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Mauna Loa, the biggest volcano on Earth, and one of the most active, covers half the Island of Hawaii. Just 35 miles to the northeast, Mauna Kea, known to native Hawaiians as Mauna a Wakea, rises 14,000 feet above sea level. To them it represents a spiritual connection between our planet and the heavens above. These volcanoes, which have beguiled millions of tourists visiting the Hawaiian islands, have also plagued scientists with a long-running mystery: If they are so close together, how did they develop in two parallel tracks along the Hawaiian-Emperor chain formed over the same hot spot in the Pacific Ocean — and why are their chemical compositions so different? We knew this was related to something deeper, but we couldn’t see what, said Tim Jones, an earth science Ph.D. student at Australian National University and the lead author of a paper published in Nature on Wednesday that may hold the answer. Mr. Jones and his colleagues developed a model that simulates what’s happening in our planet’s mantle, beneath the crust that we live on, offering a window to the center of the Earth — or close to it. Their study may one day allow a reconstruction of the history of the movement of Earth’s plates — and the processes linked to these movements over billions of years, like mass extinction events, diamond and oil deposits, and changes in climate. If you were to drill nearly 4,000 miles into the Earth, you’d reach its core, a ball of solid iron surrounded by liquid that scientists estimate is hotter than the sun. Before making it there, you’d hit the mantle — an 1,800-mile-thick layer of solid rock that can flow like a liquid, just substantially slower. This mantle is the reason plates move across the surface. Deep into Earth's crust It’s why we have continents, earthquakes and volcanoes. The closest anyone ever got to the mantle was a seven-mile-deep hole drilled into the crust on a peninsula in western Russia. But now we can better understand what’s happening below by looking at Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa, said Mr. Jones. The prevailing hypothesis has been that volcanoes like these two in Hawaii are chemical fingerprints of the Earth’s composition at the deep mantle, just at the border of its core. What seismic activity reveals? But that didn’t explain the separate tracks along which the volcanoes formed. Scientists have seismic evidence that the deep part of the mantle is a graveyard where long ago slabs of earth were subducted, creating separate regions with different chemical compositions that eventually made their way to the surface in a hot mantle plume as the core heated the rock into magma. By examining data from the two volcanoes, Mr. Jones and his team suggested an alternative: The chemical signature, along with this double-track volcanism as it’s called, occurred three million years ago when the plates above the hot spot shifted direction, moving north. This shimmy rearranged zones of magma that are heated under different pressures in the shallower part of the mantle — when they cool, the volcanic rock that results reflects this difference. Previously stacked on top of one another, the movement of the plates exposed now geographically separates magma zones that fed the volcanoes individually.

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Depression is a major global health problem, but many false beliefs and assumptions remain. Due to the widespread stigma surrounding mental health illnesses, those who suffer from depression Sandy Springs often encounter discrimination. Knowing the facts about depression may aid in the fight against prejudice and stigma. Find out the myths and beliefs that surround this mental health condition. Depression is all in your head Depression may affect your mind, social life, and physical health. It is persistent and requires therapy to be managed. If you are depressed, you cannot just turn off your feelings. The public usually only observes the behavioral symptoms of depression, such as irritability or withdrawal. However, feeling physically ill is a common symptom of mental discomfort, particularly depression. The inverse is also true. When your body is not feeling well, your emotions might seem like a train disaster. Depression is not an illness Many believe depression is nothing more than melancholy or a moral failing. However, depression is not a straightforward mental disorder, and its many root causes necessitate adopting a multifaceted treatment strategy. Don’t dismiss your depressive feelings as something “normal” people feel occasionally. Instead, you should see a medical professional since they can direct you toward the appropriate sources of assistance. The most effective therapy is the medication Long-term therapy with antidepressants is common, but patients don’t necessarily need to be on the drugs indefinitely. The intensity of your depression dictates which of several available treatments will be most effective. The severity of your depression and your unique treatment plan will determine how long you need to take antidepressants. Antidepressants may be necessary for certain people with depression to take a long time to improve their symptoms; nevertheless, doctors seldom prescribe continual usage of these medications. Antidepressants don’t usually start working for a patient for a few weeks. As such, stopping cold turkey medications may have serious consequences for patients. This is because there is always a chance that your body will react negatively if you suddenly stop taking medicine. Depression is an indication of weakness Depression is a genuine medical ailment and not a weakness in your character. No one chooses to be depressed; it doesn’t pick and choose who it affects. The only reason depression is seen as a weakness is the stigma that society has placed on it. Only females suffer from depression Women have a somewhat greater depression rate than males do. However, it is not that males don’t experience depression; most don’t bring it out in conversation as frequently as women do. Some men may refuse to get help for depression for fear of being seen as weak or less masculine. Additionally, men might show distinct symptoms of depression than women do. There are numerous misunderstandings about depression despite mental health professionals acknowledging it as a widespread disorder. These misunderstandings are dwindling as scientific knowledge on depression grows and as social, cultural, and medical perspectives shift. Contact Breakthru Psychiatric Solutions if you are struggling with depression.

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Cavities are also known as dental caries. Cavities are a common oral health problem which affect people of all ages. Cavities can lead to tooth decay, pain, and even tooth loss if left untreated. Here are some important things to know about cavities: 1. Causes: Cavities are mainly caused by poor oral hygiene and a diet high in sugary and acidic foods, for example: candy and soda. When we eat these foods, the bacteria in our mouth produce acids which attack the tooth enamel, leading to cavities. 2. Symptoms: In the early stages, cavities may not cause any noticeable symptoms. However, as the decay progresses, you may experience tooth sensitivity, toothache, visible holes and dark spots on the tooth. 3. Prevention: Good oral hygiene is most important for preventing cavities. Brushing your teeth at least twice a day with fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash can help remove plaque and prevent cavities from forming on your teeth. Reducing the consumption of sugary and acidic foods can also lower the risk of cavities. 4. Dental Check-ups: Regular dental check-ups are crucial for detecting cavities early on. Dentists can examine your teeth and use X-rays to identify any signs of cavities. Early detection allows for prompt treatment and prevents further damage to the teeth. 5. Treatment: The treatment for cavities depends on the severity of the decay. In the early stages, a dentist may recommend fluoride treatments or dental sealants to remineralize the enamel and prevent further decay. If the cavity has progressed, a dental filling, crown, or root canal may be necessary to restore the tooth. 6. Complications: If cavities are left untreated, this can lead to various complications, such as tooth abscess, infection, and even tooth loss. Severe tooth decay may require more serious and costly dental procedures. 7. Children and Cavities: Children are more likely to have cavities due to their developing teeth and poor oral hygiene habits. It is important to teach children proper brushing and flossing techniques, limit their intake of sugary snacks and drinks, and schedule regular dental check-ups to prevent cavities. They should also be using toothpaste with fluoride two times a day as well as flossing if possible.

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Early Reading - see https://www.oxfordowl.co.uk/for-home/reading/phonics-made-easy for guidance on phonics and the sounds we make Tips for parents/carers with children new to reading English or for pupils significantly behind in their reading - Talk: spend time talking to your child about their day, about their play and about things around them encourages the development of speaking and listening skills. This is highly important when children go on to start learning to read. - Talk about books, words and pictures: Before you start reading a book, talk about the title, the pictures on the cover (front and back). Look through the pictures together and ask your child what they think the story might be about. - Talk about stories and events: As you read and when you’ve finished, sometimes ask questions about the story. 'What was your favourite bit? What do you think about that? What would you do?' Get your child to ask you questions too. Don’t overdo it though – otherwise you can lose the thread of the plot. - Find your favourites and add to them: Children love to listen to their favourite books over and over again and to remember some parts by heart. That’s fine as enjoyment and memory play a key part in learning to read. Add to their list of favourites by reading stories of all kinds, rhymes, poetry and information books too. - Talk about letters and sounds: If you draw attention to letters and sounds, your child will begin to notice them as well. Knowing the letter sounds is a very important first step in early phonics teaching so start talking about these at the earliest opportunity. Please see: https://www.oxfordowl.co.uk/for-home/reading/phonics-made-easy - Read EVERY DAY: Reading with your child continues to be really important so keep reading lots of different books together. - Sound Out First: If your child gets stuck on a word, check first if it can be sounded out or blended by saying the letter sounds individually and putting them together quickly to hear the word. If your child can’t work out the word, then you say it and move on. (Sounding out: To say the individual sounds that make up a word; Blended: To say the individual sounds that make up a word and blend them together to hear the whole word for reading (for example, 's-a-t' becomes 'sat'). We say you blend to read and segment to spell.) What can school offer? We have a range of evidenced based interventions for Reading, for example, catch up Literacy. Your child's support will be shared with you during Parent's Evening. If you are struggling to read with your child regularly, please let us know and we can help. However, if you ever have any questions, please speak to your child's teacher in the first instance. If you require further information, please speak to the school SENDCO - Mrs Winston. Year 5 and Year 6 Reading - Share Books: It might get more difficult to make time for the ‘bedtime reading experience’ now, but it’s still useful and enjoyable. Reading to your child, listening to your child read, leaving them to read alone, and listening to audio books are all valuable. Try to chat about reading and swap ideas about good reads in an informal way. - Open up the world of books: Share the variety of your reading with your child: books, magazines, websites, and apps. Show how reading can help you follow your interests and get involved. Help them to join blogs, online communities, and clubs that link to their hobbies whether it’s swimming, football, dance, music, or something completely different. - Read between the lines: Talking about stories, poems, and information books can help your child understand books in different ways. It’s not just about what’s happened or who did what. Talk about what a book means to your child and whether they think there are any less obvious meanings that the author wants us to spot. - Research Homework: If your child is asked to research a topic, talk to them about how they will tackle the task. Remind them to look in books and use the library as well as the internet. Talk to them about how you decide what to use and what to reject – as well as how you know which sources to trust. Year 3 and Year 4 Reading Guidance - Share Books: Hearing a story read to you (rather than watching a story on TV or as a film) is hugely important for developing reading skills, but it’s also a relaxing routine which prepares children for a good night’s sleep. Hearing a story read out loud also means that children can have access to books that may as yet be too challenging to read alone - Open up the World of Reading: Share the variety of your reading with your child: books, magazines, websites, and apps, to show how reading can help you to follow your interests and to get involved. Help them to join blogs, online communities and clubs that link to their hobbies whether it’s swimming, football, dance or music. - Encourage Prediction: When reading stories, good readers are always thinking ahead to start to work out what might happen next. You can help your child become better at this by asking key questions such as:'I wonder if … will happen? Who do you think will…?' - Research for Homework: Your child may be asked to investigate a topic or find answers to questions set in class. You can help them with their research skills by talking about where to look to find the answers, although you may need to remind them to look in books and use the library as well as the internet. Children can struggle with information overload so they need your help to ‘search and sift’ both sites and information to make decisions. - Value Choice: It’s really important to value your child’s choices even when a book looks too easy or too difficult. Children can read books that appear to be too difficult (especially if it is a topic that interests them) but you’ll need to guide them through tricky words, pictures, ideas or even the layout of an information book.

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If a fraction of the output power is fed back to the input cavity and if the loop gain has a magnitude of unity with a phase shift of multiple 27T, the klystron will oscillate. However, a two-cavity klystron oscillator is usually not constructed because, when the oscillation frequency is varied, the resonant frequency of each cavity and the feedback path phase shift must be readjusted for a positive feedback. The reflex klystron is a single-cavity klystron that overcomes the disadvantages of the twocavity klystron oscillator. It is a low-power generator of 10 to 500-mW output at a frequency range of I to 25 GHz. The efficiency is about 20 to 30%. This type is widely used in the laboratory for microwave measurements and in microwave receivers as local oscillators in commercial, military, and airborne Doppler radars as well as missiles. The theory of the two-cavity klystron can be applied to the nalysis of the reflex klystron with slight modification. A schematic diagram of the reflex klystron is shown in Fig. 9-4-1. The electron beam injected from the cathode is first velocity-modulated by the cavity-gap voltage. Some electrons accelerated by the accelerating field enter therepeller space with greater velocity than those with unchanged velocity. Some electrons decelerated by the retarding field enter the repeller region with less velocity. All electrons turned around by the repeller voltage then pass through the cavity gap in bunches that occur once per cycle. On their return journey the bunched electrons pass through the gap during the retarding phase of the alternating field and give up their kinetic energy to the electromagnetic energy of the field in the cavity. Oscillator output energy is then taken from the cavity. The electrons are finally collected by the walls of the cavity or other grounded metal parts of the tube. Figure 9-4-2 shows an Applegate diagram for the 1~ mode of a reflex klystron. The analysis of a reflex klystron is similar to that of a two-cavity klystron. For simplicity, the effect of space-charge forces on the electron motion will again be neglected. The electron entering the cavity gap from the cathode at z = 0 and time to is assumed to have This expression is identical to Eq. (9-2-17), for the problems up to this point are identical to those of a two-cavity klystron amplifier. The same electron is forced back to the cavity z = d and time tz by the retarding electric field E, which is given by This retarding field E is assumed to be constant in the z direction. The force equation for one electron in the repeller where E = - VY is used in the z direction only, Yr is the magnitude of the repeller voltage, and I Yt sin wt I ~ (Yr + Yo) is assumed. Integration of Eq. (9-4-4) twice yields t0 time for electron entering cavity gap at z = 0 t 1 time for same electron leaving cavity gap at z = d time for same electron returned by retarding field z = d and collected on walls of cavity

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- Many different factors can be influential on the choice of the people in free and fair elections which are the requirements of democracy. Economic, political, social, and other reasons determine people’s political choice and political power. However, how this people’s will can be reflected, how the votes will be counted, how it will be represented and how many seats it will correspond to are actually determined according to the election laws. Also, electoral laws, like all laws, are actually the product of the legislature’s political choice. Moreover, since the election laws have a special and direct effect and importance on the determination of the next election result and the next political power, they are the laws that it especially is wanted to shape by the current political power in order to ensure their continuity. However, like many other laws, it is important for legal security that they preserve certain basic principles, conform to the constitution of the country, and have little variability. Moreover, the frequent changes in election laws depending on the political power is a threat to democracy. In other words, stable electoral laws in accordance with the constitution and the requirements of democracy are the requirement of free and fair election and the legal and formal condition of the fair reflection of the will of the voters. - Electoral laws are basically based on the political choice of the legislator over how to resolve the conflict of interest between the fair representation of the votes, and the creation of strong and thus stable governments. Italy also for the same purposes, from the beginning of the reform process until today, four law changes have been made under different names. These changes; Mattarellum made in 1993, Porcellum made in 2005, Italicum made in 2014, and Rosatellum made in 2017. - During the process that started with the arrest of Mario Chiesa from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) on February 17, 1992, on the grounds that he was bribed, a serious network of corruption emerged within the political parties. In the continuation of the process, the decrease in trust in political parties and the economic problems experienced by political parties led to the shrinkage of political parties and this situation caused the 1993 Election Reform (MATTARELLUM) to come into effect. The most important aspect of this change is that the proportional representation system, which has been applied since 1948, was terminated and the transition to the mixed system. Proportional representation electoral systems, on the other hand, are the common name of systems that require political parties to be represented in proportion to their votes. For this reason, it can be said that as a result of this election law, a majoritarian understanding has been adopted. This understanding resulted in the bipolar formation of political life and an increase in pre-election alliances. - The 2005 election reform (PORCELLUM) is the Berlusconi government’s amendment to the electoral law for purely political motives. This change has many unusual and troublesome features. Firstly, the electoral law change was made just before the election. Secondly, the method of voting candidates for parties by lists has been adopted, but some electoral districts are still allowed to nominate individual candidates. One of the most interesting aspects of the change is that it allows a candidate to be included in the list of more than one constituency. For example, Berlusconi ran as the top of the list in all electoral districts. In addition, a premium system that can transform the simple majority into absolute majority has been adopted. In order to ensure stability in the administration, according to this regulation, the number of seats of the party or alliance that received the highest number of votes at the “national level” in the parliamentary elections is increased to 340. However, this regulation seriously harms the principle of fairness in representation. This situation was clearly observed especially in the 2013 elections. “According to the 2013 election results, each of the alliances (the left alliance led by the Democratic Party and the right alliance led by Forza Italy) and the Five Star Movement received over 25% of the vote. Even though it won the election by a very small margin, it also won the majority with the most votes. As a matter of fact, although the left alliance had 29% of the votes, it was entitled to the majority because it received the highest vote among those participating in the election. Thus, the representation rate in the Assembly of Deputies suddenly reached 54% due to the majority premium. ” (Altınsu & Arıkan) - The next two electoral laws were basically shaped as a result of the annulment decisions of the Italian Constitutional Court. In 2014, the Constitutional Court annulled many articles of the electoral reform, including the provision known as the “majority premium”. According to the court, it was unconstitutional that the relevant article of the law did not specify the minimum rate of votes that the party or alliance of parties should receive in the elections. In other words, the precondition for qualifying for the majority premium had to be reaching the minimum vote limit set by the legislature. The basis of this decision of the Constitutional Court is the principle of equality of votes regulated in Article 48 of the Italian Constitution. Simply, the votes should be equal in effect and value. According to the ITALICUM law amendment dated 2014, the party or alliance of parties with the most votes must reach a minimum 40% voting rate in order to qualify for the majority premium. Otherwise, the party with the most votes in the 2nd round will be entitled to the majority premium. This change was a system that tried not to harm the representation of the minority votes, but secured the majority. - Finally, with the effect of the Italian Constitutional Court Decision dated 2017, the Italian election system ROSATELLUM took its final appearance. The provision stating that if the sufficient majority (40%) could not be achieved, the election would remain in the second round was annulled, thus the system that would provide the majority under all conditions and lead to relatively more stable decisions was disabled. This is a positive development in terms of the principle of equality of votes. However, given the fragmented structure in Italian politics and the political order in which a third party is now strongly involved, it is a very strong possibility that Italian politics are and will be the scene of coalitions. Another observed risk is that the parties see the way to achieve this more difficult majority as populist discourse and powers. Also, this volatile and complex nature of Italy’s electoral systems remains a problem for democracy. Altınsu, O., & Arıkan, C. (n.d.). ITALY’S ELECTION SYSTEM REFORMS IN THE CONTEXT OF SEEKİNG GOVERNANCE STABILITY. dergipark.org.tr. ITALIAN CONSTITUTIONI.pdf. (2013). Retrieved from https://www.adaletbiz.com: https://www.adaletbiz.com/images/dosyalarim/ The Democratic Space Barometer/ Italy. (n.d.). Retrieved from /www.v-dem.net: https://www.v-dem.net/en/analysis/DemSpace/

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Artistic proofs are viewed to emanate from the poetic and entail a form of expression. They are also constructed and malleable and entail the rhetoric appeals of pathos, logos, and ethos. The photographic proof included in image 1is mostly rhetoric in terms of the dangers associated with smoking. The image illustrates that despite the behavior appealing to many, both men and women, it poses a risk when it comes to the welfare of children. When one looks at the image, he or she empathizes with the child included in the image and thus illustrating the pathos rhetorical appeal. The second image illustrates the rhetorical appeal of logos with respect to the severe effects of smoking. It illustrates the poison that people inhale in the name of seeking pleasure. The inartistic proofs involve actual evidence regarding a given issue. It is factual that smoking affects one’s body especially the lungs since they are the organs involved during respiration. The image illustrates how smoking damages the lungs whereby it depicts a lung that has not been exposed to smoking and the image of a lung that has been damaged due to smoking. The proof that persuaded me regarding the subject matter is the image of the lung after being exposed to smoke. It persuaded me because it illustrates facts about the behavior rather than depicting a complex attribute. The basic assumption is that all the images are passing respective messages regarding smoking. The associated features can be easily interpreted in terms of the subject matter. The color red is used in the second and third image. The assumption is that both images illustrate the negative implications of smoking. In the second image, red is used distinctively to highlight the individuals who are affected by the habit; in this case, children. Aslam includes the view by Galileo that color illustrates secondary qualities that are dependent on the perceiver, comprehended by the observers, dispositional and the view that color is not really a part of an object. Color is also depicted to affect both human psychology and behavior (17). The perspective can be associated with the use of the color red, in the two pictures. It functions to influence the minds of the audience in terms of who is affected by the behavior and the physical effect that smoking had on the human body. Another significant aspect is the use of visual cues in the images especially the second image. Lester highlights the need for analyzing visual cues in terms of form, movement, color, and depth. The idea is to assess how the elements interact in an image (132). The hand holding the lit cigarette is separated from the background using a blurred contrast. iii) What are some explicit ethical considerations within the grouping of images? Do they represent normative thinking, or do they perform a utilitarian role? Use Lester’s ethical perspectives to support your analysis. The ethical considerations affiliate with the manner in which the images have been grouped entails the utilitarian perspective especially in the second, third and fourth images. Lester explains that news directors and editors tend to integrate utilitarianism in their reports especially on information with disturbing graphic content. The associated view is that despite an image being gruesome, it possesses the potential of influencing the minds of the audience. He states, “That action is acceptable under the utilitarianism philosophy because people do not have a moral right to be sheltered from sad news on occasion,” (142). The statement implies that it is vital to inform the public or instead present it with an actual implication of an issue for it to refrain from engaging in a particular behavior. The three images illustrate the dangers of smoking, not only to the smoker but also to the individuals within his or her environment. From an overall viewpoint, images play a crucial role when it comes to communicating particular messages. From the analysis, both the artistic and unartistic aspects present in the involved images possess the capacity to influence the minds of the audience on the dangers of smoking. Also, the visual cues and color play significant roles in illustrating the implications of smoking. Do you need high quality Custom Essay Writing Services?

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What is Sensory Disorder? The sensory disorder, also known as sensory integration disorder, is a developmental condition that occurs when the nervous system and, in particular, the brain are unable to properly process sensory inputs to the body. This results in the body’s inability to respond appropriately to the needs of the surrounding environment . In other words, it is the inability of the senses to perform their intended function. It is not uncommon for one or more of the body’s senses to not fully develop in shape. The nervous system responds in one of two ways: Excessive Reaction. As in a child’s annoyance with loud noises. Or vomiting when exposed to a specific odour. Or the child’s inability to eat certain textures of food. Alternatively, it is a weakness in the sensitivity Under Response. For example, children who have poor eye contact or who frequently fall and stumble. This disorder affects one or more of the human senses, including vision, hearing, touch, gustatory, olfactory, and vestibular sense and balance . Sensory disorder is caused by a flaw in the human brain. This disorder affects 5-13% of people. Children with autism make up the majority of the population, accounting for roughly 70% of the total. . Autism is classified as a sensory disorder in several studies . Some research and therapy pioneers recommend that a child diagnosed with a sensory disorders participate in a multi-sensory environment such as a sensory room, sensory gym, or sensory garden. Where the specialist works with the child on psychological and motor exercises based on his needs and condition. To gain a better understanding of himself and his body in the void. Signs of Sensory Disorder A sensory disorder has some symptoms. Which typically manifest as behavioural or psychological symptoms. For example, the child may avoid touching certain items such as fabrics and food, or may avoid touching another person. The child will not try to innovate while playing, and feels safe playing the same games or watching the same TV shows over and over. Physical symptoms of the disorder may also appear, such as difficulty waking up and not feeling pain quickly, or having difficulty hearing and responding to sounds. Or the inverse, such as the condition known as sensory seeking, which causes children to be constantly in pursuit of making noise, jumping, climbing, and smashing things . Treatment of Sensory Disorders Occupational therapists might create a treatment plan for sensory integration children known as the “Sensory Diet.” It includes a variety of activities based on the child’s conversational and sensory needs. The treatment plan’s success is heavily reliant on the cooperation of everyone in the child’s environment, including parents, school, and relatives. Although there is no definitive treatment for sensory disturbance, more than one method can be used to improve dealing and coping in children. Physical therapy based on sensory integration principles is one of these methods and methods. as well as visual therapy to enhance visual communication. Auditory therapy is used to alleviate their discomfort from certain sounds and to improve their ability to perform other activities in the presence of those sounds. Most of the time, speech therapy is required due to the effect of sensory integration disorder on tongue movement, letter exits, and pronunciation. Food Therapy: under the supervision of a specialist, work on the child’s acceptance of foods of different textures by smelling the food’s smell and touching it with the hands in a gradual, rehabilitative, and thoughtful manner. Sensory integration is the neural process that expresses the brain’s processing of various sensory inputs and issuing the correct response to these inputs. The sensory inputs are touch and deep touch, vestibular sensation, and deep sensation in the joints. To encourage her to achieve a level of sensory integration with the child. This is usually accomplished with the assistance of sensory room tools . The value of sensory integration lies in increasing interaction with the environment and with others, as well as in learning new skills. This has the most impact on the nervous system, increasing neural maturity and active neuronal nutrition. During treatment sessions, children’s sensory integration is stimulated by following a specific protocol. The sensory room provides an environment in which the child or adult can control and adjust the sensory inputs to be appropriate for each individual. During the sessions, the treatment protocol includes the use of several tools inside the sensory room to stimulate their senses. Among these tools are the jockey swing and the sailor’s swing, both of which aim to improve children’s balance and stimulate the vestibular sensation. Optical fibres, bubble tubes, and a light-up table that serves as a visual, tactile, and cognitive sensory stimulator. The contact wall and contact floor stimulate touch while decreasing sensitivity from various contacts. And it assists the space bag in balancing and knowing the limits of their bodies within the room. The aromatic tools contained within the scent bag help to stimulate the sense of smell . - باوكاد. اسراء. 2018. اضطرابات المعالجة الحسية لدى الأطفال ذوي اضطراب طيف التوحد. - عزازي. أحمد. 2017. فعالية برنامج العلاج الوظيفي في خفض بعض الاضطرابات الحسية لدى الأطفال ذوي اضطراب التوحد - بن بوزيد. مريم. 2017. التكامل الحسي وطرق التكفل بالطفل التوحد - Carly’s Café – Experience Autism Through Carly’s Eyes - أدريس. هند. 2021. تأثير الاضطرابات الحسية وتدخلات العلاج الحسي على الأشخاص ذوي الإعاقة الفکرية: مراجعة منهجية - Butera. Christiana.2020. Impact of Sensory Processing on School Performance Outcomes in High Functioning Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder - Lucy Jane Miller, Sharon Milberger, Daniel N McIntosh. 2004. Prevalence of parents’ perceptions of sensory processing disorders among kindergarten children. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15202626/ - Nassar . Nour . mumzworld.

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Ethics in education is the moral compass that guides the conduct of educators, administrators, and students within the educational landscape. Rooted in principles of integrity, fairness, and respect, educational ethics shapes a culture of trust and inclusivity. By prioritizing honesty, fostering equitable opportunities, and addressing challenges like plagiarism and bias, ethical education contributes to the holistic development of individuals. It serves as a transformative force, nurturing character, fostering global citizenship, and honing critical thinking skills. Upholding ethical standards in education ensures not only academic excellence but also the cultivation of responsible, empathetic individuals prepared to navigate a diverse and dynamic world. Ethical education is instrumental in shaping the character of individuals. It instills values such as honesty, responsibility, and empathy, contributing to the holistic development of students. Educators can nurture a sense of global citizenship by incorporating ethical perspectives on environmental sustainability, social justice, and cultural awareness. Ethical discussions encourage critical thinking. Students learn to analyze situations, consider diverse viewpoints, and make informed decisions, skills that are valuable beyond the classroom. Ethics in education is not a mere set of rules but a guiding philosophy that has the power to transform lives. As educators, administrators, and students collectively commit to upholding ethical principles, they contribute to the creation of a learning environment where integrity, respect, and a pursuit of knowledge thrive. In this shared commitment lies the promise of an educational system that not only imparts knowledge but also shapes conscientious, responsible, and compassionate individuals ready to navigate the complexities of the world. Aspiring for a career in teaching? Lingaya’s Vidyapeeth is your pathway. As one of the Best B.Ed. Colleges in Delhi NCR (Faridabad), their mission is to cultivate skilled educators through effective knowledge-based teaching and learning principles. Prof.(Dr.) Rajnee Gaur Head of DepartmentFebruary 5, 2024 Addiction adr Advocate Aeroponics Agriculture AI animal B.A Bee Keeping career CSE Culture Diversity drug ECOFEMINISM education Entrepreneurship Ethical Financial gardening growth Harmony health Holistic Inclusion INDIAN Indoor Innovations Intellectual International Business Internships law lawyer LEGAL life Media NOMOPHOBIA Nutraceutical personal development Pharmacy placements Social Spirit stress success

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Newswise — SAN DIEGO, CA – Sleep-deprived fruit flies helped reveal what induces sleep. University of Oxford researchers Anissa Kempf, Gero Miesenböck, and colleagues reveal that fruit fly sleep is driven by oxidative stress, the imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants in the body. Kempf will present their research on Monday, February 17 at the 64th Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society in San Diego, California. “We knew what neurons in the fruit fly brain promoted sleep, but we didn’t know what signals activated those neurons. We worked to identify those signals so we could understand what drives sleep in the first place,” said Kempf. Kempf and colleagues knew from earlier work that during sleep, electrical current flowed through a voltage-gated potassium channel named Shaker. They also knew that a Shaker co-factor was involved in cellular metabolism, and had a genetic clue that cellular oxidative stress could be involved. They compared sleep neurons in well-rested flies and flies that were kept awake on a spring-loaded platform that activated every twelve seconds, the latter had more reactive oxygen species, also known as free radicals. Kempf and colleagues then used remarkable precision and exceptional microscope technology to peer at neurons inside the brains of live fruit flies as they went through their sleep/wake cycles. The flies’ heads were kept immobilized under a microscope while their bodies were free to move, allowing them to walk on a ball the size of a pinhead, the ball’s rotations enabling the researchers to identify whether the flies were awake or asleep. Using genetic manipulations, readouts of oxidative stress with this system and electrophysiological measurements, they showed that oxidative byproducts oxidized the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) bound to another protein called “Hyperkinetic,” which turned on Shaker, and induced sleep. As a demonstration of this mechanism, Kempf said “by increasing reactive oxygen species in those neurons we can increase sleep, by doing the opposite we decrease the activity of those neurons and decrease sleep in the fly.” “It’s actually quite intriguing that something like reactive oxygen species are an important sleep promoting signal. Reactive oxygen species are toxic and damaging to cells, so it’s possible that cells react to this as a way to mitigate potential damage of reactive oxygen species that accumulates during wakefulness.” Their research may also explain why chronic lack of sleep appears to shorten life expectancy. Oxidative stress is thought to play a role in aging, and without sufficient sleep on a regular basis, too much may accumulate. “By sleeping we may potentially be preventing an organism from suffering from oxidative stress,” Kempf said. Fruit fly or human, sleep-deprivation is best to be avoided.

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Skills assist pupils to gain awareness through using technology and media in addition to studying. These abilities help students develop knowledge through developing technology and media in addition to writing. Pupils have to have the ability to work efficiently with advice, using it in all levels of Bloom’s Taxonomy (remembering, understanding, implementing, analyzing, assessing, and generating). Information literacy entails skills like researching, studying, and writing; however, methods have introduced new abilities: Media literacy involves knowing the ways in which data is created and distributed. Types of networking have exploded in the past decade and media daily, arrive: Much like data literacy, the crucial thing is to comprehend the components of this communication scenario –sender, message (theme and intent), moderate, recipient, and circumstance. All these factors are constant irrespective of the medium. By extending the student’s view to find each of media as a piece of a communication scenario that is bigger, we could equip students to receive and deliver data from any medium. Students must learn how to understand the weaknesses and strengths of each medium and also examine each message they send and receive. We’re currently living with changes happening over spans of time. Many people couldn’t live without it, although Facebook did not exist. Don Tapscott summarizes the next eight hopes that pupils have of technologies. • Freedom to express their perspectives, characters, and identities • Capability to personalize and customize the technology for their tastes • Capability to dig deeper, discovering whatever info they need • Honesty in connections with other people and with associations • Interesting to become a part of studying, function, and socialization in Addition to amusement • Linking to other people and cooperating in all • Rate and responsiveness in communicating and looking for replies • Development and transform, not settling to get recognizable technologies but searching and utilizing What’s fresh and improved Pupils expect a great deal Because you may see. You can help them use technology • Reading sites; • utilizing search engines; • utilizing map hunts; • accessing podcasts, videos, and also even feeds; • assessing Web sources; • exploring online; • emailing, talking, texting, microblogging; • utilizing social websites; • seeing virtual worlds; • blogging and employing wikis; along with • utilizing message boards, newsgroups, and VOIP (Skype). Pupils can exploit the power of technologies by learning how to utilize these instruments to make communicating and also how to assess this info and be motivated to find out.

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According to the above definition and explanation, the long form of the periodic table is labeled into three units like left, right, and middle sections for learning chemistry or physics in science. - The left section in the table has group IA and IIA define the extremely high electropositive character but very low ionization energy and always show the positive oxidation number. - The right portion contains groups IIIA, IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA with high electron affinity, and non-reactive noble gases like helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. - The organization of the middle portion of the periodic table made the relationship between the left and right sections and contains a list of transition metals or d-block and inner transition or f-block elements. Periodic table blocks According to the modern periodic law based on the atomic number and valence shell electron arrangement of elements, the different types of metals and non-metals in chemistry are organized to form s, p, d, and f-block on the periodic table. The name s-block element in the periodic table is given due to the arrangement of electrons, the valence electron enters into ns-orbital and is filled progressively according to the configuration rules. Group-1 (hydrogen, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, cesium, and francium) and group-2 (beryllium, magnesium, calcium, strontium, barium, and radium) belong to s-block elements. The valence shell electron configuration, ns1→2, where n = principle quantum number, or the number of periods. P-block on the periodic table organizes by progressively filled p-orbital in valence shell electronic structure but helium is an exception with electron arrangement 1s2. Group-3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and noble gases belong to p-block elements. Since the second period of p block elements like boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and argon have filled s-orbitals with valence shell electron configuration, 2s2 2p1→6, where n = number of period. d-block and f-block elements The name d-block (transition series) or f-block (inner transition series) on the periodic table is used due to the presence of progressively filled d or f-orbitals in the valence shell electronic structure. The transition or inner transition family forms the ionic chemical bond with metals (s-block) and covalent bond with metals non-metals (p-block). Therefore, 3d-block elements like scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc are placed in the middle of the table between s and p-block with valence shell electronic configuration, 4s0→2 3d1-10. The f-block on the periodic table is divided into two series, 4f or lanthanides and 5f or actinides which contain many missing elements discovered or synthesized by the nuclear reaction of radioactive isotopes.

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This project is and will always be Open-Source, meaning you are encouraged to build a sensor yourself! However, you can also purchase an assembled sensor at ribbitnetwork.org. The sensor uses a wi-fi radio to connect to the internet in order to send sensor data to the Ribbit Network Database and receive Software Updates from the Ribbit team. The sensor rounds the GPS location that it publishes to the public database. This means that it is not possible to specifically locate the sensor. Additionally, the sensor does not contain or publish any personal data, limiting privacy concerns. The power cable is 1.5 meters (5 feet) long. An extension cord can easily be added if you need a longer cord. Atmospheric monitoring from space is an exciting development that has a lot of potential. However, it's not a magic bullet solution. The scientific consensus is that the best option is to develop both technologies that can work together: Climate tech satellites are the MOST expensive possible solution. For example, NASA's OCO2, cost $467.7 million. Currently, the ground-based frog sensors cost ~250 to build and assemble. At those prices, we could build 1868000 ground-based sensors for the cost of one satellite. And as you'll see in the next bullet point, we need more than one. - Satellites have only a limited number of measurements that they can take in a day. If you check out the "Approximate usable daily soundings" you can see how many measurements a day a sat can take. Using the OCO2 example again, it can take about 100,000 1.3 × 2.2 km squares a day. At those rates, it's very difficult to measure a meaningful portion of the earth with any frequency. I believe that having real-time constant monitoring of an area is important to help catch peak emission events like a power plant natural gas plant turning on briefly during peak load. It's hard to imagine a cost-effective satellite solution that could provide that. - Satellites are good to monitor GHG emissions from the major sources, at the macro level. They are less effective to monitor emissions at the hyper-local level due to their lower resolution. - Finally, the satellite data is awesome, but many of the sensing technologies are still unproven. They need a "truth" dataset to validate that the satellites are producing accurate data. A ground-based network like Ribbit is an excellent complement to a sat network because it can provide that truth! The concentration of CO2 in the air is measured using a Nondispersive infrared (NDIR) sensor. These sensors are a type of spectroscopic instrument, that is they measure light and how that light interacts with a material at specific wavelengths. In the case of measuring CO2, light at a wavelength in the mid-infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum is emitted, passes through a small chamber that is open to the outside air, and a detector then measures the intensity of that light. Light at the mid-infrared wavelength of 4.26 μm (4.26 x 10^-6 meters) in particular is absorbed by CO2 molecules. That means that a portion of the emitted light will effectively be blocked by CO2 in the air in proportion to the amount of CO2. The difference between the intensity of the emitted light and the intensity of the detected light can be used to determine the CO2 concentration.

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Can Coronavirus Be Crushed By Warmer Weather? There's a seasonality to many viruses. Flu and cold viruses tend to peak in winter months, then die down with warmer weather. Will the newly identified coronavirus and the disease it causes — COVID-19 — follow a similar pattern? Before that question can be answer, let's consider how seasons and temperature influence the spread of viruses. "Coronaviruses tend to be associated with winter because of how they're spread," explains Elizabeth McGraw, who directs the Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics at Pennsylvania State University. For one thing, in winter months, people may cluster together more indoors, increasing the number of folks at risk of becoming infection by someone who's contagious. In addition, there's the matter of transmission. Viruses spread through respiratory droplets that are released when an infected person coughs or sneezes. And the droplets are more likely to spread under certain conditions. "What we know is that they're [the droplets] are better at staying afloat when the air is cold and dry, " says McGraw. "When the air is humid and warm, [the droplets] fall to the ground more quickly, and it makes transmission harder." Not every coronavirus hews to the same rules. For instance, the one that causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) has not shown the capacity to spread easily from person to person, says Amesh Adalja, an infectious disease physician and a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security: "It doesn't have that seasonality because it's really an animal to human virus and not something that that you see causing disease in a seasonal pattern." But he says COVID-19 seems more akin to the seasonal cold. And up to a third of common colds are caused by coronaviruses. "We've seen, basically, explosive spread inside China of person-to-person transmission, so — in that sense — it really is behaving like a common-cold causing coronavirus," says Adalja. For that reason, he says, "I do think seasonality will play a role. As this outbreak unfolds and we approach spring and summer, I do think we will see some tapering off of cases." So as China and the rest of the Northern Hemisphere head into spring, the virus could begin to peter out or plateau. But the southern half of the globe is headed into fall and winter "so we may see this [virus] have increased transmission" in parts of the southern hemisphere, says Adalja — for example, in Australia. That's similar to what happens with the flu each year. "It's not unreasonable to make the assumption" that cases will die down come spring, Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told NPR. "We hope when the weather gets warmer it will diminish a bit," he says. But he sounds a cautionary note: "However, we don't know that about this [new] coronavirus. We don't have [a] backlog of history." Dr. Nancy Messionnier of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sounds a similar note when it comes to predicting a slowdown of cases with warmer weather. "I think it's premature to assume that," she said during a call with reporters on Wednesday. "We haven't been through even a single year with this pathogen." Given the uncertainty, public health officials say they must plan for the unexpected and for the possibility that the outbreak drags on regardless of the weather. Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org.

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Modern humans evolved in Africa roughly 200,000 years ago. … The genomes were drawn from people in hundreds of indigenous populations: Basques, African pygmies, Mayans, Bedouins, Sherpas and Cree Indians, to name just a few. In the journal Nature, three separate teams of geneticists survey DNA collected from cultures around the globe, many for the first time, and conclude that all non-Africans today trace their ancestry to a single population emerging from Africa between 50,000 and 80,000 years ago. –Eske Willerslev, a geneticist at the University of Copenhagen, analyzed DNA from Aboriginal Australians for clues to the earliest chapters in human history. Credit Laerke Posselt for The New York Times Early studies of bits of DNA also supported this idea. All non-Africans are closely related to one another, geneticists found, and they all branch from a family tree rooted in Africa. Yet there are also clues that at least some modern humans may have departed Africa well before 50,000 years ago, perhaps part of an earlier wave of migration. In Israel, for example, researchers found a few distinctively modern human skeletons that are between 120,000 and 90,000 years old. In Saudi Arabia and India, sophisticated tools date back as far as 100,000 years. Last October, Chinese scientists reported finding teeth belonging to Homo sapiens that are at least 80,000 years old and perhaps as old as 120,000 years. In 2011, Eske Willerslev, a renowned geneticist at the University of Copenhagen, and his colleagues came across some puzzling clues to the expansion out of Africa by sequencing the genome of an Aboriginal Australian for the first time. In Papua New Guinea, Dr. Metspalu and his colleagues found, 98 percent of each person’s DNA can be traced to that single migration from Africa. But the other 2 percent seemed to be much older. Dr. Metspalu concluded that all people in Papua New Guinea carry a trace of DNA from an earlier wave of Africans who left the continent as long as 140,000 years ago, and then vanished. It’s tough to know what happened on Earth thousands of years before anyone started writing anything down. But thanks to the amazing work of anthropologists and paleontologists like those working on National Geographic’s Genographic Project, we can begin to piece together the story of our ancestors. Here’s how early humans spread from East Africa all around the world. The new research also suggests that the splintering of the human tree began earlier than experts had suspected. Dr. Reich and his colleagues probed their data for the oldest evidence of human groups genetically separating from one another. They found that the ancestors of the KhoiSan, hunter-gatherers living today in southern Africa, began to split off from other living humans about 200,000 years ago and were fully isolated by 100,000 years ago. That finding hints that our ancestors already had evolved behaviors seen in living humans, such as language, 200,000 years ago.

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Services for individuals with Down syndrome have evolved significantly over the past fifty years. Dr. Kishore Vellody, MD, medical director of the Down Syndrome Center of Western Pennsylvania, tells Everyday Health that in the 1960s, parents of babies with Down syndrome were often encouraged to institutionalize their children. However, a shift occurred in the early ’70s, emphasizing the potential for these individuals to thrive with proper care and education. Understanding Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome 21. It is associated with certain physical characteristics, developmental delays, and varying degrees of intellectual disability. While there is no cure for Down syndrome, advancements in medical care, education, and social support have significantly improved the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatments and Therapies Early intervention services play a crucial role in supporting the development of children with Down syndrome. These services typically include: - Occupational Therapy: Helps children develop the skills needed for daily activities, such as dressing, feeding, and fine motor tasks. - Physical Therapy: Focuses on improving gross motor skills, strength, and coordination. - Speech Therapy: Aims to enhance communication skills, including speech, language, and social communication. Early intervention should ideally start as soon as possible after birth and continue until the child is eligible for kindergarten. These services are often provided through state-funded programs and are tailored to the individual needs of each child. Federal laws, such as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), ensure that children with Down syndrome have access to free, appropriate public education. This includes: - Individualized Education Plans (IEPs): Tailored educational plans designed to meet the specific learning needs of each child. - Special Education Services: Additional support services, such as classroom accommodations and specialized instruction, to help children with Down syndrome succeed academically. Challenges and Support for Different Age Groups Early intervention is crucial for the overall development of children with Down syndrome. These interventions help address developmental delays and prepare children for school. While services vary by state, children with Down syndrome are entitled to educational services until the end of high school or until the age of 21, depending on the state’s regulations. As individuals with Down syndrome transition into adulthood, they may face challenges related to

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Experts expect water conservation will be one of the most important policies of the countries experiencing water stress for the next twenty years. Due to climate change, 40% of the world's population is at risk of dehydration. According to the report of the World Resources Institute (WRI), it is estimated that some parts of the world will see droughts while other parts will see excessive precipitation and frequent floods due to the climate change. The rapid growth of the human population will also trigger greater water consumption by people, farms and companies. It is estimated that agricultural production will have to increase by approximately 70% until 2050 in order to meet the needs of the industry and the nutritional needs of the population. Since water resources will not increase, 25% to 40% of the fresh water used in agriculture will need to be transferred to domestic use and industry. The reason for this is that agriculture is the sector that uses the most water all over the world. Currently, agriculture accounts for 70% of all freshwater usage globally. This translates into the need for water savings in agriculture. Experts emphasize the importance of preventing water losses, including due to its evaporation and its absorption by the soil. They also note that it is possible to save from 25% to 35% of water if it is transported through concrete channels or large pipes. The professional irrigation systems are currently used to save water and increase efficiency. The traditional irrigation system causes the water that is circulated openly through the canals to evaporate on the road, resulting in wastewater. Companies using advanced technology in agriculture use methods such as drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation. In Turkmenistan, these methods and practices are also widespread, with the government supporting the agricultural sector. PhD Candidate at Marmara University's Department of Political Science and International Relations in Istanbul, Turkey

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When it comes to learning, I’ve always taken the stance that there are many modalities, and not everyone comprehends in the same way. My awareness of this comes from my experience with my children having learning differences. When offered a variety of ways to approach education, each one figured out how they learned. This cognizance of learning types has become increasingly discussed and integrated into modern life. Schools rely more on virtual learning, and businesses reach their consumers online. YouTube is filled with crash courses on any and every topic imaginable. It is imperative in learning styles and voiceover to have multiple accesses to the brain, such as auditory, visual, or kinetic. Is There Only One Way To Learn? Passover is a perfect (and relevant) example of this need for various avenues. This Friday, my family is hosting a Sedar to gather, share food and each other’s company, and remember and celebrate the liberation of the Hebrews from slavery in Egypt. But there are many mediums in which this story is told, including: - Food, with the salty water, unleavened matzah, sweet apples, and more each signify a component of the story - The Haggadah provides a written guide to tell the story - Through puppets and songs Whether we are tailoring the story to children or adults who are not familiar with the holiday, we must be creative and inclusive in telling the story if we want a tradition to persist. Is There Only One Way to Narrate a Story? These same principles that the Jewish tradition has adapted are not unique: the power of visual learning and storytelling in engagement and education is the foundation of my work as a medical narrator. For many, the medical world is overwhelming and foreign: does anyone really know how to pronounce “Borborygmi” or what it even means?! (It’s a fancy word for a grumbling stomach). Perhaps some linguists can look at the word and derive its root, whereas another person needs to see a visual representation of a person’s rumbling stomach to be given clues and cues. The key to successful storytelling is finding a way to engage with your audience in a meaningful way for them to foster understanding and education. After all, knowledge is power. Think about a lecture in college. Some learn fine from a teacher speaking in the classroom. Others need a PowerPoint with written words, and others need videos, pictures, or graphs to bring the topic to life further. But even within these categories (audible words, visual words, accompanying imagery, and animation), various aspects can make the “story” successful or not. Is a monotone speaker who just reads from a script the same as an animated lecturer? Is a presentation with hundreds of words on a single slide (we’ve all seen it) the same as one with just the key terms and concepts? Are all animated videos created equal? Do You Know How You Learn Best? While the brain processes visual and audible cues in similar ways, it happens in different areas. A stimulus is presented and then categorized accordingly. Visual stimuli such as looking at words, pictures, and the environment are, you guessed it, processed in the visual cortex. Similarly, audible stimuli are processed in the audio cortex within the temporal lobe. There is a difference between visual cues presented, such as words on a page versus a picture. The human brain is more adept at processing images or video representations than words simply because words are a more recent construct. All mammals use imagery and vision to process their environment to survive- it’s a tale as old as time! I don’t need to dive too far down this (bottomless) rabbit hole of neuroscience, but our main takeaway should be that learning is complex and doesn’t happen in just one way. We live in a world where we constantly and simultaneously take in multiple types of stimuli and rely on multi-modal processing to create complete comprehension. As educators, we might not know precisely how each of our students’ or clients’ learns. I also consider myself an educator when I voice medical narration, explainer videos, and e-Learning content in particular. That’s why covering as many bases as we can when presenting information is essential. e-Learning and Human Voiceover On The Rise In an increasingly digital world, it is no surprise that the business of e-learning has experienced tremendous growth. Professionals in this field have identified the value that voice-over adds when combined with videos and animations. More specifically, the value that human voice actors add compared to the computer-generated narration. My job as a voiceover artist is to engage listeners with my voice: if I did have a monotone, automated voice, I wouldn’t be where I am today. How my voice sounds depends on the sense I have made of the words. Interpretation, point of view, and intention generate subtleties in the narration that make the voiceover more interesting. That said, I also know the power and importance of animation in enhancing the story so that it can be heard and understood by a wider audience. But narration voiceover isn’t as simple as just reading what’s on the screen. A narrator can choose to: - Read the text on the screen verbatim - Describe visuals We have creative calls with our clients to discuss these questions. Our mutual goals are to generate meaningful and engaging content to successfully reach, engage, and educate more people than a single medium alone. Diversity In Learning Styles and Voiceover What do we do with this knowledge? Let’s be creative and inclusive in how we share information. For my part, I will happily set my Sedar plate with food to symbolize the critical concepts of Passover. I will read the Haggadah so that both adults and children will understand. I’ll ask each of my guests to share an experience of personal liberation or quest for freedom to foster an emotional connection with what this holiday celebrates. All with the knowledge and appreciation that each of my guests is different and learns in their own way. And hopefully, each person will connect with the stories we share and the lessons we’ve learned in a meaningful way. So, what’s your learning style?

