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--- |
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pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity |
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tags: |
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- sentence-transformers |
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- feature-extraction |
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- sentence-similarity |
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language: en |
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license: apache-2.0 |
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datasets: |
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- s2orc |
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- flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml |
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- ms_marco |
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- gooaq |
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- yahoo_answers_topics |
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- code_search_net |
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- search_qa |
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- eli5 |
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- snli |
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- multi_nli |
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- wikihow |
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- natural_questions |
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- trivia_qa |
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- embedding-data/sentence-compression |
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- embedding-data/flickr30k-captions |
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- embedding-data/altlex |
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- embedding-data/simple-wiki |
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- embedding-data/QQP |
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- embedding-data/SPECTER |
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- embedding-data/PAQ_pairs |
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- embedding-data/WikiAnswers |
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--- |
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# Sentence Transformers |
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We are forking sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 as it is similar to the targeting dataset and use case. For more details, please check the pre-trained model weight repository. |
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- https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2 |
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- Commit Hash: [7dbbc90392e2f80f3d3c277d6e90027e55de9125](https://huggingface.co/sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2/tree/7dbbc90392e2f80f3d3c277d6e90027e55de9125) |
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### Fine-tuning |
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- Fine-tune the model using a contrastive objective. |
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- Compute the cosine similarity from each possible sentence pairs from the batch. |
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- Then apply the cross entropy loss by comparing with true pairs. |
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#### Hyper parameters |
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- Train the model during 100k steps using a batch size of 1024 (128 per TPU core). |
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- Use a learning rate warm up of 500. |
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- The sequence length was limited to 128 tokens. |
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- Used the AdamW optimizer with a 2e-5 learning rate. |
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- The full training script is accessible in this current repository: `train_script.py`. |
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#### Performance |
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| Model Name | Performance Sentence Embeddings (14 Datasets) | Performance Semantic Search (6 Datasets) | Avg. Performance | Speed | Model Size | |
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|----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------|-----------------|-------|------------| |
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| all-mpnet-base-v2 | 69.57 | 57.02 | 63.30 | 2800 | 420 MB | |
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| multi-qa-mpnet-base-dot-v1 | 66.76 | 57.60 | 62.18 | 2800 | 420 MB | |
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| all-distilroberta-v1 | 68.73 | 50.94 | 59.84 | 4000 | 290 MB | |
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| all-MiniLM-L12-v2 | 68.70 | 50.82 | 59.76 | 7500 | 120 MB | |
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| multi-qa-distilbert-cos-v1 | 65.98 | 52.83 | 59.41 | 4000 | 250 MB | |
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| **all-MiniLM-L6-v2 (This model)** | **68.06** | **49.54** | **58.80** | **14200** | **80 MB** | |
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| multi-qa-MiniLM-L6-cos-v1 | 64.33 | 51.83 | 58.08 | 14200 | 80 MB | |
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| paraphrase-multilingual-mpnet-base-v2 | 65.83 | 41.68 | 53.75 | 2500 | 970 MB | |
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| paraphrase-albert-small-v2 | 64.46 | 40.04 | 52.25 | 5000 | 43 MB | |
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| paraphrase-multilingual-MiniLM-L12-v2 | 64.25 | 39.19 | 51.72 | 7500 | 420 MB | |
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| paraphrase-MiniLM-L3-v2 | 62.29 | 39.19 | 50.74 | 19000 | 61 MB | |
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| distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v1 | 61.30 | 29.87 | 45.59 | 4000 | 480 MB | |
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| distiluse-base-multilingual-cased-v2 | 60.18 | 27.35 | 43.77 | 4000 | 480 MB | |
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#### Datasets |
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| Dataset | Paper | Number of training tuples | |
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|--------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------:|:--------------------------:| |
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| [Reddit comments (2015-2018)](https://github.com/PolyAI-LDN/conversational-datasets/tree/master/reddit) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.06472) | 726,484,430 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Abstracts) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 116,288,806 | |
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| [WikiAnswers](https://github.com/afader/oqa#wikianswers-corpus) Duplicate question pairs | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/2623330.2623677) | 77,427,422 | |
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| [PAQ](https://github.com/facebookresearch/PAQ) (Question, Answer) pairs | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07033) | 64,371,441 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) Citation pairs (Titles) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 52,603,982 | |
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| [S2ORC](https://github.com/allenai/s2orc) (Title, Abstract) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/2020.acl-main.447/) | 41,769,185 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Body) pairs | - | 25,316,456 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title+Body, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) (Title, Answer) pairs | - | 21,396,559 | |
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| [MS MARCO](https://microsoft.github.io/msmarco/) triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.1145/3404835.3462804) | 9,144,553 | |
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| [GOOAQ: Open Question Answering with Diverse Answer Types](https://github.com/allenai/gooaq) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2104.08727.pdf) | 3,012,496 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 1,198,260 | |
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| [Code Search](https://huggingface.co/datasets/code_search_net) | - | 1,151,414 | |
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| [COCO](https://cocodataset.org/#home) Image captions | [paper](https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-10602-1_48) | 828,395| |
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| [SPECTER](https://github.com/allenai/specter) citation triplets | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.207) | 684,100 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Question, Answer) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 681,164 | |
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| [Yahoo Answers](https://www.kaggle.com/soumikrakshit/yahoo-answers-dataset) (Title, Question) | [paper](https://proceedings.neurips.cc/paper/2015/hash/250cf8b51c773f3f8dc8b4be867a9a02-Abstract.html) | 659,896 | |
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| [SearchQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/search_qa) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.05179) | 582,261 | |
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| [Eli5](https://huggingface.co/datasets/eli5) | [paper](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1346) | 325,475 | |
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| [Flickr 30k](https://shannon.cs.illinois.edu/DenotationGraph/) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/229/33) | 317,695 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles) | | 304,525 | |
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| AllNLI ([SNLI](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/snli/) and [MultiNLI](https://cims.nyu.edu/~sbowman/multinli/) | [paper SNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/d15-1075), [paper MultiNLI](https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/n18-1101) | 277,230 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (bodies) | | 250,519 | |
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| [Stack Exchange](https://huggingface.co/datasets/flax-sentence-embeddings/stackexchange_xml) Duplicate questions (titles+bodies) | | 250,460 | |
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| [Sentence Compression](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/sentence-compression) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D13-1155/) | 180,000 | |
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| [Wikihow](https://github.com/pvl/wikihow_pairs_dataset) | [paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.09305) | 128,542 | |
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| [Altlex](https://github.com/chridey/altlex/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1135.pdf) | 112,696 | |
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| [Quora Question Triplets](https://quoradata.quora.com/First-Quora-Dataset-Release-Question-Pairs) | - | 103,663 | |
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| [Simple Wikipedia](https://cs.pomona.edu/~dkauchak/simplification/) | [paper](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-2117/) | 102,225 | |
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| [Natural Questions (NQ)](https://ai.google.com/research/NaturalQuestions) | [paper](https://transacl.org/ojs/index.php/tacl/article/view/1455) | 100,231 | |
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| [SQuAD2.0](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) | [paper](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124.pdf) | 87,599 | |
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| [TriviaQA](https://huggingface.co/datasets/trivia_qa) | - | 73,346 | |
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| **Total** | | **1,170,060,424** | |
