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[ "The 1700 Cascadia earthquake" ]

{ "0": "1700 Cascadia earthquake - wikipedia 1700 Cascadia earthquake Jump to : navigation , search 1700 Cascadia earthquake Local date January 26 , 1700 ( 1700 - 01 - 26 ) Local time 21 : 00 local time Magnitude 8.7 -- 9.2 M Epicenter 45 ° N 125 ° W  /  45 ° N 125 ° W  / 45 ; - 125 Coordinates : 45 ° N 125 ° W  /  45 ° N 125 ° W  / 45 ; - 125 Fault Cascadia subduction zone Type Megathrust Tsunami Yes The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26 with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7 -- 9.2 . The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid-Vancouver Island , south along the Pacific Northwest coast as far as northern California . The length of the fault rupture was about 1,000 kilometers ( 620 miles ) , with an average slip of 20 meters ( 66 ft ) . The earthquake caused a tsunami which struck the coast of Japan and may also be linked to the Bonneville Slide and the Tseax Cone eruption in British Columbia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Evidence 1.1 Scientific research 1.2 Cultural research 2 Future threats 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 General 5.2 Native and Japanese accounts 5.3 Current hazards Evidence ( edit ) The 1700 earthquake took place at about 21 : 00 on January 26 , 1700 ( NS ) . Although there are no written records for the region from the time , the timing of the earthquake has been inferred from Japanese records of a tsunami that does not correlate with any other Pacific Rim quake . The Japanese records exist primarily in the modern - day Iwate Prefecture , in communities such as Tsugaruishi , Kuwagasaki and Ōtsuchi .", "1": "Cascadia subduction zone Scientific research ( edit ) The most important clue linking the tsunami in Japan and the earthquake in the Pacific Northwest comes from studies of tree rings ( dendrochronology ) , which show that several `` ghost forests '' of red cedar trees in Oregon and Washington , killed by lowering of coastal forests into the tidal zone by the earthquake , have outermost growth rings that formed in 1699 , the last growing season before the tsunami . This includes both inland stands of trees , such as one on the Copalis River in Washington , and pockets of tree stumps that are now under the ocean surface and become exposed only at low tide . Sediment layers in these locations demonstrate a pattern consistent with seismic and tsunami events around this time . Core samples from the ocean floor , as well as debris samples from some earthquake - induced landslides in the Pacific Northwest , also support this timing of the event . Archaeological research in the region has uncovered evidence of several coastal villages having been flooded and abandoned around 1700 . Cultural research ( edit ) Local Native American and First Nations groups residing in Cascadia did not have a written tradition of record - keeping , so the event was not documented locally like the Japanese tsunami . However , numerous oral traditions describing a great earthquake and tsunami - like flooding exist among indigenous coastal peoples from British Columbia to Northern California . These do not specify an exact date , and not all earthquake stories in the region can be definitively isolated as referring to the 1700 quake in particular ; however , virtually all of the native peoples in the region have at least one traditional story of an event much stronger and more destructive than any other that their community had ever experienced . Some of the stories contain temporal clues -- such as an estimate of how many generations had passed since the event -- which can be traced back to a date range in the late 1600s or early 1700s , or which concur with the event 's timing in other ways . The Huu - ay - aht legend of a large earthquake and ocean wave devastating their settlements at Pachina Bay , for instance , speaks of the event taking place on a winter evening shortly after the village 's residents had gone to sleep . Masit was the only community on Pachina Bay not to have been wiped out , as it sat on a mountainside approximately 75 feet above sea level .", "2": "Nobody else from Pachina Bay survived the event -- Anacla aq sop , a young woman who happened to be staying at Kiix ? in on the more tsunami - sheltered Barkley Sound at the time of the event , came to be known as the last living member of her community . Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ) stories from the north end of Vancouver Island report a night - time earthquake that caused virtually all houses in their community to collapse ; Cowichan stories from Vancouver Island 's inner coast speak of a nighttime earthquake , causing a landslide that buried an entire village . Makah stories from Washington speak of a great night - time earthquake , of which the only survivors were those who fled inland before the tsunami hit . The Quileute people in Washington have a story about a flood so powerful that villagers in their canoes were swept inland all the way to Hood Canal . Ethnographic research has focused on a common regional pattern of art and mythology depicting a great battle between a thunderbird and a whale , as well as cultural signifiers such as earthquake - inspired ritual masks and dances . Future threats ( edit ) Earthquake recurrence est . year interval ( years ) 1700 AD > 318 1310 AD 390 810 AD 500 400 AD 410 170 BC 570 600 BC 430 The geological record reveals that `` great earthquakes '' ( those with moment magnitude 8 or higher ) occur in the Cascadia subduction zone about every 500 years on average , often accompanied by tsunamis . There is evidence of at least 13 events at intervals from about 300 to 900 years with an average of 570 -- 590 years . Previous earthquakes are estimated to have been in 1310 AD , 810 AD , 400 AD , 170 BC and 600 BC . Cascadia earthquake sources As seen in the 1700 quake , the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake , and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami , subduction zone earthquakes can cause large tsunamis , and many coastal areas in the region have prepared tsunami evacuation plans in anticipation of a possible future Cascadia earthquake .", "3": "However , the major nearby cities , notably Seattle , Portland , Vancouver , Victoria , and Tacoma , which are located on inland waterways rather than on the coast , would be sheltered from the full brunt of a tsunami . These cities do have many vulnerable structures , especially bridges and unreinforced brick buildings ; consequently , most of the damage to the cities would probably be from the earthquake itself . One expert asserts that buildings in Seattle are vastly inadequate even to withstand an event of the size of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , let alone any more powerful one . Kenneth Murphy , who directs FEMA 's Region X , the division responsible for Oregon , Washington , Idaho , and Alaska , put it quite dramatically : `` Our operating assumption is that everything west of Interstate 5 will be toast . '' Recent findings conclude that the Cascadia subduction zone is more complex and volatile than previously believed . In 2010 geologists predicted a 37 percent chance of an M8. 2 + event within 50 years , and a 10 to 15 percent chance that the entire Cascadia subduction zone will rupture with an M9+ event within the same time frame . Geologists have also determined the Pacific Northwest is not prepared for such a colossal quake . The tsunami produced could reach heights of 80 to 100 feet ( 24 to 30 m ) . A 2004 study revealed the potential for relative mean sea level rise ( cause by subsidence ) along the Cascadia subduction zone . It postulated that cities on the west coast of Vancouver Island , such as Tofino and Ucluelet , are at risk for a 1 -- 2 m subsidence , relative to mean sea level . The confirmation of their oral traditions about a great earthquake has led many aboriginal groups in the area to initiate projects to relocate their coastal communities to higher and safer ground in preparation for the predicted next earthquake . The Huu - ay - aht people have rebuilt their administration building on a high point of land in their territory ; coastal residents are immediately evacuated to this building whenever a tsunami warning is issued , as an interim measure toward eventually relocating all residents to higher ground .", "4": "The Quileute people secured a land grant from the federal government of the United States in 2012 to move their settlement inland , both as protection from a future tsunami threat and because of more frequent flooding on the Quillayute River . Some other subduction zones have such earthquakes every 100 to 200 years ; the longer interval results from slower plate motions . The rate of convergence between the Juan de Fuca Plate and the North American Plate is 60 millimetres ( 2.4 in ) per year . See also ( edit ) 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake Geology of the Pacific Northwest List of earthquakes in Canada List of earthquakes in the United States List of historical earthquakes List of historical tsunamis Lists of earthquakes Neskowin Ghost Forest References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service ( NGDC / WDS ) , Significant Earthquake Database , National Geophysical Data Center , NOAA , doi : 10.7289 / V5TD9V7K Jump up ^ Atwater et al. 2005 , p. 98 Jump up ^ Atwater , B.F. ; Musumi - Rokkaku , S. ; Satake , K. ; Yoshinobu , T. ; Kazue , U. ; Yamaguchi , D.K. ( 2005 ) . The Orphan Tsunami of 1700 -- Japanese Clues to a Parent Earthquake in North America . U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1707 . United States Geological Survey -- University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 295 - 98535 - 0 . Jump up ^ Hill , Richard L. ( 2002 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Great Cascadia Earthquake Penrose Conference '' . The Oregonian . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Kenji Satake ; Kunihiko Shimazaki ; Yoshinobu Tsuji ; Kazue Ueda ( 18 January 1996 ) . `` Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700 '' . Nature . Nature Publishing Group .", "5": "379 ( 6562 ) : 246 -- 249 . Bibcode : 1996Natur. 379 ... 246S . doi : 10.1038 / 379246a0 . ^ Jump up to : Kathryn Schulz ( July 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Really Big One '' . The New Yorker . ^ Jump up to : `` Jan. 26 , 1700 : How Scientists Know When The Last Big Earthquake Happened Here '' . Oregon Public Broadcasting , January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ghosts of Tsunamis Past '' . American Museum of Natural History . ^ Jump up to : Ruth S. Ludwin ; Robert Dennis ; Deborah Carver ; Alan D. McMillan ; Robert Losey ; John Clague ; Chris Jonientz - Trisler ; Janine Bowechop ; Jacilee Wray ; Karen James ( 2005 ) , `` Dating the 1700 Cascadia Earthquake : Great Coastal Earthquakes in Native Stories '' ( PDF ) , Seismological Research Letters , Seismological Society of America , 76 ( 2 ) : 140 -- 148 , doi : 10.1785 / gssrl. 76.2. 140 Jump up ^ http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/NAlegends.html ^ Jump up to : Meissner , Dirk ( 18 January 2015 ) , `` Earth will rip open like a zipper , expert says , when overdue Vancouver Island quake strikes '' , Toronto Star , retrieved 19 January 2015 Jump up ^ `` Prepare for next tsunami , says chief '' . Raven 's Eye , Vol. 8 , No. 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Cascadia 's Locked Fault Means Massive Earthquake Is Due in Pacific Northwest : Seismologists '' . Indian Country Today Media Network , December 16 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Haida Gwaii Quake Brings Home the Importance of Quileute Relocation Legislation '' . Indian Country Today Media Network , November 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Get ready for the Big One '' . The Globe and Mail , April 22 , 2011 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Witter , Robert C. ; Kelsey , Harvey M. ; Hemphill - Haley , Eileen ( October 2003 ) . `` Great Cascadia earthquakes and tsunamis of the past 6700 years , Coquille River estuary , southern coastal Oregon '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin . The Geological Society of America . 115 ( 10 ) : 1289 -- 1306 . Bibcode : 2003GSAB ... 115.1289 W . doi : 10.1130 / b25189. 1 . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Yanev , Peter ( 27 March 2010 ) . `` Shake , Rattle , Seattle '' . The New York Times . p . WK11 . Jump up ^ Schulz , Kathryn ( 20 July 2015 ) . `` The Really Big One '' . The New Yorker . Jump up ^ `` Odds Are 1 - In - 3 That A Huge Quake Will Hit Northwest In Next 50 Years '' . Oregon State University . 24 May 2010 . Archived from the original on 27 May 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Odds are about 1 - in - 3 that mega-earthquake will hit Pacific Northwest in next 50 years , scientists say '' ( Press release ) . Oregon State University . May 25 , 2010 -- via Science Daily . Jump up ^ `` Perilous Situation '' . The Oregonian. 2009 - 04 - 19 . Archived from the original on 23 April 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Lucinda J. ; Hyndman , Roy D. ; Mazzotti , Stéphane ( 2004 ) . `` Coseismic subsidence in the 1700 great Cascadia earthquake : Coastal estimates versus elastic dislocation models '' . GSA Bulletin . 116 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 655 -- 670 . Bibcode : 2004GSAB ... 116 ... 655L . doi : 10.1130 / B25369. 1 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Munro , Margaret ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Monster earthquake threat looms over B.C. coastal communities '' . Vancouver Sun . Jump up ^ Kate Potter ( September 2007 ) . `` The Big One : Understanding Why The Big Earthquake Is Predicted For Vancouver '' . The Science Creative Quarterly . Archived from the original on 27 May 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 18 . External links ( edit ) General ( edit ) Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes : A magnitude 9.0 earthquake scenario -- The Cascadia Region Earthquake Workgroup 2005 Tsunami Animation : Cascadia 1700 -- Pacific Tsunami Warning Center USGS Scientist Shows Evidence for 300 - Year - Old Tsunami to Participants in International Tsunami Training Institute -- USGS Native and Japanese accounts ( edit ) Native American Stories expand history -- Pacific Northwest Seismic Network Native American Legends of Tsunamis in Pacific NW -- United States Geological Survey Fault slip and seismic moment of the 1700 Cascadia earthquake inferred from Japanese tsunami descriptions -- Journal of Geophysical Research Japanese Shipwreck Adds To Evidence Of Great Cascadia Earthquake In 1700 -- Science Daily Current hazards ( edit ) Surviving a Tsunami -- Lessons from Chile , Hawaii , and Japan -- United States Geological Survey Big earthquake coming sooner than we thought ,", "8": "Oregon geologist says -- The Oregonian Earthquakes in Canada Historical 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1732 Montreal 1872 North Cascades 20th Century 1918 Vancouver Island 1925 Charlevoix -- Kamouraska 1929 Grand Banks 1933 Baffin Bay 1935 Timiskaming 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Vancouver Island 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands 1985 Nahanni 1988 Saguenay 1989 Ungava 1997 Cap - Rouge 21st Century 2000 Kipawa 2001 Nisqually 2007 -- 2008 Nazko 2010 Central Canada 2012 Haida Gwaii Earthquakes in the United States Historical 1638 New Hampshire 1663 Charlevoix 1700 Cascadia 1755 Cape Ann 1811 -- 12 New Madrid 1838 San Andreas 1857 Fort Tejon 1865 Memphis 1867 Manhattan , Kansas 1868 Hawaii 1868 Hayward 1872 Lone Pine 1872 North Cascades 1886 Charleston 1887 Sonora 1892 Laguna Salada 1892 Vacaville -- Winters 1898 Mare Island 20th - century 1906 San Francisco 1906 Aleutian Islands 1909 Wabash River 1915 Pleasant Valley 1916 Irondale 1918 San Jacinto 1925 Santa Barbara 1931 Valentine 1932 Eureka 1933 Long Beach 1935 Helena 1936 State Line 1940 El Centro 1940 New Hampshire 1944 Cornwall -- Massena 1946 Aleutian Islands 1947 Wisconsin 1948 Desert Hot Springs 1949 Olympia 1952 Kern County 1957 Andreanof Islands 1957 San Francisco 1959 Hebgen Lake", "9": "1964 Alaska 1965 Rat Islands 1965 Puget Sound 1968 Illinois 1969 Santa Rosa 1971 San Fernando 1973 Point Mugu 1975 Near Islands 1975 Morris 1975 Hawaii 1979 Coyote Lake 1979 Imperial Valley 1980 Eureka 1983 Coalinga 1983 Borah Peak 1984 Morgan Hill 1986 North Palm Springs 1986 Chalfant Valley 1987 Whittier Narrows 1989 Loma Prieta 1990 Upland 1991 Sierra Madre 1992 Cape Mendocino 1992 Landers 1992 Big Bear 1993 Scotts Mills 1993 Klamath Falls 1994 Northridge 1995 Marathon 1996 Duvall 1998 Pymatuning 1999 Hector Mine 2000 Yountville 21st - century 2001 Nisqually 2002 Denali 2003 Alabama 2003 San Simeon 2006 Gulf of Mexico 2006 Kiholo Bay 2007 Alum Rock 2008 Illinois 2008 Chino Hills 2010 Eureka 2010 Baja California 2010 Indiana 2011 Colorado 2011 Virginia 2011 Oklahoma 2014 Aleutian Islands 2014 Southeast Alaska 2014 South Napa 2016 Oklahoma 2016 Hawthorne 2018 Alaska Swarms 2001 Enola 2008 Reno 2010 -- 11 Guy - Greenbrier 2012 Brawley 2009 -- 18 Oklahoma Earthquakes in Washington ( state ) 1700", "10": "Cascadia ( 8.7 -- 9.2 ) 1872 North Cascades ( 6.5 -- 7.0 ) 1946 Vancouver Island ( 7.3 ) 1949 Olympia ( 6.7 ) 1965 Puget Sound ( 6.7 ) 1996 Duvall ( 5.1 ) 2001 Nisqually ( 6.8 ) Early history of Oregon ( 1500 -- 1806 ) Topics Fur trade Lady Washington Columbia Rediviva Northwest Passage Discovery Age of Discovery Chatham Events Bridge of the Gods 1700 Cascadia earthquake Nootka Convention Vancouver Expedition Entering the Columbia by Gray Lewis and Clark Expedition Places Celilo Falls Clatsop Plains Clatsop Spit Columbia Bar Columbia River Fort Clatsop Mount Mazama Nootka Sound Sauvie Island Willamette Falls Willamette Valley People William Robert Broughton Toussaint Charbonneau William Clark Chief Comcomly Captain James Cook Sir Francis Drake Robert Gray Robert Haswell Bruno de Heceta Joseph Ingraham John Kendrick Meriwether Lewis John Meares Quadra Sacagawea George Vancouver Oregon history Native peoples history History to 1806 Pioneer history Modern history Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "11": "php?title=1700_Cascadia_earthquake&oldid=832160956 '' Categories : 1700 in Canada Megathrust earthquakes in Canada Megathrust earthquakes in the United States Earthquakes in California Tsunamis in Japan 1700 earthquakes Earthquakes in Washington ( state ) Earthquakes in Oregon Earthquakes in British Columbia 1700 tsunamis 17th century in California Hidden categories : Articles on pre-1900 earthquakes Coordinates not on Wikidata Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 日本 語 Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 05 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "16 March 2018", "3–4 April 2018", "16 March 2018" ]

