropologists hold undergraduate degrees in other fields than anthropology and graduate degrees in anthropology research topics of anthropologists include the discovery of human remains and artifacts as well as the exploration of social and cultural issues such as population growth structural inequality and globalization by making use of a variety of technologies including statistical software and geographic information systems gis anthropological field work requires a faithful representation of observations and a strict adherence to social and ethical responsibilities such as the acquisition of consent transparency in research and methodologies and the right to anonymityhistorically anthropologists primarily worked in academic settings however by 2014 us anthropologists and archaeologists were largely employed in research positions 28 management and consulting 23 and government positions 27 us employment of anthropologists and archaeologists is projected to increase from 7600 to 7900 between 2016 and 2026 a growth rate just under half the national mediananthropologists without doctorates tend to work more in other fields than academia while the majority of those with doctorates are primarily employed in academia many of those without doctorates in academia tend to work exclusively as researchers and do not teach those in researchonly positions are often not considered faculty the median salary for anthropologists in 2015 was 62220 many anthropologists report an above average level of job satisfaction although closely related and often grouped with archaeology anthropologists and archaeologists perform differing roles though archeology is considered a subdiscipline of anthropology while both professions focus on the study of human culture from past to present archaeologists focus specifically on analyzing material remains such as artifacts and architectural remains anthropology encompasses a wider range of professions including the rising fields of forensic anthropology digital anthropology and cyber anthropology the role of an anthropologist differs as well from that of a historian while anthropologists focus their studies'
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+| 1 | - 'measurements of aerodynamic forces drag theories were developed by jean le rond dalembert gustav kirchhoff and lord rayleigh in 1889 charles renard a french aeronautical engineer became the first person to reasonably predict the power needed for sustained flight otto lilienthal the first person to become highly successful with glider flights was also the first to propose thin curved airfoils that would produce high lift and low drag building on these developments as well as research carried out in their own wind tunnel the wright brothers flew the first powered airplane on december 17 1903 during the time of the first flights frederick w lanchester martin kutta and nikolai zhukovsky independently created theories that connected circulation of a fluid flow to lift kutta and zhukovsky went on to develop a twodimensional wing theory expanding upon the work of lanchester ludwig prandtl is credited with developing the mathematics behind thinairfoil and liftingline theories as well as work with boundary layers as aircraft speed increased designers began to encounter challenges associated with air compressibility at speeds near the speed of sound the differences in airflow under such conditions lead to problems in aircraft control increased drag due to shock waves and the threat of structural failure due to aeroelastic flutter the ratio of the flow speed to the speed of sound was named the mach number after ernst mach who was one of the first to investigate the properties of the supersonic flow macquorn rankine and pierre henri hugoniot independently developed the theory for flow properties before and after a shock wave while jakob ackeret led the initial work of calculating the lift and drag of supersonic airfoils theodore von karman and hugh latimer dryden introduced the term transonic to describe flow speeds between the critical mach number and mach 1 where drag increases rapidly this rapid increase in drag led aerodynamicists and aviators to disagree on whether supersonic flight was achievable until the sound barrier was broken in 1947 using the bell x1 aircraft by the time the sound barrier was broken aerodynamicists understanding of the subsonic and low supersonic flow had matured the cold war prompted the design of an everevolving line of highperformance aircraft computational fluid dynamics began as an effort to solve for flow properties around complex objects and has rapidly grown to the point where entire aircraft can be designed using computer software with windtunnel tests followed by flight tests to confirm the computer predictions understanding of supersonic and hypersonic aerodynamics has matured since the 1960s and the goals of aerodynamicists have shifted from the behaviour of fluid flow to the engineering of a vehicle such that it'
- 'of lift are based on continuum fluid mechanics assuming that air flows as a continuous fluid lift is generated in accordance with the fundamental principles of physics the most relevant being the following three principles conservation of momentum which is a consequence of newtons laws of motion especially newtons second law which relates the net force on an element of air to its rate of momentum change conservation of mass including the assumption that the airfoils surface is impermeable for the air flowing around and conservation of energy which says that energy is neither created nor destroyedbecause an airfoil affects the flow in a wide area around it the conservation laws of mechanics are embodied in the form of partial differential equations combined with a set of boundary condition requirements which the flow has to satisfy at the airfoil surface and far away from the airfoilto predict lift requires solving the equations for a particular airfoil shape and flow condition which generally requires calculations that are so voluminous that they are practical only on a computer through the methods of computational fluid dynamics cfd determining the net aerodynamic force from a cfd solution requires adding up integrating the forces due to pressure and shear determined by the cfd over every surface element of the airfoil as described under pressure integration the navier – stokes equations ns provide the potentially most accurate theory of lift but in practice capturing the effects of turbulence in the boundary layer on the airfoil surface requires sacrificing some accuracy and requires use of the reynoldsaveraged navier – stokes equations rans simpler but less accurate theories have also been developed these equations represent conservation of mass newtons second law conservation of momentum conservation of energy the newtonian law for the action of viscosity the fourier heat conduction law an equation of state relating density temperature and pressure and formulas for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of the fluidin principle the ns equations combined with boundary conditions of no throughflow and no slip at the airfoil surface could be used to predict lift in any situation in ordinary atmospheric flight with high accuracy however airflows in practical situations always involve turbulence in the boundary layer next to the airfoil surface at least over the aft portion of the airfoil predicting lift by solving the ns equations in their raw form would require the calculations to resolve the details of the turbulence down to the smallest eddy this is not yet possible even on the most powerful computer so in principle the ns equations provide a complete and very accurate theory of lift but practical prediction of lift requires that the effects of turbulence be modeled in the rans equations rather than computed directly these are the ns equations with the turbulence motions averaged'
- 'zalpha mufrac mqbfrac malpha b1frac zqmurightalpha 0 this represents a damped simple harmonic motion we should expect z q m u displaystyle frac zqmu to be small compared with unity so the coefficient of α displaystyle alpha the stiffness term will be positive provided m α z α m u m q displaystyle malpha frac zalpha mumq this expression is dominated by m α displaystyle malpha which defines the longitudinal static stability of the aircraft it must be negative for stability the damping term is reduced by the downwash effect and it is difficult to design an aircraft with both rapid natural response and heavy damping usually the response is underdamped but stable phugoid if the stick is held fixed the aircraft will not maintain straight and level flight except in the unlikely case that it happens to be perfectly trimmed for level flight at its current altitude and thrust setting but will start to dive level out and climb again it will repeat this cycle until the pilot intervenes this long period oscillation in speed and height is called the phugoid mode this is analyzed by assuming that the sspo performs its proper function and maintains the angle of attack near its nominal value the two states which are mainly affected are the flight path angle γ displaystyle gamma gamma and speed the small perturbation equations of motion are m u d γ d t − z displaystyle mufrac dgamma dtz which means the centripetal force is equal to the perturbation in lift force for the speed resolving along the trajectory m d u d t x − m g γ displaystyle mfrac dudtxmggamma where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the earths surface the acceleration along the trajectory is equal to the net xwise force minus the component of weight we should not expect significant aerodynamic derivatives to depend on the flight path angle so only x u displaystyle xu and z u displaystyle zu need be considered x u displaystyle xu is the drag increment with increased speed it is negative likewise z u displaystyle zu is the lift increment due to speed increment it is also negative because lift acts in the opposite sense to the zaxis the equations of motion become m u d γ d t − z u u displaystyle mufrac dgamma dtzuu m d u d t x u u − m g γ displaystyle mfrac dudtxuumggamma these may be expressed as a second order equation in'
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+| 9 | - 'bacillus subtilis is a rodshaped grampositive bacteria that is naturally found in soil and vegetation and is known for its ability to form a small tough protective and metabolically dormant endospore b subtilis can divide symmetrically to make two daughter cells binary fission or asymmetrically producing a single endospore that is resistant to environmental factors such as heat desiccation radiation and chemical insult which can persist in the environment for long periods of time the endospore is formed at times of nutritional stress allowing the organism to persist in the environment until conditions become favourable the process of endospore formation has profound morphological and physiological consequences radical postreplicative remodelling of two progeny cells accompanied eventually by cessation of metabolic activity in one daughter cell the spore and death by lysis of the other the ‘ mother cell ’ although sporulation in b subtilis is induced by starvation the sporulation developmental program is not initiated immediately when growth slows due to nutrient limitation a variety of alternative responses can occur including the activation of flagellar motility to seek new food sources by chemotaxis the production of antibiotics to destroy competing soil microbes the secretion of hydrolytic enzymes to scavenge extracellular proteins and polysaccharides or the induction of ‘ competence ’ for uptake of exogenous dna for consumption with the occasional sideeffect that new genetic information is stably integrated sporulation is the lastditch response to starvation and is suppressed until alternative responses prove inadequate even then certain conditions must be met such as chromosome integrity the state of chromosomal replication and the functioning of the krebs cycle sporulation requires a great deal of time and also a lot of energy and is essentially irreversible making it crucial for a cell to monitor its surroundings efficiently and ensure that sporulation is embarked upon at only the most appropriate times the wrong decision can be catastrophic a vegetative cell will die if the conditions are too harsh while bacteria forming spores in an environment which is conducive to vegetative growth will be out competed in short initiation of sporulation is a very tightly regulated network with numerous checkpoints for efficient control two transcriptional regulators σh and spo0a play key roles in initiation of sporulation several additional proteins participate mainly by controlling the accumulated concentration of spo0ap spo0a lies at the end of a series of interprotein phosphotransfer reactions kin – spo0'
- '##hb nmethyldehydrobutyrine another dehydroamino acid derivative microcystins covalently bond to and inhibit protein phosphatases pp1 and pp2a and can thus cause pansteatitis the adda residue is key to this functionality greatly simplified synthetic analogues consisting of adda and one additional amino acid can show the same inhibiting function the microcystinproducing microcystis is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria and thrives in warm water conditions especially in stagnant waters the epa predicted in 2013 that climate change and changing environmental conditions may lead to harmful algae growth and may negatively impact human health algal growth is also encouraged through the process of eutrophication oversupply of nutrients in particular dissolved reactive phosphorus promotes algal growthmicrocystins may have evolved as a way to deal with low iron supply in cyanobacteria the molecule binds iron and nonproducing strains are significantly worse at coping with low iron levels low iron supply upregulates mcyd one of the microcystin synthetic operons sufficient iron supply however can still boost microcystin production by making the bacterium better at photosynthesis therefore producing sufficient atp for mc biosynthesismicrocystin production is also positively correlated with temperature bright light and red light increases transcription of mcyd but blue light reduces it a wide range of other factors such as ph may also affect mc production but comparison is complicated due to a lack of standard testing conditions there are several ways of exposure to these hepatotoxins that humans can encounter one of which is through recreational activities like swimming surfing fishing and other activities involving direct contact with contaminated water another rare yet extremely toxic route of exposure that has been identified by scientists is through hemodialysis surgeries one of the fatal cases for microcystic intoxication through hemodialysis was studied in brazil where 48 of patients that received the surgery in a specific period of time died because the water used in the procedure was found to be contaminatedmicrocystins are chemically stable over a wide range of temperature and ph possibly as a result of their cyclic structuremicrocystinlr water contamination is resistant to boiling and microwave treatments microcystinproducing bacteria algal blooms can overwhelm the filter capacities of water treatment plants some evidence shows the toxin can be transported by irrigation into the food chain in 2011 a record outbreak of blooming microcystis occurred in lake erie in part'
- 'of another microorganism the term was used again to describe tissue extracts that stimulated microbial growth the term probiotics was taken up by parker who defined the concept as organisms and substances that have a beneficial effect on the host animal by contributing to its intestinal microbial balance later the definition was greatly improved by fuller whose explanation was very close to the definition used today fuller described probiotics as a live microbial feed supplement which beneficially affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance he stressed two important claims for probiotics the viable nature of probiotics and the capacity to help with intestinal balance in the following decades intestinal lacticacid bacterial species with alleged healthbeneficial properties were introduced as probiotics including lactobacillus rhamnosus lactobacillus casei and lactobacillus johnsonii some literature gives the word a full greek etymology but it appears to be a composite of the latin preposition pro meaning for and the greek adjective βιωτικος biotikos meaning fit for life lively the latter deriving from the noun βιος bios meaning life the term contrasts etymologically with the term antibiotic although it is not a complete antonym the related term prebiotic comes from the latin prae meaning before and refers to a substance that is not digested but rather may be fermented to promote the growth of beneficial intestinal microorganisms as food products or dietary supplements probiotics are under preliminary research to evaluate if they provide any effect on health in all cases proposed as health claims to the european food safety authority the scientific evidence remains insufficient to prove a causeandeffect relationship between consumption of probiotic products and any health benefit there is no scientific basis for extrapolating an effect from a tested strain to an untested strain improved health through gut flora modulation appears to be directly related to longterm dietary changes claims that some lactobacilli may contribute to weight gain in some humans remain controversial there is inconsistency in the results of different groups of 3488 children as reported in a cochrane review also it shows no significant difference regarding the adverse effects between probiotic and the other comparators only limited lowquality evidence exists to indicate that probiotics are helpful for treating people with milk allergy a 2015 review showed lowquality evidence that probiotics given directly to infants with eczema or in infants whose mothers used probiotics during the last trimester of pregnancy and breast'
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+| 13 | - '##ssolving those roles into equal participants in a conversation this also excludes gaming or vr environments in which the usually isolated participant is the director of the action which his actions drive while tv studio audiences may feel that they are at a public live performance these performances are often edited and remixed for the benefit of their intended primary audience the home audiences which are viewing the mass broadcast in private broadcasts of great performances by pbs and other theatrical events broadcast into private homes give the tv viewers the sense that they are secondary viewers of a primary live event in addition archival or realtime webcasts which do not generate feedback influencing the live performances are not within the range of digital theatre in each case a visible interface such as tv or monitor screen like a camera frames and interprets the original event for the viewers an example of this is the case of internet chat which becomes the main text of be read or physically interpreted by performers on stage online input including content and directions can also have an effect of influencing live performance beyond the ability of live copresent audiences eg happenings such as the stunning visual media dance concerts like ghostcatching by merce cunningham and riverbed accessible online via the revampedmigrated digital performance archive 1 and merce cunningham dance cf isabel c valverde catching ghosts in ghostcatching choreographing gender and race in riverbedbill t jones virtual dance accessible in a pdf version from extensions the online journal of embodied teaching such as telematic dreaming by paul sermon in which distant participants shared a bed through mixing projected video streams see telematic dreaming statement mark reaney head of the virtual reality theatre lab at the university of kansas investigates the use of virtual reality and related technologies in theatre vr theatre is one form or subset of digital theatre focusing on utilizing virtual reality immersion in mutual concession with traditional theatre practices actors directors plays a theatre environment the group uses image projection and stereoscopic sets as their primary area of digital investigation another example of digital theatre is computer theatre as defined by claudio s pinhanez in his work computer theatre in which he also gives the definition of hyperactor as an actor whose expressive capabilities are extended through the use of technologies computer theatre in my view is about providing means to enhance the artistic possibilities and experiences of professional and amateur actors or of audiences clearly engaged in a representational role in a performance computer theater cambridge perceptual computing group mit media laboratory 1996 forthcoming in a revised ed pinhanez also sees this technology being explored more through dance than theatre his writing and his productions of iit suggest that computer theatre is digital theatre on'
- 'creative researchers to learn how to create garments which are completely free from the material world and how to fit them digitally to a client – whether they are a model for a virtual catwalk a social media influencer looking to boost their reach a gaming avatar in need of a fashion edge or a movie character being given a bespoke costumewhile there are not yet dedicated scientific journals devoted to the topic several research activities have been done in the field among them a dedicated conference has taken place in 2015 in seoul south korea scoms studies in communication sciences a swissbased communication journal has published a special thematic section on fashion communication between tradition and digital transformation in july 2019 a conference titled factum19 fashion communication between tradition and future digital developments has taken place in ascona switzerland whose proceedings are published by springer during factum19 a document titled fashion communication research a way ahead has been publishedfashion is closely related with art and heritage several museums related to fashion have started to make their appearance in the past thirty years examples are the museum christian dior granville the museum cristobal balenciaga the armani silosthe museum audemars piguet among the most important initiatives to digitize fashion history thus making such heritage available to researchers practitioners and all interested people two projects can be mentioned europeana fashion and we wear culture by google arts and culture since the beginning of the 2020 pandemic the fashion industry has suffered strong economic losses as sales plummeted and jobs were lost but it has since learned to digitally recover through virtual clothing catwalks and showroomsamidst the covid19 pandemic fashion is among the industries that have been forced to adapt their commercial and creative strategies to better suit the social distancing measures therefore the digital channel has since seen a rise in use offering live shopping and has been highlighted as the only way to overcome physical barriers it is also believed that these changes will prevail in years to come as reported by wgsnfashion brands and wellknown personalities in the industry spread welfare messages on social media and brands such as louis vuitton balenciaga gucci and prada began massproducing face masks and hospital gowns in order to help with the shortage of the coveted sanitary product moreover brands stepped up and launched initiatives to aid in the battle of covid19s impact on economy ralph lauren donated 10 million to help fight coronavirus and initiated the transport of free coffee and baked goods to new york hospitals to thank healthcare workers for their serviceonce events only attended by selected people catwalks'
- 'they are online and thus easily updatable being openly licensed and online can be helpful to teachers because it allows the textbook to be modified according to the teachers unique curriculum there are multiple organizations promoting the creation of openly licensed textbooks some of these organizations and projects include the university of minnesotas open textbook library connexions openstax college the saylor academy open textbook challenge and wikibooks according to the current definition of open content on the opencontent website any general royaltyfree copyright license would qualify as an open license because it provides users with the right to make more kinds of uses than those normally permitted under the law these permissions are granted to users free of chargehowever the narrower definition used in the open definition effectively limits open content to libre content any free content license defined by the definition of free cultural works would qualify as an open content license according to this narrower criteria the following stillmaintained licenses qualify creative commons licenses only creative commons attribution attributionshare alike and zero open publication license the original license of the open content project the open content license did not permit forprofit copying of the licensed work and therefore does not qualify against drm license gnu free documentation license without invariant sections open game license designed for roleplaying games by wizards of the coast free art license digital rights open source free education free software movement freedom of information information wants to be free open publishing opensource hardware project gutenberg knowledge for free – the emergence of open educational resources 2007 isbn 926403174x d atkins j s brown a l hammond february 2007 a review of the open educational resources oer movement achievements challenges and new opportunities pdf report to the william and flora hewlett foundation organisation for economic cooperation and development oecd giving know archived 7 july 2017 at the wayback machine'
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+| 17 | - 'timeline of glaciation – chronology of the major ice ages of the earth cryogenian period geowhen database archived from the original on december 2 2005 retrieved january 5 2006 james g ogg 2004 status on divisions of the international geologic time scale lethaia 37 2 183 – 199 doi10108000241160410006492 brain c k prave a r hoffmann k h fallick a e herd d a sturrock c young i condon d j allison s g 2012 the first animals ca 760millionyearold spongelike fossils from namibia pdf south african journal of science 108 1 – 8 doi104102sajsv108i12658 hoffman paul f abbot dorian s et al november 8 2017 snowball earth climate dynamics and cryogenian geologygeobiology science advances american association for the advancement of science 3 11 e1600983 bibcode2017scia3e0983h doi101126sciadv1600983 pmc 5677351 pmid 29134193 s2cid 1465316'
- 'term ie the ocean – averaged value of s displaystyle s ⊗ i displaystyle otimes i and ⊗ o displaystyle otimes o denote spatiotemporal convolutions over the ice and oceancovered regions and the overbar indicates an average over the surface of the oceans that ensures mass conservation holocene glacial retreat – global deglaciation starting about 19000 years ago and accelerating about 15000 years ago raised beach also known as marine terrace – emergent coastal landform physical impacts of climate change stress mechanics – physical quantity that expresses internal forces in a continuous material isostatic depression the opposite of isostatic rebound as alaska glaciers melt it ’ s land that ’ s rising may 17 2009 new york times'
- '##frost covered europe south of the ice sheet down to as far south as presentday szeged in southern hungary ice covered the whole of iceland in addition ice covered ireland and almost all of wales with the southern boundary of the ice sheet running approximately from the current location of cardiff northnortheast to middlesbrough and then across the now submerged land of doggerland to denmarkin the cantabrian mountains of the northwestern corner of the iberian peninsula which in the present day have no permanent glaciers the lgm led to a local glacial recession as a result of increased aridity caused by the growth of other ice sheets farther to the east and north which drastically limited annual snowfall over the mountains of northwestern spain the cantabrian alpine glaciers had previously expanded between approximately 60000 and 40000 years ago during a local glacial maximum in the regionin northeastern italy in the region around lake fimon artemisiadominated semideserts steppes and meadowsteppes replaced open boreal forests at the start of the lgm specifically during heinrich stadial 3 the overall climate of the region became both drier and colderin the sar mountains the glacial equilibriumline altitude was about 450 metres lower than in the holocene in greece steppe vegetation predominatedmegafaunal abundance in europe peaked around 27000 and 21000 bp this bountifulness was attributable to the cold stadial climate in greenland the difference between lgm temperatures and present temperatures was twice as great during winter as during summer greenhouse gas and insolation forcings dominated temperature changes in northern greenland whereas atlantic meridional overturning circulation amoc variability was the dominant influence on southern greenlands climate illorsuit island was exclusively covered by coldbased glaciersfollowing a preceding period of relative retreat from 52000 to 40000 years ago the laurentide ice sheet grew rapidly at the onset of the lgm until it covered essentially all of canada east of the rocky mountains and extended roughly to the missouri and ohio rivers and eastward to manhattan reaching a total maximum volume of around 265 to 37 million cubic kilometres at its peak the laurentide ice sheet reached 32 km in height around keewatin dome and about 1721 km along the plains divide in addition to the large cordilleran ice sheet in canada and montana alpine glaciers advanced and in some locations ice caps covered much of the rocky and sierra nevada mountains further south latitudinal gradients were so sharp that permafrost did not reach far south of the ice sheets except at high elevations glaciers forced the early human populations who'
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+| 31 | - 'zyxland xz proper parts principle if all the proper parts of x are proper parts of y then x is included in y wp3g7 [UNK] z z x → z y → x ≤ y displaystyle forall zzxrightarrow zyrightarrow xleq y a model of g1 – g7 is an inclusion space definition gerla and miranda 2008 def 41 given some inclusion space s an abstractive class is a class g of regions such that sg is totally ordered by inclusion moreover there does not exist a region included in all of the regions included in g intuitively an abstractive class defines a geometrical entity whose dimensionality is less than that of the inclusion space for example if the inclusion space is the euclidean plane then the corresponding abstractive classes are points and lines inclusionbased pointfree geometry henceforth pointfree geometry is essentially an axiomatization of simonss 1987 83 system w in turn w formalizes a theory in whitehead 1919 whose axioms are not made explicit pointfree geometry is w with this defect repaired simons 1987 did not repair this defect instead proposing in a footnote that the reader do so as an exercise the primitive relation of w is proper part a strict partial order the theory of whitehead 1919 has a single primitive binary relation k defined as xky ↔ y x hence k is the converse of proper part simonss wp1 asserts that proper part is irreflexive and so corresponds to g1 g3 establishes that inclusion unlike proper part is antisymmetric pointfree geometry is closely related to a dense linear order d whose axioms are g13 g5 and the totality axiom x ≤ y ∨ y ≤ x displaystyle xleq ylor yleq x hence inclusionbased pointfree geometry would be a proper extension of d namely d ∪ g4 g6 g7 were it not that the d relation ≤ is a total order a different approach was proposed in whitehead 1929 one inspired by de laguna 1922 whitehead took as primitive the topological notion of contact between two regions resulting in a primitive connection relation between events connection theory c is a firstorder theory that distills the first 12 of the 31 assumptions in chapter 2 of part 4 of process and reality into 6 axioms c1c6 c is a proper fragment of the theories proposed in clarke 1981 who noted their mereological character theories that like c feature both inclusion and topological primitives are called mereotopologies c has one primitive relation binary connection denoted by the prefixed predicate letter c that'
- 'they report no awareness and suitable experimental manipulations can lead to increasing priming effects despite decreasing prime identification double dissociationverbal report is widely considered to be the most reliable indicator of consciousness but it raises a number of issues for one thing if verbal reports are treated as observations akin to observations in other branches of science then the possibility arises that they may contain errors — but it is difficult to make sense of the idea that subjects could be wrong about their own experiences and even more difficult to see how such an error could be detected daniel dennett has argued for an approach he calls heterophenomenology which means treating verbal reports as stories that may or may not be true but his ideas about how to do this have not been widely adopted another issue with verbal report as a criterion is that it restricts the field of study to humans who have language this approach cannot be used to study consciousness in other species prelinguistic children or people with types of brain damage that impair language as a third issue philosophers who dispute the validity of the turing test may feel that it is possible at least in principle for verbal report to be dissociated from consciousness entirely a philosophical zombie may give detailed verbal reports of awareness in the absence of any genuine awarenessalthough verbal report is in practice the gold standard for ascribing consciousness it is not the only possible criterion in medicine consciousness is assessed as a combination of verbal behavior arousal brain activity and purposeful movement the last three of these can be used as indicators of consciousness when verbal behavior is absent the scientific literature regarding the neural bases of arousal and purposeful movement is very extensive their reliability as indicators of consciousness is disputed however due to numerous studies showing that alert human subjects can be induced to behave purposefully in a variety of ways in spite of reporting a complete lack of awareness studies of the neuroscience of free will have also shown that the experiences that people report when they behave purposefully sometimes do not correspond to their actual behaviors or to the patterns of electrical activity recorded from their brainsanother approach applies specifically to the study of selfawareness that is the ability to distinguish oneself from others in the 1970s gordon gallup developed an operational test for selfawareness known as the mirror test the test examines whether animals are able to differentiate between seeing themselves in a mirror versus seeing other animals the classic example involves placing a spot of coloring on the skin or fur near the individuals forehead and seeing if they attempt to remove it or at least touch the spot thus indicating that they recognize that the individual they are seeing in the mirror is themselves'
