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The WAGR Fso class were freight steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR). The Fso class was a designation assigned to regular Fs class (superheated F class) 4-8-0 locomotives to identify them from the Fsl class which had larger cylinders. Like the Esl and Eso classes, these sorts of classifications were abandoned by the 1940s, with both the Fso and Fsl classes being folded into the normal Fs class. Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

The WAGR K class were a total of 24 heavy freight side tank steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) from 1893 to 1964. The K class were built by Neilson & Coy of Glasgow, Scotland from 1893 to 1898 for work on heavy goods trains on the Eastern Railway where upon their arrival they totally outclassed the B, G and later O classes. Some were superheated from 1915 to 1916, and one in 1929 as the Ks class however this was not a great success as by this time they were being used as shunters reducing the economic efficiency. When the F class arrived in 1902 the K class was reallocated to the South Western mainline to Collie, replacing the O class on goods traffic. After handling local goods around Perth and Kalgoorlie along with other regional centres they became relegated to purely shunting roles by the 1920s. The last K class was withdrawn in 1964, all were scrapped. Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

The WAGR Ks class were a total of 6 steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) from 1915 to 1928. The Ks class were the result of superheating the standard K class 2-8-4 of 1893. Only six of the twenty-four total were superheated as by this time most were working as shunting meaning superheating them wasn't economically viable. All but one were converted back to K class engines. Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

The 3DS Game Card (Like the DS Cartridge) is made for the Nintendo 3DS Family of systems is a white cartridge with a small notch on the top right. The small notch is for preventing the 3DS cartridge from fitting into the Nintendo DS consoles, as they don't work for those systems.

Especially in the United States, the term spree killer is used for someone who commit several murders, usually in a short period of time. Very often, the killings are done in different locations. There is disagreement about what 'short time' means: The US Bureau of Justice Statistics speaks about ""almost no time break between murders". Some academics say that there may be weeks or months between the murders. As an example, Andrew Cunanan killed five people over a period of three months. He is considered to be a spree killer. Crime

is a maze video game. It was developed and published by Hudson Soft. The original home computer game was released in July 1983 for the NEC PC-8801, NEC PC-6001 mkII, Fujitsu FM-7, Sharp MZ-700, Sharp MZ-2000, Sharp X1 and MSX in Japan. A version that looked different was released for the MSX and ZX Spectrum in Europe as Eric and the Floaters. A sequel was made called 3-D Bomberman. In 1985, Bomberman was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It started the Bomberman series with many other games being made. Notes References

The Altarpiece of the Centenar de la Ploma or Altarpiece of Saint George of the Centenar de la Ploma is a large-scale international Gothic style altarpiece made around 1400 by Andreu Marçal de Sax and Miquel Alcanyís on behalf of the company of the Centenar de la Ploma and which symbolizes the battle of the Puig that took place in 1237. Currently, and following the acquisition made in 1864, the work is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London .

Context In 1237, during the conquest of the kingdom of Valencia, James I had gained control of the fortification of Puig Castle . With his troops weakened due to the conquests, he received the warning of a counterattack by the Muslim forces, in this way he marched towards Catalonia to gather more troops, leaving Guillem Aguiló in charge. In his absence, the Muslim king Zayyan ibn Mardanix attacked the fortification. During the battle, while part of his troops were fighting the Muslims, Guillem Aguiló advanced from behind the hill sounding numerous trumpets and carrying flags taken from nearby ships, with the royal pennant at the head, making the Muslims believe that it was of James I arriving with an army. According to Bernat Desclot's Chronicle, at that moment Saint George appeared with his own army of knights, allowing the Christians to win the battle.

History On June 3, 1365, Pere the Ceremonious created the militia of the Centenar de la Ploma, initially called the Centenar of the Glorious Sant Jordi. After the Church of Sant Jordi in Valencia was consecrated on May 27, 1401, the Centenary commissioned an altarpiece for this church, which was made sometime between 1400 and 1420. Due to its dimensions and complexity, the work probably had several authors, mainly Marçal de Sax and Miquel Alcanyís, but also very likely Johan Utuvert and Gonçal Peris . In 1740 the altarpiece was still in the church, but it was demolished in 1807 and the altarpiece was lost until it appeared in Paris in 1864, dismantled in several pieces. After a period of negotiation, the altarpiece was bought by the South Kensington museum in London for 800 pounds or 20,000 francs, a high price for a work of this nature at the time. Since then, the altarpiece has been exhibited in that museum, now called the Victoria and Albert Museum .

In 2010, negotiations began with the London museum for a temporary return of the altarpiece to Valencia, but ultimately they did not succeed. In 2019 the predella of the altarpiece, the part most in need of restoration, arrived at the Museum of Fine Arts in Valencia to be restored and analyzed, it remained on display between 2020 and 2021. The restoration lasted for a year and a half and made it possible to recover the original colors and brightness. Gallery References Other websites Victorian and Albert Museum webpage on the Altarpiece of Saint George Art museums

The Frøyningsfjell drum ('Frøynings-mountain drum'), sometimes called the Folldal drum, is a famous drum that was taken from Sami people of Norway in 1723. In 2023 the Meininger Museum gave it back to the Sami people. References Norway

A United States national monument is a protected area that can be created from any land owned or controlled by the federal government by proclamation of the president of the United States or an act of Congress. In contrast, national parks in the U.S. must be created by Congressional legislation. Some national monuments were first created by presidential action and later designated as national parks by congressional approval. List of national monuments References

A Żubroń (/ˈʒuːbrɒnj/; Polish: żubroń [ˈʐubrɔɲ]) is a hybrid (mix) of a cow and a wisent. The wisent is another name for the European bison. That means a żubroń is a lot like a beefalo. The name żubroń was picked from a lot of choices. Before that, people sent the choices into a Polish magazine in 1969.

Mac OS X Server 1.0 is an operating system created by Apple. At first, the OS was called Rhapsody (operating system) from 1997-98, and then it was renamed in 1999. Updates Version 1.0.1 Almost one month after its initial release date, Mac OS X Server 1.0.1 was released on 15 April 1999. Also, the Rhapsody kernel number was updated to 5.4. Version 1.0.2 Mac OS X Server 1.0.2 was released on 29 July 1999 and updated the kernel version to 5.5. Version 1.2 Mac OS X Server 1.2 was released on 14 January 2000 and updated the kernel version to 5.6. Also, the Blue Box emulator replaced Mac OS 8.5.1 with Mac OS 8.6. Version 1.2 v3 Mac OS X Server 1.2 v3 is the newest version and was released on 27 October 2000 to support the newer PowerPC G4 systems.