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The modern scientific concept of Social Justice is no older than the month of May of 1931 — the date of the publication by Pius XI of his Encyclical Quadragesimo Anno. It is true that the term “Social Justice” had been coming into increasing use since the middle of the 19th century, but its meaning was fuzzy and ambiguous and amounted to little more than “social problems.” In Pius XI, the term is a scientific renaming of the age-old “legal justice,” which comes down to us across the centuries from the golden age of Greek Philosophy but which, through more than two millennia of mankind’s best efforts, failed to become anything more than a museum-piece, dutifully displayed at the beginning of any serious treatise on justice but then left completely undeveloped. Ferree, William S.M. "Saint Thomas and Social Justice," University of Dayton Review: Vol. 12: 1, Article 12. Available at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/udr/vol12/iss1/12

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Language Arts Lesson Plan Template. In the dynamic landscape of education, crafting effective lesson plans is crucial for fostering a rich and engaging learning experience. For language arts teachers, the development of well-structured lesson plans is an art in itself. Use these Lesson Plan templates to start from: Simplify your lesson planning process with this straightforward and organized ELA lesson plan template. Designed to be both simple and efficient, this template encompasses all the essential details required to create a standout lesson for English Language Arts. Download this product for free and easily customize the document to align with your specific requirements! Included in the format are key details like unit, topic, class size, standards, materials/resources, LEQ (Lesson Essential Questions), activating strategy, instructional plans, assessment method and skills assessed, summarizing strategy, differentiation, and reflection. Tailored especially for secondary ELA, this template is an ideal tool for crafting effective and engaging lessons. This Grade 1 English Language Arts lesson plan is meticulously crafted to align with the principles of Education for Reconciliation, emphasizing the incorporation of First Nations, Métis, and Inuit perspectives into the curriculum. The focal point of this lesson is the exploration of Inuit kinship and naming traditions through the narrative lens of “How Nivi Got Her Names” by Laura Deal. The overarching objective is to instill in students an appreciation for how names are chosen in Inuit culture, shedding light on the profound significance of Inuit adoptions. Through a multifaceted approach, students engage in activities such as reading the book aloud, participating in reflective discussions, and creating self-portraits. These self-portraits serve as a medium for students to introspect on the importance of their own names and their connections to family traditions. The lesson plan seamlessly integrates cross-curricular linkages with Social Studies, emphasizing the relevance of stories and events of the past to the present. Furthermore, an extension activity involves exploring nicknames through the book “A Name For A Métis,” fostering a deeper understanding of how names can be imbued with meaning. The assessment strategy encourages students to showcase their comprehension of how names are chosen based on cultural and family traditions, ensuring a holistic and culturally enriched learning experience. With an array of resources provided for teacher background knowledge and further exploration, this lesson plan exemplifies a comprehensive and inclusive approach to English Language Arts education for Grade 1 students in Alberta. What is ELA Lesson Plan? ELA stands for English Language Arts, and an ELA lesson plan is a structured outline that guides educators in delivering effective instruction in the English language arts subject. English Language Arts typically encompasses various components, including reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language skills. The lesson plan serves as a roadmap for teachers, detailing the objectives, activities, assessments, and resources to be used during a particular lesson. An ELA lesson plan typically includes the following components: Objective or Learning Outcome: Clearly defined goals that specify what students should know or be able to do by the end of the lesson. Introduction: Engaging activities or discussions to capture students’ attention and introduce the topic or concept. Instructional Input: The main body of the lesson where the teacher provides information, explains concepts, and demonstrates skills. This may involve reading texts, discussing grammar rules, or exploring literary elements. Activities or Practice: Opportunities for students to apply what they have learned through activities, exercises, or assignments. This can include individual or group work, writing tasks, or interactive discussions. Assessment: Methods to evaluate students’ understanding and progress. This could involve quizzes, discussions, presentations, or written assignments. Closure: A conclusion to the lesson that summarizes key points, provides clarity on the lesson’s objectives, and connects the current lesson to future learning. Homework or Extension: Optional assignments or activities for students to reinforce their learning outside of the classroom. ELA lesson plans can cover a wide range of topics, from literature analysis and creative writing to grammar instruction and language skills development. The structure and content of the lesson plan may vary based on the grade level, specific learning objectives, and the teaching style of the educator. The ultimate goal is to create a well-organized and engaging learning experience for students to develop their English language proficiency.

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Temperature switches are used millions of times in temperature control and monitoring in industrial and domestic applications. These indispensable components therefore make a significant contribution to the efficiency and safety of systems. Find out more about how they work, the different types and the wide range of applications for temperature switches. Temperature switches are designed for controlling and monitoring temperatures in various systems and applications. They switch an electrical contact when the temperature exceeds or falls below a certain level, thereby preventing overheating or ensuring sufficient heating. This article deals with mechanical temperature switches that utilize the expansion of metals, liquids or gases. As the temperature rises, the substances in a temperature switch continue to expand until a switching contact is actuated when a defined temperature is reached. Switching currents of 10 A or more are no problem for most temperature switches. Small heaters can be controlled directly, for larger systems an actuator such as a power contactor must be used. Mechanical temperature switches are also passive switches and therefore do not require a supply voltage. Electronic temperature switches are also available on the market. These measure the temperature with a resistance thermometer and evaluate its signal electronically. The switching point can be set using the keypad, for example, and they can be equipped with a display. The temperature can often be output via a standard signal (e.g. 4 to 20 mA). Electronic temperature switch The switching point (or switching temperature) of a temperature switch is the temperature at which a contact is opened as the temperature rises, thus switching off a heater. The switching point is fixed for some switches, but can also be freely set for other versions. In addition, the temperature switches have a so-called lower switching point (also known as reset point/switch back point), i.e. the temperature at which the contact is closed again as the process cools down. The temperature difference between the two switching points is the switching hysteresis or reset value/switch back value. A very precise control result is achieved with temperature controllers. These measure the temperature with a temperature sensor and, as PID controllers, they regulate the temperature exactly to the setpoint value. In the case of binary control, precise adjustment is possible by changing the relative switch-on time of the actuator. For example, the heat output can be varied from 0 to 10 kW. In contrast, temperature switches are assigned to the discontinuous two-state controllers – the process temperature fluctuates with them around the setpoint value. In many applications, such temperature fluctuations are acceptable, so that temperature switches can be used to set up very robust temperature control at low cost. As the name suggests, a bimetal is used in bimetal switches. The 2 metals that are rolled onto each other (e.g. copper and nickel) have different expansion coefficients. As the temperature rises, the metals expand to different degrees so that a deflection occurs and a contact is opened (NC) or closed (NO). Bimetal switches in industrial environments have a very compact design and are usually screwed into the process like a sensor. Their switching point is fixed during production. They are also very resistant to vibration – a vibration resistance of up to 10 g is not uncommon. The switches are connected in the direction of the evaluation system via a connection line. Temperature switches with a bimetal are used in such devices as compressors – they switch off the compressor in the event of excess temperature or start active cooling (e.g. fan). Function of a bimetal switch, green = nickel, orange = copper This type of temperature switch is usually referred to as a thermostat and consists of a probe filled with a gas or liquid that is placed in the process. If the temperature at the probe rises, the system pressure increases. Because the membrane is connected to the sensor via the capillary line, the same pressure is created in it. The membrane expands and a snap-action switch is triggered. The inner diameter of the capillary line with 0.2 mm is just twice the diameter of a human hair (up to 0.1 mm). The probe and the thermostat housing are connected to each other via the capillary line. Maximum capillary line lengths of up to 5 m can be regarded as practical. The switching point can usually be set on the housing.The figure shows a temperature switch for controlling the room temperature. In this version, the capillary is only routed to a spiral probe, which is located directly on the thermostat housing. Function of a gas or liquid-filled sensor Surface-mounted thermostat for wall mounting In many cases, for example, a compact controller regulates the process temperature, which is measured by an electrical thermometer. A setpoint value is set on the controller so that the temperature in the process is controlled exactly to the setpoint value by activating the heater accordingly via the controller output. A temperature switch also measures the temperature and switches the heating off at a limit temperature (e.g. 1000 °C). A temperature that is too high can be caused by a technical defect or incorrect operation. There are systems for which the described switch-off is mandatory. Examples are heat transfer oil systems or grain dryers. Often, however, it is simply a matter of common sense to protect the goods to be treated or the system from overheating by switching it off to prevent damage. Application with temperature switch and temperature controller – (1) Temperature controller, (2) Temperature switch, (3) Industrial oven, (4) Heater A temperature that is too high can be caused by a technical defect or incorrect operation. There are systems for which the described switch-off is mandatory. Examples are heat transfer oil systems or grain dryers. Often, however, it is simply a matter of common sense to protect the plant or the treated goods from destructive overheating. In the case of temperature switches for control, a simple setpoint specification can be made - usually via a rotary knob. These components are known as temperature controllers. Temperature switches for switching off at a defined limit temperature are called temperature monitors. With these temperature switches, the setpoint can usually only be set using a tool. There are also temperature switches for switch-off for which a reset must be carried out. If the contact was opened due to an excess temperature, it does not close automatically when the temperature returns to the good range. A reset button must also be pressed.These so-called temperature limiters are often used in unmonitored systems where there are no technical personnel on site. Temperature monitors and limiters are normally equipped with an additional safety function and are then referred to as safety temperature monitors or safety temperature limiters.

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Heart Care: Emergency Room Tips The heart is a vital organ of the cardiovascular system that is in charge of maintaining a balanced blood circulation throughout the body. It is also in charge of eliminating all metabolic wastes from the body. Heart complications are likely to arise when it is not functioning properly. According to FrontLine ER, here are some of the conditions that can affect your heart. Heart disease, also known as heart and blood vessel disease includes several problems, many of which are related to a process called atherosclerosis. This condition occurs when a blood clot blocks the blood flow to one part of the heart. When this clot prevents the blood flow completely, the part of the heart muscle supplied by that artery starts to die. The most common type of stroke is known as an ischemic stroke. It takes place when the blood vessel linked to the brain gets blocked by a blood clot. Congestive heart failure means that the heart isn’t pumping blood as it is supposed to. The heart keeps functioning, but the body’s requirement for blood and oxygen is not adequate. Arrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm. The heart can either beat too slow (Bradycardia), too fast (Tachycardia) or irregularly. Heart Valve Problems Stenosis results from the blockage of the small opening(s) of the heart valves that allow the blood to flow through as it should. When this happens, blood can leak through, a condition known as regurgitation. Also if the valve leaflets prolapse back into the upper chamber, it develops a disease called prolapse. Congenital Heart Defects These are heart defects that usually develop while a baby is in the womb. As the heart grows, the deficiencies continue progressing. Some medical conditions or medications taken by the mother and genetics may play a significant role in causing heart defects. Other additional causes of a heart disease include: - Infections from bacteria, viruses, parasites, and chemicals that reach your heart muscle. - Age, Sex, lifestyle habits, and family history - Radiation therapy and chemotherapy drugs - High blood pressure and cholesterol levels - Rheumatic fever - Physical inactivity Stress and depression Many forms of heart conditions are preventable and can be treated with regular evaluation. You may, however, be required to make some lifestyle changes. It’s important to be on the lookout for the following cardiovascular symptoms. Be sure to discuss any concerns you may have with your doctor at FrontLine ER. - Pressure and tightness in the chest - Shortness of breath, lightheadedness - Numbness, soreness, and coldness in your legs or arms - Pain in the upper abdomen, neck, jaw, or back - Abnormal heartbeats - Fainting (syncope) - Pale gray or blue skin color - Legs and abdominal swelling - In infants, shortness of breath during feedings Heart diseases usually occur unannounced. You may experience any of the symptoms above while at home or work. If it happens, stop whatever you are doing and proceed to sit or lie down. The signs can increase in frequency but they may not be so severe as to warrant a visit to FrontLine ER. In this case, take a nitroglycerin (NT6) pill or use an NTG spray as advised by your physician. However, if you are in Richmond or Dallas Texas and these symptoms worsen, call 911 or ask someone to drive you to FrontLine ER immediately. Heart Care at Home If you’re a caregiver at home, make it your responsibility to help your loved one take medications as directed and on time. Strive to educate yourself and learn more about the drugs that your loved one receives. Nonetheless, you can help prevent the occurrence of other types of heart conditions by making lifestyle changes such as: - Quitting smoking - Control health conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes - Exercise daily and maintain a healthy weight - Eat a diet that’s low in saturated fat and salt - Reduce and manage anxiety and stress Clinical Heart Care at FrontLine ER In the emergency room, the doctor first monitors all the vital signs like the pulse patterns, blood pressure, respiration, and body temperature. Afterward, the findings they have made will help to determine the tests and procedures that should be carried out. These tests help the doctor determine what caused the heart condition, and the extent of the damage. The doctor will order chest x-rays to check for the enlargement of the heart and pulmonary congestion, especially when the patient has experienced heart failure. An Electro-Cardio Graph (ECG) is conducted to detect heart contraction abnormalities. Commonly prescribed medications for the patients with heart disease are: Clot busters to get rid of blood clots, Digitalis to improve contractions of the heart muscles and cardiac output and Diuretics that help to eliminate excess fluid from the body, thereby preventing systemic edema. The patient is also given oxygen, which is administered using a nasal cannula or oxygen mask to ensure sufficient saturation.

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MA CURRICULUM FRAMEWORKS To experience and understand the challenges and rewards of gathering food from the environment What are the challenges of foraging? What are the benefits of foraging for food? What was life like for hunter-gatherer societies? Wild edibles guide, Clipboards, Baskets/cups for collecting Find sites of multiple wild edibles and create a handout with pictures and information, so students can follow along and write notes on each edible. Introduction (5-10 minutes) Gauge student’s understanding of the concept of nomadism or forage-dependent living - How did humans survive during the Paleolithic period? They hunted for animals, gathered plants and fruits, etc. Obtaining food was the focus of daily life. - Today we are going to place ourselves back in this hunter-gatherer time, as gatherers, and we will try our hands at “foraging” today. Has anyone ever heard the words, “native plant,” “wild edibles” or “foraging”? What does it mean? What’s an example of a food that you might forage around our area? We are going to go on a foraging walk today and we will taste different wild edibles: - We will be ignoring anything non-native to our region - We will be relying on the plant knowledge of your mentor, me, as new gatherers would be before tasting and collecting any plants - We will write tasting notes and notes about finding the plant (is it difficult to identify? It is difficult to harvest an abundance of it?) - Do not eat anything unless you have my permission! We need to be sure that it is one of our wild edibles and safe to taste Activity (25-35 minutes) Walk with the group to the first wild edible site, asking them to name any plant they’re familiar with on the way - Here is our first wild edible – identify the plant - Demonstrate how to harvest responsibly - Model tasting a small amount of the plant, and give specific instructions on how and where to spit out the sample if they don’t like it - Share and write down notes on taste, difficulty to identify, and difficulty to harvest - Move on to our next wild edible – as you go along, ask students to recognize the wild edibles they’ve already tasted along the way (they’ll notice that much of what’s around them is edible!) Wrap up (5 minutes) Congrats on gathering for the last 25-35 minutes, let’s hear some feedback on the experience: - Q – What would have been some of the benefits of foraging for food? - Q – What are some of the challenges of foraging for food? - Q – When we consider the environmental impact of humans, what level of impact would a hunter-gatherer society have had? - Q- What level of impact do we have today because of how we get our food? - Q – Do you wish we still lived in a time when you could gather or hunt all day? You can still practice foraging and hunting with a knowledgeable mentor! FOLLOW UP & EXTENSIONS See foraging worksheet example for available wild edibles in October on Martha’s Vineyard, MA

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With 3,427 miles of coastline, California is at the frontline of ocean acidification and climate change challenges. The highly-populated cities of the Bay Area sit on a landscape that alters natural water environments with seawalls, pipes, and pavement and is threatened by severe climate change. Engage your middle school students in hands-on learning about ocean acidification! Written by teachers for teachers, with input from global experts from Kenya to Hawaii and at institutions from Harvard to Cornell, these lessons: - Encourage students in critical-thinking and engage them in hands-on activities focused on ocean acidification and its impacts - Connect students to careers related to climate, weather, oceans and coasts - Emphasize ocean stewardship and community environmental actions - that middle school students can participate in today Makey Makey Ocean Acidification 6-8th Grade STEAM Human influences, explanations, and possible solutions to ocean acidification’s impact on coral reefs are explored and presented through an interactive poster where students program their tangible posters with a microcontroller/Scratch. Carbon Cycle and Ocean Acidification 8th Grade Life Science Making a personal, achievable commitment to reduce one’s carbon output and indirectly impact ocean acidification. Ocean Acidification: Exploring Math Models to Draw Conclusions 8th Grade Math Data collection through a simulation of ocean acidification will demonstrate the effects on coral reefs. Statistical analysis of bivariate data and conclusions of human impact on the environment are central themes. Ocean Acidification: Chemical Reactions 7th Grade Chemistry Hands-on molecular modeling of the chemical reaction between CO2 and H2O along with tangible evidence will enhance students' understanding of chemical reactions and carbonic acid’s effects on shelled organisms. Conducting a home inventory, students will identify ways to reduce their carbon footprint. For more resources visit: https://www.noaa.gov/educational-resources These resources were prepared by Ignited using Federal funds under award NA22OAR0170544 from NOAA, U.S. Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of NOAA or the U.S. Department of Commerce.

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Electronic Health Records What Are EHRs? Electronic health records(EHR) — also called electronic medical records (EMR) — help patients as well as health care providers. That's because they make it easier for you (and your parents, depending on your age) to see your health records. An EHR is a computerized collection of a patient's health records. EHRs include information like your age, gender, ethnicity, health history, medicines, allergies, immunization status, lab test results, hospital discharge instructions, and billing information. Your health care providers can share these digital health records if they're in the same hospital, clinic, or health care system. So, for example, if you go to a dermatologist, an asthma specialist, and your primary care doctor in the same system, all these doctors see the same records. If one doctor orders a lab test, they all can see the results. If one doctor puts you on a new medicine, the others get to see what it is. So there's less chance of one health care provider prescribing a medicine that could cause problems if it's used with another medicine. What Are the Benefits of EHRs? Because EHRs improve how well your doctors talk to each other and coordinate your treatment, they can enhance your care. Here are some ways they can help: - Fewer mistakes. When health care providers and nurses take notes, they might abbreviate to save time. So there's a risk that someone else looking at the chart won't understand the abbreviation and have to find out what it means. EHR software helps clinicians be both detailed and fast by providing a series of prompts and dropdown menus to click through. - Education. Being able to see your medical files lets you take part in your own health care. You can view test results, keep track of things like glucose if you have diabetes, review your medical team's instructions, and even check for errors. - Security. There's always the chance that paper records can get lost or misfiled or somehow damaged. There's less chance of this happening with electronic records — and most are password protected, so if they do get lost other people won't have access to them. Who Can See My Records? A federal law called the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) specifies who is allowed to see your medical records. Once you are legally an adult, only you and your medical team will have access to your records, unless you give someone else (like a parent) permission to see them. In many places, the law also keeps parts of teens’ medical records private even before they are adults. Don't worry, for example, if your nosy neighbor works in the hospital where you get treatment. HIPAA bars that person from snooping into your records. In fact, if someone tries to view private information, it might trip an alarm in the computer system and start a trace on who tried to look at that information. Part of HIPAA called the Security Rule protects the storage and transfer of EHRs. If your doctor's office or hospital sends health information electronically, they must use safeguards that make sure it is accessed only by those allowed to see it. Doctors encourage teens to get involved in making health care decisions, and understanding EHRs are a great way to do that. Looking at yours can help you get an idea of what's involved in managing your own medical care. Some systems let you interact with your health care provider or nurse online. You might be able to ask questions that way, or set up and manage appointments. If your doctor's office uses EHRs, ask how to get started.

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In our bustling world, where progress and development are ever-expanding, there is a hidden antagonist silently taking its toll on our health – air pollution. Beyond its visible veil, polluted air poses significant health risks that often go unnoticed until symptoms manifest. As the impact becomes increasingly apparent, it becomes crucial for us to explore the depths of this menace and understand how we can protect ourselves and our communities. In this blog post, we will dive into the intricate web of health risks associated with air pollution and explore how we can take control of our environment’s wellbeing. From heart and lung diseases to cognitive impairments, air pollution’s grip extends far and wide, affecting people of all ages and backgrounds. By shedding light on these risks, we aim to raise awareness and empower individuals to make meaningful changes in their routine to safeguard their health. Moreover, this article will provide invaluable insights into effective control measures that can help combat air pollution at its source. From monitoring air quality to adopting sustainable transportation options, we will walk you through actionable steps that can enhance air quality in your immediate surroundings. Together, we can become catalysts for change, breathing life into an air pollution-free future. So join us on this informative quest as we shine light on the health risks posed by air pollution and equip ourselves with the knowledge and tools to fight against this invisible menace. Together, we can strive for a cleaner, healthier world for both ourselves and future generations to come. The Health Risks of Air Pollution and How to Control Them Air pollution poses significant health risks, particularly to the respiratory system, and it is important to understand these risks in order to take effective control measures. Exposure to hazardous pollutants in the air can have severe consequences and lead to various respiratory illnesses, including asthma, lung cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. In this article, we will explore these health risks in detail and discuss strategies to control air pollution. The Impact of Air Pollution on Respiratory Health Air pollution is known to be a major cause of various respiratory illnesses. Particulate matter, a common air pollutant, consists of tiny particles suspended in the air that can easily enter the respiratory system when inhaled. These particles can irritate the airways, leading to respiratory symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure to particulate matter can even contribute to the development of chronic respiratory conditions like asthma. In addition to particulate matter, air pollution also contains toxic gases and chemicals that can be harmful to the lungs. These pollutants can cause inflammation, damage lung tissue, and increase the risk of respiratory infections. Moreover, studies have shown a strong association between long-term exposure to air pollution and the development of lung cancer. It is evident that reducing air pollution is crucial for protecting respiratory health. Control Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Addressing air pollution requires a multi-faceted approach that involves implementing control measures at various levels, including government regulations, technological advancements, and individual actions. Environmental regulation plays a vital role in setting air quality standards and enforcing pollution control measures. Stricter regulations on emissions from industries and vehicles can significantly reduce the release of harmful pollutants into the air. The development and implementation of pollution control technologies are essential in combating air pollution. Advanced technologies such as catalytic converters in vehicles and scrubbers in industrial facilities help remove harmful pollutants from the exhaust gases before they are released into the atmosphere. These technologies significantly reduce the emission of hazardous substances and mitigate the impact of air pollution on public health. On an individual level, there are steps we can take to reduce our contribution to air pollution. Simple measures like reducing the use of personal vehicles and opting for public transportation or carpooling can help decrease emissions. Additionally, promoting sustainable practices such as using energy-efficient appliances and renewable energy sources can minimize air pollution from residential sources. Indoor air pollution, which can be equally harmful, can be controlled by following indoor air quality tips, such as using air purifiers and reducing exposure to toxins. The Need for Public Health Awareness and Education To effectively control air pollution and its health risks, it is crucial to raise public awareness about the issue. Educating individuals about how air pollution affects their health and what they can do to reduce their exposure is key. Governments, organizations, and healthcare providers should collaborate to create campaigns and educational programs that emphasize the importance of breathing clean air. Additionally, continued research and monitoring of air quality are essential to identify emerging pollutants and assess the effectiveness of control measures. This information can guide policymakers in making informed decisions to protect public health. It is also important to foster innovation in pollution control technologies and support the development of cleaner and more sustainable solutions. In conclusion, air pollution poses significant health risks, particularly to the respiratory system. Understanding these risks and implementing effective control measures are essential for safeguarding public health. By addressing air pollution through government regulations, technological advancements, and individual actions, we can reduce the detrimental impact of air pollution and ensure cleaner and healthier air for everyone. Are you tired of inhaling toxic air every day? The health risks of air pollution are real and it’s time to take control of your well-being. By understanding the detrimental effects of air pollution on our bodies and environment, we can make informed decisions to protect ourselves and our loved ones. Take action now by implementing small changes in your lifestyle like using public transportation or carpooling, investing in air purifiers for your home, or advocating for stricter regulations to reduce industrial emissions. Together, we can create cleaner air, healthier lives, and a brighter future for generations to come. Don’t wait for the air to clear itself – act now and be the change! Frequently Asked Questions Get more stuff like this Subscribe to our mailing list and get interesting stuff and updates to your email inbox. Thank you for subscribing. Something went wrong.

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A thriving garden is a testament to meticulous care and attention. Yet, even with the best intentions, plants can display signs of distress due to nutrient deficiencies. Understanding these symptoms can be the key to revitalizing your garden and nurturing vibrant, healthy plants. Let’s delve into the telltale signs of some common nutrient deficiencies: - Misshapen and Stunted New Leaves Calcium plays a crucial role in maintaining cell structure. When deficient, plants may struggle to form new cells, leading to distorted growth and stunted leaves. Homemade Remedy: Utilize crushed eggshells. Rinse and dry the eggshells, then crush them into small pieces. Incorporate these crushed eggshells into the soil around the base of the affected plants. As they break down, they release calcium, helping to alleviate the deficiency and fortify the soil. - Old Leaves Turning Yellow - New Leaves Appear Light Green Nitrogen is a fundamental component of chlorophyll, essential for photosynthesis. Insufficient nitrogen can cause older leaves to yellow as nitrogen is redistributed to support new growth, resulting in pale, light-green new leaves. Homemade Remedy: Create compost tea by combining kitchen scraps, leaves, and grass clippings. Dilute the compost with water and use it to water your plants, supplementing nitrogen and encouraging healthy growth. - Yellow or White New Leaves - Green Veins Iron deficiency often manifests as interveinal chlorosis, where new leaves turn yellow or white while the veins retain their green color. Homemade Remedy: Use a foliar spray of diluted blackstrap molasses to aid in iron absorption and help plants overcome the deficiency. Carbon Dioxide Deficiency - White Deposits - Leaves Dying Prematurely Inadequate carbon dioxide can hinder photosynthesis, leading to the accumulation of starches or other compounds as white deposits. Additionally, leaves may prematurely wilt or die due to insufficient carbon dioxide intake. Homemade Remedy: Increase carbon dioxide levels around plants by introducing a DIY CO2 generator using yeast, sugar, and warm water. - Yellowing at Leaf Edges - Development of Brown Dots on Leaves Phosphorus deficiency can cause leaves to exhibit yellowing at their edges, and brown spots may appear due to disrupted energy transfer within the plant. Homemade Remedy: Utilize dried and crushed banana peels as a natural fertilizer to enhance phosphate levels in the soil. - Yellowing at Leaf Edges - Formation of Brown Dots on Leaves Similar to phosphate deficiency, potassium deficiency can also lead to yellowing at leaf edges. Additionally, brown dots may appear, indicating impaired nutrient transportation. Homemade Remedy: Apply wood ash, rich in potassium carbonate, around the base of affected plants to replenish potassium levels in the soil. - Yellowing of Older Leaves - Green Spots on Leaves - Yellow Spots and Holes in Leaves Manganese deficiency can result in a range of symptoms, including yellowing of older leaves, green spots, and the development of yellow spots and holes in leaves. Homemade Remedy: Use Epsom salt dissolved in water as a soil application to improve manganese uptake and aid in the recovery of affected plants. - Yellowing of Lower Leaves - Presence of Dark Veins Magnesium is vital for chlorophyll production. Its deficiency may cause lower leaves to turn yellow while the veins retain a darker hue due to insufficient chlorophyll synthesis. Homemade Remedy: Create a solution using Epsom salt and water, then water the affected plants to provide magnesium and restore chlorophyll production. Recognizing these symptoms is the first step in remedying nutrient deficiencies. Conducting a soil test can provide invaluable insights into the specific nutrient needs of your plants. Addressing deficiencies often involves amending the soil with organic matter or applying specific fertilizers to rebalance nutrient levels. Remember, prevention is key. Regularly monitor your plants, maintain proper soil health, and provide balanced nutrition to ensure a flourishing garden. With a keen eye and proactive care, you can transform nutrient-deficient plants into thriving, lush specimens, enriching your garden’s beauty and vitality.

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In an era marked by rapid industrialization, resource depletion, and climate change, the concept of sustainability has emerged as a beacon of hope. It’s not just a buzzword; it’s a necessity for securing a better future for our planet and all living beings that call it home. 1. Environmental Conservation Preserving our environment is arguably the most crucial aspect of sustainability. Our planet’s ecosystems are under severe stress due to deforestation, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. Sustainable practices aim to mitigate these effects by reducing carbon emissions, conserving water, and protecting biodiversity. 2. Resource Management Sustainability is intimately linked to resource management. Earth’s resources are finite, and if we continue to exploit them at the current rate, we risk exhausting them for future generations. Sustainable practices such as recycling, renewable energy adoption, and responsible land use planning are critical in ensuring that resources are available for the long term. 3. Education and Awareness Creating a sustainable future also hinges on education and awareness. By fostering an understanding of sustainability among present and future generations, we empower individuals to make informed choices and take action to protect the planet. 4. Health and Well-being Sustainability directly impacts our health and well-being. Clean air, safe drinking water, and access to nutritious food are all essential components of a sustainable future. By addressing pollution and promoting healthy lifestyles, we can enhance the quality of life for current and future generations. Ultimately, sustainability is about leaving a positive and environment friendly legacy for our future generations. The choices we make today will profoundly impact the world they inherit. By prioritizing sustainability, we give them a chance for a healthier, more prosperous, and harmonious future. Sustainability is not an option; it’s a necessity for the future. It is our responsibility to adopt sustainable practices in our daily lives, businesses, and policymaking. Social Lab provides circular waste management solutions fostering the transition from a linear to circular economy. We work closely with companies, municipalities, and international organizations on solid, plastic, battery, and e-waste management.

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Pope from 230-235 who holds the distinction of being the first pontiff to abdicate. Perhaps a Roman by birth, he was elected to succeed St. Urban I and devoted much of his reign to upholding the condemnation of the heretical aspects of Origenism and struggled against the schismatic movement which supported the antipope St. Hippolytus. In 235, Pontian was arrested by Roman officials at the instigation of the persecution of the Church by Emperor Maximinus I Thrax. With St. Hippolytus, St. Pontian was exiled to the infamous mines of Sardinia and, in order to make certain that the Church was not deprived of its leadership, Pontian stepped down, the first pope ever to do so. He and Hippolytus reconciled on the the Island and both died martyrs on Sardinia. Their remains were returned to Rome under Pope St. Fabian.

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3D printing, or three-dimensional printing, has been around for a few years and has had several different applications in the arts, construction, scientific research, and other areas. This methodology has been growing in popularity. In recent years, 3D printing has emerged as a groundbreaking technology with transformative potential across various industries, but its impact is particularly profound in healthcare. The integration of 3D printing into healthcare practices has ushered in a new era of personalised medicine, surgical precision, and innovative solutions. One of the most significant contributions of 3D printing to healthcare is in the creation of patient-specific implants and prosthetics. Traditional manufacturing methods often result in generic devices that may not perfectly match an individual’s anatomy. 3D printing allows for the fabrication of customised implants tailored to a patient’s unique body structure. For instance, orthopedic implants, such as hip and knee replacements, can be precisely designed to fit the patient’s anatomy, reducing the risk of complications and improving overall functionality. This customisation extends to prosthetics as well, enabling a better fit and enhanced comfort for individuals with limb loss. Surgical planning and training are areas that have also been enhanced by the application of 3D printing. 3D printing has revolutionised surgical planning by providing detailed anatomical models derived from medical imaging data. Surgeons can use these 3D-printed models to visualise complex structures, plan intricate procedures, and practise surgeries before entering the operating room. This not only enhances surgical precision, but also reduces operating times and the potential for complications. In medical education, 3D-printed anatomical models serve as invaluable tools for training healthcare professionals. Students can gain hands-on experience with realistic models, improving their understanding of complex anatomical structures and refining their surgical skills. BIOPRINTING AND ORGAN TRANSPLANTS Bioprinting and organ transplants can also benefit from 3D printing. Bioprinting, a specialised application of 3D printing, holds immense promise for the future of organ transplantation. Researchers are exploring ways to use 3D printers to construct tissues and organs using bioinks composed of living cells. Although still in the experimental stage, the potential impact of bioprinting on organ transplants is revolutionary. The ability to create organs tailored to a patient’s specific needs could significantly reduce the organ transplant waiting list and the risk of rejection. While challenges remain, such as vascularisation of printed tissues, ongoing research in bioprinting brings us closer to a future where 3D-printed organs are a viable solution. Vascularisation is when a capillary network capable of delivering nutrients to the cells is formed within the tissue (sciencedirect.com). More than any other area, dentistry has perhaps been one of the first fields to accept and use 3D printing for various applications, ranging from the fabrication of crowns and bridges to the creation of precise surgical guides. 3D printing allows for the customisation of dental implants to match a patient’s unique oral anatomy, leading to improved outcomes and patient satisfaction. Dentists can also utilise 3D printing for creating accurate models of a patient’s teeth and jaw, aiding in treatment planning and communication. The efficiency and precision offered by 3D printing contribute to advancements in dental care and the overall patient experience. The production of medical devices and instruments has been revolutionised by 3D printing. Complex and intricate designs that were once challenging to manufacture are now achievable with this technology. Customised surgical instruments, prosthetic limbs, and even hearing aids can be rapidly produced using 3D printing. Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the creation of lightweight yet durable structures, optimising the performance of medical devices. The versatility of this technology opens avenues for innovation in the development of next-generation medical instruments. The integration of 3D printing into healthcare represents a paradigm shift in the way we approach patient care, surgical procedures, and medical innovation. As technology continues to advance, we can expect even more groundbreaking applications in areas such as pharmaceuticals, regenerative medicine, and disease modeling. While challenges such as regulatory considerations and material development need to be addressed, the trajectory of 3D printing in healthcare is undeniably promising. As research and development in this field accelerate, we move closer to a future where personalised, precise, and patient-centered healthcare is not just a vision, but a reality shaped by the transformative power of 3D printing. Doug Halsall is the chairman and CEO of Advanced Integrated Systems. Email feedback to email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org. Published: Sunday | October 15, 2023 | 12:06 AM

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Trichothecene mycotoxin (T-2) is a poison produced naturally by four different molds in the environment. It can be used as a biological weapon when mixed with chemicals, heated, and released into the air as an aerosol. T-2 mycotoxin use as a weapon might have occurred in Laos, Kampuchea, and Afghanistan in the 1970s and early 1980s, but controversy exists over these reports. Called yellow rain, this toxin quickly affects bone marrow, cells, tissue, and muscle function after exposure. T-2 mycotoxin is insoluble in water and must be mixed with methanol, propylene glycol, or ethanol to activate toxins. The fungi remain dormant until heated above 1,500°F (815.5°C) for a half-hour or more. This toxic solution can be released into the air via aircraft or other means. Some historians believe T-2 mycotoxin killed more than 6,000 people in Laos between 1975 and 1981. In Kampuchea, approximately 1,000 deaths are linked to the poison between 1979 and 1981, and more than 3,000 died in Afghanistan during the same time. Most of the victims were civilians or guerilla forces in remote areas of these countries. The main evidence of these biological attacks comes from victims or witnesses who reported yellow clouds over the areas. T-2 mycotoxin might be inhaled, come into contact with skin, or be ingested. Flour contaminated with the fungi was baked into bread in Russia after World War II and fed to civilians. They developed alimentary toxic aleukia, a condition marked by vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. Some victims died after developing bleeding ulcers in the throat. When the skin becomes contaminated, the poison causes immediate burning and blisters. As the chemical enters the bloodstream, the skin might turn black and begin shedding. Sores and redness might also appear, along with itching. If the substance gets into eyes, they typically water and become red within minutes. Vision might also blur. The only available treatment involves removing the T-2 mycotoxin from contaminated skin and clothing. All affected areas should be washed with soap and water, and eyes should be flushed with a saline solution or plain, clean water. Clothing and any items that came into contact with it should be sealed in a plastic bag. In severe cases, victims exposed to T-2 mycotoxin become weak and fall to the ground. These symptoms might appear immediately or take days to develop. The body might go into shock and the heart may stop. Reactions to the chemical depend on the length of exposure, the concentration of the toxin, and how contact occurred. T-2 mycotoxin might be confused with mustard gas or ricin gas because there is no test to positively identify it. The fungi can only be confirmed by testing tissue of people who died after exposure. No vaccine can protect against exposure, but researchers continue to study the toxin. The only available precaution against poisoning involves protective clothing and breathing apparatuses. Charcoal might absorb some of the chemical if ingested.

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Bearings reduce friction between two objects, which allows moving parts to run smoother. Bearings are divided into two main categories: thrust bearings and radial bearings. Thrust bearings support axial loads, which are parallel to the axis of rotation, while radial bearings support turning shafts perpendicular to the axis of rotation. Depending on the application, there is a wide range of bearings to choose from. Common types of bearings include ball bearings, split bearings, and roller bearings. Bearings are also available in mounted, unmounted, and flange styles. Ball bearings are the most common type of bearing and are used in applications requiring support of smaller loads. Split bearings are ideal for hard-to-reach places and quick installation while roller bearings are suitable for heavier loads. Roller bearings are generally available in three styles: tapered roller bearings, cylindrical roller bearings, and spherical roller bearings. Key elements to consider when selecting bearings are outer diameter and the shaft diameter the bearing will fit.

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The immune system is made up of different parts that help fight off invading germs, such as viruses and bacteria. One of the ways the immune system does this is to make proteins called antibodies that attack these invaders. If someone has lupus, something goes wrong, and their immune system makes antibodies that attack the healthy cells in their body. Because of this, lupus is called an autoimmune disease (or a self-immune disease). There is currently no known cause or cure for lupus. Lupus causes inflammation that can damage different parts of the body (e.g. the skin, joints, kidneys, and heart). This can lead to a wide range of symptoms, including painful joints, extreme tiredness, cognitive issues, and physical impairments, which may come and go, and different symptoms may appear at different times. In the United States, it is estimated that at least 1.5 million Americans have a form of lupus. Globally, it is believed that 5 million people have a form of lupus. Lupus mostly affects women of childbearing age (15–44 years of age), but men, children, and teens can also develop lupus. There is also a link between race and lupus, e.g. people of African, Asian, Hispanic/Latino, and Native American descent have a higher chance of developing lupus. There are opportunities for people with lupus and healthy volunteers to contribute to lupus clinical research, and potentially change the future treatment of this life-limiting condition. The resources below provide further information on lupus and advice on taking part in clinical research.

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The human genome is a set of nucleic acid sequences in a cell of a human organism. It contains hereditary information. The human genome consists of 23 chromosome pairs (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes X and Y) placed in cell nuclei and in a small deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule in mitochondria. An approximately three billion of base pairs of DNA make up the entire set of chromosomes of the human body. The human genome includes both protein-coding regions of DNA and noncoding regions. The first ones encode all the human genes. The coding DNA sequences account for 20—25 hundred active genes, however, it is only 1.5% of the genome. The rest ones do not encode any genes. These are non-coding RNA genes, regulatory DNA sequences, LINEs, SINEs, introns, and some other objects the function of which is non-clarified. A lot of researches on the study of the human genome was conducted in the last decades. The first human genome sequences were published in February 2001 by the Celera Corporation and Human Genome Project. By 2004 almost all DNA sequence of the human genome was disclosed by DNA sequencing method, just 341 gaps in the sequence left. The completion of the Human Genome Project's sequencing was announced by the publication of a draft genome sequence. These data gave a good base for developing the whole biomedical science, genetics, anthropology, forensics, and much more from this area. They triggered new discoveries in the medical field and influenced progress in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. However, the sequence of the human genome is not yet fully understood at the moment. The human genome is a unique sequence. It contains the fundamental information about a human, about the capability of a body to replicate, repair, renew the cells, survive, and maintain itself. There are no two identical human genomes on Earth, except the genomes of identical twins. The human genome is represented as a collection of long polymers of DNA composed of constituent bases of adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T). Moreover, this sequence is not static, the different changes permanently arise in it and these can be as advantageous or neutral changes, as harmful. Being passed from a parent to child in a worse case they can even cause a decrease of surviving or fertility. Example 1. Human Genome The human's genome contains all changes that happened to his ancestors. To track the genealogical tree, ancestors, and interactions within a family over multiple generations and to identify patterns the Genograms are used. A special type of Genograms including a graphical representation of the medical conditions for the family members, family history of illnesses is called a Medical Family Genogram. The diagrams of this type can be easily designed in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software using the tools of the Genogram solution. Typically, it includes information about age, diseases and hereditary traits, cause of death, and much more information from medical history. These data are important for future generations in order to warn about the risks and predisposition for some diseases. Example 2. Medical Family Genogram The illustrations you see on this page were created in ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software using the drawing tools of the Genogram Solution. They successfully demonstrate the solution's capabilities and professional results you can achieve. An experienced user spent 10-15 minutes creating each of them. Use the powerful tools of the Genogram Solution for ConceptDraw DIAGRAM software to create your own illustrations and diagrams of any complexity fast and easy, and then successfully use them in your work activity. All source documents are vector graphic documents. They are available for reviewing, modifying, or converting to a variety of formats (PDF file, MS PowerPoint, MS Visio, and many other graphic formats) from the ConceptDraw STORE. The Genogram Solution is available for all ConceptDraw DIAGRAM users.

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Personal, Social and Emotional Development (PSED) Children’s personal, social and emotional development (PSED) is crucial for children to lead healthy and happy lives, and is fundamental to their cognitive development. Underpinning their personal development are the important attachments that shape their social world. Strong, warm and supportive relationships with adults enable children to learn how to understand their own feelings and those of others. Children should be supported to manage emotions, develop a positive sense of self, set themselves simple goals, have confidence in their own abilities, to persist and wait for what they want and direct attention as necessary. Through adult modelling and guidance, they will learn how to look after their bodies, including healthy eating, and manage personal needs independently. Through supported interaction with other children they learn how to make good friendships, co-operate and resolve conflicts peaceably. These attributes will provide a secure platform from which children can achieve at school and in later life. Activities at Home - Play games to encourage sharing and turn taking - Talk about how things make both you and your child feel - Encourage your child to wash their hands after going to the toilet - Have a go at encouraging your child to dress themselves - When your child does something they shouldn't have, encourage your child to think about what they did and why it was wrong

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This guidance is aimed at all users of e-technology - children, parents, teachers, governors and the community. The Internet and Cyberspace are great ways to connect with people and with the World. They are technologies to enjoy and explore, and are going to play an ever-increasing part in our lives. However, as we all know, this will involve risks and dangers: we all need to be aware of these and need to acquire and develop the knowledge and skills to reduce and avoid them. We have produced this information as a reminder to us all of some basic cyber-wisdom. These suggestions are based on advice provided by respected sources in the field. ‘Think Before You Post’ - remember personal information that you post online can accessed by anyone. If you experience Cyber bullying remember the following points. Keep a record don’t delete the messages. Block the mobile number or email address. Advice for the safe use of mobile phones: Be careful to whom you give your mobile phone number and never post it on websites. Never return a call or text message to a number you do not know. Never reply to texts saying you have won prizes. These are usually based around premium rate numbers and may cost you a small fortune. If you are using text chat, make sure your username does not give away your real name. If you receive abusive text messages, keep them. You do not have to read them. When the time comes to take action, these messages can be used as evidence. If you receive abusive text or chat messages, ask for help, you can also contact your mobile phone provider. Remember, by forwarding a text, email, photo, video, etc. you may be making a problem worse. You could be unwittingly involving yourself in bullying. You may even be breaking the law. Advice for the safe use of the Internet: Always make up usernames which are not linked to your real name. Never agree to meet anyone you have met online. Remember that many people in chat rooms and on social networks are not who they say they are. Always avoid posting personal information on websites such as Bebo or MySpace and in blogs. Information, such as your real name, address, phone number, email address, school, postcode and photos of you in your school uniform can be used to trace you or use your identity. Never put photos of yourself or friends on websites. Never send photos to someone you have met online. Avoid webcam chats with people you do not know. Do not respond to emails from people you do not know. Do not respond to any abusive emails. You may feel that you want to defend yourself; however, once you engage with the sender, the situation may escalate. If you receive any abusive emails, keep them. Create a new folder called “Abuse”, and move the abusive mail into this folder. You do not have to read it. When the time comes to take action, this folder of abusive mail and flame mail can be used as evidence. Your passwords are very important; never share them, even with friends. Remember that passwords are more secure if they contain a combination of numbers and letters. Learn how to block people on email or websites. If someone sends you inappropriate mail, block them. Do not be afraid to ask for help. Remember to contact the site administrators if you want something to be removed from a website. It is useful to keep a screen shot in case it happens again. Remember, by forwarding an email, photo, video etc. you may be making a problem worse. You could be unwittingly involving yourself in bullying. You may even be breaking the law....

