---
license: llama3
language:
- en
---
# SubgoalXL - Subgoal-Based Expert Learning for Theorem Proving

## Model Description

SubgoalXL is an advanced model for formal theorem proving, leveraging subgoal-based expert learning to enhance LLMs' formal reasoning capabilities. It addresses the challenges of scarce theorem-proving data and multi-step reasoning by optimizing data efficiency and employing subgoal-level supervision. SubgoalXL iteratively refines formal statement, proof, and subgoal generators, allowing it to extract richer information from limited proofs and generate more precise formal proofs.

### Example Usage

Below is an example code for using SubgoalXL with its custom prompt template for generating formal proofs:

```python
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

# Load the model and tokenizer
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("xl-zhao/formal_proof_generator_v1_iter3")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("xl-zhao/formal_proof_generator_v1_iter3")

informal_statement = ""  # Your informal statement here
formal_statement = ""    # The formal statement generated by the model will be inserted here

# Prompt option 1
prompt1 = f"Develop formal proofs using Isabelle, leveraging auxiliary tools such as Sledgehammer to enhance the proving process.\n\n### Input\n(*Informal Statement:\n{informal_statement}*)\n{formal_statement}\n\n### Output"

# Prompt option 2
prompt2 = f"Utilize Isabelle for the systematic verification of theorem proofs, employing Sledgehammer as a supplementary tool. Approach the problem in a step-by-step manner.\n\n### Problem\n{informal_statement}\n\n### Isabelle Proof\n{formal_statement}"

# Choose the prompt (both prompts are acceptable)
prompt = prompt1  # You can switch to prompt2 if needed

# Tokenize and generate the formal proof
inputs = tokenizer(prompt, return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=2048, temperature=0.8)

# Decode the output
formal_proof = tokenizer.decode(outputs[0], skip_special_tokens=True)
print(formal_proof)
```

## Intended Use

This model is intended for automated theorem proving, especially in environments that require high levels of mathematical rigor, such as Isabelle. By employing subgoal-based proof generation and expert learning, SubgoalXL is optimized for solving complex reasoning tasks in formal mathematics.

## Performance

SubgoalXL sets a new state-of-the-art benchmark in formal theorem proving within the Isabelle environment, achieving an accuracy of 56.1% on the miniF2F dataset, an absolute improvement of 4.9% over previous approaches. The model has successfully solved the following problems:

- 41 AMC12 problems
- 9 AIME problems
- 3 IMO problems

For more information on the model's design and performance, please refer to the paper [SubgoalXL: Subgoal-Based Expert Learning for Theorem Proving](https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.11172).

## Limitations

While SubgoalXL excels in formal theorem proving, its usage is tailored to this specific domain and may not generalize well to other tasks beyond formal logic and proof generation.

## Citation

If you use SubgoalXL in your research, please cite our paper:

```
@article{zhao2024subgoalxl,
      title = {SubgoalXL: Subgoal-based Expert Learning for Theorem Proving},
      author = {Zhao, Xueliang and Zheng, Lin and Bo, Haige and Hu, Changran and Thakker, Urmish and Kong, Lingpeng},
      journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2408.11172},
      url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2408.11172}, 
      year = {2024},
}
```

## Contact

For more information, please visit the project's [GitHub repository](https://github.com/zhaoxlpku/SubgoalXL) or reach out via email at xlzhao22@connect.hku.hk.