Anton Maskeliade (real name: Anton Andreevich Sergeev, December 16, 1986, Moscow) is a Russian electronic musician, record producer, founder and professor of Maskeliade Music School, writer. Biography Anton Andreevich Sergeev was born on December 16, 1986 in Moscow. From the very childhood Anton was interested in music. In high school, together with his friend Lev Oborin, he created an indie rock band called "Triton Utonul", where Anton sang and played the guitar. The band was active from 2000 to 2010. Career Solo career

Solo career In 2012 Anton became the first Russian musician who entered into the OneBeat international program. Within one month Anton together with other musicians from around the globe travelled throughout the USA, recorded collaborations, gave shows and participated in musical street-studios (improvised concerts with random strangers). It was at that time Anton first started experimenting with sound and visual effects - he got driven by the Circuit Bending method which is based on random setting (or intentional breakage) of circuits in electronic devices (i.e. synthesizers or children's music toys). As a result, new musical or visual effects are generated. Thus, at his gigs Anton used re-soldered Dendy game console which generated a distorted and glitch picture.

From 2013 Anton began to use Leap Motion controller that allows to control music flow by hands gesturing without touching the device itself. After, he mastered controlling music, animation and video flows at the same time, which later on became the highlight of his live shows. "It looks like you're a magician making enigmatic moves and passes and not music at all. You're like a charmer, enchanting the sound itself, - and that is quite impressive and cool". Maskeliade himself calls his music an ephemeral being explaining that during live shows he always improvises, and in studio recordings he always leaves "raw pieces" of the first takes. In 2013 together with a team of musicians he launched Maskeliade Street Studio - the first Russian street studio where anybody could participate in making tracks. Street studios were taken place in Moscow at Moscow City Day, as well as at Outline and Fields Festivals and Garage Museum of Contemporary Art.

In the end of 2013 Anton released his first EP "Zoloto Moyo". Critics noted an unexpected combination presented as a collage of traditional, live (acoustic instruments and vocals) and digital (noises, clicks, glitches, tweaks and freezes) sounds. 2014: Subtract the Silence of Myself

In the beginning of 2014 Anton released his debut LP Subtract the Silence of Myself which was warmly welcomed by the media and got into the top albums of the year. «Even though the roots of a method promoted by Anton Maskeliade could be found in the music of Four Tet, The Books, and, for Gog's sake, Radiohead (I could easily imagine "Chabrec" on "Hail to the Thief" sang by Thom Yorke), his final work doesn't look like a replica of forms already existing, but more like a man-made creation of a cracky (but in a good way!) local genius. In these noisy, wiggly songs there is a quirky, cartoonish energy manifested in a drum section which suddenly pops out of nowhere, or a choir uniting with Anton's voice, or something else even more unexpected» Anton and his music were mentioned in The Guardian, Rolling Stone and Snob. According to Vice magazine, he was ranked as one of the top ten artists worth keeping an eye on. That same year he got nominated for the Stepnoy Volk Award in "Debut" category.

In 2015 Maskeliade won the Sergey Kuryokhin Contemporary Art Award for his solo project and Maskeliade Street Studio. For two years after he toured with his shows across Russia and Europe. He participated in international showcase festivals such as Waves, Ment, BIME, Reeperbahn, MMW, V-ROX and shared a scene with Moderat, Mouse on Mars, The Herbaliser, Emika, Dub FX. Maskeliade became one of the first Russian musicians who got invited to Glastonbury Festival in the United Kingdom. That same year he participated in Polytech Festival with his performance "The Car Organ Live". He managed to play on honks and control front lights of 24 Soviet cars only by hands gesturing. The technology of chaining and powering the automobiles was developed and designed together with the American company Syyn Labs and Polytech. Later this project got short-listed for the Sergey Kuryokhin Award.

He also wrote music for the videos of the Tretyakov Gallery, Samsung, Adidas and Puma, and he made a sound design for the Yandex smart speaker. Anton created the sound installation for the GULAG History Museum. 2016: O In 2016 Anton released his second LP called O. Each track of this release is dedicated to a specific event that happened in the musician’s life, and featured sounds Anton had been collecting during his travels and tours. Critics noted the way Maskeliade had succeeded to create the restless and dreamy avant pop by fitting different sounds and melodies to one another. December 2016 was the first time the album was played live at Far From Moscow Festival at the UCLA (Los Angeles), where such bands as Mumiy Troll, Mujuice and Kate NV were also present. In 2016 the literature Internet portal "Polutona" published "Kresty vmesto orbit (Crosses instead of orbits)" — the book of poems by Anton Maskeliade.

During that time Anton also worked as a sales manager of spare parts for woodworking equipment. In 2016 he was able to finally quit his office job to concentrate only on music. In 2017 Anton founded Maskeliade Music School – the school for creation electronic music for beginners and professional musicians. Maskeliade teaches two offline courses and also streams for the online version of the school. The school was graduated by such famous artists as Nadia Gritskevich (NAADIA), Katia Shilonosova (Kate NV), Gleb Raumskaya, Mitia Burmistrov, Maksim Iliakhov, Nikita Chernat (Khadn Dadn), Vadik Korolev (OQJAV) In honor of the fifth anniversary in 2022 the school had its first offsite music festival. OneBeat and IMI residencies

In 2017 Anton became a co-organizer of OneBeat Russia, music program which gathered musicians and artists from the USA and Russia together. Participants were making collaborations in music residency in Sviyazhsk and Suzdal, and after went on a tour to Kazan, Suzdal and Moscow with gigs and interactive performances. The result of this residency was the auteur production of Stravinsky's “Soldier’s tale”. In 2019 Maskeliade became a curator of IMI residency which united musicians from Russia, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and Germany. Residency took place in Podmoskovye (Moscow suburbs), where musicians were forming groups, making creative performances and composing. This residency’s result was a show given by all of the participants on their own scene at Afisha Picnic. as well as fully written album.

2019: the book Tvoy perviy trek (Your first track) In December 2019 Anton Maskeliade together with the editor Maksim Iliakhov published a book called Tvoy perviy trek (Your first track)” (AST publishing house). The book talks about how to create electronic music without having music education, as well as how to deal with negative critic and how to overcome it. Extracts are published on Meduza and Afisha websites.