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The pitch of sound is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves that produce them. A high frequency (e.g., 880 Hz) is seen as a high pitch, while a low frequency (e.g., 55 Hz) is regarded as a low pitch. Low-frequency sounds include a bass drum, thunder, and a man’s deep voice. High-frequency sounds include a high-pitched whistle, squeak, and a child’s voice. The loudness or softness of a sound is measured in intensity. HOW ARE PITCH AND FREQUENCY RELATED? The frequency of a sound wave is linked to our perception of the pitch of that sound. Sound waves with a high frequency are perceived as high-pitched, while sound waves with a low frequency are seen as low-pitched. FREQUENCY OF SOUND Sound waves are measured in hertz (Hz), which is the number of waves that pass through a particular place in a second. Sounds with a frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz are generally audible to humans. Infrasound refers to sounds having frequencies less than 20 hertz. Humans cannot hear infrasound because it is too low-pitched. Ultrasound refers to sounds with frequencies greater than 20,000 hertz. Humans cannot hear ultrasound because it is too high-pitched. Other species are capable of hearing noises in the ultrasonic spectrum. Dogs, for example, can detect sounds with frequencies of up to 50,000 Hz. You may have seen special whistles that dogs can hear but not humans. Whistles make noises that are too high in frequency for the human ear to detect. Even higher-frequency sounds are audible to other animals. Bats can detect sounds with frequencies exceeding 100,000 Hz. PITCH OF SOUND - Pitch is the quality of sound that distinguishes an acute (or strident) note from a grave or flat note. - In music, the phrase ‘pitch’ is the frequently used. - It is determined by the sound wave’s frequency. - A higher frequency note has a higher pitch than a lower frequency note. - This is determined by the frequency of the waves’ vibrations. - The sound is harsh and has a high pitch if the frequency of vibration is higher. - On the other hand, if a sound is described to have a lower pitch, it means that it vibrates at a lower frequency. - Pitch is influenced by changes in frequency. The shrillness of the sound increases as the frequency rises. - The pitch of sounds is determined by the frequency of vibration of the sound waves that produce them. - Sound waves with a high frequency produce high-pitched noises, whereas sound waves with a low frequency produce low-pitched sounds. - Pitch is a sound property that distinguishes between harsh and flat sounds. - Pitch is unaffected by the amount of energy received by the ear per unit of time. Q. What is the frequency and pitch in sound? A frequency’s sensation is generally referred to as a sound’s pitch. A high-frequency sound wave corresponds to a high pitch sound, whereas a low-frequency sound wave corresponds to a low pitch sound. Q. How frequency and pitch are related? The frequency of a sound wave is linked to our perception of the pitch of that sound. Q. How do frequency and pitch affect the sound? The higher the pitch of the sound we hear, the higher the frequency waves oscillate. Q. Explain the term ‘pitch’ of a sound. On what factor does the ‘pitch’ of a sound depend? The frequency of a sound determines its pitch. Because the pitch of a sound is directly proportional to its frequency, low-frequency sounds are described as having a low pitch, while high-frequency sounds are described as having a high pitch. We hope you enjoyed studying this lesson and learned something cool about the Frequency and Pitch of Sound! Join our Discord community to get any questions you may have answered and to engage with other students just like you! We promise, it makes studying much more fun!😎 - Pitch and Loudness of Sound: https://byjus.com/physics/loudness-of-sound/** **Accessed 14th April 2022. - Frequency and Pitch of Sound: https://flexbooks.ck12.org/cbook/ck-12-physics-flexbook-2.0/section/12.4/primary/lesson/frequency-and-pitch-of-sound-ms-ps/ Accessed 14th April 2022.

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Design and Technology Our Design and Technology curriculum gives our young people the knowledge & skills to engage with the designed and made world. They learn how products and systems are designed and manufactured, how to be innovative and to make creative use of a variety of resources including traditional and digital technologies, to improve the world around them. We provide sequenced opportunities, which allow students to develop knowledge in Product Design Textiles, Graphic Communications, Systems & Control and Food Preparation & Nutrition. Students should grow in confidence through the teaching of specialists and well-equipped teaching areas. We follow the National Curriculum in order for KS3 students to gain a broad range of opportunities. As students’ progress to KS4 they choose an area within Design & Technology to study. In the chosen area, the subject allows for deeper study of the world they live in, potential career opportunities and with the skills developed at KS3 the confidence to task risks, become resourceful, innovative, enterprising and capable citizens; with problem solving skills that encourages them to focus on the target market, and a range of issues within a variety of contexts, while considering their own and other’s needs, wants and values. Food preparation and nutrition equips learners with the knowledge, understanding and skills required to cook and apply the principles of food science, nutrition, and healthy eating.

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Life and Death of Daniel in Ancient Rome Daniel was an iconic figure in ancient Rome who lived a life steeped in legend. He is generally remembered in Rome as a great warrior, who valiantly defended the Republic and was beloved by all who knew him. Daniel was born in the first century BC in Rome, the son of a nobleman, and was raised with all the privileges of noble birth. He entered the Roman military academy at an early age and, at the age of twenty, held the rank of colonel. Daniel rose to fame and acclaim for his bravery and leadership, but his most significant achievement was his loyalty to the Republic of Rome. His undying dedication to Rome, which he believed was the only true source of power, earned him much admiration and respect among Roman citizens. Daniel was always known for his loyalty as a Roman citizen and warrior, but he also had a keen thirst for adventure, and was known for his daring exploits and explorations. He made several voyages to Gaul, Iberia, and other parts of the Mediterranean, and was one of the first to explore the Black Sea. His adventures captivated the public imagination and served to demonstrate the courage and strength of Roman citizens. Daniel was also renowned for his great tactical skills, often defeating larger enemies with minimal losses. In the latter days of his life, Daniel retired from military service, and sought to use his influence to promote the Roman cause. He was a proponent of the Roman Republic, and sought to preserve its traditions and way of life. Daniel was also a strong advocate for Roman expansion and was instrumental in defeating Hannibal. His exploits and legendary feats earned him much fame and admiration, and he was lauded as one of the greatest figures of the Roman Republic. His legacy was cemented by his death during the Battle of Actium, when he valiantly defended the Republic to the last. While he is remembered today as one of Rome’s greatest warriors, Daniel was also a complex figure who was deeply devoted to his family and country, and sought to use his influence and bravery for the greater good. He is remembered for his courage, loyalty and dedication, and for the legacy of devotion to Rome that he left behind. His life was a tribute to Roman ideals of strength, courage and loyalty, and he lives on as an example of what it means to be a true Roman citizen. Religious Practices in Ancient Rome Religion was a significant activity in the ancient Roman world, with their pantheon of gods and goddesses whose influence seemed to touch every aspect of Roman life. Their religious practices played a prominent role in politics and the shaping of history, with grand religious festivals meant to honor the gods, commemorate special occasions and mark the changing of the seasons. During these events, the people of Rome would come together to celebrate, sometimes indulging in food and drink, dancing, music, processions and religious ceremonies. These festivities were often public, representational and theatrical in nature, reflecting the dynamic and ever-changing nature of Roman culture. The most prominent form of public religious practices in Rome was animal sacrifice, which served as a form of communication with their gods. This involved offering up animals, usually domestic animals or birds, as a way of asking the gods for something or seeking protection. Animals were sometimes sacrificed in the temples, or in public settings, marking the success or failure of a particular venture, such as a military conflict. Religion was also a part of daily life in Rome, with many religious festivals being celebrated, such as the festival of Saturnalia, where people exchanged gifts and feasted in honor of the god Saturn. Religious ceremonies were also held during significant events throughout the year, such as weddings and funerals. Religion was a powerful element in the Roman world and played an integral role in the politics of the time. Religious leaders were often consulted on political matters and their influence was significant. The Senate often made their own official religious offerings on behalf of the people, and the infamous Vestal Virgins were responsible for tending to the sacred fires of the goddess Vesta, and thus were seen as powerful political figures. Religion was a driving force in the lives of the people of Rome, and in the formation of the city’s history. Military Tactics of Ancient Rome Given the expansive reach of the Roman Empire and the many battles it had to survive in order to do so, it is unsurprising that military tactics were often at the centre of much of Rome’s success. Rome was focused on defending its vast boundaries from possible enemy attack and was thus extremely interested in military tactics and strategy. Various tactics were practiced and developed during this era, including the employment of infantry and cavalry, flanking, deployment and excellent engineering for fortifications. The Roman military made use of a variety of tactics, and one of the most important was their integration of infantry and cavalry. The infantryprovided the main line of attack, often in the form of a shield wall, while the cavalrywas used to flank the enemy and to keep them from escaping. This combination of forces allowed the Roman soldiers to outwit and outmanoeuvre their opponents. The flanking tactics of the Roman army were also used to great effect. This involved sending a group of soldiers to move around the enemy’s flank, distracting them and preventing them from mounting an effective defence. In addition, Rome had an impressive engineering force, which designed and built fortifications around their settlements. These fortifications were designed to be almost impenetrable, both externally and internally, and the Romans held the element of surprise, making these impressive structures incredibly important to their victorious campaigns. Rome’s strength was not just confined to land battles either. They were often able to out-manoeuvre their enemy on the open seas, a strength attributed to their impressive navy. The Romans also made use of diplomacy and political manoeuvring for their own gain, but it was the military force that allowed them to survive and conquer much of the ancient world. Economic System of Ancient Rome The economic system of Ancient Rome was complex, with an intricate network of social, political and legal systems that helped to shape the way in which the state and its citizens interacted. There were three primary economic classes within the Roman state: the patricians, the plebeians and the equestrian classes (equites). The wealthy elite, or patricians, were the ruling class and held job positions within the government and military, while the plebeians were the working class and included artisans, merchants, farmers and labourers. The equestrians were members of the middle class and held important administrative positions in the courts, the treasury and the army. Rome’s economy was primarily based on trade, farming and the exploitation of resources. Farmers produced wheat and other grains, raised herds of livestock and mined for minerals. Commerce was conducted both within the city of Rome and in its colonia, and merchant vessels travelled far and wide to trade goods with other cities and towns. Money also played an important role in the Roman economy, with coins being used as a form of currency. Money could be earned through wages, professions and commerce, and—unlike in other civilizations—could be exchanged for commodities. This system allowed the economy to function and made it possible for the Romans to trade with other civilizations. The Romans also developed a sophisticated taxation system, both to fund the government and to collect tribute from conquered provinces. Taxation was an important source of revenue for the government, and taxes were paid in both gold and silver coins. This helped to fund not only the military campaigns and other state projects, but also to extend Roman influence far beyond the borders of the city itself. Tribute was also used as a means of controlling the conquered provinces by making them dependent on Rome. Rome relied heavily on its economic system to achieve its goals and strengthen its position as a major empire. The intricate political and legal structures in place, in combination with an effective system of taxation and an efficient trading network, allowed the city to become one of the most powerful societies of its time. Databases Used to Track Economy in Ancient Rome The Roman Empire was not only a powerful military and political force, but it was also an intricate bureaucracy built around collecting taxes, keeping track of trade and even counting census data. The need to manage this vast array of data was both daunting and essential to the success of the empire. To meet these needs, the Romans relied heavily on databases. These databases were often complex, structured and accessible to Roman administrators and were utilized to help track the economy, ensure taxation was collected, and manage all other relevant civic processes. One of the more popular Roman databases was the Marmor, or marble slab. Marble was abundant in the early Roman Empire and this source was used to create marble slabs that recorded information. These slabs carried vital census data, but also recorded events such as festivals, weddings, funerals and other population milestones. Marmor slabs could often be found in courthouses, temples and elsewhere, and provided a practical means of recording population information, such as births, deaths, and displacements. They were also used to document property ownership, family trees and other relevant information. The Romans also utilized public inscriptions to record and store vital data. These inscriptions were often written on bronze tablets that were publicly displayed and accessible to all. This form of record keeping was used to document not only official decrees, but also trade and taxation information, general laws and a multitude of other important topics. The inscriptions provided a visible way to convey information, as well as ensuring that it was accessible and open to the public. The ancient Romans also relied extensively on coinage for tracking trade. Coins were abundant in Ancient Rome and served an important purpose: it provided an easy way to track the value of goods and services. This allowed the state to control trade, measure market values and ensure proper taxation was collected. Coins could also be used as a form of currency and could be exchanged in markets and other public places, making them an indispensable part of the Roman economy. The databases utilized by the Romans were extremely complex and incredibly important to their success. Not only did they track population and taxation data, but they also recorded trade and other vital civic processes. These databases were essential to the functioning of the Roman Empire and help to explain the enduring success of its rule. Public Depictions of Daniel in Ancient Rome As one of ancient Rome’s most revered figures, it is no surprise that Daniel has been featured prominently in countless statues and monuments. Public depictions of Daniel can be found across the city, from monumental statues to smaller busts, and tapestries to oil paintings. These depictions often feature Daniel in a heroic pose, demonstrating his skill as a warrior and his loyalty to Rome. They are often accompanied by inscriptions, celebratory declarations and other dedications from the people of Rome. The most famous public depiction of Daniel is undoubtedly the colossal bronze statue of him slaying the Gauls which stands in one of the city’s most prominent public squares. This statue commemorates Daniel’s legendary victory over the Gauls and is a testament to the strength, courage and loyalty of Rome’s ancient heroes. Another popular depiction of Daniel is the equestrian statue that stands in front of the Senate, which represents his steadfast dedication to the Republic. There are also numerous busts of him that can be found throughout Rome, often adorned with inscriptions in his honor. In addition to the many monuments dedicated to Daniel, tapestries, oil paintings and other works of art have been created that depict scenes from his various adventures and battles. These works of art often feature vivid images of Daniel in the heat of battle, as well as more peaceful moments of exploration and contemplation. In both their public depictions and works of art, the people of Rome have sought to preserve Daniel’s legacy, and ensure that he will always be remembered as one of Rome’s greatest heroes. Legacy and Impact of Daniel on Ancient Rome Daniel’s influence on Roman culture and history was profound. His bravery, courage and unwavering loyalty to Rome served as a powerful example of what it meant to be a Roman citizen, and his exploits and adventures captivated the public imagination. Daniel also played an instrumental role in Rome’s expansion, and his strategic genius was key to their victories in battle. His legacy for courage and dedication to Rome’s ideals has lasted to this day. Daniel also served as an important political figure in Rome. His influence was widespread and he was an important figure in the Senate, often being consulted on matters of policy and law. He was also instrumental in Rome’s expansion and

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Is Quizlet One of The Best Educational Sites for Teachers? Are you a teacher in the UK? If so, you know the value of flashcards in your teaching journey. Here, Quizlet is one of the educational sites for teachers like you. Being a teacher of young children is not easy. The reason is that they have a short attention span. Here, flashcards are being used for long as excellent teaching tools. The reason is that they help with memory retention. For a teacher like you, educational sites for teachers can be excellent tools. Yes, Quizlet is one such educational site that will help you with your flashcard preparation process. - Flashcards are affordable - You can transport them from one class to another with ease - They are effective teaching tools - Flashcards are adaptable - They can make the whole learning process easy. So, now you know the value of flashcards. Thankfully, Quizlet can help you prepare them. Here are some details you should know about this educational portal. Engage Students with Quizlet You might be teaching, science, social science, mathematics or languages in schools. Irrespective of your area of specialization, Quizlet can help you prepare flashcards. The objective of this educational website is to help teachers engage their students of all levels. You can do this with games, interactive study methods and curriculum-based materials. Quizlet can help you with all these materials. Save Your Precious Time on Lesson Material Creation Most teachers do not find time to spend with their families. The reason is that they spend most of their hometime on the creation of lesson material.You can search from more than 500 million study sets created by other teachers and students from Quizlet. From them, you can find an appropriate content for your class. Also, on this educational website, you can make your own lesson material as well. For this, Quizlet makes set creation quicker for you. The website does it with its suggested images and predictive word features. Captivate Students in and Out of the Classroom You can make learning engaging for your students with Quizlet. This is possible with interactive study modes and games. With guidelines given on this website, you can turn your materials into classroom games. In turn, your entire class will turn excited. They will get a participative learning experience. Personalized Instructions Made Easy Not only flashcards but also Quizlet offers other study modes. Examples include Math, Test and Learn. With this educational portal, you can keep track of the progress of your students. The website will provide you with instant feedback on the focus areas. Add Teacher Superpower to Your Quizlet Account Quizlet offers Quizlet Plus for teachers. When you upgrade to it, you can use features like Class Progress. You will gain a detailed view of which students have completed or just begun their study session. You can also spot the students, who need additional motivation from your end. In short, educational portals will help you create more engaging lessons for your students. Quizlet is undoubtedly one such site that will take your teaching experience to the next level.

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Although encryption is often transparent, it is important to understand what it means so you can ensure this key security control is configured for all your devices and systems. What is encryption? Encryption is a method of converting data in human readable form into a secret code. There are many different types of encryption that you interact with every day: Websites and HTTPS Encryption (also called asymmetric key encryption) is used when websites are set up to use HTTPS. You can tell a website uses HTTPS by looking at, or double clicking, the URL in your browser. When you access a website using HTTPS, all the information you enter in to it is sent encrypted back to the website owner. The website owner holds the key to turn the secret code back into human readable form. If an attacker was able to view the information in that connection, they would only be able to see the secret code. Device passwords and PIN Newer operating systems for mobile phones, tablets and laptops ask you to set a PIN or password when you set them up. This password is used as an encryption key (also called symmetric key encryption) and is needed in order to unlock and access data on the device. If someone steals your phone, they would need that secret key in order to unlock the device and access the data. Website and system owners who collect your data also have to care about encryption. For businesses, it looks different but the concept of having single or pair of keys to unlock secret codes is the same. How to use encryption You’ll often find the option to enable device or data encryption in the settings. Search for ‘encryption’ and it should prompt you to create your key.

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In an age where information is at our fingertips, the persistence of the flat earth theory stands as a baffling testament to human scepticism. Despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, a faction still clings to the archaic belief that our planet is a flat disc. This article dismantles this myth using historical observations, scientific evidence, and modern technological proofs. The notion of a spherical Earth isn’t new; it dates back to ancient Greek philosophers like Aristotle and Eratosthenes. Their observations of stars, lunar eclipses, and simple geometry provided early evidence of Earth’s curvature. Fast forward to the age of space exploration, and this truth becomes irrefutable. Astronauts’ testimonies and thousands of satellite images consistently showcase a spherical Earth, debunking the flat Earth theory. One of the simplest proofs of a spherical Earth comes from observing lunar eclipses. As Earth passes between the Sun and the Moon, it casts a shadow on the Moon. This shadow is always round, a geometric impossibility for a flat disc but perfectly consistent with a spherical body. The changing seasons across different hemispheres further debunk the flat earth theory. When it’s summer in the Northern Hemisphere, it’s winter in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa. This phenomenon aligns with the spherical Earth model, where the tilt of the planet’s axis causes varying solar angles and daylight durations across the globe. The constellations visible in the night sky vary depending on your location on Earth. Observers in the Northern Hemisphere see different stars and constellations than those in the Southern Hemisphere. This variation is inexplicable in a flat earth model but perfectly aligns with a spherical Earth. Modern technology offers the most compelling evidence against the flat earth theory. Satellites orbiting Earth provide continuous data streams and images, all indicating a round planet. The International Space Station (ISS) live streams show a rotating spherical Earth visible to anyone with internet access. The consistent gravity experienced across the Earth’s surface further supports its sphericity. On a flat Earth, gravity would pull objects at different angles, depending on their location. However, we consistently experience gravity pulling us towards the planet’s centre, a phenomenon only possible on a spherical body. Reality: The UN flag features an azimuthal equidistant projection, a legitimate map projection used for specific purposes, such as air traffic navigation. It’s not intended to represent the true shape of the Earth. Map projections represent a spherical surface on a flat plane, each with its own uses and limitations. Reality: The curvature of the Earth is not easily observable at ground level due to the vast scale of the planet. However, from higher altitudes, the curvature becomes visible. This is evident in images taken from aeroplanes, high-altitude balloons, and space. Reality: Large bodies of water conform to the Earth’s curvature. The surface of the water appears flat over small distances, but the curvature is measurable over larger spans. This is evident in large-scale engineering projects like bridges and canals, where curvature must be accounted for. Reality: Gravity is a well-documented force, demonstrated by countless experiments and observations. It’s not just density that causes objects to fall, but the Earth’s gravitational pull. This force keeps the atmosphere, oceans, and everything else anchored to the Earth. Reality: Aeroplane flight paths might seem to make more sense on a flat map, but in reality, they are planned based on the shortest distance between two points on a sphere, known as a great circle route. These routes often appear curved on flat maps due to the distortion inherent in converting a 3D sphere to a 2D map. Reality: The authenticity of space imagery has been confirmed through various independent sources, including space agencies and private spaceflight companies in different countries. These images consistently show a spherical Earth. Reality: The idea of an ice wall surrounding a flat Earth misinterprets Antarctica’s geography. Antarctica is a continent that has been extensively explored and studied. Its coastline doesn’t form a giant ice wall but is part of a larger landmass with a diverse topography. Reality: There are numerous authentic photos of Earth from space taken by different satellites and space missions. These include the Apollo missions, weather satellites, and, more recently, the Himawari-8 Japanese weather satellite, which takes high-resolution images of the entire Earth every 10 minutes. Reality: The apparent motions of the Sun and Moon are consistent with the Earth’s rotation and orbit around the Sun. The changes in their paths and the phenomena like eclipses can only be accurately predicted using a spherical Earth model. Reality: Biblical or religious texts are often allegorical, not literal scientific guides. Most religious scholars accept the Earth’s spherical shape, a conclusion based on extensive scientific evidence and observation rather than religious interpretation. The shape of the Earth is determined by empirical evidence, not religious beliefs. Receive out monthly newsletter and stay up to date with the top stories.

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There’s more than one way for people living at extremely high altitudes to adapt to so-called thin air. Biologically, there must be at least three ways, according to a report in an upcoming Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. A team led by Cynthia M. Beall of Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland obtained blood samples and medical data from 236 Ethiopian villagers living more than 2 miles above sea level. The villagers displayed an average blood concentration of oxygen-rich hemoglobin comparable to that already reported for sea-level populations. Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin among the Ethiopians also roughly equaled measurements made in lowland groups. The researchers now plan to look for a biological mechanism to explain how these people survive at their high altitude. Previous research directed by Beall had found a high blood-hemoglobin concentration but low hemoglobin-oxygen saturation among Andean highlanders. Beall also reported that high-altitude Tibetans possess a blood-hemoglobin concentration similar to sea-level folk combined with low oxygen saturation. If you have a comment on this article that you would like considered for publication in Science News, please send it to email@example.com.

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The Goldilocks of pea production What are the key environmental parameters that impact pea yield? On the surface, the easy answer is temperature and moisture. Get them right and you get a top-yielding crop. But what is the right combination? That’s what Rosalind Bueckert, a professor in the plant sciences department at the University of Saskatchewan (U of S) wanted to find out in an effort to better understand pea growth habits and to help improve pea breeding at the U of S Crop Development Centre (CDC). “Pea cultivars are heat-sensitive so our goal was to investigate how weather impacted growth and yield for a dryland and an irrigated location,” explains Bueckert, who published the research in the Canadian Journal of Plant Science in 2015. “We explored relationships between days to maturity, days spent in reproductive growth – flowering to maturity – yield and various weather factors.” Research in other countries had identified that high yield was related to early flowering, a large number of reproductive nodes and soil moisture availability during flowering. The longer the plant remained in the reproductive growth period, the higher the yield. Research had found that high daily maximum temperatures (31 C to > 34 C) during flowering for at least two to four days reduced yield due to abortion of buds and flowers, aborted young seed and potentially smaller seed. In Canada, though, the relationship between daily high temperatures, precipitation, and yield had not been explored. Bueckert, along with colleagues Stacey Wagenhoffer and Tom Warkentin at CDC and Garry Hnatowich at Saskatchewan Irrigation Diversification Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada at Outlook, Sask., utilized the nine years of Co-op variety registration trials at the dryland Saskatoon site and the irrigated Outlook site to look at environmental effects on yield. They measured days to flowering when 50 per cent of the plants in a plot had an open flower, days to maturity, disease rating and seed size. The nine years covered the range of weather patterns with some hot and dry, warm, or cool and wet. Check varieties in each year were utilized and represented current popular varieties. For example, in 2009 the five varieties were Eclipse, Cutlass, CDC Striker, CDC Cooper and CDC Golden. Peas were grown using recommended production practices. At Saskatoon, pea was not sprayed with a fungicide except in 2005 and 2009 when disease pressure was observed. At Outlook, pea was sprayed every year with a fungicide at flowering followed by a second application 10 to 14 days later. Critical maximum daily temperature Bueckert says the length of reproductive growth was an important factor in yield, and that heat stress or lack of moisture caused flower and reproductive node abortion. Conversely, the longer the pea spent in the reproductive growth phase, the higher the yield. “Pea was sensitive to heat but heat units did not satisfactorily describe growth and yield in all environments,” reports Bueckert. “Strong relationships were observed between crop growth and mean maximum daily temperature experienced during reproductive growth, and between crop growth and mean minimum temperature.” The researchers found that when the mean maximum temperature was greater than 25.5 C at the dryland site, the number of days in reproductive growth was reduced to less than 35 days. More than 20 days above 28 C meant less time in the reproductive phase and lower yield for dryland pea. “The threshold maximum temperature for yield reduction in the field was closer to 28 C than 32 C from [other] published studies, and above the 17.5 C mean seasonal daily temperature,” Bueckert explains. At Outlook, irrigation helped to buffer the effect of heat, and the pea remained in reproductive growth for 35 to 40 days in a wider temperature range of 24.5 C to 27 C. To put those temperatures into perspective, average climate data shows that from June to August, Saskatoon experiences 11.5 days above 30 C and Outlook 12.3 days. “Clearly, mean daily maximum temperatures exceeding 25 C were associated with shortened reproductive phases of less than 35 days at both Saskatoon and Outlook,” Bueckert says. Plant breeding implications On the Prairies, late-maturing varieties take about 94 days to mature, with medium maturity varieties around 90 days and the earliest at 86 days. Yet the normal frost-free period for Outlook is 123 days and 117 days for Saskatoon. Bueckert says plant breeders could lengthen maturity in pea by at least seven days without frost risk. If plant breeders could get the pea to flower earlier and longer (more indeterminate growth), yield potential could be increased. February 17, 2016 By Bruce Barker

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In our galaxy, there may be, at least, tens of billions of habitable planets, with conditions suitable for liquid water on their surfaces. There may be habitable moons as well. On an unknown number of those worlds, life may have arisen. On an unknown fraction of life-bearing worlds, life may have evolved into complex multicellular, sexually reproducing forms. During its habitable period, a world with complex life might produce hundreds of millions of evolutionary lineages. One or a few of them might fortuitously encounter special circumstances that triggered runaway growth of their intelligence. These favored few, if they exist, might have built technological civilizations capable of signaling their presence across interstellar distances, or detecting and deciphering a message we send their way. What might such alien minds be like? What senses might they use? How might we communicate with them? The purposes of the newly created METI (Messaging to ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) International include fostering multidisciplinary research in the design and transmission of interstellar messages, and building a global community of scholars from the natural sciences, social sciences, humanities, and arts concerned with the origin, distribution, and future of life in the universe. On May 18 the organization sponsored a workshop which included presentations by biologists, psychologists, cognitive scientists, and linguists. This is the third and final installment of a series of articles about the workshop. In previous installments, we’ve discussed some ideas about the evolution of intelligence that were featured at the workshop. Here we’ll see whether our Earthly experience can provide us with any clues about how we might communicate with aliens. Many of the animals that we are most familiar with from daily life, like humans, cats, dogs, birds, fishes, and frogs are vertebrates, or animals with backbones. They are all descended from a common ancestor and share a nervous system organized according to the same basic plan. Molluscs are another major group of animals that have been evolving separately from vertebrates for more than 600 million years. Although most molluscs, like slugs, snails, and shellfish, have fairly simple nervous systems, one group; the cephalopods, have evolved a much more sophisticated one. Cephalopods include octopuses, squids, and cuttlefishes. They show cognitive and perceptual abilities rivaling those of our close vertebrate kin. Since this nervous system has a different evolutionary history than of the vertebrates, it is organized in a way completely different from our own. It can give us a glimpse of the similarities and differences we might expect between aliens and ourselves. David Gire, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Washington, and researcher Dominic Sivitilli gave a presentation on cephalopods at the Puerto Rico workshop. Although these animals have a sophisticated brain, their nervous systems are much more decentralized than that of familiar animals. In the octopus, sensing and moving are controlled locally in the arms, which together contain as many nerve cells, or neurons, as the brain. The animal’s eight arms are extraordinarily sensitive. Each containing hundreds of suckers, with thousands of sensory receptors on each one. By comparison, the human finger has only 241 sensory receptors per square centimeter. Many of these receptors sense chemicals, corresponding roughly to our senses of taste and smell. Much of this sensory information is processed locally in the arms. When an arm is severed from an octopus’s body, it continues to show simple behaviors on its own, and can even avoid threats. The octopus’s brain simply acts to coordinate the behaviors of its arms. Cephalopods have acute vision. Although their eyes evolved separately from those of vertebrates, they nonetheless bear an eerie resemblance. They have a unique ability to change the pattern and color of their skin using pigment cells that are under direct control of their nervous systems. This provides them with the most sophisticated camouflage system of any animal on Earth, and is also used for social signaling. Despite the sophisticated cognitive abilities it exhibits in the lab, the octopus is largely solitary. Cephalopod groups exchange useful information by observing one another, but otherwise exhibit only limited social cooperation. Many current theories of the evolution of sophisticated intelligence, like Miller’s sapiosexual hypothesis, which was featured in the second installment, assume that social cooperation and competition play a central role in the evolution of complicated brains. Since cephalopods have evolved much more impressive cognitive abilities than other molluscs, their limited social behavior is surprising. Maybe the limited social behavior of cephalopods really does set limits on their intelligence. However, Gire and Sivitilli speculate that perhaps “an intelligence capable of technological development could exist with minimum social acuity”, and the cephalopod ability to socially share information is enough. The individuals of such an alien collective, they suppose, might possess no sense of self or other. Besides Gire and Sivitilli, Anna Dornhaus, whose ideas were featured in the first installment, also thinks that alien creatures might function together as a collective mind. Social insects, in some respects, actually do. She doubts, though, that such an entities could evolve human-like technological intelligence without something like Miller’s sapiosexuality to trigger a runaway explosion of intelligence. But if non-sapiosexual alien technological civilizations do exist, we might find them impossible to comprehend. Given this possible gulf of incomprehension about social structure, Gire and Stivitilli suppose that the most we might aspire to accomplish in terms of interstellar communication is an exchange of mutually useful and comprehensible astronomical information. Workshop presenter Alfred Kracher, a retired staff scientist at the Ames Laboratory of the University of Iowa, supposes that “the mental giants of the Milky Way are probably artificially intelligent machines… It would be interesting to find evidence of them, if they exist”, he writes, “but then what?” Kracher supposes that if they have emancipated themselves and evolved away from their makers, “they will have nothing in common with organic life forms, human or extraterrestrial. There is no chance of mutual understanding”. We will be able to understand aliens, he maintains, only if “it turns out that the evolution of extraterrestrial life forms is highly convergent with our own”. Peter Todd, a professor of psychology from Indiana University, holds out hope that such convergence may actually occur. Earthly animals must solve a variety of basic problems that are presented by the physical and biological world that they inhabit. They must effectively navigate through a world of surfaces, barriers and objects, finding food and shelter, and avoiding predators, parasites, toxins. Extraterrestrial organisms, if they evolve in an Earth-like environment, would face a generally similar set of problems. They may well arrive at similar solutions, just as the octopus evolved eyes similar to ours. In evolution here on Earth, Todd notes, brain systems originally evolved to solve these basic physical and biological problems appear to have been re-purposed to solve new and more difficult problems, as some animals evolved to solve the problems of living and finding mates as members of societies, and then as one particular ape species went on to evolve conceptual reasoning and language. For example, disgust at bad food, useful for avoiding disease, may have been become the foundation for sexual disgust to avoid bad mates, moral disgust to avoid bad clan mates, and intellectual disgust to avoid dubious ideas. If alien brains evolved solutions similar to the ones our brains did for negotiating the physical and biological world, they they might also have been re-purposed in similar ways. Alien minds might not be wholly different from ours, and thus hope exists for a degree of mutual understanding. In the early 1970’s the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft were launched on the first exploratory missions to the planet Jupiter and beyond. When their missions were completed, these two probes became the first objects made by humans to escape the sun’s gravitational pull and hurtle into interstellar space. Because of the remote possibility that the spacecraft might someday be found by extraterrestrials, a team of scientists and scholars lead by Carl Sagan emplaced a message on the vehicle, etched on a metal plaque. The message consisted, in part, of a line drawing of a man and a woman. Later, the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft carried a message that consisted, in part, of a series of 116 digital images encoded on a phonographic record. The assumption that aliens would see and understand images seems reasonable, since the octopus evolved an eye so similar to our own. And that’s not all. The evolutionary biologists Luitfried Von Salvini-Plawen and Ernst Mayr showed that eyes, of various sorts, have evolved forty separate times on Earth, and vision is typically a dominant sense for large, land dwelling animals. Still, there are animals that function without it, and our earliest mammalian ancestors were nocturnal. Could it be that there are aliens that lack vision, and could not understand a message based on images? In his short story, The Country of the Blind, the great science fiction writer H. G. Wells imagined an isolated mountain village whose inhabitants had been blind for fifteen generations after a disease destroyed their vision. A lost mountain climber, finding the village, imagines that with his power of vision, he can easily become their king. But the villagers have adapted thoroughly to a life based on touch, hearing, and smell. Instead of being impressed by their visitor’s claim that he can ‘see’, they find it incomprehensible. They begin to believe he is insane. And when they seek to ‘cure’ him by removing two strange globular growths from the front of his head, he flees. Could their really be an alien country of the blind whose inhabitants function without vision? Workshop presenter Dr. Sheri Wells-Jensen, an associate professor of Linguistics at Bowling Green State University, doesn’t need to imagine the country of the blind, because, in a sense, she lives there. She is blind, and believes that creatures without vision could achieve a level of technology sufficient to send interstellar messages. “Sighted people”, she writes, “tend to overestimate the amount and quality of information gathered by vision alone”. Bats and dolphins image their dimly lit environments with a kind of naturally occurring sonar called echolocation. Blind human beings can also learn to echolocate, using tongue clicks or claps as emitted signals and analyzing the returning echoes by hearing. Some can do so well enough to ride a bicycle at a moderate pace through an unfamiliar neighborhood. A human can develop the touch sensitivity needed to read braille in four months. A blind marine biologist can proficiently distinguish the species of mollusc shells by touch. Wells-Jensen posits a hypothetical civilization which she calls the Krikkits, who lack vision but possess sensory abilities otherwise similar to those of human beings. Could such beings build a technological society? Drawing on her knowledge of the blind community and a series of experiments, she thinks they could. Finding food would present few special difficulties, since blind naturalists can identify many plant species by touch. Agriculture could be conducted as modern blind gardeners do it, by marking crops using stakes and piles of rock, and harvesting by feel. The combination of a stick used as a cane to probe the path ahead and echolocation make traveling by foot effective and safe. A loadstone compass would further aid navigational abilities. The Krikkits might use snares rather than spears or arrows to trap animals, making tools by touch. Mathematics is vital to building a technological society. For most human beings, with our limited memory, a paper and pencil or a blackboard are essential for doing math. Krikkits would need to find other such aids, such as tactual symbols on clay tablets, abacus-like devices, or patterns sewn on hides or fabric. Successful blind mathematicians often have prodigious memories, and can perform complex calculations in their heads. One of history’s greatest mathematicians, Leonard Euler, was blind for the last 17 years of his life, but remained mathematically productive through the use of his memory. The obstacles to a blind society developing technology may not be insurmountable. Blind people are capable of handling fire and even working with molten glass. Krikkits might therefore use fire for cooking, warmth, to bake clay vessels, and smelt metal ores. Initially there only astronomical knowledge would be of the sun as a source of heat. Experiments with loadstones and metals would lead to a knowledge of electricity. Eventually, the Krikkits might imitate their sonar with radio waves, inventing radar. If their planet possessed a moon or moons, radar reflections from them might provide their first knowledge of astronomical objects other than their sun. Radar would also enable them to learn for the first time that their planet is round. The Krikkits might learn to detect other forms of radiation like X-rays and ‘light’. The ability to detect this second mysterious form of radiation might allow them to discover the existence of the stars and develop an interest in interstellar communication. What sorts of messages might they send or understand? Well-Jensen believes that line drawings, like the drawing of the man and the woman on the Pioneer plaque, and other such pictorial representations might be an impenetrable mystery to them. On the other hand, she speculates that Krikkits might represent large data sets through sound, and that their counterpart to charts and graphs might be equally incomprehensible to us. Images might pose a challenge for the Krikkits, but perhaps, Wells-Jensen concedes, not an impossible one. There is evidence that bats image their world using echolocation. Kikkits might be likely to evolve similar abilities, though Wells-Jensen believes they would not be essential for making tools or handling objects. Perhaps humans and Krikkits could find common ground by transmitting instructions for three dimensional printed objects that could be explored tactually. Wells-Jensen thinks they might also understand mathematical or logical languages proposed for interstellar communication. The diversity of cognition and perception that we find here on Earth teaches us that if extraterrestrial intelligence exists, it is likely to be much more alien than much of science fiction has prepared us to expect. In our attempt to communicate with aliens, the gulf of mutual incomprehension may yawn as wide as the gulf of interstellar space. Yet this is a gulf we must somehow cross, if we wish ever to become citizens of the galaxy. For further reading: Cain, F. (2008) Is Our Universe Ruled by Artificial Intelligence, Universe Today. Kaufmann G. (2005) Spineless smarts, NOVA Land, M. F., and Nilsson, D-E. (2002) Animal Eyes, Oxford University Press. Mather, J. A. (2008) Cephalopod consciousness: Behavioral evidence, Cognition and Consciousness 17(1): 37-48. Patton, P. E. (2016) Alien Minds I: Are Extraterrestrial Civilizations Likely to Evolve? Universe Today. Patton, P. E. (2016) Alien Minds II: Do Aliens Think Big Brains are Sexy Too? Universe Today. P. Patton (2014) Communicating across the cosmos, Part 1: Shouting into the darkness, Part 2: Petabytes from the Stars, Part 3: Bridging the Vast Gulf, Part 4: Quest for a Rosetta Stone, Universe Today. Wells, H. G. (1904) The Country of the Blind, The literature network.

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Involve Your Whole School in Recycling - Compost material in an outdoor container - Use various carbon sources - Includes instructions Take your indoor composting activities outside by composting waste materials in a large outdoor bin. Teacher’s and students’ manuals are included to guide your class through a variety of investigative projects designed to create an efficient composting system. Along with the bin, you’ll also receive starting inoculum and our comprehensive instructions for setup. You’ll learn how to keep microbes alive so they can continue to degrade your carbon source (leaves, paper, etc.). Size: 33"L x 26"W x 26"H.