- 'neti neti sanskrit नति नति is a sanskrit expression which means not this not that or neither this nor that neti is sandhi from na iti not so it is found in the upanishads and the avadhuta gita and constitutes an analytical meditation helping a person to understand the nature of the brahman by negating everything that is not brahman one of the key elements of jnana yoga practice is often a neti neti search the purpose of the exercise is to negate all objects of consciousness including thoughts and the mind and to realize the nondual awareness of reality neti neti meaning not this not this is the method of vedic analysis of negation it is a keynote of vedic inquiry with its aid the jnani negates identification with all things of this world which is not the atman in this way he negates the anatman notself through this gradual process he negates the mind and transcends all worldly experiences that are negated till nothing remains but the self he attains union with the absolute by denying the body name form intellect senses and all limiting adjuncts and discovers what remains the true i alone lcbeckett in his book neti neti explains that this expression is an expression of something inexpressible it expresses the ‘ suchness ’ the essence of that which it refers to when ‘ no other definition applies to it ’ neti neti negates all descriptions about the ultimate reality but not the reality itself intuitive interpretation of uncertainty principle can be expressed by neti neti that annihilates ego and the world as nonself anatman it annihilates our sense of self altogetheradi shankara was one of the foremost advaita philosophers who advocated the netineti approach in his commentary on gaudapada ’ s karika he explains that brahman is free from adjuncts and the function of neti neti is to remove the obstructions produced by ignorance his disciple sureshvara further explains that the negation neti neti does not have negation as its purpose it purports identity the sage of the brihadaranyaka upanishad ii iii 16 beginning with there are two forms of brahman the material and the immaterial the solid and the fluid the sat ‘ being ’ and tya ‘ that ’ of satya – which means true denies the existence of everything other than brahman and therefore there exists no separate entity like jiva which shankara states is'
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+| 37 | - 'the queen has been insulted have contents we can capture using that clauses the content externalist often appeal to observations found as early as hilary putnams seminal essay the meaning of meaning 1975 putnam stated that we can easily imagine pairs of individuals that are microphysical duplicates embedded in different surroundings who use the same words but mean different things when using them for example suppose that ike and tinas mothers are identical twins and that ike and tina are raised in isolation from one another in indistinguishable environments when ike says i want my mommy he expresses a want satisfied only if he is brought to his mommy if we brought tinas mommy ike might not notice the difference but he doesnt get what he wants it seems that what he wants and what he says when he says i want my mommy will be different from what tina wants and what she says she wants when she says i want my mommy externalists say that if we assume competent speakers know what they think and say what they think the difference in what these two speakers mean corresponds to a difference in the thoughts of the two speakers that is not necessarily reflected by a difference in the internal make up of the speakers or thinkers they urge us to move from externalism about meaning of the sort putnam defended to externalism about contentful states of mind the example pertains to singular terms but has been extended to cover kind terms as well such as natural kinds eg water and for kinds of artifacts eg espresso maker there is no general agreement amongst content externalists as to the scope of the thesis philosophers now tend to distinguish between wide content externalist mental content and narrow content antiexternalist mental content some then align themselves as endorsing one view of content exclusively or both for example jerry fodor 1980 argues for narrow content although he comes to reject that view in his 1995 while david chalmers 2002 argues for a two dimensional semantics according to which the contents of mental states can have both wide and narrow content critics of the view have questioned the original thought experiments saying that the lessons that putnam and later writers such as tyler burge 1979 1982 have urged us to draw can be resisted frank jackson and john searle for example have defended internalist accounts of thought content according to which the contents of our thoughts are fixed by descriptions that pick out the individuals and kinds that our thoughts intuitively pertain to the sorts of things that we take them to in the iketina example one might agree that ikes thoughts pertain to ikes mother and that tinas thoughts pertain to tinas but insist that this is because ike thinks'
- 'normal linguistic analysis begin to make some sense when junctural metanalysis at some stage in the transmission is assumed eg the formula eche nedumos hypnos sweet sleep held him appears to be a resegmentation of echen edumos hypnos steve reece has discovered several dozen similar instances of metanalysis in homer thereby shedding new light on their etymologiesjuncture loss is common in later greek as well especially in place names or in borrowings of greek names in italian and turkish where particles εις στην στον σε are fused with the original name in the cretan dialect the se prefix was also found in common nouns such as secambo or tsecambo se cambo a plainexamples prefix stan στην at to istanbul or stamboul and stimpoli crete from στην πολη stimˈboli in the city or to the city istankoy stanco for the island of kos standia for the island of dia prefix s σε at satines for athines athens etc samsun samison from se and amisos sdille for delos susam for samos samastro for amasra greek amastris sitia stamiro stalimure prefix is εις at to izmit from media with earlier iznikmit from nicomedia izmir from smyrna iznik from nicaea iz nikea other navarino for earlier avarino'
- 'possible use of would or could in the condition clause as well see § use of will and would in condition clauses below the conditional construction of the main clause is usually the simple conditional sometimes the conditional progressive eg would be waiting is used occasionally with a first person subject the auxiliary would is replaced by should similarly to the way will is replaced by shall also would may be replaced by another appropriate modal could should might when referring to hypothetical future circumstance there may be little difference in meaning between the first and second conditional factual vs counterfactual realis vs irrealis the following two sentences have similar meaning although the second with the second conditional implies less likelihood that the condition will be fulfilled if you leave now you will still catch your train if you left now you would still catch your trainnotice that in indirect speech reported in the past tense the first conditional naturally changes to the second shell kill me if she finds out he said i would kill him if i found out third conditional or conditional iii is a pattern used to refer to hypothetical situations in a past time frame generally counterfactual or at least presented as counterfactual here the condition clause is in the past perfect and the consequence is expressed using the conditional perfect if you had called me i would have come would he have succeeded if i had helped himit is possible for the usual auxiliary construction to be replaced with were to have past participle that used the above examples can be written as such if you were to have called me i would have come would he have succeeded if i were to have helped himthe condition clause can undergo inversion with omission of the conjunction had you called me i would have come were you to have called me i would have come would he have succeeded had i helped him would he have succeeded were i to have helped himanother possible pattern similar to that mentioned under the second conditional is if it hadnt been for inverted form had it not been for which means something like in the absence of with past reference for clauses with if only see uses of english verb forms § expressions of wish for the possible use of would in the condition clause see § use of will and would in condition clauses occasionally with a first person subject would is replaced with should in the main clause the auxiliary would can be replaced by could or might as described for the second conditional if only one of the two clauses has past reference a mixed conditional pattern see below is used mixed conditional usually refers to a mixture of the second and third conditionals the counterfactual patterns here either the condition or the consequence but not both has'
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+| 23 | - 'antibodies and antinuclear antibodies have toxic effects on the implantation of embryos this does not apply to antithyroid antibodies elevated levels do not have a toxic effect but they are indicative of a risk of miscarriage elevated antithyroid antibodies act as a marker for females who have tlymphocyte dysfunction because these levels indicate t cells that are secreting high levels of cytokines that induce inflammation in the uterine wallstill there is currently no drug that has evidence of preventing miscarriage by inhibition of maternal immune responses aspirin has no effect in this case the increased immune tolerance is believed to be a major contributing factor to an increased susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy pregnant women are more severely affected by for example influenza hepatitis e herpes simplex and malaria the evidence is more limited for coccidioidomycosis measles smallpox and varicella pregnancy does not appear to alter the protective effects of vaccination if the mechanisms of rejectionimmunity of the fetus could be understood it might lead to interspecific pregnancy having for example pigs carry human fetuses to term as an alternative to a human surrogate mother'
- '##berg nkt cell recombinationactivating gene hartwell lh hood l goldberg ml reynolds ae silver lm veres rc 2000 chapter 24 evolution at the molecular level in genetics new york mcgrawhill pp 805 – 807 isbn 9780072995879 vdj recombination series advances in experimental medicine and biology vol 650 ferrier pierre ed landes bioscience 2009 xii 199 p isbn 9781441902955'
- '##c bond cleaving the co bond in the substrate whereas asp52 acts as a nucleophile to generate a glycosyl enzyme intermediate the glu35 reacts with water to form hydroxyl ion a stronger nucleophile than water which then attacks the glycosyl enzyme intermediate to give the product of hydrolysis and leaving the enzyme unchanged this type of covalent mechanism for enzyme catalysis was first proposed by koshlandmore recently quantum mechanics molecular mechanics qmmm molecular dynamics simulations have been using the crystal of hewl and predict the existence of a covalent intermediate evidence for the esims and xray structures indicate the existence of covalent intermediate but primarily rely on using a less active mutant or nonnative substrate thus qmmm molecular dynamics provides the unique ability to directly investigate the mechanism of wildtype hewl and native substrate the calculations revealed that the covalent intermediate from the covalent mechanism is 30 kcalmol more stable than the ionic intermediate from the phillips mechanism these calculations demonstrate that the ionic intermediate is extremely energetically unfavorable and the covalent intermediates observed from experiments using less active mutant or nonnative substrates provide useful insight into the mechanism of wildtype hewl imidazole derivatives can form a chargetransfer complex with some residues in or outside active center to achieve a competitive inhibition of lysozyme in gramnegative bacteria the lipopolysaccharide acts as a noncompetitive inhibitor by highly favored binding with lysozyme despite that the muramidase activity of lysozyme has been supposed to play the key role for its antibacterial properties evidence of its nonenzymatic action was also reported for example blocking the catalytic activity of lysozyme by mutation of critical amino acid in the active site 52asp 52ser does not eliminate its antimicrobial activity the lectinlike ability of lysozyme to recognize bacterial carbohydrate antigen without lytic activity was reported for tetrasaccharide related to lipopolysaccharide of klebsiella pneumoniae also lysozyme interacts with antibodies and tcell receptors lysozyme exhibits two conformations an open active state and a closed inactive state the catalytic relevance was examined with single walled carbon nanotubes swcn field effect transistors fets where a singular lysozyme was bound to the swcn fet electronically monitoring the lysozyme showed two'
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+| 24 | - 'indonesia marina walk herzila israel qingdao international tourist city qingdao china thanh xuan park hanoi vietnam wasaga beach ontario canada wave city centre noida india dreamland cairo egypt longleat safari and adventure park warminster united kingdom st elizabeth village hamilton ontario canada architecture in perspective 32 observational award of excellence to ashley thomas rendering award of excellence to autumn kwon architecture in perspective 31 from the american society of architectural illustratorstaidgh mcclory rendering juror award to gary chan aquatics international dream design for wanda xishuangbanna international resort water park architecture in perspective 30award of excellence to michael mills for hungarian house of music budapest thomas payne jurors award to anthony chieh for tower concept guiyang richard johnson jurors award to steve thorington for ocean cottage order of da vinci award to forrec creative director gordon grice from the ontario association of architects recognizing architects who have demonstrated exceptional leadership in the profession education andor in the community excellence in planning award research and new directions for step forward pedestrian mobility plan city of hamilton from the ontario professional planners institute excellence in planning award healthy communities for step forward pedestrian mobility plan city of hamilton from the ontario professional planners institute dream design waterpark renovation honor for happy magic watercube beijing from aquatics international architecture in perspective 28award of excellence to danny drapiza for thanh xuan park award of excellence to steve thorington for powerlong city plaza award of excellence to jan jurgensen for verdant avenue architecture in perspective 27 award of excellence to juhn pena for 1001 cities planning excellence award innovation in sustaining places for confederation park master plan review and update from american planning association new york upstate chapter recognizing plans that demonstrate how sustainability practices are being used in how places are planned designed built used and maintained at all scales architecture in perspective 26 award of excellence for two wanda dalian illustrations industry innovation award for centre parcs aquamundo moselle france from the world waterpark association industry innovation award for happy magic watercube beijing from the world waterpark association'
- '2007 – 2009 biennial of art architecture and landscape of canarias las palmas spain 2009 object art manuel ojeda gallery las palmas spain 2010 – 2011 a city called spain athensmoscow greecerussia 2015 – 2016 exhibition at the maxxi museo nazionale delle arti del xxi secolo in rome italy 2017 in process exhibition of architectural models by alonsososa in the saro leon gallery las palmas spain academy member admission of jose antonio sosa diazsaavedra into the real academia de bellas artes de canarias of san miguel arcangel royal canarian academy of fine arts of st michael archangel 2014 awards professor sosa has been awarded in the following competitions 2006 first prize the venegas public square and underground car park 2005 first prize puerto del rosario waterfront 2005 first prize la regenta art center 2004 first prize the city of justice new law courts headquarter in las palmas 2002 first prize the rehabilitation building restoration of the town hall las palmas gran canaria 1997 first prize the rehabilitation building restoration of the literary cabinet design and ideas 2008 third prizethe madrid slaughterhouse 2008 first prize rehabilitation consistorial houses of the palmas de gran canaria melbourne sustainable building 2008 first accesit for architectural renovation building restoration of the old tabakalera in donostiasan sebastian 2012 first prize railway station of playa del ingles 2013 second prize station20 sophia bulgaria 2016 first prize a house in a garden gran canaria some of them are 2003 loyolas foundation administrative building spain 2003 the elongated house gran canaria spain in collaboration with miguel santiago 2004 the hidden house gran canaria spain 2008 rehabilitacion building restoration town hall of las palmas spain in collaboration with magui gonzalez 2010 black pavilion las palmas spain 2010 art center la regenta las palmas spain 2011 the z house gran canaria spain 2011 station20 sophia bulgaria 2012 railway station of playa del ingles las palmas spain 2012 the city of justicenew law courts headquarter las palmas spain jointly with magui gonzalez y miguel santiago 2012 central library of helsinki finland jointly with evelyn alonso rohner 2014 philologicum of munich germany jointly with evelyn alonso rohner 2014 the loft apartment emblematic house intervention and renewal las palmas spain jointly with evelyn alonso rohner 2014 total building rehabilitation buganvilla apartments gran canaria spain jointly with evelyn alonso rohner 2015 – 16 industrial building renewal group volkswagen franchisee “ majuelos ” la laguna tenerife spain jointly with evelyn alonso rohner 2016 – 17 rehabilitation of the industrial'
- 'bazaars large mosques and other public buildings naqshe jahan square in isfahan and azadi square in tehran are examples of classic and modern squares a piazza italian pronunciation ˈpjattsa is a city square in italy malta along the dalmatian coast and in surrounding regions san marco in venice may be the worlds best known the term is roughly equivalent to the spanish plaza in ethiopia it is used to refer to a part of a city when the earl of bedford developed covent garden – the first privateventure public square built in london – his architect inigo jones surrounded it with arcades in the italian fashion talk about the piazza was connected in londoners minds not with the square as a whole but with the arcades a piazza is commonly found at the meeting of two or more streets most italian cities have several piazzas with streets radiating from the center shops and other small businesses are found on piazzas as it is an ideal place to set up a business many metro stations and bus stops are found on piazzas as they are key point in a city in britain piazza now generally refers to a paved open pedestrian space without grass or planting often in front of a significant building or shops following its 2012 redevelopment kings cross station in london has a piazza which replaces a 1970s concourse there is a good example of a piazza in scotswood at newcastle college in the united states in the early 19th century a piazza by further extension became a fanciful name for a colonnaded porch piazza was used by some especially in the boston area to refer to a verandah or front porch of a house or apartmenta central square just off gibraltars main street between the parliament building and the city hall officially named john mackintosh square is colloquially referred to as the piazza in the low countries squares are often called markets because of their usage as marketplaces most towns and cities in belgium and the southern part of the netherlands have in their historical centre a grote markt literally big market in dutch or grandplace literally grand square in french for example the grandplace in brussels and the grote markt in antwerp the grote markt or grandplace is often the location of the town hall hence also the political centre of the town the dutch word for square is plein which is another common name for squares in dutchspeaking regions for example het plein in the hague in the 17th and 18th centuries another type of square emerged the socalled royal square french place royale dutch koningsplein such squares did not serve as a marketplace but were built in front of large palaces or public'
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+| 38 | - 'the participants with less dominant participants generally being more attentive to more dominant participants ’ words an opposition between urban and suburban linguistic variables is common to all metropolitan regions of the united states although the particular variables distinguishing urban and suburban styles may differ from place to place the trend is for urban styles to lead in the use of nonstandard forms and negative concord in penny eckerts study of belten high in the detroit suburbs she noted a stylistic difference between two groups that she identified schooloriented jocks and urbanoriented schoolalienated burnouts the variables she analyzed were the usage of negative concord and the mid and low vowels involved in the northern cities shift which consists of the following changes æ ea a æ ə a ʌ ə ay oy and ɛ ʌ y here is equivalent to the ipa symbol j all of these changes are urbanled as is the use of negative concord the older mostly stabilized changes æ ea a æ and ə a were used the most by women while the newer changes ʌ ə ay oy and ɛ ʌ were used the most by burnouts eckert theorizes that by using an urban variant such as foyt they were not associating themselves with urban youth rather they were trying to index traits that were associated with urban youth such as tough and streetsmart this theory is further supported by evidence from a subgroup within the burnout girls which eckert refers to as ‘ burnedout ’ burnout girls she characterizes this group as being even more antiestablishment than the ‘ regular ’ burnout girls this subgroup led overall in the use of negative concord as well as in femaleled changes this is unusual because negative concord is generally used the most by males ‘ burnedout ’ burnout girls were not indexing masculinity — this is shown by their use of femaleled variants and the fact that they were found to express femininity in nonlinguistic ways this shows that linguistic variables may have different meanings in the context of different styles there is some debate about what makes a style gay in stereotypically flamboyant gay speech the phonemes s and l have a greater duration people are also more likely to identify those with higher frequency ranges as gayon the other hand there are many different styles represented within the gay community there is much linguistic variation in the gay community and each subculture appears to have its own distinct features according to podesva et al gay culture encompasses reified categories such as leather daddies clones drag queens circuit boys guppies gay yuppies gay prostitutes and activists'
- 'according to tannens research men tend to tell stories as another way to maintain their status primarily men tell jokes or stories that focus on themselves women on the other hand are less concerned with their own power and therefore their stories revolve not around themselves but around others by putting themselves on the same level as those around them women attempt to downplay their part in their own stories which strengthens their connections to those around them lakoff identified three forms of politeness formal deference and camaraderie womens language is characterized by formal and deference politeness whereas mens language is exemplified by camaraderiethere is a generalization about conservativeness and politeness in womens speech it is commonly believed that women are gentle while men are rough and rude since there is no evidence for the total accuracy of this perception researchers have tried to examine the reasons behind it statistics show a pattern that women tend to use more standard variable of the language for example in the case of negative concord eg i didnt do anything vs i didnt do nothing women usually use the standard form pierre bourdieu introduced the concept of the linguistic marketplace according to this concept different varieties of language have different values when people want to be accepted in a diplomatic organization they need to have a range of knowledge to show their competency possessing the right language is as important as the right style of dress both of these manners have social values while bourdieu focuses on the diplomatic corps it would be true if people want to be accepted in other contexts such as an urban ghetto the market that one wants to engage with has a profound effect on the value of the variation of language they may use the relations of each gender to linguistic markets are different a research on the pronunciation of english in norwich has shown that womens usage is considerably more conservative regarding the standard variation of the language they speak this research provides the pieces of evidence that womens exclusion from the workplace has led to this variation as women in some cases have not had the same position as men and their opportunities to secure these positions have been fewer they have tried to use more valuable variations of the language it can be the standard one or the polite version of it or the socalled right one situational context is another factor that affects verbal and nonverbal communication behaviors based on gender i'
- 'in modern english she is a singular feminine thirdperson pronoun in standard modern english she has four shapes representing five distinct word forms she the nominative subjective form her the accusative objective also called the oblique 146 form the dependent genitive possessive form hers the independent genitive form herself the reflexive form old english had a single thirdperson pronoun – from the protogermanic demonstrative base khi from pie ko this – which had a plural and three genders in the singular in early middle english one case was lost and distinct pronouns started to develop the modern pronoun it developed out of the neuter singular in the 12th century her developed out of the feminine singular dative and genitive forms the older pronoun had the following forms the evolution of she is disputed 118 some sources claim it evolved from old english seo sio accusative sie fem of demonstrative pronoun masc se the from pie root so this that see the in middle english the old english system collapses due to the gradual loss of þe and the replacement of the paradigm se seo þæt by indeclinable that 296 a more likely account is what is sometimes called the shetland theory since it assumes a development parallel to that of shetland oscand hjaltland shapinsay hjalpandisey etc the starting point is the morphologically and chronologically preferable heo once again we have syllabicity shift and vowel reduction giving heo heo hjoː then hj c and c ʃ giving final ʃoː 118 this does not lead to the modern form she ʃiː so any solution that gets ʃ from eo also needs to correct the resultant oː outside the north to eː this means an analogical transfer of probably the eː of he 118 none of this is entirely plausible the self forms developed in early middle english with hire self becoming herself by the 15th century the middle english forms of she had solidified into those we use today 120 historically she was encompassed in he as he had three genders in old english the neuter and feminine genders split off during middle english today she is the only feminine pronoun in english she is occasionally used as a gender neutral thirdperson singular pronoun see also singular they 492 she can appear as a subject object determiner or predicative complement the reflexive form also appears as an adjunct she occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase subject shes there her being there she paid for herself to be there object i saw'
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+| 36 | - 'rage farming or ragebaiting is internet slang that refers to a manipulative tactic to elicit outrage with the goal of increasing internet traffic online engagement revenue and support rage baiting or farming can be used as a tool to increase engagement attract subscribers followers and supporters which can be financially lucrative rage baiting and rage farming manipulates users to respond in kind to offensive inflammatory headlines memes tropes or commentsragefarming which has been cited since at least january 2022 is an offshoot of ragebaiting where the outrage of the person being provoked is farmed or manipulated into an online engagement by rageseeding that helps amplify the message of the original content creator it has also been used as a political tactic at the expense of ones opponent political scientist jared wesley of the university of alberta said in 2022 that the use of the tactic of rage farming was on the rise with rightwing politicians employing the technique by promoting conspiracy theories and misinformation as politicians increase rage farming against their political and ideological opponents they attract more followers online some of whom may engage in offline violence including verbal violence and acts of intimidation wesley describes how those engaged in rage farming combine halftruths with blatant lies rage farming is from rage farm rageseeding ragebait rage baiting and outrage baiting are similar internet slang neologisms referring to manipulative tactics that feed on readers anxieties and fears they are all forms of clickbait a term used used since c 1999 which is more nuanced and not necessarily seen as a negative tactic the term rage bait which has been cited since at least 2009 is a negative form of clickbaiting as it relies on manipulating users to respond in kind to offensive inflammatory headlines memes tropes or commentsin his 2022 tweet a senior researcher at citizen lab john scottrailton described how a person was being ragefarmed when they responded to an inflammatory post with an equally inflammatory quote tweet as quote tweets reward the original rage tweet algorithms on social media such as facebook twitter tiktok instagram and youtube were discovered to reward increased positive and negative engagement by directing traffic to posts and amplifying themamerican writer molly jongfast wrote that rage farming is the product of a perfect storm of f an unholy melange of algorithms and anxiety in her january 2022 article in the atlantic on the gops farright media network she described the tactic as cynicalpolitical scientist jared wesley wrote that rage farming was often used to describe rhetoric designed to elicit'
- 'this is the governments actions in freezing bank accounts and regulating internet speech ostensibly to protect the vulnerable and preserve freedom of expression despite contradicting values and rightsthe origins of the rhetoric language begin in ancient greece it originally began by a group named the sophists who wanted to teach the athenians to speak persuasively in order to be able to navigate themselves in the court and senate what inspired this form of persuasive speech came about through a new form of government known as democracy that was being experimented with consequently people began to fear that persuasive speech would overpower truth aristotle however believed that this technique was an art and that persuasive speech could have truth and logic embedded within it in the end rhetoric speech still remained popular and was used by many scholars and philosophers the study of rhetoric trains students to speak andor write effectively and to critically understand and analyze discourse it is concerned with how people use symbols especially language to reach agreement that permits coordinated effortrhetoric as a course of study has evolved since its ancient beginnings and has adapted to the particular exigencies of various times venues and applications ranging from architecture to literature although the curriculum has transformed in a number of ways it has generally emphasized the study of principles and rules of composition as a means for moving audiences rhetoric began as a civic art in ancient greece where students were trained to develop tactics of oratorical persuasion especially in legal disputes rhetoric originated in a school of presocratic philosophers known as the sophists c 600 bce demosthenes and lysias emerged as major orators during this period and isocrates and gorgias as prominent teachers modern teachings continue to reference these rhetoricians and their work in discussions of classical rhetoric and persuasion rhetoric was taught in universities during the middle ages as one of the three original liberal arts or trivium along with logic and grammar during the medieval period political rhetoric declined as republican oratory died out and the emperors of rome garnered increasing authority with the rise of european monarchs rhetoric shifted into courtly and religious applications augustine exerted strong influence on christian rhetoric in the middle ages advocating the use of rhetoric to lead audiences to truth and understanding especially in the church the study of liberal arts he believed contributed to rhetorical study in the case of a keen and ardent nature fine words will come more readily through reading and hearing the eloquent than by pursuing the rules of rhetoric poetry and letter writing became central to rhetorical study during the middle ages 129 – 47 after the fall of roman republic poetry became a tool for rhetorical training since there were fewer opportunities'
- 'the ending s as in in dublins fair city which is uncommon in classical greek genitive of explanation as in greek υος μεγα χ��ημα romanized hyos mega chrema a monster great affair of a boar histories of herodotus 136 where υος the word for boar is inflected for the genitive singular in japanese postpositive no as in japanese ふしの 山 romanized fuji no yama lit the mountain of fuji in biblical hebrew construct genitive of association as in hebrew גן עדן romanized gan eden the garden of eden figure of speech hyperbaton literary device parenthesis'