2020: Kontra Kontra was released on 26 November, 2020 right after the single "Nauchus Slezam" which was included into the global Oblique playlist on Spotify. The release itself orbited abound texts and was colored in anxious tones and gloomy atmosphere. Four music videos – Nauchus Slezam, Ia ne boius tebia, Ty, Valetudo – were released in support of the album.«Kontra is a white noise of my inner voices with whom I wake up every day. I understand that they won’t go anywhere. I don’t want to hide them or to be ashamed by them – I want to give them colors, and I find peace this way. It helps me to understand myself better, my true “self”. I think this is a huge step towards freedom».

2021: Radium-226 Remix album Radium-226 comprises of 8 tracks of musicians who made their remixes on tracks from Kontra, and those are: NAADIA, Madiken, Dmitriy Evgraphov, Ekaterina Iashnikova, Fesikl Milensky, Petr Pazyna, Kolia Skazhenik, a composer Aleksey Khevelev. In this eclectic collection coexists curious genres – from orchestral and pop ballades to plunderphonics. Other information Anton’s pseudonym, according to his words, comes from the surname of his grandfather – Maskileyson, who used to tell funny stories of his surname being misspelled, and Maskeliade was one of them. In 2020 Anton Maskeliade was entered into top of the most creative people of Russia according to Creative Russia Network. In 2022 at the Day of Remembrance of the Victims of Political Repressions Maskeliade School and GULAG History Museum released the music album made under the impression of the book “Odd Planet” by Georgy Demidov, a GULAG’s prisoner. Discography Studio albums EP Zoloto Moyo (2013) OneBeat (2014)

Remix LF (2014) Radium-226 (2021) Singles Nauchus Slezam (2020) Doma (2021) Music videos Crown (Elektrichka Live) (2014) Chabrec (Live in the Old Soviet Car) (2014) Come On (Live) (2014) The Car Organ Live (ft. SYYN LABS & Polytech) (2015) Morning Sessions #1, #2 (2016) Live at Motherland Festival (2016) Onfim (2016) Nauchus Slezam (2020) Ia ne boius tebia (2020) Ty (2021) Valetudo (2021) Doma (2021) Maskeliade Street Studio Fields Muzeon Festival & Outline Festival (2014) Moscow City Day & Nikola-Lenivets & Garage (2014) Zotovy Bratia Lopatepye 11 (2011) Figures & Night (2012) Live 2113 (2013) References Other websites Official website Я хочу стать электронным музыкантом. Что для этого нужно? Рассказывает музыкант и преподаватель Антон Маскелиаде Meduza 1986 births Living people

Bev Craig is a Labour councillor in Burnage, Manchester, England, and Leader of Manchester City Council. As leader she is also a member of the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and is the combined authority's portfolio lead for Economy, Business and Inclusive Growth. Craig was elected Leader of Manchester City Council by the ruling Labour group of councillors in October 2021, and took over from Sir Richard Leese at a full meeting of the council when he retired on 1 December 2021. Biography Craig comes from Belfast and is the city council’s first female and LGBT leader. She grew up on a council estate just outside Belfast and moved to Manchester from Northern Ireland in 2003. She told the BBC: "I grew up in social housing and my family still rely on it. I know the value of [what] the safety net of a good quality home can give you when times are tough." and that she wanted "to reach a point where me being a woman and being gay is entirely uninteresting and unremarkable".

She graduated from Manchester University in 2007 with a degree in politics and modern history and later gaining a postgraduate in Local Government Management from Warwick Business School and a MA in public policy and governance from Manchester University, both while she had a full time job. She has had jobs across local government, higher education and working for the trade union UNISON. References 1985 births People from Belfast Politicians from Manchester British LGBT politicians

A genetic bottleneck occurs when many individuals of a species are killed (or die) because of a natural event, such as a famine or a disease. The phenomenon is also called population bottleneck.The result of this, is that the gene pool will be smaller, and the genetic diversity will also be smaller, in future generations. This can have effects, such as an inbreeding depression. Ecology

Pseudophilautus eximius is a frog. It lived in Sri Lanka. People have seen it in exactly one place: the Queenswood Estate, 1500 meters above sea level. This frog is extinct. All frogs in this species are dead. References Frogs of Asia

Bishop Kaun is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for Ring of Honor (ROH). He also makes appearances in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He is a member of the stable The Embassy and one-half of the tag team Gates Of Agony with Toa Liona. In ROH, Kaun has been a two-time ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Champion. Career All Elite Wrestling On the May 4, 2022 episode of Dynamite, Kaun made his debut in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He faced Andrade El Idolo but lost. On the July 8 episode of Rampage, Kaun would team with his Gates of Agony teammate Toa Liona and they would defeat the team of Jonathan Gresham and Lee Moriarty. This gave Kaun his first victory in AEW. At Battle of the Belts IV, Gates of Agony would face FTR (Dax Harwood and Cash Wheeler) for the ROH World Tag Team Championships but would lose. On the July 21 episode of Rampage, he would enter the Royal Rampage to determine the number one contender for the AEW TNT Championship but it was won by Darby Allin.

On the September 1 episode of Rampage, Gates of Agony would enter a battle Royal to determine the number one contenders for the ROH World Tag Team Championships but would lose to The Dark Order (Alex Reynolds & John Silver). On September 3, 2023, he would compete in the Over Budget Charity Battle Royal at All Out: Zero Hour which was won by "Hangman" Adam Page. On Night Two of Grand Slam, The Mogul Embassy (Kaun, Brian Cage & Toa Liona) would lose their ROH World Six-Man Tag Team Championships to The Elite (Matt Jackson, Nick Jackson, and "Hangman" Adam Page). References Other websites Ring of Honor profile 1986 births Living people All Elite Wrestling people American professional wrestlers Sportspeople from Minneapolis

A residential treatment center (RTC), sometimes called a rehab, is a live-in health care facility that gives therapy for substance abuse disorders, mental illness, or other behavioral problems. Residential treatment may be seen as the "last-ditch" approach to treating these illnesses. References

Sarguelas is a unique and exotic fruit that thrives in specific regions of the world, celebrated for its remarkable qualities and delightful taste. This mysterious fruit has gained recognition among botanists, horticulturists, and food enthusiasts alike. Description: Sarguelas is a small, pear-shaped fruit, known for its vibrant colors and distinctive appearance. Its skin is a rich shade of deep purple, with a glossy texture that adds to its visual appeal. The fruit's flesh is sweet and juicy, resembling a blend of tropical flavors, including elements of mango, passion fruit, and hints of citrus. Sarguelas is often praised for its pleasant aroma and delectable taste.

