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Nettle is a herbaceous plant which grows in the wild.
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Its leaves have stinging hair, which cause painful stings when touched accidentally.
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Which of the salts are acidic, basic or neutral?
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Acids, Bases and Salts
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It turns yellow again when the cloth is washed with plenty of water.
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You can also use synthetic indicators such as methyl orange and is phenolphthalein to test for acids and bases.
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In this Chapter, we will study the reactions of acids and bases, how acids and bases cancel out each other’s effects and many more interesting things that we use and see in our day-to-day life.
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Do You Know?
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Litmus solution is a purple dye, which is extracted from lichen, a plant belonging to the division Thallophyta, and is commonly used as an indicator.
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When the litmus solution is neither acidic nor basic, its colour is purple.
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There are many other natural materials like red cabbage leaves, turmeric, coloured petals of some flowers such as Hydrangea, Petunia and Geranium, which indicate the presence of acid or base in a solution.
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These are called acid-base indicators or sometimes simply indicators.
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QUESTION
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You have been provided with three test tubes.
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You have learnt in your previous classes that the sour and bitter tastes of food are due to acids and bases, respectively, present in them.
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One of them contains distilled water and the other two contain an acidic solution and a basic solution, respectively.
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If you are given only red litmus paper, how will you identify the contents of each test tube?
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UNDERSTANDING THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ACIDS AND BASES
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Acids and Bases in the Laboratory
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Put a drop of each of the above solutions on a watch-glass and test with a drop of the following indicators.
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What change in colour did you observe with red litmus, blue litmus, phenolphthalein and methyl orange solutions for each of the solutions taken?
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If someone in the family is suffering from a problem of acidity after overeating, which of the following would you suggest as a remedy– lemon juice, vinegar or baking soda solution?
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Which property did you think of while choosing the remedy?
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Surely you must have used your knowledge about the ability of acids and bases to nullify each other’s effect.
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Recall how we tested sour and bitter substances without tasting them.
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You already know that acids are sour in taste and change the colour of blue litmus to red, whereas, bases are bitter and change the colour of the red litmus to blue.
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Litmus is a natural indicator, turmeric is another such indicator.
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Have you noticed that a stain of curry on a white cloth becomes reddish-brown when soap, which is basic in nature, is scrubbed on it?
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These indicators tell us whether a substance is acidic or basic by change in colour.
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Rinse both cloth strips with water and again check their odour.
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Note your observations.
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Now take some dilute vanilla essence and clove oil and check their odour.
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Take some dilute HCl solution in one test tube and dilute NaOH solution in another.
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Add a few drops of dilute vanilla essence to both test tubes and shake well.
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Check the odour once again and recor d changes in odour, if any.
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Similarly, test the change in the odour of clove oil with dilute HCl and dilute NaOH solutions and record your observations.
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Which of these – vanilla, onion and clove, can be used as olfactory indicators on the basis of your observations?
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Let us do some more activities to understand the chemical properties of acids and bases.
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How do Acids and Bases React with Metals?
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There are some substances whose odour changes in acidic or basic media.
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CAUTION:
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This activity needs the teacher’s assistance.
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Take about 5 mL of dilute sulphuric acid in a test tube and add a few pieces of zinc granules to it.
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What do you observe on the surface of zinc granules?
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Pass the gas being evolved through the soap solution.
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Why are bubbles formed in the soap solution?
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Take a burning candle near a gas filled bubble.
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What do you observe?
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Repeat this Activity with some more acids like HCl, HNO3 and CH3COOH.
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These are called olfactory indicators.
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Let us try out some of these indicators.
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Take some finely chopped onions in a plastic bag along with some strips of clean cloth.
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Tie up the bag tightly and leave overnight in the fridge.
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The cloth strips can now be used to test for acids and bases.
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Take two of these cloth strips and check their odour.
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Keep them on a clean surface and put a few drops of dilute HCl solution on one strip and a few drops of dilute NaOH solution on the other.
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As an oxidising agent in many chemical industries; and for disinfecting drinking water to make it free of germs.
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Sodium hydrogencarbonate has got various uses in the household.
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Sodium hydrogencarbonate is also an ingredient in antacids.
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Being alkaline, it neutralises excess acid in the stomach and provides relief.
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It is also used in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
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Washing soda
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Another chemical that can be obtained from sodium chloride is Washing soda.
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You have seen above that sodium carbonate can be obtained by heating baking soda; recrystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda.
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It is also a basic salt.
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What does 10H2O signify?
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Does it make Na2CO3 wet?
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Baking soda
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We will address this question in the next section.
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Sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate are useful chemicals for many industrial processes as well.
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Uses of washing soda
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Sodium carbonate (washing soda) is used in glass, soap and paper industries.
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It is used in the manufacture of sodium compounds such as borax.
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purposes.
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It is used for removing permanent hardness of water.
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Are the Crystals of Salts really Dry?
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Copper sulphate crystals which seem to be dry contain water of crystallisation.
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When we heat the crystals, this water is removed and the salt turns white.
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The soda commonly used in the kitchen for making tasty crispy pakoras is baking soda.
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If you moisten the crystals again with water, you will find that blue colour of the crystals reappears.
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Water of crystallisation is the fixed number of water molecules present in one formula unit of a salt.
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Five water molecules are present in one formula unit of copper sulphate.
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Chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is Cu SO4 5H2O.
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Now you would be able to answer the question
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whether the molecule of Na2CO3.10H2O is wet.
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One other salt, which possesses water of crystallisation is gypsum.
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It has two water molecules as water of cyrstallisation.
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It has the formula CaSO4.2H2O.
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Let us look into the use of this salt.
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Sometimes it is added for faster cooking.
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Plaster of Paris
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On heating gypsum at 373 K, it loses water molecules and becomes calcium sulphate hemihydrate.
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This is called Plaster of Paris, the substance which doctors use as plaster for supporting fractured bones in the right position.
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Plaster of Paris is a white powder and on mixing with water, it changes to gypsum once again giving a
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Salts have various uses in everyday life and in industries.
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The chemical name of the compound is sodium hydrogencarbonate (NaHCO3).
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It is produced using sodium chloride as one of the raw materials.
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Did you check the pH of sodium hydrogencarbonate?
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Can you correlate why it can be used to neutralise an acid?
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It is a mild non-corrosive basic salt.
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