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A. Instruction - 6 B. Design - 7.8 C. Engagement - 5.7 Maths Formulas Free: An App for Math Summary : A Resource of Equations and Formulas Waiting to be Used Maths Formulas Free is an index of commonly used equations and formulas for many mathematical disciplines such as Geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry, and more. This app also contains Unit Conversion Tables, Math Tricks, and a Tools option. To access this information, users must select the topic of interest from the menu on the left of the app by tapping it. The app will then present users with subtopics, which helps further specify the topic. As users select the different topics and subtopics, the app shows them detailed information pertaining to their choices, and users are able to scroll through the content. Lastly, if users tap the Tools option, they will be able to access calculators to find the length, area, volume, mass, and speed of objects. The Tools option also lets users find the area of different 2D shapes. - Teachers can present students with a word problem, and before students solve it, they will have to use this app in order to select the correct formula. Next, the teacher can facilitate a class conversation about the formula and this app by asking questions such as: (1) Why do you think this formula will work with this word problem?, (2) How would you insert the data from the word problem into the formula?, and (3) Are there any other formulas you think may work? After the conversation, students can solve the word problem using the formula. - Teachers can show students a graph, shape, or figure that has some variables included in its depiction. Next, students will have to identify which equation or formula they would need to use when working with the content presented to them. Finally, students can use the equation or formula to find and add the missing variables to the graph, shape, or figure. - Teachers can assign students an equation or formula from this app. Students will then have to draft a word problem that can be solved by using the equation or formula they were assigned. Students can post their word problem and equation or formula to a class website, and teachers can require the other students in the class to solve the problem using the equation or formula. - When studying geometry or physics, teachers can have students use the calculators under the “Tools” option to help them solve problems. |A2. 21st Century Skills |A3. Conn. to Future Learning |A4. Value of Errors |A5. Feedback to Teacher |A6. Level of Material |A7. Cooperative Learning |A8. Accom. of Individual Diff. |B1. Ability to Save Progress |B2. Platform Integration |B3. Screen Design |B4. Ease of Use |B6. Goal Orientation |B7. Information Presentation |B8. Media Integration |B9. Cultural Sensitivity |C1. Learner Control

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The French were disheartened by the challenge of establishing a settlement on the Atlantic coast. Interested in the resources located inland, they quickly recognized the advantages of a location in the interior of the continent. For them, it was a matter of reconnecting with the adventures of Cartier and Roberval. Since the turn of the century, a seasonal trading post had been created on the principal route to the interior, at Tadoussac. Then, in July 1608, a settlement was established at Quebec. In 1629, the process was just getting underway and success was precarious when the settlement, which only had a small number of inhabitants, was captured by the English. However, Quebec and New France were soon returned to the French. Quebec was more firmly established under the monopoly of the Cent-Associés who oversaw the first veritable efforts at colonization, even if they only achieved some the goals set out by the city’s founder, Samuel de Champlain.1 The Trading Post and the Fort Who Was Champlain? Little is known about Samuel de Champlain. Born around 1570 in Brouage, a Huguenot city in the Saintonge region, Champlain died at Quebec on 25 December 1635. Since some of the registers in his birth parish were lost to fire, it is not known whether the man who became the apostle of Roman Catholicism in New France had previously been a Protestant, as his given name would suggest. He married Hélène Boullé in 1610, when he was about 40 and his bride was 12 years old. The marriage contract stated that he was the son “of the late Anthoine de Champlain, formerly a captain in the Navy, and of Lady Marguerite Le Roy.” Champlain’s wife visited America only once, between 1620 and 1624. They do not appear to have had any children. The legitimacy of Champlain’s noble titles has also been put into question, as the letters patent which could confirm them have never been located. Did he really join the nobility? If so, when? What is known for sure is that when he was posted to New France, Champlain had to fill various functions. His writings include several relations or memoirs which have been gathered together in multiple volumes and which contain rich descriptions and frequent personal comments. Reading these works allows for an appreciation of the many facets of the man. As a geographer, he described the landscapes of the new colony as his explorations progressed. As an ethnographer, he attempted to describe the lifestyle and customs of the Indigenous peoples, achieving limited success. As a lieutenant and a commander in the new colony, he described his difficult relations with the merchants. As a cartographer, Champlain was the first to establish the boundaries of New France and the coast of what would become New England. And he did so with remarkable precision, given the instruments he had at his disposal. Champlain was also an accomplished artist, and his writings were decorated with maps and engravings copied from his own drawings. Like the Jesuit Relations or the Grand Voyage of Frère Sagard, Champlain’s writings constitute an indispensable resource for anyone interested in the beginnings of New France. When his explorations began, Champlain was working on behalf of a group of merchants formed by Aymar de Chaste. He held neither an official title nor any authority. But he was definitely working as a geographer and intended to make a report to the king. As time went on, he played an increasingly important role in colonial affairs. In 1608, the year Quebec was founded, Pierre Dugua de Mons, who had succeeded Chaste, designated Champlain as his lieutenant. From that moment onward, Champlain would not stop promoting his ideas concerning New France. He sought the establishment of a veritable colony, even if the merchants were satisfied with mere trading posts. Tensions flared periodically and Champlain crossed the Atlantic some twenty times between 1603 and 1635 in order to defend his projects at court. In December 1635, he died from complications arising from an illness which had paralysed him a month earlier. Champlain was buried, according to his wishes, in a vault of the Notre-Dame-de-la-Recouvrance Chapel. After the small church burned a few years later, his remains were relocated and, to this day, archeologists are still searching for his final resting place. Quebec City cherishes the memory of Champlain’s life and acts by using his illustrious name to designate a neighbourhood, roads and monuments. However, it was not until the 19th century that historians recognized Champlain as the founder of the city and the father of New France. In fact, he could just as well claim the title of founder of Canada. From Habitation to Fort Upon landing at Quebec, Champlain immediately constructed a groups of buildings, known as the habitation, near the present-day Place Royale. I immediately charged a portion of our labourers with felling trees for our habitation, another with sawing logs, another with digging the basement and building the foundations, and another with fetching commodities at Tadoussac in the boat. The first thing we had made was the storehouse to protect our supplies, which was promptly done with diligence by each and which I received […]. The dictionary of the Académie française from 1694 defines an “abitation” as “a newly-built establishment in a distant country, & which had not be inhabited before.” This first buildings served as lodgings, a site of commercial exchange and a defensive position. In reality, for a period of 20 years the entire life of the colony was centred on this location. Champlain described the habitation as follows: I ordered an expansion of our lodgings, which had three main buildings of two stories each. Each was three toises [about 6 m] long and two and a half [5 m] wide: the storehouse, six and three wide, with a nice basement six feet tall. All around our lodgings, I had a veranda constructed outside on the second floor, which was highly convenient, with 15 foot wide ditches and six deep; and beyond the ditches, I had placed several bastions which enclosed a portion of the lodgings, where we placed our canons; and, in front of the building, there is a public square four toises wide, and six or seven long which lay along the shore of the river. Around the lodgings, there are gardens which are very good and a public square, on the north side, which is a hundred or six-score steps long, 50 or 60 wide. The habitation built by the French evoked a medieval fortress with its palisades, its moats and its draw-bridge. In reality, this building already brought together several functions of the future city. It was where decisions were made, tasks were assigned and work coordinated for the new colony. However, the dominant activity long remained the fur trade. In 1620, Champlain decided to erect a wooden fort on the promontory just above the habitation, as well as a residence “to avoid the dangers which could come about, given that without it there is no security in a country far from almost any help.” Thus was born the Château Saint-Louis. At the chosen spot, the mountain provided a commanding view of the St. Lawrence, which offered obvious defensive advantages. The first fort built at Quebec would ultimately prove inadequate, but its construction confirmed the symbolic importance of the location with regard to defence. As for the original habitation, hastily constructed with green lumber and repaired on many occasions, it was replaced by a new one between 1624 and 1626. In the second habitation, commercial activity played a larger role, since several residences had already been established nearby. With the fort on the hill and the habitation below, the new trading post already boasted two distinct sectors. The habitation and the fort represented the two principal functions, commercial and military, for the coming centuries. The Capture of Quebec by the Kirke Brothers In the spring of 1628, the residents of Quebec impatiently waited for the arrival of the vessels carrying provisions, but they were nowhere to be seen. Finally, in July, a ship did visit the settlement. The population learned that the English, under the command of David Kirke, had intercepted all of the French vessels and that they controlled access to the St. Lawrence. Kirke and his brothers summoned the leader of the young colony. Champlain responded with a bluff, by giving the impression that his positions were much better defended than they were in reality. The ruse was effective but, the next year, David Kirke was back. The French were on the verge of famine and were completely spent. Champlain was thus forced to withdraw and the fort fell to the English. The latter would remain until 1632, when the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye returned the St. Lawrence Valley to France. Quebec City and Champlain’s Vision Almost ten years had passed since the founding of Quebec. In the meantime, Champlain had acquired, through explorations and thanks to the commercial connections which he had developed with several First Nations, a better knowledge of New France. He had a good idea of the possibilities for development in the young colony, which nevertheless remained stagnant in terms of population. At the beginning of 1618, Champlain submitted two reports, one to King Louis XIII and the other to the Chamber of Commerce, reports which sought to convince them of the well-founded and profitable nature of a permanent commercial establishment in New France. He proposed nothing less than a colony of settlement, supported by commerce, mines, fisheries, agriculture and a few industries whose contributions to the kingdom were listed as follows: Annual Revenues (in pounds) 1 000 000 to 2 000 000 1 000 000 Fabric and Rope As part of this program, Champlain recognized the role of the fur trade, but he did not make it the cornerstone of colonial development. He envisaged diversified economic activities, which would be supported by the exploitation of natural resources. For example, the lumber of New France was of good enough quality for naval and furniture construction. The vessels constructed on site could also serve to transport various products to the mother country. As for agriculture, its primary role would be to support the colony and allow the latter to free itself from its dependence on France for food. The commercial component, though significant, mainly sought to support settlement, which was the primary concern of Champlain. Up until then, the population of New France was principally composed of merchants, workers and clergy. The majority of them returned to France at the end of their contracts or engagements. To encourage settlement, Champlain sought to attract entire families by offering them conditions of settlement that would encourage their permanent residence in the country. The territory to be settled was vast: Champlain’s vision encompassed the entire St. Lawrence Valley. In addition to settlement in the countryside, he foresaw the creation of four cities: on the existing sites of Tadoussac and Quebec; at Trois-Rivières, a site which had attracted his attention since 1603; and at Montreal, where he sought to create a settlement with the agreement of the local First Nations. In this context, the site of Quebec would be called on to play a leadership role: a city almost the size of St. Denis, which will be called, God willing and if it pleases the king, LUDOVICA. Champlain hoped to established this city in the valley of the St. Charles River. And if he proposed to name the future city in honour of the king, it has to be the capital of the colony. The vast territory also had to be defended and organized. Three forts with garrisons – one at Cap Diamant, the second at Pointe Lévy and another at Tadoussac – would command the St. Lawrence, the entryway to the colony. And in order to support the administrative and judicial organization of the territory, a Council would be established to put into operation the fundamental laws of the state and to which all trials and procedures would be submitted, though without recourse to prosecutors or lawyers. Finally, the new colony would facilitate the pursuit of an important objective of the French crown by supporting the spread of Christianity in two ways. First, by establishing a Catholic population, the king would extend the territory dominated by the Christian faith. Second, by converting the Indigenous peoples, France would provide new souls to the Church. Champlain gave himself 15 years to complete his program. By then, the colony would be well established and would no longer require the support of France. The program received the support of the king, but little was accomplished. One of the most striking results was the creation in 1627 of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés. Founded by Richelieu, the Cent-Associés had the responsibility for implementing Champlain’s vision. In 1628, a contingent estimated to contain about a hundred individuals set sail for New France. Unfortunately, the Kirke brothers intervened and intercepted them, which delayed the efforts of the company until 1632. The second contingent was much more modest in size (about 40 individuals). In the following years, the company would never succeed in attracting groups as large as it did for its first attempt. As for “Ludovica,” it was never built. Champlain nevertheless succeeded in achieving certain elements of his program which would greatly influence the destiny of Quebec. The fort, constructed in 1620, provided Quebec with solid defences. Administrative, judicial and religious power was also concentrated at Quebec. These different functions, which would be progressively better defined over the years, thus rapidly took their place on the Quebec landscape. Establishing the City When the French, who numbered about forty, returned to Quebec in 1632, they discovered that almost all of the buildings had been wrecked. The second habitation of 1624 had been burned, as well as the adjacent Recollet chapel, erected in 1615. The Jesuit residence, situated on the north shore of the St. Charles River in Notre-Dame-des-Anges, and where English soldiers had been housed, was in a very bad state. It consisted of a wooden house measuring 40 by 23 feet, divided into four rooms, one of which served as a chapel. The Recollet convent, then situated on the site of the present-day General Hospital, was also significantly damaged. This establishment included a two-story stone house, measuring 34 by 22 feet, a chapel, gardens and a barn with equipment, all in an area enclosed by a wooden palisade with bastions in the four corners. Briefly occupied by the Jesuits upon their return, the convent would remain abandoned until 1670, the year when the Recollets returned to the colony. On the promontory, the Fort Saint-Louis was still standing. The property of the Hébert-Couillard family, who had remained in the country during the occupation, was in good shape. The only farm in the colony, it included a stone house, another building containing a brewery, three main buildings, including one which had a chimney and two others which served as a barn and stable, a watermill, a lime kiln and a cistern. The lands were being cultivated and there was also a small apple orchard. Repairing the Damage The major work of reconstruction and redevelopment began in 1633, with the return of Champlain and the arrival of reinforcements – about 200 people, including a large number of labourers. The habitation was reconstructed first, and would henceforth serve as a storehouse, an essential premises for trade and the subsistence of those who remained over the winter. Indeed, the storehouse was the only place where the colonists could obtain necessities, the Cent-Associés having a monopoly over trade. This completely renovated building was 78 feet long, 22 feet wide and between 12 and 13 feet tall, and was flanked by two turrets. The Fort Saint-Louis, while maintaining its defensive function, henceforth replaced the habitation as the administrative centre. The commander resided there. A chapel was also added to the fort, where the Jesuits officiated. The Jesuits repaired their Notre-Dame-des-Anges convent and surrounded it with a palisade, in order to better defend their property. During the same years, they also build a flour mill on the shore of the river. Given that the population had increased to more than 200, the small chapel of the Fort Saint-Louis proved too cramped. There was also a chapel at the Notre-Dame-des-Anges convent, but it was also too small and not centrally located. In the fall of 1633, Champlain therefore ordered that a new chapel be built and paid for by the Cent-Associés between the fort and the Hébert-Couillard house. It would be built of fir and measure 40 by 16 feet. It would have no transept and would include a west-facing entrance. According to the annals of the Hôtel-Dieu, Notre-Dame-de-la-Recouvrance “was quite pretty: the arch and the baluster gave it an air of neatness which made it quite gay.” In 1635, a rectory was built near the chapel to serve the needs of the priests responsible for officiating masses who had previously lived at the fort. Soon, classes were offered there for French children. Thus, upon the death of Champlain in 1635, the post established at Quebec was entering a new phase of development. In 1636, Charles Huault de Montmagny arrived at Quebec as the new governor. He was the first to hold the title, as Champlain had been commander of New France in place of Richelieu. Named by the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, Montmagny was charged with founding a city. As opposed to Champlain, who had identified locations in the St. Charles Valley, Montmagny chose to establish the city on the hill, thereby consolidating the already-existing settlement. Concerned with improving defence, he had a plan prepared for a fortress which was to be constructed of stone and brick. The construction of the new Château Saint-Louis would continue until 1648. Since he wanted to establish the city on the eastern side of the Quebec promontory, Montmagny had to repossess certain lands already granted to the Hébert-Couillard family and to the religious communities. Between 1636 and 1645, he therefore arranged exchanges, notably offering the lands surveyed by Champlain for his Ludovica project. The Hébert-Couillards surrendered 42 of their 100 acres on the hill in exchange for 52 acres on the right bank of the St. Charles River. The Jesuits, the Ursulines and the Hospitaliers surrendered half of their respective concessions in the Upper Town, but they were generously compensated with grants of other lands. In 1641, about 59 acres were repossessed in the area of the Fort Saint-Louis. The governor could henceforth proceed with the distribution of building lots. However, he would have to wait until 1647 before any inhabitants settled, the policy of Montmagny being to grant only lots in roture within the limits of the city. The governor also refused to grant fiefs close to the city, being careful to reserve an area for suburbs. Montmagny also established the layout of the city to ensure that future construction would be well-ordered. In doing so, he drew the first major arteries, including the chemin Saint-Louis or “grand chemin du cap Rouge.” The layout of the Upper Town, adapted to the form of the Quebec promontory, would henceforth take the form of a fan, spreading out from the point where the Fort Saint-Louis was located, the Place d’Armes and the outlets of the hill leading to the Lower Town. The result bore witness to obvious military and urbanistic concerns. Below, the Lower Town continued to develop according to the elements already in place. A few streets soon framed this narrow band of land, suggesting the beginnings of a plan. Here, the criteria of military urbanism were much less evident. The wharf, property of the company, was principally used as a port and a workplace for its agents. During his mandate, Montmagny rarely intervened in the development of the wharf, granting only one piece of land to the Jesuits for the construction of a warehouse. The Compagnie des Cent-Associés and the Communauté des Habitants Until 1663, the French king had little involvement in the colonization and development of New France. He preferred to give the responsibility to merchant companies which nevertheless showed themselves to be more eager to profit from their fishing and fur trading rights than to fulfil their obligations with regard to settlement and the improvement of lands under their jurisdiction. Inspired by the program proposed by Champlain in 1618, in 1627 Richelieu founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, also called the Compagnie de la Nouvelle-France, whose 120 shareholders each invested 1000 pounds in the company. In return for is commercial privileges, the Compagnie des Cent-Associés had to promote the evangelization of the Indigenous peoples and encourage the development of the colony, notably by attracting 300 colonists per year over 15 years. It was an ambitious program, which quickly faced the difficult conditions surrounding settlement in the New World. In 1645, the Compagnie des Cent-Associés surrendered its trade monopoly to the Communauté des Habitants which, in exchange for its privileges, had to fulfil various obligations: pay the salary and expenses of the governor and his lieutenant, the captains, officers and soldiers; provide the forts with munitions and maintain them; provide for the clergy; ensure the transportation of provisions and supplies to religious communities; settle 20 persons (or six families) each year; provide free transportation to the two agents of the Compagnie des Cent-Associés; assume the debt of the Cent-Associés; pay 1000 pounds of beaver annually to the Cent-Associés in seigneurial rights. The first years were prosperous. However, internal tensions, the weight of economic obligations, unfavourable borrowing terms and war with the Iroquois doomed the efforts of the Communauté. In 1663, Louis XIV made New France a royal province. He dissolved the Compagnie des Cent-Associés, which brought about the disappearance of the Communauté des Habitants the following year. He granted New France to the Compagnie des Indes occidentales, which itself also eventually disappeared, leaving responsibility for the colony solely in the hands of the king, with the assistance of the colonial administration. Despite the critical judgement often passed on the performance of the Cent-Associés, it must be admitted that they nevertheless laid the foundations for long-term settlement. Aside from maintaining a small but regular flow of immigrants, they put in place the basic structures of the Quebec countryside, by dividing lands into seigneuries and by granting them to seigneurs who had the responsibility for development. They also introduced institutions destined to regulate economic and social life. Above all, they affirmed the French presence in America and made Quebec France’s capital in the New World. An Emerging City In 1633, the population of Quebec was about 70, or comparable to what it had been in 1627. However, once the Compagnie des Cent-Associés took responsibility for the colony, there was a period of demographic growth during which new colonists regularly arrived, at a rate of up to 300 per year. Most of these new arrivals preferred to establish themselves in the surrounding countryside. In a colony whose economy was still precarious, land ownership appeared advantageous. It ensured food for the family and allowed for the sale of surplus produce and the development of an inheritance. As a result, by 1645 the region surrounding Quebec had a larger population than the town itself. In areas where the Iroquois were still a threat, there was little settlement in the countryside. At the time, the Quebec region had a population of about 600, which represented two-thirds of the colony’s total population. The town itself had barely a hundred inhabitants, who were mainly company agents, soldiers attached to the fort, members of religious communities and members of the governor’s entourage. There were health services available, as well as educational opportunities offered by the Jesuits. Already laid out according to a plan and home to several institutions, Quebec remained a town that was yet to develop into a city. For lack of population, it was slow to develop and conserved the characteristics of a trading post. The residents were mainly employed in the trade and storage of furs, in supporting religious missions and in welcoming immigrants. Single men and a few families, members of religious communities, enlisted men, labourers and domestic servants: they all landed at the port of Quebec. One example was Jean Bourdon, an unmarried man who would soon be called on to play the important role of engineer and surveyor. He arrived in 1634. The first representatives of the Ursuline order and of the Augustine Hospitaliers landed in 1639. The new arrivals were drawn from a range of social contexts: clergy, nobles, bourgeois and commoners. However, the population was not balanced in terms of gender, being about 80 % male – a situation which was not so exceptional in a new colony. The first tasks of the new arrivals were to build a home, to begin to clear the land, and to undertake the initial ploughing, seeding and harvest. When conditions finally became more favourable, some sent for their wives and children. Around 1645, Quebec began to flourish. Several major projects were initiated, especially in the Upper Town. Since 1642, the Augustine Hospitaliers had been constructing a monastery, which was completed in 1646. Between 1654 and 1658, they enlarged their facilities by building a sickroom which would later become the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital. In 1647, the Jesuits began building a college and a church. Work was undertaken to complete the bastion of the Fort Saint-Louis, where the construction of the new chateau was finally begun, a stone edifice measuring 86 feet by 24 feet. The great storehouse, a stone building measuring 80 feet by 24 feet which had fallen into disrepair, was refurbished in 1648. In 1651, the Ursulines rebuilt their convent, which had originally been constructed in 1641 but which had burned down a year earlier. The parish church, destroyed by fire in 1640, was rebuilt beginning in 1647 on a lot located a bit further north and donated by Guillaume Couillard. Around 1650, aside from the lodgings and storehouses of the Jesuits, the Lower Town included three other storehouses, a blacksmith’s shop and two houses. The Ursulines also built a warehouse in 1658. Meanwhile, with the arrival of new immigrants, the concession of lots began and development accelerated. Houses, warehouses and outbuildings were built with lumber, stone and half-timber. Between 1647 and 1662, 80 acres were granted for lots in the Upper Town and 9.7 acres in the Lower Town. The year 1655 represented a high point for both the Upper and Lower Towns, with 25.3 and 5.3 acres granted respectively. The Upper Town remained dominated by large institutional blocks. Their owners preferred the high plains to the surrounding hills, which made for rather chaotic urban development. The Lower Town emerged as the business district, as well as being the main residential neighbourhood. The observations of the Jesuit Paul Ragueneau provide evidence of uneven growth and specialized neighbourhoods: he counted some 30 houses in 1650 and 66 in 1663, including 50 in the Lower Town. In 1663, at the dawn of the royal government, the settlement at Quebec had 550 inhabitants. The town was markedly more diversified as evidenced in the occupations of the population. To the members of the clergy and the administrators were added merchants, mariners and builders. There were also numerous artisans producing clothing, food and tools. Enlisted men and domestic servants were numerous, making up about 18 % of the population. As for the surrounding countryside, it now had 1400 inhabitants, of whom almost a third also owned property in the city. Of the colony’s 3000 residents, two-thirds had chosen to live in Quebec or the surrounding area. - Click here for the full bibliography of Québec, ville et capitale. All rights reserved. Centre interuniversitaire d’études québécoises (CIEQ) Legal Deposit (Quebec and Canada), Q1 2023. ISBN 978-2-921926-84-3 (PDF) - TRANSLATION – Steven Watt - Graphic design – Émilie Lapierre Pintal in collaboration with Marie-Claude Rouleau (Élan création) - Coordination – Sophie Marineau - Programming – Adam Lemire with the collaboration of Tomy Grenier and Jean-François Hardy

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Are you curious to know what is puberty syndrome? You have come to the right place as I am going to tell you everything about puberty syndrome in a very simple explanation. Without further discussion let’s begin to know what is puberty syndrome? Puberty is a transformative phase of life when children transition into adolescence, experiencing significant physical, emotional, and hormonal changes. During this time, some individuals may encounter what is commonly referred to as puberty syndrome or adolescent syndrome. In this blog post, we will explore what puberty syndrome is, its common symptoms, and provide guidance on how to cope with the challenges it presents. What Is Puberty Syndrome? Puberty syndrome, or adolescent syndrome, refers to the physical, emotional, and psychological changes that occur during the onset of puberty. It is a normal and natural part of human development, signaling the transition from childhood to adulthood. While the experience of puberty may vary from person to person, there are common symptoms and challenges associated with puberty syndrome. Common Symptoms Of Puberty Syndrome - Physical Changes: Puberty syndrome is characterized by physical transformations such as the growth of pubic and underarm hair, the development of breasts in females, deepening of the voice in males, changes in body shape, and the onset of menstruation in girls. - Hormonal Fluctuations: The hormonal changes during puberty can result in mood swings, increased emotional sensitivity, and heightened self-awareness. Adolescents may experience intense emotions ranging from excitement and happiness to sadness, anxiety, and irritability. - Acne and Skin Changes: The hormonal shifts during puberty can lead to changes in the skin, including the development of acne and oilier skin. These changes can impact self-esteem and body image. - Growth Spurts: Rapid growth is a hallmark of puberty, and adolescents may experience sudden increases in height and changes in body proportions. This growth can be accompanied by physical discomfort and clumsiness. Coping With Puberty Syndrome - Education and Communication: Understanding the changes associated with puberty can alleviate anxiety and confusion. Parents, guardians, and educators can provide age-appropriate information and encourage open conversations about puberty to ensure adolescents feel informed and supported. - Emotional Support: Adolescents may struggle with emotional ups and downs during puberty. Providing a supportive and empathetic environment where they can express their feelings and concerns is crucial. Encouraging healthy coping mechanisms, such as journaling, exercise, or talking to a trusted adult or counselor, can help manage emotional challenges. - Self-Care and Hygiene: Encouraging good hygiene practices, including regular bathing, skincare, and appropriate use of personal care products, can help adolescents manage physical changes and maintain their self-confidence. - Healthy Lifestyle: Promoting a balanced diet, regular exercise, and sufficient sleep can contribute to overall well-being during puberty. It is essential to support healthy habits that foster physical and emotional resilience. - Seeking Professional Help: If adolescents experience significant distress, prolonged mood swings, or signs of mental health concerns, it is crucial to seek professional help from a healthcare provider or mental health professional who specializes in adolescent development. Puberty syndrome, or adolescent syndrome, encompasses the physical, emotional, and psychological changes that occur during puberty. While it can present challenges, understanding and supporting adolescents through this transformative period can make a significant difference in their well-being. By providing education, open communication, emotional support, and promoting healthy habits, parents, guardians, and educators can help adolescents navigate puberty syndrome with confidence and resilience. Remember, puberty is a natural and necessary part of life’s journey, and with the right support, adolescents can embrace these changes and flourish into young adults. On Bigbii you will get to know more interesting topics. What Is Puberty Syndrome In Bunny Girl Senpai? Puberty syndrome – Abnormal experiences rumored on the internet to be caused by sensitivity and instability during adolescence. What Is Puberty Syndrome Japan? Chūnibyō (中二病) is a Japanese colloquial term typically used to describe early teens who have grandiose delusions, who desperately want to stand out, and who have convinced themselves that they have hidden knowledge or secret powers. It translates to “second-year syndrome” (i.e., middle-school second-year). Does Puberty Syndrome Exist? Puberty syndromes are typically caused by issues that affect the glands that produce those hormones. These issues can cause puberty to start earlier or later than normal. A late or early start to puberty may not need treatment, depending on the situation. What Is Adolescence Syndrome In Rascal? In the show, adolescence syndrome is a phenomenon in which abnormal experiences would occur due to the sensitivity and instability of youth. Considered an urban legend, each of the characters of the show experience it to varying extents. I Have Covered All The Following Queries And Topics In The Above Article What Is The Puberty Syndrome What Is A Puberty Syndrome What Is Sakura’s Puberty Syndrome What Is Sakuta’s Puberty Syndrome What Is Puberty Syndrome Urban Legend Is Puberty Syndrome Real What Is Puberty Syndrome Rascal What Is Puberty Syndrome In Males What Is Puberty Syndrome In Adults What Is Puberty Syndrome Symptoms What Is Puberty Syndrome Bunny Girl Senpai Puberty Syndrome Theory What Is Puberty Syndrome What is the Japanese puberty syndrome What does puberty mean in a child?

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An Extremely Rare Green Comet is About to Fly Past Earth After About 50,000 Years Newly-detected a green comet, is about to flyby near our Pale Blue Dot (Earth) – and it may even be visible to the naked eye. Releasing their January 2023 skywatching predictions, NASA and Caltech’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) announced that between January 12 and February 2, a green comet C/2022 E3 (ZTF) will first approach the Sun and then return will revolve around the earth. In the Northern Hemisphere, JPL continues, skywatchers will be able to spot that comet in the morning sky in late January. Meanwhile, observers living in the Southern Hemisphere can see this rare celestial event as early as February. Space.com pinpoints the best viewing date even more precisely; January 21 during new moon, when the sky will be extra dark without the moon’s light. According to the JPL, “comets are notoriously unpredictable” but if it maintains its current trend in brightness, it will be easy to spot with binoculars, and it should be possible to see with the unaided eye under dark skies. Discovered in March 2022, this rare green comet was observed within the orbit of Jupiter using a wide-field survey camera at Caltech’s Zwicky Transient Facility. Since then, it has gotten even closer to the Sun, and as NASA noted in a post about this comet, it will reach its perigee, or closest point to us on Earth, on February 1. As Space.com notes, JPL data suggests that the last time this gorgeous green goblin came to close to Earth was about 50,000 years ago, It’s mean that the last humans ever to see it were Ice Age-era Neanderthals. Depending on light pollution and weather, C/2022 E3 (ZTF) can be difficult to see as it makes its way toward and away from Earth — but rest assured, skywatchers with expensive telephoto lenses or access to institutional telescopes can get incredible results.

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It is estimated that 1 in 11 children in Florida will experience the death of a parent or sibling by age 18. This number more than doubles with those who will be bereaved by age 25. Parents and caregivers often need support themselves when caring for children after a loss. In responding to a loss or crisis, whether it’s a death, natural disaster, violence, or trauma children and their families can benefit from the following information as a guide for conversation, and support, during times of need. - Reflect: Begin with You – Any effort to assist your child(ren) should begin with self-reflection and support for yourself. Children are sensitive to the stress felt by adults and may withhold their needs so as to not burden others. - Assess: What does your child know? - Asking your child what they already know allows you to be grounded in what information is really needed. Asking also builds trust that their opinions are important to you, even where you disagree, or need to offer clarification. - Listen: Actively & Carefully – Listen for the thoughts, needs and feelings behind what is shared. As your child explains, listen for misinformation, misconceptions, and any underlying fears or concerns. - Talk: Honestly & Simply - Children benefit from honest, clear, and age-appropriate information. Withholding information can contribute to their natural anxieties and may give the impression that things are too horrible to discuss. Giving children a simple vocabulary for the expression of feelings and events helps with their sharing. - “Something very sad/bad has happened…” - “We don’t have all the answers yet, but I’ll let you know” - “We can talk more later…” - “I am sorry/sad also…” - “Do you have questions?” This will be a continuing conversation. It will not, and does not, need to occur in one sitting. - Model: Be an example – Sharing your feelings, and being honest about your emotions, is a good example to children. Let them know it is OK to feel….i.e., crying often helps us to feel better. Children benefit from seeing how appropriate coping looks. Hiding your feelings may give the impression that we don’t talk about things that are difficult. If you are having trouble managing your emotions, find support for yourself. - Stay Open: Questions may be repeated – Children will often repeat questions about the death in an effort to gain understanding. Their comprehension may be limited by their developmental level. They may even exhibit a morbid curiosity about the details. Keep in mind that their curiosity is not intended to be hurtful or annoying. Be prepared to respond more than once, and with consistency, to the same questions. Unfortunately, we can’t guarantee everything will be OK all the time. After a loss or a crisis, many children and adults need understanding and reassurance that they will be safe. You may not have all the answers, especially to the “big” questions that children ask like “why.” Children ask questions we can’t possibly have the answers for…i.e., “Is he in heaven? Am I still a sister”? Often, the best response is “What do you think”? This response opens the door to the conversation and an insight to their concerns and needs. - Safeguard: Limit exposure to the media – Continued or repeated stories/images about a crisis event can be overwhelming to children. Younger children may believe that repeated images and news stories are separate events and that dangers have not passed. Exposure to the media can also contribute to your stress and will be perceived by those around you. Focus on what you can control - taking care of our health, safety plans, talking about feelings, helping others. This may be an opportunity to discuss established plans for safety and family/community response. - Be Watchful: Common Responses – It is common for children to feel confusion, anxiety, and have difficulty with attention or concentration after a loss or crisis event. Some may be agitated, irritable, defensive or withdrawn. Separation anxiety may occur and occasionally a child may exhibit regressive behavior like thumb sucking or bed-wetting. It’s common for children to feel anxious about what has happened and how it will impact their lives. If the child had functioned well before the crisis, it is expected that they return to their previous behaviors within a few weeks. - Adjust: Patience, patience, patience – Be patient with those around you, and with yourself. Feelings and behaviors can change over time. Focus on the adjustment to life after the event. It is an ongoing and long term experience. - Find Support: Connect with Others – Often there are resources and others who are also making effort to provide assistance following a crisis. Working together allows for shared energy and a sense of strength that can help during the stress of crisis response. Be open to assistance and engage with family, friends, and professionals where needed. The Children’s Bereavement Center offer FREE Peer Grief Support Groups for children, teens, and adults after a death. Groups are available in South Florida at 10 site locations and online. For more information or to participate in FREE CBC Peer Grief Support Groups, contact 888-988-5438 or firstname.lastname@example.org.

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Struggling to merge numbers and text in a single cell in Excel? You’re not alone. Fortunately, there’s a simple way to accomplish this and make your spreadsheets look organized and professional. Learn how to combine numbers and text in this helpful guide! Combining Numbers and Text in Excel Combining Numbers and Text in Cells in Excel can be a useful feature to present data in an organized manner. By merging numbers and text, one can create custom formulas and present data in a user-friendly way. Here is a step-by-step guide on how to combine numbers and text in Excel cells: - Select the cell where you want to combine the number and text. - Type in the text you want to appear before or after the number. - Type in the ‘&’ symbol followed by the cell number where the number is located. - Press Enter to complete the formula and show the combined text and number in the cell. In addition to combining text and numbers, you can also use the CONCATENATE function to combine multiple cells. This function allows you to combine up to 30 cells at a time and separate each cell with a comma or any other separator of your choice. To ensure accuracy and avoid errors, it is important to format the cells you are working with before combining numbers and text. You can do this by selecting the appropriate format that suits the data you are working with. Incorporating the above steps can help you to merge numbers and text in Excel cells seamlessly. By doing so, you will be able to present data effectively and create custom formulas that will make your work easier. Combining Worksheets from Many Workbooks in Excel can also help to organize data and streamline your work processes. Image credits: chouprojects.com by Joel Arnold Combining Text and Numbers in One Cell Combining Numeric and Textual Data into a Single Cell in Excel Numeric figures and textual data are pivotal in various Excel operations. Combining both sets of data within a single cell in Excel can enhance calculations and simplify data storage. A practical example of this is shown in the table below, where customer and account details are combined to create a record. The cell A2 shows the customer name, and cell B2 shows the amount of money deposited. Together, they form a complete account record. There are various ways to execute this operation in Excel, including using the CONCATENATE function, which joins text pieces together, or the ampersand symbol, which connects strings within a single cell. To execute these methods, select the cell(s) where you want the combined data, type in the formula, and press enter. Following this, you can copy the formula across multiple cells to bring together all of the data. Combining numeric and textual data brings simplicity and clarity to Excel data organization and analysis. By using these techniques, you can create records that simplify tasks such as data sorting and searching, making your Excel operations streamlined and more efficient. Combining Worksheets from Many Workbooks in Excel When working with Excel, it is common to gather data from various sources. One approach to simplify the process is to combine information from different workbooks into a single file. This method can also allow for better data analysis and organization. There are different ways to combine data from multiple workbooks in Excel. One way is to use the Consolidate function, which allows you to summarize data from several worksheets or workbooks into a single sheet or workbook. Another approach is to use the Power Query tool, which allows for data connection and consolidation across multiple sources. Using these techniques can help save time and enable a cleaner and more organized approach to working with Excel data. It can also simplify report creation, allowing for thorough analysis and informed decision-making. Image credits: chouprojects.com by Joel Duncun Using the “&” Operator to Combine Text and Numbers By using the concatenation symbol “&”, you can seamlessly combine text and numbers together in Excel. Here’s a simple 3-step guide: - Select the cell where you want to combine the text and numbers. - Type in the text you want, enclosed within quotation marks. For example, “Total Sales: “. - After the quotation marks, type in the reference to the cell that contains the number you want to combine. For example, A1. The final formula will look like this: =”Total Sales: “&A1. Keep in mind that you can use this method to combine text and multiple numbers in a single cell as well. One unique detail to note is that you can also format the numbers you’re referencing within the formula. For example, you can add a dollar sign to a currency value or round a number to a certain decimal place. It is a true fact that Excel was first released in 1985 by Microsoft Corporation. Image credits: chouprojects.com by Adam Jones Using the CONCAT Function in Excel To combine numbers and text in an Excel cell, professionals can utilize the CONCAT function. This function allows users to merge different strings of text or numbers into a single cell, enhancing the data presentation in a professional and organized manner. Here is a simple 3-step guide to utilizing the CONCAT function in Excel: - Select the cell where the merged data is to be displayed - Enter the CONCAT function in the formula bar. For example, CONCAT (“textstring”,”number”) or CONCAT (A1,B1) will combine text in cell A1 and number in cell B1. - Press enter to display the merged data in the designated cell. For additional details, consider the unique information that can be incorporated into utilizing the CONCAT function. For example, users can include multiple data types in the function to create more sophisticated merged data or utilize the CONCATENATE function as a variation. However, be cautious not to overwhelm the reader with too much technical jargon or information overload. To improve use of the CONCAT function, consider some helpful suggestions. One option is to include a space between text and numbers to create readability for the viewer. Another suggestion is to use cell references, as this enables the data to update automatically when the cell value changes. By following these tips, professionals can generate clean, effective, and organized merged data. Additionally, the ability to combine worksheets from many workbooks in Excel can also be useful as it provides comprehensive spreadsheet management, leading to better decision-making processes. Image credits: chouprojects.com by Yuval Washington Combining Multiple Cells into One Cell with Text and Numbers This article describes the process of effectively combining multiple cells into a single cell in Excel by merging both numeric and textual data. This is an essential task when preparing reports or datasets that require a clear and concise presentation of information. Utilizing this technique can also enhance the readability of your Excel sheets and streamline your workflow. To combine multiple cells into one with data of both numerical and textual formats, follow these five easy steps: - Select the cell in which you want to combine the data. - Type an equal sign (=) to indicate a formula, and enter the first piece of data that you want to combine. - Insert an & symbol to indicate that you want to concatenate the data. - Include quotation marks around any non-numeric data to denote that it is text-based. - Repeat steps 2-4 for each subsequent piece of data that you want to merge into the cell, separated by additional & symbols. It is important to avoid any mistakes when combining data in this manner. Ensure that you double-check all the inputs and take note of any spaces in the data. Also, maintain consistency with regard to data formatting. Combining data in this way can save time and effort, especially when dealing with large amounts of data between multiple workbooks. It is also a crucial skill to have for effective data manipulation. In a similar context, a friend of mine had to combine thousands of cells of different types of data into a single database. After messing up this task a few times, he sought my help. By guiding him through the same process as outlined in this article, he achieved his goal of combining all the data accurately into a single cell. Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Jones Using the TEXTJOIN Function to Combine Text and Numbers in Multiple Cells Combining text and numbers in multiple cells can be accomplished using the TEXTJOIN function in Excel. Here’s a 4-step guide to using the function: - Start by selecting the cell where you want to combine the text and numbers. - Type the TEXTJOIN function, followed by an opening bracket. - Enter the delimiter, which is the character that separates the text and numbers. This can be a comma, space, or any other character of your choice. - Finally, select the cells that contain the text and numbers you want to combine, followed by a closing bracket. Unique details to keep in mind while using this function include ensuring that all the cells are in the same format (either numbers or text), and that the delimiter is inserted correctly. Did you know that combining worksheets from many workbooks in Excel can also be accomplished using certain functions? By using the Consolidate function, you can combine data from multiple sheets into one, saving time and effort. Image credits: chouprojects.com by James Woodhock Adding Delimiters between Text and Numbers in Excel Combining Numbers and Text in a Cell in Excel When it comes to combining text and numbers in a cell in Excel, it’s crucial to incorporate delimiters, which help separate the text and number values. These delimiters enhance the aesthetic and make it easier to navigate through the data. Here is a six-step guide on how to add delimiters between text and numbers in Excel. - Open Microsoft Excel and select the cells that contain the data you want to delimit. - Click on the Home tab and select ‘Format Cells’. - In the dialogue box that appears, select the ‘Custom’ category. - Under the ‘Type’ box, enter the delimiter of your choice, such as ” @ “ or ” / “ before or after the text and number combination. - Click ‘OK’ to confirm the changes. - Repeat the process for all cells that need delimiters. It’s important to note that delimiters don’t change the actual value of a cell. Instead, they are a display option that can be customized to fit your requirements. By using delimiters, you can increase the readability and understanding of the data. Unique details about adding delimiters in Excel include the ability to customize the formats of each cell or use pre-built options such as Social Security numbers, zip codes, or phone numbers. Additionally, the format can be saved for future use across different worksheets and workbooks, enhancing the consistency of your data. In the early days of Excel, users had to manually add spaces or characters to separate text and numbers. With newer versions of Excel, the process is much simpler and customizable using the steps outlined above. Image credits: chouprojects.com by David Jones Using Custom Formatting to Combine Text and Numbers in Excel Using Custom Format to Merge Text and Numerals in Excel can effectively resolve the issue of filling out cells with a combination of text and figures. To accomplish this, one needs to utilize the ‘Custom Format’ feature in Excel. Here’s a step-by-step guide to using this feature: - Choose the cell where you want to merge text and numbers. - Select ‘Custom Format’ from the ‘Number Format’ menu -> ‘Ctrl+1’ to open the ‘Format Cells’ dialog box. - In the ‘Category’ list, select ‘custom.’ - To enter the text after the number, type the desired text in quotes. For example, if you want to display “Sales” with the numeric value, then type “#.\\00 “Sales” in the ‘type’ box. Combining Text and Numbers in Excel utilizing Custom Format allows for combining percentages, currency, and other numerical options with text. It also allows users to organize data in a way that is more meaningful and comprehensible. Pro Tip: Instead of typing in the custom format manually, use the custom number formatting options that can be easily accessed from the ‘Number Format’ tab. Image credits: chouprojects.com by Adam Woodhock Tips and Tricks for Combining Text and Numbers in Excel Tips and Tricks for Merging Text and Numbers in Excel Merging text and numeric data in Excel can be challenging. Here are a few tips and tricks to help with this task: - Use the ‘&’ operator: Use the ‘&’ operator to combine text and numbers in the same cell. For example, “=A1 & ” liters” & B1″ will combine the contents of cell A1 with ” liters” and the contents of cell B1, resulting in a cell showing “10 liters 25”. - Utilize the TEXT function: The TEXT function allows you to format a number as text in a certain manner. So, if you need to add leading zeroes to a set of numbers, you can use the formula “=TEXT(A1,”0000″)” to get 0012 instead of 12. - Apply Custom Formatting: Custom formatting can be used to achieve specific numerical and textual effects. You could use custom formatting to format a cell as “$#,##0.00 ” instead of “$1250.50”. Bear in mind that combining text and numbers in Excel can be complex, and different methods may work better for distinct data sets. When working with multiple workbooks, there are additional measures you can take to streamline the process. However, it may require some extra work to merge various worksheets from numerous workbooks in Excel. To avoid losing out on time, take an Excel course to improve your skills. This will help you improve on techniques and features that can save you a lot of time and effort. Image credits: chouprojects.com by James Arnold FAQs about Combining Numbers And Text In A Cell In Excel How do I combine numbers and text in a cell in Excel? To combine numbers and text in a cell in Excel, you can use the concatenation operator (&). Simply type the text you want, followed by the & symbol, then the number. For example, if you want to combine the text “Total Sales:” with the number in cell A1, you would type “Total Sales: ” & A1 in the cell where you want the result to appear. Can I add a space between the text and the number when I combine them in a cell? Yes, you can add a space or any other character between the text and the number when you combine them in a cell using the concatenation operator (&). To add a space, simply type it in between the text and the & symbol. For example: “Total Sales: ” & A1 Can I combine more than one number and/or text in a cell in Excel? Yes, you can combine multiple numbers and/or text strings in a cell in Excel using the concatenation operator (&). Simply type the first text or number, followed by &, then continue typing the next text or number, and so on. For example: “Product Name: ” & A1 & “, Quantity Sold: ” & B1 Can I use a formula to combine numbers and text in a cell in Excel? Yes, you can use a formula to combine numbers and text in a cell in Excel. The most common formula used for this purpose is the CONCATENATE function. Simply type =CONCATENATE(“text”, cell) or =CONCATENATE(cell1, “text”, cell2) and so on, where “text” is the text you want to add and cell is the cell reference of the number you want to combine. Another option is to use the ampersand (&) operator, as explained in the previous questions. Can I combine numbers and text from different cells in Excel? Yes, you can combine numbers and text from different cells in Excel using the concatenation operator (&) or a formula like CONCATENATE. To do this, simply type the first cell reference, followed by &, then the second cell reference, and so on. Or, use CONCATENATE and insert the cell references in the correct order. For example: =CONCATENATE(A1, ” sold “, B1, ” units.”) Can I change the format of the combined numbers and text in a cell in Excel? Yes, you can change the format of the combined numbers and text in a cell in Excel using several formatting options. You can use the format codes for numbers, date and time, or apply specific cell formats to your selection. The format codes are applied by highlighting the cell(s), right-clicking and selecting Format Cells, then under the Number tab, selecting Custom. For example, if you want to format a currency value with two decimal places, you can use the format “#,##0.00” or apply Currency style from the Format Cells dialog box.

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Joint Session Law and Legal Definition Joint session happens when two normally-separate decision-making groups meet together, often in a special session or other extraordinary meeting, for a specific purpose. Joint session as used in parliamentary practice refers to the combined meeting of two legislative bodies such as the House of Representatives and the Senate to pursue a common agenda. When the two houses meet in a joint session, they, in effect, merge into one house where the quorum is a majority of the members of both houses, where the votes of members of each house have equal weight, and where special rules can be adopted to govern joint sessions or they can be governed by the parliamentary common law. Joint sessions of the United States Congress are held on special occasions such as the State of the Union Address and presidential inaugurations. Joint session of congress requires a concurrent resolution from both House and Senate to meet. Traditionally joint sessions are presided over by the speaker of the house and take place at the House chamber.

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Bedtime Routines that Work So how do we as adults teach children good sleep habits? The answer lies in the cuddles, stories, and songs they hear before drifting off. A bedtime routine can help children fall asleep, stay asleep, and wake up feeling rested. "My work as an early childhood teacher (and now, a new mum to an infant) has taught me that young children learn best through hands-on experiences and with simple repetitive songs or chants. Simple songs can provide structure and narrate experiences to teach small children how to become observers of the world around them. That’s why if you walk into an early childhood classroom around clean-up time, you’ll hear a transitional song that goes through the steps and expectations of cleaning up!" Source: Samantha Weitzberg The use of music during bedtime can help reframe the struggle many parents have in getting their children to sleep and participating in nighttime rituals. When there is a song to structure the schedule of events leading to bedtime, it becomes something in the child’s locus of control. Dr. George Kitsaras, Ph.D., emphasises that common bedtime routines including brushing teeth, getting into cosy pyjamas, taking a warm bath or shower, reading a story or two, and cuddling are relationship-building activities. More so, these positive interactions between parent and child are bonding opportunities that increase a child’s social and emotional and prosocial development. Ways to Create a Healthy Bedtime Routine for Kids A consistent bedtime begins with prioritising an actual time to go to bed. First, think about the developmentally appropriate number of hours your child needs based on age and at what time your child needs to be awake. For example, the time it would take to be up for breakfast, to get ready for school, and then leave the house for school. Create a Fun, Yet Relaxing Routine Once a time is established, choose a few strategies as listed above (warm bath, reading or listening to a story, etc.) that work best for you and your family. These strategies can provide clues for children to learn their own sleepy cues and thus help them transition from play or mealtime to rest. Why are Routines Important for Kids? Rituals for children are important because they allow children to develop a sense of trust and autonomy within their day-to-day lives. As parents, it is also important to use visuals and tools, such as music to support your child in adhering to the terms surrounding the bedtime routine. When starting a new bedtime routine think of the simple rituals that you are already doing that lead up to your child falling asleep. These are things that they may already associate with bedtime, such as changing into pyjamas and washing up in the bathroom. When preparing for bedtime, think about the bedroom environment. What does it look and feel like? Is it quiet? Consider playing quiet music, dimming the lights or turning on a night light while preparing your child to get into bed. These changes will guide your child to anticipate sleep and expect that getting ready for bed means play, meals, and the day itself is coming to an end. As your bedtime routine becomes solidified into your child’s daily life, the benefits of a healthy sleep routine including improved memory, attention, executive functioning, and mood, will become evident. Got a question or a suggestion? Get in touch. Samantha Weitzberg, RYCT, RYT, is an early childhood teacher, yoga instructor, and mindfulness leader living in New York. She is also a first-time mum to a baby boy.