The Sarguelas tree, known scientifically as Sarguelas regalis, is a tropical evergreen that can reach heights of up to 20 feet. Its leaves are broad and leathery, offering ample shade to the fruits that grow beneath their lush canopy. The tree produces these fruits seasonally, and each one ripens to perfection on the tree, ensuring maximum flavor and sweetness. Cultural Significance: Sarguelas holds a special place in the cultures and traditions of the regions where it is cultivated. It is often used in festive celebrations and is considered a symbol of abundance and good fortune. In some cultures, it is believed that consuming Sarguelas can bring prosperity and happiness. The fruit is also a popular ingredient in local cuisine, used in a variety of dishes ranging from salads to desserts. Sarguelas jam and preserves are highly sought after for their unique flavor profiles.

Cultivation and Distribution: Sarguelas is primarily grown in regions with a tropical climate, with countries in Southeast Asia and South America being known for their Sarguelas orchards. The fruit is typically harvested by hand to ensure its delicate skin remains intact, and it is transported to markets and stores where it is enjoyed by locals and visitors alike. Popularity and Export: Over the years, the popularity of Sarguelas has spread beyond its region of origin, with international markets showing a growing interest in this delectable fruit. Exported fresh or in various processed forms, Sarguelas has found its way to culinary establishments and homes worldwide, delighting palates with its exotic and enticing taste.

In Hinduism Shesha is a divine male serprent, king of all (snake), one of the primal beigns of creation to from the bed upon vishnu, Shesha remains as he is. Cobra

Denis Gankin is a Kazakhstani archer. He was born on 13 December 1989. Gankin competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics and the 2020 Summer Olympics. References Kazakhstani archers Kazakhstani Olympians 1989 births Living people

"He's Sure the Boy I Love" is a 1962 song by Darlene Love and The Blossoms but released by The Crystals. It was taken from The Crystal's second studio album He's a Rebel and went to number 11 in the United States. References 1962 songs Rock songs The Crystals songs Bette Midler songs Darlene Love songs

Irina Leonova is a Kazakhstani archer. She was born on 3 February 1961. Leonova competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics. References 1961 births Living people Kazakhstani archers Kazakhstani Olympians

"Saving Grace" is a 2006 song by Tom Petty and is the leading single from his third studio album Highway Companion. It went to number 100 in the United States and number 26 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks charts. Track listings iTunes tracks "Saving Grace" – 3:46 "Big Weekend" – 3:15 UK single CD W727CD "Saving Grace" – 3:54 "Square One" (Live) – 3:46 References Tom Petty songs 2006 songs Blues rock songs Boogie rock songs

Wilhelm Kment (15 October 1914 – 22 December 2002) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played as midfielder mainly for Wiener Sport-Club. Career Willy Kment began his career with Landstraßer Amateure. He played for them at the age of 18.Then he moved to DSV Brno for a year. From 1937 to 1947 he played for the Wiener Sport-Club in the top Austrian league. The greatest success during this time was reaching the ÖFB Cup final in 1938 and becoming runner-up in the 1937/38 season. Coaching career Till 1955 he coached SBK Drafn in Norway. Willy Kment started as a coach in the Netherlands with VVV Venlo in 1956. There they won 4-1 over ADO Den Haag in the final of the KNVB Cup in 1959. In 1960 he was became the Norwegian national coach. In 1962 Willy Kment returned to the Netherlands and managed DOS Utrecht for two years. Then he went to Feyenoord Rotterdam. He achieved the first double in the club's history in 1965.

After two runner-up finishes in 1966 and 1967, he returned to the Norwegian national team. Willy Kment returned to Austria in 1970. There he became coach of LASK in the National League for two years. Honours as player: ÖFB Cup: Final 1938 Austrian Champion:Runner up:1938 as manager: KNVB Cup:1959 (Venlo) Netherlands Champion and KNVB Cup: 1965 (Feyenoord) Netherlands Champion: Runner-up 1966,1967 1914 births 2002 deaths Austrian footballers Austrian football managers

Lace and Whiskey is the tenth studio album by Alice Cooper. It was released on 29 April, 1977 through Warner Bros. and went to number 42 in the United States, number 33 in the United Kingdom and number 3 in Australia. Track listing References 1977 albums Alice Cooper albums

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is a non-profit, non-governmental organization that works to advocate and protect the rights of journalists around the world. It is based in New York City. Its main goal is to make sure that journalists can report news freely without facing threats, violence or censorship. The CPJ monitors cases of journalists who are imprisoned, harassed or attacked because of their work. It also raises awareness about the importance of a free press and freedom of expression. By doing so, the CPJ helps to protect journalists and uphold the principles of journalism that are crucial in a democratic society. Related pages Reporters Without Borders References Other websites Official Website

"Take Me to the River" is a 1974 song originally written by Al Green and was taken from eighth studio album Al Green Explores Your Mind. It went on to be covered by Syl Johnson, Talking Heads and Delbert McClinton. Talking Heads version In 1978, Talking Heads covered Take Me to the River for their second studio album More Songs About Buildings and Food. It went to number 26 in the United States and Australia, number 20 in New Zealand and number 34 in Canada. References 1974 songs Soul songs Al Green songs Bryan Ferry songs Talking Heads songs Annie Lennox songs Hootie & the Blowfish songs Dave Matthews Band songs Eva Cassidy songs Tom Jones (singer) songs

Zu Chongzhi, (; 429–500 AD), courtesy name Wenyuan (), was a Chinese astronomer, mathematician, politician, inventor. He worked in the Liu Song and Southern Qi dynasties. He was born in Jiankang. His ancestors were from Baoding, Hebei. Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song sent him to the Hualin Academy. In 461 he worked as an official in Nanxu (today Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). He calculated the value of pi to be between 3.1415926 and 3.1415927. It is the most accurate estimate of Pi at the time. 429 births 500 deaths Chinese astronomers Chinese mathematicians

The House of Commons of Great Britain was the lower house of the Parliament of Great Britain between 1707 and 1801. This was a result of the Acts of Union. It replaced the House of Commons of England and the third estate of the Parliament of Scotland. This was one of the most significant changes brought about by the Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1801, the House was enlarged to become the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, as a result of the Act of Union of 1800 which combined Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Parliamentary constituencies The constituencies which elected members in England and Wales did not change throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain. Sources: Chris Cook & John Stevenson, British Historical Facts 1760-1830 (The Macmillan Press, 1980) Colin Rallings & Michael Thrasher, British Electoral Facts 1832-1999 (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2000)

House of Commons of Great Britain

The House of Commons of England was the lower house of the Parliament of England (which included Wales) from the 14th century to the union of England and Scotland in 1707. It was then replaced by the House of Commons of Great Britain. In 1801, with the union of Great Britain and Ireland, that house was in turn replaced by the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The first parliament to invite representatives of the major towns was Montfort's Parliament in 1265. At the "Model Parliament" of 1295, representatives of the boroughs (including towns and cities) were admitted. It became the rule that each county send two knights of the shire, and that each borough send two burgesses. In 1341 the Commons met separately from the nobility and clergy for the first time, creating in effect an Upper Chamber and a Lower Chamber. The clergy and nobility became the House of Lords.