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+| 2 | - 'in linear algebra an idempotent matrix is a matrix which when multiplied by itself yields itself that is the matrix a displaystyle a is idempotent if and only if a 2 a displaystyle a2a for this product a 2 displaystyle a2 to be defined a displaystyle a must necessarily be a square matrix viewed this way idempotent matrices are idempotent elements of matrix rings examples of 2 × 2 displaystyle 2times 2 idempotent matrices are examples of 3 × 3 displaystyle 3times 3 idempotent matrices are if a matrix a b c d displaystyle beginpmatrixabcdendpmatrix is idempotent then a a 2 b c displaystyle aa2bc b a b b d displaystyle babbd implying b 1 − a − d 0 displaystyle b1ad0 so b 0 displaystyle b0 or d 1 − a displaystyle d1a c c a c d displaystyle ccacd implying c 1 − a − d 0 displaystyle c1ad0 so c 0 displaystyle c0 or d 1 − a displaystyle d1a d b c d 2 displaystyle dbcd2 thus a necessary condition for a 2 × 2 displaystyle 2times 2 matrix to be idempotent is that either it is diagonal or its trace equals 1 for idempotent diagonal matrices a displaystyle a and d displaystyle d must be either 1 or 0 if b c displaystyle bc the matrix a b b 1 − a displaystyle beginpmatrixabb1aendpmatrix will be idempotent provided a 2 b 2 a displaystyle a2b2a so a satisfies the quadratic equation a 2 − a b 2 0 displaystyle a2ab20 or a − 1 2 2 b 2 1 4 displaystyle leftafrac 12right2b2frac 14 which is a circle with center 12 0 and radius 12 in terms of an angle θ a 1 2 1 − cos θ sin θ sin θ 1 cos θ displaystyle afrac 12beginpmatrix1cos theta sin theta sin theta 1cos theta endpmatrix is idempotenthowever b c displaystyle bc is not a necessary condition any matrix a b c 1 − a displaystyle beginpmatrixabc1aendpmatrix with a 2 b c a displaystyle a2bca is idempotent the only nonsingular idempotent matrix is the identity matrix that'
- 'in mathematics when the elements of some set s displaystyle s have a notion of equivalence formalized as an equivalence relation then one may naturally split the set s displaystyle s into equivalence classes these equivalence classes are constructed so that elements a displaystyle a and b displaystyle b belong to the same equivalence class if and only if they are equivalent formally given a set s displaystyle s and an equivalence relation [UNK] displaystyle sim on s displaystyle s the equivalence class of an element a displaystyle a in s displaystyle s often denoted by a displaystyle a the definition of equivalence relations implies that the equivalence classes form a partition of s displaystyle s meaning that every element of the set belongs to exactly one equivalence class the set of the equivalence classes is sometimes called the quotient set or the quotient space of s displaystyle s by [UNK] displaystyle sim and is denoted by s [UNK] ′ displaystyle ssim when the set s displaystyle s has some structure such as a group operation or a topology and the equivalence relation [UNK] displaystyle sim is compatible with this structure the quotient set often inherits a similar structure from its parent set examples include quotient spaces in linear algebra quotient spaces in topology quotient groups homogeneous spaces quotient rings quotient monoids and quotient categories let x displaystyle x be the set of all rectangles in a plane and [UNK] displaystyle sim the equivalence relation has the same area as then for each positive real number a displaystyle a there will be an equivalence class of all the rectangles that have area a displaystyle a consider the modulo 2 equivalence relation on the set of integers z displaystyle mathbb z such that x [UNK] y displaystyle xsim y if and only if their difference x − y displaystyle xy is an even number this relation gives rise to exactly two equivalence classes one class consists of all even numbers and the other class consists of all odd numbers using square brackets around one member of the class to denote an equivalence class under this relation 7 9 displaystyle 79 and 1 displaystyle 1 all represent the same element of z [UNK] displaystyle mathbb z sim let x displaystyle x be the set of ordered pairs of integers a b displaystyle ab with nonzero b displaystyle b and define an equivalence relation [UNK] displaystyle sim on x displaystyle x such that a b [UNK] c d displaystyle absim cd if and only if a d b c displaystyle adbc then the equivalence class of the pair a b displaystyle ab can be identified'
- 'in mathematics a group is called boundedly generated if it can be expressed as a finite product of cyclic subgroups the property of bounded generation is also closely related with the congruence subgroup problem see lubotzky segal 2003 a group g is called boundedly generated if there exists a finite subset s of g and a positive integer m such that every element g of g can be represented as a product of at most m powers of the elements of s g s 1 k 1 [UNK] s m k m displaystyle gs1k1cdots smkm where s i ∈ s displaystyle siin s and k i displaystyle ki are integersthe finite set s generates g so a boundedly generated group is finitely generated an equivalent definition can be given in terms of cyclic subgroups a group g is called boundedly generated if there is a finite family c1 … cm of not necessarily distinct cyclic subgroups such that g c1 … cm as a set bounded generation is unaffected by passing to a subgroup of finite index if h is a finite index subgroup of g then g is boundedly generated if and only if h is boundedly generated bounded generation goes to extension if a group g has a normal subgroup n such that both n and gn are boundedly generated then so is g itself any quotient group of a boundedly generated group is also boundedly generated a finitely generated torsion group must be finite if it is boundedly generated equivalently an infinite finitely generated torsion group is not boundedly generateda pseudocharacter on a discrete group g is defined to be a realvalued function f on a g such that fgh − fg − fh is uniformly bounded and fgn n · fgthe vector space of pseudocharacters of a boundedly generated group g is finitedimensional if n ≥ 3 the group slnz is boundedly generated by its elementary subgroups formed by matrices differing from the identity matrix only in one offdiagonal entry in 1984 carter and keller gave an elementary proof of this result motivated by a question in algebraic ktheory a free group on at least two generators is not boundedly generated see below the group sl2z is not boundedly generated since it contains a free subgroup with two generators of index 12 a gromovhyperbolic group is boundedly generated if and only if it is virtually cyclic or elementary ie contains a cyclic subgroup of finite index several authors have stated in the mathematical literature that it is obvious that finitely generated free groups are not boundedly generated this section'
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+| 0 | - 'close to the pump frequency make the main contribution to the gain of the useful mode in contrast the determination of the starting pressure in ordinary lasers is independent from the number of radiators the useful mode grows with the number of particles but sound absorption increases at the same time both these factors neutralize each other bubbles play the main role in the energy dispersion in a saser a relevant suggested scheme of sound amplification by stimulated emission of radiation using gas bubbles as the active medium was introduced around 1995 the pumping is created by mechanical oscillations of a cylindrical resonator and the phase bunching of bubbles is realized by acoustic radiation forces a notable fact is that gas bubbles can only oscillate under an external action but not spontaneously according to other proposed schemes the electrostriction oscillations of the dispersed particle volumes in the cylindrical resonator are realized by an alternating electromagnetic field however a saser scheme with an alternating electric field as the pump has a limitation a very large amplitude of electric field up to tens of kvcm is required to realize the amplification such values approach the electric puncture intensity of liquid dielectrics hence a study proposes a saser scheme without this limitation the pumping is created by radial mechanical pulsations of a cylinder this cylinder contains an active medium — a liquid dielectric with gas bubbles the radiation emits through the faces of the cylinder a proposal for the development of a phonon laser on resonant phonon transitions has been introduced from a group in institute of spectroscopy in moscow russia two schemes for steady stimulated phonon generation were mentioned the first scheme exploits a narrowgap indirect semiconductor or analogous indirect gap semiconductor heterostructure where the tuning into resonance of onephonon transition of electron – hole recombination can be carried out by external pressure magnetic or electric fields the second scheme uses onephonon transition between direct and indirect exciton levels in coupled quantum wells we note that an exciton is an electrically neutral quasiparticle that describes an elementary excitation of condensed matter it can transport energy without transporting net electric charge the tuning into the resonance of this transition can be accomplished by engineering of dispersion of indirect exciton by external inplane magnetic and normal electric fields the magnitude of phonon wave vector in the second proposed scheme is supposed to be determined by magnitude of inplane magnetic field therefore such kind of saser is tunable ie its wavelength of operation can be altered in a controlled manner common semiconductor lasers can be realised only in direct'
- '##gible because of their low quality brevity and irregularity of speed only one of these recordings 1857 cornet scale recording was restored and made intelligible history of sound recording koenigsberg allen the birth of the recording industry adapted from the seventeenyear itch delivered at the us patent office bicentennial in washington dc on may 9 1990'
- 'a known sound pressure field in a cavity to which a test microphone is coupled sound calibrators are different from pistonphones in that they work electronically and use a lowimpedance electrodynamic source to yield a high degree of volume independent operation furthermore modern devices often use a feedback mechanism to monitor and adjust the sound pressure level in the cavity so that it is constant regardless of the cavity microphone size sound calibrators normally generate a 1 khz sine tone 1 khz is chosen since the aweighted spl is equal to the linear level at 1 khz sound calibrators should also be calibrated regularly at a nationally accredited calibration laboratory to ensure traceability sound calibrators tend to be less precise than pistonphones but are nominally independent of internal cavity volume and ambient pressure'
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+| 10 | - 'ground substance is an amorphous gellike substance in the extracellular space of animals that contains all components of the extracellular matrix ecm except for fibrous materials such as collagen and elastin ground substance is active in the development movement and proliferation of tissues as well as their metabolism additionally cells use it for support water storage binding and a medium for intercellular exchange especially between blood cells and other types of cells ground substance provides lubrication for collagen fibersthe components of the ground substance vary depending on the tissue ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules such as glycosaminoglycans gags proteoglycans and glycoproteins gags are polysaccharides that trap water giving the ground substance a gellike texture important gags found in ground substance include hyaluronic acid heparan sulfate dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate with the exception of hyaluronic acid gags are bound to proteins called proteoglycans glycoproteins are proteins that attach components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of cells components of the ground substance are secreted by fibroblasts usually it is not visible on slides because it is lost during staining in the preparation processlink proteins such as vinculin spectrin and actomyosin stabilize the proteoglycans and organize elastic fibers in the ecm changes in the density of ground substance can allow collagen fibers to form aberrant crosslinks loose connective tissue is characterized by few fibers and cells and a relatively large amount of ground substance dense connective tissue has a smaller amount of ground substance compared to the fibrous materialthe meaning of the term has evolved over time milieu interieur'
- 'drug is cisplatin mri contrast agent commonly contain gadolinium lithium carbonate has been used to treat the manic phase of bipolar disorder gold antiarthritic drugs eg auranofin have been commercialized carbon monoxidereleasing molecules are metal complexes have been developed to suppress inflammation by releasing small amounts of carbon monoxide the cardiovascular and neuronal importance of nitric oxide has been examined including the enzyme nitric oxide synthase see also nitrogen assimilation besides metallic transition complexes based on triazolopyrimidines have been tested against several parasite strains environmental chemistry traditionally emphasizes the interaction of heavy metals with organisms methylmercury has caused major disaster called minamata disease arsenic poisoning is a widespread problem owing largely to arsenic contamination of groundwater which affects many millions of people in developing countries the metabolism of mercury and arseniccontaining compounds involves cobalaminbased enzymes biomineralization is the process by which living organisms produce minerals often to harden or stiffen existing tissues such tissues are called mineralized tissues examples include silicates in algae and diatoms carbonates in invertebrates and calcium phosphates and carbonates in vertebrates other examples include copper iron and gold deposits involving bacteria biologicallyformed minerals often have special uses such as magnetic sensors in magnetotactic bacteria fe3o4 gravity sensing devices caco3 caso4 baso4 and iron storage and mobilization fe2o3 • h2o in the protein ferritin because extracellular iron is strongly involved in inducing calcification its control is essential in developing shells the protein ferritin plays an important role in controlling the distribution of iron the abundant inorganic elements act as ionic electrolytes the most important ions are sodium potassium calcium magnesium chloride phosphate and bicarbonate the maintenance of precise gradients across cell membranes maintains osmotic pressure and ph ions are also critical for nerves and muscles as action potentials in these tissues are produced by the exchange of electrolytes between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol electrolytes enter and leave cells through proteins in the cell membrane called ion channels for example muscle contraction depends upon the movement of calcium sodium and potassium through ion channels in the cell membrane and ttubules the transition metals are usually present as trace elements in organisms with zinc and iron being most abundant these metals are used as protein cofactors and signalling molecules many are essential for the activity of enzymes such as catalase and oxygencarrier proteins such as hemoglobin these cofactors are tightly to a specific protein although enzyme cofactors can be modified'
- 'retromer is a complex of proteins that has been shown to be important in recycling transmembrane receptors from endosomes to the transgolgi network tgn and directly back to the plasma membrane mutations in retromer and its associated proteins have been linked to alzheimers and parkinsons diseases retromer is a heteropentameric complex which in humans is composed of a less defined membraneassociated sorting nexin dimer snx1 snx2 snx5 snx6 and a vacuolar protein sorting vps heterotrimer containing vps26 vps29 and vps35 although the snx dimer is required for the recruitment of retromer to the endosomal membrane the cargo binding function of this complex is contributed by the core heterotrimer through the binding of vps26 and vps35 subunits to various cargo molecules including m6pr wntless sorl1 which is also a receptor for other cargo proteins such as app and sortilin early study on sorting of acid hydrolases such as carboxypeptidase y cpy in s cerevisiae mutants has led to the identification of retromer in mediating the retrograde trafficking of the procpy receptor vps10 from the endosomes to the tgn the retromer complex is highly conserved homologs have been found in c elegans mouse and human the retromer complex consists of 5 proteins in yeast vps35p vps26p vps29p vps17p vps5p the mammalian retromer consists of vps26 vps29 vps35 snx1 and snx2 and possibly snx5 and snx6 it is proposed to act in two subcomplexes 1 a cargo recognition heterotrimeric complex that consist of vps35 vps29 and vps26 and 2 snxbar dimers which consist of snx1 or snx2 and snx5 or snx6 that facilitate endosomal membrane remodulation and curvature resulting in the formation of tubulesvesicles that transport cargo molecules to the transgolgi network tgn humans have two orthologs of vps26 vps26a which is ubiquitous and vps26b which is found in the central nervous system where it forms a unique retromer that is dedicated to direct recycling of neuronal cell surface proteins such as app back to the plasma membrane with the assistance of the cargo receptor sorl1 the retromer complex has been shown to mediate retrieval'
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+| 4 | - 'in topological data analysis the vietorisrips filtration sometimes shortened to rips filtration is the collection of nested vietorisrips complexes on a metric space created by taking the sequence of vietorisrips complexes over an increasing scale parameter often the vietorisrips filtration is used to create a discrete simplicial model on point cloud data embedded in an ambient metric space the vietorisrips filtration is a multiscale extension of the vietorisrips complex that enables researchers to detect and track the persistence of topological features over a range of parameters by way of computing the persistent homology of the entire filtration the vietorisrips filtration is the nested collection of vietorisrips complexes indexed by an increasing scale parameter the vietorisrips complex is a classical construction in mathematics that dates back to a 1927 paper of leopold vietoris though it was independently considered by eliyahu rips in the study of hyperbolic groups as noted by mikhail gromov in the 1980s the conjoined name vietorisrips is due to jeanclaude hausmann given a metric space x displaystyle x and a scale parameter sometimes called the threshold or distance parameter r ∈ 0 ∞ displaystyle rin 0infty the vietorisrips complex with respect to r displaystyle r is defined as v r r x ∅ = s ⊆ x [UNK] s finite diam s ≤ r displaystyle mathbf vr rxemptyset neq ssubseteq xmid stext finiteoperatorname diam sleq r where diam s displaystyle operatorname diam s is the diameter ie the maximum distance of points lying in s displaystyle s observe that if r ≤ s ∈ 0 ∞ displaystyle rleq sin 0infty there is a simplicial inclusion map v r r x [UNK] v r s x displaystyle mathbf vr rxhookrightarrow mathbf vr sx the vietorisrips filtration is the nested collection of complexes v r r x displaystyle mathbf vr rx v r x v r r x r ∈ 0 ∞ displaystyle mathbf vr xmathbf vr rxrin 0infty if the nonnegative real numbers 0 ∞ displaystyle 0infty are viewed as a posetal category via the ≤ displaystyle leq relation then the vietorisrips filtration can be viewed as a functor v r x 0 ∞ → s'
- 'or anthropogenic seismic sources eg explosives marine air guns were used crystallography is one of the traditional areas of geology that use mathematics crystallographers make use of linear algebra by using the metrical matrix the metrical matrix uses the basis vectors of the unit cell dimensions to find the volume of a unit cell dspacings the angle between two planes the angle between atoms and the bond length millers index is also helpful in the application of the metrical matrix brags equation is also useful when using an electron microscope to be able to show relationship between light diffraction angles wavelength and the dspacings within a sample geophysics is one of the most math heavy disciplines of earth science there are many applications which include gravity magnetic seismic electric electromagnetic resistivity radioactivity induced polarization and well logging gravity and magnetic methods share similar characteristics because theyre measuring small changes in the gravitational field based on the density of the rocks in that area while similar gravity fields tend to be more uniform and smooth compared to magnetic fields gravity is used often for oil exploration and seismic can also be used but it is often significantly more expensive seismic is used more than most geophysics techniques because of its ability to penetrate its resolution and its accuracy many applications of mathematics in geomorphology are related to water in the soil aspect things like darcys law stokes law and porosity are used darcys law is used when one has a saturated soil that is uniform to describe how fluid flows through that medium this type of work would fall under hydrogeology stokes law measures how quickly different sized particles will settle out of a fluid this is used when doing pipette analysis of soils to find the percentage sand vs silt vs clay a potential error is it assumes perfectly spherical particles which dont exist stream power is used to find the ability of a river to incise into the river bed this is applicable to see where a river is likely to fail and change course or when looking at the damage of losing stream sediments on a river system like downstream of a dam differential equations can be used in multiple areas of geomorphology including the exponential growth equation distribution of sedimentary rocks diffusion of gas through rocks and crenulation cleavages mathematics in glaciology consists of theoretical experimental and modeling it usually covers glaciers sea ice waterflow and the land under the glacier polycrystalline ice deforms slower than single crystalline ice due to the stress being on the basal planes that are already blocked by other ice crystals it can be mathematically modeled with hookes law to show the elastic characteristics while'
- 'will encounter in statistics an inference is drawn from a statistical model which has been selected via some procedure burnham anderson in their muchcited text on model selection argue that to avoid overfitting we should adhere to the principle of parsimony the authors also state the following 32 – 33 overfitted models … are often free of bias in the parameter estimators but have estimated and actual sampling variances that are needlessly large the precision of the estimators is poor relative to what could have been accomplished with a more parsimonious model false treatment effects tend to be identified and false variables are included with overfitted models … a best approximating model is achieved by properly balancing the errors of underfitting and overfitting overfitting is more likely to be a serious concern when there is little theory available to guide the analysis in part because then there tend to be a large number of models to select from the book model selection and model averaging 2008 puts it this way given a data set you can fit thousands of models at the push of a button but how do you choose the best with so many candidate models overfitting is a real danger is the monkey who typed hamlet actually a good writer in regression analysis overfitting occurs frequently as an extreme example if there are p variables in a linear regression with p data points the fitted line can go exactly through every point for logistic regression or cox proportional hazards models there are a variety of rules of thumb eg 5 – 9 10 and 10 – 15 — the guideline of 10 observations per independent variable is known as the one in ten rule in the process of regression model selection the mean squared error of the random regression function can be split into random noise approximation bias and variance in the estimate of the regression function the bias – variance tradeoff is often used to overcome overfit models with a large set of explanatory variables that actually have no relation to the dependent variable being predicted some variables will in general be falsely found to be statistically significant and the researcher may thus retain them in the model thereby overfitting the model this is known as freedmans paradox usually a learning algorithm is trained using some set of training data exemplary situations for which the desired output is known the goal is that the algorithm will also perform well on predicting the output when fed validation data that was not encountered during its training overfitting is the use of models or procedures that violate occams razor for example by including more adjustable parameters than are ultimately optimal or by using a more complicated approach than is ultimately optimal for an'
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+| 39 | - 'a quantum heat engine is a device that generates power from the heat flow between hot and cold reservoirs the operation mechanism of the engine can be described by the laws of quantum mechanics the first realization of a quantum heat engine was pointed out by scovil and schulzdubois in 1959 showing the connection of efficiency of the carnot engine and the 3level maser quantum refrigerators share the structure of quantum heat engines with the purpose of pumping heat from a cold to a hot bath consuming power first suggested by geusic schulzdubois de grasse and scovil when the power is supplied by a laser the process is termed optical pumping or laser cooling suggested by wineland and hansch surprisingly heat engines and refrigerators can operate up to the scale of a single particle thus justifying the need for a quantum theory termed quantum thermodynamics the threelevelamplifier is the template of a quantum device it operates by employing a hot and cold bath to maintain population inversion between two energy levels which is used to amplify light by stimulated emission the ground state level 1g and the excited level 3h are coupled to a hot bath of temperature t h displaystyle ttexth the energy gap is [UNK] ω h e 3 − e 1 displaystyle hbar omega texthe3e1 when the population on the levels equilibrate n h n g e − [UNK] ω h k b t h displaystyle frac ntexthntextgefrac hbar omega texthktextbttexth where [UNK] h 2 π displaystyle hbar frac h2pi is the planck constant and k b displaystyle ktextb is the boltzmann constant the cold bath of temperature t c displaystyle ttextc couples the ground 1g to an intermediate level 2c with energy gap e 2 − e 1 [UNK] ω c displaystyle e2e1hbar omega textc when levels 2c and 1g equilibrate then n c n g e − [UNK] ω c k b t c displaystyle frac ntextcntextgefrac hbar omega textcktextbttextc the device operates as an amplifier when levels 3h and 2c are coupled to an external field of frequency ν displaystyle nu for optimal resonance conditions ν ω h − ω c displaystyle nu omega texthomega textc the efficiency of the amplifier in converting heat to power is the ratio of work output to heat input η [UNK] ν [UNK] ω h 1 − ω c ω h displaystyle eta'
- 'sponge and carried by capillary action past the fulcrum to a larger sponge reservoir which they fashioned to resemble wings when enough water has been absorbed by the reservoir the nowheavy bottom causes the bird to tip into a headup position with the beak out of the water eventually enough water evaporates from the sponge that the original balance is restored and the head tips down again although a small drop in temperature may occur due to evaporative cooling this does not contribute to the motion of the bird the device operates relatively slowly with 7 hours 22 minutes being the average cycle time measured minto wheel a heat engine consisting of a set of sealed chambers with volatile fluid inside just as in the drinking bird cryophorus a glass container with two bulbs containing liquid water and water vapor it is used in physics courses to demonstrate rapid freezing by evaporation heat pipe a heattransfer device that employs phase transition to transfer heat between two solid interfaces thermodynamics the branch of physics concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work'
- 'an enthalpy – entropy chart also known as the h – s chart or mollier diagram plots the total heat against entropy describing the enthalpy of a thermodynamic system a typical chart covers a pressure range of 001 – 1000 bar and temperatures up to 800 degrees celsius it shows enthalpy h displaystyle h in terms of internal energy u displaystyle u pressure p displaystyle p and volume v displaystyle v using the relationship h u p v displaystyle hupv or in terms of specific enthalpy specific entropy and specific volume h u p v displaystyle hupv the diagram was created in 1904 when richard mollier plotted the total heat h against entropy sat the 1923 thermodynamics conference held in los angeles it was decided to name in his honor as a mollier diagram any thermodynamic diagram using the enthalpy as one of its axes on the diagram lines of constant pressure constant temperature and volume are plotted so in a twophase region the lines of constant pressure and temperature coincide thus coordinates on the diagram represent entropy and heatthe work done in a process on vapor cycles is represented by length of h so it can be measured directly whereas in a t – s diagram it has to be computed using thermodynamic relationship between thermodynamic propertiesin an isobaric process the pressure remains constant so the heat interaction is the change in enthalpyin an isenthalpic process the enthalpy is constant a horizontal line in the diagram represents an isenthalpic process a vertical line in the h – s chart represents an isentropic process the process 3 – 4 in a rankine cycle is isentropic when the steam turbine is said to be an ideal one so the expansion process in a turbine can be easily calculated using the h – s chart when the process is considered to be ideal which is the case normally when calculating enthalpies entropies etc later the deviations from the ideal values and they can be calculated considering the isentropic efficiency of the steam turbine used lines of constant dryness fraction x sometimes called the quality are drawn in the wet region and lines of constant temperature are drawn in the superheated region x gives the fraction by mass of gaseous substance in the wet region the remainder being colloidal liquid droplets above the heavy line the temperature is above the boiling point and the dry superheated substance is gas only in general such charts do not show the values of specific volumes nor do they show the'
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+| 41 | - 'a community of place or placebased community is a community of people who are bound together because of where they reside work visit or otherwise spend a continuous portion of their time such a community can be a neighborhood town coffeehouse workplace gathering place public space or any other geographically specific place that a number of people share have in common or visit frequently a community offers many appealing features of a broader social relationship safety familiarity support and loyalties as well as appreciation appreciation that is founded on efforts and contribution to the community rather than the efforts rank or status of an individualadvances in technology transportation and communication have evolved the concept of place and the limits society once had in interactions with one another with these advances barriers have been lifted and distance is no longer such a great factor in anchoring the flow of people goods or information when identifying what it is that makes a community it is important to break it down and understand the components that sociologist have found that creates solidarity between the community and its members german sociologist and philosopher ferdinand tonnies spoke of these components as evolutionary terms in his theoretical essay gemeinschaft und gesellschaft translated to community and society gemeinschaft would represent the childhood of humanity whereas gesellschaft would represent the maturity of humanity gemeinschaft or community is smaller in number of members its members usually share a common way of life occupationdaily activities common beliefs members have frequent interaction with one another as well as a tie of emotional bonds and distance from centers of power gesellschaft or society is much larger in terms of its members contrary to gemeinschaft members do not share the same ways of life or beliefs members rarely interact with one another and have loose connections to each other as well as being closer to establishments of power and regulated competitiveness among its members this type of bond is most often found in urban communities that follow specific systems a place should be thought of as a geographic location its material form and the investments of meaning and value the combination of these concepts make a place a place geographic location is important because this is used to identify what and where a place is this concept gives individuals a sense of direction and reference to location the material form is physicality of the place whether it be artificially made like a building belonging to an institution or establishment or a natural form such as a well known land mass finally the meanings and value of place is the shared meaning or psych of a location for example the understanding of an area or neighborhood to reflect some historic value prestigious families utopian or a dangerous a place is not space space can be thought of distance size direction – usually descriptions of geometric items space however can become a place when'
- 'habitat ii the second united nations conference on human settlements was held in istanbul turkey from 3 – 14 june 1996 twenty years after habitat i held in vancouver canada in 1976 popularly called the city summit it brought together highlevel representatives of national and local governments as well as private sector ngos research and training institutions and the media universal goals of ensuring adequate shelter for all and human settlements safer healthier and more livable cities inspired by the charter of the united nations were discussed and endorsed habitat ii received its impetus from the 1992 united nations conference on environment and development and general assembly resolution ares47180 the conference outcomes were integrated in the istanbul declaration and the habitat agenda and adopted as a new global action plan to realize sustainable human settlements the secretarygeneral of the conference was dr wally ndow the objectives for habitat ii were stated as in the long term to arrest the deterioration of global human settlements conditions and ultimately create the conditions for achieving improvements in the living environment of all people on a sustainable basis with special attention to the needs and contributions of women and vulnerable social groups whose quality of life and participation in development have been hampered by exclusion and inequality affecting the poor in generalto adopt a general statement of principles and commitments and formulate a related global plan of action capable of guiding national and international efforts through the first two decades of the next century a new mandate for the united nations centre for human settlements unchs was derived to support and monitor the implementation of the habitat agenda adopted at the conference and approved by the general assembly habitat iii met in quito ecuador from 17 – 20 october 2016 the organizational session of the preparatory committee prepcom for habitat ii was held at un headquarters in new york from 3 – 5 march 1993 delegates elected the bureau and took decisions regarding the organization and timing of the process the first substantive session of the preparatory committee of the prepcom was held in geneva from 11 – 22 april 1994 delegates agreed that the overriding objective of the conference was to increase world awareness of the problems and potentials of human settlements as important inputs to social progress and economic growth and to commit the worlds leaders to making cities towns and villages healthy safe just and sustainable the earth negotiations bulletin prepared a comprehensive report on the first session of the prepcom the prepcom also took decisions on the organization of the conference and financing in addition to the areas of national objectives international objectives participation draft statement of principles and commitments and draft global plan of action the second committee of the un general assembly addressed habitat ii from 8 – 16 november 1994 the earth negotiations bulletin prepared a yearend update report on habitat ii preparations that included a report'
