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In the face of these problems, the Royal Government is in the process of merging the various branches of the armed forces into a single national force, in particular reducing numbers and ranks.
In addition, for 1996 and 1997 the Royal Government decided to reduce the number of civil servants by 20 per cent and banned new recruitment, except in the education sector, where teachers are still being recruited.
CCPR/C/81/Add.12 page 68 Article 26 Right to equality before the law 374. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
The right to equality before the law without distinction as to race, colour, sex, religion, language, political views, social status, birth, property or any other status is guaranteed and protected by the Constitution (art.
31).
375.
In accordance with article 31.2 of the Constitution, citizens of both sexes have the right to choose their occupation and to receive an equal wage for equal work (art.
36, paras.
1 and 2). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
36, paras.
1 and 2).
Women have the same rights as men to vote, to stand for election and to take part in the political, economic, social and cultural life of the nation (arts.
34 and 35).
The Constitution also guarantees equality in teaching and education (art.
66).
Men and women have the same rights in all areas, and in particular in marriage and the family (art.
46.3).
They have the same obligations with regard to the care and education of children (art.
47.1), and the right to divorce (art. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
47.1), and the right to divorce (art.
39).
376.
The right to equality before the law, which is thus guaranteed by the above-mentioned legal provisions, is not at present correctly implemented in Cambodia.
That question has already been dealt with earlier in this report (see paras.
59-88, comments on arts.
2 and 3 of the Covenant).
377.
On the question of equality before the courts, the right of defence in the courts is protected by the Constitution (art.
37.8). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
37.8).
Victims have the right to ask the court to dispense justice and persons found guilty are punished under the law.
However, this principle is not yet properly implemented in practice because certain individuals use their power or wealth to intimidate or bribe the court and thereby escape punishment or conceal their misdeeds.
That question has also been dealt with in this report (see paras.
202-261, comments on art.
14 of the Covenant).
Exceptions to the principle of equality before the law 378. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
In principle, equality before the law is universal and applicable to all without discrimination.
However, the law provides for exceptions in certain cases in order to ensure better protection of the most vulnerable.
For example, minors who have committed offences must be tried and imprisoned separately from adults.
Children under the age of 13 may not be held in detention.
Young persons between the ages of 13 and 18 may not be detained for more than one month. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
If they are found guilty, the penalties imposed on them are lighter (see paras.
169-187, comments on art.
10 of the Covenant).
Convicted women must also be imprisoned separately, but there are not yet any further legal provisions specifically applicable to women.
379.
At present these principles are not yet being properly implemented in Cambodia because there are neither juvenile courts nor separate places of detention. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
All detainees are held in a single prison, but minors and women are separated from men.
Thanks to the assistance of international organizations, the Royal Government has set up a rehabilitation centre for minors.
CCPR/C/81/Add.12 page 69 380.
The 1993 Constitution has also provided for particular cases and exceptions to equality before the law.
Articles 46.3 and 48.1 provide that particular attention must be given to women in rural areas and to the protection of children. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
Article 72 refers to free medical consultations for destitute persons, while article 74 guarantees assistance to disabled persons and to the relatives of soldiers who have died for the country.
381.
The Royal Government is endeavouring to put into practice these principles, which are guaranteed by the Constitution.
However, because of the current difficult economic and financial situation, the attainment of these objectives will still take some time. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
The Government has sought the assistance of the international community and has authorized international organizations to set up assistance programmes for children, women, widows, needy persons, disabled persons and members of ethnic minorities.
Article 27 Rights of persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities 382. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
Cambodia recognizes and protects the rights of persons belonging to ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities in its territory to have their own cultural life, their own religion and their own language, whether or not they are of Cambodian nationality.
The term “Cambodian citizen” designates any person living on the territory of Cambodia, regardless of his ethnic origin, whose Cambodian nationality is recognized.
It is in this sense that persons belonging to ethnic groups are also Cambodian citizens. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
Name, sex, ethnic group and nationality are stated in official documents such as family record books and identity cards.
Equality in law is recognized for all Cambodian citizens without distinction as to race, colour, sex, language, religious belief, political views, birth, social status, property or other status (Constitution, art.
31.2).
383. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
31.2).
383.
Freedom of religious belief and freedom to practise one's religion are guaranteed by the State on the single condition that they should not jeopardize the freedom of religion of others, or public order and security (Constitution, art.
43).
384.
Cambodia recognizes and respects human rights as defined in the various international human rights instruments.
Any racial discrimination is forbidden (Constitution, art.
31).
385.
The population of Cambodia is 9,869,749. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
385.
The population of Cambodia is 9,869,749.
Of these: 90 per cent are Khmers; 5 per cent are persons of Vietnamese origin; Approximately 200,000 are of Chinese origin; Approximately 200,000 are Muslim Khmers or Chams who practise the Islamic religion; CCPR/C/81/Add.12 page 70 75,000 are persons belonging to 16 indigenous minorities speaking different languages and living mainly on the high plateaux in north-eastern Cambodia (e.g.
Jarai, Tampuan, Kavet, Stieng, Pear, Samrè); 50,000 are Krom Khmers, i.e. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
Khmers originating from Kampuchéa Krom (currently in southern Viet Nam).
386.
There are also other minorities in Cambodia such as the Thai, Lao and Burmese minorities, but the Government has little information about them.
Generally speaking, the Government does not have enough information on the ethnic minorities.
Studies are being conducted to compile as much information as possible in order to help preserve the cultural, linguistic and religious identity of these minorities. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
In August 1995, a conference was held in Phnom Penh on the situation of the indigenous minorities in north-eastern Cambodia who are currently confronted with problems relating to the development of that region.
At the conference, the consequences of the development of infrastructure, tourism and deforestation for the minorities were discussed, and the Government reiterated its support for the preservation of the cultural, religious and linguistic rights of the minorities.
387. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
387.
Customs, religious beliefs and languages are freely practised by persons belonging to these groups.
Article 5 of the Constitution provides that the official language and script is Khmer.
However, that does not prevent persons belonging to minorities from using their own language.
Some groups have their own language schools.
388.
In the remoter regions of the country, members of ethnic minorities serve as heads of villages, communes and districts and provincial governors (e.g. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
in the province of Rattanakiri).
The National Assembly has six members who are from ethnic minorities, and there are many ethnic-minority associations.
389.
The Royal Government has consistently paid particular attention to the right to life of all persons belonging to minorities living anywhere in Cambodia. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
It denounced the abduction, intimidation and massacre by the Khmer Rouge of 18 Vietnamese in July and September 1993 and a further 6 in November and December of the same year in the province of Kampong Chnang.
In order to prevent acts of violence by the Khmer Rouge, the Government has used all available means, and in particular peaceful means, appealing to Khmer Rouge soldiers to rally to and rejoin national society. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
By January 1995, 5,000 people had heeded that appeal (statement of Samdech Krom Preah Norodom Ranariddh, First Prime Minister, in January 1995).
390.
Following threats and massacres by the Khmer Rouge in 1993-1994, some 5,000 people of Vietnamese origin sought refuge on the Khmer-Vietnamese frontier along the Tonlé Bassac. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
On the occasion of his visit to the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam in January 1995, Samdech Krom Preah Norodom Ranariddh discussed the problem of Vietnamese nationals with the Vietnamese authorities.
The two parties agreed to set up an ad hoc commission in Cambodia to consider the problem with the aim of finding an appropriate solution.
This commission has examined the situation of persons in Chrey Thom on a case-by-case basis, and several families have been authorized to return to Cambodia. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
CCPR/C/81/Add.12 page 71 ANNEXES 1.
1993 Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
2.
Provisions relating to the judicial system, criminal law and criminal procedure applicable in Cambodia during the transitional period.
3.
1993 Criminal Procedure Law.
4.
1989 Law on Marriage and the Family.
5.
1992 Labour Code.
6.
1989 Criminal Procedure Law.
7.
1994 Law on the establishment and functioning of the Supreme Council of Justice.
8.
1994 Law on the Outlawing of the Democratic Kampuchea Group.
9. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
9.
1994 Law establishing official statutes for ministers and civil servants of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
10.
1992 Press Law.
11.
1993 Law relating to the organization and functioning of the judiciary.
12.
1992 Law on the procedure for execution of civil judgements.
13.
Immigration Law.
14.
UNTAC Electoral Law.
15.
UNTAC directive relating to ownership and possession of weapons and explosives, applicable during the transitional period.
16.
1991 Law on Demonstrations.
17.
Decree-Law No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
1991 Law on Demonstrations.
17.
Decree-Law No.
38 of 1988 on contracts and extra-contractual responsibility.
18.
Sub-decree No.
9 of 15 November 1993 on the regime for convicted and unconvicted prisoners.
19.
Sub-decree No.
17 relating to the role, tasks and structure of the juvenile rehabilitation centre.
20.
Decree-Law No.
02 of 1980 establishing penalties for acts of treason against the revolution and various other offences.
21.
Report of the Cambodia Mine Action Centre. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
21.
Report of the Cambodia Mine Action Centre.
CCPR/C/81/Add.12 page 72 22.
Royal Government letter No.
351 of 6 March 1995 on the authorization of judicial proceedings against public servants who break the law.
23.
Prakas No.
278 of 7 July 1993 issued by the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Health prohibiting the wearing of shackles and chains by prisoners.
24.
Letter No.
509 of the Ministry of Justice dated 13 July 1993.
25.
Letter No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
25.
Letter No.
816 of the Ministry of Health dated 3 May 1994.
26.
Letter No.
653 of the Ministry of the Interior dated 4 June 1993.
27.
Internal regulations of the Ministry of the Interior.
28.
United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners.
29.
Directive No.
474 of the Ministry of the Interior dated 2 July 1994 (relating to associations).
30.
Letter No.
412 of the Ministry of the Interior dated 11 June 1994.
31.
Letter No. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
31.
Letter No.
288 of the Ministry of the Interior dated 27 April 1994.
32.
Letter No.
088 of the Ministry of the Interior dated 3 September 1993.
33.
Decision No.
153 of the Cambodian Council of State dated 28 June 1980.
34.
Letter No.
1,370 of the Ministry of Information dated 16 December 1995.
35.
Directive No.
666 of the Ministry of Information dated 16 July 1994.
----- | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721910648218.pdf | https://docstore.ohchr.org/SelfServices/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2FPPRiCAqhKb7yhstH%2FoObOxUwMXnkLHyNtuD5fcIEoED8MbIygiysHWPxBfyF2jdTQXR7W8Tv8UtVYq3f%2Be7FCjQivJEH9pww8c0JtPoX5Wdtk6FMfUQEuMiSA | Cambodia |
DRUG TRAFFICKING IN LATIN AMERICA SUBJECT READER TABLE OF CONTENTS ARGENTINA John A. Bushnell (1982-1987) Deputy Chief of Mission Theodore E. Gildred (1986-1989) Ambasador BAHAMAS Moncrieff J. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Spear (1970-1973) Consul General, Nassau Rozanne L. Ridgway (1973-1975) Deputy Chief of Mission William B. Schwarts, Jr. (1977-1980) Ambassador Andrew F. Antippas (1981-1983) Deputy Chief of Mission Cecil S. Richardson (1983) Chief Consular Officer BARBADOS Edward M. Featherstone (1973-1976) Economic Officer Johnny Young (1977-1979) Administrative Officer Nicolas Robertson (1980-1981) Assistant Public Affairs Officer Thomas Anderson (1984-1986) Ambassador Paul A. Russo (1986-1988) Ambassador Nadia Tongour (1988-1991) Political Officer G. Philip Hughes (1990-1993) Ambassador BELIZE Ward Barmon (1967-1969) Consular Officer Beauveau B. Nalle (1976-1981) Consul General Robert Rich (1987-1990) Ambassador BERMUDA Blake Melville (1985) Consul General BOLIVIA Owen B. Lee (1957-1959) Minerals and Petroleum Officer Patrick F. Morris (1958-1961) Deputy Director Roger C. Brewin (1961-1964) Economic Officer Robert L. Chatten (1965-1967) Information Officer Jack R. Binns (1965-1967) Junior Officer Ernest V. Siracusa (1969-1973) Ambassador William Jeffras Dieteroch (1970-1972) Director, Cultural Center Michael W. Cotter (1971-1973) Political Officer Roger C. Brewin (1972-1974) Deputy Chief of Mission William P. Stedman, Jr. (1973-1977) Ambassador Scott E. Smith (1976-1979) Project Officer David N. Greenlee (1976-1979) Political Officer Howard L. Steele (1977-1980) Coca Crop Substitution Program William T. Pryce (1981-1982) Deputy Chief of Mission Charlotte Roe (1983-1985) Political/Labor Officer Edward M. Rowell (1985-1988) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Officer Edward M. Rowell (1985-1988) Ambassador David N. Greenlee (1987-1989) Deputy Chief of Mission BRAZIL Richard A. Virden (1972-1974) Public Affairs/Information Officer William Jeffras Dieterich (1974-1977) Press/Information Officer Margaret J. Barnhart (1976-1980) Consular Officer Mark Lore (1987-1992) Deputy Director of Brazilian Affairs (1992-1995) Deputy Chief of Mission David E. Zweifel (1993-1995) Consul General John D. Caswell (1993-1995) State Dept. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
– Latin American Affairs (1995-1998) Deputy Chief Nadia Tongour (1994-1997) Senior Political Officer Richard A. Virden (2002-2004) Deputy Chief of Mission Lawrence Cohen (2002-2005) Political/Military Affairs Officer CARRIBBEAN ISLANDS Leslie M. Alexander (1989-1991) Deputy Director, Caribbean Affairs Sally Grooms Cowall (1989-1991) Deputy Assistant Secretary for Latin America CHILE Robert S. Steven (1977-1979) Desk Officer Charles Anthony Gillespie, Jr. (1988-1991) Ambassador J. Phillip McLean (1990-1993) Deputy Assistant Secretary COLOMBIA Lewis M. (Jack) White (1952-1954) Consular Officer Robert W. Drexeler (1957-1958) Vice Consul Viron Peter Vaky (1959-1963) Chief Political Officer Edmund Murphy (1966-1968) Public Affairs Officer Robert A. Stevenson (1967-1971) Deputy Chief of Mission Charles W. Grover (1971-1973) Principal Officer Robert L. Chatten (1972-1976) Public Affairs Officer Sally Grooms Cowall (1973-1974) Public Affairs Officer, USIS (1974-1975) Director, Cultural Center, USIS Robert W Drexler (1975-1978) Deputy Chief of Mission Robert S. Pastorino (1977-1979) Commercial Attaché Thomas D. Boyatt (1980-1983) Ambassador Alexander F. Watson (1981-1984) Deputy Chief of Mission James L. Tull (1984-1985) Deputy Chief of Mission Charles Anthony Gillespie Jr. (1985-1988) Ambassador Janey Dea Cole (1987-1989) Andean Desk Officer, USIS David L. Hobbs (1986-1989) Consular Officer (1989-1990) Political Counselor (1990-1992) Deputy Chief of Mission J. Phillip McLean (1987-1990) Deputy Chief of Mission James F. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
(1987-1990) Deputy Chief of Mission James F. Mack (1989-1991) Director of Andean Affairs Charlotte Roe (1991-1992) Deputy Political Counselor Ward Barmon (1992-1994) Deputy Director, Narcotics Affairs Section COSTA RICA Curtin Winsor, Jr. (1983-1985) Ambassador Richard H. Melton (1985-1987) Director Office of Central American Affairs Thomas J. Dodd (1997-2001) Ambassador CUBA John A. Ferch (1982-1985) Chief – US Interests Section Harriet C. Babbitt (1986-1992) Representative – OAS John J. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
(Jay) Taylor (1987-1990) Chief – US Interests Section Sally Grooms Cowall (1982-1991) Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of Latin America Joseph G. Sullivan (1993-1996) Principal Office – US Interests Section DOMINICAN REPUBLIC John A. Bushnell (1964-1967) Economic & AID Officer Robert Anderson (1982-1985) Ambassador Robert S. Pastorino (1992-1994) Ambassador ECUADOR Findley Burns, Jr. (1970-1973) Ambassador Douglas Watson (1973-1975) Administrative Officer Richard Bloomfield (1976-1978) Ambassador Charles W. Grover (1982-1984) Consul General Frederick A. Becker (1982-1985) Labor Officer William Jefras Dietrich (1983-1986) Public Affairs Officer Leon Weintraub (1984-1986) Political Officer Fernando E. Rondon (1985-1986) Ambassador Derek S. Singer (1989-1991) Development Officer Scott E. Smith (1989-1996) Deputy Director, USAID James F. Mack (1991-1994) Deputy