While they were English possessions Calais, between 1372 and 1558, and Tournai, between 1513 and 1519, were represented in the Parliament.

James I and Charles I came to depend on the parliament for taxation and the disputes resulted in the English Civil War. The armed forces of Parliament won the war. In December 1648 the House of Commons was purged by the New Model Army, which was supposed to be under the control Parliament. Pride's Purge was the only military coup in English history. Then Charles I was beheaded and the Upper House was abolished. The unicameral Parliament that was left was later called the Rump Parliament It only had a small selection of Members of Parliament approved by the army – some of whom were soldiers themselves. In 1653, when leading figures in this Parliament began to disagree with the army, it was dissolved by Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy and the House of Lords were both restored with the Commons in 1660. The influence of the Crown had been decreased, and was less after James II was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the Bill of Rights 1689 was enacted. References House of Commons of England

Here are the top 10 most goals scored by one player. Josef Bican is said by some sources to have had 805 , 950 , 1468 or even 1800.

Europa Galante is an Italian period-instrument Baroque orchestra founded by violinist Fabio Biondi in 1990 and directed by him. Discography Studio albums Handel: Poro (1995) References Classical musicians Musical groups established in 1990

The WAGR M class were a total of 13 successful Garratt steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) from 1912 to 1955. The M class was built by Beyer, Peacock & Coy from 1911 to 1913, they had recently negotiated the exclusive production of Garratt articulated engines manufactured out of the UK. The WAGR were the first to order Garratts of such size and quantity for a state system, playing a vital role in the global success of Garratt locomotives, the WAGR being somewhat of a trailblazer in this respect.

The M class were powerful locos designed to be able to run on lighter-laid lines and around sharp 5-chain radius curves, which they did to great effect, being more powerful than the F class while also having far greater route availability. The second batch was ordered as superheated and became the Ms class, though a standard M class was converted in 1934. Withdrawals began in 1947, with the last withdrawn and scrapped in 1955, none were preserved. They were succeeded by the Msa class Garratts. Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

The WAGR Ms class were a total of 8 successful Garratt steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) from 1913 to 1955. The Ms class were ordered new from Beyer, Peacock & Coy as a superheated version of the standard M class which they built previously in 1911. Superheating improved their steaming qualities making them more favourable with crews for their free-steaming abilities. In 1934 a single M class, No. 389 was converted to a Ms at Midland Railway Workshops. Withdrawals for the class began in 1947 and continued until 1955 when all had been scrapped. Gallery Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

The WAGR Msa class were a total of 10 Garratt steam locomotives operated by the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) from 1930 to 1963. The Msa class were designed as a slightly altered design of the Ms class (superheated M class), specifically for a record-heavy harvest of wheat in 1930. The Msa was the first Garratt constructed in the Southern Hemisphere, being built by Midland Railway Workshops. They proved a great success, though wasted coal when compared to the Ms class and couldn't have all their parts unchanged with the Ms class. One was withdrawn in 1962 and the rest in 1963. One was supposed to be preserved but was accidentally scrapped by mistake, leaving nothing behind. Gallery Western Australian Government Railways locomotives

Johnathan Bond, a renowned American songwriter and performer, is a dedicated family man based in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He is happily married to Lisa Bond, and together they have a son named Markale. Their family has expanded with the addition of a daughter-in-law, Courtney. Johnathan takes immense pride in his four grandchildren, MacKenzie, Myla, Journey, and Jax, who bring him joy and inspiration in his daily life. Career Johnathan Bond has had a prolific career in the music industry, notably as a writer for Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI). He is a respected member of prominent music associations, including The National Songwriters Association, Inc. (NSAI), NARAS (www.Grammy.com), and The Gospel Music Association (www.GMAMusicAwards.com). His contributions as a songwriter for HIS Choice Music Publishing have significantly impacted the music landscape.

With an impressive discography comprising 30 projects, Johnathan has consistently produced music that resonates with his audience. His latest project, "BACK HOME AGAIN," reflects his enduring commitment to creating soul-stirring and uplifting music. Throughout his career, Johnathan Bond has received numerous accolades and nominations, notably for the esteemed Dove Awards. His exceptional musical talent was recognized with nominations for the Southern Gospel Song of the Year and Gospel Music’s "Song of the Year." Additionally, his albums and singles have garnered widespread acclaim and nominations, including "Strength," "Good Morning Lord," and "Faith, Hope, and Joy," among others.

Early career and achievements Johnathan's journey in the music industry began with The McClure Trio, where he performed alongside his cousins. Subsequently, he co-founded the group Young Harmony, which gained nationwide recognition and acclaim, touring extensively for approximately 15 years. Following his solo career, Johnathan continued to capture the hearts of his fans and industry professionals alike. His contributions to music were celebrated with his induction into the North America Country Music Hall of Fame, an honor that attests to his enduring impact on the genre. Throughout his career, his chart-topping singles such as "Don't Hide Your Scars," "Let Me Take You To Jesus," and "God Has Not Forgotten You" have solidified his position as a prominent figure in the music industry.