- 'irkutsk yaroslavl saratov and moscow region cities with high construction rate podolsk khimki balashikha and mytishchi the mediumranked cities are the cities characterized by dynamic development kaluga krasnodar kislovodsk industrial cities pervouralsk chelyabinsk ulyanovsk kamenskuralsky shakhty the singleindustry city of naberezhnye chelny as well as bryansk ryazan vologda and yoshkarola the following cities are noted for satisfactory development levels orsk ulanude orenburg sterlitamak syzran ussuriysk oktyabrsky votkinsk singleindustry cities magnitogorsk nizhni tagil and the singleindustry city having the highest investment inflow – nakhodka the bottomranked cities in most subratings are the north caucasus cities kaspiysk and yessentuki cities of the altai territory rubtsovsk barnaul biysk singleindustry cities leninskkuznetsky and severodvinsk as well as artyom miass novocheboksarsk and kopeisk yamalonenets autonomous district cities novy urengoy and noyabrsk in spite of high economic indicators generally lose on 50 of the indicators overall ranking indicates considerable disproportions in city potential which becomes clear if we delete population dynamics indices from the rating thus if we exclude this parameter the potential of the 1st city will be more than twice as high as of the 10th city and 10 times higher than the potential of the 100th city evidently such a high difference is determined by objective difference of potentials of the cities it is also important to notice that in accordance with the pareto principle it is not obligatory to improve all the components of qualitative appraisal of cities here the key aspect is economic potential it is also necessary to compare some social factors first of all the development of healthcare education social services because these are the key indicators the overall ranking of cities in the rating shows that even absolute leaders are not so far from the cities in the middle of the rating this is caused by leveling of low indicators of parameters of some leaders in particular the value of the general index of omsk which ranks 10th is just 12 times by 20 higher than that of the midcity mezhdurechensk the only exception is moscow the value of the general indicator is 3 times higher than that of mezh'
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+| 42 | - '##d dna than in eukaryotes this is because eukaryotes exhibit cpg suppression – ie cpg dinucleotide pairs occur much less frequently than expected additionally cpgs sequences are hypomethylated this occurs frequently in bacterial dna while cpg motifs occurring in eukaryotes are methylated at the cytosine nucleotide in contrast nucleotide sequences that inhibit the activation of an immune response termed cpg neutralising or cpgn are over represented in eukaryotic genomes the optimal immunostimulatory sequence is an unmethylated cpg dinucleotide flanked by two 5 ’ purines and two 3 ’ pyrimidines additionally flanking regions outside this immunostimulatory hexamer must be guaninerich to ensure binding and uptake into target cells the innate system works with the adaptive immune system to mount a response against the dna encoded protein cpgs sequences induce polyclonal bcell activation and the upregulation of cytokine expression and secretion stimulated macrophages secrete il12 il18 tnfα ifnα ifnβ and ifnγ while stimulated bcells secrete il6 and some il12manipulation of cpgs and cpgn sequences in the plasmid backbone of dna vaccines can ensure the success of the immune response to the encoded antigen and drive the immune response toward a th1 phenotype this is useful if a pathogen requires a th response for protection cpgs sequences have also been used as external adjuvants for both dna and recombinant protein vaccination with variable success rates other organisms with hypomethylated cpg motifs have demonstrated the stimulation of polyclonal bcell expansion the mechanism behind this may be more complicated than simple methylation – hypomethylated murine dna has not been found to mount an immune response most of the evidence for immunostimulatory cpg sequences comes from murine studies extrapolation of this data to other species requires caution – individual species may require different flanking sequences as binding specificities of scavenger receptors vary across species additionally species such as ruminants may be insensitive to immunostimulatory sequences due to their large gastrointestinal load dnaprimed immune responses can be boosted by the administration of recombinant protein or recombinant poxviruses primeboost strategies with recombinant protein have successfully increased both neutralising antibody titre and antibody avid'
- 'viral pathogenesis is the study of the process and mechanisms by which viruses cause diseases in their target hosts often at the cellular or molecular level it is a specialized field of study in virologypathogenesis is a qualitative description of the process by which an initial infection causes disease viral disease is the sum of the effects of viral replication on the host and the hosts subsequent immune response against the virus viruses are able to initiate infection disperse throughout the body and replicate due to specific virulence factorsthere are several factors that affect pathogenesis some of these factors include virulence characteristics of the virus that is infecting in order to cause disease the virus must also overcome several inhibitory effects present in the host some of the inhibitory effects include distance physical barriers and host defenses these inhibitory effects may differ among individuals due to the inhibitory effects being genetically controlled viral pathogenesis is affected by various factors 1 transmission entry and spread within the host 2 tropism 3 virus virulence and disease mechanisms 4 host factors and host defense viruses need to establish infections in host cells in order to multiply for infections to occur the virus has to hijack host factors and evade the host immune response for efficient replication viral replication frequently requires complex interactions between the virus and host factors that may result in deleterious effects in the host which confers the virus its pathogenicity transmission from a host with an infection to a second host entry of the virus into the body local replication in susceptible cells dissemination and spread to secondary tissues and target organs secondary replication in susceptible cells shedding of the virus into the environment onward transmission to third host three requirements must be satisfied to ensure successful infection of a host firstly there must be sufficient quantity of virus available to initiate infection cells at the site of infection must be accessible in that their cell membranes display hostencoded receptors that the virus can exploit for entry into the cell and the host antiviral defense systems must be ineffective or absent viruses causing disease in humans often enter through the mouth nose genital tract or through damaged areas of skin so cells of the respiratory gastrointestinal skin and genital tissues are often the primary site of infection some viruses are capable of transmission to a mammalian fetus through infected germ cells at the time of fertilization later in pregnancy via the placenta and by infection at birth following initial entry to the host the virus hijacks the host cell machinery to undergo viral amplification here the virus must modulate the host innate immune response to prevent its elimination by the body while facilitating its replication replicated virus'
- 'control the spread of diseases were used restrictions on trade and travel were implemented stricken families were isolated from their communities buildings were fumigated and livestock killedreferences to influenza infections date from the late 15th and early 16th centuries but infections almost certainly occurred long before then in 1173 an epidemic occurred that was possibly the first in europe and in 1493 an outbreak of what is now thought to be swine influenza struck native americans in hispaniola there is some evidence to suggest that source of the infection was pigs on columbuss ships during an influenza epidemic that occurred in england between 1557 and 1559 five per cent of the population – about 150000 – died from the infection the mortality rate was nearly five times that of the 1918 – 19 pandemic the first pandemic that was reliably recorded began in july 1580 and swept across europe africa and asia the mortality rate was high – 8000 died in rome the next three pandemics occurred in the 18th century including that during 1781 – 82 which was probably the most devastating in history this began in november 1781 in china and reached moscow in december in february 1782 it hit saint petersburg and by may it had reached denmark within six weeks 75 per cent of the british population were infected and the pandemic soon spread to the americas the americas and australia remained free of measles and smallpox until the arrival of european colonists between the 15th and 18th centuries along with measles and influenza smallpox was taken to the americas by the spanish smallpox was endemic in spain having been introduced by the moors from africa in 1519 an epidemic of smallpox broke out in the aztec capital tenochtitlan in mexico this was started by the army of panfilo de narvaez who followed hernan cortes from cuba and had an african slave with smallpox aboard his ship when the spanish finally entered the capital in the summer of 1521 they saw it strewn with the bodies of smallpox victims the epidemic and those that followed during 1545 – 1548 and 1576 – 1581 eventually killed more than half of the native population most of the spanish were immune with his army of fewer than 900 men it would not have been possible for cortes to defeat the aztecs and conquer mexico without the help of smallpox many native american populations were devastated later by the inadvertent spread of diseases introduced by europeans in the 150 years that followed columbuss arrival in 1492 the native american population of north america was reduced by 80 per cent from diseases including measles smallpox and influenza the damage done by these viruses significantly aided european attempts to displace and'
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+| 6 | - 'are broken down in the upper atmosphere to form ozonedestroying chlorine free radicals in astrophysics photodissociation is one of the major processes through which molecules are broken down but new molecules are being formed because of the vacuum of the interstellar medium molecules and free radicals can exist for a long time photodissociation is the main path by which molecules are broken down photodissociation rates are important in the study of the composition of interstellar clouds in which stars are formed examples of photodissociation in the interstellar medium are hν is the energy of a single photon of frequency ν h 2 o → h ν h oh displaystyle ce h2o hnu h oh ch 4 → h ν ch 3 h displaystyle ce ch4 hnu ch3 h currently orbiting satellites detect an average of about one gammaray burst per day because gammaray bursts are visible to distances encompassing most of the observable universe a volume encompassing many billions of galaxies this suggests that gammaray bursts must be exceedingly rare events per galaxy measuring the exact rate of gammaray bursts is difficult but for a galaxy of approximately the same size as the milky way the expected rate for long grbs is about one burst every 100000 to 1000000 years only a few percent of these would be beamed toward earth estimates of rates of short grbs are even more uncertain because of the unknown beaming fraction but are probably comparablea gammaray burst in the milky way if close enough to earth and beamed toward it could have significant effects on the biosphere the absorption of radiation in the atmosphere would cause photodissociation of nitrogen generating nitric oxide that would act as a catalyst to destroy ozonethe atmospheric photodissociation n 2 [UNK] 2 n displaystyle ce n2 2n o 2 [UNK] 2 o displaystyle ce o2 2o co 2 [UNK] c 2 o displaystyle ce co2 c 2o h 2 o [UNK] 2 h o displaystyle ce h2o 2h o 2 nh 3 [UNK] 3 h 2 n 2 displaystyle ce 2nh3 3h2 n2 would yield no2 consumes up to 400 ozone molecules ch2 nominal ch4 nominal co2incomplete according to a 2004 study a grb at a distance of about a kiloparsec could destroy up to half of earths ozone layer the direct uv irradiation from the burst combined with additional solar uv radiation passing through the diminished ozone layer could then have potentially significant impacts on the food chain and potentially trigger a mass extinction the authors estimate that one such burst'
- 'a sense of scale to a0 a freefloating mass in space that was exposed for one hour to 12 × 10−10 ms2 would fall by just 08 millimeter — roughly the thickness of a credit card an interplanetary spacecraft on a freeflying inertial path well above the solar systems ecliptic plane where it is isolated from the gravitational influence of individual planets would when at the same distance from the sun as neptune experience a classic newtonian gravitational strength that is 55000 times stronger than a0 for small solar system asteroids gravitational effects in the realm of a0 are comparable in magnitude to the yarkovsky effect which subtly perturbs their orbits over long periods due to momentum transfer from the nonsymmetric emission of thermal photons the suns contribution to interstellar galactic gravity doesnt decline to the a0 threshold at which monds effects predominate until objects are 41 lightdays from the sun this is 53 times further away from the sun than voyager 2 was in november 2022 which has been in the interstellar medium since 2012 despite its vanishingly small and undetectable effects on bodies that are on earth within the solar system and even in proximity to the solar system and other planetary systems mond successfully explains significant observed galacticscale rotational effects without invoking the existence of asyet undetected dark matter particles lying outside of the highly successful standard model of particle physics this is in large part due to mond holding that exceedingly weak galacticscale gravity holding galaxies together near their perimeters declines as a very slow linear relationship to distance from the center of a galaxy rather than declining as the inverse square of distance milgroms law can be interpreted in two ways one possibility is to treat it as a modification to newtons second law so that the force on an object is not proportional to the particles acceleration a but rather to μ a a 0 a textstyle mu leftfrac aa0righta in this case the modified dynamics would apply not only to gravitational phenomena but also those generated by other forces for example electromagnetism alternatively milgroms law can be viewed as leaving newtons second law intact and instead modifying the inversesquare law of gravity so that the true gravitational force on an object of mass m due to another of mass m is roughly of the form g m m μ a a 0 r 2 textstyle frac gmmmu leftfrac aa0rightr2 in this interpretation milgroms modification would apply exclusively to gravitational phenomenaby itself milgroms law is not a complete and'
- '##rtial theta jdelta ijpartial psi over partial theta ipartial theta jleftbeginarrayc c 1kappa gamma 1gamma 2gamma 21kappa gamma 1endarrayright where we have define the derivatives κ ∂ ψ 2 ∂ θ 1 ∂ θ 1 ∂ ψ 2 ∂ θ 2 ∂ θ 2 γ 1 ≡ ∂ ψ 2 ∂ θ 1 ∂ θ 1 − ∂ ψ 2 ∂ θ 2 ∂ θ 2 γ 2 ≡ ∂ ψ ∂ θ 1 ∂ θ 2 displaystyle kappa partial psi over 2partial theta 1partial theta 1partial psi over 2partial theta 2partial theta 2gamma 1equiv partial psi over 2partial theta 1partial theta 1partial psi over 2partial theta 2partial theta 2gamma 2equiv partial psi over partial theta 1partial theta 2 which takes the meaning of convergence and shear the amplification is the inverse of the jacobian a 1 d e t a i j 1 1 − κ 2 − γ 1 2 − γ 2 2 displaystyle a1detaij1 over 1kappa 2gamma 12gamma 22 where a positive a displaystyle a means either a maxima or a minima and a negative a displaystyle a means a saddle point in the arrival surface for a single point lens one can show albeit a lengthy calculation that κ 0 γ γ 1 2 γ 2 2 θ e 2 θ 2 θ e 2 4 g m d d s c 2 d d d s displaystyle kappa 0gamma sqrt gamma 12gamma 22theta e2 over theta 2theta e24gmdds over c2ddds so the amplification of a point lens is given by a 1 − θ e 4 θ 4 − 1 displaystyle aleft1theta e4 over theta 4right1 note a diverges for images at the einstein radius θ e displaystyle theta e in cases there are multiple point lenses plus a smooth background of dark particles of surface density σ c r κ s m o o t h displaystyle sigma rm crkappa rm smooth the time arrival surface is ψ θ → ≈ 1 2 κ s m o o t h θ 2 [UNK] i θ e 2 ln θ → − θ → i 2 4 d d d d s displaystyle psi vec theta approx 1 over 2kappa rm smooththeta 2sum itheta e2leftln leftvec theta vec theta i2 over 4dd over ddsrightright'
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+| 29 | - 'national oceanography centre including the national oceanography centre southampton national tidal and sea level facility including the uk national tide gauge network ntslf plymouth marine laboratory in devon proudman oceanographic laboratory in liverpool scott polar research institute cambridge spri scottish association for marine science dunstaffnage oban sams national agencies and nonprofit organizations integrated ocean observing system a network of regional observing systems ocean observatories initiative a collaboration between whoi osu uw and rutgers nasa goddard space flight center ’ s ocean biology and biogeochemistry program national data buoy center national oceanic and atmospheric administration within which there are several affiliate “ joint ” programs cohosted by other institutions national undersea research program naval oceanographic office stennis space center mississippi also home to the naval meteorology and oceanography command navoceano schmidt ocean institute sea education association also known as sea semester sea universitynational oceanographic laboratory system unolsuniversities with oceanography programs northeast bigelow laboratory for ocean sciences in maine bigelow university of maine school of marine sciences based in orono and the downeast institute at the machias campus lamont – doherty earth observatory associated with columbia university in palisades new york marine biological laboratory in woods hole massachusetts associated with the university of chicago mbl northeastern university marine science center east point nahant massachusetts marine science center stony brook university school of marine and atmospheric sciences on long island new york state somas princeton university ’ s geophysical fluid dynamics laboratory new jersey rutgers university department of marine and coastal sciences is based in new brunswick new jersey with other marine science field stations in new jersey university of connecticut department of marine sciences at the avery point campus near groton connecticut also host to the national undersea research center for the north atlantic and great lakes dms woods hole oceanographic institution on cape cod massachusetts whoi university of delaware college of earth ocean and environment which has a campus in lewes delaware ceoe university of massachusetts dartmouth school for marine science technology smast university of new hampshire ’ s school of marine science and ocean engineering center for coastal ocean mapping and shoals marine laboratory university of new england united states has programs in marine science at the biddeford maine campus marine programs university of rhode island ’ s graduate school of oceanography also has a center for ocean exploration and archaeological oceanographysoutheast duke university marine laboratory near beaufort north carolina duke marine lab halmos college of natural sciences and oceanography at nova southeastern university florida harbor branch oceanographic institution at florida atlantic university in fort pierce florida hboi florida institute of technology school of marine and'
- 'temperature of the arctic ocean is generally below the melting point of ablating sea ice the phase transition from solid to liquid is achieved by mixing salt and water molecules similar to the dissolution of sugar in water even though the water temperature is far below the melting point of the sugar thus the dissolution rate is limited by salt transport whereas melting can occur at much higher rates that are characteristic for heat transport humans have used ice for cooling and food preservation for centuries relying on harvesting natural ice in various forms and then transitioning to the mechanical production of the material ice also presents a challenge to transportation in various forms and a setting for winter sports ice has long been valued as a means of cooling in 400 bc iran persian engineers had already mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert the ice was brought in from ice pools or during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts and stored in specially designed naturally cooled refrigerators called yakhchal meaning ice storage this was a large underground space up to 5000 m3 that had thick walls at least two meters at the base made of a special mortar called sarooj composed of sand clay egg whites lime goat hair and ash in specific proportions and which was known to be resistant to heat transfer this mixture was thought to be completely water impenetrable the space often had access to a qanat and often contained a system of windcatchers which could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels on summer days the ice was used to chill treats for royalty harvesting there were thriving industries in 16th – 17th century england whereby lowlying areas along the thames estuary were flooded during the winter and ice harvested in carts and stored interseasonally in insulated wooden houses as a provision to an icehouse often located in large country houses and widely used to keep fish fresh when caught in distant waters this was allegedly copied by an englishman who had seen the same activity in china ice was imported into england from norway on a considerable scale as early as 1823in the united states the first cargo of ice was sent from new york city to charleston south carolina in 1799 and by the first half of the 19th century ice harvesting had become a big business frederic tudor who became known as the ice king worked on developing better insulation products for long distance shipments of ice especially to the tropics this became known as the ice trade between 1812 and 1822 under lloyd hesketh bamford heskeths instruction gwrych castle was built with 18 large towers one of those towers is called the ice tower its sole purpose was to store icetrieste sent ice to'
- 'that must be overcome fisheries pollution borders multiple agencies etc to create a positive outcome managers must be able to react and adapt as to limit the variance associated with the outcome the land and resource management planning lrmp was implemented by the british columbia government canada in the mid1990s in the great bear rainforest in order to establish a multiparty landuse planning system the aim was to maintain the ecological integrity of terrestrial marine and freshwater ecosystems and achieve high levels of human wellbeing the steps described in the programme included protect oldgrowth forests maintain forest structure at the stand level protect threatened and endangered species and ecosystems protect wetlands and apply adaptive management mackinnon 2008 highlighted that the main limitation of this program was the social and economic aspects related to the lack of orientation to improve human wellbeing a remedial action plan rap was created during the great lakes water quality agreement that implemented ecosystembased management the transition according to the authors from a narrow to a broader approach was not easy because it required the cooperation of both the canadian and american governments this meant different cultural political and regulatory perspectives were involved with regards to the lakes hartig et al 1998 described eight principles required to make the implementation of ecosystembased management efficacious broadbased stakeholder involvement commitment of top leaders agreement on information needs and interpretation action planning within a strategic framework human resource development results and indicators to measure progress systematic review and feedback and stakeholder satisfaction the elwha dam removal in washington state is the largest dam removal project in the united states not only was it blocking several species of salmon from reaching their natural habitat it also had millions of tons of sediment built up behind it peruvian bay scallop is grown in the benthic environment intensity of the fishery has caused concern over recent years and there has been a shift to more of an environmental management scheme they are now using food web models to assess the current situation and to calibrate the stocking levels that are needed the impacts of the scallops on the ecosystem and on other species are now being taken into account as to limit phytoplankton blooms overstocking diseases and overconsumption in a given year this study is proposed to help guide both fisherman and managers in their goal of providing longterm success for the fishery as well as the ecosystem they are utilizing scientists and numerous angling clubs have collaborated in a largescale set of wholelake experiments 20 gravel pit lakes monitored over a period of six years to assess the outcomes of ecosystembased habitat enhancement compared to alternative management practices in fisheries in some of the lakes additional'
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+| 34 | - 'the discovery of the child is an essay by italian pedagogist maria montessori 18701952 published in italy in 1950 about the origin and features of the montessori method a teaching method invented by her and known worldwide the book is nothing more than a rewrite of one of her previous books which was published for the first time in 1909 with the title the method of scientific pedagogy applied to infant education in childrens homes this book was rewritten and republished five times adding each time the new discoveries and techniques learnt in particular it was published in 1909 1913 1926 1935 and 1950 the title was changed only in the last edition 1950 becoming the discovery of the child maria montessori in some parts of the book carefully explains that what she invented shouldnt be considered a method but instead some guidelines from which new methods may be developed her conclusions although normally treated as a method are nothing more than the result of scientific observation of the child and its behavior as told in the book her first experiences were in the field of psychiatry more precisely at the mental hospital of the sapienza university where montessori at the turn of the and xx century had worked as a doctor and assistant during this experience she took care of intellectually disabled children in the book they are called with terms that today sound offensive and derogatory ie retarded children or idiotic children but at that time they did not necessarily have a derogatory connotation at that time italys minister of education guido baccelli chose her for the task of teaching courses for teachers on how to teach children with intellectual disabilities bambini frenastenici a whole school started later in order to teach these courses the scuola magistrale ortofrenica in this period montessori not only taught the other educators and directed their work but she taught herself those unfortunate children as she wrote in the book this first experience was my first and true qualification in the field of pedagogy and starting from 1898 when she began to devote herself to the education of children with disabilities she started to realize that such methods had universal scope and they were more rational and efficient than those in use at that time at school with normal childrenduring this period she made extensive use and correctly applied the socalled physiological method devised by edouard seguin for the education of children with intellectual disabilities it was based on the previous work of the french jean marc gaspard itard seguins teacher who in the years of the french revolution worked at an institute for the deaf and dumb and also tried'
- 'the center for interdisciplinary research german zentrum fur interdisziplinare forschung zif is the institute for advanced study ias in bielefeld university bielefeld germany founded in 1968 it was the first ias in germany and became a model for numerous similar institutes in europe the zif promotes and provides premises for interdisciplinary and international research groups scholars from all countries and all disciplines can carry out interdisciplinary research projects ranging from oneyear research groups to short workshops in the last 40 years numerous renowned researchers lived and worked at zif among them the social scientist norbert elias and nobel laureates reinhard selten john charles harsanyi roger b myerson and elinor ostrom the mission of the zif is to encourage mediate and host interdisciplinary exchange the concept was developed by german sociologist helmut schelsky who was its first director serving from 1968 to 1971 schelsky believed that interdisciplinary exchange is a key driver of scientific progress therefore the zif does not focus on a single topic and does not invite individual researchers but offers scholars the opportunity to carry out interdisciplinary research projects with international colleagues free from everyday duties the zif offers residential fellowships grants and conference services schelsky wrote systematic and regular discussion colloquia critique and agreement in a group of scientists interested in the same topics although perhaps from different perspectives are of the greatest benefit for a scholar and his work the zif funds research groups for one year cooperation groups for 1 – 6 months and workshops of 2 – 14 days public lectures authors colloquia and art exhibitions address wider audiences the zif is bielefeld university ’ s institute for advanced study its board of directors consists of five professors of bielefeld university assisted by a scientific advisory council consisting of 16 eminent scholars a staff of about 20 organizes life and work at the zif about 1000 scholars visit the zif every year one third from abroad they take part in about 40 activities including one research group one or two cooperation groups and about 20 workshops per year so far about 600 publications have been issued by zif projects the zif is situated in the hilly surroundings of the teutoburg forest close to the university it has its own campus surrounded by conference facilities and apartments for the fellows and their families so the zif ’ s fellows can enjoy the tranquil setting as well as the facilities of the nearby university a professional infrastructure including library and indoor pool offers pleasant working and living conditions'
- 'cooperative learning is an educational approach which aims to organize classroom activities into academic and social learning experiences there is much more to cooperative learning than merely arranging students into groups and it has been described as structuring positive interdependence students must work in groups to complete tasks collectively toward academic goals unlike individual learning which can be competitive in nature students learning cooperatively can capitalize on one anothers resources and skills asking one another for information evaluating one anothers ideas monitoring one anothers work etc furthermore the teachers role changes from giving information to facilitating students learning everyone succeeds when the group succeeds ross and smyth 1995 describe successful cooperative learning tasks as intellectually demanding creative openended and involve higherorder thinking tasks cooperative learning has also been linked to increased levels of student satisfactionfive essential elements are identified for the successful incorporation of cooperative learning in the classroom positive interdependence individual and group accountability promotive interaction face to face teaching the students the required interpersonal and small group skills group processingaccording to johnson and johnsons metaanalysis students in cooperative learning settings compared to those in individualistic or competitive learning settings achieve more reason better gain higher selfesteem like classmates and the learning tasks more and have more perceived social support prior to world war ii social theorists such as allport watson shaw and mead began establishing cooperative learning theory after finding that group work was more effective and efficient in quantity quality and overall productivity when compared to working alone however it wasnt until 1937 when researchers may and doob found that people who cooperate and work together to achieve shared goals were more successful in attaining outcomes than those who strived independently to complete the same goals furthermore they found that independent achievers had a greater likelihood of displaying competitive behaviors philosophers and psychologists in the 1930s and 1940s such as john dewey kurt lewin and morton deutsh also influenced the cooperative learning theory practiced today dewey believed it was important that students develop knowledge and social skills that could be used outside of the classroom and in the democratic society this theory portrayed students as active recipients of knowledge by discussing information and answers in groups engaging in the learning process together rather than being passive receivers of information eg teacher talking students listening lewins contributions to cooperative learning were based on the ideas of establishing relationships between group members in order to successfully carry out and achieve the learning goal deutshs contribution to cooperative learning was positive social interdependence the idea that the student is responsible for contributing to group knowledgesince then david and roger johnson have been actively contributing to the cooperative learning theory in 1975 they identified that cooperative learning promoted mutual liking better communication high acceptance'