Chief of Mission Leslie M. Alexander (1996-1999) Ambassador EL SALVADOR Alan H. Flanigan (1993-1996) Ambassador John Helm (1996-1999) General Services Officer GRENADA John C. Leary (1986-199) Chief of Mission Nadia Tongour (2001-2004) Principal Officer/Charge GUATEMALA Alberto M. Piedra (1984-1987) Ambassador James Michel (1987-1989) Ambassador Thomas F. Stroock (1989-1992) Ambassador Prudence Bushnell (1999-2002) Ambassador HAITI Anne O. Cary (1978-1980) Economic Officer Claudia Anyaso (1988-1990) Cultural Affairs Officer Leslie M. Alexander (1991-1993) Deputy Chief of Mission Timothy Michael Carney (1997-1999) Ambassador HONDURAS Mari-Luci Jaramillo | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Ambassador HONDURAS Mari-Luci Jaramillo (1977-1980) Ambassador Theodore Wilkinson (1984-1986) Political Counselor Wasrd Barmon (1988-1992) Economic Counselor David Michael Adamson (1995-1998) Political Counselor JAMAICA Kenneth N. Rogers (1968-1972) Political Officer Elizabeth Ann Swift (1986-1989) Consul General Sally Grooms Cowal (1989-1991) Deputy Assistant Secretary for Latin America Herman J. Rossi III (1989-1992) Economic Counselor Lacy A. Wright (1991-1995) Deputy Chief of Mission MEXICO Serban Vallimarescu (1958-1962) Information Officer Terrence George Leonhardy (1959-1961) Consular Officer James J. Gormley (1964-1965) Vice Consul (1986-1987) Narcotics Officer William N. Harben (1966-1969) Consul General Edward H. Wilkinson (1967-1969) Vice Consul Arnold Denys (1967-1969) Consular Officer (1981-1984) Cultural Affairs Officer Robert E. Service (1968-1971) Political Officer Robert S. Pastorino (1969-1971) Economic/Commercial Counselor (1983-1986) Economic Political Counselor (1989-1991) Deputy Chief of Mission Jack B. Kubisch (1969-1971) Deputy Chief of Mission Louis P. Goelz (1969-1972) Consular Officer Gilbert Donahue (1971-1973) Vice Consul Clarke McCurdy Brintall (1971-1974) Military Secretary Robert A. Stevenson (1971-1974) Country Director of Mexico Terrence George Leonhardy (1972-1973) Consul General Diane Dillard (1972-1974) Consular Officer Richard Smith (1972-1974) Agriculture Department Thomas M. Recknagel (1973-1975) Sr. Deputy Admin. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Of the Bureau of Security and Consular Affairs Herbert Thompson (1975-1978) Deputy Chief of Mission Michael Mahoney (1978-1979) Consular Officer Leslie M. Alexander (1978-1980) Narcortics Program Officer for Mexico Thomas F. Johnson (1981-1984) Assistant Information Officer, USIS Robert L. Chatten (1983-1985) Public Affairs Officer, USIS Langhorne A. Motley (1983-1985) Astt. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Secretary for Latin American Affairs Douglad Watson (1983-1986) Administrative Officer Alan Hardy (1984) Deputy Political Counselor Richard H. Morefield (1985-1987) Consul General (1987-198?) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Economic Counselor Sally Grooms Cowal (1985-1989) Minister Counselor for Public Affairs Theresa A. Loar (1986-1988) Visa Officer/Aide to the Supervisory Consul General Larry Colbert (1987-1991) Consul General Richard H. Melton (1988-1989) Asst Secretary for Mexico, Carribbean and Regional Economic Affairs, Latin America Bureau James R. Jones (1993-1997) Ambassador Edward H. Wilkinson (1999-2001) Consul General Dale Slaght (199-2002) Career Minister NICARAGUA Robert W. Duelming (1984-1986) Humanitarian Assistance Officer Richard Melton (1985-1988) Office of Central American Affairs Ronald G. Godard (1991-1993) Deputy Chief of Mission Frederick A. Becker (1994-1998) Deputy Chief of Mission PANAMA Clyde Donal Taylor (1964-1966) Consular Officer Ronald D. Godard (1968-1970) Rotational Officer Robert M. Sayre (1969-1972) Ambassador Ruth E. Hansen (1977-1980) Political Officer Edward L. Lee (1982-1985) Regional Security Officer David M. Adamson (1984-1987) Deputy Political Officer PARAGUAY Thomas F. Johnson (1968-1971) Rotation Officer Roger C. Brewin (1969-1972) Deputy Chief of Mission George W. Landau (1972-1977) Ambassador Arthur H. Davis, Jr. (1982-1985) Ambassador Clyde Donald Taylor (1985-1988) Ambassador James F. Mack (1986-1989) Deputy Chief of Mission Jon David Glassman (1991-1994) Ambassador David N. Greenlee (1999-2003) Ambassador PERU John Wesley Jones (1963-1969) Ambassador Alan H. Flanigan (1967-1969) Consular Officer Willard B. Devlin (1970-1974) Consular Officer Harry W. Shlaudeman (1976-1979) | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Consular Officer Harry W. Shlaudeman (1976-1979) Ambassador Cecil S. Richardson (1980-1983) Consular Officer John D. Caswell (1982-1984) Narcotics Control Richard Ogden (1983-1985) Deputy Chief of Mission J. Phillip McLean (1984-1987) Office of Andean Affairs Alexander F Watson (1986-1989) Ambassador Anthony Quainton (1989-1992) Ambassador James F. Mack (1994-1997) Deputy Chief of Mission VENEZUELA Lowell Fleischer (1982-1983) Consul General Edward L. Lee II (1982-1985) Regional Security Officer Alfred Joseph White (1987-1990) Economic Counselor Kenneth N. Skoug (1988-1990) Deputy Chief of Mission Robert B. Morley (1993-1995) Deputy Chief of Mission Nicolas Robertson (1997-1999) Public Affairs Officer Compiled by Andrew Foster ARGENTINA JOHN A. BUSHNELL Deputy Chief of Mission Buenos Aires, Argentina (1982-1987) Mr. Bushnell was born in New York State and educated at Yale University and McMurray College. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
An Economic Specialist, he served primarily in senior level positions at Latin American posts, including Bogota, Santo Domingo, San Jose and Buenos Aires, dealing primarily with Economic and International Trade issues.