Johnathan Bond's passion for spreading hope and positivity through his music remains the driving force behind his continued dedication to his craft. His recent radio release, "Back Home Again," serves as a testament to his unwavering commitment to uplifting his audience through the power of music. Biography Musician Music awards winner

Syed Hassan Jafari (born 23 January, 2012 or 2011, sources differ) professionally known by his stage name Syed Hassan, is a Pakistani actor and model who started working predominantly in Urdu television. Hassan made his acting debut with Babi Baji in 2023 and later on appeared numerous serials. He get widely recognized after portraying Hammad Raza in 2022 series Khuda Aur Mohabbat, which proved to be a turning point in his career. Career Hassan made his acting debut in 2023 with Tehseen Khan's blockbuster drama Baby Baji, where he portrayed the younger version of Imran Abbas's character. In 2023, his first role was of a boy next door in Abdullah Seja's soap opera Baby Baji, alongside an ensemble cast of Samina Ahmed, Munawar Saeed, Syed Tuba Anwar and Javeria Saud. he is currently playing the leading role of a child in Big Bang Entertainment's Mayi Ri with Pakistani Actress Aina Asif. Filmography Films Coke Studio

Films Coke Studio Related pages Atif Aslam Aina Asif Nabeel Zafar Mehmood Aslam Ushna Shah Imran Abbas Sana Javed Pakistani Actors References People from Lahore Pakistani actors Models Pakistani singers

Sonja Graveland (born 1949) is a Dutch Paralympic swimmer. She won a silver medal in Women's 50 metres Breaststroke class 3, at the 1968 Summer Paralympics, and a bronze medal in 50 metres breaststroke class 4, at the 1972 Summer Paralympics. References 1949 births Paralympic silver medalists

Jesse Guilmette (born June 3, 1980) is an American professional wrestler. He currently wrestles for All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He is a one-half of the tag team The Butcher and the Blade with The Butcher. Guilmette is also known for his time working for Ring of Honor (ROH), Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling (TNA). During his time in CZW, Guilmette was a one-time CZW World Tag Team Champion. Career All Elite Wrestling On the November 27, 2019 episode of Dynamite, The Blade made his debut in All Elite Wrestling (AEW). He would emerge from under the ring in a mask and, along with The Butcher and The Bunny, would attack Cody after his match. On the December 11 episode of Dynamite, Butcher and Blade would team and they would defeat the team of Cody and Q. T. Marshall. This gave Blade his first victory in AEW.

On the Feburary 19, 2020 episode of Dynamite, Butcher and Blade would enter a battle royal to determine who would become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championships but it was ultimately won by the The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson). At All Out, Blade would enter the 21 Man Casino Battle Royale but it would be won by Lance Archer. On the October 21 episode of Dynamite, Butcher and Blade would compete in a four-way tag team match to determine who would become the number one contenders for the AEW World Tag Team Championships but it was won by The Young Bucks. At Revolution, Butcher and Blade competed in the Casino Tag Team Royale which was won by Death Triangle (Rey Fénix and Pac). At The House Always Wins, Blade would compete in a 15 Man Battle Royal to determine who would become the number one contender for the AEW TNT Championship. The match would be won by Blade's tag team partner, The Butcher.

On the June 28 episode of Dark: Elevation, Blade would defeat Chuck Taylor and get his first singles victory in AEW. Butcher and Blade would face the Lucha Brothers (Penta El Zero Miedo and Rey Fénix) for the AEW World Tag Team Championships on the September 17 episode of Rampage but lost. Personal life He is married to fellow AEW wrestler The Bunny. References Other websites The Blade on Instagram 1980 births Living people All Elite Wrestling people American professional wrestlers Sportspeople from Buffalo, New York

Yamina Ghoul (born 30 August 1972) is an Algerian wheelchair basketball player (1.5 wheelchair basketball classification). She is a member of the Algeria women's national wheelchair basketball team and the Ibtissama team. Ghould started with wheelchair basketball in 2000 at the Ibtissama club Oran, where she still plays. She made her debut for the national team in 2014. She was a member of the national team at the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio de Janeiro, that was the first time an African national competed in wheelchair basketball at the Paralympic Games. Two years later she was part of the Algerian team at the 2018 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, that was for the first time an African nation competed at a World Wheelchair Basketball Championship. In 2021 she also played at the delayed 2020 Summer Paralympics in Tokyo. She studied accounting and works as a public servant. References 1972 births Wheelchair basketball players

All Out (2020) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It was held on September 5, 2020 mainly at Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida. The Tooth and Nail match took place in Britt Baker's real-life dentist office in Winter Park, Florida. It was the second All Out event to take place. The main event saw Jon Moxley defeat MJF to retain the AEW International Championship. Moxley's finisher the Paradigm Shift was banned but he ended up hitting MJF with the Paradigm Shift anyways when the referee's back was turned and got the pinfall victory. There was criticism for the match between Matt Hardy and Sammy Guevara. During the match, Hardy got speared off of a scissor lift by Guevara and was put through a table but he hit his head off of the concrete floor and appeared to be knocked out. After the match, he cleared an MRI and CT scan with no signs of a concussion. Matches References

References 2020 in sports 2020 in the United States All Elite Wrestling shows Jacksonville, Florida Sports in Florida

The Taurus Model 85 is a revolver-type firearm manufactured by Taurus International.

Nikola Vapcarov born as Nikola Jonkov Vapcarov () was a Macedonian poet from the city of Bansko, Bulgaria, and a socialist activist. He is a popular figure between Macedonians in Bulgaria, and his work and identity has been used for pro-Macedonian rights organizations in Bulgaria. In 1952 after his death he won the International Peace Award. Despite his pro-Macedonian identity he is considered a Bulgarian in Bulgaria, mostly because the Bulgarian historiography doesnt recognize the Macedonian people. Vapcarov only managed to make one collection of poems before his execution in 1942 by the Bulgarian goverment, it was titled Motorni Pesni () which only contained 20 poems and was published in 1940. During World War II he was aganist Bulgarian goverment and organized anti-Bulgarian rally with the help of other communist in Bulgaria. Because of this in 1942 he was captured and sentenced to firing squad in Sofia. References Macedonians from Bulgaria Macedonian writers 1909 births 1942 deaths

All Out (2019) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by All Elite Wrestling (AEW). It was held on August 31, 2019 at Sears Centre Arena in Hoffman Estates, Illinois. It was the first All Out event to take place. It is seen as the spiritual successor to the All In event that took place independently in the same arena and helped in the creation of All Elite Wrestling. The main event saw Chris Jericho defeat "Hangman" Adam Page to become the very first AEW World Champion. Page would hit a Buckshot Lariat and then go for a Dead Eye but Jericho would hit Page with the Judas Effect and get the pinfall victory. Dave Meltzer of the Wrestling Observer Newsletter said the event was great and gave the ladder match between the Lucha Brothers and The Young Bucks 5.25 out of 5 stars, saying it was one of the greatest ladder matches of all time. Matches References 2019 in sports 2019 in the United States All Elite Wrestling shows Sports in Illinois

West Ta East (عرب %ٮه شرق ) is an upcoming Afghan reality series created by Ramiz King. The premise of the series is that King and his sister Rohina, who had moved from Afghanistan to Australia as children and lived a comparatively affluent life, move back to Afghanistan in order to live and work there. West Ta East is inspired by the American reality series Keeping up with the Kardashians and The Simple Life. Cast • Ramiz King • ROHINA Controversies In an interview with ABC News, King reported that during the production of the show, he and other members of the production team received threatening phone calls from individuals identifying themselves as Taliban.