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+| 32 | - 'similarly one establishes the following from the remaining maxwells equations now by considering arbitrary small subsurfaces γ 0 displaystyle gamma 0 of γ displaystyle gamma and setting up small neighbourhoods surrounding γ 0 displaystyle gamma 0 in r 4 displaystyle mathbf r 4 and subtracting the above integrals accordingly one obtains where ∇ 4 d displaystyle nabla 4d denotes the gradient in the 4d x y z t displaystyle xyzt space and since γ 0 displaystyle gamma 0 is arbitrary the integrands must be equal to 0 which proves the lemma its now easy to show that as they propagate through a continuous medium the discontinuity surfaces obey the eikonal equation specifically if ε displaystyle varepsilon and μ displaystyle mu are continuous then the discontinuities of e displaystyle mathbf e and h displaystyle mathbf h satisfy ε e ε e displaystyle varepsilon mathbf e varepsilon mathbf e and μ h μ h displaystyle mu mathbf h mu mathbf h in this case the last two equations of the lemma can be written as taking the cross product of the second equation with ∇ φ displaystyle nabla varphi and substituting the first yields the continuity of μ displaystyle mu and the second equation of the lemma imply ∇ φ ⋅ h 0 displaystyle nabla varphi cdot mathbf h 0 hence for points lying on the surface φ 0 displaystyle varphi 0 only notice the presence of the discontinuity is essential in this step as wed be dividing by zero otherwise because of the physical considerations one can assume without loss of generality that φ displaystyle varphi is of the following form φ x y z t ψ x y z − c t displaystyle varphi xyztpsi xyzct ie a 2d surface moving through space modelled as level surfaces of ψ displaystyle psi mathematically ψ displaystyle psi exists if φ t = 0 displaystyle varphi tneq 0 by the implicit function theorem the above equation written in terms of ψ displaystyle psi becomes ie which is the eikonal equation and it holds for all x displaystyle x y displaystyle y z displaystyle z since the variable t displaystyle t is absent other laws of optics like snells law and fresnel formulae can be similarly obtained by considering discontinuities in ε displaystyle varepsilon and μ displaystyle mu in fourvector notation used in special relativity the wave equation can be written'
- 'lower speeds the light from stars other than the sun arrives at earth precisely collimated because stars are so far away they present no detectable angular size however due to refraction and turbulence in the earths atmosphere starlight arrives slightly uncollimated at the ground with an apparent angular diameter of about 04 arcseconds direct rays of light from the sun arrive at the earth uncollimated by onehalf degree this being the angular diameter of the sun as seen from earth during a solar eclipse the suns light becomes increasingly collimated as the visible surface shrinks to a thin crescent and ultimately a small point producing the phenomena of distinct shadows and shadow bands a perfect parabolic mirror will bring parallel rays to a focus at a single point conversely a point source at the focus of a parabolic mirror will produce a beam of collimated light creating a collimator since the source needs to be small such an optical system cannot produce much optical power spherical mirrors are easier to make than parabolic mirrors and they are often used to produce approximately collimated light many types of lenses can also produce collimated light from pointlike sources this principle is used in full flight simulators ffs that have specially designed systems for displaying imagery of the outthewindow otw scene to the pilots in the replica aircraft cockpit in aircraft where two pilots are seated side by side if the otw imagery were projected in front of the pilots on a screen one pilot would see the correct view but the other would see a view where some objects in the scene would be at incorrect angles to avoid this collimated optics are used in the simulator visual display system so that the otw scene is seen by both pilots at a distant focus rather than at the focal distance of a projection screen this is achieved through an optical system that allows the imagery to be seen by the pilots in a mirror that has a vertical curvature the curvature enabling the image to be seen at a distant focus by both pilots who then see essentially the same otw scene without any distortions since the light arriving at the eye point of both pilots is from different angles to the field of view of the pilots due to different projection systems arranged in a semicircle above the pilots the entire display system cannot be considered a collimated display but a display system that uses collimated light collimation refers to all the optical elements in an instrument being on their designed optical axis it also refers to the process of adjusting an optical instrument so that all its elements are on that designed axis in line and parallel the unconditional align'
- 'the science of photography is the use of chemistry and physics in all aspects of photography this applies to the camera its lenses physical operation of the camera electronic camera internals and the process of developing film in order to take and develop pictures properly the fundamental technology of most photography whether digital or analog is the camera obscura effect and its ability to transform of a three dimensional scene into a two dimensional image at its most basic a camera obscura consists of a darkened box with a very small hole in one side which projects an image from the outside world onto the opposite side this form is often referred to as a pinhole camera when aided by a lens the hole in the camera doesnt have to be tiny to create a sharp and distinct image and the exposure time can be decreased which allows cameras to be handheld a photographic lens is usually composed of several lens elements which combine to reduce the effects of chromatic aberration coma spherical aberration and other aberrations a simple example is the threeelement cooke triplet still in use over a century after it was first designed but many current photographic lenses are much more complex using a smaller aperture can reduce most but not all aberrations they can also be reduced dramatically by using an aspheric element but these are more complex to grind than spherical or cylindrical lenses however with modern manufacturing techniques the extra cost of manufacturing aspherical lenses is decreasing and small aspherical lenses can now be made by molding allowing their use in inexpensive consumer cameras fresnel lenses are not common in photography are used in some cases due to their very low weight the recently developed fibercoupled monocentric lens consists of spheres constructed of concentric hemispherical shells of different glasses tied to the focal plane by bundles of optical fibers monocentric lenses are also not used in cameras because the technology was just debuted in october 2013 at the frontiers in optics conference in orlando florida all lens design is a compromise between numerous factors not excluding cost zoom lenses ie lenses of variable focal length involve additional compromises and therefore normally do not match the performance of prime lenses when a camera lens is focused to project an object some distance away onto the film or detector the objects that are closer in distance relative to the distant object are also approximately in focus the range of distances that are nearly in focus is called the depth of field depth of field generally increases with decreasing aperture diameter increasing fnumber the unfocused blur outside the depth of field is sometimes used for artistic effect in photography the subjective appearance of this blur is known as bokeh if the camera lens is'
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+| 21 | - 'raised bed and produce healthy nutritious organic food a farmers market a place to pass on gardening experience and a sharing of bounty promoting a more sustainable way of living that would encourage their local economy a simple 4 x 8 32 square feet raised bed garden based on the principles of biointensive planting and square foot gardening uses fewer nutrients and less water and could keep a family or community supplied with an abundance of healthy nutritious organic greens while promoting a more sustainable way of living organic gardening is designed to work with the ecological systems and minimally disturb the earths natural balance because of this organic farmers have been interested in reducedtillage methods conventional agriculture uses mechanical tillage which is ploughing or sowing which is harmful to the environment the impact of tilling in organic farming is much less of an issue ploughing speeds up erosion because the soil remains uncovered for a long period of time and if it has a low content of organic matter the structural stability of the soil decreases organic farmers use techniques such as mulching planting cover crops and intercropping to maintain a soil cover throughout most of the year the use of compost manure mulch and other organic fertilizers yields a higher organic content of soils on organic farms and helps limit soil degradation and erosionother methods such as composting or vermicomposting composting using worms can also be used to supplement an existing garden these practices are ways of recycling organic matter into some of the best organic fertilizers and soil conditioner the byproduct of vermicomposting is also an excellent source of nutrients for an organic garden organic horticulture techniques are used to maintain lawns and turf fields organically as required by certain laws and management plans beginning in the late 20th century some large properties and municipalities required organic lawn management and organic horticulture in the maintenance of both public and private parks and properties some locations require organic lawn management and organic horticulture differing approaches to pest control are equally notable in chemical horticulture a specific insecticide may be applied to quickly kill off a particular insect pest chemical controls can dramatically reduce pest populations in the short term yet by unavoidably killing or starving natural control insects and animals cause an increase in the pest population in the long term thereby creating an everincreasing problem repeated use of insecticides and herbicides also encourages rapid natural selection of resistant insects plants and other organisms necessitating increased use or requiring new more powerful controls in contrast organic horticulture tends to tolerate some pest populations while taking the'
- 'urban horticulture is the science and study of the growing plants in an urban environment it focuses on the functional use of horticulture so as to maintain and improve the surrounding urban area urban horticulture has seen an increase in attention with the global trend of urbanization and works to study the harvest aesthetic architectural recreational and psychological purposes and effects of plants in urban environments horticulture and the integration of nature into human civilization has been a major part in the establishment of cities during neolithic revolution cities would often be built with market gardens and farms as their trading centers studies in urban horticulture rapidly increased with the major growth of cities during the industrial revolution these insights led to the field being dispersed to farmers in the hinterlands for centuries the built environment such as homes public buildings etc were integrated with cultivation in the form of gardens farms and grazing lands kitchen gardens farms common grazing land etc therefore horticulture was a regular part of everyday life in the city with the industrial revolution and the related increasing populations rapidly changed the landscape and replaced green spaces with brick and asphalt after the nineteenth century horticulture was then selectively restored in some urban spaces as a response to the unhealthy conditions of factory neighborhoods and cities began seeing the development of parks early urban horticulture movements majorly served the purposes of short term welfare during recession periods philanthropic charity to uplift the masses or patriotic relief the tradition of urban horticulture mostly declined after world war ii as suburbs became the focus of residential and commercial growth most of the economically stable population moved out of the cities into the suburbs leaving only slums and ghettos at the city centers however there were a few exceptions of garden projects initiated by public housing authorities in the 1950s and 1960s for the purpose of beautification and tenant pride but for the most part as businesses also left the metropolitan areas it generated wastelands and areas of segregated povertyinevitably the disinvestment of major city centers specifically in america resulted in the drastic increase of vacant lots existing buildings became uninhabitable houses were abandoned and even productive industrial land became vacant modern community gardening urban agriculture and food security movements were a form of response to battle the above problems at a local level in fact other movements at that time such as the peace environmental womens civil rights and backtothecity movements of the 1960s and 1970s and the environmental justice movement of the 1980s and 1990s saw opportunity in these vacant lands as a way of reviving communities through school and community gardens farmers markets and urban agriculture things have taken a turn in the twentyfirst century as people are recognizing'
- '##ulating on precolumbian transoceanic journeys is extensive the first inhabitants of the new world brought with them domestic dogs and possibly a container the calabash both of which persisted in their new home the medieval explorations visits and brief residence of the norsemen in greenland newfoundland and vinland in the late 10th century and 11th century had no known impact on the americas many scientists accept that possible contact between polynesians and coastal peoples in south america around the year 1200 resulted in genetic similarities and the adoption by polynesians of an american crop the sweet potato however it was only with the first voyage of the italian explorer christopher columbus and his crew to the americas in 1492 that the columbian exchange began resulting in major transformations in the cultures and livelihoods of the peoples in both hemispheres the first manifestation of the columbian exchange may have been the spread of syphilis from the native people of the caribbean sea to europe the history of syphilis has been wellstudied but the origin of the disease remains a subject of debate there are two primary hypotheses one proposes that syphilis was carried to europe from the americas by the crew of christopher columbus in the early 1490s while the other proposes that syphilis previously existed in europe but went unrecognized the first written descriptions of the disease in the old world came in 1493 the first large outbreak of syphilis in europe occurred in 1494 – 1495 among the army of charles viii during its invasion of naples many of the crew members who had served with columbus had joined this army after the victory charless largely mercenary army returned to their respective homes thereby spreading the great pox across europe and killing up to five million peoplethe columbian exchange of diseases in the other direction was by far deadlier the peoples of the americas had had no contact to european and african diseases and little or no immunity an epidemic of swine influenza beginning in 1493 killed many of the taino people inhabiting caribbean islands the precontact population of the island of hispaniola was probably at least 500000 but by 1526 fewer than 500 were still alive spanish exploitation was part of the cause of the nearextinction of the native people in 1518 smallpox was first recorded in the americas and became the deadliest imported european disease forty percent of the 200000 people living in the aztec capital of tenochtitlan later mexico city are estimated to have died of smallpox in 1520 during the war of the aztecs with conquistador hernan cortes epidemics possibly of smallpox and spread from'
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+| 8 | - 'suggested by a 2002 us air force research laboratory report and used in the table on the right full autonomy is available for specific tasks such as airborne refueling or groundbased battery switching other functions available or under development include collective flight realtime collision avoidance wall following corridor centring simultaneous localization and mapping and swarming cognitive radio and machine learning in this context computer vision can play an important role for automatically ensuring flight safety uavs can be programmed to perform aggressive maneuvers or landingperching on inclined surfaces and then to climb toward better communication spots some uavs can control flight with varying flight modelisation such as vtol designs uavs can also implement perching on a flat vertical surface uav endurance is not constrained by the physiological capabilities of a human pilot because of their small size low weight low vibration and high power to weight ratio wankel rotary engines are used in many large uavs their engine rotors cannot seize the engine is not susceptible to shockcooling during descent and it does not require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power these attributes reduce fuel usage increasing range or payload proper drone cooling is essential for longterm drone endurance overheating and subsequent engine failure is the most common cause of drone failurehydrogen fuel cells using hydrogen power may be able to extend the endurance of small uavs up to several hoursmicro air vehicles endurance is so far best achieved with flappingwing uavs followed by planes and multirotors standing last due to lower reynolds numbersolarelectric uavs a concept originally championed by the astroflight sunrise in 1974 have achieved flight times of several weeks solarpowered atmospheric satellites atmosats designed for operating at altitudes exceeding 20 km 12 miles or 60000 feet for as long as five years could potentially perform duties more economically and with more versatility than low earth orbit satellites likely applications include weather drones for weather monitoring disaster recovery earth imaging and communications electric uavs powered by microwave power transmission or laser power beaming are other potential endurance solutionsanother application for a high endurance uav would be to stare at a battlefield for a long interval argusis gorgon stare integrated sensor is structure to record events that could then be played backwards to track battlefield activities the delicacy of the british phasa35 military drone at a late stage of development is such that traversing the first turbulent twelve miles of atmosphere is a hazardous endeavor it has however remained on station at 65000 feet for 24 hours airbus zephyr in 2023 has attained 70000 feet and flown for 64 days 200 days aimed at this is sufficiently close enough to nearspace for them to'
- 'display that shows either the surrounding terrain or obstacles relative to the airplane or bothclass c defines voluntary equipment intended for small general aviation airplanes that are not required to install class b equipment this includes minimum operational performance standards intended for pistonpowered and turbinepowered airplanes when configured with fewer than six passenger seats excluding any pilot seats class c taws equipment shall meet all the requirements of a class b taws with the small aircraft modifications described by the faa the faa has developed class c to make voluntary taws usage easier for small aircraft prior to the development of gpws large passenger aircraft were involved in 35 fatal cfit accidents per year falling to 2 per year in the mid1970s a 2006 report stated that from 1974 when the us faa made it a requirement for large aircraft to carry such equipment until the time of the report there had not been a single passenger fatality in a cfit crash by a large jet in us airspaceafter 1974 there were still some cfit accidents that gpws was unable to help prevent due to the blind spot of those early gpws systems more advanced systems were developed older taws or deactivation of the egpws or ignoring its warnings when airport is not in its database still leave aircraft vulnerable to possible cfit incidents in april 2010 a polish air force tupolev tu154m aircraft crashed near smolensk russia in a possible cfit accident killing all passengers and crew including the polish president the aircraft was equipped with taws made by universal avionics systems of tucson according to the russian interstate aviation committee taws was turned on however the airport where the aircraft was going to land smolensk xubs is not in the taws database in january 2008 a polish air force casa c295m crashed in a cfit accident near mirosławiec poland despite being equipped with egpws the egpws warning sounds had been disabled and the pilotincommand was not properly trained with egpws index of aviation articles list of aviation avionics aerospace and aeronautical abbreviations airborne collision avoidance system controlled flight into terrain cfit digital flybywire ground proximity warning system enhanced gpws runway awareness and advisory system'
- 'states nextgen air traffic system 1090 mhz extended squitter in 2002 the federal aviation administration faa announced a duallink decision using the 1090 mhz extended squitter 1090 es link for air carrier and private or commercial operators of highperformance aircraft and universal access transceiver link for the typical general aviation user in november 2012 the european aviation safety agency confirmed that the european union would also use 1090 es for interoperability the format of extended squitter messages has been codified by the icaowith 1090 es the existing mode s transponder tso c112 or a standalone 1090 mhz transmitter supports a message type known as the extended squitter message it is a periodic message that provides position velocity time and in the future intent the basic es does not offer intent since current flight management systems do not provide such data called trajectory change points to enable an aircraft to send an extended squitter message the transponder is modified tso c166a and aircraft position and other status information is routed to the transponder atc ground stations and aircraft equipped with traffic collision avoidance system tcas already have the necessary 1090 mhz mode s receivers to receive these signals and would only require enhancements to accept and process the additional extended squitter information as per the faa adsb link decision and the technical link standards 1090 es does not support fisb service radar directly measures the range and bearing of an aircraft from a groundbased antenna the primary surveillance radar is usually a pulse radar it continuously transmits highpower radio frequency rf pulses bearing is measured by the position of the rotating radar antenna when it receives the rf pulses that are reflected from the aircraft skin the range is measured by measuring the time it takes for the rf energy to travel to and from the aircraft primary surveillance radar does not require any cooperation from the aircraft it is robust in the sense that surveillance outage failure modes are limited to those associated with the ground radar system secondary surveillance radar depends on active replies from the aircraft its failure modes include the transponder aboard the aircraft typical adsb aircraft installations use the output of the navigation unit for navigation and for cooperative surveillance introducing a common failure mode that must be accommodated in air traffic surveillance systems the radiated beam becomes wider as the distance between the antenna and the aircraft becomes greater making the position information less accurate additionally detecting changes in aircraft velocity requires several radar sweeps that are spaced several seconds apart in contrast a system using adsb creates and listens for periodic position and intent reports from aircraft these reports are generated based on the aircrafts navigation system and'
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+| 33 | - 'utts emphasis on replication and hymans challenge on interlaboratory consistency in the air report pear conducted several hundred trials to see if they could replicate the saic and sri experiments they created an analytical judgment methodology to replace the human judging process that was criticized in past experiments and they released a report in 1996 they felt the results of the experiments were consistent with the sri experiments however statistical flaws have been proposed by others in the parapsychological community and within the general scientific community a variety of scientific studies of remote viewing have been conducted early experiments produced positive results but they had invalidating flaws none of the more recent experiments have shown positive results when conducted under properly controlled conditions this lack of successful experiments has led the mainstream scientific community to reject remote viewing based upon the absence of an evidence base the lack of a theory which would explain remote viewing and the lack of experimental techniques which can provide reliably positive resultsscience writers gary bennett martin gardner michael shermer and professor of neurology terence hines describe the topic of remote viewing as pseudosciencec e m hansel who evaluated the remote viewing experiments of parapsychologists such as puthoff targ john b bisha and brenda j dunne noted that there were a lack of controls and precautions were not taken to rule out the possibility of fraud he concluded the experimental design was inadequately reported and too loosely controlled to serve any useful functionthe psychologist ray hyman says that even if the results from remote viewing experiments were reproduced under specified conditions they would still not be a conclusive demonstration of the existence of psychic functioning he blames this on the reliance on a negative outcome — the claims on esp are based on the results of experiments not being explained by normal means he says that the experiments lack a positive theory that guides as to what to control on them and what to ignore and that parapsychologists have not come close to having a positive theory as yethyman also says that the amount and quality of the experiments on rv are far too low to convince the scientific community to abandon its fundamental ideas about causality time and other principles due to its findings still not having been replicated successfully under careful scrutinymartin gardner has written that the founding researcher harold puthoff was an active scientologist prior to his work at stanford university and that this influenced his research at sri in 1970 the church of scientology published a notarized letter that had been written by puthoff while he was conducting research on remote viewing at stanford the letter read in part although critics viewing the system scientology from the outside may form the impression that'
- 'guess the card ten runs with esp packs of cards were used and she achieved 93 hits 43 more than chance weaknesses with the experiment were later discovered the duration of the light signal could be varied so that the subject could call for specific symbols and certain symbols in the experiment came up far more often than others which indicated either poor shuffling or card manipulation the experiment was not repeatedthe administration of duke grew less sympathetic to parapsychology and after rhines retirement in 1965 parapsychological links with the university were broken rhine later established the foundation for research on the nature of man frnm and the institute for parapsychology as a successor to the duke laboratory in 1995 the centenary of rhines birth the frnm was renamed the rhine research center today the rhine research center is a parapsychology research unit stating that it aims to improve the human condition by creating a scientific understanding of those abilities and sensitivities that appear to transcend the ordinary limits of space and time the parapsychological association pa was created in durham north carolina on june 19 1957 its formation was proposed by j b rhine at a workshop on parapsychology which was held at the parapsychology laboratory of duke university rhine proposed that the group form itself into the nucleus of an international professional society in parapsychology the aim of the organization as stated in its constitution became to advance parapsychology as a science to disseminate knowledge of the field and to integrate the findings with those of other branches of sciencein 1969 under the direction of anthropologist margaret mead the parapsychological association became affiliated with the american association for the advancement of science aaas the largest general scientific society in the world in 1979 physicist john a wheeler said that parapsychology is pseudoscientific and that the affiliation of the pa to the aaas needed to be reconsideredhis challenge to parapsychologys aaas affiliation was unsuccessful today the pa consists of about three hundred full associate and affiliated members worldwide beginning in the early 1950s the cia started extensive research into behavioral engineering the findings from these experiments led to the formation of the stargate project which handled esp research for the us federal government the stargate project was terminated in 1995 with the conclusion that it was never useful in any intelligence operation the information was vague and included a lot of irrelevant and erroneous data there was also reason to suspect that the research managers had adjusted their project reports to fit the known background cues the affiliation of the parapsychological association pa with the american association for the advancement of'
- 'extrasensory perception or esp also called sixth sense is a claimed paranormal ability pertaining to reception of information not gained through the recognized physical senses but sensed with the mind the term was adopted by duke university botanist j b rhine to denote psychic abilities such as intuition telepathy psychometry clairvoyance clairaudience clairsentience empathy and their transtemporal operation as precognition or retrocognition second sight is an alleged form of extrasensory perception whereby a person perceives information in the form of a vision about future events before they happen precognition or about things or events at remote locations remote viewing there is no evidence that second sight exists reports of second sight are known only from anecdotes second sight and esp are classified as pseudosciences in the 1930s at duke university in north carolina j b rhine and his wife louisa e rhine conducted an investigation into extrasensory perception while louisa rhine concentrated on collecting accounts of spontaneous cases j b rhine worked largely in the laboratory carefully defining terms such as esp and psi and designing experiments to test them a simple set of cards was developed originally called zener cards – now called esp cards they bear the symbols circle square wavy lines cross and star there are five of each type of card in a pack of 25 in a telepathy experiment the sender looks at a series of cards while the receiver guesses the symbols to try to observe clairvoyance the pack of cards is hidden from everyone while the receiver guesses to try to observe precognition the order of the cards is determined after the guesses are made later he used dice to test for psychokinesisthe parapsychology experiments at duke evoked criticism from academics and others who challenged the concepts and evidence of esp a number of psychological departments attempted unsuccessfully to repeat rhines experiments w s cox 1936 from princeton university with 132 subjects produced 25064 trials in a playing card esp experiment cox concluded there is no evidence of extrasensory perception either in the average man or of the group investigated or in any particular individual of that group the discrepancy between these results and those obtained by rhine is due either to uncontrollable factors in experimental procedure or to the difference in the subjects four other psychological departments failed to replicate rhines resultsin 1938 the psychologist joseph jastrow wrote that much of the evidence for extrasensory perception collected by rhine and other parapsychologists was anecdotal biased dubious and the result of faulty observation and familiar human frailties rhines'
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+| 25 | - '##rime is equicontinuous the balanced hull of h displaystyle h is equicontinuous the convex hull of h displaystyle h is equicontinuous the convex balanced hull of h displaystyle h is equicontinuous while if x displaystyle x is normed then this list may be extended to include h displaystyle h is a strongly bounded subset of x ′ displaystyle xprime while if x displaystyle x is a barreled space then this list may be extended to include h displaystyle h is relatively compact in the weak topology on x ′ displaystyle xprime h displaystyle h is weak bounded that is h displaystyle h is σ x ′ x − displaystyle sigma leftxprime xright bounded in x ′ displaystyle xprime h displaystyle h is bounded in the topology of bounded convergence that is h displaystyle h is b x ′ x − displaystyle bleftxprime xright bounded in x ′ displaystyle xprime the uniform boundedness principle also known as the banach – steinhaus theorem states that a set h displaystyle h of linear maps between banach spaces is equicontinuous if it is pointwise bounded that is sup h ∈ h ‖ h x ‖ ∞ displaystyle sup hin hhxinfty for each x ∈ x displaystyle xin x the result can be generalized to a case when y displaystyle y is locally convex and x displaystyle x is a barreled space properties of equicontinuous linear functionals alaoglus theorem implies that the weak closure of an equicontinuous subset of x ′ displaystyle xprime is weak compact thus that every equicontinuous subset is weak relatively compactif x displaystyle x is any locally convex tvs then the family of all barrels in x displaystyle x and the family of all subsets of x ′ displaystyle xprime that are convex balanced closed and bounded in x σ ′ displaystyle xsigma prime correspond to each other by polarity with respect to ⟨ x x ⟩ displaystyle leftlangle xxrightrangle it follows that a locally convex tvs x displaystyle x is barreled if and only if every bounded subset of x σ ′ displaystyle xsigma prime is equicontinuous let x be a compact hausdorff space and equip cx with the uniform norm thus making cx a banach space hence a metric space then arzela – ascoli theorem states'