An assignment to the Staff of the National Security Council was followed by tours as Deputy Chief of Mission at Buenos Aires, Chargé d’Affaires at Panama City, and subsequently as Assistant Secretary of State for Inter-American Affairs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Mr. Bushnell was the recipient of several awards for outstanding service.
Mr. Bushnell was interviewed by John Harter in 1997 BUSHNELL: I would sum up our objectives as no coups, no bombs, no disappearances, no debt default, and no more wars.
With the opening up of the country and the reduction of police powers under an elected government, substantial amounts of cocaine from Bolivia and other drugs began moving through Argentina.
I then added a sixth US objective – no drug smuggling. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Although Argentina was seldom on the front pages of the US press, we had an important agenda in the Buenos Aires embassy with major economic, nonproliferation, peace, and human rights issues in play.
The only way we were going to make progress on all these objectives was by getting a democratic government, working with it, and keeping it in power. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
BUSHNELL: I chaired a committee that allocated USIS grants and generally worked closely with USIS because its programs were key to several of the things we were trying to do.
I spent a lot of time with the commercial officers, and I was frequently able to open doors for them.
I tried to avoid much direct contact with the DEA office because I assigned the political counselor to coordinate drug matters.
Most DCM’s manage the State sections of embassies. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Most DCM’s manage the State sections of embassies.
However, my observation was that most DCM’s and even many ambassadors played a less active role with the other agencies.
Shlaudeman from the beginning indicated that he wanted me to play a very active role with the other agencies because, when I arrived, the Embassy was in a crisis situation and for some time he thought he might be thrown out. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Ortiz and Gildred welcomed my playing this expended role because it helped make the entire Embassy a single team and helped everyone accomplish US objectives.
BUSHNELL: Jaunarena, who was the deputy minister of defense, Herman Lopez, who was secretary of the presidency, labor secretary and briefly secretary of defense, Garcia Vazquez who was head of the Central Bank come immediately to mind. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Jaunarena and Lopez were among the three or four people I saw privately often who were real insiders in the Alfonsin government.
I could work through these people to solve the problems that any part of the embassy was dealing with.
For example, one of the most severe problems DEA had was that at one point the head of the national police, which was DEA’s main counterpart, was in the pay of some drug traffickers. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The entire anti-drug office of the police force which worked closely with DEA was essentially just using us to take care of the competition, i.e.
the traffickers who were not paying the police.
If somebody new came along and began moving drugs, then the police would work with us to get those people so their friends could have a monopoly on moving drugs through Argentina. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
For a while the intelligence on the police corruption wasn’t too convincing, and I sided with DEA in arguing that the police were ok because they were helping us take down quite a few traffickers.
I pushed the agency (CIA) hard to get additional intelligence, and it finally was able to convince me that the police chief as well as the officers in the drug enforcement office were protecting one large group of traffickers and getting well paid. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The intelligence sources were very sensitive, and some aspects of the information could not even be shared with DEA.
The question then was what could we do to change the situation without endangering the sources.
I had a private luncheon or meeting a couple times a month with Deputy Defense Secretary Jaunarena, who I knew was very close to President Alfonsin. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Although this drug issue had nothing to do with the Defense Department, I went over this problem with him, asking him as an Argentine politician what might be done to resolve the problem before it became a major issues between our two countries.
He explored the facts although I could not give him the basic intelligence.
He said I would hear from him.
A few days later the police chief resigned.
And much to my surprise, the new police chief called and asked if I would visit him in his office. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
In all the history of the embassy I don’t think any DCM had received such an invitation.
I called on him alone; he dismissed his staff and explained how all the leadership in the narcotics division was being transferred or fired and that he was also changing most of the other anti-narcotics personnel. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
He said he had received clear instructions to make every effort to stop all drug trafficking, and he invited me to come to him anytime I had any information that the national police were not making such an all out effort.
I promised DEA and other elements of the Embassy would do everything we could to help him.
The personnel changes were soon made although none of the officers were prosecuted.
The new team turned out to be fairly honest but not too effective. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
No one in the Embassy except the ambassador knew about my discussion with Jaunarena, and both DEA and CIA were skeptical when I reported that the new police chief had said he was changing most of the narcotics police.
Some weeks later the Agency told me a source had said the President had changed police chiefs because Jaunarena had told him I had said we were getting reports about his corruption. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I was tempted to put a comment on the report that such was the way effective diplomacy used good intelligence to accomplish US objectives, but I did not comment because I did not want to invite debate on whether or not I had endangered the sources.
Obviously the change resulted in a quantum change in the true effectiveness of our DEA office and the overall anti-drug effort. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Another example of an Embassy-wide effort in the drug area was working to get the Argentine Congress to approve a law permitting plea bargains in drug cases and allowing the police to seize assets in drug cases.
A key argument for a law beyond the usual Argentine practice was that the U.S. could then share with Argentine law enforcement seizures of assets in the U.S. connected to cases the Argentines helped us with.
Some such seizures were measured in the millions of dollars. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
As Embassy drug coordinators political counselors Dick Howard and then Bob Felder did great work getting the Administration to propose a law and encouraging the relevant Congressional committees to consider it.
But it was a very technical issue and not understood by the Congressional leadership.
We made a list of about 20 key members of the Congress and then organized the entire Embassy to lobby them. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
For example, the Commercial Section was working with a couple of firms that hoped to sell US law enforcement equipment; the commercial officer pointed out that the potential law might well provide financing, and the Argentine firms then approach Congressional leaders with whom they were close.