{ "0": "2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase - wikipedia 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase Jump to : navigation , search The 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase began on 13 February and will end on 26 May 2018 with the final at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev , Ukraine , to decide the champions of the 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League . A total of 16 teams compete in the knockout phase . Times up to 24 March 2018 ( round of 16 ) are CET ( UTC + 1 ) , thereafter ( quarter - finals and beyond ) times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Round and draw dates 2 Format 3 Qualified teams 4 Bracket 5 Round of 16 5.1 Summary 5.2 Matches 6 Quarter - finals 6.1 Summary 6.2 Matches 7 Semi-finals 7.1 Summary 7.2 Matches 8 Final 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Round and draw dates ( edit ) The schedule of the knockout phase is as follows ( all draws are held at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon , Switzerland ) . Round Draw First leg Second leg Round of 16 11 December 2017 13 -- 14 & 20 -- 21 February 2018 6 -- 7 & 13 -- 14 March 2018 Quarter - finals 16 March 2018 3 -- 4 April 2018 10 -- 11 April 2018 Semi-finals 13 April 2018 24 -- 25 April 2018 1 -- 2 May 2018 Final 26 May 2018 at NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Format ( edit ) The knockout phase involves the 16 teams which qualify as winners and runners - up of each of the eight groups in the group stage . Each tie in the knockout phase , apart from the final , is played over two legs , with each team playing one leg at home . The team that scores more goals on aggregate over the two legs advance to the next round .", "1": "If the aggregate score is level , the away goals rule is applied , i.e. the team that scored more goals away from home over the two legs advances . If away goals are also equal , then thirty minutes of extra time is played . The away goals rule is again applied after extra time , i.e. if there are goals scored during extra time and the aggregate score is still level , the visiting team advances by virtue of more away goals scored . If no goals are scored during extra time , the tie is decided by penalty shoot - out . In the final , which is played as a single match , if scores are level at the end of normal time , extra time is played , followed by penalty shoot - out if scores remain tied . The mechanism of the draws for each round is as follows : In the draw for the round of 16 , the eight group winners are seeded , and the eight group runners - up are unseeded . The seeded teams are drawn against the unseeded teams , with the seeded teams hosting the second leg . Teams from the same group or the same association can not be drawn against each other . In the draws for the quarter - finals onwards , there are no seedings , and teams from the same group or the same association can be drawn against each other .", "2": "Qualified teams ( edit ) Group Winners ( seeded in round of 16 draw ) Runners - up ( unseeded in round of 16 draw ) Manchester United Basel Paris Saint - Germain Bayern Munich Roma Chelsea Barcelona Juventus Liverpool Sevilla Manchester City Shakhtar Donetsk Beşiktaş Porto Tottenham Hotspur Real Madrid Bracket ( edit ) Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semi-finals Final Sevilla 0 Manchester United 0 Sevilla 0 Bayern Munich 0 Bayern Munich 5 8 Beşiktaş 0 Bayern Munich Real Madrid Juventus Tottenham Hotspur Juventus 0 Real Madrid Real Madrid 5 Paris Saint - Germain Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Porto 0 0 0 Liverpool 5 0 5 Liverpool 5 Manchester City 0 Basel 0 Manchester City 5 Liverpool 5 Roma Chelsea 0 Barcelona Barcelona 0 Roma ( a ) Shakhtar Donetsk 0 Roma ( a ) Round of 16 ( edit ) The draw for the round of 16 was held on 11 December 2017 , 12 : 00 CET . With five English teams in the round of 16 , this was the first time five teams from one association qualified for the Champions League knockout phase . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 13 , 14 , 20 and 21 February , and the second legs were played on 6 , 7 , 13 and 14 March 2018 . Team 1 Agg .", "3": "Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Juventus 4 -- 3 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 2 -- 1 Basel 2 -- 5 Manchester City 0 -- 4 2 -- 1 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool 0 -- 5 0 -- 0 Sevilla 2 -- 1 Manchester United 0 -- 0 2 -- 1 Real Madrid 5 -- 2 Paris Saint - Germain 3 -- 1 2 -- 1 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 2 ( a ) Roma 2 -- 1 0 -- 1 Chelsea 1 -- 4 Barcelona 1 -- 1 0 -- 3 Bayern Munich 8 -- 1 Beşiktaş 5 -- 0 3 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 2 -- 2 Tottenham Hotspur Higuaín 2 ' , 9 ' ( pen . ) Report Kane 35 ' Eriksen 71 ' Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 41,232 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 2 Juventus Son Heung - min 39 ' Report Higuaín 64 ' Dybala 67 ' Wembley Stadium , London Attendance : 84,010 Referee : Szymon Marciniak ( Poland ) Juventus won 4 -- 3 on aggregate . 13 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Basel 0 -- 4 Manchester City Report Gündoğan 14 ' , 53 ' B. Silva 18 ' Agüero 23 ' St.", "4": "Jakob - Park , Basel Attendance : 36,000 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) 7 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Basel Gabriel Jesus 8 ' Report Elyounoussi 17 ' Lang 71 ' City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Attendance : 49,411 Referee : Pavel Královec ( Czech Republic ) Manchester City won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Porto 0 -- 5 Liverpool Report Mané 25 ' , 53 ' , 85 ' Salah 29 ' Firmino 69 ' Estádio do Dragão , Porto Attendance : 47,718 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 0 -- 0 Porto Report Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 48,768 Referee : Felix Zwayer ( Germany ) Liverpool won 5 -- 0 on aggregate . 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 0 -- 0 Manchester United Report Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Attendance : 39,725 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Manchester United 1 -- 2 Sevilla Lukaku 84 ' Report Ben Yedder 74 ' , 78 ' Old Trafford , Manchester Attendance : 74,909 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) Sevilla won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 14 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 3 -- 1 Paris Saint - Germain Ronaldo 45 ' ( pen . )", "5": ", 83 ' Marcelo 86 ' Report Rabiot 33 ' Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 78,158 Referee : Gianluca Rocchi ( Italy ) 6 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) 20 : 45 Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 2 Real Madrid Cavani 71 ' Report Ronaldo 51 ' Casemiro 80 ' Parc des Princes , Paris Attendance : 46,585 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) Real Madrid won 5 -- 2 on aggregate . 21 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 21 ) 20 : 45 Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 1 Roma Ferreyra 52 ' Fred 71 ' Report Ünder 41 ' Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv Attendance : 35,124 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) 13 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) 20 : 45 Roma 1 -- 0 Shakhtar Donetsk Džeko 52 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 47,693 Referee : Alberto Undiano Mallenco ( Spain ) 2 -- 2 on aggregate . Roma won on away goals . 20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Chelsea 1 -- 1 Barcelona Willian 62 ' Report Messi 75 ' Stamford Bridge , London Attendance : 37,741 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 3 -- 0 Chelsea Messi 3 ' , 63 ' Dembélé 20 ' Report Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 97,183 Referee : Damir Skomina ( Slovenia ) Barcelona won 4 -- 1 on aggregate .", "6": "20 February 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 20 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 5 -- 0 Beşiktaş Müller 43 ' , 66 ' Coman 53 ' Lewandowski 79 ' , 88 ' Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Ovidiu Hațegan ( Romania ) 14 March 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 18 : 00 Beşiktaş 1 -- 3 Bayern Munich Vágner Love 59 ' Report Thiago 18 ' Gönül 46 ' ( o.g. ) Wagner 84 ' Vodafone Park , Istanbul Attendance : 36,885 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Bayern Munich won 8 -- 1 on aggregate . Quarter - finals ( edit ) The draw for the quarter - finals was held on 16 March 2018 , 12 : 00 CET . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April , and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018 . Team 1 Agg . Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Barcelona 4 -- 4 ( a ) Roma 4 -- 1 0 -- 3 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 0 -- 0 Juventus 3 -- 4 Real Madrid 0 -- 3 3 -- 1 Liverpool 5 -- 1 Manchester City 3 -- 0 2 -- 1 Matches ( edit ) 4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Barcelona 4 -- 1 Roma De Rossi 38 ' ( o.g. ) Manolas 55 ' ( o.g. )", "7": "Piqué 59 ' L. Suárez 87 ' Report Džeko 80 ' Camp Nou , Barcelona Attendance : 90,106 Referee : Danny Makkelie ( Netherlands ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Roma 3 -- 0 Barcelona Džeko 6 ' De Rossi 58 ' ( pen . ) Manolas 82 ' Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Attendance : 56,580 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) 4 -- 4 on aggregate . Roma won on away goals . 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Sevilla 1 -- 2 Bayern Munich Sarabia 31 ' Report Navas 37 ' ( o.g. ) Thiago 68 ' Ramón Sánchez Pizjuán , Seville Attendance : 40,635 Referee : Daniele Orsato ( Italy ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 0 -- 0 Sevilla Report Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Willie Collum ( Scotland ) Bayern Munich won 2 -- 1 on aggregate . 3 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 03 ) 20 : 45 Juventus 0 -- 3 Real Madrid Report Ronaldo 3 ' , 64 ' Marcelo 72 ' Juventus Stadium , Turin Attendance : 40,849 Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid 1 -- 3 Juventus Ronaldo 90 + 8 ' ( pen . ) Report Mandžukić 2 ' , 37 ' Matuidi 61 ' Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid Attendance : 75,796 Referee : Michael Oliver ( England ) Real Madrid won 4 -- 3 on aggregate .", "8": "4 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 04 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Manchester City Salah 12 ' Oxlade - Chamberlain 21 ' Mané 31 ' Report Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 50,685 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 20 : 45 Manchester City 1 -- 2 Liverpool Gabriel Jesus 2 ' Report Salah 56 ' Firmino 77 ' City of Manchester Stadium , Manchester Attendance : 53,461 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) Liverpool won 5 -- 1 on aggregate . Semi-finals ( edit ) The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018 , 13 : 00 CEST . For the first time since the 2009 -- 10 UEFA Champions League , all the four teams at this stage represent different national associations . Summary ( edit ) The first legs were played on 24 and 25 April , and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018 . Team 1 Agg .", "9": "Team 2 1st leg 2nd leg Bayern Munich Real Madrid 1 -- 2 1 May Liverpool Roma 5 -- 2 2 May Matches ( edit ) 25 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 25 ) 20 : 45 Bayern Munich 1 -- 2 Real Madrid Kimmich 28 ' Report Marcelo 44 ' Asensio 57 ' Allianz Arena , Munich Attendance : 70,000 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) 1 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) 20 : 45 Real Madrid Bayern Munich Report Santiago Bernabéu , Madrid 24 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) 20 : 45 Liverpool 5 -- 2 Roma Salah 36 ' , 45 + 1 ' Mané 56 ' Firmino 61 ' , 69 ' Report Džeko 81 ' Perotti 85 ' ( pen . ) Anfield , Liverpool Attendance : 51,236 Referee : Felix Brych ( Germany ) 2 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 20 : 45 Roma Liverpool Report Stadio Olimpico , Rome Final ( edit ) Main article : 2018 UEFA Champions League Final The final will be played at the NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium in Kiev on 26 May 2018 . The `` home '' team ( for administrative purposes ) was determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw . 26 May 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 26 ) 20 : 45 Winners of semi-final 1 Winners of semi-final 2 Report NSC Olimpiyskiy Stadium , Kiev Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Shakhtar Donetsk played their home match at Metalist Stadium , Kharkiv , instead of their regular stadium Donbass Arena , Donetsk , due to the war conditions in Eastern Ukraine . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` 2017 / 18 Champions League match and draw calendar '' . UEFA.com.", "10": "11 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA Champions League 2017 / 18 Season '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com. 4 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Round of 16 draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Knockout stage first : five English clubs through '' . UEFA.com. 6 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Juventus v Tottenham Hotspur '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Tottenham Hotspur v Juventus '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Basel v Manchester City '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 February 2018 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Basel '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 March 2018 . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Porto v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Liverpool v Porto '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Manchester United '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Manchester United v Sevilla '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Real Madrid v Paris Saint - Germain '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 February 2018 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Paris Saint - Germain v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 6 March 2018 . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Shakhtar Donetsk v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 21 February 2018 . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Roma v Shakhtar Donetsk '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 13 March 2018 . Retrieved 13 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Chelsea v Barcelona '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Barcelona v Chelsea '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 1st Leg -- Bayern Munich v Beşiktaş '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 20 February 2018 . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Round of 16 2nd Leg -- Beşiktaş v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations.", "12": "14 March 2018 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Quarter - final draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League quarter - final draw '' . UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Barcelona v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Roma v Barcelona '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Sevilla v Bayern Munich '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Bayern Munich v Sevilla '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Juventus v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 3 April 2018 . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Real Madrid v Juventus '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 1st Leg -- Liverpool v Manchester City '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 4 April 2018 . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Quarter - finals 2nd Leg -- Manchester City v Liverpool '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 10 April 2018 . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Semi-final and final draws '' .", "13": "UEFA.com . Jump up ^ `` Champions League last four : which nations dominate ? '' . UEFA.com. 12 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg -- Bayern Munich v Real Madrid '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 25 April 2018 . Retrieved 25 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Full Time Summary Semi-finals 1st Leg -- Liverpool v Roma '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 24 April 2018 . Retrieved 24 April 2018 . External links ( edit ) UEFA Champions League ( official website ) ( hide ) 2017 -- 18 in European football ( UEFA ) Domestic leagues Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus ' 17 ' 18 Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Estonia ' 17 ' 18 Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland ' 17 ' 18 France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova ' 17 ' 18 Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden ' 17 ' 18 Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Domestic cups Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark", "14": "England Estonia Faroe Islands ' 17 ' 18 Finland France Georgia ' 17 ' 18 Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Italy Kazakhstan ' 17 ' 18 Kosovo Latvia ' 17 ' 18 Liechtenstein Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Montenegro Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales League cups England Estonia France Iceland ' 17 ' 18 Israel Latvia Northern Ireland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Scotland Wales Supercups Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Cyprus Czech Republic & Slovakia England Estonia Faroe Islands France Georgia Germany Gibraltar Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Kazakhstan Lithuania ' 17 ' 18 Malta Moldova Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway ' 17 ' 18 Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland ' 17 ' 18 Romania Russia San Marino Spain Turkey Ukraine UEFA competitions Champions League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Europa League qualifying phase and play - off round group stage knockout phase Final Super Cup Youth League UEFA Champions League Path Domestic Champions Path knockout phase International competitions 2018 FIFA World Cup UEFA qualification", "15": "2017 FIFA Confederations Cup 2017 FIFA U-20 World Cup 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup 2019 Euro Under - 21 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 19 qualification 2018 Euro Under - 17 qualification Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017 -- 18_UEFA_Champions_League_knockout_phase&oldid = 838246268 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 UEFA Champions League February 2018 sports events in Europe March 2018 sports events in Europe April 2018 sports events in Europe May 2018 sports events in Europe Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Dansk فارسی 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 20 : 43 . 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{ "0": "The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search The Flash ( season 4 ) Promotional poster Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , and is set to run for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22 , 2018 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refuses to grieve Barry . A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help , but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back . Against Iris ' orders , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls . Wally engages the samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai , who is revealed to be an android . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by the Thinker , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes .", "2": "71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris ' instruction , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others . '' 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up with him in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others .", "3": "Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated the events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that Abra Kadabra and Savitar both mentioned DeVoe .", "4": "Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls `` the Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe .", "5": "When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find out that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe 's house , narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe 's wife . Barry later confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27.", "6": "13408 2.82 Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X wearing power dampeners . The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who plans to execute them , but they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and Ray Terrill . Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader , General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learn that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal , during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded . On Earth - 1 , Eobard Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Harry 's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair .", "7": "Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe , with Cecile representing him . Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation , in which a meta caused people to collapse . Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry . The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman , who is a meta who produces radiation , which is causing the illness and collapsing . Barry takes him on , but is ill equipped to deal with the situation . Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman , who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin . Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation , with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth - 15 , draining the meta and defeating him . Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison .", "8": "80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot . He also befriends Dave Ratchet , his father 's former cellmate . The next day , Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark , his father 's one - time partner Prank . Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city . Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco . Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is . Barry reassures him that being a hero is n't about not being scared , but about having the ability to rise above your fear . Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages , but get captured by Axel and Zoey , who intend to kill them . Ralph arrives , and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower , until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity . Iris visits Barry in prison , where they reaffirm their love for each other . Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee , where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding . The girl writes in her journal , where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force . 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy , combined with dormant dark matter in her cells , which Caitlin assures her should be temporary . In prison , Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery - homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior . Barry asks the team to look into the case . Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects , and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping .", "9": "Harry 's attempted cure backfires , and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time , their bodies will explode . The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse , where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco . Rundine is arrested , but refuses to confess to the earlier crime . Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free , he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison ; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju , but fears he will never get there . Barry then uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju , where he can live out his dream . After discovering Barry is the Flash , the prison 's warden , Gregory Wolfe , locks Barry in his private metahuman wing , intending to sell him to Amunet . 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas ( Ramsey Deacon , Becky Sharpe , Mina Chaytan , and Sylbert Rundine ) to Amunet , so they plan to escape . Cecile discovers Wolfe 's plans after reading his mind . Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift . His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet 's deal with Wolfe . Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners , but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet . DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas ' abilities , before transferring his mind into Sharpe 's body . He then crushes Wolfe 's skull as Marlize looks on in horror ; Amunet flees . Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry 's appeal , claiming that he was unconscious at Barry 's loft but not dead , which clears Barry 's name .", "10": "Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed , which means he will likely target Ralph as well . Back at the DeVoes ' house , their marriage continues to deteriorate , and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper 's tears to maintain her devotion towards him . 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case . The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy with sound wave abilities , amplified by her violin . She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe ( inside Sharpe 's body ) comes to claim her . Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities , which proves difficult when she gets hurt . Eventually DeVoe shows up once again , using Dominic 's and Becky 's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm , while using Rundine 's abilities to incapacitate Ralph . DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy 's body and escapes . Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses : Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe . These losses enforce both Barry 's and Ralph 's determination to bring DeVoe down and save the three remaining metas . 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 Jesse comes to Earth - 1 to have a talk with her dad . Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb , which Barry tries to stop , entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime , where everything is frozen . However , the bomb has already detonated , and he and Jesse can not stop it or save everyone with superspeed . Jay Garrick comes from Earth - 3 to help , but they are still unable to stop it .", "11": "Barry remains in Flashtime for hours , bringing each of his friends into it , in an attempt to find a solution ; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth , but none of those solutions prove to be viable . Eventually , Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb , enough to disable it . Barry does so , and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force , saving Central City . Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new `` female '' speedster . Jesse and Jay return to their Earths , and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee , where they encounter the mysterious girl . 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank . Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman , which causes his powers to transfer to another individual . When Joe , Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions , Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim , causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed . Inspired by Thawne , Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe . With their roles reversed , Iris becomes Central City 's hero speedster , while Barry must learn to act as team leader . The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers . Using Wells ' thinking cap , the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave , negating the flames and defeating the meta . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Kim touches Iris and Barry again , restoring the Flash 's speed . At home , Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed , Central City needs the light that Barry was , and she is happy being team leader . Wells uses his thinking cap once more , determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss .", "12": "86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe , with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph 's apparent inability to be serious . The team manages to locate another bus meta , Janet Petty . When Barry and Ralph confront her , it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person 's gravitational pull , which she demonstrates on Barry . Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously , Barry refuses to work with him . Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him , causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure . Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event . Janet uses her powers on Barry , causing him to float into the atmosphere . Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise . Ralph detains Janet , then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely . DeVoe 's wife discovers he has been drugging her , so she will continue to assist him . Breacher comes to Earth - 1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed . Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne 's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon . 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 Team Flash track down the final bus meta Edwin Gauss , but are followed by the Samuroid , who injures Caitlin . The team rush back to Star Labs to regroup and heal . Caitlin reveals to Iris that Killer Frost is activated by her adrenal gland , and she is working on a way to separate them . Harry comes up with a tuning fork weapon that mimics Izzy 's abilities in order to defeat DeVoe . Ralph reveals to Barry that he is n't afraid of losing his own life , but of Team Flash losing theirs , as he considers them family .", "13": "Wells is shown to be addicted to the Thinking Cap , which Joe helps him deal with . Ralph takes the fork , with the intent to go with Edwin to kill DeVoe , which Barry argues against . Eventually , DeVoe manages to take over Edwin 's mind , and as well takes the abilities of Janet Petty and Matthew Kim , before transferring his mind into Ralph 's body . The team try to stop him , but DeVoe incapacitates them , and alters Caitlin 's DNA , removing the dark matter and Killer Frost , before leaving . Back at his lair , DeVoe uses Ralph 's morphing abilities to morph back into his original form , while he and Marlize plan their next move to destroy Team Flash . 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) TBA 1.90 With DeVoe moving forwards with his plans , Team Flash decide to secure Neil Borman . Barry and Cisco travel to Earth X to recruit Leo Snart as a backup , but are followed to Earth 1 by the Earth X doppelganger of Laurel Lance . Team Flash plan to deliver Borman to a safe ARGUS facility , using a suit to contain the radiation , with Snart on hand , in case Borman goes nuclear . Snart agrees to help , but claims he can only stay for 24 hours , as he is due to get married to Ray Terrill . DeVoe attempts to intercept the transfer , but he and Team Flash are further ambushed by Earth X Laurel , who kidnaps Caitlin , Borman and Joe , holding them at CCPD . Snart learns about Ralph , and convinces Barry to allow himself to grieve his fallen allies , which Barry eventually does , giving him strength to defeat Laurel . Lyla transfers Borman to another facility and Leo returns to Earth X . Cisco and Wells come up with a plan to boost Wells ' thinking cap . Devoe goes more into his `` god - complex '' ; stating that human emotion is a weakness , causing Marlize to doubt him . 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 ,", "14": "2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) TBA TBD 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) TBA TBD 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) TBA TBD 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' TBA TBA May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) TBA TBD Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkel Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as", "15": "Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Mark Valley as Anton Slater Ryan Alexander McDonald as Neil Borman / Fallout Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar Paul McGillion as Earl Cox Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro Bethany Brown as Janet Petty / Null Arturo Del Puerto as Edwin Gauss / Folded Man Katie Cassidy as Siren - X David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand Victoria Askounis as young Caitlin Snow Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . ''", "16": "In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet .", "17": "At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' .", "18": "Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on .", "19": "Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series are Jessica Camacho as Gypsy , and Anne Dudek as Tracy Brand . It was revealed that Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , would not be a series regular in the fourth season , and that there were no plans for him to appear . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , it is revealed that Julian has returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , Devoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries .", "20": "The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and is set to conclude on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith will return to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover , Crisis on Earth - X , began with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Prior to that , Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland , airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows . The season premiered October 17 . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown .", "21": "During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider.com 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.", "22": "9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry . '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.51 0.7 1.55 1.5 4.06 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' January 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.7 1.69 1.4 3.81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' January 30 , 2018 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.43 13 `` True Colors '' February 6 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.28 0.9 2.00 1.7 4.28 14 `` Subject 9 '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.8 1.86 1.5 3.", "23": "98 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' March 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.04 0.8 1.83 1.5 3.87 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' March 13 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.7 1.58 1.4 3.67 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' April 10 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD 18 `` Lose Yourself '' April 17 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.88 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Fury Rogue '' April 24 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.90 TBD TBD TBD TBD Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.36 / 10 based on 14 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` After an unsteady turn in season three , The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor , spectacle , and a whole lot of heart . '' Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' .", "24": "She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Grant Gustin Nominated Favorite TV Show The Flash Nominated Saturn Awards Best Guest - Starring Performance on Television Hartley Sawyer Pending Best Superhero Television Series The Flash Pending Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series Candice Patton Pending References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Catch The CW 's Season Finales This April and May ! '' . The Futon Critic . March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .", "25": "^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers .", "26": "Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) .", "27": "`` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 420 ) Therefore She Is '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 421 ) `` Harry and the Harrisons '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 422 ) `` Think Fast '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` May Sweeps Preview and Finale Spoilers - The Flash '' . TVLine. April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - flash , the on cw '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Cave , Rob ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Releases Fall Season Synopses for Arrow , Flash , Supergirl & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Erao , Matthew ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Killer Frost Will Menace The Flash in Season 4 '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Neil Sandilands To Play The Thinker ; Danny Trejo & Kim Engelbrecht Also Cast -- Comic - Con '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gordon , Diane ( July 22 , 2017 ) .", "28": "`` ' The Flash ' Team Teases Season 4 : ' It 's the Fastest Man Alive Against the Fastest Mind Alive ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Macdonald , Lindsay ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Carlos Valdes Shares Good News for Cisco and Gypsy ' Shippers '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Damore , Meagan ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Reveals Gypsy 's Given Name '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` Arrow 's Latest Episode Features Surprise Cameo by Flash Character '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive : ' Law & Order ' Veteran Joins ' The Flash ' In Recurring Role '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2017 . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Hartley Sawyer To Play Elongated Man In Season 4 '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash adds Katee Sackhoff as DC Comics villain '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2017 . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bryant , Jacob ( August 9 , 2017 ) .", "29": "`` ' The Flash ' Casts Sugar Lyn Beard as Hazard ( Exclusive ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Britne Oldford books Peek - a-Boo return in premiere '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Katee Sackhoff Is Most Definitely Not Playing Starbuck '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Arvedon , Jon ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : A New Tech - Controlling Villain Terrorizes Central City '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Jenna ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Who Is The Black Bison ? '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Why Wally West is Absent on The Flash '' . Screen Rant . November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 .", "30": "^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Kendrick Sampson Cast As Brainstorm On The CW Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 3 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Photos : Mark Valley Sees Barry as a Soft Target in Murder Trial '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Gelman , Vlada ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Photos : Ralph Dibny Gets Upgraded Suit to Battle New Trickster '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( January 28 , 2018 ) . `` Flash Season 4 : Introducing the Atom Villain Dwarfstar '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2018 . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Hannah ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Is Izzy Bowin In DC Comics ? ' The Flash ' Made A Major Change To The Original Metahuman '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 .", "31": "Jump up ^ Cardona , Ian ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Is Introducing a Major New Speed Force Concept '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Candice Patton Suits Up As Superhero For The First Time '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Adam ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash : Glee 's Max Adler to Play DC Comics Villain Pyro '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Once Upon a Time , Defenders , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Scandal , Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Renews The Flash , Supernatural , Crazy Ex and 4 Others '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` CW eyes true four - way superhero crossover next season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ Hurley , Laura ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Is Making A Big Change Behind The Scenes '' . CinemaBlend . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Russ ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Aaron Helbing Off the Flash in Season 4 '' . Comicbook.com . Retrieved July 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Scoop : Season 4 Villain Is Exactly Who You Think It Is -- Cast Him ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ; Patten , Dominic ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Showrunner Andrew Kreisberg Suspended Over Sexual Harassment Allegations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Maureen ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supergirl , ' ' Arrow ' Producer Suspended Amid Sexual Harassment Allegations by Warner Bros '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2017 . Retrieved November 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abram , Natalie ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash , Supergirl boss Andrew Kreisberg fired after sexual harassment allegations '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 28 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry Allen will return a changed man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 14 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( March 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Villain Wo n't Be a Speedster '' .", "33": "The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2017 . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` 11 Things to Expect on The Flash , Supergirl , Arrow , and Legends of Tomorrow '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Spoilers -- The Thinker / Clifford DeVoe New Villain '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2017 . Retrieved June 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Agard , Chancellor ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash season 4 will restore the ' fun quotient ' after darkest year yet '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Autumn ( June 24 , 2017 ) . `` Keiynan Lonsdale Talks Spoilers , New Music And Being An Introverted Extrovert '' . Newsweek . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Howard , Rachel ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Cast on Season 4 , Barry 's Return , and Killer Frost 's Future '' . Collider . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hatchett , Keisha ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` Candice Patton Teases a `` Very Hardened '' Iris in The Flash Season 4 `` . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : Your ' The Flash ' Burning Questions Answered '' .", "34": "TV Insider . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( July 9 , 2017 ) . `` Supergirl Comic Writer Sterling Gates Joins Flash Writing Staff '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Supergirl , Arrow , The Good Place and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Barry and Iris heading to couples therapy '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2017 .", "35": "Retrieved September 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Star Tom Cavanagh Teases S4 's Harrison Wells '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2017 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Tom Felton not returning as series regular '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Arrow , Lucifer , Flash , Supernatural , Gotham , # OneChicago , Elementary and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2017 . Retrieved September 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . October 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holbrook , Damian ( 2017 ) . `` The Flash : Behind the Scenes '' . TV Guide Comic - Con Special 2017 . p. 12 . With so many speedsters present in the season finale , executive producer Andrew Kreisberg decided to put a hold on Violett Beane 's planned return as Jesse Quick . `` But she has been such a great addition to the show , '' Kreisberg says . `` We 'll see what happens in Season 4 . '' Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on The Flash , Once , Lucifer , The Strain , Blindspot , Orphan Black , This Is Us and More ! '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) .", "36": "`` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 .", "37": "Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For ' Dynasty ' & ' Valor ' And Returning Series Returning Series '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CTV and CTV Two Fall 2017 Premiere Dates Announced # # # CTV is Home of Television 's Most - Anticipated Debuts of the Year '' . Bell Media . August 24 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2017 . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash UK air date , UK TV premiere date - Geektown '' . GeekTown . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sky1 Sets UK Premiere Date For ' The Flash ' Season 4 '' . TVWise . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Matt ( June 29 , 2017 ) . `` ' Westworld ' Is Coming to Comic - Con ; WBTV Announces Full Line - Up '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` The New Flash Trailer Is All About Trying to Live in a World Without Barry Allen '' . io9 . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pearson , Ben ( July 25 , 2017 ) .", "38": "`` Here 's a Round - Up of All of The DC Comics TV Show Trailers From Comic - Con '' . / Film . Archived from the original on August 13 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Trailer Shows the Team Dealing with a Barry-less World '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 .", "40": "Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) .", "41": "`` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of The Flash episodes on IMDb List of The Flash season 4 episodes at TV.com The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus David Singh Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Paul Gambi Patty Spivot Más y Menos Pied Piper Red Trinity Solovar Tina McGee Valerie Perez Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O.", "42": "Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R. Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs.", "43": "DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 DC Unchained Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Arrowverse Arrow Episodes Season 1 Season 2 `` Pilot '' `` Green Arrow '' `` Unchained '' `` Sins of the Father '' `` Legacy '' `` Kapiushon '' `` Lian Yu '' `` Doppelganger '' Characters Oliver Queen Thea Queen Sara Lance The Flash Episodes Season 4 `` Pilot '' `` Fastest Man Alive '' `` Things You Ca n't Outrun '' `` Killer Frost '' `` Attack on Gorilla City '' `` Attack on Central City '' `` Duet '' Characters Supergirl Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Stronger Together '' `` Fight or Flight '' `` Livewire '' `` How Does She Do It ? '' `` Red Faced '' `` Human for a Day '' `` Hostile Takeover '' `` Blood Bonds '' `` Childish Things '' `` Strange Visitor from Another Planet '' `` Bizarro '' `` For the Girl Who Has Everything '' `` Truth , Justice and the American Way '' `` Solitude '' `` Falling '' `` Manhunter '' `` Worlds Finest '' `` Myriad '' `` Better Angels '' `` The Adventures of Supergirl '' `` Medusa '' `` Nevertheless , She Persisted '' Characters Legends of Tomorrow Episodes Characters Animated series Vixen Freedom Fighters : The Ray Constantine : City of Demons Other Arrowverse cast members Crossovers `` Flash vs. Arrow '' `` Heroes Join Forces '' `` Invasion ! ''", "44": "`` Crisis on Earth - X '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Flash_(season_4)&oldid=838436882 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Flash ( 2014 TV series ) episodes Lists of DC Comics television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2017 Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 59 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 25, 26, 22, 12, 39 ]

[ "1996" ]

{ "0": "List of Olympic Games host cities - wikipedia List of Olympic Games host cities Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of host cities of the Olympic Games , both summer and winter , since the modern Olympics began in 1896 . Since then , summer games have usually -- but not always -- celebrated a four - year period known as an Olympiad . There have been 28 Summer Olympic Games held in 23 cities , and 23 Winter Olympic Games held in 20 cities . In addition , three summer and two winter editions of the Games were scheduled to take place but later cancelled due to war : Berlin ( summer ) in 1916 ; Tokyo / Helsinki ( summer ) and Sapporo / Garmisch - Partenkirchen ( winter ) in 1940 ; and London ( summer ) and Cortina d'Ampezzo , Italy ( winter ) in 1944 . The 1906 Summer Olympics were officially sanctioned and held in Athens . However , in 1949 , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , decided to unrecognize the 1906 Games . Four cities have been chosen by the IOC to host upcoming Olympic Games : Tokyo for the 2020 Summer Olympics , Beijing for the 2022 Winter Olympics , Paris for the 2024 Summer Olympics , and Los Angeles for the 2028 Summer Olympics . In 2022 , Beijing will become the only city that has held both the summer and the winter Olympic Games . Nine cities will have hosted the Olympic Games more than once : Athens ( 1896 and 2004 Summer Olympics ) , Paris ( 1900 , 1924 and 2024 Summer Olympics ) , London ( 1908 , 1948 and 2012 Summer Olympics ) , St. Moritz ( 1928 and 1948 Winter Olympics ) , Lake Placid ( 1932 and 1980 Winter Olympics ) , Los Angeles ( 1932 , 1984 and 2028 Summer Olympics ) , Innsbruck ( 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics ) , Tokyo ( 1964 and 2020 Summer Olympics ) and Beijing ( 2008 Summer Olympics and 2022 Winter Olympics ) . In addition , Stockholm hosted the 1912 Summer Olympics and the equestrian portion of the 1956 Summer Olympics .", "1": "London became the first city to have hosted three Games with the 2012 Summer Olympics . Paris will become the second city to do this with the 2024 Summer Olympics , followed by Los Angeles as the third in 2028 . The United States has hosted a total of eight Olympic Games , more than any other country , followed by France with five editions . Canada , Germany , Italy , Japan , and the United Kingdom have each hosted three Games . The Games have primarily been hosted in the continents of Europe ( 36 editions ) and North America ( 12 editions ) ; eight Games have been hosted in Asia and two have been hosted in Oceania . In 2016 , Rio de Janeiro became South America 's first Olympic host city , while the African continent has yet to hold the Games . Other major geographic regions which have never hosted the Olympics include the Middle East , the Indian subcontinent , the Caribbean , and Southeast Asia . Host cities are selected by the IOC membership , usually seven years in advance . The selection process lasts approximately two years . In the first stage , any city in the world may submit an application to become a host city . After 10 months , the Executive Board of the IOC decides which applicant city will become official candidates as based on the recommendation of a working group that reviews the applications . In a second stage , the candidate cities are investigated thoroughly by an Evaluation Commission , which then submits a final short list of cities to be considered for selection . The host city is then chosen by vote of the IOC session , a general meeting of IOC members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Olympic Games host cities 1.1 Host cities for multiple Summer and Winter Olympic Games 1.2 Number of Olympic Games by country 1.3 Number of Olympic Games by continent 1.4 Unsuccessful cities 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External links Olympic Games host cities ( edit ) For individual summer and winter lists , see List of modern Summer Olympic Games and List of Winter Olympic Games .", "2": "City Country Continent Summer ( Olympiad ) Winter Year Opening Ceremony Closing Ceremony Athens Greece Europe S005 I -- 1896 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Paris France Europe S005 II -- 1900 000000002018 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 000000002018 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 St. Louis United States North America S005 III -- 1904 000000002018 - 07 - 01 - 0000 July 1 000000002018 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 London United Kingdom Europe S005 IV -- 1908 000000002018 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 000000002018 - 10 - 31 - 0000 October 31 Stockholm Sweden Europe S005 V -- 1912 000000002018 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 000000002018 - 07 - 22 - 0000 July 22 Berlin Germany Europe S006 VI -- 1916 Cancelled due to WWI Antwerp Belgium Europe S007 VII -- 1920 000000002018 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 000000002018 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Chamonix France Europe -- W001 I 1924 000000002018 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Paris France Europe S008 VIII -- 000000002018 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 St.", "3": "Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W002 II 1928 000000002018 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Amsterdam Netherlands Europe S009 IX -- 000000002018 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Lake Placid United States North America -- W003 III 1932 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Los Angeles United States North America S010 X -- 000000002018 - 07 - 30 - 0000 July 30 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Garmisch - Partenkirchen Nazi Germany Europe -- W004 IV 1936 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 16 - 0000 February 16 Berlin Nazi Germany Europe S011 XI -- 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 000000002018 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sapporo Garmisch - Partenkirchen Empire of Japan Nazi Germany Asia Europe -- W005a V 1940 Cancelled due to WWII Tokyo Helsinki Empire of Japan Finland Asia Europe S012 XII -- Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W005b V 1944 London United Kingdom Europe S013 XIII -- St. Moritz Switzerland Europe -- W005c V 1948 000000002018 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 London United Kingdom Europe", "4": "S014 XIV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 29 - 0000 July 29 000000002018 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Oslo Norway Europe -- W006 VI 1952 000000002018 - 02 - 14 - 0000 February 14 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Helsinki Finland Europe S015 XV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Cortina d'Ampezzo Italy Europe -- W007 VII 1956 000000002018 - 01 - 26 - 0000 January 26 000000002018 - 02 - 05 - 0000 February 5 Melbourne Stockholm Australia Sweden Oceania Europe S016 XVI -- 000000002018 - 11 - 22 - 0000 November 22 000000002018 - 06 - 10 - 0000 June 10 000000002018 - 12 - 08 - 0000 December 8 000000002018 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 Squaw Valley United States North America -- W008 VIII 1960 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Rome Italy Europe S017 XVII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W009 IX 1964", "5": "000000002018 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 Tokyo Japan Asia S018 XVIII -- 000000002018 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 000000002018 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Grenoble France Europe -- W010 X 1968 000000002018 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 000000002018 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Mexico City Mexico North America S019 XIX -- 000000002018 - 10 - 12 - 0000 October 12 000000002018 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 Sapporo Japan Asia -- W011 XI 1972 000000002018 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Munich West Germany Europe S020 XX -- 000000002018 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 000000002018 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Innsbruck Austria Europe -- W012 XII 1976 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Montreal Canada North America S021 XXI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 000000002018 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Lake Placid United States North America --", "6": "W013 XIII 1980 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Moscow Soviet Union Europe S022 XXII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 Sarajevo Yugoslavia Europe -- W014 XIV 1984 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 19 - 0000 February 19 Los Angeles United States North America S023 XXIII -- 000000002018 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Calgary Canada North America -- W015 XV 1988 000000002018 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 Seoul South Korea Asia S024 XXIV -- 000000002018 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 000000002018 - 10 - 02 - 0000 October 2 Albertville France Europe -- W016 XVI 1992 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Barcelona Spain Europe S025 XXV -- 000000002018 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Lillehammer Norway", "7": "Europe -- W017 XVII 1994 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Atlanta United States North America S026 XXVI -- 000000002018 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 000000002018 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 Nagano Japan Asia -- W018 XVIII 1998 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 22 - 0000 February 22 Sydney Australia Oceania S027 XXVII -- 2000 000000002018 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 000000002018 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Salt Lake City United States North America -- W019 XIX 2002 000000002018 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 000000002018 - 02 - 24 - 0000 February 24 Athens Greece Europe S028 XXVIII -- 000000002018 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 000000002018 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 Torino Italy Europe -- W020 XX 2006 000000002018 - 02 - 10 - 0000 February 10 000000002018 - 02 - 26 - 0000 February 26 Beijing China Asia S029 XXIX -- 2008 000000002018 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8", "8": "000000002018 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Vancouver Canada North America -- W021 XXI 000000002018 - 02 - 12 - 0000 February 12 000000002018 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 London United Kingdom Europe S030 XXX -- 2012 000000002018 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 000000002018 - 08 - 12 - 0000 August 12 Sochi Russia Europe -- W022 XXII 2014 000000002018 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 000000002018 - 02 - 23 - 0000 February 23 Rio de Janeiro Brazil