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Fig 1: Artist's view showing the DESI instrument mounted on the Mayall 4-meter telescope at the Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona (credit: R. Lafever, J. Moustakas/DESI Collaboration) The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (Desi) will analyze the light emitted by 35 million galaxies and quasars at various times in the past of the Universe and up to 11 billion years to better understand dark energy. Its move into the construction phase in 2016 crowns several years of research and development that have resulted in a solid design and a credible observation strategy. Irfu, a partner in the project from the outset, has played a key role. A look back at a year that saw the project become a reality. Fig 2: Photo of the first petal machined for DESI. Ten petals will be assembled to house a total of 5000 positioner robots like the one in the lower right figure. In a few seconds, each robot can rotate on itself, retract or extend to align the end of its optical fiber in the direction of the object to be observed in the sky, within a few microns (credit: J. Silber/Berkeley Lab). The 10 spectrographs (in yellow Fig. 1) installed under the telescope will analyze the light of 5000 objects observable simultaneously at each exposure. DESI will study about 35 million galaxies and quasars in order to map the deepest Universe to date. The accuracy of the measurements and the high number of objects accessible with this instrument will lead to the most accurate mapping of visible matter to date. It will be measured at several points in the past of the Universe up to 11 billion years ago. This mapping will not only allow us to go back to the way matter was structured in the first 400,000 years after the Big Bang, under the cross effect of gravity and radiation pressure, but also to understand the evolution of this structuring during the later history of the Universe. DESI's observations will be rich in lessons on the expansion of the Universe and thus on dark energy in particular, but also on the evolution of galaxies and on dark matter, which will not be directly observed by DESI but which can be studied through its gravitational effects on ordinary matter. Fig 3 : The first spectrograph mounted at Winlight System. The view shows the three arms of the spectrograph (red, blue and near infrared, from left to right) each ending with a cryostat containing a CCD cooled by a pulsed tube. The picture was taken during the assembly, before the installation of the pumping unit (credit: Chr. Magneville, P.-H. Carton/Irfu ). To prepare DESI's observations, three image surveys are in progress in order to define the list of objects whose light DESI will analyze. The Irfu team involved in DESI has not only developed the algorithms for the selection of the quasars, the objects furthest from those that will be observed by DESI, but is also responsible for the definition of the lists for all the targets. Irfu is also involved in the instrumental developments made for DESI. The transition to the construction phase was accompanied by significant progress on the essential elements of DESI during the year 2016. A four-robot prototype of the fiber positioning system was assembled and tested at the Mayall Telescope last fall. In France, the first DESI spectrograph was assembled in the fall of 2016 and is in the optical validation phase. Its design is the result of a collaboration between the Berkeley laboratory in the United States, the optics company Winlight System (located in Pertuis, Vaucluse) specialized in the manufacture of optical equipment, the Irfu at the CEA and a group of CNRS laboratories in the Marseille region. Irfu, a partner in the project from the outset, is responsible for the design and assembly of the cryostats that house the CDDs within the ten DESI spectrographs, as well as the system that controls their proper operating conditions. Each spectrograph has three arms for the decomposition of light in the blue, red and near-infrared, respectively (Fig. 3). The final part of each arm, a real camera, has a lens that focuses the light on a CCD maintained under vacuum and cold, within a cryostat. Irfu has chosen to equip each cryostat with its own thermal machine, a pulsed tube designed at the CEA in Grenoble and marketed by Thales. The picture in Fig 4 shows the cylindrical body of the cryostat housing the CCD, mounted on the back side of the spectrograph (in black). In its extension emerges the long cylinder of the pulse tube compressor which allows to bring and maintain the CCD at low temperature. The small blue case attached to the compressor cooling system houses the tube servo electronics, the metal case above the compressor houses the CCD reading electronics. Mounting the CCD in the cryostat is a delicate operation because of the tolerances required, ±15 microns at most on the parallelism of the CCD with the focal plane, a few tens of microns for the other tolerances (centering, rotation, position along the optical axis). The assembly of the cryostats, including the integration and alignment of the CCDs, is done in a clean room, then each camera is tested (vacuum, thermal, CCD alignment check) and images (in the dark) are taken with the CCDs to ensure their proper functioning. At the end of this validation procedure done at Irfu, the cryostats are sent to the company Winlight System, which is in charge of the construction of the spectrographs. The first 3 DESI cameras were delivered during 2016 and were integrated by the Irfu team to the first serial spectrograph then being assembled. The cryostat control system was also integrated into the more general control system of the spectrograph. At the end of 2016, the assembly of the spectrograph was completed, the last adjustments and alignments of the different optical elements were made, allowing the start of the optical validation phase of the spectrograph as a whole. The DESI Experiment Part I: Science, Targeting, and Survey Design, arXiv:1611.00036 The DESI Experiment Part II: Instrument Design, arXiv:1611.00037

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Definition of Round Character A round character in a novel, play, or story is a complex personality. Like real people, they have depth in feelings and passions. For instance, in the movie “Shrek,” the main character says “‘Ogres are like onions,” which means that, what appears to them is not the only truth. Rather, there is something more inside them. Similarly, a round character has many layers of personality. Writers define a round character fully, both physically and mentally. It is the character with whom the audience can sympathize, associate with, or relate to, as he seems a character they might have seen in their real lives. Characteristics of a Round Character - Round characters are major characters in a story, who encounter contradictory situations, and undergo transformation during this phase. Therefore, these characters do not remain the same throughout the narrative, making their traits difficult to identify from beginning until the end. - These characters are more realistic, their personalities somewhat inconsistent. - They are fully developed and show complex traits, like real people. - Round characters are also known as “main characters,” or “major characters,” because they are suitable to surprise the readers in a very convincing manner. - Major characters must be round characters to be believable. Examples of Round Characters in Literature Example #1: Winston Smith, 1984 (By George Orwell) George Orwell named his novel’s hero Winston Smith, after a great English leader, Winston Churchill. Smith is thirty-nine years old, serves his whole life for the Ministry of Truth, and rewrites history. Then he goes against the rules of the Party and falls in love with Julia, which is a rebellious act written in his diary. There is no past and no future for Smith. He is a round character whose mind is inconstant, while he undergoes his character development during the course of the story. Smith is the main character who knows the danger he will encounter. For instance, he knows from the very beginning that the members of Party will find his diary. They will use the things he has written in it against him. He also knows that the Police will reveal his illegal affair with Julia. Therefore, he does not stay consistent and is a round character. Example #2: Elizabeth Bennet, Pride and Prejudice (by Jane Austen) Elizabeth Bennet is another good example of a round character. She is the main character of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, who does not remain the same innocent girl whom readers meet in the first part of the story. Elizabeth develops into a new woman, with different choices and behaviors that have an impact on the people around her. In the beginning, Elizabeth is prejudiced, which is her major flaw, though later she transforms and changes her opinions. In fact, slowly and gradually Elizabeth evolves to understand her true feelings – showing a great example of a round character. Example #3: Hamlet, Hamlet (by William Shakespeare) Yet another great example of a round character is Hamlet. He is a complex, enigmatic, and mysterious character that is knowledgeable, philosophical, intelligent, and thoughtful by nature. Hamlet makes hasty decisions, yet he delays his revenge. His contemplative nature also becomes his tragic flaw, and his lack of timely action becomes the cause of his tragedy. Hamlet’s personality is contradictory, while he also encounters many contradictory situations. Example #4: Gatsby, The Great Gatsby (by Scott Fitzgerald) In his novel, The Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald has introduced a complex and round character in Gatsby. Gatsby is a tragic hero with a fatal flaw – that of obsession over his beloved Daisy. He is a man of great mystery, because no one knows his whereabouts, or how he becomes rich. Readers learn about his different sides and different traits. He appears to them as scared, mysterious, friendly, angry, happy, disappointed, and frustrated man throughout the novel. Through Nick’s narration, readers get an insight into his human mind, and all his emotions and whims. Function of Round Character In play writing and fiction writing, authors develop round characters to make their stories more believable and effective. These characters bring surprise to the readers’ expectations by undergoing a significant metamorphosis at the end of a narrative – as compared to what they were in the initial phases. Hence, due to this development, the audience can relate their own lives to this transformed character. By the end, after developing new traits, a round character also demonstrates new facets of human behavior.

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Children with autism are generally characterized by an inability to communicate and interact with other individuals. The autistic children are very indifferent to the environment outside himself. They look as if they have and live in their own world (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems – ICD, 2016). Characteristics of children with specific needs, such as children with autism spectrum disorders, can reduce the mental health of parents and families. Parents with children with autism spectrum disorders show decreasing mental health, one of which is caused by the stress of parenting. Parenting stress will be experienced by parents who have children with autism spectrum disorders perceived by parents as a threatening, challenging, or dangerous condition as it affects physiological, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral state of parents. Parenting stress has a negative impact on parents’ beliefs to cope with stressors so they pose a risk to mental health. Some studies suggest that there are differences in parenting stress based on gender. Mothers with children with autism spectrum disorders show higher parenting stress compared to the fathers. Characteristics and limitations of children with autism spectrum disorders require more intensive care. Thus, demanding parents, especially mothers, to provide greater and more specialized time and energy. Furthermore, the quantity and quality of a mother’s relationship with a child which is greater than that of a father makes the mother exhibit higher physical fatigue and cognitive and emotional anxiety. Parents’ internal factors in parenting, parenting self-efficacy, has a crucial role in reducing parenting stress. Parents with high parenting self-efficacy have high interest in mentoring, caring, tolerating, emerging challenges, and having a positive self-perception about their ability to handle stressors. Parenting self-efficacy is negatively correlated with feeling overwhelmed by the caregiving task. Parenting self-efficacy is formed by various variables, such as parents’ acceptance of children, positive reinforcement from children, attachment, and social support especially from partners. The ability of parents to accept children as they are without conditions will present positive emotions to accept the shortcomings and limitations of children. Supporting the children means that children show positive development with the presence of care and education efforts and guidance provided by parents. Positive reinforcement provided by children through the achievement of successful intervention by parents will bring confidence to parents about their competence in parenting. Parenting self-efficacy is an internal factor of the mother encouraging creativity and perseverance of the mother to carry out the process of care and education appropriately adjusted to the abilities possessed. In limited financial support, mothers with high parenting self-efficacy will try to provide care and education directly to their children without the help of others so that children can continue to improve their ability to communicate and interact socially. Mothers with high parenting self-efficacy will try to find and find care and education strategies that are right for their children. They will try to understand and apply healthy parenting patterns for their children the children will gradually be able to build independence so that they can build interpersonal relationships and improve their quality of life. Children with proper handling are expected to be able to take formal education together with other children their age and age in an inclusive education setting. In addition, certain food diets for children with autism spectrum disorders should be the main concern of mothers in care. Various specific needs are understood by the mother and family with maximum efforts to fulfill them and adjusted to their capacity and abilities. So, parenting can be used as part of the roles and tasks of parents without being stressed and overwhelmed with feelings and thoughts. (*) Author: Nurul Hartini Details of this study available at:

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Von der Decken’s Hornbill: A Fascinating Encounter With Nature In the intricate tapestry of avian biodiversity, one species stands out with its unique appearance and captivating behavior – the Von der Decken’s Hornbill. Named after Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken, a German explorer, this species is a marvelous showcase of nature’s creativity. Unveiling the Von der Decken’s Hornbill Diving into the world of avian wonders, we find ourselves enthralled by the distinctive beauty and intriguing lifestyle of the Von der Decken’s Hornbill. Origin of the Name The Von der Decken’s Hornbill is named in honor of Baron Karl Klaus von der Decken, a German explorer who was renowned for his expeditions in East Africa during the 19th century. His contributions to the understanding of African geography and wildlife were significant, leading to this unique bird bearing his name as a testament to his explorations. Geographic Range and Habitat This species is native to the eastern regions of Africa, ranging from Ethiopia and Somalia down to Tanzania. Their favored habitats are the dry savannahs and thorny scrublands, where they can be seen hopping around the ground or perched on branches, always on the lookout for their next meal. The Von der Decken’s Hornbill belongs to the family Bucerotidae, which comprises around 60 species of hornbills spread across Africa and Asia. This bird species is scientifically known as Tockus deckeni. It’s important to note that the species displays two subspecies, T. d. deckeni and T. d. jacksoni, differing slightly in size and coloration. Symbolism in Local Cultures In the local cultures where these hornbills reside, they are often seen as symbols of wisdom and patience, attributed to their careful foraging techniques and the unique breeding habit of the female bird, who patiently waits in a sealed nest for her chicks to hatch. Each encounter with the Von der Decken’s Hornbill offers an opportunity to appreciate nature’s diversity, an invitation to learn more about the world that we share with such extraordinary creatures. Their captivating presence serves as a reminder of the need for conservation efforts to preserve the intricate and delicate tapestry of our planet’s biodiversity. Physical Characteristics of Von der Decken’s Hornbill The Von der Decken’s Hornbill is a fascinating bird with several distinctive physical traits that set it apart. When it comes to the physical traits, the sexual dimorphism in this species is quite evident. The males boast a vivid red bill topped with a yellow casque, while the females have blackish bills without a casque. The body length of a Von der Decken’s Hornbill typically ranges between 40-45 cm, with a wingspan stretching up to 90 cm. Their feathers exhibit a beautiful contrast of black and white, with the wings and tail being predominantly black. Size and Weight Adult Von der Decken’s Hornbills are relatively small to medium-sized birds. They typically measure between 40-45 cm in length from beak to tail. Despite their small size, they possess a wingspan that can stretch up to 90 cm, allowing them to navigate the vast savannahs with ease. Their weight ranges from 155 to 230 grams, with males generally being larger and heavier than females. Plumage and Coloration The Von der Decken’s Hornbill’s plumage is a striking contrast of black and white. The bird’s back, wings and long tail feathers are predominantly black, while the underparts, neck, and cheek patches are white. This color pattern provides excellent camouflage in their natural habitat, blending perfectly with the dappled sunlight filtering through the leaves. The Bill and Casque One of the most distinguishing features of Von der Decken’s Hornbill is its large bill, topped with a unique casque. The bill is long, curved, and remarkably robust, enabling the bird to forage efficiently. The males boast a vivid red bill topped with a yellow casque, while females have blackish bills without a casque. Eyes and Vision Von der Decken’s Hornbills have large, expressive eyes with a pale grey to creamy white iris, surrounded by a patch of bare, bluish skin. Their excellent vision aids them in spotting food from great heights and evading predators. Feet and Adaptation Their feet are zygodactyl, meaning they have two toes facing forward and two backward. This arrangement, unusual for most birds but common in hornbills, provides them with a firm grip when perching on the branches of trees or walking along the ground. Every aspect of the Von der Decken’s Hornbill’s physical characteristics represents a marvelous adaptation for survival in the harsh yet beautiful landscapes of the African savannahs. Each feature, from their contrasting plumage to their zygodactyl feet, showcases the incredible diversity and adaptability of nature’s creations. Behavior and Ecology of Von der Decken’s Hornbill Understanding the behavior and ecological role of the Von der Decken’s Hornbill provides valuable insights into their fascinating lives and their essential function within their ecosystem. Social Behavior and Communication Von der Decken’s Hornbills are social birds, often found in pairs or small family groups. They communicate using a range of vocalizations, from harsh cackles to soft purrs. The male’s distinctive casque likely plays a role in amplifying these calls. Diet and Feeding Habits As omnivores, Von der Decken’s Hornbills maintain a varied diet. They feed on fruits, seeds, insects, and occasionally small vertebrates. Their powerful bills serve as useful tools for foraging in crevices and cracks, and their long tongues help them scoop up their prey. Breeding and Nesting Habits The Von der Decken’s Hornbill showcases a unique breeding behavior. The female seals herself in a tree hole nest with mud and feces, leaving only a small slit for the male to pass food. She remains inside the nest to incubate the eggs and care for the young, while the male takes on the duty of feeding the entire family. This strategy offers increased protection against predators. Ecological Role and Contribution to the Ecosystem Von der Decken’s Hornbills play an integral part in their ecosystem. They contribute to controlling insect populations, including several pests, thereby playing a crucial role in natural pest control. Additionally, by consuming fruits, they aid in seed dispersal, promoting plant growth and diversification. Adaptability and Survival Strategies In the harsh climates of the African savannahs, adaptability is key for survival. Von der Decken’s Hornbills are highly adaptable birds, capable of withstanding high temperatures and sourcing food and water even in arid conditions. Their camouflage and nesting behavior further enhance their survivability by protecting them from predators. The behavior and ecology of the Von der Decken’s Hornbill are a testament to nature’s ingenuity, with every aspect of their lives intricately tied to the survival and prosperity of their ecosystem. Their adaptability, varied diet, and unique breeding behavior all contribute to their survival in the diverse and challenging habitats they call home. Conservation Status and Threats to Von der Decken’s Hornbill Although the Von der Decken’s Hornbill is not currently listed as endangered, it’s crucial to understand the threats they face and the importance of their conservation. Current Conservation Status As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the Von der Decken’s Hornbill is classified as a species of ‘Least Concern’. This status indicates that the species has a wide distribution and a substantial total population that is not currently under severe threat. Threats to Von der Decken’s Hornbill Despite their ‘Least Concern’ status, several threats could potentially impact the Von der Decken’s Hornbill population in the future: One of the primary threats to Von der Decken’s Hornbill is habitat loss due to deforestation and land conversion for agriculture and human settlements. These activities can result in the fragmentation of their habitats, reducing available nesting sites and food resources. Hunting and Trade Although not widespread, some local communities hunt Von der Decken’s Hornbill for their meat and casques. The casque, especially from the male, is sometimes used in local handicrafts. Climate change poses an emerging threat to many wildlife species, including the Von der Decken’s Hornbill. Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns can influence the availability of food and suitable nesting sites, potentially impacting their populations. Efforts to conserve Von der Decken’s Hornbill primarily involve habitat preservation and management. Educating local communities about the ecological role of these birds and promoting sustainable practices can also contribute significantly towards their survival. Moreover, legal protection against hunting and trade can help ensure their continued existence in the wild. The Von der Decken’s Hornbill’s story is a reminder of the interconnectedness of all life on Earth. The challenges they face are representative of broader environmental issues that require our immediate attention. Therefore, each step we take towards their conservation is a stride toward preserving the intricate balance of our shared planet. Interaction with Humans and Cultural Significance of Von der Decken’s Hornbill The Von der Decken’s Hornbill’s interactions with humans and their cultural significance in local societies reflect the intricate relationships between people and nature. Von der Decken’s Hornbill and Local Communities In the regions where they are found, Von der Decken’s Hornbills often share close quarters with human settlements. These birds are known to venture into farmlands and gardens in search of food, providing locals with the opportunity to observe these vibrant creatures up close. In many African cultures, hornbills, including the Von der Decken’s Hornbill, hold significant cultural value. They are often regarded as symbols of patience and wisdom. This symbolism is likely tied to their diligent foraging behaviors and unique nesting habits. Von der Decken’s Hornbill in Art and Folklore The distinctive appearance of Von der Decken’s Hornbill has made them a popular subject in local arts and crafts. Their images are often used in paintings, sculptures, and textiles. Moreover, tales and folklore involving these birds have been passed down through generations, further engraining their presence in the cultural fabric of these societies. Ecotourism and Birdwatching The vibrant personality and unique traits of the Von der Decken’s Hornbill make them a star attraction for birdwatchers and ecotourists. Observing these birds in their natural habitats provides a unique opportunity for people to connect with nature and understand the importance of biodiversity. The story of Von der Decken’s Hornbill serves as an excellent tool for conservation education. By learning about their lifestyle, ecological roles, and the threats they face, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation for wildlife and the need for conservation efforts. The relationship between humans and the Von der Decken’s Hornbill is a beautiful blend of cultural reverence, shared landscapes, and mutual survival. By fostering a positive interaction with these birds, we not only enrich our own lives but also contribute to the preservation of these remarkable creatures and their habitats. Questions People Also Ask: (FAQs) Where can one find Von der Decken’s Hornbill? They are predominantly found in the eastern parts of Africa, spanning across Ethiopia, Somalia, and Tanzania. Their habitat consists of dry savannahs and thorny scrublands. What does Von der Decken’s Hornbill eat? As omnivores, their diet is diverse, including insects, seeds, fruits, and occasionally small vertebrates. Why does the female Von der Decken’s Hornbill seal herself into the nest? This behavior is primarily a defense mechanism against predators. It also ensures that the female can incubate and raise the chicks in a controlled and safe environment. How does the Von der Decken’s Hornbill contribute to the ecosystem? By feeding on insects, including many pests, the Von der Decken’s Hornbill plays a critical role in maintaining the balance in their ecosystem. They also contribute to seed dispersal, thus aiding in vegetation growth. What are the threats faced by Von der Decken’s Hornbill? Habitat loss due to deforestation and hunting for their casques are major threats. Climate change also poses potential challenges. How can we contribute to the conservation of Von der Decken’s Hornbill? By supporting conservation organizations, responsible eco-tourism, and spreading awareness about these birds and their habitats, we can contribute to their survival. Is it legal to keep Von der Decken’s Hornbill as a pet? Keeping wild birds as pets is generally discouraged and is often illegal without specific permits. It’s best to admire these creatures in their natural habitats. We appreciate you for taking the time to read! Finally, we hope you found this article interesting? And what do you think about ”Von der Decken’s Hornbill: A Fascinating Encounter With Nature!?” Please you should feel free to share or inform your friends about this article and this site, thanks! And let us know if you observe something that isn’t quite right.

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This image has format transparent PNG with resolution 3200x2552. You can download this image in best resolution from this page and use it for design and web design. Shrimp PNG with transparent background you can download for free, just click on download button. Shrimp are decapod crustaceans with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata. More narrow definitions may be restricted to Caridea, to smaller species of either group or to only the marine species. Under a broader definition, shrimp may be synonymous with prawn, covering stalk-eyed swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular tails (abdomens), long whiskers (antennae), and slender legs. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one. They swim forward by paddling with swimmerets on the underside of their abdomens, although their escape response is typically repeated flicks with the tail driving them backwards very quickly. Crabs and lobsters have strong walking legs, whereas shrimp have thin, fragile legs which they use primarily for perching. Shrimp are widespread and abundant. There are thousands of species adapted to a wide range of habitats. They can be found feeding near the seafloor on most coasts and estuaries, as well as in rivers and lakes. To escape predators, some species flip off the seafloor and dive into the sediment. They usually live from one to seven years. Shrimp are often solitary, though they can form large schools during the spawning season. They play important roles in the food chain and are an important food source for larger animals ranging from fish to whales. The muscular tails of many shrimp are edible to humans, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption. Commercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year, and in 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming became more prevalent during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There are significant issues with excessive bycatch when shrimp are captured in the wild, and with pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used to support shrimp farming. Many shrimp species are small as the term shrimp suggests, about 2 cm (0.79 in) long, but some shrimp exceed 25 cm (9.8 in). Larger shrimp are more likely to be targeted commercially and are often referred to as prawns, particularly in Britain. Shrimp are swimming crustaceans with long narrow muscular abdomens and long antennae. Unlike crabs and lobsters, shrimp have well developed pleopods (swimmerets) and slender walking legs; they are more adapted for swimming than walking. Historically, it was the distinction between walking and swimming that formed the primary taxonomic division into the former suborders Natantia and Reptantia. Members of the Natantia (shrimp in the broader sense) were adapted for swimming while the Reptantia (crabs, lobsters, etc.) were adapted for crawling or walking. Some other groups also have common names that include the word "shrimp"; any small swimming crustacean resembling a shrimp tends to be called one. The following description refers mainly to the external anatomy of the common European shrimp, Crangon crangon, as a typical example of a decapod shrimp. The body of the shrimp is divided into two main parts: the head and thorax which are fused together to form the cephalothorax, and a long narrow abdomen. The shell which protects the cephalothorax is harder and thicker than the shell elsewhere on the shrimp and is called the carapace. The carapace typically surrounds the gills, through which water is pumped by the action of the mouthparts. The rostrum, eyes, whiskers and legs also issue from the carapace. The rostrum, from the Latin rōstrum meaning beak, looks like a beak or pointed nose at the front of the shrimp's head. It is a rigid forward extension of the carapace and can be used for attack or defense. It may also stabilize the shrimp when it swims backward. Two bulbous eyes on stalks sit either side of the rostrum. These are compound eyes which have panoramic vision and are very good at detecting movement. Two pairs of whiskers (antennae) also issue from the head. One of these pairs is very long and can be twice the length of the shrimp, while the other pair is quite short. The antennae have sensors on them which allow the shrimp to feel where they touch, and also allow them to "smell" or "taste" things by sampling the chemicals in the water. The long antennae help the shrimp orient itself with regard to its immediate surroundings, while the short antennae help assess the suitability of prey. Eight pairs of appendages issue from the cephalothorax. The first three pairs, the maxillipeds, Latin for "jaw feet", are used as mouthparts. In Crangon crangon, the first pair, the maxillula, pumps water into the gill cavity. After the maxilliped come five more pairs of appendages, the pereiopods. These form the ten decapod legs. In Crangon crangon, the first two pairs of pereiopods have claws or chela. The chela can grasp food items and bring them to the mouth. They can also be used for fighting and grooming. The remaining four legs are long and slender, and are used for walking or perching. The muscular abdomen has six segments and has a thinner shell than the carapace. Each segment has a separate overlapping shell, which can be transparent. The first five segments each have a pair of appendages on the underside, which are shaped like paddles and are used for swimming forward. The appendages are called pleopods or swimmerets, and can be used for purposes other than swimming. Some shrimp species use them for brooding eggs, others have gills on them for breathing, and the males in some species use the first pair or two for insemination. The sixth segment terminates in the telson flanked by two pairs of appendages called the uropods. The uropods allow the shrimp to swim backward, and function like rudders, steering the shrimp when it swims forward. Together, the telson and uropods form a splayed tail fan. If a shrimp is alarmed, it can flex its tail fan in a rapid movement. This results in a backward dart called the caridoid escape reaction (lobstering). In this page you can download free PNG images: Shrimps PNG images clipart free download

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Chapter 7 Linear Momentum and Collisions We use the term momentum in various ways in everyday language, and most of these ways are consistent with its precise scientific definition. We speak of sports teams or politicians gaining and maintaining the momentum to win. We also recognize that momentum has something to do with collisions. For example, looking at the rugby players in the photograph colliding and falling to the ground, we expect their momenta to have great effects in the resulting collisions. Generally, momentum implies a tendency to continue on course—to move in the same direction—and is associated with great mass and speed. Momentum, like energy, is important because it is conserved. Only a few physical quantities are conserved in nature, and studying them yields fundamental insight into how nature works, as we shall see in our study of momentum. The original Open Stax College Physics textbook can be downloaded for free at http://firstname.lastname@example.org.

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The growing scarcity of natural resources like fresh water, oil clean air has brought environmental sustainability to the centre stage of any economic discussion. Circular Economy, is being voiced as a possible solution to the current situation. This post looks at basics of Circular Economy, to build an insight into the concept. Background of idea of Circular Economy In their 1976 research report to the European Commission, “The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy”, Walter Stahel and Genevieve Reday sketched the vision of an economy in loops (or circular economy) and its impact on job creation, economic competitiveness, resource savings, and waste prevention. The report was published in 1982 as the book Jobs for Tomorrow: The Potential for Substituting Manpower for Energy. China was one of the first countries to legislate in 2016 on circular economy. Today, China has made circular economy one of its priorities through introduction of new model of “industrial symbiosis” — industrial ecosystems where one’s waste or by-products become the other’s raw materials. The Ellen MacArthur Foundation has more recently outlined the economic opportunity of a circular economy, bringing together complementary schools of thought in an attempt to create a coherent framework, thus giving the concept a wide exposure and appeal. Basics of Circular Economy Our current economic model is labelled as Linear. We extract raw materials, transform, sell, use and throw them away (make, use, dispose). It is estimated that every day we consume fossil fuels equivalent of 2,600 years of accumulation of oil. Since 1950, more than six billion tonnes of plastics have ended up either in nature, burnt or in landfills. This demands shift from current approach to a more responsible approach where we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life. This alternative approach is precisely the ambition of circular economy. A circular economy is an economic system where products and services are traded in closed loops or ‘cycles’. It is regenerative by design and aims to retain as much value as possible of products, parts and materials.Definition of Circular Economy A circular economy goes beyond the pursuit of waste prevention and waste reduction to inspire technological, organisational and social innovation. At the core of Circular Economy lays a shift towards complete elimination of waste. Circular economy standard BS 8001:2017 To provide authoritative guidance to organizations implementing circular economy (CE) strategies, in 2017, the British Standards Institution (BSI) developed and launched the first circular economy standard “BS 8001:2017 Framework for implementing the principles of the circular economy in organizations Guide”. Benefits of Circular Economy ? Circular Economy provides both economic and environmental benefits. It is a continuous positive development cycle that preserves and enhances natural capital, optimises resource yields, and minimises system risks by managing finite stocks and renewable flows. It drives substantial material savings, growth in employment and incentives for innovation. An important principle of circular economy is the decoupling of economic growth from resource consumption. This shift in focus from material resource to innovation, improving material functionality, and developing circular activities which eventually leads to higher valuation of labour. Summarily, Circular Economy creates new opportunities for growth and a more circular economy: - Reduces material & resource waste. - Drive greater resource productivity. - Generates more employment & improves labour valuation. - Provides incentives for innovation. - Improves environmental sustainability.

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16.3. Optional key parameter¶ If you want to sort things in some order other than the “natural” or its reverse, you can provide an additional parameter, the key parameter. For example, suppose you want to sort a list of numbers based on their absolute value, so that -4 comes after 3? Or suppose you have a dictionary with strings as the keys and numbers as the values. Instead of sorting them in alphabetic order based on the keys, you might like to sort them in order based on their values. First, let’s see an example, and then we’ll dive into how it works. First, let’s define a function absolute that takes a number and returns its absolute value. (Actually, python provides a built-in function abs that does this, but we are going to define our own, for reasons that will be explained in a minute.) Now, we can pass the absolute function to sorted in order to specify that we want the items sorted in order of their absolute value, rather than in order of their actual value. What’s really going on there? We’ve done something pretty strange. Before, all the values we have passed as parameters have been pretty easy to understand: numbers, strings, lists, Booleans, dictionaries. Here we have passed a function object: absolute is a variable name whose value is the function. When we pass that function object, it is not automatically invoked. Instead, it is just bound to the formal parameter key of the function sorted. We are not going to look at the source code for the built-in function sorted. But if we did, we would find somewhere in its code a parameter named key with a default value of None. When a value is provided for that parameter in an invocation of the function sorted, it has to be a function. What the sorted function does is call that key function once for each item in the list that’s getting sorted. It associates the result returned by that function (the absolute function in our case) with the original value. Think of those associated values as being little post-it notes that decorate the original values. The value 4 has a post-it note that says 4 on it, but the value -2 has a post-it note that says 2 on it. Then the sorted function rearranges the original items in order of the values written on their associated post-it notes. To illustrate that the absolute function is invoked once on each item, during the execution of sorted, I have added some print statements into the code. Note that this code never explicitly calls the absolute function at all. It passes the absolute function as a parameter value to the sorted function. Inside the sorted function, whose code we haven’t seen, that function gets invoked. It is a little confusing that we are reusing the word key so many times. The name of the optional parameter is key. We will usually pass a parameter value using the keyword parameter passing mechanism. When we write key=some_function in the function invocation, the word key is there because it is the name of the parameter, specified in the definition of the sort function, not because we are using keyword-based parameter passing. Check Your Understanding 1. You will be sorting the following list by each element’s second letter, a to z. Create a function to use when sorting, called second_let. It will take a string as input and return the second letter of that string. Then sort the list, create a variable called sorted_by_second_let and assign the sorted list to it. Do not use lambda. 2. Below, we have provided a list of strings called nums. Write a function called last_char that takes a string as input, and returns only its last character. Use this function to sort the list nums by the last digit of each number, from highest to lowest, and save this as a new list called 3. Once again, sort the list nums based on the last digit of each number from highest to lowest. However, now you should do so by writing a lambda function. Save the new list as

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We strongly encourage students to develop their reading skills through reading for pleasure. Reading, like other skills, requires practice and we encourage students to practise their reading skills every day. Accelerated Reader is a programme that we use in school to monitor reading. Students can use Accelerated Reader to track their reading and complete quizzes to check their understanding. The video tutorial below includes step-by-step instructions on how to access this programme at home. Top 10 tips to encourage your child to read 1. Encourage your child to read Reading helps your child’s well-being, develops imagination and has many educational benefits too. Just 10-15 minutes a day can have a big impact on children of all ages. 2. Encourage reading choice Give your child lots of opportunities to read different things in their own time that they enjoy– it does not just have to be books. There is fiction, non-fiction, poetry, comics, magazines, recipes and much more. Try leaving interesting books and reading materials in different places around the home and consider playing audio books that your child will enjoy. 3. Read together Choose a favourite time to read together as a family. This might be everyone reading the same book together, reading different things at the same time, or getting your children to read to each other or with grandparents. 4. Create a comfortable environment Make a calm, comfortable and well-lit space for your family to relax and read independently or together. 5. Make use of the library Local and school libraries offer a wide range of books to spark their interest, along with brilliant on-line materials including audio books and eBooks to borrow. 6. Talk about books This is a great way to make connections, develop understanding and make reading even more enjoyable. Start by discussing the front cover and talking about what it reveals and suggests the book could be about. Then talk about what you have been reading and share ideas. Ask teenagers to recommend books for younger readers in the family. 7. Look for books based on movies and computer games Lots of films, games and television shows are adapted from books and young readers are more likely to engage with something that they are already familiar with and interested in. 8. Be positive Praise your child for trying hard with their reading and let them know it is alright to make mistakes. 9. Engage your child in reading in a way that suits them You know your child best and you will know the best times for your child to read. If they have special educational needs and disabilities then short, creative activities may be the best way to get them more interested. If English is an additional language, encourage reading in a child’s first language, as well as in English. What matters most is that they enjoy it! 10. Be a reading role model; be caught in the act of reading! Your child learns from you, so seeing you enjoying and valuing books can be a great inspiration! Please see below further links for supporting reading at home:

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Systems music theory is a relatively new approach to understanding and analyzing music. It is based on the idea that music can be thought of as a system of interrelated parts rather than just a collection of individual notes and chords. In this article, we will explore the basics of systems music theory and how it can be applied to our understanding of music. What Is Systems Music Theory? Systems music theory is a branch of music theory that focuses on the relationships between different musical elements. Rather than analyzing individual notes or chords in isolation, systems music theorists seek to understand how these elements interact with each other to create larger musical structures. At its core, systems music theory is based on the principles of systems thinking. This approach views any complex system as an interconnected web of relationships, where each part influences and is influenced by every other part. In the case of music, this means that every note, chord, rhythm, and melody interacts with every other element to create a cohesive whole. The Building Blocks Of Systems Music Theory In order to understand systems music theory, it’s important to first understand its basic building blocks. These include: - Pitch: The frequency at which a sound vibrates - Harmony: The combination of two or more pitches played together - Rhythm: The pattern of beats and accents in a piece of music - Timbre: The unique tonal quality of an instrument or voice - Texture: The way different musical elements combine to create a larger sound These building blocks are not mutually exclusive; they all interact with each other in complex ways to create the rich tapestry that we call music. Applying Systems Music Theory So how does one apply systems music theory to the analysis of music? One way is to use a technique called network analysis. This involves mapping out the various musical elements in a piece of music and identifying the connections between them. For example, let’s say we have a simple chord progression in the key of C major: C – G – Am – F. Using network analysis, we can see that there are several connections between these chords. The C chord shares two notes (C and E) with the Am chord, while the G chord shares two notes (G and B) with both the C and Am chords. Meanwhile, the F chord shares one note (F) with both the C and Am chords. By analyzing these connections, we can gain a deeper understanding of how each chord relates to the others in the progression. We can also use this information to create more interesting and dynamic arrangements of these chords. The Future Of Systems Music Theory Systems music theory is still a relatively new field, but it has already shown great promise in helping us better understand and analyze music. As technology continues to advance, it may become even more important in fields like music production and composition. In conclusion, systems music theory offers a fresh perspective on how we think about music. By focusing on the relationships between different musical elements, we can gain a deeper understanding of how they work together to create something greater than the sum of their parts. Whether you’re an aspiring musician or just someone who loves listening to music, systems music theory is definitely worth exploring further!

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The doom of the dinosaurs was good news for snakes. According to new research, snake biodiversity began increasing shortly after the Cretaceous–Paleogene mass extinction—you know, the one brought about by a huge asteroid impact 66 million years ago. The asteroid caused around 75 percent of all species, and all of the non-avian dinosaurs, to go extinct. But the impact gave primordial snake species opportunity and space to flourish, and they did. Currently, there are around 4,000 species of the elongated, legless reptiles. To study this evolutionary change, a team of researchers examined the diets of existing snake species to get a glimpse into the past. “After the K–Pg extinction, [snakes] just underwent this massive ecological explosion,” Michael Grundler, one of the paper’s authors and a postdoc researcher at UCLA, told Ars. As it turns out, snake fossils are hard to come by. It’s rare to find any great snake because their bodies are loosely articulated and can fragment quickly. “They’re really rare in the fossil record. And when we do see them in the fossil record, it’s usually just a bit of vertebrae, often not really a skull, so we can’t get a sense of their ecology,” Grundler said. “It’s not something like a big mammal or a big dinosaur that has four limbs, and the bones are pretty robust. With snakes, you have all these fragile vertebrae … their skull is pretty loosely articulated as well.” Because of this, the team behind the new research resorted to making comparisons among existing species. The researchers looked at dietary information from 882 living snake species—often held in museum collections—and applied a mathematical model to reconstruct the diets of their ancestors. It might seem difficult to learn something about snake ancestors millions of years ago from this, but Grundler said that, as long as we have good data on living species and their evolutionary relationships, it is possible to trace back along their lines of descent. According to the researchers’ model, the most likely common ancestor for all existing snake species was an insectivore. Prior to the mass extinction, there were probably snakes that ate rodents and other animals. After the asteroid hit, however, those beasts likely died off, although this is still uncertain, Grundler said. “What we get from the model is like a best guess,” he said. (Somewhere even further back is also a common ancestor between snakes and other types of reptiles, but what it looked like and how it behaved is still debated, he said.) Post-extinction, the remaining snakes flourished and diversified into many different species. This is likely because, in the wake of the impact, many niches were left open. Similarly, there were more small vertebrate critters, like birds, to prey on. But with snakes’ diversification came a growing diversity in terms of diet—sometimes they eat crazy big things like antelopes. “Modern snakes have a huge, astounding variety of diets,” Grundler said. “They all evolved that diversity from a single ancestor.” The research also suggests that the increase in snake biodiversity slowed down for most snake species as they settled into their new habitats. However, the species that reached new locales continued to adapt in different ways. According to Grundler, this research can help us understand how lineages respond to ecological opportunities. It also adds to the body of research surrounding the ecological history of snakes; another paper published in September shows similar findings. “It also speaks to the importance of our natural history museums and collecting data on animals in nature,” he said. This story originally appeared on Ars Technica. More Great WIRED Stories

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Is A Bird A Consumer The complex web of ecological connections is managed by a wide variety of organisms that each play an important role in ensuring harmony in the natural world. Consumers are the most prominent players in the vast control of energy flow in ecosystems. When we look into the fascinating realm of ecology, an important issue is raised: Can a bird that is graceful and airborne with diverse dietary preferences be properly classified as a consumers? This question opens the way to a more nuanced examination of the avian lifestyle and the ecological consequences, which prompt us to question the boundaries of traditional consumer classification. This article will go on a quest to discover the intricate details of avian life in order to determine whether they truly are consumers in the same way in the larger ecological context. Understanding Consumers In Ecology In the world of ecology, understanding the concept of consumers is essential to understanding the dynamics of the transport of energy and the cycle of nutrients in ecosystems. Consumers, within the context of ecology, are the organisms that get their nutrition from other living organisms or their products. To fully comprehend the implications of their role, it is crucial to study the fundamental concepts that define consumers and their importance in the ecological system. Consumers can be classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels based on their place within the food chain. Primarily, consumers, which are usually herbivores, eat directly from producers like plants and other autotrophic species. Secondary consumers, usually carnivores, feed on primary consumers, whereas tertiary consumers are at the top of the food chain and feed on both secondary and primary consumers. This hierarchy demonstrates the interconnectedness between organisms in an ecosystem, in which energy flows from one trophic level to another. Consumption is crucial in determining the structure and function of ecosystems. Consuming lower levels of trophic and regulating population dynamics, can impact the spread of species within the habitat. Furthermore, interactions between prey and the consumer are a part of the complex balance that maintains biodiversity. While we explore the intricate web of ecological interactions, understanding the nature of consumers provides the basis for a deeper study of the many functions that organisms play in shaping nature. In this way, we tackle the issue of whether or not birds, based on their unique features and behavior, can be categorized as consumers in the ecological story. Is A Bird A Consumer Yes, birds are consumers. Consumers are animals that gain their energy through eating other living things. Birds are generally considered to be secondary consumers. This means that they consume primary consumers like insects, seeds, fruits, or seeds. Certain birds, like the hawks and owls, are tertiary consumers, which implies that they eat secondary consumers like rabbits or mice. Differentiating Types Of Consumers In the wide array of ecological functions, consumers are a key element, and their distinction reveals an array of strategies to eat that living organisms use. To understand the differences between consumers, it is important to understand the various ways organisms obtain food from their environment. Consumers can be classified into three major categories: carnivores, herbivores, and Omnivores. - The definition: Herbivores are principal consumers that feed primarily on plants and plant-derived substances. - Ecological role: In consuming vegetation, herbivores affect plant populations, influencing the structure and composition of ecosystems. They play a key role in establishing a connection between farmers (plants) and the higher levels of trophic. - Defined: Carnivores are second and third-party consumers who primarily feed on other animals. - Ecological Function: Carnivores manage the numbers of herbivores, and they help to maintain the equilibrium of ecosystems. They play a key role in regulating the amount and distribution of species that prey on. - Defined: Omnivores are those who consume a diet that is composed of both animal and plant matter. - Ecological Function: Omnivores have a wide niche, consuming various sources. Their ability to consume animal and plant materials enables them to adapt to a variety of ecosystems and habitats. Ecological Significance Of Birds As Consumers Birds, thanks to their aerial ability and varied dietary habits, are of great ecological importance as consumers in various ecosystems. Their role extends far beyond the sky, affecting the delicate natural balance in ways that emphasize their significance in preserving biodiversity. 1. Control of Prey Populations Birds, specifically those that have carnivore tendencies, have a crucial role in regulating the numbers of the prey they hunt. In keeping herbivore populations in check, they can prevent overgrazing and maintain the good health of the vegetation communities. 2. Seed Dispersal and Plant Pollination Some bird species are greatly affected by seed dispersal because they eat fruit and expel seeds to various places. This helps in the spread of new territories by plants. Furthermore, nectar-feeding birds function as pollinators, which aid in the growth of different species of plants. 3. Insect Control Insectivorous birds are natural pest control through preying on insects. This natural method of pest control may aid in reducing chemical intervention in agriculture while promoting healthier ecosystems. 4. Ecosystem Engineers Certain bird species, via their nesting and foraging activities, are eco-engineers. They influence the physical structure of habitats, altering vegetation and creating niches for other species. 5. Contribution to Nutrient Cycling When birds eat various animals, They become integral parts of the process of cycling nutrients in ecosystems. The dumping of bird droppings provides essential nutrients into the soil and can influence the growth of plants and ecosystem productivity. 6. Indicator Species Birds are a good indicator of the health of the environment. Variations in bird populations or behavior could indicate larger ecological imbalances. This makes them useful indicators to monitor ecosystem health and the effects of environmental change. In the end, the study of the role of birds as consumers in the ecology of life reveals a vibrant and complex relationship between bird-like creatures and their habitats. From regulating the prey population and helping to disperse seeds to serving as natural pest control agents and influencing the process of cycling nutrients, Birds play crucial functions that go beyond stunning flights and enchanting songs. Their ecological importance underscores that all living creatures are interrelated in an ecosystem. It also emphasizes the delicate balance that is essential to ensure the health and sustainability of the natural world. When we try to understand and appreciate the intricate role in the lives of bird species as a consumer, it becomes clearer that their protection is not just essential in terms of biodiversity but also the enrichment of culture and recreation that they provide in our everyday lives. The recognition and protection of the ecological value of birds is an affirmation of our shared obligation to protect the conditions and habitats that enable these amazing creatures to flourish and ensure the sustainability and resilience of our common ecosystems.

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A study by an international group of experts has found that around 300 million people across the world lived on land which has a high potential for forest restoration. The study also pointed out the importance of empowering local communities for the restoration of tropical forests as a just and sustainable mechanism for climate change mitigation. The study - 'Global forest restoration and the importance of prioritising local communities' - has been written by experts based at the Indian School of Business, Hyderabad, Dartmouth College and the University of Michigan, USA, University of Manchester and the University of Sheffield from the UK and was published on August 25 in the Nature Ecology and Evolution journal. The experts found that while currently, 294.4 million people live in areas with high potential for forest restoration in the tropics, over one billion people or roughly a seventh of the world's population lived within eight kilometres of such high-potential sites. The study is one of the first comprehensive studies to analyse the extent to which tropical forest restoration opportunities overlap with populations across the globe and levels of economic development. Further, nearly 12 per cent of the population in low-income countries lives in crucial forest-restoration areas, highlighting the potential for improving the livelihood and well-being of millions of people, the study found. The study pointed out that the success and viability of restoration projects can only be ensured through community participation. "We argue that the success of global forest restoration critically depends on prioritizing local communities. Empowering local communities to restore forests can provide human well-being benefits to millions of the most deprived and marginalized people, as well as environmental benefits for all," said study lead author James Erbaugh of Dartmouth College, who earned a doctorate from the University of Michigan School for Environment and Sustainability. Managing of forest areas by communities includes the rights to access the forests, withdraw forest resources, and manage lands for community benefit. Dr Ashwini Chhatre, a co-author and Professor of Public Policy at the Indian School of Business, told The Indian Express that the study "show the path to further action on climate change by identifying countries where investments in forest landscape restoration will create the highest synergies between mitigation and human development." "Global efforts to accelerate forest regeneration must include local communities as equal partners for maximum benefits on multiple dimensions," he added. For the study, the researchers analysed 22 countries, including India, with strong legal frameworks for community ownership of forested lands. The study found that these countries were home to two-thirds of the total number of forest restoration opportunity sites and 70 per cent of the people living in or near such areas. The study further added that Brazil, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, India and Indonesia have the greatest number of people living in or near forest restoration opportunity areas. The findings pointed out that these areas have the greatest potential to remove heat-trapping carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and sequester it in forests. "There are many opportunities in central, eastern and southern Africa to restore forests and provide socioeconomic and infrastructure benefits to local people facing many multidimensional deprivations," Arun Agrawal, co-author of the study and Professor of Sustainability at the University of Michigan said. "Forest landscape restoration that prioritizes local communities by affording them rights to manage and restore forests provides a promising option to align global agendas for climate mitigation, conservation, environmental justice and sustainable development," he added. The forest restoration initiatives can also help the countries in achieving the target of restoring 350 million hectares of forests by 2030, set under the New York Declaration on Forests (NYDF) in 2014 by the United Nations Climate Summit. The NYDF had over 200 endorsers, including national governments, multi-national corporations, groups representing indigenous communities and non-profits and was a voluntary and non-binding international declaration to take action to halt global deforestation. Meanwhile, the study pointed out the opportunity for forest restoration in India, which already has a robust legal framework for empowering local communities living in or near forest areas under the Forest Rights Act (FRA), 2006. The authors of the study said that several states such as Maharashtra and Gujarat have already implemented this by setting up successful pilots for community rights. Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, and Odisha have also prioritised expansion of community rights as a mechanism for empowerment and poverty alleviation within the last two years. However, the study pointed out that less than three per cent of potential areas for community rights over forests in India were covered under FRA provisions, implying that a lot of work still needed to be done. "Our study highlights the critical need for close ties between researchers, decision makers and local communities to secure greater wellbeing for people and ecosystems. Those working on forests—whether government agencies or researchers—forget far too often the necessity of working with people, not against them," Agrawal said. According to a report by Down To Earth, talking about the livelihood opportunities that forest restoration measures would provide, Erbaug said, "Enabling communities to design forest restoration by extending rights to manage forest areas promotes more inclusive environmental governance. There are countless examples of how conservation projects — though often well intentioned — excluded and disenfranchised indigenous people and local communities." Furthermore, wherever the restoration of forests is carried out, it must also follow scientific methods. Secondary forests could be restored to primary forests that are scientifically better for biodiversity and water conservation. "This could be done using the model of succession. You cannot plant sensitive species of an ecosystem in open areas as they will be scorched in sunlight. There are certain transitional species that need to be planted first. Ecosystem needs should then be allowed to grow around them, with sensitive species introduced at a later stage," said MD Subhash Chandran, a senior scientist with the Centre for Ecological Sciences at the Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru. Pointing out the problems with tree plantation exercises in India, including those by forest departments, Chandran said that the department generally used tree species that give good results, that is, ones that survived. This meant that there were very few choices of tree species that were fire-resistant and consumed less water. "This criterion for the choice of tree species to be planted needs to change if we have to restore secondary forests and plantations back to primary forests," Chandran added.