USIS discussed the draft law with a group of Congressional staffers who had participated in one of its programs.
Other sections of the embassy also raised the issue where they had useful contacts. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The ambassador and I raised it with many on our list when we saw them at receptions or dinners.
There was an active social life in Buenos Aires, and it was amazing how much one could get done at these evening functions.
When I was explaining the potential drug law to one senator I knew fairly well at a large reception, he stopped me while he gathered two other senators he thought should hear about it too. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
When the drug law was finally reported out of committee, it passed both houses in near record time with bipartisan support.
THEODORE E. GILDRED Ambassador Argentina (1986-1989) Ambassador Theodore E. Gildred was born in Mexico City in 1935.
He received a bachelor’s degree from Stanford University in 1959 and certificates in 1960 from Sorbonne and the University of Heidelberg.
He served in the Army from 1955-1959 and in the Air Force Reserve from 1959-1969. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
He became chairman of the board and chief executive officer, the Lomas Santa Fe Companies, Solana Beach, California, since 1968 and has also served as chairman of the board, Torrey Pines Bank and Torrey Pines Group, San Diego.
He was appointed as ambassador to Argentina by President Ronald Reagan in late 1986.
He was interviewed by Hank Zivetz on April 26, 1990.
Q: Let me put this question to you in a little different way. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Very often you can tell the major thrust of American policy in a particular country by the way we staff our different embassy sections.
Would you say that the political section was more important in your embassy than the economic, or was the economic more important, or was it a standoff?
GILDRED: I think every ambassador has the ability to establish priorities, but he has to work with what he's got.
A lot has to do with the staff he inherits. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
A lot has to do with the staff he inherits.
Obviously, the economic team at the embassy has to be very, very good because this is one of the most important areas of focus.
I'm not so sure that we had an overly strong economic team when I got there and in the several years before.
I think greater emphasis probably should have been put on that section.
I did what I could to change this but, as you know, you're limited in the ability to move people in government. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I made a couple of changes in our economic section that I think strengthened it and allowed me to deal more effectively with the Argentine government and the Ministry of Economy.
So even though I put a great deal of emphasis on our economic section, I may have given more importance to our political section.
That capability, in my opinion, had to be very strong.
Fortunately, my political counselor, Bob Felder, was one of the most able political officers that I have had the pleasure of knowing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
He was of great assistance to me in all of our dealings which, although mostly political in nature, transcended in many cases the realms of economics, trade, drug enforcement, military affairs and other areas of concern.
Everything comes together in some fashion under the political section.
BAHAMAS MONCRIEFF J.
SPEAR Consul General Nassau (1970-1973) Moncrieff J. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Spear was born in New York in 1921.He received degrees from Cornell and George Washington Universities.He served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and joined the Foreign Service in 1946.Mr.
Spear served in Germany, the Philippines, Yugoslavia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Bahamas, and Washington, DC.
He was interviewed by Thomas Dunnigan in 1993.
Q: What was the problem with drugs then? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
SPEAR: It was just beginning to get started.This was the end of the 1960's.American college students would come over there for Easter break, bringing some of the marijuana then widely used on American campuses.Marijuana use began there in relatively minor fashion, but it spread among the Bahamian youth, unfortunately.There were some efforts to smuggle marijuana through there, but the whole traffic of "hard" drugs up out of Colombia and South America really only began several years after I left. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
ROZANNE L. RIDGWAY Deputy Chief of Mission Nassau (1973-1975) Ambassador Ridgway was born and raised in Minnesota and educated at Hamline University.
Entering the Foreign Service in 1957, she served abroad in Oslo, Manila, Palermo and Nassau (Deputy Chief of Mission).
She had several top level assignments including; Ambassador for Ocean and Fishing Affairs (1976-1977); Ambassador to Finland (1977-1980); Counselor of the Department (1980-1981); Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany (1982-1985). | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
In Washington, Ambassador Ridgeway played a major role in dealing with issues concerning the Soviet Union and other European issues.
This interview was conducted by Willis Armstrong on June 4, 1991.
RIDGWAY: The new prime minister was Lynden Pindling.
We were to make it clear to the government that we were interested in the future of the Bahamas as a new country, and not as an appendage of their colonial masters.
Ron dropped his membership in all of the fancy clubs. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
For about six months after that the black community just observed us to see if this sea change in our attitude was for real.
In that six-month period, we had to deal with a couple of significant issues.
One had to do with “hot pursuit,” which was closely connected with the Law of the Sea.
The Bahamas is an island nation. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The Bahamas is an island nation.
Under some old arrangements, the U.S. was permitted to just run in and out of Bahamian territorial waters in pursuit of criminals, such as drug dealers and smugglers without first having to seek any kind of permission from the Bahamianor British authorities, and we had become accustomed to doing just that.
Large parts of the U.S. Navy really thought that this unfettered access should continue. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
It felt it should have the rights of archipelago passage, which would allow them to navigate at will through all the passages between the islands.
That right of archipelago passage is still an issue today wherever the “nation” is a conglomeration of islands, such as the Philippines, Indonesia and the Bahamas.
However, and quite naturally, these island nations want to know who is navigating in their waters. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Then there was the issue of their territorial seas, which, I believe at the time, was only three miles.
The Bahamas was not one of the “bad” guys, claiming waters far from their shores.
They, however, opposed us on the archipelago issue.
Fortunately, the Coast Guard contingent responsible for the waters between the U.S. and the Bahamas was headed by an admiral stationed in Miami.
I knew him as “Red” Wagner. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I knew him as “Red” Wagner.
He was very sensitive to the issue and very respectful of the Bahamas as a newly independent nation.
He was not about to sail in Bahamian waters without respect for Bahamian policies, just because we had been doing so when the Bahamas were part of the British Empire.