- 'xifrac partial fpartial yrightfrac 12leftfrac partial upartial xifrac partial vpartial xifrac partial upartial yfrac partial vpartial yrightfrac partial upartial zifrac partial vpartial zfrac partial fpartial zendaligned where the 3rd equality uses the cauchyriemann equations because the complex derivative is independent of the choice of a path in differentiation the first wirtinger derivative is the complex derivative the second wirtinger derivative is also related with complex differentiation ∂ f ∂ z [UNK] 0 displaystyle frac partial fpartial bar z0 is equivalent to the cauchyriemann equations in a complex form in the present section and in the following ones it is assumed that z ∈ c n displaystyle zin mathbb c n is a complex vector and that z ≡ x y x 1 … x n y 1 … y n displaystyle zequiv xyx1ldots xny1ldots yn where x y displaystyle xy are real vectors with n ≥ 1 also it is assumed that the subset ω displaystyle omega can be thought of as a domain in the real euclidean space r 2 n displaystyle mathbb r 2n or in its isomorphic complex counterpart c n displaystyle mathbb c n all the proofs are easy consequences of definition 1 and definition 2 and of the corresponding properties of the derivatives ordinary or partial lemma 1 if f g ∈ c 1 ω displaystyle fgin c1omega and α β displaystyle alpha beta are complex numbers then for i 1 … n displaystyle i1dots n the following equalities hold ∂ ∂ z i α f β g α ∂ f ∂ z i β ∂ g ∂ z i ∂ ∂ z [UNK] i α f β g α ∂ f ∂ z [UNK] i β ∂ g ∂ z [UNK] i displaystyle beginalignedfrac partial partial zileftalpha fbeta grightalpha frac partial fpartial zibeta frac partial gpartial zifrac partial partial bar zileftalpha fbeta grightalpha frac partial fpartial bar zibeta frac partial gpartial bar ziendaligned lemma 2 if f g ∈ c 1 ω displaystyle fgin c1omega then for i 1 … n displaystyle i1dots n the product rule holds ∂ ∂ z i f ⋅ g ∂ f ∂ z i ⋅ g f ⋅ ∂ g ∂ z'
- 'this section the coordinates of the points on the curve are of the form x 1 x displaystyle leftxfrac 1xright where x is a number other than 0 for example the graph contains the points 1 1 2 05 5 02 10 01 as the values of x displaystyle x become larger and larger say 100 1000 10000 putting them far to the right of the illustration the corresponding values of y displaystyle y 01 001 0001 become infinitesimal relative to the scale shown but no matter how large x displaystyle x becomes its reciprocal 1 x displaystyle frac 1x is never 0 so the curve never actually touches the xaxis similarly as the values of x displaystyle x become smaller and smaller say 01 001 0001 making them infinitesimal relative to the scale shown the corresponding values of y displaystyle y 100 1000 10000 become larger and larger so the curve extends farther and farther upward as it comes closer and closer to the yaxis thus both the x and yaxis are asymptotes of the curve these ideas are part of the basis of concept of a limit in mathematics and this connection is explained more fully below the asymptotes most commonly encountered in the study of calculus are of curves of the form y ƒx these can be computed using limits and classified into horizontal vertical and oblique asymptotes depending on their orientation horizontal asymptotes are horizontal lines that the graph of the function approaches as x tends to ∞ or −∞ as the name indicates they are parallel to the xaxis vertical asymptotes are vertical lines perpendicular to the xaxis near which the function grows without bound oblique asymptotes are diagonal lines such that the difference between the curve and the line approaches 0 as x tends to ∞ or −∞ the line x a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of the function y ƒx if at least one of the following statements is true lim x → a − f x ± ∞ displaystyle lim xto afxpm infty lim x → a f x ± ∞ displaystyle lim xto afxpm infty where lim x → a − displaystyle lim xto a is the limit as x approaches the value a from the left from lesser values and lim x → a displaystyle lim xto a is the limit as x approaches a from the right for example if ƒx xx – 1 the numerator approaches 1 and the denominator approaches 0 as x approaches 1 so lim x → 1 x x'
|
+| 16 | - 'unit stream power and b is the width of the channel normalizing the stream power by the width of the river allows for a better comparison between rivers of various widths this also provides a better estimation of the sediment carrying capacity of the river as wide rivers with high stream power are exerting less force per surface area than a narrow river with the same stream power as they are losing the same amount of energy but in the narrow river it is concentrated into a smaller area critical unit stream power is the amount of stream power needed to displace a grain of a specific size it is given by the equation ω 0 τ 0 ν 0 displaystyle omega 0tau 0nu 0 where τ0 is the critical shear stress of the grain size that will be moved which can be found in the literature or experimentally determined while v0 is the critical mobilization speed critical stream power can be used to determine the stream competency of a river which is a measure to determine the largest grain size that will be moved by a river in rivers with large sediment sizes the relationship between critical unit stream power and sediment diameter displaced can be reduced to ω 0 0030 d i 169 displaystyle omega 00030di169 while in intermediatesized rivers the relationship was found to follow ω 0 0130 d i 1438 displaystyle omega 00130di1438 shear stress is another variable used in erosion and sediment transport models representing the force applied on a surface by a perpendicular force and can be calculated using the following formula τ h s ρ g displaystyle tau hsrho g where τ is the shear stress s is the slope of the water ρ is the density of water 1000 kgm3 g is acceleration due to gravity 98 ms2 shear stress can be used to compute the unit stream power using the formula ω τ v displaystyle omega tau v where v is the velocity of the water in the stream stream power is used extensively in models of landscape evolution and river incision unit stream power is often used for this because simple models use and evolve a 1dimensional downstream profile of the river channel it is also used with relation to river channel migration and in some cases is applied to sediment transport predicting flood plain formation by plotting stream power along the length of a river course as a secondorder exponential curve you are able to identify areas where flood plains may form and why they will form there sensitivity to erosion stream power has also been used as a criterion to determine whether a river is in a state of reshaping itself or whether it is stable a value of unit stream power between 30 and 35'
- 'geomorphology from ancient greek γη ge earth μορφη morphe form and λογος logos study is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical chemical or biological processes operating at or near earths surface geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do to understand landform and terrain history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations physical experiments and numerical modeling geomorphologists work within disciplines such as physical geography geology geodesy engineering geology archaeology climatology and geotechnical engineering this broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field earths surface is modified by a combination of surface processes that shape landscapes and geologic processes that cause tectonic uplift and subsidence and shape the coastal geography surface processes comprise the action of water wind ice wildfire and life on the surface of the earth along with chemical reactions that form soils and alter material properties the stability and rate of change of topography under the force of gravity and other factors such as in the very recent past human alteration of the landscape many of these factors are strongly mediated by climate geologic processes include the uplift of mountain ranges the growth of volcanoes isostatic changes in land surface elevation sometimes in response to surface processes and the formation of deep sedimentary basins where the surface of the earth drops and is filled with material eroded from other parts of the landscape the earths surface and its topography therefore are an intersection of climatic hydrologic and biologic action with geologic processes or alternatively stated the intersection of the earths lithosphere with its hydrosphere atmosphere and biosphere the broadscale topographies of the earth illustrate this intersection of surface and subsurface action mountain belts are uplifted due to geologic processes denudation of these high uplifted regions produces sediment that is transported and deposited elsewhere within the landscape or off the coast on progressively smaller scales similar ideas apply where individual landforms evolve in response to the balance of additive processes uplift and deposition and subtractive processes subsidence and erosion often these processes directly affect each other ice sheets water and sediment are all loads that change topography through flexural isostasy topography can modify the local climate for example through orographic precipitation which in turn modifies the topography by changing the hydrologic regime in which it evolves many geomorphologists are particularly interested in the potential for feedbacks between climate and tectonics mediated by geomorphic processesin addition to these broad'
- 'coefficients one of the largest pressure ridges on record had a sail extending 12 m above the water surface and a keel depth of 45 m the total thickness for a multiyear ridge was reported to be 40 m on average total thickness ranges between 5 m and 30 m with a mean sail height that remains below 2 m the average keel depth of arctic ridges is 45 m the sail height is usually proportional to the square root of the ridge block thickness ice ridges in fram strait usually have a trapezoidal shape with a bottom horizontal section covering around 17 of the total ridge width and with a mean draft of 7 m while ice ridges in the chukchi and beaufort seas have a concave close to triangular shapethe average consolidated layer thickness of arctic ridges is 16 m usually ridges consolidate faster than level ice because of their initial macroporosity ridge rubble porosity or waterfilled void fraction of ridge unconsolidated part is in the wide range of 10 – 40 during winter ice ridges consolidate up to two times faster than level ice with the ratio of level ice and consolidated layer thickness proportional to the square root of ridge rubble porosity this results in 16 – 18 ratio of consolidated layer and level ice thickness by the end of winter season meanwhile snow is usually about three times thicker above ridges than above level ice sometimes ridges can be found fully consolidated with the total thickness up to 8 m ridges may also contain from 6 to 11 of snow mass fraction which can be potentially linked to the mechanisms of ridge consolidation fram strait ridge observations suggest that the largest part of ridge consolidation happens during the spring season when during warm air intrusions or dynamic events snow can enter ridge keels via open leads and increase the speed of ridge consolidation these observations are supported by high snow mass fraction in refrozen leads observed during the spring season the ridge consolidation potentially reduces light levels and the habitable space available for organisms which may have negative ecological impacts as ridges have been identified as ecological hotspots the physical characterization of pressure ridges can be done using the following methods mechanical drilling of the ice with noncoring or coring augers when the ice core is retrieved for analysis surveying whereby a level theodolite or a differential gps system is used to determine sail geometry thermal drilling — drilling involving melting of the ice observation of the ice canopy by scuba divers upward looking sonars and multibeam sonars fixed on seabed or moounted on a remotely operated underwater vehicle a series of thermistors ice mass balance buoy to monitor temperature changes electromagnetic induction from the ice surface or from an aircraft from an offshore'
|
+| 28 | - 'numbers modulo p until finding either a number that is congruent to zero mod p or finding a repeated modulus using this technique he found that 1166 out of the first three million primes are divisors of sylvester numbers and that none of these primes has a square that divides a sylvester number the set of primes which can occur as factors of sylvester numbers is of density zero in the set of all primes indeed the number of such primes less than x is o π x log log log x displaystyle opi xlog log log x the following table shows known factorizations of these numbers except the first four which are all prime as is customary pn and cn denote prime numbers and unfactored composite numbers n digits long boyer galicki kollar 2005 use the properties of sylvesters sequence to define large numbers of sasakian einstein manifolds having the differential topology of odddimensional spheres or exotic spheres they show that the number of distinct sasakian einstein metrics on a topological sphere of dimension 2n − 1 is at least proportional to sn and hence has double exponential growth with n as galambos woeginger 1995 describe brown 1979 and liang 1980 used values derived from sylvesters sequence to construct lower bound examples for online bin packing algorithms seiden woeginger 2005 similarly use the sequence to lower bound the performance of a twodimensional cutting stock algorithmznams problem concerns sets of numbers such that each number in the set divides but is not equal to the product of all the other numbers plus one without the inequality requirement the values in sylvesters sequence would solve the problem with that requirement it has other solutions derived from recurrences similar to the one defining sylvesters sequence solutions to znams problem have applications to the classification of surface singularities brenton and hill 1988 and to the theory of nondeterministic finite automatad r curtiss 1922 describes an application of the closest approximations to one by kterm sums of unit fractions in lowerbounding the number of divisors of any perfect number and miller 1919 uses the same property to upper bound the size of certain groups cahens constant primary pseudoperfect number leonardo number'
- '− 2 1 → 0 0 0 0 displaystyle pi esqrt 21pi esqrt 21pi esqrt 21pi esqrt 21rightarrow 0000 the properties presented here do not always hold for these generalisations for example a ducci sequence starting with the ntuple 1 q q2 q3 where q is the irrational positive root of the cubic x 3 − x 2 − x − 1 0 displaystyle x3x2x10 does not reach 0000 in a finite number of steps although in the limit it converges to 0000 ducci sequences may be arbitrarily long before they reach a tuple of zeros or a periodic loop the 4tuple sequence starting with 0 653 1854 4063 takes 24 iterations to reach the zeros tuple 0 653 1854 4063 → 653 1201 2209 4063 → 548 1008 1854 3410 → displaystyle 065318544063rightarrow 653120122094063rightarrow 548100818543410rightarrow [UNK] → 0 0 128 128 → 0 128 0 128 → 128 128 128 128 → 0 0 0 0 displaystyle cdots rightarrow 00128128rightarrow 01280128rightarrow 128128128128rightarrow 0000 this 5tuple sequence enters a period 15 binary loop after 7 iterations 15799 → 42208 → 20284 → 22642 → 04220 → 42020 → 22224 → 00022 → 00202 → 02222 → 20002 → 20020 → 20222 → 22000 → 02002 → 22022 → 02200 → 20200 → 22202 → 00220 → 02020 → 22220 → 00022 → [UNK] displaystyle beginmatrix15799rightarrow 42208rightarrow 20284rightarrow 22642rightarrow 04220rightarrow 42020rightarrow 22224rightarrow 00022rightarrow 00202rightarrow 02222rightarrow 20002rightarrow 20020rightarrow 20222rightarrow 22000rightarrow 02002rightarrow 22022rightarrow 02200rightarrow 20200rightarrow 22202rightarrow 00220rightarrow 02020rightarrow 22220rightarrow 00022rightarrow cdots quad quad endmatrix the following 6tuple sequence shows that'
- 'the proper divisors of 1305184 displaystyle 1305184 2 5 ⋅ 40787 displaystyle 25cdot 40787 is 1 2 4 8 16 32 40787 81574 163148 326296 652592 1264460 the following categorizes all known sociable numbers as of july 2018 by the length of the corresponding aliquot sequence it is conjectured that if n is congruent to 3 modulo 4 then there is no such sequence with length n the 5cycle sequence is 12496 14288 15472 14536 14264 the only known 28cycle is 14316 19116 31704 47616 83328 177792 295488 629072 589786 294896 358336 418904 366556 274924 275444 243760 376736 381028 285778 152990 122410 97946 48976 45946 22976 22744 19916 17716 sequence a072890 in the oeis it was discovered by ben orlin these two sequences provide the only sociable numbers below 1 million other than the perfect and amicable numbers the aliquot sequence can be represented as a directed graph g n s displaystyle gns for a given integer n displaystyle n where s k displaystyle sk denotes the sum of the proper divisors of k displaystyle k cycles in g n s displaystyle gns represent sociable numbers within the interval 1 n displaystyle 1n two special cases are loops that represent perfect numbers and cycles of length two that represent amicable pairs it is conjectured that as the number of sociable number cycles with length greater than 2 approaches infinity the proportion of the sums of the sociable number cycles divisible by 10 approaches 1 sequence a292217 in the oeis'
|
+| 5 | - 'there are several methods currently used by astronomers to detect distant exoplanets from earth theoretically some of these methods can be used to detect earth as an exoplanet from distant star systems in june 2021 astronomers identified 1715 stars with likely related exoplanetary systems within 326 lightyears 100 parsecs that have a favorable positional vantage point — in relation to the earth transit zone etz — of detecting earth as an exoplanet transiting the sun since the beginnings of human civilization about 5000 years ago an additional 319 stars are expected to arrive at this special vantage point in the next 5000 years seven known exoplanet hosts including ross 128 may be among these stars teegardens star and trappist1 may be expected to see the earth in 29 and 1642 years respectively radio waves emitted by humans have reached over 75 of the closest stars that were studied in june 2021 astronomers reported identifying 29 planets in habitable zones that may be capable of observing the earth earlier in october 2020 astronomers had initially identified 508 such stars within 326 lightyears 100 parsecs that would have a favorable positional vantage point — in relation to the earth transit zone etz — of detecting earth as an exoplanet transiting the suntransit method is the most popular tool used to detect exoplanets and the most common tool to spectroscopically analyze exoplanetary atmospheres as a result such studies based on the transit method will be useful in the search for life on exoplanets beyond the solar system by the seti program breakthrough listen initiative as well as upcoming exoplanetary tess mission searchesdetectability of earth from distant starbased systems may allow for the detectability of humanity andor analysis of earth from distant vantage points such as via atmospheric seti for the detection of atmospheric compositions explainable only by use of artificial technology like air pollution containing nitrogen dioxide from eg transportation technologies the easiest or most likely artificial signals from earth to be detectable are brief pulses transmitted by antiballistic missile abm earlywarning and spacesurveillance radars during the cold war and later astronomical and military radars unlike the earliest and conventional radio and televisionbroadcasting which has been claimed to be undetectable at short distances such signals could be detected from very distant possibly starbased receiver stations – any single of which would detect brief episodes of powerful pulses repeating with intervals of one earth day – and could be used to detect both earth as well as the presence of a radarutilizing civilization'
- 'the possibility of life on mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planets proximity and similarities to earth to date no proof of past or present life has been found on mars cumulative evidence suggests that during the ancient noachian time period the surface environment of mars had liquid water and may have been habitable for microorganisms but habitable conditions do not necessarily indicate lifescientific searches for evidence of life began in the 19th century and continue today via telescopic investigations and deployed probes searching for water chemical biosignatures in the soil and rocks at the planets surface and biomarker gases in the atmospheremars is of particular interest for the study of the origins of life because of its similarity to the early earth this is especially true since mars has a cold climate and lacks plate tectonics or continental drift so it has remained almost unchanged since the end of the hesperian period at least twothirds of marss surface is more than 35 billion years old and it could have been habitable since 448 billion years ago 500 million years before the earliest known earth lifeforms mars may thus hold the best record of the prebiotic conditions leading to life even if life does not or has never existed therefollowing the confirmation of the past existence of surface liquid water the curiosity perseverance and opportunity rovers started searching for evidence of past life including a past biosphere based on autotrophic chemotrophic or chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms as well as ancient water including fluviolacustrine environments plains related to ancient rivers or lakes that may have been habitable the search for evidence of habitability taphonomy related to fossils and organic compounds on mars is now a primary objective for space agencies the findings of organic compounds inside sedimentary rocks and of boron on mars are of interest as they are precursors for prebiotic chemistry such findings along with previous discoveries that liquid water was clearly present on ancient mars further supports the possible early habitability of gale crater on mars currently the surface of mars is bathed with ionizing radiation and martian soil is rich in perchlorates toxic to microorganisms therefore the consensus is that if life exists — or existed — on mars it could be found or is best preserved in the subsurface away from presentday harsh surface processes in june 2018 nasa announced the detection of seasonal variation of methane levels on mars methane could be produced by microorganisms or by geological means the european exomars trace gas orbiter started mapping the atmospheric methane in april 2018'
- 'the purple earth hypothesis is an astrobiological hypothesis first proposed by molecular biologist shiladitya dassarma in 2007 that the earliest photosynthetic life forms of early earth were based on the simpler molecule retinal rather than the more complex porphyrinbased chlorophyll making the surface biosphere appear purplish rather its current greenish color the time would date somewhere between 35 to 24 billion years ago prior to the great oxygenation event and huronian glaciationretinalcontaining cell membrane exhibits a single light absorption peak centered in the energyrich greenyellow region of the visible spectrum but transmit and reflects red and blue light resulting in a magenta color chlorophyll pigments in contrast absorb red and blue light but little or no green light which results in the characteristic green color of plants green algae cyanobacteria and other organisms with chlorophyllic organelles the simplicity of retinal pigments in comparison to the more complex chlorophyll their association with isoprenoid lipids in the cell membrane as well as the discovery of archaeal membrane components in ancient sediments on the early earth are consistent with an early appearance of life forms with purple membrane prior to the turquoise of the canfield ocean and later green photosynthetic organisms the discovery of archaeal membrane components in ancient sediments on the early earth support the peh an example of retinalbased organisms that exist today are photosynthetic microbes collectively called haloarchaea many haloarchaea contain the retinal derivative protein bacteriorhodopsin in their cell membrane which carries out photondriven proton pumping generating a protonmotive gradient across the membrane and driving atp synthesis the process is a form of anoxygenic photosynthesis that does not involve carbon fixation and the haloarchaeal membrane protein pump constitutes one of the simplest known bioenergetic systems for harvesting light energy microorganisms with purple and green photopigments frequently coexist in stratified colonies known as microbial mats where they may utilize complementary regions of the solar spectrum coexistence of purple and green pigmentcontaining microorganisms in many environments suggests their coevolution it is possible that the early earths biosphere was dominated by retinalpowered archaeal colonies that absorbed all the green light leaving the eubacteria that lived in their shadows to evolve utilizing the residual red and blue light spectrum however when porphy'
|
+| 15 | - '##es an enzyme with histone methyltransferase activity capable of methylating histones at different chromosome loci or at the level of ribosomal dna rdna in the nucleolus'
- '##mal digestive tract greatest protein expression values appeared in the muscle tissues as well in addition to some in the lung gastrointestinal tract liver gallbladder and bone marrow lymphoid tissuesclip4 protein expression seems to be highly expressed during ada3 deficiency there also exists a higher trend towards higher clip4 expression in the absence of u28 common transcription factor binding sites these transcription factors were chosen and organized based on proximity to the promoter and matrix similarity the human clip4 mrna sequence has 12 stemloop structures in its 5 utr and 13 stemloop structures in its 3 utr of those secondary structures there are 12 conserved stemloop secondary structures in the 5utr as well as 1 conserved stemloop secondary structure in the 3 utr the human clip4 protein is localized within the cellular nuclear membrane clip4 does not have a signal peptide due to its intracellular localization it also does not have nlinked glycosylation sites for that same reason clip4 is not cleaved however numerous olinked glycosylation sites are present a high density of phosphorylation sites are present in the 400599 amino acid positions on the clip4 protein although many are also present throughout the rest of the protein capgly domains are often associated with microtubule regulation in addition ankyrin repeats are known to mediate proteinprotein interactions furthermore clip1 a paralog of clip4 in humans is known to bind to microtubules and regulate the microtubule cytoskeleton the clip4 protein is also predicted to interact with various microtubuleassociated proteins as a result it is likely that the clip4 protein although uncharacterized is associated with microtubule regulation the clip4 protein is predicted to interact with many proteins associated with microtubules namely mapre1 mapre2 and mapre3 it is also predicted to interact with ckap5 and dctn1 a cytoskeletonassociated protein and dynactinassociated protein respectively clip4 activity is correlated with the spread of renal cell carcinomas rccs within the host and could therefore be a potential biomarker for rcc metastasis in cancer patients additionally measurement of promotor methylation levels of clip4 using a global methylation dna index reveals that higher methylation of clip4 is associated with an increase in severity of gastritis to possibly gastric cancer this indicates that clip4 could be used for early detection of gastric cancer a similar finding was also'
- 'since older premenopausal women ordinarily have normal progeny their capability for meiotic recombinational repair appears to be sufficient to prevent deterioration of their germline despite the reduction in ovarian reserve dna damages may arise in the germline during the decades long period in humans between early oocytogenesis and the stage of meiosis in which homologous chromosomes are effectively paired dictyate stage it has been suggested that such dna damages may be removed in large part by mechanisms dependent on chromosome pairing such as homologous recombination some algae and the oomycetes produce eggs in oogonia in the brown alga fucus all four egg cells survive oogenesis which is an exception to the rule that generally only one product of female meiosis survives to maturity in plants oogenesis occurs inside the female gametophyte via mitosis in many plants such as bryophytes ferns and gymnosperms egg cells are formed in archegonia in flowering plants the female gametophyte has been reduced to an eightcelled embryo sac within the ovule inside the ovary of the flower oogenesis occurs within the embryo sac and leads to the formation of a single egg cell per ovule in ascaris the oocyte does not even begin meiosis until the sperm touches it in contrast to mammals where meiosis is completed in the estrus cycle in female drosophila flies genetic recombination occurs during meiosis this recombination is associated with formation of dna doublestrand breaks and the repair of these breaks the repair process leads to crossover recombinants as well as at least three times as many noncrossover recombinants eg arising by gene conversion without crossover anisogamy archegonium evolution of sexual reproduction female infertility female reproductive system meiosis oncofertility oogonium oocyte origin and function of meiosis sexual reproduction spermatogenesis'
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+| 12 | - '##c 14lefta14a222a4right the group c4 also acts on the unordered pairs of elements of x in a natural way any permutation g would send xy → x g y g where x g is the image of the element x under the permutation g the set x is now a b c d e f where a 12 b 23 c 34 d 14 e 13 and f 24 these elements can be thought of as the sides and diagonals of the square or in a completely different setting as the edges of the complete graph k4 acting on this new set the four group elements are now represented by a d c be f a cb def a b c de f and e abcdef and the cycle index of this action is z c 4 1 4 a 1 6 a 1 2 a 2 2 2 a 2 a 4 displaystyle zc4frac 14lefta16a12a222a2a4right the group c4 can also act on the ordered pairs of elements of x in the same natural way any permutation g would send xy → x g y g in this case we would also have ordered pairs of the form x x the elements of x could be thought of as the arcs of the complete digraph d4 with loops at each vertex the cycle index in this case would be z c 4 1 4 a 1 16 a 2 8 2 a 4 4 displaystyle zc4frac 14lefta116a282a44right as the above example shows the cycle index depends on the group action and not on the abstract group since there are many permutation representations of an abstract group it is useful to have some terminology to distinguish them when an abstract group is defined in terms of permutations it is a permutation group and the group action is the identity homomorphism this is referred to as the natural action the symmetric group s3 in its natural action has the elements s 3 e 23 12 123 132 13 displaystyle s3e231212313213 and so its cycle index is z s 3 1 6 a 1 3 3 a 1 a 2 2 a 3 displaystyle zs3frac 16lefta133a1a22a3right a permutation group g on the set x is transitive if for every pair of elements x and y in x there is at least one g in g such that y x g a transitive permutation group is regular or sometimes referred to as sharply transitive if'
- 'partition 521 and ρ is the partition 3311 the shape partition λ specifies that the tableau must have three rows the first having 5 boxes the second having 2 boxes and the third having 1 box the type partition ρ specifies that the tableau must be filled with three 1s three 2s one 3 and one 4 there are six such borderstrip tableaux if we call these t 1 displaystyle t1 t 2 displaystyle t2 t 3 displaystyle t3 t 4 displaystyle t4 t 5 displaystyle t5 and t 6 displaystyle t6 then their heights are h t t 1 0 1 0 0 1 h t t 2 1 0 0 0 1 h t t 3 1 0 0 0 1 h t t 4 2 0 0 0 2 h t t 5 2 0 0 0 2 h t t 6 2 1 0 0 3 displaystyle beginalignedhtt101001htt210001htt310001htt420002htt520002htt621003endaligned and the character value is therefore χ 3 3 1 1 5 2 1 − 1 1 − 1 1 − 1 1 − 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 3 − 1 − 1 − 1 1 1 − 1 − 2 displaystyle chi 33115211111111212131111112 theorem χ ρ λ [UNK] ξ ∈ b s λ ρ 1 − 1 h t ξ χ ρ [UNK] ρ 1 λ [UNK] ξ displaystyle chi rho lambda sum xi in bslambda rho 11htxi chi rho backslash rho 1lambda backslash xi where the sum is taken over the set bsλρ1 of border strips within the young diagram of shape λ that have ρ1 boxes and whose removal leaves a valid young diagram the notation λ [UNK] ξ displaystyle lambda backslash xi represents the partition that results from removing the border strip ξ from λ the notation ρ [UNK] ρ 1 displaystyle rho backslash rho 1 represents the partition that results from removing the first element ρ1 from ρ note that the righthand side is a sum of characters for symmetric groups that have smaller order than that of the symmetric group we started with on the lefthand side in other words this version of the murnaghannakayama rule expresses a character of the symmetric group sn in terms of the characters of smaller symmetric groups sk with kn applying this rule recursively will result in a tree of character value evaluations for smaller and smaller partitions each branch stops for one of two reasons'
- 'than t players can such a system is called a t nthreshold scheme an oavt n1 v t may be used to construct a perfect t nthreshold scheme let a be the orthogonal array the first n columns will be used to provide shares to the players while the last column represents the secret to be shared if the dealer wishes to share a secret s only the rows of a whose last entry is s are used in the scheme the dealer randomly selects one of these rows and hands out to player i the entry in this row in column i as shares a factorial experiment is a statistically structured experiment in which several factors watering levels antibiotics fertilizers etc are applied to each experimental unit at finitely many levels which may be quantitative or qualitative in a full factorial experiment all combinations of levels of the factors need to be tested in a fractional factorial design only a subset of treatment combinations are used an orthogonal array can be used to design a fractional factorial experiment the columns represent the various factors and the entries are the levels at which the factors are observed an experimental run is a row of the orthogonal array that is a specific combination of factor levels the strength of the array determines the resolution of the fractional design when using one of these designs the treatment units and trial order should be randomized as much as the design allows for example one recommendation is that an appropriately sized orthogonal array be randomly selected from those available and that the run order then be randomized mixedlevel designs occur naturally in the statistical setting orthogonal arrays played a central role in the development of taguchi methods by genichi taguchi which took place during his visit to indian statistical institute in the early 1950s his methods were successfully applied and adopted by japanese and indian industries and subsequently were also embraced by us industry albeit with some reservations taguchis catalog contains both fixed and mixedlevel arrays orthogonal array testing is a black box testing technique which is a systematic statistical way of software testing it is used when the number of inputs to the system is relatively small but too large to allow for exhaustive testing of every possible input to the systems it is particularly effective in finding errors associated with faulty logic within computer software systems orthogonal arrays can be applied in user interface testing system testing regression testing and performance testing the permutations of factor levels comprising a single treatment are so chosen that their responses are uncorrelated and hence each treatment gives a unique piece of information the net effect of organizing the experiment in such treatments is that the same piece of information is gathered in the minimum number of experiments'