In Greek mythology, "Ponos" (Πόνος in Greek) is personified as the spirit of labor, toil, and hardship. He is often depicted as a winged youth, sometimes carrying a plough, symbolizing the effort and struggle involved in agricultural work. Ponos is considered one of the children of the primordial goddess Nyx, who personified the night. Ponos is associated with the challenges and difficulties that humans face in their daily lives, particularly in activities that require physical or mental exertion. He embodies the concept that hard work and perseverance are often necessary for achieving success and prosperity. While Ponos is not as prominent as some other figures in Greek mythology, his presence highlights the ancient Greeks' understanding of the importance of labor and the recognition that achieving one's goals often requires dedication and effort.

It's worth noting that Ponos is not as well-known or widely referenced as some other Greek deities, and his mythology may not be as extensively detailed as figures like Zeus or Athena. Nevertheless, he remains an intriguing representation of the Greek perspective on the value of hard work and the challenges inherent in human endeavors.

Pseudophilautus dimbullae is a frog. It lived in Sri Lanka. People have seen it in exactly one place: the Queenswood Estate in the Dimbulla Valley, 1500 meters above sea level. This frog is extinct. All frogs in this species are dead. One adult female frog was 44.8 mm long from nose to rear end. First paper References Frogs of Asia

The pug-nosed shrub frog (Pseudophilautus silus) is a frog. It lives in the middle of Sri Lanka on the Horton Plains plateau and other places where the tree branches come together like a roof. People have seen it between 1550 and 1600 meters above sea level. First paper References Frogs of Asia

The is a professional wrestling championship in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW). It is the top men's championship and the most important championship in NJPW. The "IWGP" part is an acronym of International Wrestling Grand Prix, which is New Japan Pro-Wrestling's governing body. History At Wrestle Kingdom 14, Tetsuya Naito became a double champion. He won the IWGP Intercontinental Championship from Jay White on Night 1 and then won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship from Kazuchika Okada in a Double Gold Dash match on Night 2. At Wrestle Kingdom 15, Kota Ibushi would defeat Naito for both of the championships. On March 1, 2021, it was announced that the IWGP Intercontinental Championship and the IWGP Heavyweight Championship would be unified and the IWGP World Heavyweight Championship would replace them. The official title unification took place after Ibushi defeated El Desperado in a match at the NJPW 49th Anniversary Show.

Sanada is the current champion. He is in his first reign as champion. He defeated Kazuchika Okada at Sakura Genesis. Title history References Other websites Official Japanese website Official English website New Japan Pro-Wrestling

Conniff's shrub frog or the haycock shrub frog (Pseudophilautus conniffae) is a frog. It lives in southwestern Sri Lanka. People have seen it in rainforests between 80 and 300 meters above sea level. Scientists used to think that Pseudophilautus limbus and Pseudophilautus coniffae were two different frogs. In 2019, they decided they were the same frog. The adult male frog is 22.9 - 25.6 mm long from nose to rear end and the adult female frog is 29.3 – 30.7 mm long. The skin of the frog's head comes right out of the bone. The skin of the frog's back is light brown with some dark brown marks. There is black and white color on the legs. First paper References Frogs of Asia

Hylodes perere is a frog. It lives in Minas Gerais, Brazil. People have seen it between 900 and 1730 meters above sea level. First paper References Frogs of South America

Cazimierz Funk, also known as Kasimir Funk, was a Polish-American biochemist. He proposed the idea of vitamins in 1912, which he initially called "vital amines" or "vitamines." Achievements After reading an article by a Dutchman named Christiaan Eijkman, which said that people who ate brown rice were less likely to get beri-beri compared to those who only ate fully milled rice, a scientist named Funk tried to find the specific substance responsible for this. He was successful and named it "vitamine" because it contained an amine group. It was later called vitamin B3 (niacin), even though he initially thought it would be vitamin B1 (thiamine) and described it as the "anti-beri-beri-factor. In 1912, he suggested the existence of at least four vitamins: one to prevent beriberi, one for scurvy, one for pellagra, and one for rickets. He later published a book called "The Vitamines" in 1912 and received a research fellowship.

Funk also suggested that other diseases like rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be treated with vitamins. He was one of the early researchers to investigate pellagra, attributing it to changes in the corn milling process, although his findings were largely ignored. The "e" in "vitamine" was removed when it was realized that vitamins don't have to be nitrogen-containing amines. He suggested there are other essential nutrients, which we now call vitamins B1, B2, C, and D. In 1936, he figured out the structure of thiamine, but he wasn't the first to isolate it. Funk also studied hormones, diabetes, peptic ulcers, and cancer biochemistry. After coming back to the United States, he became the president of the Funk Foundation for Medical Research in 1940. In his later years, he focused on understanding the causes of cancers.

Funk Award The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America (PIASA) gives an award called the Casimir Funk Natural Sciences Award each year to outstanding Polish-American scientists. Previous winners of this award have included notable individuals like Nobel Laureate Roald Hoffmann, Aleksander Wolszczan, Hilary Koprowski, Peter T. Wolczanski, Wacław Szybalski, Zbyszek Darzynkiewicz, and Benoit Mandelbrot.

English in the Commonwealth of Nations English in the Commonwealth of Nations or Commonwealth English refers to the various forms of the English language spoken and written within the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organization comprising 54 member states. While English is not the sole official language of the Commonwealth, it holds a prominent place in most member nations and serves as a vital means of communication among these diverse countries. Commonwealth English encompasses a wide range of accents, dialects, and idiosyncrasies, making it a linguistically rich and diverse entity. This article explores the history, features, and significance of Commonwealth English.

History Commonwealth English has its roots in the expansion of the British Empire, during which the English language was introduced to various parts of the world. Over time, English adapted to local languages and cultures, giving rise to distinct regional varieties. The influence of the British Empire and the subsequent decolonization process played a crucial role in shaping these linguistic developments. Today, Commonwealth English reflects the history and evolution of the language in former British colonies and territories. Regional Varieties Commonwealth English consists of several regional varieties, each with its unique characteristics. Some of the most notable ones include: 1. British English The form of English spoken in the United Kingdom, which serves as a foundation for many Commonwealth English varieties. British English itself has numerous regional dialects and accents, including Received Pronunciation (RP), often considered the standard British accent.