He and his staff kept in close contact with the Bahamian authorities whenever his ships were chasing some suspects. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
On a couple of occasions, he was denied access to their territorial waters, on which occasions the Coast Guard did not violate those Bahamian wishes.
It was therefore, with the Coast Guard’s help that we rebuilt relationships with the Bahamian authorities.
When I left, the cooperation between our two countries was very good.
The more difficult problems, whichstemmed from a major increase in drug trafficking and corruption, arose after I had left.
Q: How would you characterize the Bahamas overall? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Q: How would you characterize the Bahamas overall?
RIDGWAY: Bahamians were gentle.
They were sweet.
The people were at ease with themselves.
They had their own view of their place in life.
I am told that all of that has now changed.
However, we are talking about the late 1970's before the drug invasion, before Columbia, before drug trafficking brought all the bad stuff into the country for trans-shipment.
In the 1970's, the country’s principal earnings came from “sun and sand” and some fishing. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I always seemed to end up in situations where fishery was a central issue.
In the case of the Bahamas, it was spiny lobsters, rather than tuna or shrimp.
This is not to say that one could not foresee that over time, the Bahamas would have to face some major issues.
Young people cannot be asked to accept that their future lay in waiting on tables or changing bed linens.
In the late 1970's, that was pretty much what the future held.
Some Bahamians tried farming. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Some Bahamians tried farming.
I remember tromping through a prospective avocado grove with the minister of planning.
I don’t know whether that ever got off the ground.
I also saw a farming operation on Andros, which AID tried to establish with a $10 million grant, which was part of the assistance package developed in exchange for the base rights.
I don’t know what happened to that project.
I don’t know whether the Bahamas became self-supporting in the meat and vegetable area. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
It had to feed not only its own citizens, but the huge influx of tourists as well.
I have been told that over time, drug money corrupted the government and the society as a whole.
The young people, given a choice between making an easy buck or being paid for working in a service industry, went for the easy buck, which was not surprising.
I would guess that over time, our relations with the Bahamas soured somewhat as a direct consequence of the drug trade.
WILLIAM B. SCHWARTZ, JR. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
WILLIAM B. SCHWARTZ, JR.
Ambassador Bahamas (1977-1980) Ambassador William B. Schwartz, Jr. was born in Georgia in 1921.
After receiving his bachelor’s degree from the University of North Carolina, he served in the United States Navy from 1942-1946.
President Carter appointed William B. Schwartz, Jr.
Ambassador to the Bahamas from 1977 to 1981.
Ambassador Schwartz was interviewed by Donald C. Leidel in April 1995. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Q: Could you summarize, when you arrived in the Bahamas in October, what you considered to be the major issues, the crux of what you recall as being significant in terms of U.S. relations with the Bahamas, in terms of your role, your relationship with the leadership in the Bahamas? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
SCHWARTZ: Well, this is 1995, and I went to the Bahamas in 1977.So, that's 18 years, and I'm 73 years old, and I'm trusting to memory.Suffice it to say that the Bahamas was not a critical country as far as relations with the United States was concerned.
It wasn't the Middle East, and we didn't have any major problems, thank goodness. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The Bahamas, though geographically close to the United States, is a foreign country.The Bahamas had been left without a U.S. ambassador, as I mentioned earlier, for almost a year.The government of the Bahamas was a Black government who had come into power several years prior to that and were proud, as they had a right to be.They were anxious to stand on their own, but at the same time be recognized by the United States as a foreign government due the same attention and respect as any other government. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The drug problem was an intense one for the United States.The Bahamas was a gateway for drugs.I suppose one of the major things that our government was interested in was attempting to decrease the flow of drugs through the Bahamas into the United States.The Bahamians were interested in seeing tourism, which is their major industry, continue, and were interested in promoting that and in seeing the United States recognize that and help in any way possible. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Q: Would you characterize the relations between the Bahamian Government and the U.S. Government as positive and cooperative?
Were there problem areas?
SCHWARTZ: No, they really were positive and cooperative.There was some reluctance on the part of the Bahamian Government to being told by the United States that it wanted this done or that done. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
This was true in the drug enforcement area.When I first went there, we had no DEA office.An agent from Miami who would come over periodically.It was during my tour of duty there that we established a DEA office, which took some doing and convincing.The Bahamians didn't want the United States imposing upon them restrictions and requirements without not only their consent, but almost without Bahamian participation in it.They didn't want to be taken for granted.But the relationship between the two governments has been excellent, and I think remains so. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
Q: Ambassador Schwartz, could you summarize what you consider your greatest accomplishments, frustrations, disappointments during your tenure? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
SCHWARTZ:Well, I suppose one of my greatest accomplishments was establishing a DEA (Drug Enforcement Agency) office in the Bahamas, and the results that were obtained from it.You may recall that drugs and addiction, the flow of drugs into the United States, was a tremendous problem then.It still is today, but it was even worse then.The Bahamas was the launching pad for the entry of drugs into this country, because of the many outer islands that the Bahamas have which make it so easy for small planes to land on and transfer contraband to boats that could come on into the coast of Florida.Through the cooperation of the Bahamian Government, and through our own efforts, the DEA Office was finally obtained, and it really did a great job in stemming the flow of drugs.That was a great accomplishment. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I might comment that after the Carter Administration left, the Reagan Administration, through its Vice President at that time, George Bush , the DEA office in our Embassy in the Bahamas, was made much larger.President Reagan gave Vice President Bush the responsibility, you may recall, of handling the drug problem, and he did a great job with it.