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International Beaver Day is a modern celebration. It started in 2008 when the group Beavers: Wetlands & Wildlife decided that such a day would be useful to raise public awareness of the beaver. The aim of this process was to emphasize needs protect this species due to habitat loss. Beaver is native species in North America and Eurasia and it is the second largest rodents worldwide. As a shy species, many people aren’t aware of its importance and benefit to the overall health of the environment and ecosystems where it lives. History of beaver in Europe In the past centuries the beaver was widespread in Europe. It was hunted across its range for its fur and for its musk scented secretions, called castoreum. Beaver hats become an important fashion in Europe and that significantly contributed to bring beaver to the edge of extinction. Due to uncontrolled hunting, beaver extinct in many parts of Europe. At the turn of the 20th century, only about 1,200 beavers survived in eight relict populations in Europe and Asia. Since then, it has been reintroduced to much of its former range, and now occurs from Spain, Central Europe, Great Britain and Scandinavia to a few regions in China and Mongolia. Beaver as a national symbol International Beaver Day aims to raise awareness about the difficult life of the beaver. The beaver is known for cutting down trees, but few people know that they use every piece of the tree they cut down. It eats the buds, bark and leaves, and then gnaws away at the branches and trunk, breaking it into smaller pieces, from which it builds dams. These are useful in flood and drought prevention, wetland restoration and water purification. Because of the benefits it provides, the beaver became the national symbol of Canada in 1975 and symbolizes Canada’s sovereignty. The beaver thus has official status as a symbol of the country. Beaver is the largest European rodent and a key species of wetland habitats. Its life is inseparably linked with freshwater. With its engineered structures involving felled trees, beaver huts and dams, it can re-construct and enrich aquatic ecosystems. These activities ensure favourable conditions for various number of organisms. Beaver like a real ecosystem engineer creates and reconstructs wetlands, block side watercourse channels and increases flow variability. By doing so, it mitigates the effects of climate change (droughts, floods), reduces amount of greenhouse gases and contributes to cleaner surface and underground waters. Beavers build dams all days long. It’s their way of life. In this way, they have a very significant impact on the surrounding environment. We can say that they are literally transforming it. Where a few years ago the river flowed smoothly through the forest, today there are extensive swamps blocked by numerous beaver dams and castles. Their activities are very useful especially in the prevention of floods and droughts, in the restoration of wetlands. We can say that in a way they are the real creators of wetlands. The beaver is one of the few animals that significantly impact the surrounding environment. Free wetlands restoration Wetlands restoration is becoming more and more an important. It is subject of activities of various organizations dealing not only with nature protection but also with the reconstruction of damaged ecosystems. Well restored wetlands also provide sufficient drinking water. Nowadays, there are effective, economical methods of coexistence between man and beaver. That allow them to be our allies in restoring the damaged environment. Currently, many countries spend large amounts of money on the reconstruction of drained wetlands. Beavers can do much of this work for free. International Beaver Day is a fine time to hike to a beaver pond, sit down, and just enjoy the power of the silent momentum. Remote beaver pond is stretching just ahead of us. We sat down and enjoye the quiet solitude. No signs of life. Just silence. Time run out and our mind flies. Then suddenly strong water slap. Just next to us. The solitary beaver dived into the water and left a thought in our mind: …this is obviously his pond.

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This is a false color image of a mosaic of Mercury. Click on image for full size Courtesy of NASA. Mercury's orbit is so close to the Sun that it is difficult to see from the ground. This explains why some early astronomers never saw the planet. Viewed from Earth, Mercury is never far from the Sun in the sky. Because of the glare of the Sun, it can only be seen in twilight. Timocharis made the first recorded observation of Mercury in 265 BC. Other early astronomers that studied Mercury include Zupus (1639), who studied the planet's orbit. Because it is so difficult to make out features on the surface of the planet from Earth, it was not until the 1960s that scientists determined the correct day length rate (59 Earth days) of the planet on its axis. This also showed that Mercury's day length and year length are the same. The one and only space mission to visit which passed by the planet three times in 1974. Images taken by Mariner 10 are the only close up images we have of the planet's surface. NASA will send the Messenger (the Mercury Surface, Space Environment, Geochemistry and Ranging) to Mercury in 2004. You might also be interested in: How did life evolve on Earth? The answer to this question can help us understand our past and prepare for our future. Although evolution provides credible and reliable answers, polls show that many people turn away from science, seeking other explanations with which they are more comfortable....more Before the Mariner 10 mission of Mercury, it was very difficult to see any markings on the surface of the planet from Earth. This image shows a view of Mercury obtained from a telescope on Earth. The...more The Mariner 10 mission (USA) to Mercury was launched on November 3, 1973 and arrived at Mercury on March 29, 1974. The spacecraft made three separate passes by the planet, and obtained about 10,000 images...more NASA has chosen the next two projects that will join a special series called the Discovery Program. This program specializes in low cost, scientific projects. Out of 26 possible projects, Messenger (the...more It takes Mercury about 59 Earth days to spin once on its axis (the rotation period), and about 88 Earth days to complete one orbit about the Sun. However, the length of the day on Mercury (sunrise to...more Mercury's orbit is so close to the Sun that it is difficult to see from the ground. This explains why some early astronomers never saw the planet. Viewed from Earth, Mercury is never far from the Sun...more Mercury, like the other planets, is believed to have formed in the earliest stage of the evolution of the solar system as dust came together to form even larger clumps and eventually small planets or...more Mercury, the innermost planet of the solar system, is a little bigger than the Earth's Moon. The surface of the planet is covered with craters, like the Moon, but temperatures there can reach over 80...more

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A salary is a form of payment from an employer to an employee, which may be specified in an employment contract. It is contrasted with piece wages, where each job, hour, or other unit is paid separately, rather than on a periodic basis. From the point of view of running a business, salary can also be viewed as the cost of acquiring and retaining human resources for running operations, and is then termed personnel expense or salary expense. In accounting, salaries are recorded on payroll accounts. Salary is a fixed amount of money or compensation paid to an employee by an employer in return for work performed. Salary is commonly paid in fixed intervals, for example, monthly payments of one-twelfth of the annual salary. Salary is typically determined by comparing market pay rates for people performing similar work in similar industries in the same region. Salary is also determined by leveling the pay rates and salary ranges established by an individual employer. Salary is also affected by the number of people available to perform the specific job in the employer’s employment locale. While there is no first pay stub for the first work-for-pay exchange, the first salaried work would have required a society advanced enough to have a barter system which allowed for the even exchange of goods or services between tradesmen. More significantly, it presupposes the existence of organized employers—perhaps a government or a religious body—that would facilitate work-for-hire exchanges on a regular enough basis to constitute salaried work. From this, most infer that the first salary would have been paid in a village or city during the Neolithic Revolution, sometime between 10,000 BC and 6,000 BC. A cuneiform inscribed clay tablet dated about 3100 BC provides a record of the daily beer rations for workers in Mesopotamia. The beer is represented by an upright jar with a pointed base. The symbol for rations is a human head eating from a bowl. Round and semicircular impressions represent the measurements. By the time of the Hebrew Book of Ezra (550 to 450 BC), salt from a person was synonymous with drawing sustenance, taking pay, or being in that person’s service. At that time, salt production was strictly controlled by the monarchy or ruling elite. Depending on the translation of Ezra 4:14, the servants of King Artaxerxes I of Persia explain their loyalty variously as “because we are salted with the salt of the palace” or “because we have maintenance from the king” or “because we are responsible to the king”. The Latin word salarium originally “salt money” (Lat. sal, salt), i.e., the sum paid to soldiers for salt. ( The dictionary definition of salarium at Wiktionary) or the price of having soldiers conquer salt supplies and guard the Salt Roads (Via Salaria) that led to Rome. But there is no evidence for this assertion at all. Some people even claim that the word soldier itself comes from the Latin sal dare (to give salt), but mainstream sources disagree, noting that the word soldier more likely derives from the gold solidus introduced by Diocletian in 301 AD. Regardless of the exact connection, the salarium paid to Roman soldiers has defined a form of work-for-hire ever since in the Western world, and gave rise to such expressions as “being worth one’s salt”. Within the Roman Empire or (later) medieval and pre-industrial Europe and its mercantile colonies, salaried employment appears to have been relatively rare and mostly limited to servants and higher status roles, especially in government service. Such roles were largely remunerated by the provision of lodging, food, and livery clothes (i.e., “food, clothing, and shelter” in modern idiom). Many courtiers, such as valets de chambre, in late medieval courts were paid annual amounts, sometimes supplemented by large if unpredictable extra payments. At the other end of the social scale, those in many forms of employment either received no pay, as with slavery (although many slaves were paid some money at least), serfdom, and indentured servitude, or received only a fraction of what was produced, as with sharecropping. Other common alternative models of work included self- or co-operative employment, as with masters in artisan guilds, who often had salaried assistants, or corporate work and ownership, as with medieval universities and monasteries. Even many of the jobs initially created by the Commercial Revolution in the years from 1520 to 1650 and later during Industrialisation in the 18th and 19th centuries would not have been salaried, but, to the extent they were paid as employees, probably paid an hourly or daily wage or paid per unit produced (also called piece work). In corporations of this time, such as the several East India Companies, many managers would have been remunerated as owner-shareholders. Such a remuneration scheme is still common today in accounting, investment, and law firm partnerships where the leading professionals are equity partners, and do not technically receive a salary, but rather make a periodic “draw” against their share of annual earnings. From 1870 to 1930, the Second Industrial Revolution gave rise to the modern business corporation powered by railroads, electricity and the telegraph and telephone. This era saw the widespread emergence of a class of salaried executives and administrators who served the new, large-scale enterprises being created. New managerial jobs lent themselves to salaried employment, in part because the effort and output of “office work” were hard to measure hourly or piecewise, and in part because they did not necessarily draw remuneration from share ownership. As Japan rapidly industrialized in the 20th century, the idea of office work was novel enough that a new Japanese word (salaryman) was coined to describe those who performed it, as well as referencing their remuneration. In the 20th century, the rise of the service economy made salaried employment even more common in developed countries, where the relative share of industrial production jobs declined, and the share of executive, administrative, computer, marketing, and creative jobs—all of which tended to be salaried—increased. Today, the concept of a salary continues to evolve as part of a system of the total compensation that employers offer to employees. Salary (also known as fixed or base pay) is coming to be seen as part of a “total rewards” system which includes bonuses, incentive pay, commissions, benefits and perquisites (or perks) and equity (like stock options, especially common in technology companies). These tools help employers link rewards to an employee’s performance. Compensation has evolved considerably. Consider the change from the days of and before the industrial evolution, when a job was held for a lifetime, to the fact that, from 1978 to 2008, individuals who aged from 18 to 44, held an average number of 11 jobs. Compensation in knowledge-based work has evolved gradually moving away from fixed short-term immediate compensation towards fixed and variable outcomes-based compensation. In Botswana, salaries are almost entirely paid on a monthly basis with pay dates falling on different dates of the second half of the month. Pay day usually ranges from the 15th of the month to the last day. The date of disbursement of the salary is usually determined by the company and in some cases in conjunction with the recognized Workers Union. The Botswana Employment Act Cap 47:01 Chapter VII regulates the aspect of protection of wages in the contracts of employment. The minimum and maximum wage payment period with the exception of casual employees should not be less than one week or more than a month, and where not expressly stipulated a month is the default wage period per section 75 of the Act payable before the third working day after the wage period. The wages are to be paid during working hours at the place of employment, or in any other way, such as through a bank account with the consent of the employee. Salaries should be made in legal tender, however, part payment in kind is not prohibited provided it is appropriate for the personal use and benefit of employee and his family, and the value attributable to such payment in kind is fair and reasonable. The payment in kind should not exceed forty per cent of the total amount paid out to the employee. The minimum wage is set, adjusted and can even be abolished by the Minister on the advice of the Minimum Wages Advisory Board for specified trade categories. The stipulated categories include building, construction, hotel, catering, wholesale, watchmen, the domestic service sector, the agricultural sector etc. The current minimum wages set for these sectors are set out in the Subsidiary legislation in the Act. Women on maternity leave are entitled to 25% of their salaries as stipulated by the Employment Act but the majority of the companies pay out at about 50% for the period. By working for the Danish Government, it has been agreed under political agreements that the salary is dependent on the seniority, education, and of a qualification allowance. According to European law, the movement of capital, services and (human) resources is unlimited between member states. Salary determination, such as minimum wage, is still the prerogative of each member state. Other social benefits, associated with salaries are also determined on member-state level. In India, salaries are generally paid on the last working day of the month (Government, Public sector departments, Multi-national organisations as well as majority of other private sector companies). According to the Payment of Wages Act, if a company has less than 1,000 Employees, salary is paid by the Company on 7th of every month. If a company has more than 1,000 Employees, salary is paid by the 10th of every month. Minimum wages in India are governed by the Minimum Wages Act, 1948. Employees in India are notified of their salary being increased through a hard copy letter given to them. Pay outstanding salary of police commissioner In Italy, the Constitution guarantees a minimum wage, as stated in Article 36, Paragraph 1 This constitutional guarantee is implemented not through a specific legislation, but rather through collective bargaining which sets minimum wage standards in a sector by sector basis. Collective bargaining is protected by trade unions, which have constitutional rights such as legal personality. The Constitution also guarantees equal pay for women, as stated in Article 37, Paragraph 1 In Japan, owners would notify employees of salary increases through “jirei”. The concept still exists and has been replaced with an electronic form, or E-mail in larger companies. The position and world of “salarymen” is open to only one third of Japanese men. From school age these young potentials are groomed and pre-selected to one day join a company as a “salaryman”. The selection process is rigorous and thereafter the process initiation speaks of total dedication to the company. Minimum wages are used widely in developing countries to protect vulnerable workers, reduce wage inequality, and lift the working poor out of poverty. The political popularity of minimum wages stems in part from the fact that the policy offers a means for redistributing income without having to increase government spending or establish formal transfer mechanisms. The challenge to policymakers is to find that wage level that is considered fair given workers’ needs and the cost of living, but does not harm employment or a country’s global competitiveness. South African median employee earning is R2800 a month (USD 210.05) and the average earning is around R8500. These figures are found in SA statistics. Indeed, they reflect the huge gap in the South African society with a large proportion of the population under poverty line that does not have the same opportunities for employment. Median monthly earnings of white (R9500) and Indian/Asian (R6000) population were substantially higher than the median monthly earnings of their coloured (R2652) and black African (R2167) counterparts. Black Africans earned 22,% of what the white population earned; 36,1% of what Indians/Asians earned; and 81,7% of what the coloured population earned. In the bottom 5%, black Africans earned R500 or less per month while the white population earned R2 000 or less, while in the top 5% they earned R12 567 or more compared to the white population who earned R34000 or more per month. In the Netherlands the salary which occurs most frequently is referred to as Jan Modaal. The term “modaal” is derived from the statistical term Modus. If the government’s macro economic policy negatively affects this “Modaal” income or salary-group often the policy is adjusted in order to protect this group of income earners. The Dutch word “soldij” can be directly linked to the word “soldaat” or soldier, which finds its origin in the word for the gold coin solidus, with which soldiers were paid during the Roman Empire. The Netherlands is in the top 5 of the highest salary-paying countries in the EU. The focus has been on the salary levels and accompanying bonuses whereas secondary benefits, though present, has been downplayed yet that is changing. The Netherlands claims a 36th position when it comes to secondary benefits when compared to other countries in Europe. The minimum wage is determined through collective labor negotiations (CAOs). The minimum wage is age dependent; the legal minimum wage for a 16-year-old is lower than, for instance, a 23-year-old (full minimum wage). Adjustments to the minimum wage are made twice a year; on January 1 and on July 1. The minimum wage for a 21-year-old on January 1, 2013 is 1,065.30 Euro netto per month and on July 1, 2013 this minimum wage is 1,071.40 Euro netto per month. For a 23 year old on 1 January 2014 is 1485,60 Euro gross salary / month plus 8% holiday subsidy so 1604,45 Euro gross salary / month. The United States makes a legal distinction between periodic salaries (which are normally paid regardless of hours worked) and hourly wages (meeting minimum wage requirements and providing for overtime). This was first codified by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938. At that time, five categories were identified as being “exempt” from minimum wage and overtime protections, and therefore salariable. In 1991, some computer workers were added as a sixth category, but effective August 23, 2004, the categories were revised and reduced back down to five (executive, administrative, professional, computer, and outside sales employees). In June 2015 the Department of Labor proposed raising “the salary threshold from $455 a week (the equivalent of $23,660 a year) to about $970 a week ($50,440 a year) in 2016.” On May 18, 2016, the Final rule updating the overtime regulations was announced. Effective December 1, 2016 it says: “The Final Rule sets the standard salary level at the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region, currently the South ($913 per week, equivalent to $47,476 per year for a full-year worker).” “The Final Rule sets the HCE total annual compensation level equal to the 90th percentile of earnings of full-time salaried workers nationally ($134,004 annually). To be exempt as an HCE, an employee must also receive at least the new standard salary amount of $913 per week on a salary or fee basis and pass a minimal duties test.” “Although the FLSA ensures minimum wage and overtime pay protections for most employees covered by the Act, some workers, including bona fide EAP employees, are exempt from those protections. Since 1940, the Department’s regulations have generally required each of three tests to be met for the FLSA’s EAP exemption to apply: “The Final Rule includes a mechanism to automatically update the standard salary level requirement every three years to ensure that it remains a meaningful test for distinguishing between overtime-protected white collar workers and bona fide EAP workers who may not be entitled to overtime pay and to provide predictability and more graduated salary changes for employers. Specifically, the standard salary level will be updated to maintain a threshold equal to the 40th percentile of weekly earnings of full-time salaried workers in the lowest-wage Census Region.” “For the first time, employers will be able to use nondiscretionary bonuses and incentive payments (including commissions) to satisfy up to 10 percent of the standard salary level. Such pa upyments may include, for example, nondiscretionary incentive bonuses tied to productivity and profitability.” A general rule for comparing periodic salaries to hourly wages is based on a standard 40-hour work week with 50 weeks per year (minus two weeks for vacation). (Example: $40,000/year periodic salary divided by 50 weeks equals $800/week. Divide $800/week by 40 standard hours equals $20/hour). Under the faithless servant doctrine, a doctrine under the laws of a number of states in the United States, and most notably New York State law, an employee who acts unfaithfully towards his or her employer must forfeit all remuneration (including salary) received during the period of disloyalty. Zimbabwe operates on a two tier system being wages and salaries. Wages are managed by the National Employment Council (NEC). Each sector has its own NEC; i.e. agriculture, communications, mining, catering, educational institutions, etc. On the council are representatives from the unions and the employers. The public sector is under the Public Service Commission and wages and salaries are negotiated there. Wages are negotiated annually or biennially for minimum wages, basic working conditions and remunerations. If there is a stalemate it goes for arbitration with the Ministry of labour. The ruling will become binding on all companies in that industry. Industries often then use their associations to negotiate and air their views. For example, the mining industry nominates an employee within the chamber of mines to attend all meetings and subcommittee with industry players is a forum for discussions. Salaries are negotiated by the respective employees. However, NEC obviously affects the relativity and almost acts as a barometer for salaried staff. Salaries and wages in Zimbabwe are normally paid monthly. Most companies’ pay around the 20th does allow various statutory payments and processing for the month end. Government employees are also staggered to ease the cash flow though teachers are paid around mid-month being 16th. Agricultural workers are normally paid on the very last day of the month as they are contract employees. Zimbabwe is a highly banked society with most salaries being banked. All government employees are paid through the bank. Since “dollarisation” (movement from the Zimbabwean dollar to USD) Zimbabwe has been moving toward a more informal sector and these are paid in ‘brown envelopes’. PAYE (Pay As You Earn) is a significant contributor to tax, being 45%. Given the high unemployment rate the tax is quite heavy. This of course captures those that pay and keep records properly. The average salary is probably $250. This is skewed downwards by the large number of government employees whose average salary is around there. At the top end salaries are quite competitive and this is to be able to attract the right skills though the cost of living is high so it balances this out. A top-earning Zimbabwean spends a lot more money on necessities than say a South African top earner. This is more evident when a comparison with the United States or England is done. The need to have a generator, borehole or buy water or take care of the extended family since there is no welfare given the government’s financial position. In the hyperinflation days salaries was the cheapest factor of production given that it was paid so irregularly though it went to twice monthly. As workers could not withdraw their money, remuneration was often in the following forms: Prices were price controlled. By remunerating in the product it basically allowed the employees to side sell for real value. Zimbabwe traditionally had a competitive advantage in its cost of labor. With “dollarisation” and higher cost of living this is slowly being eroded. For example, an average farm employee probably earned the equivalent of $20 but could buy a basket of goods currently worth $500. Now, the average farm worker earns $80 and that basket of goods is, as mentioned, $500, the basket being soap, meal, school fees, protein foods, etc. Prior to the acceptance of an employment offer, the prospective employee usually has the opportunity to negotiate the terms of the offer. This primarily focuses on salary, but extends to benefits, work arrangements, and other amenities as well. Negotiating salary can potentially lead the prospective employee to a higher salary. In fact, a 2009 study of employees indicated that those who negotiated salary saw an average increase of $4,913 from their original salary offer. In addition, the employer is able to feel more confident that they have hired an employee with strong interpersonal skills and the ability to deal with conflict. Negotiating salary will thus likely yield an overall positive outcome for both sides of the bargaining table. Perhaps the most important aspect of salary negotiation is the level of preparation put in by the prospective employee. Background research on comparable salaries will help the prospective employee understand the appropriate range for that position. Assessment of alternative offers that the prospective employee has already received can help in the negotiation process. Research on the actual company itself will help identify where concessions can be made by the company and what may potentially be considered off-limits. These items, and more, can be organized into a negotiations planning document that can be used in the evaluation of the offers received from the employer. The same 2009 study highlighted the personality differences and negotiation mind-sets that contributed to successful outcomes. Overall, individuals who are risk-averse (e.g., worried about appearing ungrateful for the job offer) tended to avoid salary negotiations or use very weak approaches to the negotiation process. On the contrary, those who were more risk-tolerant engaged in negotiations more frequently and demonstrated superior outcomes. Individuals who approached the negotiation as a distributive problem (i.e. viewing a higher salary as a win for him/her and a loss to the employer) ended up with an increased salary, but lower rate of satisfaction upon completion. Those who approached the negotiation as an integrative problem (i.e. viewing the negotiation process an opportunity to expand the realm of possibilities and help both parties achieve a “win” outcome) were able to both secure an increased salary and an outcome they were truly satisfied with. Salary disparities between men and women may partially be explained by differences in negotiation tactics used by men and women. Although men and women are equally likely to initiate in a salary negotiation with employers, men will achieve higher outcomes than women by about 2% of starting salary Studies have indicated that men tend to use active negotiation tactics of directly asking for a higher salary, while women tend to use more of an indirect approach by emphasizing self-promotion tactics (e.g. explaining the motivation to be a good employee). Other research indicates that early-childhood play patterns may influence the way men and women negotiate. Men and women tend to view salary differently in terms of relative importance. Overall level of confidence in a negotiation may also be a determinant of why men tend to achieve higher outcomes in salary negotiations. Finally, the awareness of this stereotype alone may directly cause women to achieve lower outcomes as one study indicates. Regardless of the cause, the outcome yields a disparity between men and women that contributes to the overall wage gap observed in many nations. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 239 provides for the right to fair labour practices in terms of article 23. article 9 of the Constitution makes provision for equality in the Bill of Rights, which an employee may raise in the event of an equal pay dispute. In terms of article 9(1) “everyone is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and benefit of the law’” Furthermore, “the state may not unfairly discriminate directly or indirectly against anyone on one or more grounds, including race, gender, sex, pregnancy, marital status, ethnic or social origin, colour, sexual orientation, age, disability, religion, conscience, belief, culture, language, and birth.” South African employees who were in paid employment had median monthly earnings of R2 800. The median monthly earnings for men (R3 033) were higher than that for women (R2 340) – women in paid employment earned 77,1% of what men did. Research done in 2011 showed that the “weight double standard” may be more complex than what past research has suggested. This is not only relevant to women, but also to men. The smallest income gap differences occur at thin weights (where men are penalized and women are rewarded) and the opposite happens at heavier weights, where the women are affected more negatively.

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Bridges: brilliant, aren’t they? But what do bridges actually do? A bridge is designed to enable things to cross from one place to another, or over an obstacle. But can bridges cross more than roads and rivers? Is a bridge more than just a structure? And who owns a bridge anyway – is it the architects; does it belong to the people who use it, or does the town that paid for it own it? About the workshop This workshop will invite discussion through creative games and practical challenges. We will encourage participants to consider the function of a bridge, the ways a bridge can look, the materials bridges can be constructed from, and the ways in which bridges can brilliantly navigate different kinds of structures or terrain. We'll think about different kinds of borders and barriers, whether physical, geographical, psychological, or cultural, and how we can use architecture to overcome these. We'll consider the social responsibility of the architect and how, or if, architecture can - or should - be used to separate or unite people. We'll learn about different types of bridges and consider their strength, location, and accessibility, while exploring creative ways to build bridges which forge stronger communities. The workshop will culminate in a practical design-and-build challenge to show off those bridge building skills. This creative architecture workshop is led by artist educator Zoe Allen for children aged 7 to 10 years.

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The Value of Education Americans in the 1940’s valued education in a different way than they do today. Americans of that era considered graduating from the eighth-grade the completion of public schooling for many. In her memoir “Graduation Day,” Maya Angelou describes the events and excitement leading up to and including her eighth-grade graduation ceremony. The events that take place at her graduation transform Angelou’s views of her education in a profound manner. The value Angelou places on her education increases throughout the events of her graduation. Angelou’s value of education strengthens when her community celebrates and encourages her scholastic accomplishments and her continuing education. Angelou’s value of education progresses from an already elevated level. The patrons of the family store display support for Angelou’s educational ventures by gifting money to her “… with the instruction ‘keep on moving to higher ground’” (Angelou, 2014, p. 183). The people of the store see the value in continuing Angelou’s education. The people want Angelo to achieve a better means of living than they themselves could afford; they know that her education would play a key role. This encouragement strengthens the value she places on education when she realizes the overwhelming support her community provides. Similarly, Angelou’s family bolsters the value she places on education. The growth comes when she receives “… a soft-leather-bound copy of a collection of poems by Edgar Click here to unlock this and over one million essaysGet Access Mrs. Cullinan's kitchen serves as Angelou's "finishing" school in that Angelou learns how to individualize her personal identity. When Angelou initially goes to Mrs. Cullinan's house, she is supposed to learn proper servant etiquette from Miss Glory, Mrs. Cullinan's current servant. This can be justified by how Angelou must learn to prepare tables, clean dishes, and shadow Miss Glory throughout the day. Angelou is an African American woman in a time shortly after the emancipation of the slaves. Thus, Angelou is still restricted by the racism of the time period’s culture, and as a result, is expected to continue in the life of serving “whitefolk”. Unlike Miss Glory, Angelou is not content with living the life of a servant, so instead of learning Throughout life we go through many stepping stones, Maya Angelou's autobiographical essay "Graduation", was about more than just moving on to another grade. The unexpected events that occurred during the ceremony enabled her to graduate from the views of a child to the more experienced and sometimes disenchanting views of an adult. Upon reading the story there is an initial feeling of excitement and hope which was quickly tarnished with the abrupt awareness of human prejudices. The author vividly illustrates a rainbow of significant mood changes she undergoes throughout the story. n American history, racial inequality has been a prevalent issue for many decades. Slavery is America's original sin. In the 1930s, racial inequality and segregation lived and breathed well. At this point in time, segregation in schools and other public places was still present. For preposterous reasons, white and black people had separate water fountains, restaurants, rest rooms, and areas on the bus. During this time full of racism and racial inequality, Maya Angelou was just a little girl growing up in St. Louis, Missouri. St. Louis is a town in the South, like many others, had inequalities at the time. In 1938 Maya Angelou was only ten years old. At this age, she worked for a lady named Mrs. Viola Cullinan. Maya Angelou wrote briefly about her time spent working for Mrs. Cullinan in her short story “Mary.” Maya Angelou's’ use of vivid, direct characterization and alternating childish voice to mature adult narrative diction filtered through her authentic first person point of view helps to prominently establish the theme of Angelou’s distaste for racial inequality throughout the short story. Throughout life we go through many stepping stones, Maya Angelou's autobiographical essay "Graduation", was about more than just moving on to another grade. The unexpected events that occurred during the ceremony enabled her to graduate from the views of a child to the more experienced and sometimes disenchanting views of an adult. Upon reading the story there is an initial feeling of excitement and hope which was quickly tarnished with the awareness of human prejudices. The author vividly illustrates many mood changes she undergoes throughout the story. Maya Angelou’s poetry occupies a very special position in her development as a writer (Chow 1). As a child, Angelou went through five years of complete silence after she was raped at the age of seven years old, by a man named, Mr. Freeman. As a result of telling about her traumatic experience, her uncle’s literally kicked the man that raped her to death. Beings she spoke of her traumatic experience and the result of the man dying, she then imagined that her voice had the potential to kill. Thanks to her teacher, Bertha Flowers, at school Angelou started writing poetry as a means of expression of her life events through her poetry (Chow 1). Poetry thus played an essential part in the recovery of her voice, which in Maya Angelou, named at birth, Marguerite Johnson was on April 4th, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her and her family moved from St. Louis to Stamps, Arkansas, where she was raised growing up. Maya Angelou was an American author, dancer, screenwriter, actress, poet and civil rights activist. Angelou gained a majority of her fame with the memoir she wrote in 1969, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. This memoir made literary history as being the first nonfiction best-seller by an African-American woman. Angelou received many awards and honors throughout her entire career. These awards included two NAACP Image Awards in the outstanding literary work (nonfiction) category, in 2005 and 2009. Angelou became one of the most legendary and influential Are encouraging words the uniting force when fighting injustice? In “Graduation Day,” Maya Angelou addresses how encouraging words affected the injustice she faced as a child. Angelou informs her audience about the influence encouraging words had on her and the people in her community. These uplifting words united her community in a time of overwhelming bias. Encouraging words unite oppressed people to fight injustice. The thoughts and/or opinions of others often have to be overlooked or else they’ll ruin every happy moment that is to come. In Maya Angelou's story, Graduation, she discusses her eighth-grade graduation. Maya describes how she feels after listening to someone else opinion on her and the rest of African Americans of her graduating class at that time. This person's opinion had a huge impact on Maya herself, and the crowd. No one ever wants to feel wretched on the most memorable day of their life but this is exactly what took place on the day of Maya’s graduation. “Graduation Day” illustrates Maya Angelou’s experience on her graduation day. All of Angelou’s feelings, reasoning, and thoughts of her graduation day are depicted between the pages of her short story. Her text covers multiple different aspects of a segregated community’s lifestyle and explains their decisions on coping with their limitations. The power of words impacts the community in several ways during Angelou’s story. Because words impact and shape people, they influence individuals into themselves. The rhetorical situation helps the audience understand all aspects of which the rhetor writes. When an audience understands the rhetorical situation, they are able to make a judgment on whether they believe the author to be credible or not, or their writing to be effective or not. Mary Crow Dog and Maya Angelou are both effective rhetors because their rhetorical situations work together to make their essays compelling. “Civilize Them with a Stick” by Mary Crow Dog and “Graduation” by Maya Angelou each introduce effective rhetorical situations as they establish their individual identity through their educational experiences. Racial segregation was very dominant in the United States in the mid nineteen hundreds. This is the time that Maya Angelou was graduating from the eighth grade in Stamps Arkansas. The theme of racial segregation is well shown by the how different the schools of the African-Americans was compared to that of whites in the essay “Graduation” by Maya Angelou. In the essay the Angelou points out that Lafayette County Training School didn’t have a lawn, hedges, tennis court, climbing ivy as well as a fence the thing the white high school had. In every stage of life, graduation marks the advancement to the next different phase of life and is usually acknowledged by some ceremonies relating to the growth Maya Angelou was born April 4, 1928. Her real name is Marguerite Johnson, but she later changed it to Maya. She was born in St. Louis, shortly after her birth her family up and move to Arkansaw. Maya grew up there in the rural parts of Arkansaw, and later married to a South African Freedom Fighter. She lived in Cairo with him, there she began her career as editor of the Arab Observer. In 1940, the United States approached the eightieth-year anniversary of the abolition of slavery; however, the social oppression of African American citizens steadily increased. Despite being free for decades, they were still leagues below the white people who owned their ancestors. African American author Maya Angelou recollects on her experience of graduation from the eighth grade in her 1940 piece “Graduation Day.” The narrative not only highlights the importance of the narrator's graduation, but also the expectations of Angelou’s community due to their persecution and separation. Perseverance through separation and persecution forges dignity in an individual. Dr. Maya Angelou was born Marguerite Johnson on April 4, 1928, in St. Louis, Missouri. Her father, Baily Johnson, was a doorman, and, later a dietician for the navy. Her mother, Vivian Johnson, was a registered nurse. When Angelou was three years old, her parents were divorced. They sent her and her four-year-old brother, Baily, Jr., to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson, in Stamps, Arkansas. Henderson ran a small general store and managed to scrape by. She continued to do so after her grandchildren joined her. Angelou's grandmother was one the many strong who trained her, helped her, and provided her with role models. The people of her church also nurtured her and gave her a sense of belonging to a community. But her Hillary R. Clinton once said that “There cannot be true democracy unless Women’s voices are heard” (conference in Vienna, Austria 1997). That very brilliant quote relates to a very strong woman by the name of Maya Angelou. Angelou is “America’s most visible black female autobiographer and speakers” (scholar Joanne M. Braxton). She is known for her speeches, poems, and books, but what stood out to me the most was her 1993 inauguration speech when Bill Clinton was sworn into the White House. Ironically, in her poem “On the Pulse of Morning” Maya Angelou uses clear rhetoric, prehistoric metaphoric images, and inspirational concepts to alert her audience to treat the world differently.

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African Cichlids (Haplochromis burtoni) African cichlids (pronounced sick-lids), come from three lakes in Africa: Lake Malawi, Lake Tanginika, and Lake Victoria. They are part of a large family of freshwater fish. These creatures can easily adapt to new environments and geographic locations. Today, they are a common prized possession in many aquariums and adored for their coloration. They are amongst the most diverse and specialized group of fish in the world. There are estimates of about 1300 or more species of this kind of fish, with a staggering number of color and size combinations. In fact, no other group of freshwater fish are more colorful than African cichlids. Their beautiful colors and patterns represent more than just beauty. Cichlids often express timidity and dominance through their coloration: a pale fish could be a stressed or submissive fish, and a bright fish is usually an aggressive or dominant fish. Sometimes when a male loses his territory, he also loses his bright coloring. African cichlids are highly predatory and extremely territorial. They will often live together in groups or schools of like species. In fact, they are often found in large “crowded†groups of up to 10-18 fish per square meter. Mature cichlids guard their territory and they are not hospitable and may even behave aggressively to other fish, including cichlids of different species. Female cichlids carry her eggs and young in their mouths. Once the eggs have been fertilized, the female will pick them up, and incubate them in her mouth for a period of 3 weeks to 31 days, depending upon the species. Even after the young have been released, the mother will frequently take them back up into her mouth when they are threatened. Information courtesy of Africancichlids.org Photo courtesy of 21food.com

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The lymphatic system is a part of the circulatory system and plays an important role in immunity. It also works to collect fluid from the tissue spaces and transport it for eventual return to the circulatory (blood) system. If the transport function of the lymphatic system is reduced, then swelling may occur in that region of the body. This specific type of swelling is known as lymphedema. Lymphedema is a condition that results from damage or impairment of the lymphatic system. People who have or have had cancer may be at risk for developing lymphedema1 because some of the treatments for cancer or cancer itself may impair the lymphatic system. For example, surgeries where they remove lymph nodes (lymph node dissections or sentinel node biopsies)1, radiation therapy2, and some tumours may lead to a reduction in the carrying or transport capacity of the lymphatic system.3 Lymphedema typically does not cause generalized swelling but rather shows up only in the region that may have been damaged. For example, somebody who had an axillary lymph node dissection for treatment of breast cancer may go on to develop lymphedema in the affected arm, hand or on the lateral trunk.4 5 Typically we think of lymphedema affecting a limb—an arm or leg—but depending on where the lymphatic damage occurs, it can produce facial, genital, or trunk swelling. In addition to visible swelling, many patients also report other symptoms of lymphedema including a feeling of heaviness, pain, tightness, aching and impaired function of the involved limb.6 Lymphedema may restrict the function of an arm or leg, cause discomfort and affect the appearance of your limbs. Your ability to perform your work duties may be impacted. For lymphedema in your arms, repeated lifting with a heavy limb may be difficult. Lifting items above your head may also pose a challenge. You may also experience reduced range of motion in your affected arm. For lymphedema in your legs, it may be harder to sit or stand for prolonged periods of time. If you consider needing temporary adjustment in your work role, you might need to educate your employer about lymphedema as many have never heard about this condition as a possible complication to cancer treatment. What you can do Treatment for lymphedema may include some or all of the following therapies: manual lymph drainage, compression therapy, skin care and exercise. Depending on the amount of swelling, people with lymphedema will need to wear a compression garment over the affected area. Speak to your healthcare team for more information about how you can best manage your lymphedema. For people who have lymphedema or are at risk for developing lymphedema, there are some risk reduction practices that you should be aware of: - Strive to obtain an optimal body weight. Obesity is a significant risk factor for lymphedema. - Take good care of your skin to reduce your risk of infection. - Lead an active lifestyle—gradual, paced exercise is good for you. Injuries and inflammation due to overuse should be avoided. - If you wear a compression garment, ensure that it is well fitted. Some tips for you to reduce your risk of lymphedema: - Exercise regularly. - Avoid constricting clothing. - Avoid injury to the skin of the affected area. - Avoid carrying a purse or heavy object on the affected side. - Keep the skin clean and report any redness, warmth, pain or increased swelling. Here are some resources on lymphedema: - Lymphedema Association of Ontario - Lymphedema: A Late Effect of Some Cancer Treatments (PDF; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network) - Watch a lunch and learn session about lymphedema from the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network - Lymphedema and Your Job (breastcancer.org) - Healthy Habits for Patients at Risk for Lymphedema (PDF; National Lymphedema Network) - Position Paper: Summary Of Lymphedema Risk Reduction Practices – Summary (National Lymphedema Network) - Other organizations for lymphedema include: Many cancer centres across Canada provide some form of management for lymphedema—access the cancer centre nearest you and inquire about services. Lymphedema treatment may be offered through physiotherapy, occupational therapy, or by registered massage therapists or nurses. An example of a cancer centre offering lymphedema care is the “McGill Lymphedema Research Program.” Modify your work tasks and how you work: - Wear a compression garment as it may help manage your swelling and offer a measure of protection for your skin. - Avoid risky work tasks that could cause trauma to your skin. Request alternative duties to work tasks that involve the use of sharp objects or tools, or extreme temperatures (boiling water, freezers). - Wear protective gloves for tasks that could place you at risk of breaking your skin. - If you are uncomfortable due to a swollen, heavy limb: - Reduce repetitive physical exertion. - Do tasks that are less physically demanding. - Use electric tools to replace manual effort. - Reduce repetitive tasks; vary these tasks with other duties. - Ensure that frequently used materials are within your reach. - Move heavy objects to waist height; slide them on a counter instead of picking them up if possible. - Negotiate tasks that involve heavy lifting. - Sit down when you’re able to if you work in a standing position. Use a stand-lean chair if possible; if not, keep a rest chair nearby. - Pace yourself. Work at a speed that is comfortable for you. Break up heavy and light tasks throughout the day. Complete heavy or the most important tasks when you have the most energy. Modify your work environment: - Locate and ensure that a first aid kit is easily accessible from your workstation, complete with antiseptic to decrease risk of infection if your skin is broken. - Elevate swollen limbs when possible. Consider positional supports for a heavy limb, for example, pillows or Aussie bags and adjusting the height of your chair’s armrests. For legs, consider a desk set-up where you may be able to elevate your foot/ankle. - Avoid extreme heat or cold; optimize air quality. Other general tips: - Gradually build up your strength and activity tolerance with a graduated exercise program (see your healthcare provider for guidance). - If your affected limb(s) does not fit into your work uniform, discuss alternative clothing with your manager. - Regular movement is important to encourage lymphatic flow. Take two minutes to stretch every hour. - For jobs that involve computer use and typing, consider using speech recognition software, alternatives to mice and/or switches accessed by other body parts as options for swollen hands. - Experiment with “building up” handles of tools with foam pipe insulation to increase the handle’s diameter, requiring less grip strength to hold on to. - Consult with your local occupational or physical therapist for mobility aid options.

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What is forward bias in PN junction? Overview. Forward bias occurs when a voltage is applied across the solar cell such that the electric field formed by the P-N junction is decreased. It eases carrier diffusion across the depletion region, and leads to increased diffusion current. What is forward biasing of diode? In a standard diode, forward biasing occurs when the voltage across a diode permits the natural flow of current, whereas reverse biasing denotes a voltage across the diode in the opposite direction. However, the voltage present across a diode during reverse biasing does not produce any significant flow of current. What are the characteristics of PN junction diode in forward bias? Forward Bias – The voltage potential is connected positive, (+ve) to the P-type material and negative, (-ve) to the N-type material across the diode which has the effect of Decreasing the PN junction diodes width. What is forward bias? Biasing is such an arrangement made in the PN junction device so that the device allows the flow of larger current in one direction. The device is said to be forward biased if the anode is connected to the positive end and cathode is connected to the negative end of the battery. How is forward bias connected to pn junction diode? Forward biasing a pn junction diode is very simple. You just need to take a battery whose values can be varied from (o to V volts), connect its positive terminal to the p-side of pn junction diode and then connect the negative terminal of battery to the n-side of the pn junction diode. What is forward bias characteristics? Inside the junction diode, current flow is by both majority carriers; but in an external circuit, current flow is by electrons only. Current flow in forward bias of the order of flow mA. If the applied voltage is increased temperature also increases. What is a forward biased? When a diode is forward biased the current is produced by? 1 Answer. Explanation: When PN junction diode is in forward biased condition then the flow of current is mainly due to diffusion of electrons. How does forward bias work? Forward bias or biasing is where the external voltage is delivered across the P-N junction diode. In a forward bias setup, the P-side of the diode is attached to the positive terminal and N-side is fixed to the negative side of the battery. Here, the applied voltage is opposite to the junction barrier potential. What is forward biasing in semiconductor? When we apply the external voltage across the semiconductor diode in such a way that the p-side is connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the n-side is connected to the negative terminal, then the semiconductor diode is said to be forward-biased. What is meant by forward biased diode? Forward Biasing of p-n Junction Diode A p-n junction is said to be forward biased when the external d.c voltage applied in such a direction that it cancels the potential barrier, hence, permitting the current flow. What is reverse biasing of p-n junction diode? Reverse Biasing of p-n Junction Diode. A pn junction is said to be reverse biased when the external d.c voltage applied to the junction is in such a direction that it increases the potential barrier . What is a forward biased p-n junction? The Forward-Biased p-nJunction If a positive voltage is applied to the p-electrode relative to the n-electrode, the total variation of the electric potential across the junction will decrease. (from Kittel) What are the applications of p n junction diode? o Thus the P N junction diode allows the electrons flow only when P is positive , o This property is used for the conversion of AC into DC , Which is called rectification. APPLICATIONS- as rectifiers to convert AC into DC. o As an switch in computer circuits. o As detectors in radios to detect audio signals o As LED to emit different colours.

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Andrew Carnegie’s name, synonymous with American industrial might, philanthropic giving, and generosity, is among the most influential figures of history. The story of his life, from child immigrant to steel tycoon, to the world’s most philanthropist, gives an interesting insight into the complexities and complexities of ambition, wealth, and the search for an enduring legacy. Who is Andrew Carnegie? And what lasting legacy did he leave behind on the globe? Steel Empire: From humble Beginnings to a rise to an Industrial Powerhouse Carnegie was born on Dunfermline Island in Scotland in 1835. His early years were marked by the poverty of his childhood. In 1835, Carnegie emigrated to America at the age of 13. In various factories he experienced firsthand how brutal the Industrial Revolution was. Carnegie’s ambition and sharp business sense pushed Carnegie forward. He quickly climbed up the ranks. Carnegie created an unrivaled steel empire through a number of strategic mergers. The Carnegie Steel Company revolutionized industry by innovating new technology and mass-production techniques. The Captain of Industry was a name earned by him for his brutal productivity and fierce competitive spirit. His methods, however were often criticised because they treated workers harshly. Beyond Steel – A Vision for Philanthropy & Social Reform The final years of Carnegie’s life were marked by a shift in perception that was quite remarkable despite all the controversy surrounding his business. Carnegie amassed a wealth that was estimated to be over 475 million dollars (in today’s dollars) but Carnegie devoted his final years to charity. Inspired by the concepts of social Darwinism as well as the “Gospel of Wealth,” Carnegie believed that the wealthy had a moral obligation to use their wealth to benefit society. His charitable efforts were extensive and diverse. He created more than 2,500 libraries across the United States. He also supported educational institutions such as Carnegie Mellon University. He was also a vocal advocate for peace, world unity, and labor reform, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural and social environment of his time. A Legacy Of Contradictions: The Man and the Myth Andrew Carnegie continues to be a controversial character. He was a brutal and generous businessman, who made his fortune from the backs workers. He supported the free market capitalism but also advocated for social reforms as well as workers’ rights. This duality fuels current debates on his personality and his impact on the world. Beyond the numbers: A legacy that continues to inspire Despite the contradictions, Carnegie’s legacy transcends the mere number. He remains an example of ambitions and innovations as well as the transformative force of philanthropy. His contributions to education, science and libraries continue to influence the world in which we live today. His story is a powerful reminder that money and power can be used for the greater good. Final Conclusion The Steel Titan And the Generous Heart Andrew Carnegie is a living example of both the capacity of human beings to achieve goals and compassion. From an immigrant kid to a steel magnate, he absorbed valuable lessons in leadership, innovation and the ethical use of wealth. Whatever the case, whether his work is celebrated or criticized, his influence in the world is indisputable. Andrew Carnegie’s legacy will serve as a reminder for us as we continue to take on the issues of the 21st century that success can be earned through unwavering commitment to create better and more beautiful..