2. Australian English Spoken in Australia, Australian English exhibits a distinct accent and vocabulary. It has been influenced by indigenous languages and immigrant populations, making it unique among Commonwealth English varieties. 3. Canadian English With influences from French and indigenous languages, Canadian English is spoken throughout Canada. Notable features include regional accents, such as the Maritime, Central Canadian, and Western Canadian accents. 4. New Zealand English Characterized by its distinctive Kiwi accent, New Zealand English is spoken in New Zealand. It has also incorporated elements from the indigenous Maori language. 5. South African English South African English is spoken in South Africa, and it exhibits a variety of accents and dialects influenced by the country's diverse population, including British, Afrikaans, and indigenous languages.

6. Indian English Indian English is spoken in India, where it has developed its own unique vocabulary and pronunciation influenced by the country's many languages and cultures. 7. Caribbean English Found throughout the Caribbean region, Caribbean English varies by island, with influences from African, indigenous, and European languages. These regional varieties are just a selection of the diverse forms of Commonwealth English. Each variety carries its own linguistic features, reflecting the multicultural and multilingual nature of the Commonwealth. Features of Commonwealth English Commonwealth English exhibits several common linguistic features:

Spelling Variations: Commonwealth English often retains British spelling conventions, such as "colour" (color), "centre" (center), and "analyse" (analyze). Vocabulary: Commonwealth English incorporates unique words and phrases specific to each region. For example, "biscuit" in the UK is called a "cookie" in the United States, but it can vary across Commonwealth countries. Pronunciation: There are distinct regional accents and pronunciations across Commonwealth English varieties. For instance, the pronunciation of the letter "r" differs between British and American English. Grammar and Syntax: While the fundamental grammatical structure of Commonwealth English remains consistent, there may be slight differences in word order and sentence structure. Cultural References: Commonwealth English reflects cultural differences, incorporating idioms, references, and metaphors particular to each region.

Significance Commonwealth English is a testament to the global impact of the British Empire and the subsequent development of English as a lingua franca. It plays a vital role in international diplomacy, trade, and cultural exchange among Commonwealth member states. Moreover, it fosters a sense of shared heritage and communication, making it an important factor in the cohesion of the Commonwealth of Nations. In conclusion, Commonwealth English is a rich and diverse linguistic entity shaped by history, culture, and geography. It encompasses a wide range of regional varieties, each contributing to the linguistic tapestry of the Commonwealth of Nations. This form of English is not just a means of communication but also a reflection of the shared history and cultural connections among its member states.

The sport of association football has a variety of names in English. The most common names for the sport are "football" and "soccer", depending on the country. International organisations such as FIFA and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) use the term "football" when referring to international events. This is because the sport is most commonly called "football" in most countries. However, the term "soccer" is more common in some countries, including the United States, Canada and Australia. In some countries where the sport is more commonly called "soccer" the official bodies use "football" in their names, even if most people call it "soccer" in that region. Despite this, even in countries where "soccer" is the most common term, most association football clubs use the abbreviation "FC" (which stands for "Football Club"). By language and region English

English Countries where it is called "football" In most of the English-speaking world, including most countries in the Commonwealth of Nations, the sport is called "football". This includes the United Kingdom. However, the term "soccer" was actually coined in the United Kingdom, where it wad first used as a nickname for the sport. The term "soccer" was mostly used by the upper and middle classes, while the lower classes (including the working class, who had a big following in the sport) mostly used "football". However, as British society became less influenced by the upper class, "football" replaced "soccer". Countries where there has been a somewhat successful shift from "soccer" to "football" include Ireland and New Zealand. In those countries, both terms are used, with "football" becoming more and more popular due to official branding and advertising but "soccer" still being used due to it traditionally being the more common name in those countries.

Australia In Australia, most people call the sport "soccer", as that is the traditional name for the sport in Australia, despite the fact that the official body, now called Football Australia, has used the term "football" since 2005. This is because there are three major football codes in Australia: Australian rules football, rugby and soccer. Australian rules football is commonly called "footy", "football", "Aussie rules" or "AFL" (after the Australian Football League); rugby is commonly called "rugby", "footy", "football", "league" (when referring to rugby league) or "union" (when referring to rugby union); and association football is commonly called "soccer".

Even though Football Australia officially refers to the sport as "football", the Australian men's national team is still commonly and officially nicknamed the "Socceroos" (with the women's national team commonly and officially nicknamed the "Matildas") and the series between the Australian and New Zealand national teams still being called the Soccer Ashes (the trophy for which was rediscovered in 2023). Canada In Canada, due to the dominance of American football and Canadian football, the sport is commonly and officially known as "soccer". Papua New Guinea In Papua New Guinea, the sport is most commonly known as "soccer" due to Australian influence. However, although the official body is known as the Papua New Guinea Football Association (PNGFA), the country's highest league is called the Papua New Guinea National Soccer League (PNGSL). South Africa The sport is most commonly called "soccer" in South Africa, however official bodies use the term "football" in English.

United States In the United States, due to the dominance of American football, the sport is commonly and officially known as "soccer". However, Inter Miami CF, a Major League Soccer club based in Miami, Florida, uses the term "fútbol" on its website. The term is the Spanish name for association football and comes from the English word "football". The majority of people in Miami speak Spanish as their first language and English as their second language, and the club itself is officially known as (). Other languages In French, the most common name for the sport is , which is borrowed from English. However, in North America, the most common name in French is (which is also borrowed from English). In Japanese, the word for the sport is (sakkā), derived from the English word "soccer" (due to American influence), with (futtobōru) being used for other football codes. However, the Japan Football Association uses sakkā in its Japanese name and "football" in its English name.

On Wikipedia The debate over the sports name has expanded to Wikipedia. Because of this, the English Wikipedia and the Simple English Wikipedia have guidelines on which term should be used in articles relating to each country. In articles related to Australia, Canada, Nauru, Papua New Guinea, South Africa and/or the United States, "soccer" is used, but in other articles, either "football" or "association football" are used. On the French Wikipedia, articles written in North American French (i.e those related to Canada and/or the United States) use "soccer" while others use "football". References Association football

Touch football, commonly called touch, is a variant of rugby league that does not involve tackling. It is governed by the Federation of International Touch (FIT). The sport was invented in Sydney, Australia by members of the South Sydney Junior Rugby League Club in the 1960s. The sport is particularly popular in Australian schools among both boys and girls. Related pages Touch Football World Cup References Football Rugby league