Q: Anything else you care to add, Ambassador Schwartz? | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
SCHWARTZ:I don't think so.It obviously was a tremendous personal satisfaction for me to be able to serve our country.Even though the Bahamian Government is not a crisis situation, we do have an ongoing relationship with them.They are an important partner of ours; they are close to this country; they represent an extremely critical area.We maintain military activities and bases in the Bahamas.I considered it an honor and a privilege to serve, and I appreciate what our Foreign Service does for our country far more today than I did before.I admire the career people.They are self-sacrificing and they do us a lot of credit.It was an honor for me and Mrs. Schwartz to be there. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
ANDREW F. ANTIPPAS Deputy Chief of Mission Nassau (1981-1983) Andrew F. Antippas was born in Massachusetts in 1931.He received a bachelor's degree from Tufts University and entered the Foreign Service in 1960.His career included positions in Africa, Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, Korea, Canada, and Washington DC.Mr.
Antippas was interviewed by Charles Stuart Kennedy on July 19, 1994.
ANTIPPAS: Over time I began to discover that there were other problems for the United States in the Bahamas. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
After my first 90 days at post I sat down and wrote a 10-page telegram, describing my impressions of what our relations were with this country.I have a copy of this report.I managed to get it out of the files before I retired.I thought that it was a rather good report.I described all of the problems and the attitudes which I had encountered.My conclusion in this cable was, "The Bahamas is no friend of the United States." | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
This was before we had even begun to realize the enormity of the narcotics trafficking which was taking place in the Bahamas.We already had some idea of the "money laundering" that was going on, since the Bahamas was an offshore banking center.I was also beginning to discover, to my horror, how big a transit area it was for illegal immigration into the United States.Even then, the Haitian problem was becoming a major difficulty, with boats pitching up on the beaches of Florida, hundreds of people drowning, and all of that. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I discovered that the Bahamian Government really wasn't being terribly helpful in these areas.And because of the "narcotics traffickers," American citizens were running into trouble.We had the case of a legislator from the State of Michigan who mysteriously disappeared from his sailboat.Everybody on board was apparently murdered.The boat was found, floating empty.The belief was that they'd run into some drug traffickers who killed them.It was becoming very troubling. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
By the time I wrote this 90 day review of the situation to the Department, I had an American citizen come to me, at the Embassy.He owned property on an island about 35 miles West of New Providence Island, where Nassau is located.The name of this island is Norman's Cay (Key).It was a privately owned island with a marina and an airstrip on it.It had been developed over the years.A number of the properties on it were owned by American and Canadian people who came down there for the winter.It had a very nice [scuba] "dive" location, fishing was good, and it was relatively close to Nassau.This fellow owned three or four bungalows on the island.He had developed it so that they were right off the runway of the airstrip.People could rent the bungalows and fly in.They could actually park their airplanes right next to the bungalows.He came in to complain to me that Colombian drug traffickers had moved in and, in effect, taken over the island.They were intimidating the owners of property down there, so much so that he really didn't have access to his property.His complaints to the Bahamian government hadn't resulted in any action. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
It turned out that a year or two before that [1979 or 1980] the Bahamian police had raided the island but had been unsuccessful in arresting the Colombians, who had managed to escape or "paid people off."
No large amounts of drugs were found.I took this complaint under advisement. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I flew back to Miami and was met at Miami International airport at planeside by a Drug Enforcement Administration agent, who took me into Miami to a hotel.He sat me down and talked to me all night about the problems they had on Norman's Cay with the Colombian cartel, which had taken over the island.What, in fact, the DEA wanted to do in the Bahamas, was to raid the island to apprehend the Colombians "in the act," as it were, because large quantities of cocaine were being transshipped there.This was the beginning of the major transshipment of cocaine into Florida.This was in 1980-1981. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I was a bit taken aback by what he was proposing because this would have involved taking American helicopters and DEA agents, with Bahamian police, and landing in what would be a "hot LZ" [coming down in a landing zone defended by hostile elements], and possibly "shooting it out" with the Colombians.I said, "I think this is not allowed under the Mansfield Amendment." | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
The Mansfield Amendment doesn't permit American law enforcement agencies to do this kind of thing.However, I said that I was very sympathetic with what he was telling me, given what I was beginning to learn about the nature of the problem on Norman's Cay.I said that I wasn't sure that the Bahamian government would "buy" this, given their attitudes about law enforcement cooperation with the United States.On the other hand, I wasn't sure that the United States government would want to do this. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
However, I said that I would "check it out."
I said that this wasn't something that I would really want to write up in a cable and send up to the State Department, because I thought that it would be immediately shot full of holes if I did that.I said that what I would like to do is to take the first opportunity to talk to Assistant Secretary of State Tom Enders, face to face, and see if I could get his verbal approval. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I knew that Enders would be coming down to Miami in early December, 1981.At the time the Rockefeller Foundation had what they called the Caribbean-Central American Committee.The committee met annually in Miami, and chiefs of state from Central American and Caribbean countries attended to talk about issues of mutual interest.Since this was the first year of the Caribbean Basin Initiative, I felt sure that the Assistant Secretary would be there, and I would get a chance to talk to him.The DEA agent agreed with that and left it to me to proceed.I did meet Enders very briefly when he came to Miami for this meeting.I didn't really have time to discuss the matter.That's another thing that you discover when you're trying to get the attention of your boss, when you're chargé d'affaires.Sometimes it's a major problem to have the chance to talk to your man in the front office of the bureau, unless he happens to come through your area on a visit.This reminded me of my experience years before in Douala, Cameroon, which I mentioned previously, when Assistant Secretary of State G. Mennen ("Soapy") Williams came through Douala one morning, en route home from the Congo. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |
I only learned about it when the UTA (French Airlines) representative called me. | https://docs-lawep.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/thematic2f/pw_2/1721904384142.pdf | https://adst.org/Readers/DRUG-TRAFFICKING-IN-LATIN-AMERICA.pdf | Bahamas |