South America S031 XXXI -- 2016 000000002018 - 08 - 05 - 0000 August 5 000000002018 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Pyeongchang South Korea Asia -- W023 XXIII 2018 000000002018 - 02 - 09 - 0000 February 9 000000002018 - 02 - 25 - 0000 February 25 Tokyo Japan Asia S032 XXXII -- 2020 000000002018 - 07 - 24 - 0000 July 24 000000002018 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Beijing China Asia -- W024 XXIV 2022 000000002018 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 000000002018 - 02 - 20 - 0000 February 20 Paris France Europe S033 XXXIII --", "9": "2024 000000002018 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 000000002018 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 TBD TBD -- W025 XXV 2026 ( TBD ) Los Angeles United States North America S034 XXXIV -- 2028 000000002018 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 000000002018 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 TBD TBD -- W026 XXVI 2030 ( TBD ) Host cities for multiple Summer and winter Olympic Games ( edit ) List of cities that hosted multiple editions of the Olympic Games City Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total London United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Paris France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 0 Los Angeles United States North America 3 ( 1932 , 1984 , 2028 ) 0 Athens Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Tokyo Japan Asia 2 ( 1964 , 2020 ) 0 Beijing China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) St. Moritz Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1948 ) Innsbruck Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 , 1976 ) Lake Placid United States North America 0 2 ( 1932 , 1980 ) The 1906 Intercalated Games are not officially recognized by the IOC as an official Olympic Games .", "10": "Number of Olympic Games by country ( edit ) Nations that have hosted or will host the Summer Olympics 5 times 4 times ( no entry ) 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games Nations that have hosted or will host the Winter Olympics 4 times or more 3 times 2 times 1 time Never held games List of countries ranked by the number of times they hosted the Olympic Games Rank Country Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total United States North America 5 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 4 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 2002 ) 9 France Europe 3 ( 1900 , 1924 , 2024 ) 3 ( 1924 , 1968 , 1992 ) 6 Japan Asia 2 ( 1940 , 1964 , 2020 ) 2 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 ) United Kingdom Europe 3 ( 1908 , 1944 , 1948 , 2012 ) 0 Canada North America 1 ( 1976 ) 2 ( 1988 , 2010 ) Italy Europe 1 ( 1960 ) 2 ( 1944 , 1956 , 2006 ) German Empire / Nazi Germany / West Germany / Germany Europe 2 ( 1916 , 1936 , 1972 ) 1 ( 1936 , 1940 ) 8 China Asia 1 ( 2008 ) 1 ( 2022 ) South Korea Asia 1 ( 1988 ) 1 ( 2018 ) Soviet Union / Russia Europe 1 ( 1980 ) 1 ( 2014 ) Greece Europe 2 ( 1896 , 2004 ) 0 Australia Oceania 2 ( 1956 , 2000 ) 0 Norway Europe 0 2 ( 1952 , 1994 ) Austria Europe 0 2 ( 1964 ,", "11": "1976 ) Switzerland Europe 0 2 ( 1928 , 1940 , 1948 ) Sweden Europe 2 ( 1912 , 1956 ( equestrian events only ) ) 0 17 Brazil South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 Spain Europe 1 ( 1992 ) 0 SFR Yugoslavia / Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 0 1 ( 1984 ) Mexico North America 1 ( 1968 ) 0 Finland Europe 1 ( 1940 , 1952 ) 0 Netherlands Europe 1 ( 1928 ) 0 Belgium Europe 1 ( 1920 ) 0 Number of Olympic Games by continent ( edit ) Rank Continent Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Total Europe 17 ( 1896 , 1900 , 1908 , 1912 , 1920 , 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1960 , 1972 , 1980 , 1992 , 2004 , 2012 , 2024 ) 14 ( 1924 , 1928 , 1936 , 1940 , 1944 , 1948 , 1952 , 1956 , 1964 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1992 , 1994 , 2006 , 2014 ) 31 North America 7 ( 1904 , 1932 , 1968 , 1976 , 1984 , 1996 , 2028 ) 6 ( 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , 1988 , 2002 , 2010 ) 13 Asia 4 ( 1940 , 1964 , 1988 , 2008 , 2020 ) 4 ( 1940 , 1972 , 1998 , 2018 , 2022 ) 8 Oceania 2 ( 1956 ,", "12": "2000 ) 0 5 South America 1 ( 2016 ) 0 6 Africa 0 0 0 Unsuccessful cities ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Country City Bids United States Detroit 7 Hungary Budapest 6 Turkey Istanbul 5 Spain Madrid Argentina Buenos Aires Switzerland Lausanne United States Philadelphia 5 United States Chicago United States Minneapolis Cuba Havana Belgium Brussels Azerbaijan Baku Qatar Doha Spain Seville Yugoslavia Belgrade Puerto Rico San Juan Australia Brisbane Slovakia Poprad United States Boston See also ( edit ) Olympics portal List of Commonwealth Games host cities Notes ( edit ) Originally awarded to Chicago , but moved to St. Louis to coincide with the World 's Fair . The 1906 Games were sanctioned and treated as an Olympic Games when held , and they were recognized as an Olympic Games by the IOC until 1949 The 1908 Games were originally given to Rome , but were moved to London when Mount Vesuvius erupted . The sailing events in 1920 were held in Ostend , Belgium and in Amsterdam , Netherlands . The 1940 winter games were originally awarded to Sapporo , but were moved to Garmisch - Partenkirchen before being cancelled . The 1940 summer games were originally awarded to Tokyo , but were moved to Helsinki before being cancelled . Equestrian events were held in Stockholm , Sweden . Stockholm had to bid for the equestrian competition separately ; it received its own Olympic flame and had its own formal invitations and opening and closing ceremonies , just like the regular Summer Olympics . Russia / Soviet Union spans the continents of Europe and Asia . However , the Russian National Olympic Committee is part of the European Olympic Committees . Also , Moscow is on the European side of the most commonly recognized boundary between Europe and Asia .", "13": "( Sochi is in Asia per the usual geographic boundary , being just south of the Greater Caucasus ' western end ; but political approximations of the continental boundary place it in Europe . ) Equestrian events were held in China 's Hong Kong SAR . Although Hong Kong 's separate NOC conducted the equestrian competition , it was an integral part of the Beijing Games ( unlike the 1956 Stockholm equestrian competition it was not conducted under a separate Hong Kong bid , separate flame , etc . ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Findling , John E. ; Pelle , Kimberly D. ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 41 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 32278 - 5 . Jump up ^ Group , Taylor Francis ( 2003 ) . The Europa World Yearbook . Taylor and Francis Group . p. 247 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85743 - 227 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Choice of the Host City '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Durántez , Conrado ( April -- May 1997 ) . `` The Olympic Movement , a twentieth - century phenomenon '' ( PDF ) . Olympic Review . XXVI ( 14 ) : 56 -- 57 . Jump up ^ `` Antwerp 1920 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chamonix 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Paris 1924 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St. Moritz 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amsterdam 1928 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Lake Placid 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles 1932 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Berlin 1936 '' . olympic.org . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` St Louis 1904 '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` St. Louis gets Olympic Games ; International Committee Sanctions the Change for the World 's Fair in 1904 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 1903 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ The 2nd International Olympic Games In Athens 1906 , Karl Lennartz , Journal of Olympic History , Dec. 2001 / Jan. 2002 Jump up ^ `` Rome Games moved to London '' . realclearsports.com . Retrieved 23 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Stockholm / Melbourne 1956 '' . Swedish Olympic Committee . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tim Pile ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` Hong Kong saddles up for the Olympics '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Beijing Olympic home page '' . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 04 . External links ( edit ) `` The Olympic Games '' . olympic.org . International Olympic Committee . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 05 . Summer Olympic Games host cities 1896 : Athens 1900 : Paris 1904 : St.", "15": "Louis 1908 : London 1912 : Stockholm 1916 : None 1920 : Antwerp 1924 : Paris 1928 : Amsterdam 1932 : Los Angeles 1936 : Berlin 1940 : None 1944 : None 1948 : London 1952 : Helsinki 1956 : Melbourne 1960 : Rome 1964 : Tokyo 1968 : Mexico City 1972 : Munich 1976 : Montreal 1980 : Moscow 1984 : Los Angeles 1988 : Seoul 1992 : Barcelona 1996 : Atlanta 2000 : Sydney 2004 : Athens 2008 : Beijing 2012 : London 2016 : Rio de Janeiro 2020 : Tokyo 2024 : Paris 2028 : Los Angeles Cancelled due to World War I ; Cancelled due to World War II Winter Olympic Games host cities 1924 : Chamonix 1928 : St. Moritz 1932 : Lake Placid 1936 : Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 : Cancelled due to World War II 1944 : Cancelled due to World War II 1948 : St.", "16": "Moritz 1952 : Oslo 1956 : Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 : Squaw Valley 1964 : Innsbruck 1968 : Grenoble 1972 : Sapporo 1976 : Innsbruck 1980 : Lake Placid 1984 : Sarajevo 1988 : Calgary 1992 : Albertville 1994 : Lillehammer 1998 : Nagano 2002 : Salt Lake City 2006 : Turin 2010 : Vancouver 2014 : Sochi 2018 : Pyeongchang 2022 : Beijing 2026 : TBD 2030 : TBD Olympic Games Ceremonies Charter Participating nations Summer Olympics Winter Olympics Host cities Bids Venues IOC NOCs Country codes Medal Medal tables Medalists Ties Diploma Scandals and controversies Colonialism Doping Sports Symbols Torch relays Pierre de Coubertin medal Women Deaths WWI Olympic video games Summer Games 1896 Athens 1900 Paris 1904 St. Louis 1908 London 1912 Stockholm 1916 Berlin 1920 Antwerp 1924 Paris 1928 Amsterdam 1932 Los Angeles 1936 Berlin 1940 Tokyo 1944 London 1948 London 1952 Helsinki 1956 Melbourne 1960 Rome 1964 Tokyo 1968 Mexico City 1972 Munich 1976 Montreal 1980 Moscow 1984 Los Angeles 1988 Seoul 1992 Barcelona 1996 Atlanta 2000 Sydney 2004 Athens 2008 Beijing 2012 London 2016 Rio de Janeiro 2020 Tokyo 2024 Paris 2028 Los Angeles 2032 TBD Winter Games 1924 Chamonix 1928 St. Moritz 1932 Lake Placid 1936 Garmisch - Partenkirchen 1940 Sapporo 1944 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1948 St.", "17": "Moritz 1952 Oslo 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1960 Squaw Valley 1964 Innsbruck 1968 Grenoble 1972 Sapporo 1976 Innsbruck 1980 Lake Placid 1984 Sarajevo 1988 Calgary 1992 Albertville 1994 Lillehammer 1998 Nagano 2002 Salt Lake City 2006 Turin 2010 Vancouver 2014 Sochi 2018 Pyeongchang 2022 Beijing 2026 TBD 2030 TBD Ancient Olympic Games Intercalated Games 1906 Paralympic Games Youth Olympic Games Olympics portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Olympic_Games_host_cities&oldid=837813982 '' Categories : Olympics - related lists Lists of host cities Lists of Olympic venues Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Articles needing additional references from February 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Ελληνικά فارسی Français Қазақша Latviešu Македонски Norsk Português Română Русский தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 11, 6, 16, 7, 15, 14, 5, 17, 2, 9, 0, 8, 12, 4, 1, 13, 10, 3 ]

[ 11, 6, 16, 7, 15 ]

[ "three preteen boys named Ed, Edd (called \"Double D\" to avoid confusion with Ed), and Eddy—collectively known as \"the Eds\"" ]

{ "0": "Ed , Edd n Eddy - wikipedia Ed , Edd n Eddy Jump to : navigation , search Ed , Edd n Eddy Genre Animated sitcom Slapstick Created by Danny Antonucci Written by Danny Antonucci Jono Howard Mike Kubat Rob Boutilier Robert Leighton Marlowe Weisman John Mein Geoff Berner Brent Miller Aaron McLaughlin Keith Giffen Rachel Connor ( 2005 -- 09 ) Michael Hockney Scott Underwood Stacy Warnick ( 2008 -- 09 ) Directed by Danny Antonucci Scott Underwood ( `` Smile for the Ed '' ) Voices of Matt Hill Samuel Vincent Tony Sampson David Paul Grove Kathleen Barr Peter Kelamis Erin Fitzgerald ( 1999 ; 2002 -- 09 ) Janyse Jaud Keenan Christensen Jenn Forgie ( 2001 -- 02 ) Tabitha St. Germain ( 1999 ) Theme music composer Patric Caird Country of origin Canada United States No. of seasons 6 No. of episodes 70 ( 131 segments ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Danny Antonucci Producer ( s ) Daniel Sioui Ruth Vincent Christine L. Danzo Location ( s ) Canada Editor ( s ) Ken Cathro Running time 22 minutes Production company ( s ) a.k.a. Cartoon Yeson Animation Studios Funbag Animation Studios Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network Cartoon Network Picture format 480i ( 4 : 3 SDTV ) ( 1999 -- 2008 ) 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) ( 2009 ) Original release January 4 , 1999 ( 1999 - 01 - 04 ) -- November 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 08 ) External links Website Ed , Edd n Eddy is a Canadian - American animated comedy television series created by Danny Antonucci for Cartoon Network , and the sixth of the network 's Cartoon Cartoons .", "1": "The series revolves around three preteen boys named Ed , Edd ( called `` Double D '' to avoid confusion with Ed ) , and Eddy -- collectively known as `` the Eds '' -- who live in a suburban cul - de-sac in the fictional town of Peach Creek . Under the unofficial leadership of Eddy , the trio frequently invent schemes to make money from their peers to purchase their favorite confectionery , jawbreakers . Their plans usually fail , leaving them in various , often humiliating , predicaments . Adult cartoonist Antonucci was dared to create a children 's cartoon ; while designing a commercial , he conceived Ed , Edd n Eddy , designing it to resemble classic cartoons from the 1940s -- 1970s . He pitched the series to Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon , but the latter demanded creative control , leading to him making a deal with the former and the series premiering on January 4 , 1999 . During the show 's run , several specials and shorts were produced in addition to the regular television series . The series concluded with a TV movie , Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , on November 8 , 2009 . Ed , Edd n Eddy received generally positive reviews from critics and became one of Cartoon Network 's most successful original series . It won a Reuben Award , two Leo Awards and a SOCAN Award , and was also nominated for another four Leo Awards , an Annie Award and two Kids ' Choice Awards . The show attracted an audience of 31 million households , was broadcast in 120 countries , and proved to be popular among children , teenagers , and adults . With a 10 - year run , Ed , Edd n Eddy was the longest - running Cartoon Network original series at the time of its end .", "2": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Production 2.1 Development 2.2 Casting 2.3 Animation 2.4 Music and title sequence 2.5 Broadcast 3 Episodes 3.1 Specials 4 Appearances in other series or works 5 Reception , legacy , and achievements 5.1 Ratings and run length achievements 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Accolades 6 Other media 6.1 Shorts 6.2 Film 6.3 Publications 6.4 Video games 7 Merchandise 8 In other languages 9 References 10 External links Premise See also : List of Ed , Edd n Eddy characters From the left : Edd ( `` Double D '' ) , Eddy , and Ed Ed , Edd n Eddy follows the lives of `` the Eds '' , three preteen boys who all share variations of the name Ed , but differ greatly in their personalities : Ed ( voiced by Matt Hill ) is the strong , dim - witted dogsbody of the group ; Edd ( Samuel Vincent ) , called Double D , is an inventor , neat freak , and the most intelligent of the Eds ; and Eddy ( Tony Sampson ) is a devious , quick - tempered , bitter con artist , and self - appointed leader of the Eds . The three devise plans to scam the cul - de-sac kids out of their money , which they want to use to buy jawbreakers . However , problems always ensue , and the Eds ' schemes usually end in failure and humiliation . The cul - de-sac kids do not include the Eds as part of their group , making the trio outcasts .", "3": "The group of kids consist of : Jonny 2 × 4 ( David Paul `` Buck '' Grove ) is a loner whom his peers consider to be a nuisance , and spends most of his time with his imaginary friend , a wooden board named Plank ; Jimmy ( Keenan Christensen ) is a weak , insecure , and innocent yet accident - prone child , who is most often seen spending his time with Sarah ( Janyse Jaud ) , Ed 's spoiled and ill - tempered younger sister ; Rolf ( Peter Kelamis ) is an immigrant , who often participates in unconventional customs ; Kevin ( Kathleen Barr ) is a cynical and sardonic jock who detests the Eds , particularly Eddy ; Nazz ( Tabitha St. Germain ; Jenn Forgie ; Erin Fitzgerald ) , usually seen with Kevin , is a stereotypical dumb blonde and an unattainable love interest for the cul - de-sac kids . All of the cul - de-sac kids share a common fear of the Kanker Sisters , Lee ( Janyse Jaud ) , May ( Erin Fitzgerald ; Jenn Forgie ) , and Marie ( Kathleen Barr ) , three teenage girls who live in a nearby trailer park and are in love with the Eds . Aside from the Eds , the other cul - de-sac kids , and the Kanker Sisters , no other characters appeared in the series until the fifth season , when the silhouettes of other people were occasionally shown , and in `` Mission Ed - Possible '' , the arms of Eddy 's father and Ed 's mother were seen . In the series finale , Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , Eddy 's adult brother ( Terry Klassen ) was seen for the first time , making him the only non-main character , and the only adult character to ever fully appear on the show . The series took place mostly within the fictional town of Peach Creek , and new locations were rarely introduced . The first four seasons of the show are set during a seemingly endless summer vacation , though from the fifth season onwards , the characters are shown attending junior high school in the fall and winter months . Production Development Danny Antonucci , creator , director , executive producer , and co-writer of Ed , Edd n Eddy , produced the series on a dare .", "4": "Although cartoonist Danny Antonucci began his career by working as an animator on various children 's series for Hanna - Barbera , his later solo works were edgy and aimed at adult audiences . He gained notoriety with the 1987 short film Lupo the Butcher and then , after founding his own production studio , a.k.a. Cartoon in 1994 , created the series The Brothers Grunt for MTV . It was quickly cancelled , however , upon being met with generally poor reviews . On a dare , Antonucci then decided that he would try producing a children 's animated series of his own . While designing a commercial , he ended up drawing three characters that he felt particularly pleased with . Growing excited over their potential , he named them Ed , Edd , and Eddy and spent the following months developing a show around them . He faxed a one - page concept sheet to Cartoon Network and Nickelodeon in 1996 . Both studios quickly responded , Cartoon Network in only 20 minutes , and were enthusiastic and wanted to see more ; they each demanded creative control , however , and Antonucci refused . After Cartoon Network agreed to let Antonucci have control of the show , conversations between Antonucci and the studio continued . Vice president of programming and production of Cartoon Network , Mike Lazzo , showed high interest in the series and requested a show bible , which came through by fax , a few pages at a time , over a period of the next few months . After an affirmative response from Cartoon Network president Betty Cohen , the legal paperwork and deal - making began , followed by a start - up meeting at the Chateau Marmont Hotel in Los Angeles . A deal was made that Antonucci 's studio , a.k.a. Cartoon , would produce Ed , Edd n Eddy , the first Cartoon Network original series to be produced by an outside production company rather than Cartoon Network 's Hanna - Barbera . The series also entered production and bypassed a seven - minute short ; this marked the first time that one of the studio 's original series had ever done this . According to Antonucci , he based the characters on real people in his life .", "5": "The personalities of Ed , Double D , and Eddy are based on his own traits as well as the activities of his two sons , while the cul - de-sac children and the Kanker sisters were all based on children he grew up with . Rolf is based on Antonucci and his cousins , since he was part of an Italian immigrant family , and grew up in a first generation foreign household with different customs and ways of living , compared to those born in Canada . Rolf is me and all of my cousins . My parents were right off the boat so I grew up playing to two worlds , the modern world and the 1950s Italian world . My parents like Rolf 's lived -- still live in the past , with strong traditions and strange cooking and having a hard time assimilating to modern life . Jimmy is based on one of his cousins , who was rather feminine and spent most of his time playing with girls rather than with boys . Jonny and Plank are inspired by one of Antonucci 's childhood friends , a loner who spent most of his time outside with his blanket . He stated that he believed it was important to add Plank , a board of wood , to the show , and that he `` thought it would be really cool to do the show with Plank taking on a character of his own '' and to cause Jonny to do things he would usually never do . Some wanted Plank to be able to talk , smile and blink as if he was alive , but Antonucci insisted that it should be treated as a piece of wood , brought to life by Jonny 's imagination . Casting Matt Hill , Samuel Vincent , and Tony Sampson were respectively cast as Ed , Double D , and Eddy . David Paul `` Buck '' Grove and Keenan Christensen played the parts of Jonny 2 × 4 and Jimmy , respectively , while Sarah was voiced by Janyse Jaud . Peter Kelamis voiced Rolf , while Kathleen Barr was cast as Kevin . Nazz was voiced by Tabitha St. Germain in season 1 , Jenn Forgie in season 3 and Erin Fitzgerald in seasons 2 , 4 , 5 and 6 . Fitzgerald also played the part of May , one of the Kanker Sisters , except in season 3 when she was voiced by Jenn Forgie .", "6": "The other two Kanker sisters , Marie and Lee , were voiced by Kathleen Barr and Janyse Jaud . Eddy 's adult brother is mentioned frequently throughout the series but does not appear until Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , where he is voiced by series voice director Terry Klassen . Animation Antonucci , an advocate of hand - drawn animation , wanted to ensure Ed , Edd n Eddy was produced in a way similar to cartoons from the 1940s to 1970s . As a result , the series was the last to use cel animation ; the cels were shipped to Korea for creating the initial animation , and then later edited back at Antonucci 's a.k.a. Cartoon studio . The first four seasons were produced traditionally , though the series switched to digital ink and paint in 2004 , starting with Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Jingle Jingle Jangle . To give the impression of movement , Ed , Edd n Eddy uses `` boiling lines '' or shimmering outlines which Antonucci likens it to cartoons of the 1930s . IGN has compared to Squigglevision , and Animation World Magazine wrote that the way the line varies and shakes gives the animation a distinctive and spontaneous feeling , as if it were drawn by children . The boiling line is created by tracing off a drawing three times through sheets of paper . Antonucci explained that he felt it `` helps keep the characters alive '' and that he wanted to depart from other Cartoon Network series and pay homage to the classic cartoon era . All the children have multicolored tongues ; Antonucci said that the idea came after he saw his son and his friends with different - colored tongues because of eating different candy while he was working on a storyboard . The characters went through a number of `` walking cycles , '' a process used to determine how each character should walk or run , turn around , blink , etc. before the crew came up with the final product . Music and title sequence Antonucci showed the theme song to the studios when first pitching the series , thinking it would be better than only looking at drawings . It was inspired by the Bob Crosby and The Big Cats song `` Big Noise from Winnetka , '' which was whistled , something Antonucci enjoyed doing as a child .", "7": "Composed by Patric Caird , who created all the music in the series , Antonucci performed the whistling himself . The theme song was featured on the compilation album Cartoon Medley . The title sequence was created by Paul Boyd . Broadcast Although Ed , Edd n Eddy was originally set to premiere on November 7 , 1998 , the pilot , `` The Ed - touchables / Nagged to Ed , '' aired on January 4 , 1999 , as the sixth Cartoon Cartoon , due to minor post-production delays . During the series ' original run , episodes often aired as a part of Cartoon Network 's weekly programming block `` Cartoon Cartoon Fridays . '' Cartoon Network ran several marathons for either commercial promotions or special airings of one of their shows . The eight - hour `` Boy Girl , Boy Girl '' marathon ran on March 7 , 1999 , airing episodes of Ed , Edd n Eddy and The Powerpuff Girls , which had been Cartoon Network 's two newest series at the time . Later that year , Ed , Edd n Eddy was featured with other original Cartoon Network series in the third annual `` Cartoon Cartoon Weekend , '' a fifty - three - hour marathon , which ran from August 20 to August 22 . In 2002 , the show was included in the similar `` Cartoon Cartoon Marathon Weekend , '' which ran from August 23 to August 25 . The six - hour `` Ed 's Day Off Marathon '' aired 22 episodes on January 19 , 2004 , in celebration of Martin Luther King , Jr . Day . `` The Best Day Edder , '' in which every episode was shown in chronological order , ran from April 27 to April 28 , 2007 , and ended with the previously unbroadcast season five finale , which was promoted as the `` final episode ever . '' However , it was quickly followed by `` The Eds are Coming '' in the next month , as part of a special alien - themed event called `` Cartoon Network Invaded . '' As of May 2 , 2007 , `` The Best Day Edder '' provided Cartoon Network their best ratings of the year .", "8": "A seven - hour Sunday marathon , which ran before the premiere of Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , posted double - digit delivery gains among children ages 9 -- 14 ( up 14 % ) , boys ages 9 -- 14 ( up 16 % ) and girls ages 6 -- 11 ( up 17 % ) , compared to the same time frame last year , highlighting the network 's weekend performance . The series ' fourth season was originally ordered as the last , but two additional seasons and four specials , including a movie , were ordered as a result of the series ' popularity . The series ' finale movie , Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , aired on November 8 , 2009 , officially ending the series . Episodes Main article : List of Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 13 January 4 , 1999 June 11 , 1999 13 November 26 , 1999 December 22 , 2000 13 April 6 , 2001 July 12 , 2002 13 September 27 , 2002 November 5 , 2004 5 12 November 4 , 2005 April 28 , 2007 6 June 29 , 2008 Specials December 3 , 2004 May 11 , 2007 Television film November 8 , 2009 Specials Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy specials Along with an additional fifth and sixth season , Cartoon Network ordered three holiday specials that originally aired in 2004 and 2005 . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Jingle Jingle Jangle , '' the first , is a Christmas special aired on December 3 , 2004 . Valentine 's Day 's `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Hanky Panky Hullabaloo '' originally aired on February 11 , 2005 . The final , Halloween special , `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Boo Haw Haw '' aired on October 28 , 2005 .", "9": "Antonucci stated that `` Boo Haw Haw '' was one of his favorite Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes that he worked on . On May 11 , 2007 , a fourth special , `` The Eds are Coming , the Eds are Coming '' aired ; however , it was not a holiday special , but an adjunct to other Cartoon Network series Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends , My Gym Partner 's a Monkey , Camp Lazlo , and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy in the alien - themed mini-series Cartoon Network Invaded that aired all five specials from May 4 to May 28 , 2007 . Appearances in other series or works Besides their own series , Ed , Double D , and Eddy have also appeared in other cartoon series . They appeared in an episode of Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends and were drawn using that series ' style of animation , and made a short cameo in `` The Grim Adventures of the KND , '' a crossover of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Codename : Kids Next Door . They also appeared on a small crossover poster during its credits entitled Ed , Edd n Mandy . In 2012 , Double D made an appearance in the animated sketch comedy Cartoon Network series Mad episode `` Once Upon a Toon . '' The show was featured in the 2002 edition of Cartoon Network 's fictional awards program , The 1st 13th Annual Fancy Anvil Awards Show Program Special : Live in Stereo . It won Best Performance by an Inanimate Object in a Dramatic Role for the character of Plank , and Best Performance by a Team in a Cartoon Series for the characters of Ed , Double D , and Eddy . The character of Sarah was nominated for Best Performance by a Female in a Cartoon Series , but lost to Bubbles from The Powerpuff Girls . In 2004 , the Eds appeared in a short series of basketball commercials with NBA All - Star Steve Francis . Ed appeared in the `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' with Grim from The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy as a team , and they ended up winning , due to the highest number of votes by viewers .", "10": "Reception , legacy , and achievements Ratings and run length achievements Ed , Edd n Eddy attracted an audience of 31 million households , was broadcast in 120 countries , and was popular among both children and adults . According to Cartoon Network executive Linda Simensky , the first season did `` remarkably well '' in ratings following its premiere , becoming one of the top - rated series on the network . It was Cartoon Network 's most popular show among boys ages 2 -- 11 . In 2005 , it was reported that Ed , Edd n Eddy was the number one rated show on Cartoon Network and was known to 79 % of children aged 6 -- 11 . The series ran for nearly 11 years , making it the longest - running Cartoon Network original series , and at the time of its finale , the longest running Canadian - produced animated series . It is tied with Blue 's Clues and Mickey Mouse Clubhouse as the ninth longest - running American animated series . Critical reception Ed , Edd n Eddy received generally positive reviews from critics . David Cornelius of DVD Talk considered the Eds to be child equivalents of The Three Stooges , believing that `` the series revels in the sort of frantic , often gross humor kids love so much , and there 's just enough oddball insanity at play to make adults giggle just as easily . '' Cornelius also wrote that the `` animation is colorful and intentionally bizarre ; bold lines forming the characters and backgrounds wiggle and morph in a delirious haze . This is animation that 's , well , really animated . '' Despite this , not all reception of the show was positive . Terrence Briggs of Animation World Magazine considered every second of the show `` filler '' and lamented that the main characters are drawn as `` products from the school of acid - trip caricature . '' After Briggs ' review was published , a large number of letters supportive of the show were sent to the magazine , prompting it to `` take a second look '' at the show . Different reviewers then gave it a positive review , calling it a `` fresh show with very different approaches . ''", "11": "Accolades During its run , Ed , Edd n Eddy was nominated for a Reuben Award , six Leo Awards , an Annie Award , two Kids ' Choice Awards and a SOCAN Award , winning the Reuben Award , two Leo Awards and the SOCAN Award . It was ranked seventh on ScrewAttack 's `` Top Twenty Cartoon Network Shows . '' Desi Jedeikin of Smosh.com listed Ed , Edd n Eddy on the website 's list of `` 9 Cartoons That Need a Reboot . '' Complex included Eddy 's room on their list of `` Movie and TV Characters ' Bedrooms You Wished Were Yours , '' and ranked Jimmy 14th on their list of `` 15 Artistic Characters We Miss From Our Childhood . '' Cracked.com praised the show 's high level of violence , stating that it `` set the bar on cartoon violence for anything that was played on Cartoon Network , and thus far , none have surpassed them . '' Bob Higgins , head of creative at Wild Brain , considered Ed , Edd n Eddy to be a `` landmark in animation . '' Awards and nominations for Ed , Edd n Eddy Date Award Category Nominee ( s ) Result 000000001999 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 , 1999 Reuben Awards Best Television Animation Danny Antonucci Won 000000002000 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 , 2000 Leo Awards Best Director in an Animated Production or Series Won 000000002001 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 , 2001 Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series Patric Caird for `` Ed in a Halfshell '' Nominated 000000002001 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2001 Annie Awards Outstanding Individual Achievement for Storyboarding in an Animated Television Production James Wootton for `` Wish You Were Ed '' Nominated 000000002004 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 ,", "12": "2004 Leo Awards Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series Patric Caird for `` Postcards from the Ed '' Nominated 000000002005 - 05 - 27 - 0000 May 27 , 2005 Best Musical Score of an Animation Program or Series Patric Caird Won 000000002005 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 2005 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Ed , Edd n Eddy Nominated 000000002006 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 , 2006 Leo Awards Best Musical Score in an Animation Program Patric Caird for `` Boo Haw Haw '' Nominated 000000002007 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 , 2007 Best Musical Score in an Animation Program Patric Caird for `` This Wo n't Hurt an Ed '' Nominated 000000002008 - 05 - 29 - 0000 May 29 , 2008 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Ed , Edd n Eddy Nominated 000000002009 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 2009 SOCAN Awards International Television Series Music Award Patric Caird Won Other Media Shorts Cartoon Network produced short cartoons involving the Eds which were shown during commercial breaks . A short music video was produced with stylized versions of Ed , Edd , Eddy and Sarah , entitled `` The Incredible Shrinking Day '' ( listed on the Season 2 DVD as `` I 'm Not Coming in Anymore '' ) , which aired on Cartoon Network in 2002 and 2003 . In the video , Sarah uses a potion to shrink the Eds to a size capable of playing in her dollhouse , with predictable results . Plank starred in a similar video called `` My Best Friend Plank , '' which aired in 2002 .", "13": "Film Main article : Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show The made - for - TV movie Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show served as the series ' finale and premiered in the United States on November 8 , 2009 ; although it had completed production a year earlier and first aired in Scandinavia , Australia , and Southeast Asia . The plot focuses on the Eds ' search for Eddy 's Brother , a character mentioned several times throughout the series , but never seen until the film . He is voiced by series voice director Terry Klassen . The film was directed by Antonucci , who also co-wrote the script with Rachel Connor , Jono Howard , Mike Kubat , and Stacy Warnick . The story was written by Joel Dickie , Steve Garcia , Jim Miller , Raven Molisee , and Scott Underwood , while the score was written by series composer Patric Caird . The film achieved huge ratings success for Cartoon Network with high delivery gains . Publications Ed , Edd n Eddy was regularly featured in DC Comics ' Cartoon Network Block Party ( originally Cartoon Cartoons , the collective name of original Cartoon Network series from 1995 to 2003 ) comic books , along with other Cartoon Network series . Two books based on the series have been released , both published by Scholastic Inc. in 2005 : Ed , Edd n Eddy : Lots of Laughs , written by Jesse Leon McCann , and Ed , Edd n Eddy : Book of Extreme Excuses , written by Howie Dewin . Video games Four video games based on the series have been produced . Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers ! was released on September 15 , 2003 , for the Game Boy Advance . Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers was released on March 4 , 2004 , for mobile phones . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures was released in 2005 for the Nintendo GameCube , PlayStation 2 , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and PC . The most recent game , Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century , was released for the Nintendo DS on October 26 , 2007 . The games were met with generally mixed reception .", "14": "Characters and locations from the show appear in other Cartoon Network video games , including 2003 's Cartoon Network : Block Party and Cartoon Network Speedway . All three main characters , and the Kanker sisters , appear as non-playable `` Nano '' characters in the massively multiplayer online game Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . Merchandise The first two seasons of Ed , Edd n Eddy were released as DVD box sets by Warner Home Video and Madman Entertainment in 2006 and 2007 . The Fools ' Par - Ed - Ise DVD , the box sets of the first two seasons , and several Ed , Edd n Eddy T - shirts are available for purchase on the Cartoon Network Shop . Selected episodes from the series were also featured on various Cartoon Network compilation DVDs . All five seasons of the series , as well as Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show , are available for download on the iTunes Store . The first four seasons were available on Netflix from March 2013 until March 2015 . The third season can be downloaded at Google Play and Amazon . The Eds and Sarah have been free toys in children 's meals for Subway . In the United Kingdom the character of Eddy was given away in Kelloggs cereal boxes as one of the Cartoon Network Wobble Heads in 2003 . DVD release date history for Ed , Edd n Eddy Title Episodes Release date Description Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Edifying Ed - Ventures 6 May 10 , 2005 May 15 , 2006 N / A Contains the episodes `` Sir Ed - a-Lot , '' `` Who , What , Where , Ed , '' `` Avast Ye Eds , '' `` Know - It - All Ed , '' `` Mirror , Mirror , on the Ed , '' and `` Hot Buttered Ed . '' Bonus features include `` Club Ed : The Rules and Regulations , '' `` My Best Friend Plank '' music video , `` Plank 's Perspective , '' and The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episode `` Nursery Crimes . ''", "15": "Fools ' Par - Ed - Ise 6 March 21 , 2006 N / A N / A Contains the episodes `` If It Smells Like an Ed , '' `` Take This Ed and Shove It , '' `` One Size Fits Ed , '' `` A Case of Ed , '' `` Here 's Mud in Your Ed , '' and `` Fool on the Ed . '' Bonus features include a studio tour , `` The Plank Family Players , '' and a behind - the - scenes look at Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures . The Complete First Season 26 October 10 , 2006 N / A July 18 , 2007 Contains all 26 episodes from the first season . Bonus features include an interview with the creator , `` How to make an Ed , Edd n Eddy cartoon , '' `` How to Draw Eddy , '' and a Cartoon Network commercial bumper featuring Jimmy and Plank . The Complete Second Season 26 April 24 , 2007 N / A N / A Contains all 26 episodes from the second season . Bonus features include `` Behind the Eds , '' `` The Incredible Shrinking Day '' music video , and `` How to Draw Ed . '' In other languages Spanish : Ed , Edd y Eddy French : Ed , Edd et Eddy Italian : Ed , Edd & Eddy Portuguese : Du , Dudu & Edu japanese エド エッド エディ References ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 0 : 22 -- 2 : 34 . Jump up ^ Beard , William ; White , Jerry ( June 1 , 2002 ) . North of Everything . University of Alberta Press . p. 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88864 - 390 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( April 24 , 2007 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete Second Season ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video .", "16": "^ Jump up to : Simensky , Linda ( June 22 , 1999 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy : Three Guys , One ' Toon '' . Take One . ^ Jump up to : Danny Antonucci ( October 10 , 2006 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Complete First Season -- Interview with the Creator ( DVD ) . Warner Home Video . Event occurs at 2 : 15 -- 4 : 39 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Best Day Edder '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. April 27 -- 28 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Credits of all Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes and the Big Picture Show ^ Jump up to : DeVries , Jack ( November 1 , 2007 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n Eddy : Scam of the Century Review '' . IGN . News Corporation . Retrieved July 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Shumway , Matt ; Wayne , Lamont ( June 1999 ) . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : A Unique Approach '' . 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Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ King , Susan ( March 4 , 1999 ) . `` Highlights Include Awards Shows and a Salute to Lloyd Webber '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kilmer , David ( August 5 , 1999 ) . `` Cartoon Network offers sneak peeks '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved June 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Godfrey , Leigh ( August 21 , 2002 ) . `` Cartoon Cartoon Marathon Weekend Begins Friday '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Ed 's Day Off Marathon Jan. 19 '' . Animation World Network . January 19 , 2004 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Aaron H. ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` CNs `` Best Day Edder '' `` . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Invaded by Aliens in May '' . Animation World Network . May 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bynum , Aaron H. ( May 2 , 2007 ) . `` '' Best Day Edder '' Ratings `` . Animation Insider . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Cartoon Network / Adult Swim Nielsen ratings notes for week ending November 8 , 2009 '' .", "18": "TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Cartoon Network Greenlights 26 New Ed , Edd n Eddys '' . Animation World Network . June 15 , 2004 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kapko , Matt ( November 16 , 2009 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n Eddy 's Big Picture Show Premiers in the U.S. '' Animation World Network . Retrieved April 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Ring in Holiday Special Dec. 3 on Cartoon Network '' . Animation World Network . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New Ed , Edd n Eddy Valentine 's Day Special on Cartoon Network '' . Animation World Network . February 11 , 2005 . Retrieved May 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Scares Up Halloween Programming '' . Animation World Network . October 27 , 2005 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eddie Monster '' . Foster 's Home for Imaginary Friends . Season 3 . July 22 , 2005 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` The Grim Adventures of the Kids Next Door '' . The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy / Codename : Kids Next Door . November 11 , 2007 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Toon '' . Mad . October 4 , 2012 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ The 1st 13th Annual Fancy Anvil Awards Show Program Special : Live in Stereo . Cartoon Network . March 23 , 2002 . Jump up ^ DeMott , Rick ( February 13 , 2004 ) . `` Cartoon Network Matches Up Basketball Stars & Toons '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Elections 2004 '' . ( Cartoon Network shorts ) .", "19": "2004 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Danny Antonucci '' . Ottawa International Animation Festival . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sarrazin , Marc - André ( February 26 , 2005 ) . `` Midway Enters Publishing Agreement For 3 Cartoon Network Shows '' . NintendoSpin.com . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2012 . Retrieved May 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Midway and Cartoon Network Enterprises Ship the Outrageously Wacky Ed , Edd N Eddy ( TM ) : The Mis - Edventures ; Top - Rated Animated Kids Show Now Available For All Major Platforms '' . Business Wire . Berkshire Hathaway . October 31 , 2005 . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Grove , Chris ( June 15 , 2007 ) . `` CN / D3 Unleash New Ed , Edd n Eddy Game '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Cornelius , David ( April 24 , 2007 ) . `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- The Complete Second Season '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved July 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Terence ( February 1999 ) . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Caught in a Circle '' . 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Jump up ^ `` 2008 Host & Nominees Release '' . Nickelodeon . February 7 , 2008 . Retrieved May 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 20th Annual SOCAN Awards Toronto 2009 -- Winners List '' . Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Incredible Shrinking Day '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. 2002 -- 2003 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` My Best Friend Plank '' . Ed , Edd n Eddy. 2002 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show '' . United States Copyright Office . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Thomas J. ( November 13 , 2009 ) . `` Ed , Edd n Eddy Movie Wraps Show with Big Ratings '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved June 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show -- Credits . Cartoon Network . November 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network Block Party ( originally Cartoon Cartoons ) ( 2001 -- 2004 ( as Cartoon Cartoons ) ; 2004 -- 2009 ( as Cartoon Network Block Party ) ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ McCann , Jesse Leon ( 2005 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : Lots of Laughs . Ed , Edd n Eddy . Scholastic Inc. p. 92 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 77942 - 5 . Jump up ^ Dewin , Howie ( 2005 ) . Ed , Edd n Eddy : Book of Extreme Excuses . Ed , Edd n Eddy . Scholastic Inc. p. 96 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 439 - 77941 - 8 .", "22": "Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers ! for Game Boy Advance '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers for Mobile phone '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved May 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century for DS '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Jawbreakers '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Giant Jawbreakers '' . GameRankings . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ed , Edd n Eddy : The Mis - Edventures scores at GameRankings : PC , GC , PS2 , XB . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy : Scam of the Century '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network : Block Party Announced '' . IGN . News Corporation . March 15 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cartoon Network Speedway '' . IGN . News Corporation . March 3 , 2003 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Blancato , Joe ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` GDC 2008 : FusionFall , Cartoon Network 's MMOG '' . The Escapist . Themis Group . Retrieved April 28 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network , Grigon Entertainment ( January 14 , 2009 ) . Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall . Microsoft Windows .", "23": "Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy '' . Cartoon Network Shop . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2012 . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cartoon Network compilation DVDs featuring selected Ed , Edd n Eddy episodes : Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 1 : 9 Creepy Capers ( August 10 , 2004 ) -- `` Dawn of the Eds '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 1 : Yuletide Follies ( October 5 , 2004 ) -- `` Fa - La - La - La - Ed '' Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 2 : Grossest Halloween Ever ( August 9 , 2005 ) -- `` Honor Thy Ed '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 2 : Christmas Rocks ( October 4 , 2005 ) -- `` Jingle Jingle Jangle '' Cartoon Network Halloween Volume 3 : Sweet Sweet Fear ( September 12 , 2006 ) -- `` Do n't Rain On My Ed '' Cartoon Network Christmas Volume 3 ( October 3 , 2006 ) -- `` In Like Ed '' Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd n Eddy 's Big Picture Show '' . iTunes Store . Apple . Retrieved April 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix scores deals with Turner , Warner Bros '' . CNET . January 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix everything leaving in March '' . Business Insider . February 25 , 2015 . Retrieved August 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Subway Kids ' Pack '' . SubwayKids.com . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2004 . Retrieved June 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy -- Season 1 , Vol. 1 ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B0007MSU2G . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd And Eddy -- Volume 1 Edifying Ed - ventures ( DVD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . ASIN B000B7KXCC .", "24": "Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' n ' Eddy , Vol. 2 -- Fools Par - Ed - Ise ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B000CQM4II . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd ' N Eddy : The Complete First Season ( 1999 ) '' . Amazon.com . ASIN B000GETU2E . Jump up ^ `` Ed , Edd N Eddy Season 1 '' . Madman.com.au . Madman Entertainment . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . 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[ 2, 1, 3, 9, 31, 15, 4, 14, 6, 5, 10, 30, 11, 0, 16, 7, 18, 20, 12, 8, 23, 13, 19, 24, 22, 21, 26, 28, 17, 29, 27, 25, 32 ]

[ 2, 1, 3, 9, 31, 15 ]

[ "CeCe Drake" ]

{ "0": "A ( Pretty Little Liars ) - wikipedia A ( Pretty Little Liars ) Jump to : navigation , search `` A '' Pretty Little Liars character First appearance Novel : Pretty Little Liars ( 2006 ) Television : `` Pilot '' ( episode 1.01 ) Created by Sara Shepard Information Aliases Original A Big A Uber A A-moji A.D. Pathology Stalker Spy Blackmailer Torturer Manipulator M.O. Spying targets to discover secrets , taunting and threatening their victims via phone Location Rosewood , Pennsylvania `` A '' is a fictional character created in 2006 by author Sara Shepard . It is a character of both Pretty Little Liars ' books and television series , and primarily appears as a stalker and the main antagonist of the stories . `` A '' is one of the main characters of the stories , appearing anonymously in the majority of the episodes and books . The villain has already had many portrayals . Its basic occupation is to pursue and threaten the four protagonists of the stories . Thus , many identities have been revealed to be `` A '' . `` A '' has a specific and unhealthy way of dealing with the protagonists ; it often calls them as `` bitches '' , `` dolls '' and `` liars '' . Its handling and acts of terrorism caused great psychological and emotional damage to the protagonists , even leading them to be hospitalized . After the revelation of Mona Vanderwaal as the first and original `` A '' , she began receiving visits from someone , known as Red Coat , who offered her a partnership and together they built up the `` A-Team '' . The team had many members but disbanded after the season three finale and Big A began working with a single ally . The identity of the second `` A '' , Red Coat , and the leader of the `` A-Team '' was revealed to be CeCe Drake , while her ally that donned the Black Widow and other Red Coat disguise was revealed to be Sara Harvey . Five years later , a new mysterious entity arises and begins using Emojis to communicate but later baptizes themselves as `` A.D. '' , while the Liars refer to the anonymous figure as Uber A. Then , in the Series Finale , `` A.D. '' reveals themselves to be Alex Drake , the twin sister of Spencer .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Characterization 2 Novels storylines 2.1 The first `` A '' 2.2 The second `` A '' 2.2. 1 The Helper , or Third `` A '' 3 Television storylines 3.1 Original `` A '' 3.2 Big `` A '' 3.3 Uber `` A '' 4 The A-Team 4.1 Members 4.1. 1 Sara Harvey 4.1. 2 Sydney Driscoll 4.1. 3 Toby Cavanaugh 4.1. 4 Spencer Hastings 4.1. 5 Lucas Gottesman 4.1. 6 Melissa Hastings 4.1. 7 Darren Wilden 4.1. 8 Jenna Marshall 4.1. 9 Noel Kahn 4.1. 10 Aria Montgomery 4.1. 11 Mary Drake 4.1. 12 Wren Kingston 5 Other `` A 's '' 5.1 Caleb Rivers 5.2 Shana Fring 6 Disguises 6.1 Red Coat 6.2 The Black Widow 6.3 The Queen of Hearts 6.4 The Black Swan 6.5 The Black Hoodie 7 References Development ( edit ) Characterization ( edit ) `` A '' makes appearances as a figure with black leather gloves , a black hood , dark pants , and dark shoes . Throughout the seasons , the story focuses on the mystery of `` A '' . However , `` Big A '' also sported different disguises , including that of Red Coat , while their ally disguised themselves as The Black Widow , while also donning the Red Coat identity on certain occasions . Uber A also dressed up as several disguises , including those of a gardener , a maid and a surgeon . They later costume themselves with the traditional look . Novels storylines ( edit ) The first `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Mona Vanderwaal .", "2": "Three year after the disappearance of Alison DiLaurentis , her four friends , Aria Montgomery , Spencer Hastings , Emily Fields , and Hanna Marin , each receive messages from someone calling themselves `` A . '' The girls had drifted apart over the years , so they had no idea that other people were getting texts as well . Additionally , the texts were about secrets only Ali knew about . At first , the messages were simply teasing and all of the girls wonder if their missing friend was the one who sent them . Though they knew she was most likely dead , she was still the only one who knew their darkest secrets . Once Ali 's body is discovered in her old backyard , the girls are even more baffled when they continue to receive threats . At Ali 's funeral , the girls are reunited and they find out that they 've all been receiving weird messages . As the girls stand outside after the funeral ends , they all get a text saying , `` I 'm still here , bitches . And I know everything . -- A '' . From that point on , the messages take on a distinctly more threatening tone . Aria is given an ultimatum to tell her mother about her father 's affair by midnight after the Foxy event , or A will do it for her . A continues to play life - altering games with the girls , from encouraging suspicion of Spencer 's involvement in Ali 's death to outing Emily 's sexuality to her conservative mother . However , A makes a serious mistake in texting Hanna on the night of Mona 's birthday party . Instead of using the plain Blackberry she bought just for tormenting the girls , A accidentally uses his / her own phone . Hanna , who has a new phone without all of her contacts recognizes the number , compelling A to act before Hanna can reveal A 's true identity to the others . A hits Hanna with an SUV , successfully destroying Hanna 's phone and putting her into a coma that eventually leads to a temporary loss of memory . Soon after that , `` A '' puts a drug in Emily 's pain cream which causes an Ulcer in the spot where she has been putting the cream . She ends up in the hospital and might not be able to swim again . A knew that there was a very good chance Hanna would regain her memory .", "3": "Hanna 's best friend , Mona Vanderwaal , informs the girls that she has also received texts from A , drawing the five closer together in trying to figure out who their tormentor is . Mona subtly encourages Spencer 's fears that her sister , Melissa , might be A as well as Alison 's killer . During Hanna 's recovery masquerade celebration , she suddenly regains her memory , revealing that Mona is A. However , she , Emily , and Aria ca n't do much about it , because Spencer and Mona are on their way to the police station . After Spencer is warned about Mona by text , she tries to escape Mona 's car , but Mona catches on rather quickly and diverts to a path in a more remote area of Rosewood . She tells Spencer everything , from seeing Ali launch a firework into Toby Cavanaugh 's garage and blind her friend Jenna , to finding Ali 's diary of secrets among a pile of old DiLaurentis junk the St. Germains left at the curb , discovering the girls ' secrets that only Ali knew . Her motivation was to get revenge for her friend 's blindness , even though Jenna and Ali had planned together to launch the firework . Mona did n't know this and got a scar on her stomach from the ordeal . Mona also drops the bombshell that Ian Thomas killed Ali , due to Ali 's last diary entry about giving him an ultimatum to break up with Melissa . She then offers Spencer to become A with her and tell Hanna that she must not be remembering correctly , but she refuses . The two fight at Floating Man 's Quarry and Spencer accidentally pushes Mona , who falls and has her neck caught between rocks . The second `` a '' ( edit ) Real identity : Alison DiLaurentis As the girls move into the big red house they are shocked to receive messages from a new person claiming to be Alison . At first , they believe it 's just a prank , especially since the first `` A '' got major news time . Then the girls believe