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+| 30 | - '##trolled analgesia intrathecal pump an external or implantable intrathecal pump infuses a local anesthetic such as bupivacaine andor an opioid such as morphine andor ziconotide andor some other nonopioid analgesic as clonidine currently only morphine and ziconotide are the only agents approved by the us food and drug administration for it analgesia directly into the fluidfilled space the subarachnoid cavity between the spinal cord and its protective sheath providing enhanced analgesia with reduced systemic side effects this can reduce the level of pain in otherwise intractable caseslongterm epidural catheter the outer layer of the sheath surrounding the spinal cord is called the dura mater between this and the surrounding vertebrae is the epidural space filled with connective tissue fat and blood vessels and crossed by the spinal nerve roots a longterm epidural catheter may be inserted into this space for three to six months to deliver anesthetics or analgesics the line carrying the drug may be threaded under the skin to emerge at the front of the person a process called tunneling recommended with longterm use to reduce the chance of any infection at the exit site reaching the epidural space spinal cord stimulation electrical stimulation of the dorsal columns of the spinal cord can produce analgesia first the leads are implanted guided by fluoroscopy and feedback from the patient and the generator is worn externally for several days to assess efficacy if pain is reduced by more than half the therapy is deemed to be suitable a small pocket is cut into the tissue beneath the skin of the upper buttocks chest wall or abdomen and the leads are threaded under the skin from the stimulation site to the pocket where they are attached to the snugly fitting generator it seems to be more helpful with neuropathic and ischemic pain than nociceptive pain but current evidence is too weak to recommend its use in the treatment of cancer pain due to the poor quality of most studies of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of cancer pain it is not possible to recommend integration of these therapies into the management of cancer pain there is weak evidence for a modest benefit from hypnosis studies of massage therapy produced mixed results and none found pain relief after 4 weeks reiki and touch therapy results were inconclusive acupuncture the most studied such treatment has demonstrated no benefit as an adjunct analgesic in cancer pain the evidence for music therapy is equivocal'
- 'anaplasia from ancient greek ανα ana backward πλασις plasis formation is a condition of cells with poor cellular differentiation losing the morphological characteristics of mature cells and their orientation with respect to each other and to endothelial cells the term also refers to a group of morphological changes in a cell nuclear pleomorphism altered nuclearcytoplasmic ratio presence of nucleoli high proliferation index that point to a possible malignant transformationsuch loss of structural differentiation is especially seen in most but not all malignant neoplasms sometimes the term also includes an increased capacity for multiplication lack of differentiation is considered a hallmark of aggressive malignancies for example it differentiates leiomyosarcomas from leiomyomas the term anaplasia literally means to form backward it implies dedifferentiation or loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells it is now known however that at least some cancers arise from stem cells in tissues in these tumors failure of differentiation rather than dedifferentiation of specialized cells account for undifferentiated tumors anaplastic cells display marked pleomorphism variability the nuclei are characteristically extremely hyperchromatic darkly stained and large the nuclearcytoplasmic ratio may approach 11 instead of the normal 14 or 16 giant cells that are considerably larger than their neighbors may be formed and possess either one enormous nucleus or several nuclei syncytia anaplastic nuclei are variable and bizarre in size and shape the chromatin is coarse and clumped and nucleoli may be of astounding size more important mitoses are often numerous and distinctly atypical anarchic multiple spindles may be seen and sometimes appear as tripolar or quadripolar forms also anaplastic cells usually fail to develop recognizable patterns of orientation to one another ie they lose normal polarity they may grow in sheets with total loss of communal structures such as gland formation or stratified squamous architecture anaplasia is the most extreme disturbance in cell growth encountered in the spectrum of cellular proliferations pleomorphism list of biological development disorders'
- 'human papillomavirus hpv liver hepatitis b virus hbv and hepatitis c virus hcv stomach helicobacter pylori h pylori lymphoid tissues epsteinbarr virus ebv nasopharynx ebv urinary bladder schistosoma hematobium and biliary tract opisthorchis viverrini clonorchis sinensis cancer has been thought to be a preventable disease since the time of roman physician galen who observed that unhealthy diet was correlated with cancer incidence in 1713 italian physician ramazzini hypothesized that abstinence caused lower rates of cervical cancer in nuns further observation in the 18th century led to the discovery that certain chemicals such as tobacco soot and tar leading to scrotal cancer in chimney sweepers as reported by percivall pot in 1775 could serve as carcinogens for humans although potts suggested preventive measures for chimney sweeps wearing clothes to prevent contact bodily contact with soot his suggestions were only put into practice in holland resulting in decreasing rates of scrotal cancer in chimney sweeps later the 19th century brought on the onset of the classification of chemical carcinogensin the early 20th century physical and biological carcinogens such as x ray radiation or the rous sarcoma virus discovered 1911 were identified despite observed correlation of environmental or chemical factors with cancer development there was a deficit of formal prevention research and lifestyle changes for cancer prevention were not feasible during this timein europe in 1987 the european commission launched the european code against cancer to help educate the public about actions they can take to reduce their risk of getting cancer the first version of the code covered 10 recommendations covering tobacco alcohol diet weight sun exposure exposure to known carcinogens early detection and participation in organised breast and cervical cancer screening programmes in the early 1990s the european school of oncology led a review of the code and added details about the scientific evidence behind each of the recommendations later updates were coordinated by the international agency for research on cancer the fourth edition of the code 1 developed in 2012 ‒ 2013 also includes recommendations on participation in vaccination programmes for hepatitis b infants and human papillomavirus girls breast feeding and hormone replacement therapy and participation in organised colorectal cancer screening programmes brca1 and brca2 genetic blood test to verify familiar predisposizione to cancer microplastics ingested through diet human genetic enhancement the cancer prevention and treatment fund world cancer day'
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+| 14 | - '##als knockout similarly overexpression of either the nodal squintcyclops or oep with the knockout of the other does not show phenotypical differences this evidence coupled with the data that overexpression of oep shows no phenotype corroborates the role of egfcfc as an essential cofactor in nodal signaling in mouse frog and fish dapper2 is a negative regulator of mesoderm formation acting through the downregulation of the wnt and tgfβ nodal signaling pathways in zebrafish nodal is known to activate the gene expression of dapper2 in the cell surface dapper2 tightly binds to the active form of the activin type 1 receptors and targets the receptor for lysosomal degradation dapper2 overexpression mimics nodal coreceptor loss of function because nodal signal cannot be transduced and therefore it produces less mesoderm in the mouse embryo dpr2 mrna is located across all the embryo 75 days post conception dpc however its location changes at 85dpc where it is observed at the prospective somites and by 10dpc neural tube otic vesicle and gut because dapper2 and nodal are expressed in the same region this suggests that dapper antagonizes mesoderm induction signals derived from nodal somehow the reduction of activin receptors would lead to the decrease in activity of different tgfb pathways smad proteins are responsible for transducing nodal signals into the nucleus the binding of nodal proteins to activin or activinlike serinethreonine kinase receptors results in the phosphorylation of smad2 smad2 will then associate with smad4 and translocate into the nucleus thereby stimulating transcription of nodal target genes evidence has been shown that another smad smad3 can be phosphorylated by activated receptors and may also function as an activator of nodal genes however knockout of smad2 in mice leads to disruption of the formation of the primitive streak this is not sufficient to knockdown all mesoendodermal genes showing that smad3 has some overlapping function with smad2 however the expression of these genes is ubiquitous in smad2 ko embryos whereas it is limited in the wild type smad3 knockouts do not have a phenotype showing that expression overlap with smad2 is sufficient normal development molecules affecting nodal activation via smad ectodermin negatively regulates the'
- 'blastocyst cavity and fill it with loosely packed cells when the extraembryonic mesoderm is separated into two portions a new gap arises called the gestational sac this new cavity is responsible for detaching the embryo and its amnion and yolk sac from the far wall of the blastocyst which is now named the chorion when the extraembryonic mesoderm splits into two layers the amnion yolk sac and chorion also become doublelayered the amnion and chorion are composed of extraembryonic ectoderm and mesoderm whereas the yolk sac is composed of extraembryonic endoderm and mesoderm by day 13 the connecting stalk a dense portion of extraembryonic mesoderm restrains the embryonic disc in the gestational sac like the amnion the yolk sac is a fetal membrane that surrounds a cavity formation of the definitive yolk sac occurs after the extraembryonic mesoderm splits and it becomes a double layered structure with hypoblastderived endoderm on the inside and mesoderm surrounding the outside the definitive yolk sac contributes greatly to the embryo during the fourth week of development and executes critical functions for the embryo one of which being the formation of blood or hematopoiesis also primordial germ cells are first found in the wall of the yolk sac before primordial germ cell migration after the fourth week of development the growing embryonic disc becomes much larger than the yolk sac and eventually involutes before birth uncommonly the yolk sac may persist as the vitelline duct and cause a congenital out pouching of the digestive tract called meckels diverticulum in the third week gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak gastrulation occurs when pluripotent stem cells differentiate into the three germ cell layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm during gastrulation cells of the epiblast migrate towards the primitive streak enter it and then move apart from it through a process called ingression on day 16 epiblast cells that are next to the primitive streak experience epithelialtomesenchymal transformation as they ingress through the primitive streak the first wave of epiblast cells takes over the hypoblast which slowly becomes replaced by new cells that eventually constitute the definitive endoderm the definitive endoderm is'
- 'mutations in these genes of drosophila suggests that segment polarity genes interactions are also responsible for neuroblast division affecting the quantity of neuroblasts as well as their specificity'
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+| 40 | - 'also called the fat cantor set − a closed nowhere dense and thus meagre subset of the unit interval 0 1 displaystyle 01 that has positive lebesgue measure and is not a jordan measurable set the complement of the fat cantor set in jordan measure is a bounded open set that is not jordan measurable alexandrov topology lexicographic order topology on the unit square order topology lawson topology poset topology upper topology scott topology scott continuity priestley space roys lattice space split interval also called the alexandrov double arrow space and the two arrows space − all compact separable ordered spaces are orderisomorphic to a subset of the split interval it is compact hausdorff hereditarily lindelof and hereditarily separable but not metrizable its metrizable subspaces are all countable specialization preorder branching line − a nonhausdorff manifold double origin topology e8 manifold − a topological manifold that does not admit a smooth structure euclidean topology − the natural topology on euclidean space r n displaystyle mathbb r n induced by the euclidean metric which is itself induced by the euclidean norm real line − r displaystyle mathbb r unit interval − 0 1 displaystyle 01 extended real number line fake 4ball − a compact contractible topological 4manifold house with two rooms − a contractible 2dimensional simplicial complex that is not collapsible klein bottle lens space line with two origins also called the bugeyed line − it is a nonhausdorff manifold it is locally homeomorphic to euclidean space and thus locally metrizable but not metrizable and locally hausdorff but not hausdorff it is also a t1 locally regular space but not a semiregular space prufer manifold − a hausdorff 2dimensional real analytic manifold that is not paracompact real projective line torus 3torus solid torus unknot whitehead manifold − an open 3manifold that is contractible but not homeomorphic to r 3 displaystyle mathbb r 3 gieseking manifold − a cusped hyperbolic 3manifold of finite volume horosphere horocycle picard horn seifert – weber space gabriels horn − it has infinite surface area but finite volume lakes of wada − three disjoint connected open sets of r 2 displaystyle mathbb r 2 or 0 1 2 displaystyle 012 that they all have the same boundary hantzsche – wendt manifold − a compact orientable flat 3manifold it is'
- '∇ x v κ v ∗ x displaystyle begincasesnabla gamma tmtimes gamma eto gamma enabla xvkappa vxendcases induced by an ehresmann connection is a covariant derivative on γe in the sense that ∇ x y v ∇ x v ∇ y v ∇ λ x v λ ∇ x v ∇ x v w ∇ x v ∇ x w ∇ x λ v λ ∇ x v ∇ x f v x f v f ∇ x v displaystyle beginalignednabla xyvnabla xvnabla yvnabla lambda xvlambda nabla xvnabla xvwnabla xvnabla xwnabla xlambda vlambda nabla xvnabla xfvxfvfnabla xvendaligned if and only if the connector map is linear with respect to the secondary vector bundle structure te p∗ tm on te then the connection is called linear note that the connector map is automatically linear with respect to the tangent bundle structure te πte e connection vector bundle double tangent bundle ehresmann connection vector bundle'
- 'phi varepsilon mathcal rdelta phi cup leftdelta phi varepsilon right in other words a nonempty set equipped with the proximal relator r δ φ ε displaystyle mathcal rdelta phi varepsilon has underlying structure provided by the proximal relator r δ φ displaystyle mathcal rdelta phi and provides a basis for the study of tolerance near sets in x displaystyle x that are near within some tolerance sets a b displaystyle ab in a descriptive pseudometric proximal relator space x r δ φ ε displaystyle xmathcal rdelta phi varepsilon are tolerance near sets ie a δ φ ε b displaystyle a delta phi varepsilon b provided d φ a b ε displaystyle dphi abvarepsilon relations with the same formal properties as similarity relations of sensations considered by poincare are nowadays after zeeman called tolerance relations a tolerance τ displaystyle tau on a set o displaystyle o is a relation τ ⊆ o × o displaystyle tau subseteq otimes o that is reflexive and symmetric in algebra the term tolerance relation is also used in a narrow sense to denote reflexive and symmetric relations defined on universes of algebras that are also compatible with operations of a given algebra ie they are generalizations of congruence relations see eg in referring to such relations the term algebraic tolerance or the term algebraic tolerance relation is used transitive tolerance relations are equivalence relations a set o displaystyle o together with a tolerance τ displaystyle tau is called a tolerance space denoted o τ displaystyle otau a set a ⊆ o displaystyle asubseteq o is a τ displaystyle tau preclass or briefly preclass when τ displaystyle tau is understood if and only if for any x y ∈ a displaystyle xyin a x y ∈ τ displaystyle xyin tau the family of all preclasses of a tolerance space is naturally ordered by set inclusion and preclasses that are maximal with respect to set inclusion are called τ displaystyle tau classes or just classes when τ displaystyle tau is understood the family of all classes of the space o τ displaystyle otau is particularly interesting and is denoted by h τ o displaystyle htau o the family h τ o displaystyle htau o is a covering of o displaystyle o the work on similarity by poincare and zeeman presage the introduction of near sets and research on similarity relations eg in science and'
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+| 7 | - 'puretone audiometry is the main hearing test used to identify hearing threshold levels of an individual enabling determination of the degree type and configuration of a hearing loss and thus providing a basis for diagnosis and management puretone audiometry is a subjective behavioural measurement of a hearing threshold as it relies on patient responses to pure tone stimuli therefore puretone audiometry is only used on adults and children old enough to cooperate with the test procedure as with most clinical tests standardized calibration of the test environment the equipment and the stimuli is needed before testing proceeds in reference to iso ansi or other standardization body puretone audiometry only measures audibility thresholds rather than other aspects of hearing such as sound localization and speech recognition however there are benefits to using puretone audiometry over other forms of hearing test such as click auditory brainstem response abr puretone audiometry provides ear specific thresholds and uses frequency specific pure tones to give place specific responses so that the configuration of a hearing loss can be identified as puretone audiometry uses both air and bone conduction audiometry the type of loss can also be identified via the airbone gap although puretone audiometry has many clinical benefits it is not perfect at identifying all losses such as ‘ dead regions ’ of the cochlea and neuropathies such as auditory processing disorder apd this raises the question of whether or not audiograms accurately predict someones perceived degree of disability the current international organization for standardization iso standard for puretone audiometry is iso82531 which was first published in 1983 the current american national standards institute ansi standard for puretone audiometry is ansiasa s3212004 prepared by the acoustical society of america in the united kingdom the british society of audiology bsa is responsible for publishing the recommended procedure for puretone audiometry as well as many other audiological procedures the british recommended procedure is based on international standards although there are some differences the bsarecommended procedures are in accordance with the iso82531 standard the bsarecommended procedures provide a best practice test protocol for professionals to follow increasing validity and allowing standardisation of results across britainin the united states the american speech – language – hearing association asha published guidelines for manual puretone threshold audiometry in 2005 there are cases where conventional puretone audiometry is not an appropriate or effective method of threshold testing procedural changes to the conventional test method may be necessary with populations who are unable to cooperate with the test in order to obtain hearing thresholds sound field audiometry may be more suitable when patients are unable to wear ear'
- '2015 the ahaah model has not been adopted by the nato communityboth niosh and the us army aeromedical research laboratories funded research to investigate the classical conditioning that has been integral to the warned ahaah model in the warned mode the middle ear muscles are assumed to be already contracted in the unwarned mode the middle ear muscles are contracted after a loud sound exceeds a threshold of about 134 db peak spl several studies conducted between 2014 and 2020 have examined the prevalence and reliability of the memc according to a nationally representative survey of more than 15000 persons the prevalence of the acoustic reflex measured in persons aged 18 to 30 was less than 90 a followon study that carefully assessed 285 persons with normal hearing concluded that acoustic reflexes are not pervasive and should not be included in damage risk criteria and health assessments for impulsive noise the anticipatory contraction integral to the warned response is not reliable in persons with normal hearing the completion of the usaarl live fire exposure study demonstrated that the early activation of the memc was not present in 18 of 19 subjects during tests with an m4rifle using live ammunition experienced shooters according to the hypothesis of the ahaah developers would exhibit an early contraction that precedes the trigger pull the warned hypothesis was demonstrated to be insufficiently prevalent to merit including the memc in subsequent damage risk criteria'
- 'a direct acoustic cochlear implant also daci is an acoustic implant which converts sound in mechanical vibrations that stimulate directly the perilymph inside the cochlea the hearing function of the external and middle ear is being taken over by a little motor of a cochlear implant directly stimulating the cochlea with a daci people with no or almost no residual hearing but with a still functioning inner ear can again perceive speech sounds and music daci is an official product category as indicated by the nomenclature of gmdna daci tries to provide an answer for people with hearing problems for which no solution exists today people with some problems at the level of the cochlea can be helped with a hearing aid a hearing aid will absorb the incoming sound from a microphone and offer enhanced through the natural way for larger reinforcements this may cause problems with feedback and distortion a hearing aid also simply provides more loudness no more resolution users will view this often as all sounds louder but i understand nothing more than before once a hearing aid offers no solution anymore one can switch to a cochlear implant a cochlear implant captures the sound and sends it electrically through the cochlea to the auditory nerve in this way completely deaf patients can perceive sounds again however as soon as there are problems not only at the level of the cochlea but also in the middle ear the socalled conductive losses then there are more efficient ways to get sound to the partially functioning cochlea the most obvious solution is a baha which brings the sound to the cochlea via bone conduction however patients who have both problems with the cochlea as with the middle ear ie patients with mixed losses none of the above solutions is ideal to this end the direct acoustic cochlear implant was developed a daci brings the sound directly to the cochlea and provides the most natural way of sound amplification the first daci was implanted in hannover in belgium the first daci was implanted at the catholic university hospital of leuven in the netherlands the radboud clinic in nijmegen was the first while in poland it was first implanted at the institute of physiology and pathology of hearing in warsaw baha hearing cochlear implant'
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+| 26 | - 'splat quenching is a metallurgical metal morphing technique used for forming metals with a particular crystal structure by means of extremely rapid quenching or cooling a typical technique for splat quenching involves casting molten metal by pouring it between two massive cooled copper rollers that are constantly chilled by the circulation of water these provide a nearinstant quench because of the large surface area in close contact with the melt the thin sheet formed has a low ratio of volume relative to the area used for cooling products that are formed through this process have a crystal structure that is nearamorphous or noncrystalline they are commonly used for their valuable magnetic properties specifically high magnetic permeability this makes them useful for magnetic shielding and for lowloss transformer cores in electrical grids the process of splat quenching involves rapid quenching or cooling of molten metal a typical procedure for splat quenching involves pouring the molten metal between two cooled copper rollers that are circulated with water to transfer the heat away from the metal causing it to almost instantaneously solidifya more efficient splat quenching technique is duwezs and willens gun technique their technique produces higher rates of cooling of the droplet of metal because the sample is propelled at high velocities and hits a quencher plate causing its surface area to increase which immediately solidifies the metal this allows for a wider range of metals that can be quenched and be given amorphouslike features instead of the general iron alloyanother technique involves the consecutive spraying of the molten metal onto a chemical vapor deposition surface however the layers do not fuse together as desired and this causes oxides to be contained in the structure and pores to form around the structure manufacturing companies take an interest in the resultant products because of their nearnet shaping capabilities some varying factors in splat quenching are the drop size and velocity of the metal in ensuring the complete solidification of the metal in cases where the volume of the drop is too large or the velocity is too slow the metal will not solidify past equilibrium causing it to remelt therefore experiments are carried out to determine the precise volume and velocity of the droplet that will ensure complete solidification of a certain metal intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the glassforming ability of metallic alloys were analyzed and classified the nearinstantaneous quenching of the metal causes the metal to have a nearamorphous crystalline structure which is very uncharacteristic of a'
- 'object these tend to consist of either cooling different areas of an alloy at different rates by quickly heating in a localized area and then quenching by thermochemical diffusion or by tempering different areas of an object at different temperatures such as in differential tempering differential hardening some techniques allow different areas of a single object to receive different heat treatments this is called differential hardening it is common in high quality knives and swords the chinese jian is one of the earliest known examples of this and the japanese katana may be the most widely known the nepalese khukuri is another example this technique uses an insulating layer like layers of clay to cover the areas that are to remain soft the areas to be hardened are left exposed allowing only certain parts of the steel to fully harden when quenched flame hardening flame hardening is used to harden only a portion of the metal unlike differential hardening where the entire piece is heated and then cooled at different rates in flame hardening only a portion of the metal is heated before quenching this is usually easier than differential hardening but often produces an extremely brittle zone between the heated metal and the unheated metal as cooling at the edge of this heataffected zone is extremely rapid induction hardening induction hardening is a surface hardening technique in which the surface of the metal is heated very quickly using a nocontact method of induction heating the alloy is then quenched producing a martensite transformation at the surface while leaving the underlying metal unchanged this creates a very hard wearresistant surface while maintaining the proper toughness in the majority of the object crankshaft journals are a good example of an induction hardened surface case hardening case hardening is a thermochemical diffusion process in which an alloying element most commonly carbon or nitrogen diffuses into the surface of a monolithic metal the resulting interstitial solid solution is harder than the base material which improves wear resistance without sacrificing toughnesslaser surface engineering is a surface treatment with high versatility selectivity and novel properties since the cooling rate is very high in laser treatment metastable even metallic glass can be obtained by this method although quenching steel causes the austenite to transform into martensite all of the austenite usually does not transform some austenite crystals will remain unchanged even after quenching below the martensite finish mf temperature further transformation of the austenite into martensite can be induced by slowly cooling the metal to extremely low temperatures cold treating generally consists of cooling the steel to around [UNK]'
- 'false brinelling is a bearing damage caused by fretting with or without corrosion that causes imprints that look similar to brinelling but are caused by a different mechanism false brinelling may occur in bearings which act under small oscillations or vibrationsthe basic cause of false brinelling is that the design of the bearing does not have a method for redistribution of lubricant without large rotational movement of all bearing surfaces in the raceway lubricant is pushed out of a loaded region during small oscillatory movements and vibration where the bearings surfaces repeatedly do not move very far without lubricant wear is increased when the small oscillatory movements occur again it is possible for the resulting wear debris to oxidize and form an abrasive compound which further accelerates wear in normal operation a rollingelement bearing has the rollers and races separated by a thin layer of lubricant such as grease or oil although these lubricants normally appear liquid not solid under high pressure they act as solids and keep the bearing and race from touchingif the lubricant is removed the bearings and races can touch directly while bearings and races appear smooth to the eye they are microscopically rough thus high points of each surface can touch but valleys do not the bearing load is thus spread over much less area increasing the contact stress causing pieces of each surface to break off or to become pressurewelded then break off when the bearing rolls on the brokenoff pieces are also called wear debris wear debris is bad because it is relatively large compared to the surrounding surface finish and thus creates more regions of high contact stress worse the steel in ordinary bearings can oxidize rust producing a more abrasive compound which accelerates wear the simulation of false brinelling is possible with the help of the finite element method for the simulation the relative displacements slip between rolling element and raceway as well as the pressure in the rolling contact are determined for comparison between simulation and experiments the friction work density is used which is the product of friction coefficient slip and local pressure the simulation results can be used to determine critical application parameters or to explain the damage mechanisms physical simulation of the false brinelling mechanism has been standardized since the 1980s in the fafnir bearing test instrument where two sets of thrust ball bearings are compressed with a fixed load and the bearings are oscillated by an excentric arm under standardised conditions this culminated in the astm d4170 standard although an old method this is still the leading quality control method for greases that need'
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+| 35 | - 'aeolian processes also spelled eolian pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the winds ability to shape the surface of the earth or other planets winds may erode transport and deposit materials and are effective agents in regions with sparse vegetation a lack of soil moisture and a large supply of unconsolidated sediments although water is a much more powerful eroding force than wind aeolian processes are important in arid environments such as desertsthe term is derived from the name of the greek god aeolus the keeper of the winds aeolian processes are those processes of erosion transport and deposition of sediments that are caused by wind at or near the surface of the earth sediment deposits produced by the action of wind and the sedimentary structures characteristic of these deposits are also described as aeolianaeolian processes are most important in areas where there is little or no vegetation however aeolian deposits are not restricted to arid climates they are also seen along shorelines along stream courses in semiarid climates in areas of ample sand weathered from weakly cemented sandstone outcrops and in areas of glacial outwashloess which is silt deposited by wind is common in humid to subhumid climates much of north america and europe are underlain by sand and loess of pleistocene age originating from glacial outwashthe lee downwind side of river valleys in semiarid regions are often blanketed with sand and sand dunes examples in north america include the platte arkansas and missouri rivers wind erodes the earths surface by deflation the removal of loose finegrained particles by the turbulent action of the wind and by abrasion the wearing down of surfaces by the grinding action and sandblasting by windborne particles once entrained in the wind collisions between particles further break them down a process called attritionworldwide erosion by water is more important than erosion by wind but wind erosion is important in semiarid and arid regions wind erosion is increased by some human activities such as the use of 4x4 vehicles deflation is the lifting and removal of loose material from the surface by wind turbulence it takes place by three mechanisms tractionsurface creep saltation and suspension traction or surface creep is a process of larger grains sliding or rolling across the surface saltation refers to particles bouncing across the surface for short distances suspended particles are fully entrained in the wind which carries them for long distances saltation likely accounts for 50 – 70 of deflation while suspension accounts for 30 – 40 and surface creep accounts for 5 – 25 regions which experience'