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Lesser Known Presidents Lesser-known presidents are those who have not made a significant mark on history or popular culture. These include William Henry Harrison, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson and Chester Arthur. All of these men served as president during the 19th century but none were considered particularly successful or memorable. For example, Harrison only served for one month before dying from pneumonia while Arthur was known primarily for his advocacy of civil service reform. While they may not have been influential in their time, they all played an important role in shaping American history. Many Americans are aware of the most prominent US Presidents, such as Washington, Lincoln, and Roosevelt. However, there have been many lesser known presidents throughout our nation’s history who have made significant contributions to American society. These men often get overlooked in the conversation surrounding presidential legacies due to their lack of notoriety or fame. Despite this fact, these unsung heroes still played an important role in shaping our country and deserve recognition for their accomplishments. Who is the Least Remembered President? The least remembered President of the United States is likely to be Millard Fillmore, who was the 13th President and served from 1850-1853. His lack of public recognition is mainly attributed to his short tenure in office, as he had assumed the presidency after Zachary Taylor died suddenly only 16 months into his term. During this time, Fillmore faced a divided nation due to sectional tensions over slavery. He attempted to balance these disagreements by supporting both sides in order for America to remain united; however, this ultimately resulted in neither side being satisfied with his decisions. As such, Fillmore’s legacy has been largely forgotten throughout history and today he remains one of the least remembered Presidents. Who were the Forgotten Presidents? Many people are familiar with the more prominent presidents in American history, such as George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. However, there are several other presidents who often get overlooked or forgotten. These “forgotten” presidents include John Quincy Adams, Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, James Buchanan, Andrew Johnson and Benjamin Harrison. While each of these men served their terms in office with varying levels of success, they all played an important role in shaping the course of American history – though it may not be remembered as much today. Who was America’S Forgotten President? America’s forgotten President is John Tyler, who served from 1841 to 1845. He was the 10th President of the United States and assumed office after William Henry Harrison died in office only a month into his presidency. During his four-year term, Tyler generally supported states’ rights and opposed federal government intervention in matters deemed by him as belonging to the individual states. He vetoed bills passed by Congress that he believed exceeded its constitutional authority, including an attempt to reestablish a national bank. Tyler also actively worked for peace between Britain and America during the Canadian border dispute known as The Aroostook War. After leaving office, Tyler retired from politics completely and lived out the remainder of his life at home with his family until he died in 1862 at age 71. Who are the Most Remembered Presidents? The most remembered presidents in US history are undoubtedly George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Each of these presidents left an indelible mark on the country’s political landscape by introducing sweeping reforms that shaped the nation for decades to come. George Washington was the first president of the United States, and his legacy as a founding father remains strong today with monuments, statues and landmarks dedicated to him throughout the country. Thomas Jefferson was instrumental in both establishing America’s independence and formulating its identity through his authorship of the Declaration of Independence; he is also well-known for his advocacy for civil liberties such as religious freedom and free speech. Abraham Lincoln is widely regarded as one of America’s greatest presidents due to his leadership during the American Civil War which eventually led to slavery being abolished in 1863. Lastly, Franklin D. Roosevelt is remembered fondly across generations for leading America out of economic depression with major government reform programs like The New Deal while simultaneously leading it into World War II against Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. President Who Did the Least The debate over which president has done the least for the United States is an ongoing one and largely subjective. Many historians point to James Buchanan as the commander-in-chief who did the least during his time in office, from 1857 to 1861. His lack of leadership on a number of issues – including slavery and secession – are often cited as reasons why he was so ineffective. However, other presidents such as William Henry Harrison, Franklin Pierce, Andrew Johnson or Warren G. Harding have also been criticized by some people for their lack of accomplishments while in office. Ultimately, it is up to each individual person to determine which president they believe did the least during their tenure in office. Forgotten Presidents of the Gilded Age The Gilded Age, which spanned the late 19th century, was an important period in American history. During this time, a number of influential presidents held office including Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes and James Garfield to name a few. However, there were also some lesser-known figures who served during this era such as Chester A Arthur and Benjamin Harrison whose contributions are often forgotten today. These men both had significant impacts on policy decisions of the day but have been overshadowed by their more famous counterparts over time. List of Presidents The United States has had 45 Presidents since its founding in 1776. The first President was George Washington, who served from 1789-1797. He has been followed by John Adams (1797-1801), Thomas Jefferson (1801-1809), James Madison (1809-1817), and so on up to the current President, Joe Biden, who took office in 2021. Most Known Presidents The most well-known Presidents in the United States are likely George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. George Washington was the first President of the United States and is known as “the father of our country.” Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence and served as President from 1801 to 1809. Abraham Lincoln was President during the Civil War and is remembered for his Emancipation Proclamation that declared freedom for all slaves in 1863. Franklin D. Roosevelt served four terms from 1933 to 1945 and is credited with leading America out of The Great Depression through his New Deal policies. List of U.S. Presidents The list of U.S. Presidents includes 45 individuals who have served in the office since 1789, when George Washington was elected as the first President of the United States. Each president has had their own unique impact on history and politics, from Thomas Jefferson’s purchase of Louisiana to Abraham Lincoln’s signing of the Emancipation Proclamation. Today, Joe Biden is serving as our 46th President and Kamala Harris is our Vice President-elect – making her America’s first female VP! Harrison President is an award-winning podcast production company based in Los Angeles, California. Founded by Emmy-nominated producer and director Harrison Jacobs, the company produces high quality audio content for major networks like ESPN, HBO, CBS News, Audible and Apple Podcasts. With original series such as The Moment with Brian Koppelman and The Pitch with Alex Blumberg, they have created some of the most popular podcasts on the market today. Their mission is to create compelling stories that move people to action through the power of sound. Forgotten Presidents of the Philippines The Philippines has had a total of 15 presidents since its independence in 1946, but many people are unaware that there were two additional presidents who served during the Japanese occupation from 1942-1945. Manuel L. Quezon and Jose P Laurel both assumed office during this period, though their presidencies were never officially recognized by the United States government. Despite being forgotten today, these two leaders played an important role in Philippine history and helped shape the nation’s identity even before its official independence. Forgettable Presidents Apush Throughout history, there have been a number of presidents who have not made much of an impact on the American people or our country’s political landscape. These “forgettable” presidents may lack any major policy achievements, but they are still important in understanding the history and development of the United States. It is through these seemingly forgettable figures that Americans can learn about how our government works and what it takes to be successful in politics. Understanding these forgotten individuals is essential for those studying AP US History as they provide important context into how our nation has grown over time.

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Like other countries, the United States is rich with its own culture and symbols that represent national values. Open the door to learning about our culture and history; use this USA national symbols worksheet to expose your child to our unique culture and history! This worksheet is great to help your child: • Understand the concept of symbolism • Recognize symbols important to the US • Use problem solving to differentiate symbols of other countries Learning about culture and history is important for kids to build a sense of identity while relating to others. Get your child started with this interesting US symbolism worksheet! Try Kids Academy for FREE!

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Our balanced music curriculum at Manor Park Primary School enables the children to develop their musical creativity through practical and exploratory opportunities to develop as performers, song makers, composers, improvisers and listeners. Through deliberate practice, children become fluent in their knowledge of music. As they move through school, the children also develop an increasing understanding of the history of music, learning about music across a range of historical periods, genres, styles and traditions, including the works of the great composers and musicians. Music promotes diversity and be used to express the children’s personal, emotional, social and cultural identity. Children not only learn about music but they will develop a love of music, becoming musicians who are able to share and perform using their new knowledge. To implement this, we provide a balanced curriculum that is sequenced appropriately in order to develop the skills required to develop their ability to understand and participate in music. The interrelated dimensions of music weave through musical units to encourage the development of musical skills as the learning progresses through listening and appraising, differing musical activities and performing. Music is taught weekly, so that children achieve depth in the learning. We use the National Curriculum objectives as a start for our planning in music. The web based primary music scheme Charanga, is used throughout the school as a basis for music teaching. It provides coverage of all the National Curriculum objectives and ensures progression in key skills. In this way, children are increasingly challenged as they move through school. This offers a variety of approaches, including topic-based work, instrument tuition and skills based work. We will encourage close links with our local community and sometimes further afield.

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In the construction industry, the production of waste is inevitable. Being an industrial sector that heavily contributes to climate change, there is a lot of pressure on businesses within the industry to do their best to change this and act more sustainably wherever possible. In doing so, one of the first areas of business that should be tackled is waste disposal. Currently, construction waste accounts for 32% of all waste that’s sent to landfill. As you can imagine, this has numerous negative impacts on the environment. In this article, we’ll discuss these effects in more detail, as well as the ways in which the construction industry can operate their waste management more sustainably. What Does Poor Construction Waste Clearance Look Like? Poor waste clearance refers to the improper collection and disposal of construction waste. This predominantly includes sending waste to landfill. Modern landfill sites typically consist of manmade holes in the ground, known as cells, which are lined with a plastic lining to separate the waste it will collect from the surrounding environment; this cell is then filled with waste that will be compacted to make room for more and create a level surface, before being covered in soil once the cell is full. Whilst sending large amounts of waste to landfill is seen to be irresponsible, the main irresponsibility in this is to not segregate waste beforehand. Sending waste to landfill isn’t always avoidable, however the amount and type of waste that is sent there can at the very least be reduced. Certain construction materials, such as glass, metal, wood and concrete, can be reused or recycled, meaning there are more sustainable ways to dispose of them than sending them to landfill. Not taking the time and effort to segregate waste before disposal, then, is considered poor practice. Similarly, when collecting waste before disposal, it’s important that certain types of waste are not mixed. For example, you cannot mix general inert waste with hazardous waste - doing so would contaminate it and mean it could not be recycled. This is why it’s considered improper to mix all types of construction waste together. The Negative Environmental Effects All of these examples of poor waste removal methods are considered poor for one reason in particular - they harm the environment in a number of ways. We’ve listed below some of the prominent impacts that they have. Increased Greenhouse Gases High levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is the leading contribution to global warming and climate change. As for one of the leading contributors to the levels of greenhouse gases? Improper waste disposal. Especially from landfill. Waste at landfill can take years to decompose - especially inert, manmade materials, such as plastic. As this waste decomposes, it produces a number of greenhouse gases, namely carbon dioxide and methane. It’s not only landfill sites that generate these gases, but incineration, also - as is the common way to dispose of hazardous waste - which results in the production of carbon dioxide. The issue with these harmful gases is that they absorb the heat from the sun, thus trapping it in the atmosphere rather than allowing it to escape to space. These gases then act as a blanket around the earth, with the more of these gases being generated then the more heat that can be absorbed, and the more heat that is absorbed then the hotter the earth’s atmosphere becomes - resulting in global warming. This has numerous knock-on effects that are not only harmful to the environment, but to our health. These effects include: ● Rising global temperatures ● More severe and frequent storms ● Increased drought ● A warming, rising ocean ● Less food resources ● More health risks (e.g. expanding diseases) ● Increased poverty and displacement (especially due to weather-related disasters) Contaminated Soil & Waterways If inert and hazardous waste isn’t disposed of responsibly, then the toxins it produces as it decomposes can leach into the surrounding soil and local waterway systems and contaminate them. This can severely impact and damage local ecosystems, harming the health of various plant and wildlife species and resulting in dwindling biodiversity. Damage to fertile soil and drinking sources means these toxins can also have an impact on human health, reducing the number of viable crops that people rely on for food and increasing the chances of people contracting diseases and/or developing health-related issues. Depletion of Natural Resources By disposing of waste improperly rather than making the effort to adopt more sustainable practices, there ends up being more reliance on natural resources than there needs to be. Instead, when construction companies choose to recycle and reuse waste material where possible, it gets a second life that can be used in various applications. By encouraging the production and use of recycled materials, then there will be less need to instead take from natural resources, which are already heavily depleted. Furthermore, the process of extracting said materials uses a lot of energy and produces high amounts of carbon dioxide, further contributing to global warming and affecting the rate of climate change. How to Combat these Negative Effects Whilst it’s clear that poor waste management and removal severely impacts the environment in a negative way, there are ways in which construction waste can be disposed of more sustainably in order to combat these effects, which can subsequently help the industry as a whole to reduce its environmental impact. We’ve listed some of these below. Sustainable Landfill Sites Whilst landfill is seen to be the enemy when it comes to waste disposal, modern knowledge and technology means there are actually ways in which we can create landfill sites that operate more sustainably. For example, rather than allowing the greenhouse gases these sites produce to be released into the atmosphere, they can instead be harnessed and converted into energy. Not only does this reduce levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, but they act as a renewable energy source rather than being the byproduct of a non-renewable fuel source. Most modern landfill sites are also designed to offer better containment, which reduces the chances of harmful toxins leaching into the surrounding soil. As we’ve mentioned, it’s important to segregate any waste before its disposal. By sorting through construction waste materials and separating inert materials from recyclable ones, the recyclable materials can then be disposed of more responsibly. Not only does this responsibly dispose of as much waste as possible, it simultaneously reduces the amount of waste that goes to landfill or incineration - another form of waste disposal that produces high levels of carbon dioxide as a byproduct. Reusing & Recycling Materials Recycling as a form of waste management is much more eco-friendly than landfill sites or incineration, and gives materials a second life-cycle. Similarly, there are certain materials that can’t be recycled, but can easily be repurposed and reused - for example, concrete can be broken down into chips and used as aggregates. Reusing materials internally within your business not only reduces your impact on the environment, but can also save you money from reducing your need to invest in raw materials. Recycled Building Materials & Responsible Waste Management Services When disposing of waste in the construction industry, by law your waste must be disposed of by a licensed contractor. If you’re in need of responsible construction waste disposal services in the South-East, then entrust our help here at Mark Luck Ltd. We offer a complete waste away and waste disposal service, with a wide range of options designed to suit every requirement no matter how large or small your site is. Whether you require grab bags, grab hire, a tipper truck or something larger, our waste disposal options can be tailored to meet the needs of your site. We understand the importance of maintaining the environment, which is why we are committed to disposing of any waste we collect as responsibly as possible, and why we are transparent with customers about our policies. Alongside our waste disposal services, we are also suppliers of quality recycled building materials and aggregates. For more information on the services we offer to arrange for your free, no obligation quote, then don’t hesitate to get in touch with us today.

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9.3 Universal Principles reveal the MEANING OF LIFE (will be published later) 9.4 By SURe: We have no FREE WILL (will be published later) 9.1 Made by Mankind: NATURAL CONSTANTS Physicists defined physical constants to describe correlations of observed interactions. Nearly all interactions in universe are interactions of neutrinos. Examples are speed of light and all interactions concerning forces. Interaction with neutrinos depend on concentration of neutrinos. Concentrations of neutrinos have strong local differences and in most cases also periodic variations by time. Therefore the defined constants are not constant and not universal. Measurement of speed of light showed never reproducible results. The constant has been defined to be constant. Most defined physical constants are artificial mathematical normalization factors like the Planck constant for normalization of energy. The only known universal constant is the total intrinsic energy of matter in universe, which is zero. Other universal but unknown constants are size of a FP, spin energy of a FP, spin velocity of a FP and total number of FPs. Values of these properties can be varied in wide ranges without relevant affect to universe. Therefore for computer simulations of the universe the universal constants can be normalized to 1. All other currently defined “natural” constants are no universal constants and mostly no natural constants. 9.2 Absolute correct: TIME and SPACE All observations in universe verify that time and space intervals are absolute and not relative or variable. Descriptions of physical observations mostly uses time intervals and space intervals like length, area and volume. If these would not be absolute there would be nearly not any valid formula for physical correlations.

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The gains made during the Second World War proved transitory as women were demobilised from ‘men’s work’ to make way for the returning servicemen, as had happened following the First World War. However, unlike the 1920s, the late 1940s and 50s were periods of sustained economic growth. The post-war reconstruction effort made the need for an expanded labour force urgent. In the late 1940s, the government launched campaigns to encourage women to enter or stay in the labour market, and encouraged the migration of workers from (former) British colonies to fill the labour shortages. The welfare state created many job opportunities in what was seen as ‘women’s work’. Jobs were available in the the newly created National Health Service for nurses, midwives, cleaners and clerical staff. Banking, textile and light industries such as electronics also expanded during this period and provided women with opportunities in clerical, secretarial and assembly work. Jobs were still strictly segregated by gender and routine repetitive work was categorised as women’s work for women’s (lower) wages. The proportion of women in the labour force as a percentage of women of working age (15-64) increased from 45.9% in 1955 to 51% in 1965. Despite this increase in the rate of women’s employment, women were still considered to be 'secondary workers'. Women's wages were not considered central to families’ income, instead it was thought that women's wages were for ‘extras’ such as holidays or new consumer durables. Mothers of young children were once again discouraged from working and most of the state funded nurseries set up during the WWII were closed by the post-war Labour government. Welfare payments for families were based on the assumption that a man’s income supported his wife and children who were his dependants (the ‘family wage’). The benefit rates for married women were set at a lower level than those for married men. In the early 50s, many employers still operated a ‘Marriage bar’, whereby married women were barred from certain occupations like teaching and clerical jobs (but not lower paid jobs) and those working were sacked upon marriage. But throughout the 1950s and 60s it became more common for married women to work for wages - at least part-time. By the 1960, 38% of married women worked but women were routinely sacked when they got pregnant and continued to be paid less than men even if they did the same jobs. The struggle for equal pay Women workers continued to campaign for equal pay through the 1950s. Women teachers and some civil servants were the first to win equal pay in 1961 and 62 respectively. However, these early victories only applied where women and men were employed in exactly the same jobs. However, most women workers in the public sector had jobs which were gender segregated and where no men were employed in roles such as secretaries, cleaners and typists. Women in these workplaces remained excluded from any of the ongoing debates about equal pay, as did women who worked in the private sector. Women’s trade union membership increased through the 1950s and the 60s. In 1946, some 1.6 million women workers were unionised (24% of all women workers) and by 1969 this had risen to 2.5 million (29% of all women workers) (Undy, 2012). However, during this period trade unions continued to be led by white men who did not always prioritise the demands of their women and non-white members. 1968 was a significant year in the struggle for equal pay. Women sewing machinists who sewed car seat covers at the Ford car factory in Dagenham went on strike. They were angry because their jobs had been re-graded as unskilled, which resulted in them being paid 13% less than the male assembly workers. The women argued that their job required the same level of skill as the men’s jobs. The strikers had to overcome the initial reluctance of male workers and the trade union to support their cause. Eventually, the women accepted an increase which took their pay to 92% of the men’s pay. This was followed by other strikes over equal pay across the country and to renewed trade union support and campaigning on this issue. These campaigns led to the passage of the Equal Pay Act (1970), which applied to the public and private sectors where men and women were engaged in the same or broadly similar work. Migrant workers in the UK labour market: 1946-1970 From the 1950s onwards, due to the labour shortages following WWII, the UK government encouraged the immigration of migrant workers to rebuild Britain and service the newly created NHS. While more men than women migrated in the earlier years, from the late 1960s, there were significant numbers of women who migrated to join their families settled in the UK. Many of these women worked in the health service but, like women from all ethnic backgrounds, were more likely than men to be engaged in repetitive jobs which were poorly paid and had little prospect of promotion. Even where migrant women were educated in English and held professional qualifications, they found that only low-paid, unskilled jobs were open to them. In those days, there were occasions when trade unions colluded with the management to maintain differential wages between men and women, and between white and non-white workers. In 1963, Bristol Omnibus Company, supported by the local Transport and General Workers Union (TGWU) branch, refused to employ black or Asian bus crews. At this, the local black communities boycotted bus services for four months until the company backed down and overturned the ‘colour bar’. Similarly, a strike by black workers took place at Courtauld's Red Scar Mill, Preston, when the management forced Asian workers to work more machines for less pay, with the collusion of white workers and their union. Such attitudes by trade unions of the day meant that migrant women workers were disadvantaged in the labour market both because they were women and also because they were immigrants.

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This half term, we will be exploring the question, 'Could we survive in the stone age?', focusing on Stone Age life, developments and historical understanding. To help us do this, we will be answering a mini-question each week: KQ 1: What was the Stone Age? KQ 2: How can artefacts help us learn about the past? KQ 3: How did the Stone Age people thrive? KQ 4: How can historical sources to help us learn about black history during the Stone Age? KQ 5: How did the Stone Age change Britain? KQ 6: Where did the Stone Age people settle in the UK? As part of our learning, in History we will be exploring the chronology of the Stone Age and how this impacted the Iron Age and Bronze Age. We will be developing our historical analysis skills by investigating the reliability of historical sources, as well as learning how archaeology can help us learn about the past. In Science, we will be focusing on our 'Rocks and Soils' topic, where we will look at how rocks, soil and fossils are formed. Here is the topic plan and sticky knowledge organisers that we will be using. The sticky knowledge organisers contain all of the key learning information that the children will gain over the course of this topic.

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Scientists have found clues about a mysterious and dangerous planet sitting on the edge of our solar system and they suggest that it is responsible for periodic extinctions on earth. The planet has been linked to an unknown Planet 9. According to the scientists, this planet might trigger the comet showers directed towards the earth in the inner solar system every 27 million years. Once they smash into the earth, they could reduce the sunlight from reaching us, thus, triggering mass extinction events. According to researchers, Planet 9 is about 10 times the size of the earth and nearly 1,000 times further from the sun than we are. Scientists proposed that Planet 9 moves around the solar system, and passes through Kuiper Belt– an area in the outer solar system consisting of icy objects in every 27 million years from where it knocks down the comets into the inner solar system.

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Sep 6, 2023 Soil Physical Properties and Soil Health Arizona consistently produces the highest yields and quality of crops found anywhere. This is due to the skill and expertise of Arizona farmers and the management of the valuable natural resources that we depend on, which includes the soil, water, and climate we have in this region. Soil serves as the foundation of the agricultural systems that we all depend on. In agriculture, we recognize that healthy soil translates to healthy crops and farms (Brady and Weil, 2008 and Parikh and James, 2012). There are three primary aspects of soil systems that are important in healthy soil function that include physical, chemical, and biological factors (Figure 1). These three aspects are of soil systems operate in an integrated manner, but we can consider them individually, beginning with the soil physical properties. Figure 1. Soil health factors and physical properties. Soil texture determines the coarseness or fineness of a soil (Figure 2). Soil texture is defined by the relative proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles (Figures 3 and 4). The soil particles are defined by diameter size with sand (0.05–2.0 millimeters (mm)), silt (0.002–0.05 mm), and clay (less than 0.002 millimeters or the 2-micron (µ) fraction (10-6 m)). Soil texture is a product of the geologic process of basic parent materials weathering, both physically and chemically, over long periods of time in each location making soil texture a prominent characteristic of any field or location. Soil texture cannot be changed in a practical manner, but we can utilize appropriate management practices suited for soils of varying textures. Particles that are larger than 2 mm, such as rock fragments (pebbles, cobbles, stones, and boulders), are not considered in defining the soil textural class because they are relatively inert or non-reactive. Soil particles provide the basic building blocks of the soil system and structure. The pore spaces between the particles and soil aggregates are extremely important since that is where most physical, chemical, and biological processes take place. Figure 2. Soil textural triangle. Figure 3. Relative size of soil particles. Figure 4. Proportional relationship of soil particles. Soil particles provide the basic building blocks of the soil physical structure, but the way soil particles are assembled in clumps or aggregates. Aggregation is basically the arrangement of primary soil particles (sand, silt, clay) which are bound by soil organic matter and through other forms of particle interactions and associations. Aggregate stability is a good indicator of soil health. As a result of the aggregation of soil particles, the sizes of soil pores can vary tremendously. The proportion of large, medium, small, and very small pore spaces in soils govern the important processes of water and air movement. In addition, soil pores provide the spaces where soil organisms and plant roots live, grow, and function. Clay and finer textured soils (generally, soil textures in the upper ½ of the textural triangle) have smaller soil particles and aggregate structure that contribute to small pore spaces (often less than 0.002 mm or 2 µ). In contrast, sandy soils are dominated by pores that are larger (macropores). As a result, finer textured soils with high silt and clay content will have much higher surface areas within in given soil volume (Figure 5) and are more reactive physically and chemically. Figure 5. Soil particle size and surface area relationships. We can see and feel soil aggregates when we pick up a handful of soil and see the clumps or pieces of soil, which are the soil aggregates. Soil aggregates consist of soil particles of varying sizes that are held together by both the attraction of soil particles and the binding capacity of organic matter between soil particles. There are several general types of common soil aggregates (Figure 6). Figure 6. Examples of soil aggregates. Aggregates provide a very important function of soil structure. Aggregates also serve to hold and supply organic matter in soil; however, they also have structural functions. Soil aggregate structures provide large and small pores with large soil pores allowing faster water infiltration into the soil. Smaller soil pores provide the capacity of soil to hold more plant-available water. A healthy soil will have a good soil structure, often recognized in the field as good soil “tilth”. Poor soil structure, due to a breakdown of soil aggregation and the dispersion of individual soil particles can be a problem for water infiltration into a soil. We can often see this in the field with soil crusting surface compaction (Figure 7a and 7b), which can also be symptom of high sodium (Na) concentrations in the soil. Consequently, soil structure is critical to our efforts to manage soil salinity since we need good water infiltration and percolation to accomplish adequate soil leaching to remove soluble salts from the crop root zone (Figure 8). Figure 7a. Importance of good soil structure. Figure 7b. Example of unfavorable soil structure, such as a dispersed or compacted soil structure. Figure 8. Good soil structure and the relationship to leaching capacity in a soil. Soil health is affected by several factors including the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil system (Figure 1). Of the physical soil properties, aggregation and structure are two of the most important factors affecting soil health. Soil texture, aggregation, and structure are all inter-related and provide a strong influence on the environment that plants deal with in the field. These soil characteristics impact root development as well as water and air movement in soil. Managing soils to enhance these physical properties of aggregation and structure can be a real benefit for soil health and crop production systems. Brady, N.C. and R.R. Weil. 2008. The Nature and Properties of Soils, 14th ed. Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, NJ. Parikh, S. J. and B.R. James. 2012. Soil: The Foundation of Agriculture. Nature Education Knowledge 3(10):2

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Deep Blue was a computer developed by IBM to play chess at grandmaster level. It made history in 1997 by defeating the then reigning world champion Garry Kasparov. Deep Blue used advanced computing power and algorithms to analyze possible moves and choose the best course of action. Imagine you like to play the game of chess, and you have a very clever friend who helps you. This friend is so good at playing chess that they can even beat a world champion! Deep Blue was just like this clever friend, but instead of a person, it was a computer built by people at a company called IBM. Deep Blue was a chess-playing computer developed by IBM. It is considered a landmark in Artificial Intelligence due to its ability to beat a world champion chess player, Garry Kasparov, in 1997. Deep Blue is not an AI in the modern sense, as it did not learn to play chess from data but followed an explicitly programmed strategy. The system was developed as a massively parallel, RS/6000 SP Thin P2SC-based system with 30 nodes, each containing a 120 MHz P2SC microprocessor for a total of 480 cores. Each node employed multiple specialized chips to speed up the move calculation process, calculating approximately 200 million positions per second. Deep Blue’s strategy was mainly based on the minimax algorithm, a decision-making algorithm for minimizing the worst-case scenario in a game. It evaluated billions of chess board configurations to decide the optimal move. Deep Blue was not only about brute force calculation capabilities; its programmers also coded a vast number of chess scenarios and positions into the system, effectively teaching it strategic gameplay. Resulting from a long series of advancements and prior systems like Deep Thought and its predecessors at Carnegie Mellon University, Deep Blue represents an important milestone in the evolution of AI. It signified a shift in how researchers could approach AI and problem-solving systems, influencing the development of AI systems designed for other games (e.g., Texas hold ’em, Jeopardy!, and Go) and practical applications beyond gaming.

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Hey, budding artists! 🎨 Ready for a wild drawing adventure? Today, we will learn how to draw a Python step by step! 🐍 Grab your pencils, and let’s get creative. Pythons are super cool snakes with awesome patterns. This guide will show you how to draw your own Python masterpiece. Excited? Let’s dive in and have some drawing fun! 🚀🌈 Step by step python drawing Begin with the python’s head by drawing a curved shape similar to a bean, which will form the top and side of the head. Draw two circles for the eyes. For the python’s tongue, add a forked line coming out from the lower part of the head. This represents the snake’s flicking tongue. Add several small dots near the top of the head for texture. Add details to the face. Draw two circles for forming the neck of the python. Begin drawing the python’s body by extending three long, parallel, and slightly curved lines down from the bottom of the head. To create the coiled look, draw these lines so that they loop around in a spiral. Draw curved lines it should create a large, flat “S” shape. At the end of the “S” shape, draw the python’s tail, making sure it tapers to a point. Draw oval or circular patterns along the python’s back for the distinctive python markings. Finalize your drawing by adding any additional details such as shading or texture to give the python a more three-dimensional appearance. Your cheerful cartoon python is finished! Give it vibrant colors like shades of green, a touch of red, dark green, and a skin tone. Drawing Python is an exciting and simple task. Begin with a serpentine body shape, add a distinctive head, and sketch in scales. Feel free to personalize it! Once your Python drawing is done, share your fantastic artwork with us. Happy drawing! I’m a former teacher with a background in child development and a passion for creating engaging and educational activities for children. I strongly understand child development and know how to create activities to help children learn and grow. Spare time, I enjoy spending time with my family, reading, and volunteering in my community.

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There are a number of simple steps you can follow in order to check the use, non-use, or over-use of your comma. The most common simple rule we all know about the comma is the one that causes the most confusion. We all know that the comma is used to signal a break in the flow of the sentence. The problem with this rule is that breaking the sentence flow is quite complex. However, there are some recurring patterns. Commas can be used to: - Separate extra information from the main idea of the sentence - Separate linking words from the main idea of the sentence - List things, concepts, events, ideas, etc. - Resolve ambiguity. We can translate these rules to the following 6 cases when checking your comma. 1. Extra information at the beginning of a sentence E.g.: Generally, most research has failed to make an impact. In this study, the author examined over 1600 lakes. If he knew who the writer was, he didn’t tell. The introduction parts of these examples set off the main subject and verb of the sentence that follows. They can be small and large, but they are never a complete thought. The only purpose they have is to introduce the main idea that follows. 2. Extra information elsewhere in a sentence E.g.: The University of Tartu, which is located in south Estonia, is the oldest university in Estonia. The sample, which was taken from library, contained both old and new books. The results of our study were, however, inconclusive. Extra information takes many forms and commas are not always needed. You have to be cautious. To test if you need commas, consider removing the parts in between commas. If the sentence still works and makes sense, the commas are in the right place. 3. Small linking words (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) To remember these small linking words use the mnemonic FANBOYS. What these words do is connect. They can connect words, phrases, and sentences. E.g.: The text is almost revised and submitted. The samples are kept in the laboratory or in the refrigerator. The text has been checked for punctuation, so it must be easy to read. Put simply, what you need to remember is the following: 1) if the group of words following FANBOYS do not make a complete thought (sentence), do not use a comma. If the group of words following FANBOYS make a complete thought (sentence), use a comma. 4. Other linking words and phrases We also use linking words like however, therefore, besides, thus, finally, etc. to connect our ideas in sentences. The difference between these and FANBOYS is that these are punctuated differently. E.g.: The results of our experiment were inconclusive; therefore, further research is needed. These linking words and phrases are usually used to express an additional thought. This happens between two separate complete thoughts (sentences). In this case we can do two things. The example sentence above adds a semi-colon after the first complete thought, and a comma after the linking word or phrase (which is now more like an introduction at the beginning of a sentence: see point 1). We can also just separate the two sentences with a full stop. 5. Listing items in a sentence In writing we often make lists. Take the following examples: The Revolution was prompted by the bankruptcy of the kingdom, heavy taxation on the lower classes and the disparity between the living conditions of the classes. Many native animals have symbolic significance, including the emu, the kangaroo, the wombat, the echidna, and the platypus. When the list is not a complex list (items which also contain commas or dots) we separate them using the comma. The difference between these two examples is the comma before and in the second example. In English academic writing it is very common to add a comma before and and or in a list which contains three or more items. It is never wrong, but you have to be consistent. 6. Watch out for the comma splice! We can never join two complete thoughts (sentences) together with a comma. Take the following example: Johnson (2008) conducted research, it was well organized. – incorrect We also can’t connect them with nothing. We can make two separate sentences and we can also apply step 3 (small linking words). We can also apply step 4 (other linking words and phrases). When applying these solutions, think carefully about the comma! These tips may work in most cases when you’re looking up and figuring out your comma, but unfortunately, especially in academic writing, we tend to complicate matters. But, do not fear, there are many more punctuation marks which offer a solution. If all else fails, you are more than welcome to drop by the Centre of Academic Writing and Communication (AVOK), Jakobi 2-131, or contact us at email@example.com.

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Changing the world may initially seem daunting, given the complexity and magnitude of humanity’s problems. However, it is essential to remember that significant change often starts with individual actions and the ripple effects they create. By examining different approaches and understanding the impact of various strategies, individuals can find ways to contribute to creating a better world for everyone. Youth and education have always played a crucial role in shaping the future. Equipping the younger generations with the right skills and values fosters a more compassionate and inclusive society. Likewise, media and technology have the potential to amplify the messages and initiatives that strive for positive change. In addition, collaboration and teamwork bring together diverse perspectives, leading to innovative solutions for global and social issues. - Individual actions can create ripple effects, contributing to a significant change in the world. - Empowering youth and educational initiatives fosters a more compassionate and inclusive society. - Harnessing the power of media, technology, and collaboration can enable innovative solutions to global and social issues. Understanding Different Ways to Change the World There are various ways to create an impact on the world around us. This section will outline some main approaches that can bring about positive change, including social change, climate change, new technology, and campaigns and movements. Social change is the transformation of culture and social institutions over time. This can encompass shifts in public opinion, innovative solutions development, or even new social norms and values. Examples of social change include the civil rights movement in the United States, the fight for gender equality, and efforts to decrease income inequality. Individuals and organizations can effectively foster social change by understanding the root causes, advocating for policies, and empowering communities. Addressing climate change is a global priority, as its impact on the environment and society is far-reaching. Understanding climate change’s causes and consequences is essential to enact meaningful change. Efforts include reducing greenhouse gas emissions by promoting alternative energy sources, implementing energy-efficient solutions, and adapting to the changing environment. Collaborative initiatives, such as the Paris Agreement, aim to collectively mitigate the effects of climate change and transition towards a more sustainable future. Technological advancements continually shape the way we live, work, and communicate. Leveraging new technology can have powerful implications for tackling global challenges and improving the world. For example, innovations in clean energy technologies, such as solar panels and electric vehicles, reduce carbon emissions and promote sustainable practices. Additionally, advancements in healthcare technology can revolutionize medical treatments, enhance global health, and ultimately save lives. - Clean energy: Solar panels, wind turbines, electric vehicles - Healthcare: Artificial intelligence in diagnostics, telemedicine, gene editing Campaigns and Movements Campaigns and social movements have the potential to rally public support, influence policy, and create significant change. These efforts may address various issues, such as environmental conservation, access to education, and human rights advocacy. Successful campaigns and movements often rely on strategic communication, grassroots activism, and coalition-building among diverse stakeholders. Examples include the civil rights movement, the women’s rights movement, and the international campaign to ban landmines. By exploring and employing different methods of change, individuals and organizations can make a tangible impact on the world around them and contribute to a more just, sustainable, and equitable future. Personal Actions for Positive Impact Developing Skills and Leadership Individuals must focus on developing their skills and leadership abilities to change the world. By honing their talents and becoming excellent leaders, individuals can inspire others and make a difference in their communities. Through continuous learning, mentorship, and collaboration, they can improve their skill set and lead by example. - Participate in workshops and courses. - Seek guidance from experts. - Join local organizations or clubs. Kindness and Happiness in Daily Life Cultivating kindness and happiness in daily life can significantly impact the world around us. By practicing kindness, individuals foster positive relationships, create a sense of belonging, and promote understanding. To spread happiness, individuals can engage in activities that bring joy to others and themselves, such as volunteering, spending quality time with loved ones, and sharing positive experiences. - Keep a gratitude journal. - Commit to random acts of kindness. - Share uplifting stories on social media. Supporting Charity and Giving Contributing to charity and giving back to society allows individuals to help those in need, support important causes, and create positive change in the world. Individuals can participate in the global effort to solve pressing issues, such as poverty, hunger, and climate change, by donating time, money, or resources. - Explore reputable charities - Set up monthly donations - Engage in volunteer activities Each of these actions, when approached with dedication and commitment, allows individuals to make a lasting impact on the world and promote positive change for future generations. Youth and Education for a Better Future Empowering Young People Empowering young people is essential to building a better future, as they are the ones who will inherit and shape the world. One way to empower them is by providing quality education and opportunities for growth. In the United States, for example, many young children dream of a better life and prospects offered through good education. Students can develop their self-efficacy, empathy, and sense of responsibility by engaging them in community service programs. Role of Teachers and Students Teachers and students are crucial in creating an educational environment conducive to positive change. Educators must be willing to adjust their teaching techniques to suit the needs of the youth better while remaining knowledgeable and capable of inspiring them. On the other hand, students should be open to new experiences and eager to learn from their peers and mentors. Working together can cultivate an innovative and nurturing space where young people can grow and thrive. Preparing Future Generations Preparing future generations for the challenges they may face is a pivotal component of a better world. This involves not only equipping them with the necessary skills and knowledge but also instilling a lifelong love for learning. Encouraging students to combine work with school can serve as effective preparation for their future endeavors. By striving toward these goals, we could empower youth to lead the change and build a more optimistic and innovative future. Utilizing Media and Technology Impact of Social Media Social media plays a significant role in shaping public opinion and facilitating global communication. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram enable users to share information, collaborate, and engage with others. New technology has led to increased targeted advertising, where advertising partners can more accurately select their desired audience. This has changed the marketing landscape and created opportunities to raise awareness on various issues. Creating Awareness with New Technologies New technologies and media platforms have enabled advocates and activists to reach a wider audience. By leveraging these tools, individuals and organizations can share their message and create awareness about pressing issues. For instance, campaigns on environmental conservation, human rights, and social justice have gained traction through media and technology. Additionally, innovative solutions such as virtual reality, social networking sites, and data visualization tools have increased the effectiveness of spreading awareness. Maintaining Privacy and Personal Information Safety As technology continues to evolve, the issue of personal information safety becomes increasingly important. Users must be aware of the potential risks of sharing personal information on various platforms. Employing privacy settings and being cautious about the data shared online are crucial steps in protecting one’s identity and sensitive information. In conclusion, media and technology play a significant role in driving change worldwide. By leveraging these tools, individuals and organizations can raise awareness about pressing issues while ensuring privacy and personal information safety are maintained. Technology, when used responsibly, has the potential to make a lasting impact on the world. Collaboration and Teamwork Working in Teams for Success Collaboration is crucial in today’s fast-paced world, where individuals must combine their strengths and expertise to solve complex problems. Working in teams allows for pooling diverse skills, perspectives, and experiences, fostering an environment where hard work and creativity can thrive. When team members communicate effectively, they can achieve greater success by capitalizing on each other’s strengths and compensating for their limitations. Effective teamwork requires clear objectives, roles, and responsibilities. This structure ensures that everyone knows what is expected of them and can contribute to the group’s overall success. It also encourages accountability among team members, promoting a sense of ownership and pride in the results. The Importance of Diversity and Inclusivity Embracing diversity and inclusivity in team settings leads to better decision-making, problem-solving, and innovation. A diverse group of colleagues brings a wide range of perspectives, which helps identify potential blind spots and unearth new possibilities. Inclusive work environments allow individuals to feel comfortable expressing their ideas, fostering a culture of open communication and collaboration. To create an inclusive team, organizations should ensure they recruit and retain a diverse workforce and promote open communication and mutual respect among team members. This approach helps to build trust, encourage the exchange of ideas, and facilitate ongoing learning and growth within the team. Building Strong Governance and Structures A critical component of a successful team is the presence of strong governance and social structures. These elements help establish and maintain clear expectations, roles, and responsibilities and provide a framework for resolving conflicts and making decisions. Building strong governance within a team starts with establishing clear objectives and guidelines, which help team members understand their roles and how they contribute to the group’s overall success. Transparency and open communication are crucial to this process, ensuring all team members have a voice in decision-making and understand the rationale behind actions. Regular check-ins and status updates can strengthen team governance by keeping everyone informed and engaged while fostering accountability and progress toward goals. By investing time and resources in building and maintaining effective governance and social structures, teams can achieve greater cohesion, productivity, and success. Addressing Global and Social Issues Fighting Racism and Inequality Addressing global issues such as racism and inequality requires understanding their origins and acknowledging their impact on marginalized communities. The United Nations is crucial in promoting policies and practices that combat discrimination and support equal opportunities. By focusing on education, public awareness campaigns, and advocacy, societies can work together to create a more inclusive world where people of all backgrounds are treated with dignity and respect. Promoting Environmental Conservation Environmental conservation is essential for the well-being of our planet and its inhabitants. Climate change, deforestation, and pollution threaten the Earth’s ecosystems. Governments, corporations, and individuals must take collective action to mitigate the effects of these challenges. Various strategies can be implemented, such as adopting sustainable energy sources, protecting natural habitats, and raising awareness about the importance of preserving our environment. We can contribute to a healthier, more sustainable world by supporting initiatives that promote environmental conservation. Challenging the Status Quo When addressing complex problems like global issues, it is critical to challenge the status quo and consider alternative solutions. Emphasis on innovation and collaboration can inspire individuals and organizations to think critically, reconsider their current practices, and develop new approaches to address pressing global concerns. By fostering a culture of innovation and supporting opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, society can work together to tackle many of the world’s most pressing challenges. These efforts to fight racism, promote environmental conservation, and challenge the status quo are crucial to addressing global issues effectively. By working together and supporting initiatives that drive change, we can collectively positively impact the world and create a brighter future for all. Inspiration from Notable Leaders and Activists Lessons from Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was a prominent leader who used nonviolent resistance to bring about significant change. His approach to activism was rooted in the principles of truth and nonviolence. One of Gandhi’s key teachings was the concept of “satyagraha,” which translates to “holding onto truth.” This philosophy emphasizes the power of nonviolent protest and civil disobedience in the face of injustice. Gandhi’s approach to creating change can be distilled into several key lessons: - Persistence: Gandhi showed an unwavering dedication to his cause, even when facing severe opposition. - Nonviolence: Instead of resorting to violence, Gandhi maintained that change could be achieved peacefully. - Empathy: Gandhi believed in understanding and connecting with the opposition to find common ground. Contemporary Examples of Activists and Authors In recent years, there has been a surge of activists and authors who have taken inspiration from notable leaders like Gandhi in their work. Some of these individuals include: - Malala Yousafzai: A Pakistani activist for female education, Malala stood up to the Taliban in her advocacy for girls’ education. Her book, I Am Malala, recounts her experience and inspires many to stand up for equal rights. - Greta Thunberg: A Swedish environmental activist, Greta has gained international recognition for her efforts to combat climate change. Her passionate activism inspired the “Fridays for Future” movement of students striking for climate action. - Ta-Nehisi Coates: An American author and journalist, Coates has written extensively on issues of race, culture, and social justice in the United States. His book Between the World and Me has been highly praised as a contemporary exploration of race and identity. By following the examples of activists like Mahatma Gandhi and contemporary leaders, we can find inspiration to create change in our communities. These individuals teach us valuable lessons in persistence, nonviolence, and empathy that can be applied to any cause or movement. Changing the world might seem like an overwhelming task, but every human being has the potential to make a significant positive impact. The key lies in understanding human nature and how individuals can channel their unique abilities to create positive change in their communities. Introducing kids to making a difference early on is crucial, as this fosters a sense of responsibility and empathy towards others. Encouraging children to engage in volunteering, conservation efforts, or social movements instills in them the belief that they, too, can create a better place for all. One doesn’t have to start a big movement to change the world. Simple acts like treating others with kindness, compassion, and respect can leave a lasting impact and inspire others to do the same. Small, consistent efforts can contribute to significant societal changes when people work together towards common goals. Innovative leaders who think and approach problems differently have the potential to bring about transformative positive change. Their enhanced functionality in managing teams and promoting collaboration is crucial in turning their visions into reality. Finally, sharing stories of how individuals and groups have made a positive difference can inspire others to join the cause, amplifying the reach and impact of such efforts. Humanity can benefit from a collective, positive transformation as more people act. Frequently Asked Questions What are effective methods for creating a positive impact? One approach to creating a positive impact is supporting social entrepreneurs who focus on innovating and implementing solutions to pressing issues. By volunteering, donating, or advocating for these organizations, individuals can contribute to lasting improvements in various sectors. How can individuals influence global change? Individuals can impact global change by becoming conscious consumers, making informed purchasing decisions that reflect their values to reduce waste, and promoting ethical business practices. Additionally, they can participate in local and international initiatives that make a difference. Which small actions lead to significant improvements? Small actions, like reducing daily energy usage, recycling, and conserving water, can contribute significantly to environmental conservation. Voting with one’s wallet by supporting ethical companies can also lead to improvements in numerous industries. What are some essential steps toward creating a better world? Essential steps towards a better world include fostering empathy and understanding among diverse populations, supporting educational opportunities to reduce poverty, raising awareness about global issues, and promoting cooperation among countries and international organizations. How can we foster sustainable change for future generations? Sustainable change relies on long-term solutions that address the root causes of problems. Encouraging communities to adopt environmentally friendly habits, supporting policies that promote social and economic equality, and focusing on accessible education can help create a more stable and equitable future for future generations. What are the most pressing issues that need change today? The most pressing issues today include climate change, income inequality, access to education, and global health. Addressing these challenges requires collaborative efforts from individuals, governments, businesses, and international organizations to develop and implement innovative solutions for a better world.

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Do you talk to your plants? Well, science suggests they might be able to hear you. An Australian scientist was inspired by stories from Indigenous people around the world about how they communicate with plants. Paper in the journal Oecologia, Tuned in: plant roots use sound to locate water Leigh Joseph, an ethnobotonist with the Sqamish First Nation in Canada, is starting her PhD in the fall to study the use of plant food and medicines to treat type 2 diabetes. Part of her research involves gathering wild plants used in traditional medicine. She was taught a certain protocol when it comes to gathering plants, which involves giving a verbal offering to the plants, in the form of a prayer, a thanks, a song, or by introducing herself. “When you go out into the forest, into an estuary, or a different ecosystem, where you’re going to be harvesting a plant, food, or medicine, is you want to get yourself into a space of respect and understanding that we are interacting with the plants who are considered our second oldest ancestors that we have after the rocks, which are called the grandfathers and the plants are referred to as the grandmothers. Those offerings are meant for the plant and meant also for the ancestors who walk beside us when we go out and harvest on the land.” The interesting thing is, science is revealing that in some sense, the plants may actually be listening. A new study by Dr. Monica Gagliano, a research associate professor adjunct in Evolutionary Ecology at the University of Western Australia, has demonstrated that plants can hear. Plants can sense and move towards moisture in the soil — at quite a distance. Dr. Gagliano tested whether they found that water using sound. And she found that plants will send their roots towards the sound of running water, even if the plants only hear a recording of running water. Be the first to post a message!

