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<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Metabolism of cyclic AMP in isolated renal tubules: effects of prostaglandins and parathyroid hormone.? [/INST] Concentrations of cyclic AMP (cAMP) were increased in isolated renal cortical tubules from hamsters by both parathyroid hormone (PTH) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) with maximal effects of PGE1 being 6-8 fold greater than those of PTH during a 10 min period. However, cAMP concentrations in cells treated with 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine (MIX) were increased with maximal concentrations of either hormone to the same degree. Similar effects of both hormones were observed on adenylate cyclase activity in renal homogenates. Simultaneous addition of hormones produced changes in both cAMP concentrations in intact tubules as well as adenylate cyclase activity of homogenates which were not completely additive. Degradation of cAMP, estimated in intact tubules as the difference in cAMP levels in the presence and absence of MIX, was increased by both hormones, however, changes were 2-3 fold greater in tubules exposed to PTH than to PGE1. Neither hormone directly altered cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity in either 30,000 x g supernatant or pellets from renal cortical homogenates. The results suggest that both hormones increase the production of cAMP in renal cortical tubules and may share a common target cell type in this response. Degradation of cAMP, however, is differentially effected by the two hormones, probably reflecting differences exerted on intracellular mechanisms regulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of cAMP. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [The "IgA secretory component complex" in bronchial mucus in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease under different therapy (author's transl)].? [/INST] The concentration of "IgA secretory component complex" in the bronchial mucus was measured under different therapeutical influences. The "IgA secretory component complex" is a most important factor of the exogenous immunodefense. The formation of the "IgA secretory component complex" was independent from the age of the patients and from the intensity of their airway obstruction. Therapy with glucocorticosteroids and antibiotics had no certain influence on the formation of the immunocomplex. We did not find any certain influence of gammaglobulin therapy in adult patients with chronic airway obstruction, neither on the "IgA secretory component complex" nor on the immunoglobulin G, A and M. Furthermore, the clinical course of the disease was not influence by this therapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Some properties of the chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers.? [/INST] The effect of mild proteolytic treatment on chylomicron remnant uptake by rat hepatocyte monolayers was studied both at 4 degrees C and at 37 degrees C. At 4 degrees C binding of remnants to the cells was considerably lower than at 37 degrees C, and preincubation of the cells with pronase (2 micrograms/ml) further descreased binding of remnants at 4 degrees C by 63%. At 37 degrees C the effect of preincubation of pronase was less marked, suggesting that reconstruction of remnant binding structures(s) may occur. Only marginal effects on remnant catabolism by cytochalasin B in hepatocyte monolayers were evident. There was thus no positive evidence for a role of microfilaments during interiorization of remnant particles by the cells. Remnant uptake in hepatocytes was not inhibited by EDTA, the presence of asialofetuin, or treatment of the cells with neuraminidase. This indicates that remnant binding sites are different from the hepatic receptor for desialylated glycoproteins. The lack of effect of EDTA is also at variance with the observation that the receptor-mediated uptake of low-density lipoproteins in human fibroblasts depends on the presence of divalent cations. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Possible tumour markers in patients with oesophagus cancer.? [/INST] Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), alpha-foetoprotein (AFP), and enzymes were determined in the blood of 59 patients with primary oesophagus carcinoma. Raised CEA values were encountered in 59% of the patients, and AFP above that of an age-matched control group in 33% of the patients. Values of CEA during progression were significantly higher than in regression of disease. Two patients had exceptionally high serum AFP, but in most cases AFP levels were not related to disease progress. CEA and AFP could appear in a discordant fashion. The combined assay did not improve diagnostic sensitivity. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Isolation and properties of detergent-solubilized HLA antigens obtained from platelets.? [/INST] Deoxycholate-solubilized HLA antigens have been isolated from platelets and comprised a mixture of 43,000- and 39,000-dalton polypeptide chains associated with beta2-microglobulin. Limited proteolysis experiments suggested that the 39,000-dalton chain is a fragment of the intact 43,000-dalton chain. Further proteolysis of the 39,000-dalton fragment yields a 33,000-dalton component. The 39,000-dalton molecule is more acidic than both the 43,000- and the 33,000-dalton chains. Differences in the amino acid compositions of the 43,000- and 39,000-dalton species demonstrate that the peptide(s) released on generation of the 39,000-dalton component are charged. The proteolytic split most probably occurs in the COOH-terminal end, which, owing to its content of charged amino acids, most probably is not integrated into the hydrocarbon matrix of the membrane. The 39,000- and 43,000-dalton components bind detergent in micellar form and can be incorporated into liposomes. The 33,000-dalton fragment has lost the ability to bind detergent micelles and is not incorporated into liposomes. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Distribution of Ia-antigen-like molecules on non-lymphoid tissues.? [/INST] Ia-antigen-like molecules are expressed on cells within several different non-lymphoid tissues of the guinea-pig. In indirect immunofluorescence analyses anti-Ia-antigen antibodies stained epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract, the bile ducts, the respiratory tract and the urinary tract. The rabbit antibodies against Ia antigens also stained the cells of the parotid and the submandibular glands. Evidence was also obtained suggesting that the reticuloepithelial cells of the thymus, like the Kupffer cells of the liver, express Ia-antigen-like molecules. In several cases indirect immunoprecipitation analyses and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the immunofluorescence studies inasmuch as Ia-antigen-like subunits with apparent molecular weights of 26,000 and 34,000 could be isolated from the non-lymphoid organs. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The plasma cell differentiation antigen PC.1 is absent in CH3/Tif and present in C3H/HeJ.? [/INST] (C3H/TifxDBA/2)F1 mice, immunized with viable BALB/c plasmacytoma MOPC315 cells, produce antibodies directed against a cell-surface antigen. The strain and tissue distribution of this antigen was identical to that of the plasma cell differentiation alloantigen PC.1. The antigen is absent in the mouse strain C3H/Tif but is present in the closely related substrain C3H/HeJ. This is the third difference between surface structures of the B-cell lineage of C3H/Tif and C3H/HeJ mice. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Phenotypes of 'null' lymphoid cells in human blood.? [/INST] F(ab')2 antibody fragments of heteroantisera directed against p28,33 (or 'Ia-like') antigen, T-cell antigen(s) (T), myeloid antigen (M), and immunoglobulin have been used along with rosetting techniques to analyse the antigenic heterogeneity of 'null' or 'unclassified' lymphoid cells purified 'negatively' from human blood by E rosette depletion of T cells and B removal on an anti-immunoglobulin immunoabsorbent. The results confirm that considerable heterogeneity exists within the 'null' cell population; the majority of cells are p28,33+ and Fcgamma-receptor-positive, and a proportion but not all of these p28,33+, Fcgamma+ cells are also C3-receptor-positive but negative for the other heteroantigens (T and M). 2-6% were 'pre-B' by the criteria of immunofluorescent staining for cytoplasmic IgM in the absence of detectable cell surface Ig. 1-3% stained intensely with anti-IgM, anti-IgG or anti-IgA, or anti-k plus anti-lambda and were presumed to be plasma cells or their immediate precursors. No null cells stained with antibody to terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme, a marker for early T lineage cells, and less than 1% expressed an acute ('non-T, non-B') lymphoblastic-leukaemia-associated membrane antigen which is believed to be an 'early' lymphoid lineage differentiation marker. A minor subpopulation made sheep 'E' rosettes, and another made mouse 'E' rosettes after neuraminidase pretreatment of the lymphoid cells. A small proportion of 'lymphoid', 'null cells' were reactive with an anti-myelomonocytic (M) antibody. It is suggested that 'null' lymphoid cells in blood are heterogeneous and that most are not immature T or B precursors but either a relatively mature B lymphocyte population with a very low density of membrane immunoglobulin or a distinct non-T, non-B cell type. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Isolation and characterization of an endogenous type C virus of rhesus monkeys.? [/INST] A type C retrovirus was isolated from a continuous cell line established from a spontaneous esophageal carcinoma of a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulata) by prolonged cocultivation with canine cells. A DNA transcript of the viral RNA hybridized to a high level and kinetic analysis indicated the presence of multiple copies of the viral genome in rhesus monkey DNA, showing that the virus is endogenous in this species. The rhesus monkey virus closely resembles, in several respects, an endogenous type C virus previously isolated from stumptailed macques (Macaca arctoides), aa species closely related to rhesus monkeys. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Segregation of HLA--D specificities with the HLA--B12 allotype.? [/INST] In a search for bone marrow donors and HLA-D homozygous cells, MLC family studies were performed. Results of the experiments, in which the Seventh Workshop cells 7W569-KR and 7W568-WE were found, are presented here. Within the KR and the WE families two identified and two non-identified HLA-B12 allotype that both families carry. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about HLA histocompatibility antigens in a Polynesian population -- Cook islanders of Mauke.? [/INST] Polynesians living on the island of Mauke in the Cook Island group were typed for HLA-A and -B locus antigens. The Mauke population has restricted HLA polymorphism, with five A-locus antigens and four B-locus antigens accounting for a majority of the HLA phenotypes. Although some differences in antigen frequency were found when Mauke Islanders were compared with Polynesians from Easter Island and Samoa, the Mauke Islanders were closer in their HLA antigenic profile to polynesians than to Melanesians. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about NE1: a new neutrophil specific antigen.? [/INST] The sera of three children with chronic benign neutropenia, due to anti-neutrophil antibodies, were studied with respect to their antibody specificity. This was done by screening the sera against a panel of leukocyte donors in the EDTA micro-agglutination test and in the indirect fluorescence test. Two of the sera contained antibodies against the known neutrophil-specific antigen NA2. The third serum was directed against a new neutrophil-specific antigen. Genetic analysis showed no correlation between this antigen and the already known neutrophil-specific antigens: 9A, NA1, NA2, NB1, and NC1. In the Dutch population the frequency of the new antigen, tentatively called NE1, is 23%, which gives a gene frequency of 0.12. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about HLA--DR typing of frozen B lymphocytes.? [/INST] In the complement dependent lymphocytotoxic microtechnique it was found that antibody-killed frozen B lymphocytes are sufficiently stained for reliable reading after 30 min of incubation with trypan blue, while the background of staining is only about 10%. During the next 30 min of incubation, however, the background of staining increases to about 30%, whereafter it remains constant for at least 24 h. Formaldehyde is able to stop the trypan blue uptake by killed or damaged lymphocytes completely. Consequently, if formaldehyde is added to the reactions 30 min after the trypan blue addition, the otherwise rapidly increasing background of staining is kept at an acceptable level of 10%, thus making HLA-DR typing of frozen stored B lymphocytes possible. The trypan blue staining seems rather independent of incubation conditions before the addition of the dye. Similar results were obtained with T lymphocytes. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Definition of two LD antigens in rhesus monkeys.? [/INST] Two rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkey lymphocyte-defined (LD) antigens have been identified using two typing cells as stiumlators in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) assay. An analysis of the genetic behavior of these LD antigens in six rhesus monkey families revealed that both antigens were linked with RhLA. One probable recombinant indicated that the LD locus lies outside the two known RhLA-SD loci and the locus which controls the serum protein, properdin B(Bf). These two antigens, LD1 and LD2, had observed gene frequencies of 0.07 and 0.25, respectively. Neither of these two new LD antigens was significantly associated with any serologically defined (SD) antigen. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about HLA haplotype associations with disease.? [/INST] Interest recently has extended to the problem of looking for HLA haplotype associations with particular diseases. Higher order interactions, that is to say of particular haplotypes with a disease, are much more complicated than individual antigen associations, with which most disease studies have so far been concerned. Our aim in this work is to explain the concept of higher order interactions and to discuss the difficulties involved when trying to measure such haplotype associations. The main emphasis is to point out that it is not easily possible to detect haplotype associations if an individual antigen association with the disease exists. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The HLA antigens and leprosy in Thailand.? [/INST] HLA-A and -B locus antigens were determined in 170 unrelated patients with leprosy and 100 healthy controls. There were no statistically significant deviations from expected antigen distribution in patients with any of the various forms of leprosy, though the number of patients studied is relatively small. There were some interesting trends, particularly a possible decrease in the number of tuberculoid patients with A9, and an increase in the proportions of lepromatous patients with B18 and B40. Limited evidence of a genetically controlled pre-disposition to the clinical manifestations of leprosy suggests that further studies with extended typing should be carried out on the HLA haplotype segregation in informative leprosy families. These should provide a clearer indication of the relevance of the HLA (including DR) and possibly of other non-HLA loci to the possible mechanism(s) of disease susceptibility. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hemolytic plaque formation to allogeneic human type A and B red cells.? [/INST] Plaque-forming cells can be generated from peripheral blood lymphocytes provided that the lymphocytes are prestimulated by in vitro sensitization in the presence of pokeweed mitogen. Of 91 blood type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell A antigen, 52% responded with plaque formation, whereas of 40 type O persons whose lymphocytes were stimulated with red cell B antigen, only 20% produced plaques. Similarly, reciprocal stimulation of type A and B persons showed higher plaque formation (65%) when 23 type B persons were stimulated with A than when 48 type A persons were stimulated with B red cells (19%). An optimal dilution of sensitizing cells is necessary and maximum time of sensitization was approximately 7 days. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Specificity of human lymphocytes primed against allogeneic cells in vitro. II. Discrimination and cross-reactivity in repeated priming.? [/INST] When studying the specificity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro against HLA-D determinants on allogeneic cells, it was found that specific restimulation of the primed cells 10 days after the first priming did not influence their discriminatory power compared to cells primed only once. Likewise, priming to one HLA-D determinant and repeated priming against another HLA-D determinant did not change the discrimination for the first priming antigen. Neither was there any increased relative reactivity to the second priming determinant. On simultaneous priming against two HLA-D determinants carried by two different stimulating cells, a good discrimination for both antigens was obtained compared to third party cells, but if the stimulations were separated by 24 h or more, the second priming was mainly without effect. Antigeneic competition is thought to be the mechanism involved in this early restriction of specificity. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about HLA antigens and monoclonal gammapathy.? [/INST] Despite the strict criteria required to distinguish Multiple Myeloma (M.M.) or Waldström's Macroglobulinemia (W.M.) from Benign Monoclonal Gammapathy (B.M.G.), nosological frontiers are still unclear and accordingly justify a comparative serological study of M.M., W.M., and B.M.G. patients. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Preparation of anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin using Canavalia lineata DC lectin for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains.? [/INST] To differentiate species-specificity of blood stains, anti-alpha 2-macroglobulin was raised in rabbits against Canavalia lineata DC lectin-serum complex (LSC). Adsorption of anti-LSC with human lipoprotein resulted in antiserum specific for alpha 2-macroglobulin. It was confirmed by Ouchterlony test that the antiserum adsorbed successively with monkey serum or anti-LSC adsorbed directly with monkey serum reacted with only human serum but not with mammalian ones. Immunoelectrosyneresis and anti-LSC consumption test could identify species-specificity of blood stains kept for up to two years and for up to several years, respectively. It is indicated that anti-LSC is quite effective for differentiating species-specificity of blood stains. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Fast green staining of whole embryos for examination and photography.? [/INST] Immersion for 15 seconds in a 1:1 solution of 0.25% fast green and 95% ethyl alcohol facilitates the examination of normal and abnormal embryos for gross surface morphology and renders their surface detail highly photogenic. The method does not interfere with subsequent histological staining when the embryos are sectioned. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A histochemical method for gross demonstration of motor end plates.? [/INST] The thiocholine-ferricyanide method of Karnovsky and Roots for histochemical demonstration of cholinesterases has been applied to whole fetal and neonatal mice and chicks for the visualization of motor end plate patterns in superficial muscles or deeper muscles exposed by dissection. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cobalt staining of Actinia equina nematocysts.? [/INST] Nematocysts of Actinia equina are stained black by incubation in 2% CoCl2 followed by an aqueous wash and H2S treatment. They are also stained positively by morin. Nematocysts isolated from the acrorhage were found to have a high concentration of calcium of which only 30% was "free." It is suggested that the high concentration of calcium in the nematocysts accounts for their staining by cobalt and morin. Cobalt staining offers a simple and effective technique for investigation of nemotocysts. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Rapid quantitative assessment of Theileria infection in ticks.? [/INST] A simplified method for methyl green pyronin staining is described for Theileria parva and T. annulata in whole salivary glands of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Hyalomma anatolicum subspecies respectively. The stain gives results comparable with Feulgen staining and can be used after the ticks have been in cold storage for 3 days. There is considerable variability in the rate and intensity of infection of these ticks with theilerial parasites and it is concluded that the method permits large samples (60 ticks per person per day) to be examined to overcome this variability when assessing infection quantitatively. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil (CMF) in advanced gastrointestinal cancer.? [/INST] The effectiveness of the cyclophosphamide + methotrexate + 5-fluorouracil schedule (CMF) in 28 patients with advanced gastrointestinal cancer has been studied. No complete remission was obtained; partial remission and objective improvement constituted 56%. The median response period is calculated at a minimum of 12 months, without significant differences between the group of patients previously subjected to palliative canalization surgery and the group of patients not subjected to this operation. The overall median survival time is 10.8 months. On the basis of the data given, the authors conclude by stressing that the CMF combination should be studied more fully in relation to its use in gastrointestinal forms of cancer. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Antibody binding to membrane of cultured melanoma cells by sera of melanoma patients.? [/INST] One hundred and nine sera from 75 patients with malignant melanoma and 69 sera from as many healthy donors were assayed by isotopic antiglobulin technique (IAT) on 2 melanoma cell lines. The same picture of reactivity was observed with patients' and healthy donors' sera, and in both groups 35% of the cases were high responders on 1 line and 21% on the other one. The specificity of the reactions was analyzed by absorption experiments using 12 melanoma sera selected for their high binding activity. Pools of human erythrocytes or leukocytes did not remove, except in 1 case respectively, the activity of the sera, suggesting that it was not directed against alloantigens. Quantitative absorption experiments were done with the 2 melanoma lines and with 1 colon carcinoma line. The results, evaluated on the basis of absorption capacity per cell, indicate that the 2 melanoma lines had a similar amount of shared antigens, whereas the colon line was also effective in absorbing out the serum activity, but less frequently and less efficiently. Further experiments performed to analyze the influence of culturing the target cells in presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS), showed that the activity of sera was removed, at various degrees for different sera, by absorption with free FBS, with FBS coupled to Sepharose 4B, and with normal leukocytes cultured overnight with 10% FBS. The same positive melanoma sera became negative when assayed on the same melanoma line cultured in gamma-globulin-depleted human AB serum. In conclusion, in our experimental conditions, the activity of melanoma sera seems mostly directed against components of FBS absorbed on cell membrane during culturing. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The effect of short-term high-dose treatment with methenamine hippurate of urinary infection in geriatric patients with indwelling catheters. I. The preparation and morphology of a quantified urine sediment.? [/INST] A quantified sediment of the urine from patients with indwelling catheters was prepared by fixation of 0.1 ml urine in 0.9 ml 2% glutaraldehyde immediately after sampling. Slide preparations were then made from 0.2 ml of the glutaraldehyde suspensions by means of a cytocentrifuge. Bacteria and epithelial cells were properly contrasted by the May-Grünwald-Giemsa stain but haematoxylin-eosin and the Papanicolaou stain were superior as regards leukocyte morphology. It is suggested that glutaraldehyde-cytocentrifuge preparations of the urine cytology may be useful in the evaluation of urinary infection and in the evaluation of the therapy of urinary infection. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The haemostatic effect of purse-string suture in transvesical prostatectomy: a controlled clinical trial.? [/INST] In a series of 64 consecutive cases of transvesical prostatectomies it is shown that the use of a purse-string suture at the bladder neck significantly reduces the postoperative blood loss. A follow-up 3 months after operation has shown that the suture did not increase the number of either bladder neck stenoses, urinary incontinences, urinary infections or secondary lithiases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Electrophoretic evaluation of different hormonal receptor sites in the prostate during anti-hormonal treatment and in response to hormones.? [/INST] Physical separations of different receptor entities by gradient ultracentrifugation or by separations based on ionic strength are interfered with, either by contamination with non-specific binding sites or they are irrelevant because of the low yield of sites after processing. Electrophoretic separation may give a better resolution because of the different nett charges on SHBG and the specific receptors. Isoelectric microfocussing allows the additional differentiation of sites based on the individual isoelectric points of each entity. Using this method, differentiation of at least three different sites in prostate tissue has been achieved. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Penile horn: verruca vulgaris.? [/INST] A case report of penile horn is presented. It is a benign penile wart of uncertain pathogenesis characterized by excessive hypertrophy and cornification of the epithelium. Treatment consists of excision and/or application of bleomycin ointment. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Arteriolar hyalinosis in testicular biopsies (author's transl)].? [/INST] Arteriolar hyalinosis is a common post mortem finding in the testes of even young men. Identical arteriolar hyalinoses can be demonstrated in testicular biopsies of patients with infertility or in patients operated on for cryptorchidism. In a series of such biopsies from 2400 patients, the frequency of arteriolar hyalinosis was examined. In 7 cases with positive findings, histochemical studies were carried out and in an additional 14 biopsies electron microscopy was performed. Arteriolar hyalinosis was found in 3.75% of the 2,400 patients with disturbances of fertility or cryptorchidism. The mean age of these patients was 34 years. In 58% of the cases with arteriolar hyalinosis the basic testicular lesion was tubular atrophy, in 22% cryptorchidism. The arteriolar lesions were due to deposits of lipoids and mucopolysaccharides. Electron microscopy revealed a granular material with vacuoles and rarely myelin bodies below the endothelial layer and between myocytes and fibrocytes of the arteriolar wall. In later stages elastin-like material could be demonstrated in the vicinity of the endothelial cells and collagen fibers at the periphery of these deposits. The etiology of testicular arteriolar hyalinosis and its pathogenetic significance are not yet clear. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An analysis of factors for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes using Giemsa.? [/INST] Various reagents were tested for the purpose of developing an improved Giemsa staining technique for the differential staining of sister chromatids in human chromosomes. Reagents like acids, bases, buffers, protein denaturants and proteolytic enzymes were all potent inducers of differential staining. The best results were obtained by brief trypsinization followed by extraction of nucleic acids by incubation in hot HCl. There was poor contrast between unifilarly and bifilarly BrdU substituted chromatids in slides from which trypsin treatment was omitted. The method of slide preparation as they affect the spreads of BrdU substituted metaphases were also evaluated. The results support the role of these reagents in the conformational changes and structural lesions of chromosomal protein leading to differential staining. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Melanin and dopa-positive cells in the skin of tropical cattle.? [/INST] Various histochemical and histological techniques were used to study the melanin and dopa-positive cell distribution in the skin of some tropical and temperate breeds of cattle in Nigeria. Melanin pigments were concentrated in the basal and lower spinous layers of the epidermis and in the hair cortex, follicle sheaths and papillae of the various breeds. In the White Fulani and N'Dama breeds, melanin pigments were however found in all layers of the epidermis. Dopa-positive cells (melanocytes) were observed in the epidermis, dermis and hair follicles; the distribution pattern varied among breeds, being copiously disposed in the basal epidermis and papillary dermis in the White Fulani and Muturu and, except in areas of thick epidermal ridges, scanty in the epidermis and dermis of the Friesian and N'Dama. Mast cell distribution pattern in the various breeds was similar to that of the dopa-positive cells. Peroxidase-positive cells were present in the basal epidermis and upper dermis of the Muturu, widespread in the subepidermal layer of the N'Dama and very scanty in the dermis of the White Fulani and Friesian. Acid phosphatase activity was intense in the granular layer of the Muturu and N'Dama breeds and also in the papillary dermis and hair follicles, whereas alkaline phosphatase-positive dendritic cells, and 'clear' cells were also observed in the basal and upper epidermis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Microdissection in the study of renal structure. The normal nephron.? [/INST] The technique of microdissection and the structure of nephrons and collecting ducts from normal kidneys were studied. The structure of the assumedly normal nephrons and collecting ducts is characterized by the uniformity of the outlines of the tubules. The various parts of the tubules are distinguished by the differences in diameter and epithelial structure. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A specific pattern of connections from the sensorimotor region of the cerebral cortex to the thalamus in the rat.? [/INST] In the course of an investigation of the thalamic connections of the frontoparietal cortex in the albino rat, lesions were placed in the parietal cortex of adult rats, and the resulting terminal degeneration was observed in the ventrobasal complex, using the Fink-Heimer silver impregnation technique. Lesions made in the primary somatosensory forelimb region of the cortex result in a narrow band of terminal degeneration which extends dorsoventrally throughout the rostrocaudal two-thirds of the ventrobasal complex. This portion of the ventrobasal complex coincides with the electrophysiological representation of the thalamic primary somatosensory forelimb area, and corresponds closely to the medial portion of the lateral part of the ventrobasal complex as described by Smith, as well as to the medial portion of the posterolateral ventral nucleus according to Matano et al. These results serve to confirm the close correlation determined electrophysiologically between the topographical organization of the somatosensory forelimb areas of both the parietal cortex and the ventrobasal complex of the rat thalamus. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) in sympathetic neurons of the cod, Gadus morhua.? [/INST] The axonal transport of adrenaline, noradrenaline and phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) has been studied in vivo in sympathetic neurons of the splanchnic nerve in the cod, Gadus morhua. Adrenaline and noradrenaline are transported at a mean axonal transport rate of 16 mm/day. After correction for a non-mobile fraction of adrenaline and noradrenaline, which does not contribute to the amine accumulation proximal to a ligature, a maximal rate of transport was calculated to about 45 mm/day for both amines. The increased level of catecholamines in front of a ligature could be depleted by reserpine treatment, which strongly suggests that both amines are stored in granules. PNMT is transported at a slow rate of 2 mm/day. The subcellular distribution of the cod PNMT was exclusively non-particular. The cod PNMT was further characterized by studying substrate specificity, temperature and pH optima. It is concluded that adrenaline and noradrenaline, stored in granules, are transported in a proximo-distal direction at a high rate compared to PNMT. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Abnormal gamma globulin binding of thyroid hormones.? [/INST] Thyroid hormone levels were studied in a thyrotoxic patient, who was treated with propylthiouracil. He had heavily increased triiodothyronine concentrations, measured by radioimmunoassay, in spite of only mild clinical symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. A moderately increased serum triiodothyronine concentration was observed in another patient, who was euthyroid and who had recently recovered from subacute thyroiditis. By gel electrophoresis and precipitation tests with human anti-IgG and anti-IgA, a binding to the gamma globulins of both triiodothyronine and thyroxine was detected in patient 1, and of triiodothyronine in patient 2. Such abnormal binding may result in serious errors in the determination of thyroid hormone concentration by radioimmunoassay. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Determination of cell mediated immunity against tumour associated antigens in patients of ENT.? [/INST] In an unconventional assay system (MEM Test) Caspary & Field claimed in 1971 to have detected lymphocyte sensitization to a common tumour antigen in all patients with cancer. There was no evidence of histogenetic specificity to the reaction and their conclusions are in direct contradiction to those of all workers who have studied the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes on tumour cells. To improve the specificity of the test system, another type of tumour antigen was used in MEM Test incubation. Tumour-associated antigens were prepared according to the hypertonic salt extraction method introduced by Reisfeld, Leonard, Meltzer et al. As shown by the results, information could be gained concerning the existence of a malignant tumour and its location. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Beta-thromboglobulin and the diagnosis of thrombosis in elderly patients.? [/INST] The plasma concentration of beta-thromboglobulin was estimated in elderly in-patients using a radio-immuno-assay technique. There were highly significance differences between the mean values of patients with arterial or venous thrombosis, as compared with controls. The ability of the test to detect thrombosis above the inguinal ligament means that it is a useful addition to the existing battery of tests for detecting thrombosis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Plasma proteins in patients receiving intravenous amino acids or intravenous hyperalimentation after major surgery.? [/INST] Eleven plasma proteins were compared for each of three groups of 10 closely matched patients before and 15 days after rectal excision who were receiving an addition to oral diets the following parenteral solutions by central venous catheter: 1) no hyperalimentation, 2) hypertonic glucose plus amino acids, or 3) amino acids alone. Plasma transferrin, prealbumin, and retinol-binding protein were normal before surgery in all but seven patients. Postoperatively, concentrations were decreased, but were restored to normal after full hyperalimentation whereas they were significantly less and lower than normal in controls and patients receiving amino acids. Acute phase proteins were higher than normal before surgery and also 15 days later. Lower values in patients receiving hyperalimentation were mainly due to hydration compared with higher values in the other groups caused by the higher incidence of sepsis. It is concluded that full hyperalimentation after major surgery restores "visceral" proteins more rapidly than by infusion of amino acids alone and is associated with fewer clinical complications. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Late onset systemic lupus erythematosus.? [/INST] This study describes the clinical and laboratory features and the natural history of 31 patients with late onset (in the sixth decade or later) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with late onset SLE constitute a distinct subset of the general lupus population that accounts for approximately 12 per cent of the cases. Advanced age modifies the expression of SLE in terms of clinical presentation (pleuritis and/or pericarditis are the most common presenting manifestations) and pattern of organ involvement (pulmonary abnormalities are more common, whereas lymphadenopathy, Raynaud's phenomenon, neuropsychiatric disease, alopecia and skin rash are less common). Because SLE is not usually considered to be a disease that affects the elderly, and because the pattern of SLE in the older age group may differ substantially from the seen in younger patients, there is often a delay in diagnosis (median of 10 months, with a delay of over one year in 32 per cent of patients). In light of the high incidence of steroid complications in older patients (40 per cent in our series), and because these patients with SLE have a relatively good prognosis (five year survival of 92.3 per cent; nine year survival of 83.1 per cent), therapy should be more conservative in late onset SLE. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Plasma complement and histamine changes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein.? [/INST] Venous blood samples were obtained from 85 patients before and at three, ten, and 30 minutes after intravenous administration of sodium fluorescein. Whole complement hemolytic activity and plasma histamine were measured. The patients were observed for side effects. Clinical adverse reactions occurred in 18 (21%) of the patients. Changes in complement hemolytic activity occurred in all patients, but probably were the result of binding of fluorescein to complement proteins, or on the membrane of sensitized red blood cells used in the assay. Plasma histamine was increased within the first few minutes after infusion of fluorescein and persisted up to ten minutes. Increased histamine was found in 66% of patients with adverse reactions and in only 15% of patients with no reactions. Histamine may be an important mediator of adverse reactions to fluorescein. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein screening: a cost-benefit analysis.? [/INST] The prenatal detection of fetal neural tube defects (NTD) is now possible by means of a multi-tiered program utilizing maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening coupled with ultrasonography and amniocentesis where indicated. This paper considers the economic consequences of screening for fetal NTD a theoretical cohort of 100,000 pregnant women at risk of having an affected fetus who would elect to terminate their pregnancies if an affected fetus were found. The cost of the program was balanced against the benefits of the program, such as the averted costs of institutionalization, medical care, and the like. The total cost of the program to screen 100,000 such women was calculated to be $2,047,780, or slightly over $20 per woman screened, while the total economic benefits exceeded $4,000,000. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Degradation of tropoelastin and elastin substrates by human neutrophil elastase, free and bound to alpha2-macroglobulin in serum of the M and Z (Pi) phenotypes for alpha1-antitrypsin.? [/INST] Human neutrophil elastase degraded tropoelastin approximately 9 times faster than it did solubilized elastin and approximately 19 times faster than it did lung elastin. When bound to alpha2-M, the enzyme retained approximately 6 per cent of its activity toward tropoelastin and solubilized latter observations suggest that alpha2-M--bound elastase, cleared slowly from lung extracellular tissue space, may participate normally in the turnover of soluble precursor (s) of elastin and may contribute to the development of emphysema in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Re-evaluation of sputum staining for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis.? [/INST] Data were collected at 2 teaching institutions, University Hospital, University of Michigan (UMH) and University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Hospital, to evaluate the usefulness of the auramine-rhodamine fluorochrome stain in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in hospitalized patients. The patients studied had received no prior therapy, and their sputum specimens were positive for a pathogenic Mycobacterium by microscopy or culture or both. The true-positive smear rate was 0.88 at UMH and 0.83 at UCLA; the relative false-positive smear rate was 0.12 at UMH and 0.17 at UCLA. The sensitivities at UMH and UCLA were 0.78 and 0.51, respectively, and the specificity was greater than 0.99 at both. The data suggest that sputum stained by the fluorochrome method is useful and reliable for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, because the false-positive rates are acceptably low in hospitalized patients. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Bleomycin.? [/INST] Bleomycin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1975 for therapy against squamous cell carcinomas, testicular cancers, and malignant lymphomas. An extensive bibliography on this drug indicates that there is little evidence of activity against other malignancies. Although initially used exclusively as a single agent, bleomycin has been considered recently for use in combination chemotherapy. Because of associated toxicity involving the lung and mucous membranes, bleomycin should be used cautiously by physicians, particularly in noninvestigational settings. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Human serum and epithelial spread in tissue culture.? [/INST] The dependence of epithelial spread on human serum in culture has been studied. Using measured pieces of mouse ear skin epithelial outgrowth about floating explants (epiboly) and from adherent explants was studied. Where compared directly the two systems show similar results. Because of its ease of quantitation, the adherent explant culture was studied in greater detail. In this system in the presence of serum appreciable spread was found only after 48 h but spread continued for at least the next 4 days. In the absence of serum only minimal epithelial spread occurred. Adding serum to deficient media enhanced spreading and removing serum from media depressed spreading. The extent of spread appeared independent of mouse age for the first 4-10 weeks though 2-week-old mouse skin showed quantitatively greater spreading. The activity in human serum responsible for epithelial spread acts under conditions of minimal DNA synthesis and is not reproduced by bovine serum albumin, fetuin, or serum that had been exposed to 100 degrees C for 5 min. The activity is not dialyzable and it is resistant to the protease inhibitors DFP and PMSF. These studies suggest that a specific serum component(s) serves to support epithelial spread in vitro. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Serum concentrations of SP1 (pregnancy-specific-beta1-glycoprotein) in healthy, nonpregnant individuals, and in patients with nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms.? [/INST] The presence of [SP1 (PSbetaG)] in healthy men and nonpregnant women was demonstrated with a highly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Detectable serum levels (1-5 ng/ml) were found in 37 of 69 individuals. Concentrations of 3-10 ng/ml could be detected in 80% of the patients with a variety of nontrophoblastic malignant neoplasms and in 17% of patients with breast cancer. In 11% of these patients the serum level was raised to 10-50 ng/ml. SP1 was also found in extracts of fresh tumor tissue. In 27% of these specimens 3-15 ng/ml SP1 were found. Serum SP1 levels that were elevated before surgery fell to the normal range within a few days after tumor removal. SP1 might thus be regarded as a marker for various nontrophoblastic cancers and as such might become important as a guide to treatment. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Relationship between water transfers and the salinity of the environment in the isopod crustacean Sphaeroma serratum (Fabricius)].? [/INST] The isopod Crustacean Sphaeroma serratum is isotonic to the medium in sea water and hypertonic in diluted media. The drinking rate is 15.9 microliter in SW and 3.2 microliter 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. The extracellular space is 28.4% in SW and 27.0% of the wet weight in 50% SW. The rate of urine production, calculated from the half time for the loss of sodium diatriazoate is 11.8 mg in SW and 42.9 mg 24 h-1 100 mg-1 wet weight in 50% SW. 95% of the diffusion fluxes of water take place through the pleopods: their surface is about 62.6 mm2 in a 100 mg weighing animal. The activation energy of water molecules is 15.0 kcal/mol between +5 degrees C and +15 degrees C and 6.7 kcal/mol between +15 degrees C and +25 degrees C. The diffusion permeability coefficient Pd is 1.71 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 0.70 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. The osmotic permeability coefficient Pos has a mean value of 1.91 X 10(-4) cm/sec in SW and 1.24 X 10(-4) cm/sec in 50% SW. Our results are compared with those obtained in other Crustaceans and in Fishes. Their validity is discussed (influence of unstirred layers, solute-solvent interaction). They are explained according to the different theories dealing with the water transit through the membranes. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about On the mechanism of p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids transport by renal tissue.? [/INST] The uptake of cyclic analogues of probenecid by kidney cortical slices has been studied in detail, in order to obtain more information on the secretory system for these compounds. Both p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid were accumulated against concentration gradient, by renal tissue under aerobic as well as anerobic conditions. PAH, phenol red and probenecid competitively inhibited the active accumulation of these compounds by kidney tissue. Aerobic uptake of probenecid analogues was stimulated by succinate and octanoate at low medium concentrations while inhibition of renal accumulation of these compounds occurred at higher concentrations. Both p-piperidyl and p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acids like probenecid strongly interact with kidney cortex homogenates. Binding of these cyclic analogues to various cellular constituents of homogenate was efficiently inhibited by probenecid. The binding affinity of probenecid and analogues for kidney tissue, phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) and human serum albumin increased in the order : p-piperidyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than p-benzyl sulfamyl benzoic acid less than di-n-propyl sulfamyl benzoic acid (probenecid). By contrast to the view put forward by Beyer (1950 & 1954), the results presented in this paper established that probenecid analogues are the true substrates of renal organic anion transport system. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. I. Subcellular localization, purification and characterization of acid phospholipase A1.? [/INST] In mammalian cells the catabolism of membrane phosphoglycerides proceeds probably entirely through a deacylation pathway catalysed by phospholipase A and lysophospholipase (Wise & Elwyn, 1965). In the initial attack of diacylphosphoglycerides by phospholipase A two enzymatic activities with different positional specificities have been distinguished: phospholipase A1 (phosphatidate 1-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.32) and phospholipase A2 (phosphatidate 2-acyl hydrolase EN 3.1.1.4) (Van Deenen & De Haas, 1966). Studies on these intracellular phospholipases were mainly concerned with their subcellular localization. Only occasionally more detailed enzymatic investigations have been conducted on them, in contrast to export phospholipases e.g. from snake venom, bee venom and porcine pancreas, which have been extensively investigated (Brockerhoff & Jensen 1974a). In a previous paper (De Wolf et al., 1976a), the presence of phospholipase A1 and phospholipase A2 activities in bovine thyroid was demonstrated, using 1-[9, 10-3H] stearoyl-2-[1-14C] linoleyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine as a substrate. Optimal activity was observed in both instances at pH 4. Addition of the anionic detergent sodium taurocholate increased the A2 type activity and decreased the A1 type activity suggesting the presence of different enzymes. The lack of influence of Ca2+-ions and EDTA and the acid pH optima could suggest lysosomal localization. In this paper the subcellular distribution of both acid phospholipase activities is described as well as a purification scheme for phospholipase A1. Some characteristics of the purified enzyme preparation are discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lipolytic enzymes in bovine thyroid tissue. II. Hydrolysis of [3H, 14C] phosphatidylethanolamine by neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities.? [/INST] Phospholipase and lysophospholipase activities are present in bovine thyroid (De Wolf et al., 1976). However, using exogenous [14C] phosphatidylcholine as substrate and subcellular fractions as enzyme source no activity could be detected at neutral and alkaline pH. Phospholipase A2 activity was found at neutral pH when [14C] phosphatidylethanolamine was substituted for [14C] phosphatidylcholine (De Wolf et al., 1976). In the present paper the occurrence of neutral and alkaline phospholipase A activities is clearly established. In addition their subcellular localization was investigated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Arterial and venous responses to hypothalamic stimulation in the dog.? [/INST] Stimulation of the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus induces active constriction of both pre- and post-capillary vessels in the dog's hindlimb. Alpha-adrenolytic agents reduce these responses, indicating that they are mediated by the sympathetic nervous system. Stimulation of the paraventricular nucleus dilates both resistance and capacitance vessels. The present study demonstrates that hypothalamic neurones can control venomotor tone. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Analysis of the circadian rhythm of motor activity in white rats by using several pharmacologic agents which act on cerebral monoamines].? [/INST] Three pharmacological agents, (disulfiram, imipramine and reserpine) influencing the brain monoamine transmitters have been studied to explain the mechanism involved in the motor circadian rhythm. The new results corroborate our previous ones : the norepinephrine transmitter responsible for the paradoxical sleep is unable to explain the depressed metabolic phase of the circadian rhythm; the negative results obtained with disulfiram and imipramine corroborate the previous results with nialamide. On the contrary, the agents which reduce the serotonine transmitter mechanisms (p-chlorophenylalanine) decrease the difference between active and sleep phases by their action involved in the non-activated sleep. Reserpine, supposed to reduce both transmitter mechanisms (serotonine and norepinephrine) shows a p-chlorophenylalanine-like effect, perhaps more strong. It thus appears that the non-activated sleep is responsible for the two essential sleep functions : the restitution function and the depressed phase of the circadian rhythm. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Tissue specific glucose-trehalose variations prior to spinning in the eri-silkworm, Philosamia ricini.? [/INST] A sharp rise in trehalose level of haemolymph is observed towards the end of 4th instar accompanied with sudden fall of the sugar in fat body during the same period, but after moulting blood trehalose abruptly decreases. Whereas, blood glucose level is maintained constant throughout life span of both the instars. Silkgland of 5th instar larvae presents a consistent gradual increase in glucose-trehalose levels reaching to the maximum prior to spinning with a higher value for trehalose than glucose which can be attributed to the decrease in blood trehalose level during the period. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Effect of submaximal muscular exercise of short duration on urinary excretion of catecholamines, DOPA and their metabolites].? [/INST] Thirteen human subjects were submitted to a moderate muscular work on ergometric bicycle (at intensity corresponding to 80% of maximal oxygen uptake during 10 min). No modifications were observed in the urinary amounts of the three catecholamines (A, NA, DA), DOPA, DOPAC and 3-MT. On the contrary, the excretion of metadrenaline (MN) and normetadrenaline (NMN) was slightly increased, showing a mild stimulation of adrenergic system. Our result point out the interest of urinary methoxyamines as useful index of adrenergic activity in man. For experimental and physiopathological use, the metabolic alteration induced by a short submaximal muscular work is negligible for most adrenergic compounds, except for MN and NMN, the amounts of which are slightly modified. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Oxaloacetate deficiency in MCT-induced ketogenesis.? [/INST] This study was an attempt to discover whether a deficiency in hepatic oxaloacetate can explain the acceleration of ketogenesis observed after the ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT, constituent fatty acids from C8 to C12). The method of investigation used consisted in supplying oxaloacetate (by intraperitoneal injection of oxaloacetate, aspartate, or L-tryptophan) to rats that had ingested MCT. The indirectly given oxaloacetate caused a decrease in ketone body levels in the liver. The stimulation of ketogenesis induced by an exogenous supply of MCT is therefore at least partly due to a deficiency of oxaloacetate. The results show that this can be explained both by a leakage of this metabolite into the pathway of gluconeogenesis and by its reduction into malate. Since the acetyl-CoA derived from oxidized medium-chain fatty acids cannot enter into the Krebs cycle, it is diverted to the production of ketone bodies. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Gastric chemoceptive projections to fasciculus solitarius and its dipole field structure.? [/INST] The gastric branch of the vagus nerve, close to the stomach was stimulated electrically and the evoked potentials recorded from the fasciculus solitarius of frog within the stereotaxic coordinates P 4.1-4.6; L 0.5-0.8 and V 0.3-0.5. A predominantly monophasic negative potential, the amplitude (1.0-3.0 mV) of which rises with increase in stimulus strength up to 6 V, could be recorded. From the velocity of conduction (30 m/sec) it appears that the gastric afferent fibres belong to Group A. The depth-recording resulted in the reversal of the negative sign of the potential at depth beyond 180-200 mu. The significance of the appearance of a positive potential and the cellular configuration of the area of fasciculus is discussed in the context of a possible dipole that might exist in the spatial structure from which the depth-recording has been made. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Reinforcing stimulation of the postero-lateral hypothalamus and mating behaviour in the rat.? [/INST] Male rats implanted with chronic electrodes into the postero-lateral hypothalamic site were tested for self-stimulation behaviour. Rats exhibiting steady self-stimulation behaviour were observed during mating tests with an oestrus female. During these tests the hypothalamus of male rats was stimulated. Results show that no stimulus-bound sexual behaviour was observed. Nevertheless, correlations were found between the rewarding value of the cerebral stimulation and the specific sexual components of mating behaviour. These results are interpreted with the hypothesis of a balancing effect between the reward elicited by direct stimulation of the brain and reward acquired by the presence of an oestrus female. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Chronotropic response of isolated atria to acid base alterations.? [/INST] The effect of acid-base alterations on spontaneous rate was analysed using isolated atria exposed to cumulative degrees of acidosis produced either by adding HCl or by increasing PCO2 in the incubation medium. Frequncy vs. pH curves were made to assess chronotropic response to acid-base changes. Heart rate was increased in alkalosis and decreased when the pH of the medium was lowered. Both "respiratory" and "metabolic" alterations affected the contraction rate to the same extent. Decreasing pH from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate more than the enhancement produced by the same change in pH towards the alkalotic side. When frequency was plotted as a function of hydrogen ion activity (aH+) a more linear relationship was obtained, either with pure "metabolic" or with "respiratory" acid-base alterations. Increasing (aH+) from normal values seemed to decrease heart rate to the same extent (respiratory alterations) or even less (metabolic alterations) than the enhancement produced by the same change in (aH+) towards the alkalotic side. Neither the increase in rate produced by alkalosis nor the decrease induced by acidosis were prevented by blocking the neurotransmitters by atropine or propranolol. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Histological and histochemical changes of the skeletal muscle in human chronic Chagas' disease.? [/INST] Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies were performed in 7 subjects with chronic Chagas' disease. On clinical and laboratory grounds the selected patients were judged to be healthy, being the only abnormality found the presence of positive serum tests for Chagas' disease. Fibre type grouping of either type I or type II was observed in 5 of the 7 patients. Furthermore, in 2 of the 5 patients showing muscle fibre groupings, angular fibres reacting with NADH and non-specific sterase were also found. These observations strongly suggest denervation associated with reinervation. This picture often can be observed in the skeletal muscle of patients with well compensated denervatory conditions who did not show clinical evidences of denervation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The embedding of ossicular chain specimens in plastic.? [/INST] The following objects were specifically designed for teaching material to the medical students. Dried human auditory ossicles were bleached in 30% hydrogen peroxide solution and then, embedded in a good quality plastic. The plastic mass was shaped into a ball 5 cm in diameter, and the surface of which was polished with a good finish. The merits of the objects may be listed as follows; 1) A permenant preservation of the objects is possible because they are embedded in heat- and chemical-resistant material. 2) The objects are handy for use in the lecture room and easily observed by the students because of the magnifying effect of the plastic covering. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Detection, purification and characterization of a human cancer-associated galactosyltransferase acceptor.? [/INST] A low-molecular-weight acceptor of galactosyltransferase activity was detected in sera and effusions of patients with extensive maligant disease. This substance was purified to homogeneity from both human serum and effusion by using sequential charcoal/Celite and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The purified acceptor was shown to act as substrate for both purified normal and cancer-associated human galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.22) isoenzymes, but had a higher affinity for the cancer-associated isoenzyme (Km = 20 microM) than for the normal isoenzyme (Km = 500 microM). The substrate was found to be a glycopeptide with mol.wt. approx. 3600 determined by polyacrylamide-gel chromatography. Carbohyydate analysis demonstrated only the presence of glucosamine and mannose. Amino acid analysis revealed that the peptide moiety consisted of eight different amino acids, including two residues of asparagine and one residue of serine, but no threonine. These structural data suggest that the acceptor is a fraction of an asparagine-glucosamine type of glycoprotein. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Comparison of three immunoassays for immune complexes in rheumatoid arthritis.? [/INST] Three widely used radioassays that depend on different principles for the measurement of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in biologic fluids are the monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF), Raji cell, and C1q binding tests. A comparison of the ability of these methods to measure immune complex-like material in 71 sera and 30 synovial fluids of 91 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was carried out by a group working in adjacent laboratories in a single institution. The highest number of abnormal levels in the seropositive group was detected by the C1q binding assay (91%). Levels of CIC by the mRF and Raji cell tests were elevated in 81% and 76% of the patients, respectively. The closest correlation was between the Raji and mRF tests (r = 0.44 and P = 0.002) although one depends on complement fixation and one does not. Though significant correlations between the levels of CIC determined by the C1q test and either the mRF (P = 0.2) or Raji cell (P = 0.3) assay were not found in this group, 59% of the samples had elevated levels by all three tests. The frequency of CIC in the sera of patients with seronegative RA was much lower, with the C1q test again giving the highest number of abnormal results (29% versus 16% and 12% for the Raji and mRF tests). In view of the technical problems associated with these tests, particularly lack of a uniform reliable standard, it is likely that all three tests measure the same material in most RA sera and that some of the differences observed are related to inherent variability in the tests themselves rather than intrinsic differences among the CIC detected in these samples. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The interaction of thermal tolerance with drug cytotoxicity in vitro.? [/INST] The effect of preheating EMT6 cells in vitro on their response to cytotoxic agents of either 43 degrees C or 37 degrees C has been investigated. Preheating for 3 h at 40 degrees C produced measurable protection (thermal tolerance) to subsequent treatment for 1 h at 43 degrees C. This preheat treatment was further found to reduce cell killing by BLM and BCNU (drug tolerance) present during 1 h at 43 degrees C. In contrast, no such heat-induced drug tolerance was seen with ADR. An additional effect with ADR was the apparent elimination of heat-induced thermal tolerance at toxic drug doses. However, preheating under these conditions had no effect on the subsequent cytotoxicity of any of these drugs at 37 degrees C. Also, preheating for 1 h at 43 degrees C was found to sensitize cells to BLM and BCNU toxicity at 37 degrees C but to protect against ADR toxicity. The results are discussed in relation to known mechanisms of cell killing by heat and of thermal tolerance. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cancer of the prostate: early diagnosis by zinc and hormone analysis?? [/INST] Zinc, testosterone and dihydrotestosterone concentrations have been measured in normal prostatic tissue and in specimens obtained from untreated patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and carcinoma of the prostate (CaP). The metal--androgen relationship was examined and related to the pathological condition of the patients. The evidence suggests that discriminant analysis combining the hormonal data into a single variable is a reliable test for distinguishing between BPH and CaP patients. We have observed that the high Zn values found in BPH specimens were always associated with a DTH:T ratio greater than 1. Androgen tissue ratios less than 1 were characteristic of all CaP specimens, and these were usually preceded by a reduction in prostatic Zn concentration. Since these patterns, particularly those associated with neoplasia, precede the clinical manifestations, they may be used as an index for predicting the onset of carcinoma in the prostate gland. They may also be of value in monitoring the progress of the disease. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Histamine release from platelets for assay of byssinogenic substances in cotton mill dust and related materials.? [/INST] Previous reports suggest that byssinosis, an asthma-like condition among textile workers, may be mediated in part by histamine liberated following inhalation of dust. A simple, sensitive, and reliable procedure using pig platelets which contain the unusually high concentration of 0.8-1.6 microgram histamine/10(9) cells has been devised for the assay of histamine-releasing factors in cotton mill dust and related materials, and has yielded results generally in accordance with earlier assays using chopped lung tissue. As little as 50--100 microgram of total extractable substances from cotton mill dust can be measured. The activity of the extract is associated with the non-dialysable high molecular weight portion. However, conditions of acid hydrolysis do not destroy the activity. Extracts of leaves from different varieties of plant are highly potent, which suggests that the factors responsible for byssinosis are widely distributed plant components, present in textile fibre plants and converted to a respirable form by handling processes. Ellagic acid and sodium metasilicate release histamine from pig platelets, and represent new classes of compounds with possible roles in the aetiology of byssinosis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Changes in expression of albumin and alpha-fetoprotein genes during rat liver development and neoplasia.? [/INST] Albumin mRNA was isolated and purified from rat liver polysomes by a combination of immunoprecipitation of specific polysomes, poly(U)-Sepharose 4B chromatography, and fractionation of the resulting poly(A)-containing RNA on a sucrose gradient. alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP) mRNA was isolated from Morris hepatoma 7777 by a similar procedure. The purity of the mRNA preparations was determined by analytical gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions, analysis of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the polypeptides synthesized in a wheat germ cell-free system, and the kinetics of hybridization to cDNA transcribed from albumin mRNA and AFP mRNA. The albumin mRNA possessed a chain length of approximately 2265 nucleotides and the AFP mRNA possesed a length of approximately 2235 nucleotides when examined under stringent denaturing conditions on agarose gels containing 10 mM methylmercury hydroxide. Analysis of poly(A) content by a hybridization assay with [3H]poly(U) revealed the presence in albumin mRNA of a poly(A) region containing approximately 100 adenosine residues. The AFP mRNA preparation was found to contain an average poly(A) tract of approximately 190 bases. Thus, albumin mRNA appears to contain approximately 330 untranslated nucleotides, and AFP mRNA appears to contain a similar number (approximately 285) of noncoding, nonpoly(A) bases. The purified albumin and AFP mRNA's were used as templates for synthesis of full-length cDNA hybridization probes. Both of the probes selectively hybridized to their templates with kinetics expected for single RNA species the sizes of albumin and AFP mRNA. ROt analysis was used to quantitate albumin and AFP mRNA sequences during normal liver postnatal development and liver oncogenesis. The number of polysomal AFP mRNA molecules per liver was found to drastically decrease during the first weeks of postnatal life, concomitant with a decline in the AFP synthetic capacity of the livers and in the serum concentrations of AFP. During this period, the concentration of albumin mRNA molecules per cell in the liver remained at high, approximately constant levels. In Morris hepatoma 7777, the concentration of AFP-specifying sequences was at least 10(3)-fold higher than that found in normal adult liver, whereas the content of albumin nRNA was four- to five-fold lower. These changes in concentration of albumin and AFP mRNA sequences closely correlated with a parallel variation in the specific protein synthetic capacity of the tissues. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of surface charge on the conductance of the gramicidin channel.? [/INST] The electric conductance of the cation-permeable gramicidin channel in negatively charged phosphatidylserine membranes has been studied. At low electrolyte concentrations the single-channel conductance is much larger in the negatively charged membrane than in a neutral membrane. This enhancement of conductance is in agreement with theoretical expectations, although a complete description of the salt concentration dependence of conductance was not possible. The results of these experiments may be compared with previous studies of a negatively charged gramicidin analog (O-pyromellityl gramicidin). It is found that the electrostatic effect on the conductance is much larger for a neutral channel embedded in a negatively charged lipid than for the negatively charged O-pyromellityl analog (with three charges at the channel mouth) embedded in a neutral lipid. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Dicarbocyanine fluorescent probes of membrane potential block lymphocyte capping, deplete cellular ATP and inhibit respiration of isolated mitochondria.? [/INST] 3,3'-Dipropylthiodicarbocyanine iodide, a widely used fluorescent probe of membrane potential, was found to inhibit anti-Ig antibody, induced capping of mouse lymphocytes. The dye also lowered the cell ATP content. Experiments with isolated mitochondria revealed that the probe had a potent inhibitory action at site I of the respiratory chain. This mitochondrial blockade helps to explain the ATP depletion and blockade of capping, and gives cause for caution in the use of this dye as a probe of cell membrane potential. Three related dicarbocyanine dyes had similar toxic effects, but two cyanine dyes with much longer alkyl side chains, which have been used as probes of membrane fluidity, did not. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Human glomerular basement membrane. Heterogeneity of antigenic determinants.? [/INST] Human glomerular basement membrane was solubilized by digestion with proteolytic enzymes and immunoreactive components were quantitated and characterized by using rabbit antibodies raised against the particulate membrane. A number of antigens were demonstrated but they did not separate on gel filtration. However, two antigenic components in a collagenase digest of the membrane could be separated and isolated by Sepharose 6B chromatography. Chemical characterization suggests that both fragments are noncollagenous glycopeptides (molecular weights approx. 1,000,000 and 60,000--200,000, respectively). </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Human glomerular basement membrane. Antigenic determinants in human urine.? [/INST] Antisera against particulate human glomerular basement membrane prepared from cadaver kidneys were raised in rabbits. It was shown that both normal individuals and patients with glomerular and tubular diseases excrete in their urine several antigens reactive with these antibodies. One antigen crossreacted immunologically with an antigen from human glomerular basement membrane while several others did not. One of the urinary antigens and the antigen crossreacting with the basement membrane were separated from the others by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration, respectively. The pattern of anttigen excretion differed depending on the underlying renal disease but the multitude of different antigens detected complicates the interpretation of the patterns of excretion in different diseases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Molecular control of rabbit follicular testosterone production. Role of protein and RNA after stimulation with luteinizing hormone.? [/INST] The time and dose dependence of the relationship between uptake of labelled precursors into protein and RNA and production of testosterone by rabbit follicles was examined. Although testosterone production was stimulated by luteinizing hormone at concentrations between 0.1 and 10 microgram/ml, the uptake of [3H]leucine into protein was significant only when the concentration of luteinizing hormone was greater than 2.5 microgram/ml. Increased production of testosterone was observed within 15 min of stimulation with luteinizing hormone whereas uptake of [3H]leucine was only significant at 90 min. Puromycin (40 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (10 microgram/ml) in the presence of luteinizing hormone inhibited the synthesis of both testosterone and protein. However, lower concentrations of puromycin (0.1, 1 and 10 microgram/ml) and cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml) had no effect on luteinizing hormone-induced testosterone production but significantly inhibited protein synthesis by 58, 37, 31 and 71%, respectively. Actinomycin D (20, 80 and 160 microgram/ml) alone and in combination with 5 microgram luteinizing hormone/ml severely inhibited uptake of [3H]uridine into RNA without affecting testosterone production. However, with 1 microgram actinomycin/ml, testosterone production was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than in the presence of luteinizing hormone alone. These results cast doubt on the obligatory role of RNA and protein synthesis in rabbit ovarian follicular steroidogenesis. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Properties of a goat anti-L antibody: further evidence for heterogeneity of the L antigen.? [/INST] The preparation and properties of an antibody (anti-L) against low potassium type (LK) goat red cells raised in a high potassium type (HK) goat are described. This reagent stimulated active potassium transport, but showed only weak serological activity against low potassium type (LK) sheep and goat red cells. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that anti-L antibody has two specificities--a sodium pump-stimulating activity (anti-Lp) and a serological activity (anti-L1y). </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Hepatic uptake and degradation of trace doses of asialofetuin and asialoorosomucoid in the intact rat.? [/INST] Asialoorosomucoid and asialofetuin were prepared by using sialidase, which was removed chromatographically before the proteins were labelled with radioactive iodine. After intravenous administration of a small amount oa asialoglycoprotein (3--4 microgram/100 g body wt.) protein-bound and non-protein radioactivities in plasmas and livers of rats were determined at intervals over a period of 30 min. Transfer of either tracer protein from plasma to liver was almost complete in 5 min. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was evident very shortly thereafter, but degradation of asialoorosomucoid commenced after a significant delay and was initially slow relative to that of asialofetuin. Studies in vitro with crude hepatic lysosomal enzyme preparations indicated that asialoorosomucoid was less readily digested than asialofetuin, and that desialylation of orosomucoid or fetuin did not noticeably increase the susceptibility of these proteins to protease action. Proteolysis of asialofetuin was also demonstrable in liver homogenates in conditions under which albumin and asialotransferrin were stable. A generalized mathematical model was devised to represent the uptake and degradation of asialoglycoproteins by the liver. The theoretical assumptions that gave the best fits with experiment are outlined and discussed. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Intracellular localization and degradation of asialofetuin in isolated rat hepatocytes.? [/INST] Analysis by isopycnic and differential centrifuging of the intracellular distribution of radioactivity following uptake of 125I-labelled asialofetuin by isolated rat hepatocytes showed that during incubations up to 1 h, most of the radioactivity was associated with structures which had a subcellular distribution pattern different from both the lysosomes and the plasma membrane. The latter two organelles were followed by means of enzyme markers. Ca2+ is necessary for the binding of asialofetuin to the plasma membrane, and it was also possible to differentiate between asialofetuin bound to the plasma membrane and that contained in intracellular structures by removing Ca2+ from the medium (by EGTA). Such experiments showed that asialofetuin became rapidly internalized. Practically all the labelled protein was located intracellularly in cells that had been incubated with asialofetuin for more than 30 min. When incubations were carried out for more than 1 h a peak appeared in the radioactivity distribution in the same place as the peak of activity of lysosomal marker enzymes. However, degradation of asialofetuin takes place in the lysosomes and this starts before the labelled protein can be found in the lysosomal fractions. Our data suggest that the rate-determining step in the cellular handling of asialofetuin is the transport of endocytized protein from the endocytic vesicles to the lysosomes. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about [Effect of long-term cytostatic therapy on the hematopoietic stem cells].? [/INST] CFU-C and diffusion chamber studies were performed in patients with teratocarcinoma, who underwent long term chemotherapy. No significant decline of bone marrow CFU-C or diffusion chamber cell recovery was found during twelve months of cytotoxic treatment. In contrast to the results in these patients the CFU-C-content of the remission marrow in leukemic patients showed a significant decrease in relation to the duration of remission and chemotherapy. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Lead contamination in street dust in Hong Kong.? [/INST] Lead levels were generally found to be high in road-side dust samples collected from different sites throughout the Island of Hong Kong during winter 1977-78. Considerable differences in the concentration of lead amongst these sites were detected but such differences bore no direct relationship to the traffic volumes of the sites from which the samples were collected. Different districts within the city varied widely in the mean concentration of lead in their road-side dust samples. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Transurethral resection of large prostates.? [/INST] A total of 102 men (mean age 70) underwent transurethral resection of the prostate. The weight of the resected prostate ranged from 40 to 152 g. Two deaths occurred in patients aged 85 and 92 years, both of whom were generally unfit. The average postoperative stay in hospital was 8.3 days. The proportions of patients with incontinence, infection, and stricture were similar to those in other series of resections and open prostatectomies, suggesting that resection of the larger prostate is safe and an acceptable alternative to an open operation. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Double-staining procedure for the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test.? [/INST] The fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) double-staining procedure was reproducible, comparable to the conventional test, and easy to read. We recommend the use of the FTA-ABS double-staining procedure for microscopes with incident illumination, the 100 x/1.30 oil achromatic objective and the 6.3 x ocular to obtain optimal fluorescence, and the KP560 as a barrier filter to exclude rhodamine emission when fluorescein fluorescence is read. With this system, errors related to poor focusing or failure to visualise treponemes on all smears should be eliminated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of different preparation procedures on the ultrastructure of gonococci.? [/INST] Culture samples of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Escherichia coli were studied by transmission and electron microscopy to evaluate the effect of different preparation procedures on the pilation of these organisms. Unfixed as well as fixed bacteria showed only few, long, filamentous appendages when investigated in ultrathin sections, negatively stained specimens, or critical-point dried preparations. Snap-frozen specimens of E. coli showed many short and thin pili after being shadowed with carbon and platinum whereas those of N. gonorrhoeae showed only some type-C-like pili. Thus, the number and morphological appearance of pili appear to be greatly influenced by the preparation techniques used for study by electronmicroscopy. Conclusions as to the type and the infectivity of a bacterial strain can, therefore, not be based on purely morphological criteria. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Transmitter histochemistry of the rat olfactory bulb III. Autoradiographic localization of [3H]GABA.? [/INST] The distribution of [3H]gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) labeled elements in rat olfactory bulb was studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. [3H]GABA was strongly taken up into glial cells and pericytes in all layers of the bulb. The neuronal uptake of [3H]GABA was mainly seen in certain types of nerve terminals. About one-third of the granule dendritic terminals, some nerve endings of short axon cells, and certain nerve endings of extrabulbar origin showed a strong labeling. Labeling was seen in a small population of the periglomerular, short axon and granule cell bodies. Most cell bodies of these 3 types as well as the mitral cells did not, however, accumulate any appreciable amo9nt of [3H]GABA. The labeling pattern seen after injection of [3H]glycine and [3H]leucine was clearly different from the pattern seen after [3H]GABA injection. The labeling was more uniformly distributed over the components of the neuropil with a considerably higher activity over certain cell somata such as the mitral cells. The present results demonstrate that neuronal uptake and accumulation of [3H]GABA occur into populations of olfactory bulb cells and processes, which from neurophysiological and/or immunohistochemical studies are supposed to use GABA as a neurotransmitter. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Observations of HRP labeling following injection through a chronically implanted cannula--a method to avoid diffusion of HRP into injured fibers.? [/INST] One of the limitations of the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracer method is the diffusion of HRP into injured axons resulting in unintended labeling of neurons not terminating in the injection area. To overcome this limitation, an experiment was designed to inject the HRP through an implanted cannula after degeneration and healing had taken place. It was shown that implantation of a cannula into the internal capsule significantly decreased the number of labeled axons in the injection site, thus limiting the unintended labeling of neurons from that injection. When injections followed implantation of the cannula by 24 h or more, fibers damaged by the cannula had healed or degenerated sufficiently that intraaxonal diffusion of HRP into those injured fibers did not occur. A significant difference between control (without the cannula) and experimental (with the cannula) injections was observed. Extensive axonal and neuronal labeling following the control injections was seen at the injection site and caudate nucleus, and in the thalamus and parietal cortex, respectively. Experimental injections resulted in sparse axonal and neuronal labeling evident mostly with the larger injections of HRP. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The use of neurotoxins to characterize the rates and subcellular distributions of axonally transported dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase and norepinephrine in the rat brain.? [/INST] The effect of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), colchicine and cytochalasin B on the transport and subcellular distribution of proteins, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and norepinephrine (NE) were studied in the noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus (LC). Four waves of transported 3H-labeled proteins and glycoproteins, defined by previous studies, as well as hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE, were examined after injection of each neurotoxin into the ascending dorsal noradrenergic bundle. Blockade of subcellular components of TH, DBH and NE was compared to their endogenous hypothalamic distributions. 6-Hydroxydopamine variably blocked transport of all 4 waves of 3H protein and bilateral injections decreased hypothalamic levels of TH, DBH and NE by 58.2, 56.9 and 52.2% of controls, respectively. Cytochalasin B blocked transport of protein waves I (72--192 mn/day) and III (13--20 mm/day) and decreased hypothalamic levels of TH to 60.1% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine blocked transport of waves I, II (24--48 mm/day) and V (1.4--2.9 mm/day) and blocked [3H]NE transport, while decreasing hypothalamic levels of DBH and NE to 56.6 and 69.3% of control after bilateral injections. Colchicine and 6-OHDA, but not cytochalasin B, caused a backup of DBH immunofluorescence proximal to the injection site. DBH and NE appeared to be transported primarily in particulate form, while TH transport was predominantly soluble in distribution. None of the toxins differentially affected the transport of one particular subcellular component of TH, DBH or NE. Based on the differential blocking effects of these toxins, DBH and NE appeared to be associated with wave II, and TH with wave III, travelling at 24--48 mm/day and 13--20 mm/day respectively. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Axonal transport of nucleosides, nucleotides and 4S RNA in the neonatal rat visual system.? [/INST] The axonal migration of RNA, the nucleoside uridine and its nucleotide derivates (NS/NT) were compared in neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Tritiated uridine was injected into right eyes of developing (1- or 4-day-old) and young adult (40-day-old) rats which were sacrificed at times after injection ranging from 6 h to 20 days. Right and left lateral geniculates were removed and assayed for trichloroacetic acid soluble (NS/NT) and RNA radioactivity. Left minus right geniculate (L-RLG) radioactivity was used as an index of axonally migrating radioactivity. Results showed that uridine and its phosphorylated derivatives were transported along both neonatal and young adult rat optic axons. Greater than 90% of right geniculate (blood-borne) TCA soluble radioactivity was metabolized to volatile substances (probably 3H2O) by three days after injection, leaving approximately 3% of the neonatal and approximately 10% of the adult activity as [3H]NS/NT. In left geniculate fractions (containing transported material) approximately 15% and 40% of total TCA soluble radioactivity was present as [3H]NS/NT in neonates and adults, respectively. Thus, axonal NS/NT appears to be relatively protected from degradation when compared with blood-borne NS/NT. The amount of L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was 10 times higher than in young adults. Peaks of neonatal [3H]RNA occurred at 5 and 10 days after birth, whether injections were made at 1 or 4 days of age indicating that this [3H]RNA may be linked to developmental events. Gel electrophoretic analysis of neonatal geniculate RNA indicated that a small portion of the [3H]RNA in the first peak represented axonally transported 4S RNA. The remainder of the L-RLG [3H]RNA in the neonates was probably due to a rapid and efficient incorporation of axonally transported [3H]NS/NT into extraaxonal geniculate RNA. In contrast, little or no axonal RNA transport could be demonstrated in the young adults. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in the striatum: a histofluorescent study.? [/INST] Histochemical observation of catecholamine terminals in the striatum following kainic acid injections revealed a 'sphere of influence' which contained an increased intensity of dopamine fluorescence as well as non-specific tissue destruction at the injection site. The area of involvement was approximately 50% of the striatum and varied somewhat at any one dose range depending upon the site of injection. It is suggested that destruction of regulatory neuronal systems (cholinergic, GABAergic, peptidergic, etc.) results in a net increase of dopamine in the sphere of kainic acid influence. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of 16, 16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 on bile-induced histamine release and permeability alterations in canine oxyntic mucosa.? [/INST] Damage to the stomach results in excessive movement of hydrogen ion (H+) out of the lumen, and increased movement of sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) into the lumen. Histamine liberation during damage probably adds to the destruction by increased capillary permeability and formation of edema. Previous reports have shown that the synthetic prostaglandin analogue 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2 (Dm PGE2) protects dog gastric mucosa from aspirin- and ethanol-induced gastric mucosa damage. The effects of dm PGE2 on bile salt (sodium taurocholate) induced injury has not been investigated. Using the canine Heidenhain pouch, the present study examined the action of dm PGE2 on gastric mucosal damage induced by 5 mM sodium taurocholate in 100 mM HCl. Bile salt damaged the pouch mucosa as evidenced by an increased loss of H+, and increased net fluxes of both Na+ and K+. There was also an increase in the histamine content of the fluid irrigating the Heidenhain pouch. Intravenous injection of dm PGE2 in the doses 0.1 and 1.0 microgram/kg 1/2 h before administration of the sodium taurocholate in HCl significantly reduced the net loss of H+ and the gain of Na+, K+, and histamine. It is concluded the dm PGE2 effectively protects the canine gastric mucosa from the damaging effects of bile salt and that the mechanism of dm PGE2 protection of canine oxyntic mucosa may be mediated in part via inhibition of the gastric mucosal release of histamine. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Periostitis associated with myelofibrosis.? [/INST] Two patients with myelofibrosis developed fever, leg pain and periostitis. The first patient had myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia and was symptomatic for months before x-rays showed periosteal new bone formation in the lower extremities. He subsequently developed periostitis of both upper extremities. Radiation of the lower extremities resulted in significant pain relief. The second patient had a past history of polycythemia vera and experienced painful periostitis of the tibiae and fibulae. 99mTechnetium pyrophosphate bone scans showed increased uptake in the involved bones in both patients. Asymptomatic or painful periostitis may be related to the increased bone blood flow associated with myelofibrosis. Radiation can afford successful palliation in the severely symptomatic patient. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Cobalt-57 bleomycin for imaging head and neck tumors.? [/INST] Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging was performed in 11 patients with a history of head and neck cancer. Clinical and scan findings concurred on the presence and extent of tumor in 9 patients (82%); tumor was present in 7 and absent in 2 of the 9. In 2 patients (18%) the scan demonstrated tumor in the neck but failed to show metastatic sites. Cobalt-57 bleomycin images were of good technical quality, with remarkably low background activity at 24 hours after administration. Cobalt-57 bleomycin imaging appears to be a promising technique for evaluating patients with head and neck tumors. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about On the presence of reverse transcriptase in myelo- and lymphoproliferative disorders.? [/INST] Buffy coats from 31 patients with a diagnosis of leukemia and 16 normal donors were tested for the presence of a viral-like reverse transcriptase. Eighty-five percent of fresh leukemic buffy coats were positive. Also tested were spleens from 16 patients with hematological disorders and 5 spleens from patients without history of hematological malignancy. The 5 normal spleens were negative. Also negative were 4 spleens from patients with Hairy cell leukemia. From the remaining 12 spleens 7 were positive. Reverse transcriptase measurements can be used to distinguish leukemic from normal buffy coats. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effect of ventricular extrasystoles on idioventricular rhythm in patients with complete heart block.? [/INST] Idioventricular rate, QRS width, site of block and responses to premature ventricular stimulation were studied in 23 patients with chronic complete heart block in an attempt to distinguish patients liable to syncopal attacks. Seven patients were asymptomatic, five gave a history of presyncope and 11 of syncope. Although the mean idioventricular rate of the nine patients in the narrow QRS group (39.7 per min) was significantly faster than that of the 14 patients in the wide QRS group (35.3 per min; P less than 0.05), the rate did not distinguish symptomatic patients within either the narrow or the wide QRS groups. His bundle studies of the site of block and the effect of single and paired right ventricular stimulation upon idioventricular rhythm were also unhelpful. The response of the return cycle to increasingly premature ventricular extrasystoles, however, proved more complex than was anticipated. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about The force-interval relationship of the left ventricle.? [/INST] We have carried out a quantitative analysis of the force-interval relationship of the human left ventricle and compared it to previous studies done in both intact subjects as well as isolated muscle. The characteristics of the force-interval relationship of the normal patient resembed those of normal isolated mammalian muscle (except when exposed to high levels of catecholamines). The relationship in group 2 (patients with increased left ventricular dimensions and normal pressure indices) resembled those obtained from isolated muscles from hypertrophied hearts. The relationship from group 3 (patients with increased left ventricular EDDs and depressed pressure indices, two of whom were in clinical heart failure) resumbled those induced in normal muscles exposed to high levels of catecholamines, and those obtained from experimentally induced heart failure. The force-interval relationships of the four patients who fell into the third group were strikingly different from the other groups. This suggests that the force-interval relationship may be useful to describe changes in the inotropic state of the patient's heart. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Dispersion of atrial refractoriness in patients with sinus node dysfunction.? [/INST] Abnormal atrial refractoriness was examined as a cause of atrial fibrillation/flutter (AFF) in patients with bradycardia. Refractory periods at three disparate right atrial sites were compared in 17 patients with sinus node dysfunction (SND) and 16 controls. Atrial pacing shortened refractory periods, but failed to decrease dispersion of refractoriness significantly. During sinus rhythm, duration and dispersion of refractoriness were greater in SND patients than in controls. These differences persisted with atrial pacing. For example, at the paced rate, dispersion of effective refractory periods in SND patients was greater than in controls (62.9 +/- 34 vs 36.6 +/- 21 msec, p less than 0.01). Six SND patients had AFF, but they did not have greater dispersion than other SND patients, or unusually short or long refractory periods. Thus, prolonged and nonuniform refractoriness were features of SND. Abnormal refractoriness in SND reflected atrial disease and persisted with pacing. These abnormalities were not unique to patients with AFF. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Specific IgE antibodies to platinum salts in sensitized workers.? [/INST] A RAST has been developed for the measurement of IgE antibodies specific to platinum chloride complexes in sensitized workers. Human serum albumin covalently linked to Sepharose beads by the cyanogen bromide method was reacted with ammonium tetrachloroplatinite (II) (NH4)2PtCl4. This conjugate was more suitable for the RAST, than conjugates of HSA and the platinum salt prepared in solution and then linked to the activated Sepharose, showing better sensitivity and giving lower levels of non-specific uptake of IgE from sera of non-exposed subjects with high total levels of IgE, e.g. allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillotics. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about IgE mediated hypersensitivity to pancreatic extract (PE) in parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children.? [/INST] On exposure to pancreatic extract (PE), four parents of cystic fibrosis (CF) children developed immediate hypersensitivity-like symptoms: i.e. rhinoconjunctivitis, asthma, and/or anaphylaxis. IgE to PE was demonstrated in the subjects by skin testing, leucocyte histamine release and radioallergosorbent test (RAST). No serum precipitating antibodies were found. Bronchial challenge caused an immediate asthmatic response. No delayed asthmatic response or hypersensitivity pneumonitis-like reaction occurred. The responsible antigen for PE induced asthma is unknown; trypsin failed to inhibit PE-RAST and is therefore not responsible in these subjects. Caution should be exercised in using PE for skin testing and bronchial challenge in subjects with suspected hypersensitivity to PE. Certain measures were found useful in preventing the occurrence of symptoms in the four subjects. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Passive transfer in man and the monkey of Type I allergy due to heat labile and heat stable antibody to complex salts of platinum.? [/INST] Passive transfer (P-K) tests have been performed in man and monkeys with sera from a group of six refinery workers sensitive to ammonium hexachloroplatinate and tetrachloroplatinite. Positive (P-K) prick test reactions were elicited in three human recipients and in the monkey to three of the test sera. The other three sera gave inconsistent results in man and negative results in monkeys and these differences appeared to correspond with the duration of exposure of the workers. The passive transfer tests did not correlate with the intensity of the prick test reactions in the donors or with the RAST; there was partial correlation with total levels of IgE. Antigen mediated histamine release from whole blood and washed leucocytes from two of the six subjects correlated with the RAST and P-K levels. These findings confirm the presence of specific IgE antibody to the platinum salts, and also of heat stable, short-term sensitising antibodies, presumably STS-IgG. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about A radioimmune assay for human prostatic acid phosphatase-levels in prostatic disease.? [/INST] Prostatic acid phosphatase from human seminal fluid was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme was characterized as to its purity, molecular weight and amino acid composition. Analytical isoelectric focusing of purified enzyme on polyacrylamide gels resolved the enzyme activity into eleven discrete bands, apparently due to various amounts of sialic acid associated with the glycoprotein. Antisera raised against the purified enzyme produced only one precipitan arc on immunoelectrophoresis. A double antibody radioimmune assay was developed and used to evaluate serum prostatic acid phosphatase in 226 patients without prostatic disease, in 186 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in 93 patients with prostatic carcinoma. No statistical difference was noted in serum prostatic acid phosphatase between patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and in those without prostatic disease Serum prostatic acid phosphatase was elevated in 94% of the patients with metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Significant elevations were also found in carcinoma patients without metastases. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about An activity of hydrolyzing elastase substrate succinyltrialanine p-nitroanilide in human bile.? [/INST] Human hepatic bile contained an activity of hydrolyzing N-succinyl-L-alanyl-Lalanyl-L-alanine-p-nitroanilide, a substrate for elastase. The activity was associated with high molecular weight materials and was metal dependent. Neither elastase nor elastase-alpha 2-macroglobulin complex was implicated in this activity. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Development of antinuclear antibodies during acebutolol therapy.? [/INST] Eleven patients were studied while taking the beta blocker acebutolol for a period ranging from 12 to more than 24 wk. Control titers for fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA) were obtained in all. Serial testing was performed over the duration of the therapy and following its discontinuation. Additional immunologic testing was performed in most patients. The patients were observed closely for the development of clinical autoimmune disease. Using a sensitive assay, fluorescent ANA developed in 8 of 9 patients with negative values in the control period. In no patient has evidence of clinical autoimmune disease developed. In general, the titers of ANA tended to rise with increasing duration of therapy and decline after its discontinuation. Positive lupus erythematosus cell preparations were also observed in several patients. These data suggest that autoantibodies are frequently induced by acebutolol and, although no evidence of clinical autoimmune disease has been reported, immunologic surveillance is warranted. </s>

<s>[INST] <<SYS>> You are a very helpful assistant who provides accurate and concise responses. <</SYS>> can you explain about Effects of DAPI on human leukocytes in vitro.? [/INST] DAPI (4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), a fluorochrome specific for AT-rich DNA, was supplied for 24 h at various concentrations to human leukocytes in culture. This treatment caused the appearance on the chromosomes of specific areas lacking spiralization. In particular, the centromeric regions of chromosomes 1,9, and 16, a short region on the long arm of chromosomes 1 and 2, and the distal heterochromatic part of the long arm of the Y chromosome were despiralized. The despiralization pattern of DAPI is compared with those previously obtained with Hoechst 33258 and Distamycin A. </s>