- 'an anthrosol or anthropogenic soil in the world reference base for soil resources wrb is a type of soil that has been formed or heavily modified due to longterm human activity such as from irrigation addition of organic waste or wetfield cultivation used to create paddy fields such soils can be formed from any parent soil and are commonly found in areas where agriculture has been practiced for centuries anthrosols can be found worldwide though they tend to have different soil horizons in different regions for example in northwestern europe anthrosols commonly have plaggic or terric strongly affected by manure horizons and together they cover some 500000 hectares due to the broad range of anthrosol compositions and structures compared to other soils of the same order of classification there is debate on whether anthrosol should be included as an independent soil group anthrosols can have different characteristics based on their origins a high phosphate concentration is a common indicator of decaying organic matter such as bones tissue or excrement a dark color can also be the result of a high amount of organic matter or of calcium carbonate iron and manganese a high ph or carbonate concentration in anthropogenic terms is likely the result of the addition of wood ash to the soil presence of human artifacts such as tools and waste can also be present in anthrosols other indicators include nitrogen calcium potassium magnesium iron copper and zinc concentrations the presence of anthrosols can be used to detect longterm human habitation and has been used by archaeologists to identify sites of interest anthrosols that can indicate such activity can be described as for instance plaggic from the longterm use of manure to enrich soil irragric from the use of flood or surface irrigation hortic from deep cultivation manure use and presence of other anthropogenic organic matter such as kitchen waste anthraquic from anthropos – man and aqua – water – meaning produced by manmade soil moisture management including irrigation or terracing anthrosols can be detected by visual inspection of soils or even from satellite imagery because of a high concentration of minerals and in particular decayed organic matter anthrosols are useful for agriculture in an environmental context wellmanaged anthrosols act as a carbon sink anthrepts from a different soil classification system necrosol technosols terra preta precolombian agriculture in the amazon basin howard j 2017 anthropogenic soils springer international publishing isbn 9783319543307 w zech p schad g hint'
- 'processes are seldom observed and because pedogenic processes change over time knowledge of soil genesis is imperative and basic to soil use and management human influence on or adjustment to the factors and processes of soil formation can be best controlled and planned using knowledge about soil genesis soils are natural clay factories clay includes both clay mineral structures and particles less than 2 µm in diameter shales worldwide are to a considerable extent simply soil clays that have been formed in the pedosphere and eroded and deposited in the ocean basins to become lithified at a later date olivier de serres vasily v dokuchaev friedrich albert fallou konstantin d glinka eugene w hilgard francis d hole hans jenny curtis f marbut bernard palissy agricultural sciences basic topics list of soil topics pedogenesis'
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+| 19 | - 'buildup of camp in the myocardium milrinone increases contractile force heart rate and the extent of relaxation the newest generation in pph pharmacy shows great promise bosentan is a nonspecific endothelinreceptor antagonist capable of neutralizing the most identifiable cirrhosis associated vasoconstrictor safely and efficaciously improving oxygenation and pvr especially in conjunction with sildenafil finally where the high pressures and pulmonary tree irritations of pph cause a medial thickening of the vessels smooth muscle migration and hyperplasia one can remove the cause – control the pressure transplant the liver – yet those morphological changes persist sometimes necessitating lung transplantation imatinib designed to treat chronic myeloid leukemia has been shown to reverse the pulmonary remodeling associated with pph following diagnosis mean survival of patients with pph is 15 months the survival of those with cirrhosis is sharply curtailed by pph but can be significantly extended by both medical therapy and liver transplantation provided the patient remains eligibleeligibility for transplantation is generally related to mean pulmonary artery pressure pap given the fear that those pph patients with high pap will have right heart failure following the stress of posttransplant reperfusion or in the immediate perioperative period patients are typically riskstratified based on mean pap indeed the operationrelated mortality rate is greater than 50 when preoperative mean pap values lie between 35 and 50 mm hg if mean pap exceeds 40 – 45 transplantation is associated with a perioperative mortality of 7080 in those cases without preoperative medical therapy patients then are considered to have a high risk of perioperative death once their mean pap exceeds 35 mmhgsurvival is best inferred from published institutional experiences at one institution without treatment 1year survival was 46 and 5year survival was 14 with medical therapy 1year survival was 88 and 5year survival was 55 survival at 5 years with medical therapy followed by liver transplantation was 67 at another institution of the 67 patients with pph from 1652 total cirrhotics evaluated for transplant half 34 were placed on the waiting list of these 16 48 were transplanted at a time when 25 of all patients who underwent full evaluation received new livers meaning the diagnosis of pph made a patient twice as likely to be transplanted once on the waiting list of those listed for transplant with pph 11 33 were eventually removed because of pph and 5 15 died on the'
- '##phorylaseb kinase deficiency gsd type xi gsd 11 fanconibickel syndrome glut2 deficiency hepatorenal glycogenosis with renal fanconi syndrome no longer considered a glycogen storage disease but a defect of glucose transport the designation of gsd type xi gsd 11 has been repurposed for muscle lactate dehydrogenase deficiency ldha gsd type xiv gsd 14 no longer classed as a gsd but as a congenital disorder of glycosylation type 1t cdg1t affects the phosphoglucomutase enzyme gene pgm1 phosphoglucomutase 1 deficiency is both a glycogenosis and a congenital disorder of glycosylation individuals with the disease have both a glycolytic block as muscle glycogen cannot be broken down as well as abnormal serum transferrin loss of complete nglycans as it affects glycogenolysis it has been suggested that it should redesignated as gsdxiv lafora disease is considered a complex neurodegenerative disease and also a glycogen metabolism disorder polyglucosan storage myopathies are associated with defective glycogen metabolism not mcardle disease same gene but different symptoms myophosphorylasea activity impaired autosomal dominant mutation on pygm gene ampindependent myophosphorylase activity impaired whereas the ampdependent activity was preserved no exercise intolerance adultonset muscle weakness accumulation of the intermediate filament desmin in the myofibers of the patients myophosphorylase comes in two forms form a is phosphorylated by phosporylase kinase form b is not phosphorylated both forms have two conformational states active r or relaxed and inactive t or tense when either form a or b are in the active state then the enzyme converts glycogen into glucose1phosphate myophosphorylaseb is allosterically activated by amp being in larger concentration than atp andor glucose6phosphate see glycogen phosphorylase § regulation unknown glycogenosis related to dystrophy gene deletion patient has a previously undescribed myopathy associated with both becker muscular dystrophy and a glycogen storage disorder of unknown aetiology methods to diagnose glycogen storage diseases include'
- 'groups at positions 3α and 7α this is 3α7αdihydroxy5βcholan24oic acid or as more usually known chenodeoxycholic acid this bile acid was first isolated from the domestic goose from which the cheno portion of the name was derived greek χην goose the 5β in the name denotes the orientation of the junction between rings a and b of the steroid nucleus in this case they are bent the term cholan denotes a particular steroid structure of 24 carbons and the 24oic acid indicates that the carboxylic acid is found at position 24 at the end of the sidechain chenodeoxycholic acid is made by many species and is the prototypic functional bile acidan alternative acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis is initiated by mitochondrial sterol 27hydroxylase cyp27a1 expressed in liver and also in macrophages and other tissues cyp27a1 contributes significantly to total bile acid synthesis by catalyzing sterol side chain oxidation after which cleavage of a threecarbon unit in the peroxisomes leads to formation of a c24 bile acid minor pathways initiated by 25hydroxylase in the liver and 24hydroxylase in the brain also may contribute to bile acid synthesis 7αhydroxylase cyp7b1 generates oxysterols which may be further converted in the liver to cdcacholic acid 3α7α12αtrihydroxy5βcholan24oic acid the most abundant bile acid in humans and many other species was discovered before chenodeoxycholic acid it is a trihydroxybile acid with 3 hydroxyl groups 3α 7α and 12α in its synthesis in the liver 12α hydroxylation is performed by the additional action of cyp8b1 as this had already been described the discovery of chenodeoxycholic acid with 2 hydroxyl groups made this new bile acid a deoxycholic acid in that it had one fewer hydroxyl group than cholic aciddeoxycholic acid is formed from cholic acid by 7dehydroxylation resulting in 2 hydroxyl groups 3α and 12α this process with chenodeoxycholic acid results in a bile acid with only a 3α hydroxyl group termed lithocholic acid litho stone having been identified first in a gallstone from a calf it is poorly watersoluble and rather toxic to cellsdifferent vertebrate families have evolved to use modifications of most'
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+| 20 | - 'sees it as a steady evolution of british parliamentary institutions benevolently watched over by whig aristocrats and steadily spreading social progress and prosperity it described a continuity of institutions and practices since anglosaxon times that lent to english history a special pedigree one that instilled a distinctive temper in the english nation as whigs liked to call it and an approach to the world which issued in law and lent legal precedent a role in preserving or extending the freedoms of englishmenpaul rapin de thoyrass history of england published in 1723 became the classic whig history for the first half of the eighteenth century rapin claimed that the english had preserved their ancient constitution against the absolutist tendencies of the stuarts however rapins history lost its place as the standard history of england in the late 18th century and early 19th century to that of david humewilliam blackstones commentaries on the laws of england 1765 – 1769 reveals many whiggish traitsaccording to arthur marwick however henry hallam was the first whig historian publishing constitutional history of england in 1827 which greatly exaggerated the importance of parliaments or of bodies whig historians thought were parliaments while tending to interpret all political struggles in terms of the parliamentary situation in britain during the nineteenth century in terms that is of whig reformers fighting the good fight against tory defenders of the status quo in the history of england 1754 – 1761 hume challenged whig views of the past and the whig historians in turn attacked hume but they could not dent his history in the early 19th century some whig historians came to incorporate humes views dominant for the previous fifty years these historians were members of the new whigs around charles james fox 1749 – 1806 and lord holland 1773 – 1840 in opposition until 1830 and so needed a new historical philosophy fox himself intended to write a history of the glorious revolution of 1688 but only managed the first year of james iis reign a fragment was published in 1808 james mackintosh then sought to write a whig history of the glorious revolution published in 1834 as the history of the revolution in england in 1688 hume still dominated english historiography but this changed when thomas babington macaulay entered the field utilising fox and mackintoshs work and manuscript collections macaulays history of england was published in a series of volumes from 1848 to 1855 it proved an immediate success replacing humes history and becoming the new orthodoxy as if to introduce a linear progressive view of history the first chapter of macaulays history of england proposes the history of our country during the last hundred and sixty years is eminently the history of physical'
- 'laws in the 1950s mark d naison 2005 describes the bronx african american history project baahp an oral community history project developed by the bronx county historical society its goal was to document the histories of black working and middleclass residents of the south bronx neighborhood of morrisania in new york city since the 1940s the middle east the middle east often requires oral history methods of research mainly because of the relative lack in written and archival history and its emphasis on oral records and traditions furthermore because of its population transfers refugees and emigres become suitable objects for oral history research syria katharina lange studied the tribal histories of syria the oral histories in this area could not be transposed into tangible written form due to their positionalities which lange describes as “ taking sides ” the positionality of oral history could lead to conflict and tension the tribal histories are typically narrated by men while histories are also told by women they are not accepted locally as “ real history ” oral histories often detail the lives and feats of ancestors genealogy is a prominent subject in the area according to lange the oral historians often tell their own personalized genealogies to demonstrate their credibility both in their social standing and their expertise in the field china the rise of oral history is a new trend in historical studies in china that began in the late twentieth century some oral historians stress the collection of eyewitness accounts of the words and deeds of important historical figures and what really happened during those important historical events which is similar to common practice in the west while the others focus more on important people and event asking important figures to describe the decision making and details of important historical events in december 2004 the chinese association of oral history studies was established the establishment of this institution is thought to signal that the field of oral history studies in china has finally moved into a new phase of organized development uzbekistan from 2003 to 2004 professors marianne kamp and russell zanca researched agricultural collectivization in uzbekistan in part by using oral history methodology to fill in gaps in information missing from the central state archive of uzbekistan the goal of the project was to learn more about life in the 1920s and 1930s to study the impact of the soviet unions conquest 20 interviews each were conducted in the fergana valley tashkent bukhara khorezm and kashkadarya regions their interviews uncovered stories of famine and death that had not been widely known outside of local memory in the region southeast asia while oral tradition is an integral part of ancient southeast asian history oral history is a relatively recent development since the 1960s oral history has been accorded increasing attention on institutional and individual'
- 'of the past university of birmingham 10 – 12 september 2004'
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+| 11 | - 'a sonographer is an allied healthcare professional who specializes in the use of ultrasonic imaging devices to produce diagnostic images scans videos or threedimensional volumes of anatomy and diagnostic data the requirements for clinical practice vary greatly by country sonography requires specialized education and skills to acquire analyze and optimize information in the image due to the high levels of decisional latitude and diagnostic input sonographers have a high degree of responsibility in the diagnostic process many countries require medical sonographers to have professional certification sonographers have core knowledge in ultrasound physics crosssectional anatomy physiology and pathology a sonologist is a medical doctor who has undergone additional medical ultrasound training to diagnose and treat diseases sonologist is licensed to perform and write ultrasound imaging reports independently or verifies a sonographers report prescribe medications and medical certificates and give clinical consultations a sonologist may practice in multiple modalities or specialize in only one field such as obstetric gynecology heart emergency and vascular ultrasound prior to 1970 many individuals performed sonography for research purposes and those assisting with the imaging were considered technicians or technologists and in 1973 in the united states the occupation of diagnostic medical technology was established as sonography become more widely used within healthcare settings today sonographer is the preferred term for the allied healthcare professionals who perform diagnostic medical sonography or diagnostic ultrasound the alternative term ultrasonographer is much less commonly used the australasian sonographers association asa was formed in 1992 in response to the desire of sonographers across australia for an organisation that represents and considers issues important to sonographers in the australian healthcare environment the asa has more than 5000 individual member sonographers from australia and new zealand and about 30 corporate partners the asa has pledged to pursue high standards within the practice of medical sonography and has a structure of a board of directors and multiple representative branches in all australian states and new zealandaustralian sonographers must be accredited by the australian sonographers accreditation registry asar whose brief is to accredit and reaccredit on a regular basis postgraduate ultrasound programs offered by australian universities and to establish the criteria against which those programs and any other future australian and new zealand programs are to be judged in addition a register of accredited medical sonographers and accredited student sonographers is maintained and their continuing professional development activities monitored and recordedthe health insurance commissison in association with the asar introduced in 2002 a program of accreditation and continuing professional education for sonographers the asar recognises registration with the australian orthoptic board as appropriate accreditation for'
- 'in clinical cardiology the term diastolic function is most commonly referred as how the heart fills parallel to diastolic function the term systolic function is usually referenced in terms of the left ventricular ejection fraction lvef which is the ratio of stroke volume and enddiastolic volume due to the epidemic of heart failure particularly the cases determined as diastolic heart failure it is increasingly urgent and crucial to understand the meaning of “ diastolic function ” unlike systolic function which can be simply evaluated by lvef there are no established dimensionless parameters for diastolic function assessment hence to further study diastolic function the complicated and speculative physiology must be taken into consideration how the heart works during its filling period still has many misconceptions remaining to better understand diastolic function it is crucial to realize that the left ventricle is a mechanical suction pump at and for a little while after the mitral valve opening in other words when mitral valve opens the atrium does not push blood into the ventricle instead it is the ventricle that mechanically sucks in blood from the atrium the energy that drives the suction process is generated from phase of systole during systole to overcome the peripheral arterial load at ejection ventricle contracts which also compresses elastic tissues internal to and external to the myocardium then when cardiac muscle relaxes the energy captured by compressed elements releases driving the recoil of ventricular wall until a new balanced equilibrium state is reachedduring diastole the ventricle of heart must remain elastic or compliant enough and have capacity to hold incoming blood to guarantee effectiveness of the filling phase hence stiffness and relaxation are ventricles intrinsic feature parameters that are practical in evaluating and quantifying diastolic function in addition volumetric load serves as an extrinsic indicating parameter that modulates diastolic function the most established index to describe left ventricular diastolic function is tau left ventricular diastolic time constant measurement of tau is traditionally delivered in a catheter lab by an invasive method recently noninvasive measurement of tau is available for mitral regurgitation or aortic regurgitation patients in an echo labthere have been many attempts intending for extracting both intrinsic and extrinsic properties early attempts concentrated on pulsewave dopplerecho measured transmitral flow velocity contoursin terms of filling diastolic intervals consist of early rapid filling ewaves followed by diastasis and followed'
- 'a cardiovascular technician also known as a vascular technician is health professional that deal with the circulatory system technicians who use ultrasound to examine the heart chambers valves and vessels are referred to as cardiac sonographers they use ultrasound instrumentation to create images called echocardiograms an echocardiogram may be performed while the patient is either resting or physically active technicians may administer medication to physically active patients to assess their heart function cardiac sonographers also may assist transesophageal echocardiography which involves placing a tube in the patients esophagus to obtain ultrasound images those who assist in the diagnosis of disorders affecting the circulation are known as vascular technologist vascular specialists or vascular sonographers they obtain a medical history evaluate pulses and assess blood flow in arteries and veins by listening to the vascular flow sounds for abnormalities then they perform a noninvasive procedure using ultrasound instrumentation to record vascular information such as vascular blood flow blood pressure changes in limb volume oxygen saturation cerebral circulation peripheral circulation and abdominal circulation many of these tests are performed during or immediately after surgery cardiovascular technicians who obtain ekgs are known as electrocardiograph or ekg technicians to take a basic ekg which traces electrical impulses transmitted by the heart technicians attach electrodes to the patients chest arms and legs and then manipulate switches on an ekg machine to obtain a reading an ekg is printed out for interpretation by the physician this test is done before most kinds of surgery or as part of a routine physical examination especially on persons who have reached middle age or who have a history of cardiovascular problems ekg technicians with advanced training setup holter monitor and stress testing for holter monitoring technicians place electrodes on the patients chest and attach a portable ekg monitor to the patients belt following 24 or more hours of normal activity by the patient the technician removes a tape from the monitor and places it in a scanner after checking the quality of the recorded impulses on an electronic screen the technician usually prints the information from the tape for analysis by a physician physicians use the output from the scanner to diagnose heart ailments such as heart rhythm abnormalities or problems with pacemakers for a treadmill stress test ekg technicians document the patients medical history explain the procedure connect the patient to an ekg monitor and obtain a baseline reading and resting blood pressure next they monitor the hearts performance while the patient is walking on a treadmill gradually increasing the treadmills speed to observe the effect of increased exertion the position is generally unlicensed and skills are learned on the job however two and fouryear training programs to'
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+| 18 | - '5 p 0 5 t 1 − t 4 p 1 10 t 2 1 − t 3 p 2 10 t 3 1 − t 2 p 3 5 t 4 1 − t p 4 t 5 p 5 0 [UNK] t [UNK] 1 displaystyle beginalignedmathbf b t1t5mathbf p 05t1t4mathbf p 110t21t3mathbf p 210t31t2mathbf p 35t41tmathbf p 4t5mathbf p 50leqslant tleqslant 1endaligned some terminology is associated with these parametric curves we have b t [UNK] i 0 n b i n t p i 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 displaystyle mathbf b tsum i0nbintmathbf p i 0leq tleq 1 where the polynomials b i n t n i t i 1 − t n − i i 0 … n displaystyle bintn choose iti1tni i0ldots n are known as bernstein basis polynomials of degree n t0 1 1 − t0 1 and the binomial coefficient n i displaystyle scriptstyle n choose i is n i n i n − i displaystyle n choose ifrac nini the points pi are called control points for the bezier curve the polygon formed by connecting the bezier points with lines starting with p0 and finishing with pn is called the bezier polygon or control polygon the convex hull of the bezier polygon contains the bezier curve sometimes it is desirable to express the bezier curve as a polynomial instead of a sum of less straightforward bernstein polynomials application of the binomial theorem to the definition of the curve followed by some rearrangement will yield b t [UNK] j 0 n t j c j displaystyle mathbf b tsum j0ntjmathbf c j where c j n n − j [UNK] i 0 j − 1 i j p i i j − i [UNK] m 0 j − 1 n − m [UNK] i 0 j − 1 i j p i i j − i displaystyle mathbf c jfrac nnjsum i0jfrac 1ijmathbf p iijiprod m0j1nmsum i0jfrac 1ijmathbf p iiji this could be practical if c j displaystyle mathbf c j can be computed prior to many evaluations of b t displaystyle mathbf b t however one should use caution as high order curves may lack'
- '##lde as the successor institution to the grandducal saxon art school founded in 1906 by the grand duke of saxonyweimar walter gropius the architect acted as director from 1919 to 1928 after the relationship with the increasingly rightwing dominated thuringian state had become progressively more and more strained the bauhaus was forced to close down in 1925 due to political pressure the declaration of closure had already been published in numerous daily newspapers on december 29 1924 however it only became legally binding after the expiration of the contracts which were valid until march 31 1925 the mayor of dessau fritz hesse and his cultural advisor ludwig grote made it possible for gropius to move the school to dessau where the bauhaus was rebuilt between 1925 and 1926 according to gropius designs and recognized as the state university of anhalt in 1926 formation in march 1925 gropius office was commissioned by the city of dessau to design the community building for the dessau school of arts and crafts from 1926 onwards technical schools and the bauhaus in september 1925 construction of the joint school building began the toppingout ceremony was held on march 21 1926 and the inauguration took place on december 4 1926 the school had planned and carried out large parts of the furnishings themselves furniture and fixtures came from the carpentry workshop seating in the assembly hall by marcel breuer for the classrooms in the bridge wing as well as the workshops walter gropius decided to use stools exclusively from the chemnitzbased company rowac the lamps were designed in the metal workshop mainly by marianne brandt lamps in the assembly hall by max krajewsky furniture fabrics and curtain fabrics were made in the inhouse weaving mill under gunta stolzl the lettering came from the advertising workshop and the color scheme from the mural painting workshop with its foundation in 1926 an architecture department was also started up for the first time which was headed by the swissborn hannes meyer in 1927 in 1928 gropius resigned from management meyer who was highly politically involved succeeded him on april 1 1928 and expanded the architecture department but was also dismissed for political reasons on august 1 1930 and emigrated with his family and a group of his students to moscow he was succeeded by ludwig mies van der rohe who was unable to keep the bauhaus out of the political turmoil despite the schools professional and academic success period of national socialism in 1931 a little over a year before hitlers seizure of power the nsdap won 15 of the 36 seats in the municipal elections in dessau making it the strongest party in their leaflet for the elections on'
- 'large creative agencies due to budget constraints crowdsourcing could cater to the needs of all such businesses on a single platform bridging the gap between small businesses that could not afford big agency fee and freelancers who are always looking for creative freedom and opportunity also there was an opportunity to work for large and mature businesses in search of new creative ideas for their marketing campaigns and willing to experiment with more people than traditional agencies can provide theres a case study being written on why the business after scaling up couldnt reach the next level by professors in great lakes institute of management the founders sitashwa has moved on to do startup in financial services vertical called stockal while manik has started a venture in real estate space called pin click under a pilot program for testing the business model by the name of creadivity the founders brought onboard 45 providers and got their first five customers in july 2008 creadivity got selected for the indus entrepreneurs ’ tie entrepreneurial acceleration program eap which selects one or two startup companies every year and assists in funding mentoring and networking to support them the program provides role models in successful entrepreneurs and helps with the support required by earlystage entrepreneursjoining the tie program also helped manik and sitashwa raise initial seed funding with the help of which they launched the platform rebranded by the name of jade magnet on 15 october 2009 the name was changed from creadivity since it was observed that people found it difficult to pronounce the name and place the brand the companys new name was derived from jade – a precious stone with sacred connotations in many cultures and magnet that signifies an ability to pull towards itself anything that comes close to it the design of the companys logo itself was the result of a crowdsourcing exercise where multiple designers created more than 15 design options the logo that was finally chosen symbolises highvalue by juxtaposing a ” and g ” together ag is the scientific name of silver with the g falling slightly to represent the magnetic force of gravityunder the contest – based platform customers looking crowdsourced design requirements could register on the website and post a project jade magnet set a minimum payout limit for categories of creative projects below which market dynamics have shown that there are no takers for given tasks customers post projects for a budget above the preset minimum 80 of which is paid out to the winning entry once the project was posted as a contest it received a number of entries from providers registered on the platform customers then shortlisted up to five entries from these and made a final choice after any modificationsproviders looking to participate'
|
## Evaluation
### Metrics
| Label | F1 |
|:--------|:-------|
-| **all** | 0.7835 |
+| **all** | 0.7897 |
## Uses
@@ -324,61 +326,61 @@ preds = model("##rch procedure that evaluates the objective function p x display
### Training Set Metrics
| Training set | Min | Median | Max |
|:-------------|:----|:---------|:----|
-| Word count | 1 | 369.7167 | 509 |
+| Word count | 1 | 369.5217 | 509 |
| Label | Training Sample Count |
|:------|:----------------------|
-| 0 | 400 |
-| 1 | 400 |
-| 2 | 400 |
-| 3 | 400 |
+| 0 | 830 |
+| 1 | 584 |
+| 2 | 420 |
+| 3 | 927 |
| 4 | 356 |
| 5 | 374 |
-| 6 | 400 |
+| 6 | 520 |
| 7 | 364 |
-| 8 | 400 |
+| 8 | 422 |
| 9 | 372 |
-| 10 | 400 |
+| 10 | 494 |
| 11 | 295 |
-| 12 | 400 |
+| 12 | 558 |
| 13 | 278 |
| 14 | 314 |
-| 15 | 400 |
-| 16 | 400 |
+| 15 | 721 |
+| 16 | 417 |
| 17 | 379 |
| 18 | 357 |
| 19 | 370 |
| 20 | 337 |
| 21 | 373 |
-| 22 | 400 |
-| 23 | 400 |
+| 22 | 661 |
+| 23 | 754 |
| 24 | 312 |
-| 25 | 400 |
+| 25 | 481 |
| 26 | 386 |
-| 27 | 400 |
-| 28 | 400 |
-| 29 | 400 |
-| 30 | 400 |
-| 31 | 400 |
+| 27 | 556 |
+| 28 | 551 |
+| 29 | 840 |
+| 30 | 574 |
+| 31 | 470 |
| 32 | 284 |
| 33 | 311 |
-| 34 | 400 |
+| 34 | 633 |
| 35 | 318 |
-| 36 | 400 |
-| 37 | 400 |
-| 38 | 400 |
-| 39 | 400 |
-| 40 | 400 |
-| 41 | 400 |
+| 36 | 687 |
+| 37 | 848 |
+| 38 | 668 |
+| 39 | 721 |
+| 40 | 603 |
+| 41 | 747 |
| 42 | 336 |
### Training Hyperparameters
- batch_size: (32, 32)
-- num_epochs: (5, 16)
+- num_epochs: (4, 8)
- max_steps: -1
- sampling_strategy: oversampling
- num_iterations: 20
-- body_learning_rate: (2.6042641306580816e-05, 0.01)
+- body_learning_rate: (2.7e-05, 0.01)
- head_learning_rate: 0.01
- loss: SupConLoss
- distance_metric: cosine_distance
@@ -394,17 +396,17 @@ preds = model("##rch procedure that evaluates the objective function p x display
### Training Results
| Epoch | Step | Training Loss | Validation Loss |
|:----------:|:--------:|:-------------:|:---------------:|
-| 0.0020 | 1 | 2.1502 | - |
-| 0.4970 | 250 | 1.8042 | - |
-| 0.9940 | 500 | 0.5241 | 0.9686 |
-| 1.4911 | 750 | 0.7032 | - |
-| 1.9881 | 1000 | 0.6512 | 0.9839 |
-| 2.4851 | 1250 | 0.5568 | - |
-| **2.9821** | **1500** | **0.359** | **0.8957** |
-| 3.4791 | 1750 | 0.2935 | - |
-| 3.9761 | 2000 | 0.7332 | 0.9742 |
-| 4.4732 | 2250 | 0.1874 | - |
-| 4.9702 | 2500 | 0.0619 | 0.9543 |
+| 0.0015 | 1 | 2.182 | - |
+| 0.3671 | 250 | 1.0321 | - |
+| 0.7342 | 500 | 1.01 | 0.9291 |
+| 1.1013 | 750 | 0.7586 | - |
+| 1.4684 | 1000 | 0.2408 | 0.9875 |
+| 1.8355 | 1250 | 0.8995 | - |
+| 2.2026 | 1500 | 0.3702 | 0.9411 |
+| 2.5698 | 1750 | 0.669 | - |
+| 2.9369 | 2000 | 0.2361 | 0.9538 |
+| 3.3040 | 2250 | 0.1108 | - |
+| **3.6711** | **2500** | **0.5895** | **0.9276** |
* The bold row denotes the saved checkpoint.
### Framework Versions