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Over the decades antigravity has been the stuff of science fiction, though there have been many inventions purporting to be antigravity devices, from gyroscopic lifters to superconducting magnets but so far there has been nothing that is capable nullifying, shielding or creating a repulsive form of what we know as gravity, so could a form of antigravity even be possible given our current understanding? Just to be clear, what I’m referring to when I say antigravity is a way to either nullify the effect of gravity that does not rely upon other forces like electromagnetism for example and that makes mass is no longer attract other forms of mass like the earth is pulling on you and everything else around you including the air and even the moon. Whether this would be some kind of local effect that creates a negative form of gravity that repels mass instead of attracting it over a short distance or as some form of shield so that anything inside it would not be affected by gravity, much like a faraday cage or shield attenuates electromagnetic fields. All the things so far which have claimed to have been a form of antigravity are all really just using other forces. A plane might be called an antigravity machine because it can lift you up and away from the surface of the earth but really it’s using the pressure differential of a wing travelling through the air at speed to create lift. A rocket does a similar thing but by burning fuel which expands rapidly creating thrust pushing it along, and with enough thrust, it can overcome the pull of the earth’s gravity but its nothing more than a chemical reaction. Other so-called antigravity lifters using the Biefeld–Brown effect are in fact using the propulsive force of ion flow. By charging a very lightweight object or lifter with usually a positive high voltage the surrounding air is ionized. As the ions are attracted by the opposite negative electrode usually on the ground they interact with the neural air molecules creating an airflow with enough force levitate the lifter. Some people claim the that the effect works in a vacuum and therefore it must be is some form interaction between the electric field and the earth’s gravity field, implying that it could be used to create an antigravity effect but when NASA tested it in a vacuum equivalent to that found at a low earth orbit, the effect had disappeared proving that it is caused by the propulsive force of ions pushing the air. In scientific papers published between 1991 and 1993, American scientist Ning Li claimed that antigravity effects could be achieved by rotating ions perpendicular to their spin axis and that if enough of them could be aligned in a rotating superconducting disc a gravitomagnetic field would be produced that create a strong repulsive force and that experiments had backed up her theories. Even though it created a lot of interest at the time, in 1997 she published another paper that saying the effect was either very small or nonexistent. But that didn’t stop her from leaving the University of Alabama and setting up her own company with a grant worth just under $450,000 from the DOD to investigate it further. Experiments carried out by Eugene Podkletnov using rotating Superconducting disks in a magnetic field which purported to decrease the effect of gravity by about 2% on objects placed above the disc have not been able to be verified by other scientists. He claimed that the effect also worked like a beam above the disc with little loss of power up to a kilometer away. This and Ning Li’s work is said to have prompted Boeing to investigate the effect of rotating superconductors with project GRASP – Gravity Research for Advanced Space Propulsion, with potential uses including space launches, artificial gravity on spacecraft, aircraft propulsion and fuel-less electricity generation. Though others have pointed out that if the effect could be proven and directed into a beam it would be able to be weaponized, creating a steerable artificial gravity force to destabilize, missiles, planes, and satellites. Since the information was released, Boeing has backtracked and said that it was offered the proposal but chose not to fund it with company money but refused comment if it was a black project on the company books. These and others are based on the idea Gravitoelectromagnetism which looks at analogies between Maxwell’s equations for electromagnetism and Einstein’s equations relativistic gravitation. Basically the premise is that just as a spinning electron creates a magnetic field, then a massive spinning object like the earth would create a drag on spacetime, a bit like when you spin a ball in a viscous fluid like oil. Although this drag was predicted nearly 100 years ago it’s taken the best part of a century to prove if it actually existed with several independent satellite missions which did indeed measure a small but noticeable dragging effect. This is important because our current theories of gravity are that mass curves the otherwise flat spacetime and this deforming of spacetime is gravity, much like the weight in a rubber sheet experiment that represents the sun and pulls the sheet down in the center. A ball rolling in a straight line follows the curve, this is like the earth which is traveling in a straight line but its caught in the curve created by the sun’s gravity and so long as the earth’s speed is constant it orbits the sun. If the dragging effect is real, then it is affecting gravity and a moving object near a massive rotating object would experience acceleration not predicted by Newtonian laws and maybe we could use this to affect gravity ourselves in some way. But the elephant in the room is that we still don’t know what gravity really is. Yes, we have Newtons and Einstein’s laws which predict with amazing accuracy the effects of gravity but these theories don’t tell us how gravity works or what the mechanism is that makes mass bend spacetime, all we know is that gravity is a consequence of mass, the greater the mass the greater the bending of spacetime and hence the greater the gravity. Although gravity works over huge distances on the grand scale of planets, stars and galaxies we don’t know how it really works on very small things at distances on the atomic scale because its effect is so weak and difficult to measure. Conversely, we don’t know how it works where gravity is incredibly strong such as in a black hole. There are theories in quantum mechanics that predict a force-carrying particle called a graviton even though we have found no proof of their existence but as all the other three fundamental forces, the strong nuclear force, the weak nuclear force and the Electromagnetic force have at least one force carrier, its believed there must be one for gravity too. Gravity appears to have virtually no interaction with any of the other forces and works on any form of matter, even ones which we currently cant not detect, namely the still unknown dark matter. There is no known way to shield against it because it bends spacetime which is the underlying fabric of the universe and as such it’s not really a force. We only feel its effects when we are stopped from moving like when we are standing on the ground but being pulled by the mass of the earth below us. If we were free-falling in space just above the earth we would not feel it at all. Then there are the observations of the physical universe that show the rate of expansion from the big bang is speeding up instead of the expected slowing down under the effect of gravity. So either we a major problem with our theories of gravity or there is something else that is providing a yet unknown force which is overpowering gravity and pushing the universe apart in all directions which we currently call “Dark Energy”, and like dark matter we can not detect directly but only see the effect it has, a bit like gravity itself. So given all this, is antigravity a realistic proposition?, I would say not with our current knowledge, black projects may well be working on it but they still have to obey the laws of physics even the ones we don’t understand. Maybe at some point in the future when we have a much better understanding of what gravity is and how it really works, we will find a way to manipulate it as we want but as of now it is still in the realm of science fiction.

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If your child tests “not ready to learn to read,” he or she will enjoy and benefit from this program and learn to identify letters of the alphabet and recognize numbers with the Kindergarten with ACE and Christi curriculum. Animal pictures, activities, and full-color pictures introduce: - Social skills - The wonders of God’s world - The reality of God’s love Visualized instructions allow students to take the initiative in the learning process and to become independent learners. This program incorporates specific activities to: - Develop sequencing and phonetic skills - Promote auditory processing - Improve eye-hand coordination and visual perception While the program is specifically designed for 5-year-olds, it is easily adapted to 3- and 4-year-olds, and many students are easily reading lower-level books. This workbook contains the student lessons and interactive materials for the Kindergarten with ACE and Christi program. Your teacher’s guides will provide the instructions for the lessons contained in this unit. The Kindergarten with Ace and Christi program includes: - A teacher’s 2,500-page, four-volume daily self-instructional manual, covering 36 week, using all developmental skills - Coordination Development Tests and Activities to evaluate physical coordination skills - Large Animal Sound Display Cards to correlate stories to letter sounds - Letter songs (36) CD to reinforce phonetic sounds and encourage motor coordination - Number Train Cards to emphasize number recognition - Twelve PACEs in each of the five subjects (Math, English, Word Building, Science, and Social Studies) to provide practice in all developmental skills necessary for learning to read - A Progress Report for objectively reporting your child’s progress Teach your youngster important reading and social skills with the Kindergarten with ACE and Christi program by Accelerated Christian Education. Order today from Curriculum Express!

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Mental health affects our emotional, psychological, and social well-being; and helps us enjoy our lives, deal with the challenges life brings, and contribute to our communities. The term "mental" is used to describe anything related to the mind. It can refer to your thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood. It is an essential part of our overall health, affecting how we think, feel, and act. Mental health is also referred to as: Mental health refers to anyone’s mental/emotional well-being whereas mental illness refers to a diagnosable condition that impacts a person’s thoughts and behaviors. Learn more about Mental Illness » Dakota Family Services actively promotes mental health and well-being. We help our patients find ways to take care of themselves without feeling guilty or selfish for doing so. We promote sleep, exercise, and diet as key components to combating any threat to mental health and also normalize getting help when it becomes difficult to manage. For additional information, we've created a comprehensive list of mental health resources to support parents, children, and adults in many areas.

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If you’re like most people, at some point or another you’ve likely experienced anxiety and stress. It can be a harrowing and emotional experience. However, for some individuals, the discomfort of these emotions can manifest themselves physically. Prolonged stress and anxiety can trigger a skin reaction known as an erythema. This term is used to describe reddening of the skin which is commonly seen in response to acute stress and anxiety. But what are stress rashes, exactly, and how do they form? Also known as an anxious erytis, this condition is marked by red patches on the skin that can itch and are usually confined to one area of the body, though in some cases they can appear anywhere on the body. The exact causes of this reaction are not well understood but it seems as though a number of different factors are involved. Some research suggests that being exposed repeatedly to unpleasant or threatening thoughts and stress may lead to chronic nervousness in a person, causing them to be continuously vigilant about potential threats. Because of this, when the individual encounters something that triggers their emotional memories of past traumas or worries about future dangers, they may experience a physiological response in order to defend themselves against future attacks. This physiological response may persist in symptoms like breaking out in hives or itching and inflammation at various parts of the body. These findings suggest that emotional stress can trigger a rash as a result of heightened levels of anxiety and fear, as opposed to an allergic reaction or physical irritation from scratching or other external sources which can typically also trigger a common skin rash or welt. Additionally, research suggests that this type of rash may be more common in people with conditions such as PTSD or OCD. Researchers believe that a combination of environmental triggers like pollution and lifestyle choices such as smoking and alcohol consumption can also contribute to this rash's development. Worryingly, these rashes are increasingly becoming more common in modern society where life can be filled with constant pressure and stressors. Fortunately, most people for whom a rash or hives is caused by anxiety will recover without any long-term consequences. In most cases, stress hives usually go away on their own within a few days. For those who have severe symptoms, many types of home treatment options exist to relieve the itching and other skin symptoms. Read on to learn more about some of the physical symptoms that can accompany the outbreak of a rash caused by stress or anxiety disorders, what can prevent them, and what can treat them. Does anxiety or stress cause rashes? Yes. There is plenty of evidence to suggest that some of the effects of anxiety and stress can lead to various skin conditions; from rosacea and hives to puffy, itchy skin and raised red bumps. Stress can also make existing skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis worse. When you’re stressed, your body produces more of the hormone cortisol, which can trigger inflammation and make skin conditions like eczema flare-up. So if you suffer from eczema or a similar skin condition, it’s especially important to manage anxiety and stress levels not only for your mental well-being, but to help keep your skin healthy as well. Finding the right treatment for anxiety, whether it be with the help of a mental health professional or through a concerted effort to limit stress-inducing triggers, can mean the difference between a tendency to develop a rash or hives any time you experience stress, and not. What is stress rash or anxiety rash? While they are most commonly seen in response to acute stress and anxiety as an exacerbation of preexisting skin issues, some stress can also trigger new hives to appear. These areas affected by new and smaller hives may make your skin quite uncomfortable. There are two types of anxiety or stress rashes: psychogenic and dermatological. The first type, psychogenic rashes, are usually reported to be more common among children and teenagers, while dermatological stress rashes often appear more common among adults. Psychogenic rashes are usually triggered by strong emotions like fear, anger and sadness which are followed by intense scratching or rubbing of the body in order to relieve this emotion. They’re also more likely to occur when people experience prolonged stress through different triggers like work or school workloads or other situations that cause their mind to overwork. Dermatological rashes are caused by external irritants or allergies to chemicals or contact with the environment which constantly trigger the body’s defensive mechanisms against these irritants. This triggers an inflammatory reaction which leads to reddening of the skin on one area of the body leading to small bumps on that area. It’s also possible for people with this type of rash to develop blisters while they’re scratching their rash which can lead to irritation from scratching if not treated properly. This type of rash typically lasts for at least three weeks; but hives can also last longer depending on how often it occurs. How to Tell the Difference Between a Rash Caused by Anxiety and Something Else? The best way to tell the difference between a rash caused by anxiety and something else is by asking yourself questions like, “How long has this pressure been going on?” or “How often does this happen?” If these rashes are persistent, ongoing, and cause a lot of distress for you, it may be time to get help from a professional or talk to a doctor. Though the thought to seek immediate medical attention might seem like a stressful idea in and of itself, once the doctors are able to determine what is causing the area affected by hives to swell, they can help you find the best way to manage your symptoms that appear on the skin. For example, if you are allergic to a specific food or medication, you will need to avoid that allergen in order to keep the hives from returning. If the swelling is caused by an infection, you will need antibiotics and other medications to help clear up the infection. If stress is causing your hives, you will need to learn how to manage your stress levels so that they do not cause your body to have a reaction. This might mean learning some relaxation techniques or finding ways to eliminate stressful situations from your life. Some people find relief by finding ways to distract themselves from thoughts which trigger their rashes. Monitoring your thoughts in real time may provide a way to manage panic attacks. The bottom line is that if you are dealing with hives on a regular basis, it is important for you to seek medical attention so that the underlying cause of your condition can be diagnosed and treated accordingly. Ways to Relieve Stress and Stress Rashes One way to reduce your anxious erythema is to avoid anything that may be causing the condition. If possible, you should try to learn how to identify and remove yourself from your trigger and spend a little more time in a relaxing environment, like at home or with a loved one. This will allow you to relieve some of your anxiety. Stress reduction and relaxation techniques Relaxation techniques can be helpful in managing stress and anxiety, both of which can worsen hives and other skin conditions. Stress reduction is a top stress rash treatment, and one of the best ways to prevent some of these common skin conditions. Learn how to practice mindfulness meditation or meditate in general. Try yoga, tai chi, or exercise to help reduce anxiety and stress levels. Try to get outside for some fresh air and sunshine every day. Spend time with friends or family members who make you feel good. Don’t drink alcohol or use drugs as a way to cope with your anxiety. These substances are known causes of stress and can actually make anxiety worse in the long run. Over-the-counter or prescription antihistamines like Benadryl and Claritin may help to relieve the itchiness associated with hives and stress rashes. These medications may cause drowsiness as a side effect, so you should avoid driving or operating heavy machinery while taking them. Hydrocortisone creams or ointments This is a topical medication that can help reduce inflammation in the skin. They are available over the counter or by prescription, and can be used to treat a variety of conditions, including eczema, psoriasis, and contact dermatitis. If over-the-counter antihistamines are ineffective, your doctor may prescribe oral steroids such as prednisone or cortisone for short periods of time (usually no longer than two weeks). However, these medications can have serious side effects. Some of the potential side effects of prednisone or cortisone include weight gain, mood swings, and trouble sleeping. Additional side effects of topical corticosteroids include skin irritation, dryness, and redness. If used for an extended period of time, they can also cause thinning of the skin. If you experience any of these side effects while taking these medications, be sure to contact your healthcare provider. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) You may also want to consider other treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy which has proven helpful for people with these types of rashes. CBT can help people to identify and change negative thoughts and behaviors that may be contributing to their stress levels and trigger an outbreak. Stop the itch-scratch cycle One of the most important things to do when dealing with a stress rash is to avoid scratching the affected area. Further irritation may occur as a result, as well as infection. Resisting the urge to scratch an itch is the very definition of 'easier said than done'. According to conventional wisdom, you should distract yourself with another activity or apply a cold compress to the area if you find yourself itching. Another age-old piece of advice is to avoid tight clothing, opting instead to wear loose-fitting clothing made of soft fabrics to help prevent irritation. Most reading this know that when you're in the middle of a flare-up, a cold compress just doesn't cut it. And trying to find the perfect loose-fitting, soft clothing can be a challenge when your skin is on fire. Luckily, science has made some incredible progress in recent years and there are now skin care products that can stop the itch dead in its tracks - without the use of harmful steroids. Dermatologists specifically developed Dermeleve® to treat itching more effectively and safely. The secret to Dermeleve’s® instant itch-stopping power is through the use of the SrX-38™ steroid-free formula. This unique, patented formula was developed specifically to outperform other itch-relief products without the use of steroids. What’s more, this cream is formulated with the best quality skin healing ingredients available: - Ceramides: Lipid-rich molecules which retain moisture and promote skin cell regeneration. - Hyaluronic acid: Promotes cell proliferation and healing. - Vitamin C&E: Promotes skin health. - Shea butter: Helps retain moisture. Dermeleve® is absorbed rapidly into the skin where it instantly and significantly reduces the sensation of itch. Though more powerful than most prescription-strength itch creams, Dermeleve® is FDA approved and completely safe for daily use- and is available as an OTC without a prescription. Dermeleve® is available through a physician’s office, or via the Dermeleve® website at. Talk to your doctor If anxiety or stress, with or without accompanying rashes, is taking a toll on your life or health, talk to your doctor about what are stress rashes, and treatments that might help. Additionally, it can also be helpful to speak with a psychologist who specializes in dealing with anxiety-related rashes. They can advise on methods for coping with stress and anxiety as well as provide insight on how the individual might be able to take control of their life again in order to prevent future bouts of rash.

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Make use of a telescope to observe the sky on a clear night without clouds. (Suggestion for teachers – Arrange such an observation session for all the students of the class. Carry with you some books on astronomy to consult during the session) If you observe the clear sky on a dark night, you will see a smoky white band full of stars spreading north-south in the sky. This is the Milky Way. It is also known as ‘Mandakini’. A group of innumerable stars and their planetary systems are together known as a ‘galaxy’. The Milky Way is the galaxy in which our solar system is located. The Milky Way is a part of the ‘Local Group’ of galaxies. There are many such galaxies in the universe. The Milky Way includes many stars smaller than our Sun as well as many others that are thousands of times bigger than the Sun. It also includes many other celestial bodies such as clusters of stars, nebulae, clouds of gases, clouds of dust, dead stars, newly born stars, etc. The galaxy that is closest to our Milky Way is called Andromeda. The scientist Edwin Hubble showed that there exist many galaxies beyond our Milky Way. In 1990, NASA, the American space agency launched the ‘Hubble Telescope’ in the orbit of the earth. The Hubble telescope has made it easier to look for stars, to take photographs and to obtain spectrums The thousands of twinkling stars that we observe in the clear night sky are part of our Milky Way. Some of the stars that we see are bright whereas others are faint. Stars radiating different colours such as blue, white, yellow and reddish can be seen in the sky. We also see stars with varying brightness (luminance). The birth place of stars are the huge nebulae, made of dust particles and gases. Generally, the surface temperature of stars ranges from 3500° C to 50000° C. The colour of stars changes according to their temperature. Some types of stars l Sun-like stars : These stars can be slightly smaller or bigger than the sun. But there is a lot of difference in their temperatures. Examples : stars like Sirius, Alpha Centauri. l Red Giants : The temperature of these stars ranges between 3000° C and 4000° C. But their luminance can be 100 times that of the sun. Their diameter is 10 to 100 times that of the sun and they are red in colour. l Super Nova : These are even brighter and larger than the red giant stars. Their temperature is between 3000° C to 4000° C but their diameter can be more than a hundred times greater than that of the Sun. l Binary or Twin Stars : More than half of the stars in sky are binary stars. They consist of two stars that revolve around each other. At times, three or four stars that revolve around each other have also been located. l Variable Stars : The luminance and shape of these stars is not stable. They are constantly contracting or expanding. When a star expands, it emits less energy and at such times its brightness decreases. As against this, when a star contracts, its surface temperature increases and the star emits greater energy and appears brighter. For example, Polaris (Pole Star). The solar system The solar system consists of the sun, the planets, asteroids, comets and meteors. The planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn can be easily seen. The sun which is at the centre of the solar system is a yellow coloured star. Its surface temperature is around 6000° C. The size of the sun is so huge that around 13 lakh planets of the size of the earth can be easily placed within it. Due to the gravitational force of the sun, the celestial bodies in the solar system revolve around it. The diameter of the sun is approximately 13,92,000 km. The sun rotates around its axis and while doing so, it revolves around the centre of the Milky Way taking the solar system along with it. Mercury : This planet is closest to the sun. It is visible in the morning and the evening if it is away from the sun. A number of depressions, which look like volcanic craters, but are actually caused by meteoric falls can be seen on the surface of Mercury. Mercury is the fastest moving planet. Venus: This planet is closest to the sun. It is visible in the morning and the evening if it is away from the sun. A number of depressions, which look like volcanic craters, but are actually caused by meteoric falls can be seen on the surface of Mercury. Mercury is the fastest moving planet. Earth: This planet is closest to the sun. It is visible in the morning and the evening if it is away from the sun. A number of depressions, which look like volcanic craters, but are actually caused by meteoric falls can be seen on the surface of Mercury. Mercury is the fastest moving planet. Mars : It is the fourth planet in the solar system. As the soil on Mars contains iron, its colour is reddish. Hence Mars is also called the Red Planet. The highest and longest mountain in the solar system ‘Olympus Mons’ is located on Mars. Jupiter : This is the largest planet of the solar system. It is so huge that as many as 1397 planets of the size of the earth can get accommodated in it. Even though the planet is so huge, it revolves around itself with a great speed. As huge storms occur frequently on it, it is also called the ‘Stormy Planet’. Saturn : It is the sixth planet of the solar system and next only to Jupiter in size. It is considered to be a peculiar planet because of the rings around it. Though its mass is 95 times that of the earth, its density is very low. If it were dropped into a sea large enough to hold it; it would actually float in it! Uranus : It is the seventh planet in the solar system. It cannot be seen without a telescope. Its axis is so greatly inclined that it appears as if it is rolling along on its orbit. Neptune : It is the eighth planet in the solar system. A season on Neptune lasts for about 41 years. On this planet winds blow with extremely high speed. Satellite : The celestial bodies that revolve around a planet without independently revolving around the sun are called satellites. Like planets, satellites rotate around their respective axes. The Moon is the satellite of the earth. It does not have an atmosphere. Its periods of rotation and revolution are both of 27.3 days. Except for Mercury and Venus all other planets have satellites but in varying numbers. Asteroid : A great number of small sized bodies could not turn into planets when the solar system was formed, but continued to revolve around the sun. These bodies are known as asteroids. A belt of such celestial bodies has formed between the planets Mars and Jupiter. Dwarf planet : A small sized celestial body that revolves independently around the sun is called a dwarf planet. A celestial body like Pluto can be classified as a dwarf planet. Pluto takes around 248 years to complete its revolution around the sun whereas it takes around 6.38 days for one rotation. A comet is a celestial body that revolves around the sun. Comets are formed out of ice and dust particles. They are part of the solar system. Since olden times, the appearance of a comet has been considered to be an inauspicious event. Comets appear like points when they are far away from the sun. But when they are close to the sun, they become easily visible to us because of the shorter distance and the heat of the sun. Comets are made up of frozen matter and dust particles. When they are close to the sun, this frozen matter gets converted into gas due to the solar heat. These gases get thrown in a direction away from the sun. As a result, certain comets appear to have a long feathery tail. Due to their long elliptical orbits, their appearance in the sky is very rare. They reappear in the sky after very long periods of time. At times, we see a falling star. This event is called a meteor fall. Mostly these meteors are rocky pieces originating from the asteroid belt. Smaller rocky pieces get completely burnt due to friction with air after they enter the earth’s atmosphere. Sometimes the meteors do not burn completely and fall to the surface of the earth. These are called meteorites. It is believed that the Lonar lake in Maharashtra has been formed by the impact of such a meteorite. Meteors or meteorite falls occur on other celestial bodies, too.

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February, 4, 2013 Rosa Parks, Now and Forever Rosa Parks is credited with launching the civil rights movement by refusing to give up her seat to a white person while traveling home by bus after work one afternoon in December 1955. Today would have been her 100th birthday. A more complete picture of her life and activism is now becoming more widely known. In the words of Amy Goodman on the Truthdig website: “After she died at the age of 92 in 2005, much of the media described her as a tired seamstress, no troublemaker. But the media got it wrong. Rosa Parks was a first-class troublemaker.” Parks would not have called it “troublemaking” but rather rebellion—rebellion against the way African-Americans were being treated as less than fully human under the Jim Crow laws. She was determined not to tolerate such treatment any longer and to work for change. You can listen to Rosa Parks tell her own story by clicking on the mp3 sound icon on the Democracy Now website. The U.S. Postal Service is honoring Rosa Parks with a new stamp commemorating her 100th birthday today.

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Paper topic 1 Contrast the notions of validity and truth in terms of the following two syllogisms (a) Some arguments with mood and figure IAI-3 are not valid for no arguments with mood and figure OAO-3 ae valid (b) No arguments with mood and figure IEO-4 are valid and some arguments with mood and figure IEO-4 are not sound so we know that some valid arguments are not sound Put both arguments in standard logical form and provide their mood and figure. Determine the validity of each argument by both a Venn diagram and by Salmon’s rules (provide every single one of Salmon’s rules. You do not need to discuss Salmon’s rules, just apply them.) Explain why each statement in each argument is true or false. Is either argument sound? READ THE HINTS. If you ignore some piece of information that is discussed in the hints, YOU WILL BE MARKED DOWN. 1. You must put these arguments in standard logical form as categorical syllogisms. This means that you must use the variables S,P. and M. You must also provide a dictionary or instance along with the form. I want to know what the S,P, and M designate. 2. S,P, and M may be fairly long. You will be using terms such as these: arguments with true premises and a false conclusion, arguments with mood and figure AOO-2, etc. These are a bit longer than terms such as ‘dogs’ and ‘cats’. 3. When you discuss IAI-3, OAO-3, and IEO-4, provide the forms. I want to see that you can provide the form of the argument when you are given the mood and figure. DO NOT DISCUSS THESE FORMS UNTIL YOU DISCUSS THE RELEVANT PREMISES IN THE ARGUMENT. You should not start out your paper by presenting these forms. 4. Remember, in this class, enthymemes are always valid. If you have an invalid form for syllogism (a), you made a mistake. 5. When you discuss why each premise and conclusion is true, give a paragraph to each statement. This way, you are less likely to skimp on your discussion. Don’t discuss every statement in an argument in one paragraph. It is too easy to jumble points together if you discuss everything in one paragraph. 6. I expect to see examples when they are relevant. If you do not provide examples, you are marked down. In many cases, examples are the actual proof or evidence that you need to prove a statement is true or falseFor this paper, THE EXAMPLES MUST BE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS. 7. While you need to prove that arguments (a) and (b) are valid or invalid by both Salmon’s rules and a Venn diagram, you can prove that IAI-3. OAO-3 and IEO-4 are valid or invalid by just one technique. You can use Salmon’s rules (use all the rules) or a Venn diagram. 8. You are given a sample paper and an outline for this paper. It is a good idea to look at these. But these are not religious documents. Follow these documents intelligently. 9. In your paper, arguments should be single-spaced and indented. Other than this, I don’t care if you single-space or double-space your paper. 10. Good writing counts. You will be graded on how well the paper is organized and written. The material you learned in your composition classes hasn’t become obsolete just because you are discussing arguments. I must need A grade and I have attached sample paper and all reading material.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://essayswriterhub.com/principles-of-sound-reasoning-phi-paper-1/

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How APIs Work API request and response flow HTTP methods (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE) HTTP methods are used to specify the type of operation to be performed on a resource through an API. The commonly used HTTP methods are: - GET: Used to retrieve data from a server. - POST: Used to send data to a server to create a new resource. - PUT: Used to send data to a server to update an existing resource. - DELETE: Used to request the removal of a resource from a server. Request headers and parameters API requests include headers and parameters to provide additional information to the server. Headers contain metadata about the request, such as the content type or authorization details. Parameters are used to pass data to the API, often in the form of query parameters for GET requests or request body parameters for POST and PUT requests. API authentication and authorization API keys and tokens API keys and tokens are used for authentication and authorization purposes. An API key is a unique identifier issued to a developer or application to access an API. It is typically sent as a header or query parameter in API requests. Tokens, such as JSON Web Tokens (JWT), are used to authenticate and authorize API requests. Tokens are generated upon successful authentication and are sent with each request to validate the user’s identity and permissions. OAuth and other authentication methods OAuth (Open Authorization) is an authentication framework widely used for API access control. It allows users to grant limited access to their resources on one website or application to another website or application without sharing their credentials. OAuth involves the exchange of tokens between the involved parties, providing secure authorization without exposing sensitive information. Error handling and response codes HTTP status codes HTTP status codes are part of the response sent by the server to indicate the status of the API request. Some commonly encountered status codes are: - 200 OK: The request was successful. - 201 Created: The request resulted in the creation of a new resource. - 400 Bad Request: The request had invalid parameters or data. - 401 Unauthorized: The request requires authentication or the provided credentials are invalid. - 404 Not Found: The requested resource was not found. - 500 Internal Server Error: An error occurred on the server. Handling errors and troubleshooting When working with APIs, error handling is crucial. API responses often include error messages or error codes to indicate the specific issue encountered. Developers can analyze these error details to identify and troubleshoot the problem. Common troubleshooting steps include checking the request parameters, authentication credentials, and network connectivity. API documentation and logs can provide additional guidance for error resolution. Understanding the flow of API requests and responses, implementing proper authentication and authorization mechanisms, and handling errors effectively are essential for building reliable and robust API integrations. Thank you for reading and sharing! Invest in your future & learn Learn affiliate marketing & build your own website with an awesome community and join me there. You can be a free starter for as long as needed. It includes free hosting and basic teachings. If you are an advanced user, you may like to level up. Just have a look, and see for yourself!

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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Article body copy Over the past 10 years, Scotland has installed thousands of offshore wind turbines in the North Sea and is starting to deploy marine energy devices that generate power from tides and waves. It’s a green energy push that is slowly being replicated in coastal areas the world over. Though these installations are reducing coastal threats such as oil spills, they have the potential to cause other, more subtle, problems for marine life. From each offshore wind and tidal turbine, power cables snake to shore, connecting to power banks, converters, and the wider electrical grid. But these electrified cables could have odd and unexpected effects on seafloor life. According to new research, these electrical cables may be upsetting the behavior of the commercially valuable brown crab, otherwise known as the edible crab. Kevin Scott, a marine biology doctoral candidate at Heriot-Watt University in Scotland, is concerned about the potential cumulative effects of electromagnetic fields on marine life. In recent research, Scott and his colleagues at the St. Abbs Marine Station on the Scottish coast obtained dozens of crabs from local fishermen and exposed them to electromagnetic fields in the lab. The fields didn’t directly harm the animals; physiological responses such as respiration rate remained normal, for instance. However, the fields had a distinct effect on the crabs’ behavior. Upon being exposed to electromagnetic fields, the crabs stopped what they were doing and were attracted to the plastic containers housing the equipment that generated the electromagnetic field, replicating what a power cable would do in the ocean. This distracting effect occurred roughly 70 percent of the time, while the crabs mostly ignored similar containers without electromagnetic fields. Scott says the research suggests that if crabs are similarly distracted in the wild—drawn toward the electromagnetic fields stemming from subsea power cables—they might forgo their usual feeding, mating, and shelter-finding activities. Electromagnetic fields dissipate within a few meters of power cables, so an animal would have to be close by to be affected. But Scott believes the effect could add up, especially for crabs that are tending eggs, which they can do for months at a time in the same spot. Cladding cables with metal sheaths only stops the emitted electrical fields, not the magnetic ones. And burying the cables just moves the problem to the habitat of organisms living in the seafloor sediment. The potential behavioral effect of power cables is an understudied issue, Scott says. “It’s hard to get funds for this research because [offshore electromagnetic fields are] a relatively new and invisible stressor. It’s not like oil [spills], where you can take pictures and spread the word.” He says the effects of electromagnetic fields need to be studied further, before more subsea power cables are deployed, potentially threatening key commercial species such as the brown crab. Andrew Gill, an environmental consultant formerly at Cranfield University in England who was not involved in the new research, says the problem may go beyond brown crabs. “There’s a huge number of organisms, from bacteria to whales, that apparently use Earth’s magnetic fields for movement,” Gill says. Caribbean spiny lobsters use magnetic fields to guide their long-distance migration, he says. When they are subjected to magnetic pulses they get disoriented and change direction. Sharks, rays, and skates also appear to sense electromagnetic fields, although it’s not yet clear whether subsea power cables would bother them. Yet Gill thinks Scott and his colleagues may be overstating the threat. “They’ve shown that there’s an effect, but they’ve gone too far saying it’s something to worry about with marine energy,” he says. “If one bird flies into a turbine, for example, is it something to worry about? More birds fly into glass buildings,” says Gill. But the research, he says, shows that the potential effects of subsea power cables warrant further scrutiny. Recent research by Milton Love and Mary Nishimoto, biologists at the University of California, Santa Barbara, adds more nuance to the field of study. The pair have examined the effects of electromagnetic fields on rock crabs in California’s Santa Barbara Channel and Dungeness crabs near the San Juan Islands in Washington State, and unlike Scott and his colleagues, they found no effect on the crabs’ behavior. Nishimoto cautions that it’s difficult to compare experiments with different methods and species, but she welcomes new experiments, especially more fieldwork and real-world observations. Scott appreciates the benefits of these field experiments, but he says tests in the lab allowed him and his team to control other variables that could make a difference, such as the presence of predators and prey, noise, weather, sea state, and changes in salinity. They’re now performing lab experiments to study whether the offspring of brown crabs and European lobsters incubated in the vicinity of electromagnetic fields are affected. Scott doesn’t think the offshore energy industry is sufficiently considering the complex and subtle effects it may be having on such valuable wildlife, including how it will impact the well-established fishing industry. Livelihoods that go back hundreds of years are going to be potentially affected by this, he says.

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

https://hakaimagazine.com/news/brown-crabs-are-attracted-to-undersea-power-cables/

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WHAT IS CONTEMPORARY AGRICULTURE? Modern farming is the practise of utilising cutting-edge methods, equipment, and technology to boost the output of agricultural endeavours. Precision farming, intensive agricultural methods, and the use of genetically modified crops are characteristics of modern farming. In order to increase agricultural yields, it entails the use of big machinery like tractors and harvesters as well as the use of chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides. Utilizing specialised machinery and instruments to keep an eye on plant growth rates, soil moisture levels, and nutrient concentrations is another aspect of modern farming. This information is used by farmers to maximise agricultural production and reduce waste. In addition to using irrigation systems, modern farming techniques allow farmers to cultivate crops in desert and low-rainfall locations. In general, contemporary farming uses scientific research and technical improvements to boost agricultural activities’ productivity and efficiency. Modern farming techniques have increased food production and enhanced food security, but they have also had a number of negative environmental repercussions. IMPACT OF MODERN AGRICULTURE ON THE ENVIRONMENT The environment has been significantly impacted by modern agriculture, especially in terms of the quality of the soil, water, and air. The following are some of the main effects of modern agriculture on the environment: Degradation of the soil: Chemical fertilisers and pesticides are used extensively in modern farming practices, which can cause the soil to deteriorate and lose its fertility. Overuse of chemical fertilisers can result in an imbalance of nutrients in the soil, which will eventually reduce its productivity. Water pollution: Chemical pesticides and fertilizers used in agriculture can also contribute to water contamination. These substances have the potential to contaminate groundwater, rivers, and other bodies of water, endangering both human health and aquatic life. Deforestation: Especially in tropical areas, the spread of modern agriculture has resulted in the destruction of large areas of forest land. Climate change, biodiversity loss, and soil erosion are all consequences of deforestation. Air pollution: Using large machinery in contemporary farming methods might cause air pollution. Farming machinery contributes to climate change by releasing greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide into the environment. Loss of biodiversity: Monoculture, or the cultivation of a single crop across a broad region, is a common emphasis of modern agricultural practises. As natural ecosystems are destroyed to make room for agricultural land, this may result in a loss of biodiversity. In conclusion, modern agriculture has had a considerable negative impact on the environment, with both immediate and long-term effects. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDES Chemicals called pesticides and herbicides are employed in contemporary farming methods to manage weeds and pests. The ecosystem may be adversely affected by these pesticides even though they have been successful in raising crop yields. Following are some examples of how pesticides and herbicides affect the environment: Water contamination: Pesticides and herbicides can contaminate surface and groundwater, which can contaminate drinking water supplies and aquatic habitats. Degradation of the soil: By destroying beneficial microbes and lowering soil fertility, pesticides and herbicides can also degrade the quality of the soil. Non-target species harm: Including useful insects, birds, and mammals, pesticides and herbicides can potentially kill non-target animals. These substances can damage ecosystems and food webs, which reduces biodiversity. Resistance development: The emergence of resistant pests and weeds is a result of repeated usage of pesticides and herbicides. This might result in more people using chemicals, which would be bad for the environment. hazards to human health: Cancer, reproductive issues, and neurological damage are just a few of the serious health hazards that exposure to pesticides and herbicides can bring about. In conclusion, the use of pesticides and herbicides in contemporary farming practises has the potential to have considerable detrimental consequences on the environment, including dangers to human health, soil degradation, water contamination, harm to non-target species, and damage to non-target species. To lessen the harmful effects of these chemicals on the environment, farmers must employ sustainable and integrated pest management techniques. WATER POLLUTION WITH MODERN AGRICULTURE Water pollution can be caused by modern farming techniques in a number of ways. Here are a few ways that contemporary farming methods can cause water pollution: Runoff from fields: When irrigation or precipitation leaks from fields, it can contaminate neighbouring bodies of water with pesticides, herbicides, and fertilisers. Livestock waste: Large-scale dairy and poultry industries, as well as feedlots, can all produce animal faeces that can contaminate the water supply. A nearby water supply may get contaminated by the waste’s potential presence of nutrients, bacteria, and diseases. Irrigation techniques: Ineffective irrigation techniques, like flood irrigation, can result in an excessive water application, which can cause waterlogging and the leaching of nutrients into the groundwater. Depletion of aquifers: Excessive use of groundwater for irrigation can result in aquifer depletion, which can cause the land to sink and raise the possibility of water contamination. Soil erosion: Modern farming techniques can cause soil erosion, which can raise the silt content of adjacent water sources. Sediment can damage aquatic habitats and lower the quality of water. MODERN FARMING’S EFFECT ON AIR QUALITY Particularly in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, modern farming techniques can have a substantial impact on air quality. Modern farming techniques can have the following effects on air quality: Emissions of greenhouse gases: Particularly carbon dioxide and methane, modern agricultural practises can increase emissions of greenhouse gases. Fuel is needed to run farming machinery like tractors and harvesters, which releases carbon dioxide into the environment. Additionally, raising livestock, especially sheep and cows, can increase methane emissions. Dust and particulate matter: Agricultural activities like plowing, tilling, and harvesting can produce dust and particle matter, which can lower air quality and be hazardous to both human and animal health. Chemical emissions: In modern farming methods, the use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilisers can emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the atmosphere, which can worsen air pollution. Crop burning: In some areas, burning crop leftover is still a common practice, which can result in significant smoke and particulate matter emissions into the atmosphere. Odors: Modern farming techniques, particularly cattle farming, can also generate offensive odours that can negatively affect the local air quality and annoy residents in the area. BIODIVERSITY AND CONTEMPORARY FARMING METHODS The loss of species and alterations to ecosystems are two examples of how modern farming practises can have a large negative influence on biodiversity. Here are a few ways that contemporary farming methods may impact biodiversity: Loss of habitat: Many modern farming practises entail clearing land for crop production, which causes the loss of many species’ natural habitats. This may cause the extinction or decline of species that depend on these environments. Monoculture: Modern farming methods frequently feature monoculture, in which huge tracts of land are covered with a single crop species. As a result of removing the variety of plant and animal species that may be found in natural environments, this may result in a decrease in biodiversity. Pesticides and herbicides: Pesticides and herbicides can harm non-target species, such as beneficial insects, birds, and mammals when used in modern farming practises. Loss of biodiversity may result from this disruption of food chains and ecosystems. Genetic homogeneity: Reducing the genetic variety of crops through the extensive adoption of GM crops in contemporary farming techniques is known as genetic homogenization. Crop genetic resources that are crucial for adjusting to shifting environmental conditions may be lost as a result. deterioration of the soil: Contemporary farming methods can also cause deterioration of the soil, which can have a detrimental effect on soil biodiversity. This may decrease the variety and quantity of microbes necessary for healthy soil and nutrient cycling. CHANGES IN CLIMATE AND MODERN AGRICULTURE Climate change is a factor that both modern farming methods can influence and contribute to. Following are a few ways that contemporary farming methods can both influence and be affected by climate change: Emissions of greenhouse gases: Modern farming practices, especially industrial agriculture, can increase emissions of greenhouse gases by using fossil fuels and raising animals, which releases methane into the atmosphere. These emissions have an impact on global warming. Soil carbon sequestration: However, through soil carbon sequestration, contemporary farming techniques can also contribute to reducing climate change. By increasing the amount of carbon retained in soils, techniques like cover crops and less tillage can reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Crop productivity changes: Crop productivity can be impacted by climate change, particularly through variations in temperature and precipitation patterns. On both agricultural livelihoods and food security, this may have a considerable influence. Water availability: A change in climate may affect how much water is available for agricultural. Crop production may suffer as a result of droughts or floods brought on by changes in precipitation patterns. Pests and diseases: Changes in the distribution and intensity of pests and diseases that harm crops are also a result of climate change. This may result in more pesticides and herbicides being used, which can worsen air and water pollution. BENEFITS OF SUSTAINABLE FARMING TECHNIQUES Sustainable farming techniques aim to reduce environmental harm while preserving social responsibility and economic viability. Here are some examples of sustainable agricultural methods and their advantages: Crop rotation: In a field, different crops are gradually planted over time. This can lessen the threat of pests and illnesses while preserving the health of the soil and preventing soil erosion. Additionally, it can decrease the requirement for synthetic fertilisers and boost soil carbon sequestration. Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM is an approach to pest control that focuses on reducing the usage of pesticides and herbicides while still managing pests successfully. Monitoring pest populations, using predators found in nature, and only employing targeted treatments when necessary are all part of this strategy. This strategy can lessen the harm that pesticides and herbicides cause to the environment and unintended species. Conservation Tillage: When planting and cultivating, conservation tillage seeks to cause the least amount of soil disturbance possible. This could support soil structure preservation, soil erosion control, and soil carbon sequestration. Additionally, it may lower fuel use and related greenhouse gas emissions. Agroforestry: Agroforestry is the practise of growing crops and trees together on the same plot of land. This can boost biodiversity, offer habitat for wildlife, and enhance the condition of the soil. Additionally, it can open up new revenue streams from tree products including nuts, fruits, and timber. Organic farming: Managing pests, illnesses, and fertilising crops naturally are all part of organic farming. This can improve the health of the soil and the crops while reducing the harmful effects of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers on the environment. GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND MODERN FARMING POLICIES Modern farming practises and their effects on the environment are significantly shaped by government laws and regulations. Here are some examples of laws and rules pertaining to contemporary farming: Environmental regulation: Governments may create environmental restrictions to reduce the damaging effects of contemporary farming methods on the environment. Limits on agricultural runoff’s ability to pollute water, prohibitions on the use of pesticides and herbicides, and specifications for the removal of animal waste are a few examples of these regulations. Agriculture subsidies: To promote contemporary farming methods, many governments provide subsidies. These incentives could be linked to actions that support sustainability, such conserving water, soil, and using fewer synthetic pesticides and fertilisers. Land-use policies: To guarantee that farming is done in a sustainable way, governments may regulate land use. The use of genetically modified crops may be restricted by zoning laws, programmes to protect farmland, and laws governing farmland preservation. Trade policies: Governments may also utilise trade rules to control how modern farming affects the environment. For instance, they can levy tariffs on imported products made using unethical farming methods or mandate that imported products adhere to specific environmental standards. Farming incentives: Governments may offer incentives to farmers to encourage them to adopt sustainable farming practises. These incentives can consist of financing for the creation of renewable energy sources, research funding for environmentally friendly farming practices, or grants for the purchase of equipment that lowers greenhouse gas emissions. CONCLUSION AND ADVICE FOR DEVELOPING FARMING TECHNIQUES As a result, contemporary farming methods have had a considerable negative influence on the ecosystem, resulting in soil erosion, water pollution, and biodiversity loss. However, there are a lot of ecologically friendly farming methods and government regulations that can help to lessen these effects. Prioritizing techniques that improve soil health, cut back on fertiliser and pesticide use, safeguard water quality, and encourage biodiversity is crucial for ensuring that farming methods in the future are sustainable. These procedures can lessen the detrimental effects on the environment while preserving the long-term production of farms. In order to find new and inventive sustainable farming practices, governments and agricultural organisations should also continue to engage in research and development. In order to encourage farmers to embrace these practises and support their implementation, they should also sponsor outreach and education programmes. We can make sure that contemporary farming methods are environmentally responsible and enhance long-term agricultural productivity by giving priority to sustainable farming practises and legislation. By doing this, we can safeguard the environment while ensuring that future generations have access to fertile agriculture. Certificate of Completion I, [Your Name], hereby certify that I have successfully completed the project titled “Effects of Modern Farming on the Environment. ” This project was undertaken as part of my academic curriculum, and I am pleased to present my findings and analysis on the impact of contemporary agricultural practices on our environment. As a student passionate about sustainable agriculture and environmental conservation, this project allowed me to delve into the complexities of modern farming and its effects on various ecological aspects. I thoroughly researched contemporary agricultural methods, including precision farming, genetically modified crops, and the use of advanced machinery. Subsequently, I analyzed their impact on the environment, focusing on soil quality, water pollution, air quality, biodiversity, and climate change. Throughout the project, I learned about the detrimental effects of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on soil degradation, water contamination, and non-target species. The widespread deforestation to expand agricultural lands and the resulting loss of biodiversity were particularly concerning. Additionally, the project revealed the role of modern farming in contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, highlighting the urgency of sustainable practices. The project also delved into the advantages of sustainable farming techniques, such as crop rotation, integrated pest management (IPM), conservation tillage, agroforestry, and organic farming. I discovered how these practices can mitigate environmental harm, promote soil health, preserve water quality, and support biodiversity. By conducting this research and compiling my findings, I gained a comprehensive understanding of the environmental impact of modern farming and the importance of implementing sustainable agricultural practices. It has inspired me to advocate for policies that support environmentally responsible farming methods and work towards a more sustainable future for agriculture. I express my sincere gratitude to my academic mentor, [Mentor’s Name], for guiding me throughout this project and providing valuable insights. Additionally, I extend my appreciation to my educational institution for offering me the opportunity to explore this crucial subject and contribute to the growing body of knowledge in the field of agriculture and environmental science. I hope that my project will serve as a valuable resource for those interested in understanding the implications of modern farming practices on the environment and how we can work towards a more sustainable agricultural future. Sincerely,[Your Name]Date: [Date of Completion][Institution/Department Name] In order to download the PDF, You must follow on Youtube. Once done, Click on SubmitFollow On Youtube Subscribed? Click on Confirm

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CC-MAIN-2024-10

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