it 's Ian Thomas , who is the prime suspect of the investigation . Spencer is especially certain of this until finding Ian 's body in the woods bordering her estate and the old DiLaurentis home . The girls all get a message from `` A , '' saying `` He had to go .", "4": "- A '' . However , this Alison is even more twisted than the first ; Ian 's body disappears and the town is largely convinced that it was a hoax . `` A '' even teases Spencer , stating , `` Just because I said Ian had to go , it did n't mean he had to die . '' `` A '' pretends to be Ian , using an IM screenname of USCMidfielderRoxx , a testament to his alma mater and his love for field hockey . Through this new fake identity , `` A '' feeds Spencer some interesting information about her family , specifically her father 's affair with Mrs. DiLaurentis and the possibility that Ali is her half sister . `` A '' proceeds to torment the girls even more : they force Spencer to focus more on her father 's secret by enabling Spencer 's surrogate mother to scam her and clear out her two million dollar trust fund . `` A '' taunts Aria with pictures of her and her mother 's new love interest in compromising situations . They threaten to send these to her mother , even though Aria has tried to ward off her mother 's new boyfriend . `` A '' lands Hanna in the Preserve at Addison - Stevens , a lush clinic for troubled patients . `` A '' sends Emily on a trip to the Amish community in Lancaster to dig up more dirt on Officer Wilden . Throughout the second half of the series , the second `` A '' keeps up this forced information search with the girls , pushing them to find more information on Wilden and Jason DiLaurentis . `` A '' even plants the idea that they killed Ali . However , when Jenna is found dead in Heartless , `` A '' plants all of their texts , pictures , etc. on a random lecherous construction worker . This is one of the same workers who was involved in building the DiLaurentises ' gazebo when `` Alison '' was still alive . The girls believe it is all over now , though the fact that the suspect is such a random person bothers them . Everyone in Rosewood is shocked when the DiLaurentis 's introduce the existence of a third child , Courtney DiLaurentis . She is the twin of Alison and was kept in various clinics because she was `` ill '' . However , `` Courtney '' is actually Alison DiLaurentis herself .", "5": "She reveals her true identity to each of the girls , hoping to gain their friendship and telling them she never died the night of the sleepover . She claims that Courtney must have gotten out of the house and ran into the construction worker , who killed her . Though the girls believe her and are glad to have their friend back , Aria is the most suspicious of her . It was recently discovered that Courtney liked to pretend to be Ali and she was n't completely buying her story . Additionally , Wilden and Melissa are also suspicious of `` Courtney '' . Melissa knew about the twins since high school , as their brother Jason confided in her . He told her they hated each other , but Spencer tells her about `` Courtney 's '' statements that she and Ali shared everything together . '' Ali 's time is running out , for besides the few people suspicious of her , the police start to say that the construction worker has an alibi and might not be guilty . Her secret is further endangered when Aria finds and sends in a photo of a reflection of someone spying on the girls during the sleepover . The reflection is too blurry , but it is clearly a female . Ali takes Mona 's idea and convinces Spencer that Melissa is the culprit . Meanwhile , she kidnaps Melissa - who has just figured out the truth - and keeps her in her family 's Poconos home . She stuffs Melissa in a closet with Ian 's corpse . On the night of the school 's Valentine dance , Ali convinces the girls to hang out with her at the Poconos home . They ditch the party and get wasted at her home . She asks them if she could reenact the night of the sleepover and hypnotize them . Everyone reluctantly agrees , and minutes later they wake up to find Ali gone and the door of the room locked . A letter is slid underneath , informing the girls of the horrible truth : The Alison that they had been friends with had been Courtney all along and the real Ali killed her . Courtney was mentally unsound and wanted to be Ali so badly that she tried to drown her when they were children . One day , when she was home from the mental institute , Courtney stole Ali 's ring and imitated her when she saw Spencer and the others sneaking into their backyard .", "6": "Ali was sent to the new mental institute , the Preserve , in Courtney 's place , and was forced to take her sister 's messed up life . On the night of the sleepover , she spied on the girls , followed Courtney after her fight with Spencer , and killed her in revenge for taking her perfect life . She hates the girls for ruining her life and tries to kill them too by boarding up the entire home and setting it on fire . The girls , including Melissa , manage to escape , but no one knows whether Ali is alive . It 's hinted that she might be , as Emily hears a faint giggle in the distance as she visits Courtney 's grave in the evening . The helper , or third `` a '' ( edit ) By the end of Crushed , the Liars know that the Second `` A '' , Alison , has had an accomplice the whole time , and that this accomplice is the Third `` A '' . They believe that Alison did indeed survive the fire in the Poconos house , and thus that the Second and Third `` A '' are currently operating together to bring them down ( and eventually kill them ) . The helper later is revealed to be Nick Maxwell , Alison 's boyfriend when she was hospitalized . Nick was caught by the police when he and Alison planned to kill the Liars via poisoning . However , months later , the Liars visit Nick in the prison in order to discover some clues about Alison 's whereabouts , and he gives them some information . Television storylines ( edit ) Original `` a '' ( edit ) Mona Vanderwaal as `` A . '' Original A was the first `` A '' and revealed to be Mona Vanderwaal . Mona began torturing Alison by sending her gifts , threats and soon attacking her while wearing a zombie costume . `` A '' continued to mess with Ali and her mother Jessica DiLaurentis , whom she believed it to be Spencer Hastings . After Alison 's disappearance , `` A '' went away for a year but after the corpse of Bethany Young ( believed to be Alison at the time ) was found , she reemerged . `` A '' began sending the Liars messages about things only Alison knew about them and soon even began messing with their parents .", "7": "Doctor Anne Sullivan had previously dealt with the person behind the hoodie and when `` A '' trashed her office she immediately recognized the person . She almost exposes her identity to the Liars but `` A '' kidnaps her and went as far as to threaten her son 's life . But the Liars are still close to figuring it out and during the second half of season two they manage to get a hold of `` A 's '' phone . They hatch a plan to catch her with this and it works . They find out that `` A '' had a lair at the Lost woods resort and Spencer and Mona ( `` A 's '' newest victim ) head over there and find a room full of pictures of Alison and the girls along with a sketch of `` A 's '' costume to the ball , The Black Swan . However , Spencer begins to notice other clues and soon realizes `` A '' is right there with her . She turns around to see Mona in a black hoodie , who reveals herself as `` A '' . She kidnaps Spencer and gives her an opportunity to join the `` A '' team but Spencer declines and the two get into a fight , where Mona is pushed off of a cliff . Though Mona survives , she is sent to Radley Sanitarium for medical assistance . While in the psychiatric hospital , Mona takes up a partnership suggested by the then unknown CeCe Drake that starts off the second game . After this , Mona became another henchmen in the `` A '' hierarchy , obeying the orders of CeCe , whom she knew as Red Coat . Mona was kicked off of the A-Team in the season three finale . However , Mona joins the new `` A.D. '' team in Season 7 , after `` A.D. '' sends Wren to kill her and she offers to help instead . She helps them kidnap Spencer and wears a Melissa mask , but ultimately turns on them and brings the Liars to them , as well as a cop . However , this turns out to be a ruse and the `` cop '' is actually Mona 's French boyfriend , who helps her take Mary and Alex ( the two remaining members ) to France to live in her own personal Dollhouse . Mona is the final `` A '' of the series , being the `` winner '' of the game .", "8": "Big `` a '' ( edit ) CeCe Drake as `` A '' . Big A was the person who took over the `` A '' game from Mona Vanderwaal after she was admitted to Radley Sanitarium and revealed to be CeCe Drake . She had visited Mona in Radley and used her to get information about the Liars before taking over the game herself and had used Mona , Toby and Spencer to do her dirty work and sometimes went under the Red Coat disguise . Big A often hid out at a lair situated in Room A at an apartment building at Mayflower Hill and a mobile RV which was stolen but Toby gave it back to `` A '' in exchange for information about his mother 's death . However , the Team was disbanded in the third - season finale and CeCe acted on her own with a few minions and an ally , who is Sara Harvey . It is revealed that Charlotte had been hiding out in the basement of the DiLaurentis house and drilled holes through the floor to spy on the family in her Red Coat disguise and shared the identity with Alison . Her disguise as Red Coat was exposed in the fourth season mid finale when Emily was trapped on a saw at Ravenswood and later got into a fight with Aria who discovered her identity and Charlotte later fell off a platform and escaped . In `` A is for Answers '' the Liars are under attack by `` A '' who shoots Ezra Fitz on the rooftop . However , in the fifth - season premiere , the shooter is revealed to be Shana Fring who attempted to kill Alison but was later shoved off a stage by Aria and died from the impact . After all of this , Charlotte fled to France under the Vivian Darkbloom identity to escape custody for Wilden 's death but returned . In the series 's 100 episode , Charlotte placed a bomb in the Cavanaugh house which detonated , signalling her return to Rosewood . In season five , CeCe breaks into the Vanderwaal home and kidnaps Mona just as she is about to tell the Liars that Alison is `` A '' and covers up her kidnapping as a homicide . She then brings Mona to the Dollhouse and tortures her and forces her to dress up and act like Alison . Just as the Liars are being brought to jail , CeCe kidnaps them and tortures them inside the Dollhouse .", "9": "Inside , the Liars discover that Big `` A '' is named Charles DiLaurentis . CeCe / Charlotte reveals herself as `` A '' and tells her story ; saying that she is transgender , was formerly known as Charles DiLaurentis , and became ' A ' because the Liars were happy that Alison was gone . She worked with Sara Harvey , who was the Black Widow and a decoy Red Coat , and was also responsible for the `` death '' of Alison and the death of Wilden , and after telling her story , she attempts suicide by jumping off Radley but is stopped . She is admitted to Welby State and her reign as `` A '' finally ends and stays in the psychiatric hospital for five years . When she is released , Charlotte is murdered by Mona Vanderwaal and her death causes the birth of `` A.D. '' , the new Uber A. After her death , it is revealed that Noel Kahn was also working for Charlotte . It is also revealed that her birth mother is Jessica 's twin , Mary Drake , and her birth father is Ted Wilson , while Spencer is her sister . Uber `` a '' ( edit ) Alex Drake as `` A '' Uber A , also known as A.D. , is the third major `` A '' to have tormented the Liars . In the show 's series finale , Uber A 's identity is revealed to be Alex Drake , Spencer 's twin sister who was put up for adoption at birth . She desperately craves vengeance over the tragic passing of Charlotte DiLaurentis , who was her half - sister , and is trying to seek out the person responsible . Unlike Mona or Charlotte , Alex does not use any nicknames at first but instead signs their messages with emojis , which differentiates her from the A-Team . This causes Caleb to nickname her Amoji . However , in the sixth - season finale , she begins using the alias `` A.D. '' and kidnaps Hanna , whom she believes is accountable for her sister 's homicide . Hanna manages to escape Uber A 's clutches and Alex goes after Alison , who the Liars suggested as guilty for her own cousin 's murder . Uber A eventually finds out that Alison is innocent after searching her jacket .", "10": "While Uber A does work on their own , she also works through a new `` A-Team '' of helpers , known to consist of Jenna Marshall , Sydney Driscoll , and Aria Montgomery , who are assisting them in completing the endgame . The series finale explains that Alex Drake was put up for adoption in exchange for a sum of money ( for Mary ) , but then left at an orphanage by her adopted parents who were concerned for their image . She ran away from the orphanage at ten years old and eventually started working in a bar in London , where Wren Kingston mistook her for Spencer , revealing the existence of Alex 's twin and Charlotte . Wren introduces Charlotte and Alex in an airport ( just after Charlotte met Archer Dunhill ) and they immediately connect , becoming very close in a short amount of time . After Charlotte is released from Welby , she tells Alex that she wishes to return to Rosewood and resume the game , but Alex says she should n't go unless she gets to come too , since she wants to meet Spencer . Charlotte says no and describes the Hastings as `` toxic people '' before leaving for Rosewood , where she was murdered by Mona . Alex is enraged and forces Wren to shoot her so that she looks exactly like Spencer and can successfully impersonate her . She then goes to Rosewood and picks up the game as `` Uber A '' . Alex has made several appearances where she impersonates Spencer , including , but not limited to : The run in with Ezra at the airport where she introduced Wren , the kiss between `` Spencer '' and Toby just before the latter planned to leave Rosewood with Yvonne , and Hanna 's `` dream '' where she `` hallucinated '' Spencer while A.D held her hostage . The latter was done so that Alex could find out whether Hanna was telling the truth about killing Charlotte . The A-Team ( edit ) The A-Team is a group of anonymous characters that worked together as `` A '' . The team would work under the orders of the `` A '' in charge , who has been Mona Vanderwaal , the original leader and founder and CeCe Drake , the second leader . Five years later , Alex Drake , also known as Uber A , assembles a team of their own . This team continues using the same name , though is also referred to as the `` A.D. - Team '' .", "11": "Members ( edit ) Sara Harvey ( edit ) Sara was the right - hand woman to Charlotte and also revealed as an A-Team member halfway throughout the sixth season . Sara is revealed as a Red Coat and the Black Widow , hired to pose as a decoy whenever Charlotte could n't sport the Red Coat disguise . She then became Charlotte 's friend and ally in the `` A '' game and assisted her in most of her schemes . Sara was allegedly diagnosed with Stockholm Syndrome following Charlotte 's arrest , but later discloses to Alison that she lied under oath , also admitting that she and Charlotte were in fact close friends and she felt as though they were sisters . Later , Sara was possibly enlisted by `` A.D. '' to work with them . However , Sara was killed by Noel Kahn after she tried to reveal more than she should to Emily . Sydney Driscoll ( edit ) Sydney is Uber A 's helper for a brief while . She is first seen communicating with them through text messages , when she makes a donation under their name at the Vogel Vision Institute . When Aria and Emily confront her , Driscoll claims that she is simply representing a client who prefers to remain anonymous . However , she returns in the following episode and reveals herself to be `` A.D. '' . She offers Aria the chance to join their team , but Aria realizes that Sydney is communicating with someone through an ear piece , revealing that she 's just a minion . Aria asks her why she would join their tormentor and Driscoll replies that she wants to be part of the `` winning team '' . However , Uber A , who reveals herself as Spencer 's twin sister Alex Drake , reveals in the series finale that Sydney was n't involved in the Blind School shooting and joined the A-Team because Alex found out she had been stealing from a bank and she fit the hoodie . Toby Cavanaugh ( edit ) Toby was recruited by Mona to join the A-Team when he got a job in Bucks County . His participation in the team was revealed in the mid-season finale of the third season . He worked hand in hand with Mona and did most of the dirty work for the team , like running down Lucas and attacking Hanna . However , like Mona , he did n't know the identity of Red Coat .", "12": "Spencer finds out about his betrayal and goes off the deep end , especially after discovering his corpse . However , it is revealed that he is alive and well , with the corpse being a trick by Mona and Red Coat that he says he did n't know about until after . He is also revealed to be a double agent and gets kicked off the team . Spencer Hastings ( edit ) Spencer joined the A-Team briefly near the ending of the third season after having been invited by Mona at the Radley while hospitalized . Initially , Spencer was extremely determined to be part of the team . However , she later unfolds the truth behind the disappearance of Toby and became a double agent as well . Likewise Toby , she got kicked off from the team . She is the `` A '' who kidnapped Malcolm , causing a break up between Ezra and Aria . Lucas gottesman ( edit ) Lucas was the personal assistant to Mona . He was blackmailed by Mona and the A-Team into sending texts and doing their dirty work . Lucas claims his blackmail began after Mona discovered he was selling test answers , however Mona later discloses that Lucas was the `` A '' who gave Emily a massage back in the second season while Mona was off riding with Hanna . During the seventh - season episode `` Hold Your Piece '' , Pastor Ted Wilson reveals to Hanna that he used to run a summer camp for troubled boys , and Charlotte was a camper there prior to her sex change . Wilson is disheartened when describing that he interacted with his offspring without awareness they were related . Ted then showcases Hanna a picture of himself back when he worked at the camp , chaperoning Charles and Lucas , whom he described as his son 's `` only friend '' . Melissa Hastings ( edit ) Melissa was blackmailed by Mona into wearing the Black Swan disguise to the Masquerade Ball in order to distract Jenna . Mona threatened to reveal her fake pregnancy if she did n't obey her orders . Later , Melissa got onto the Halloween Train dressed as the Queen of Hearts and drugged Aria . Wilden then attempted to push her off of the train in a box with Garrett 's dead body . It is implied that she was once again blackmailed .", "13": "It is implied in `` A Dark Ali '' that Melissa is once again working for `` A '' , as she is seen handing a recording ( presumed stolen by `` A '' ) to a man resembling Cyrus Petrillo and later implies to Spencer that `` A '' has something in store for Ali and the Liars . Darren Wilden ( edit ) Wilden was also part of the team as he was the Queens of Hearts responsible for trying to kill Spencer . He also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose him as a crooked cop and placed his corpse in a box beside a fainted Aria . Wilden 's reasoning for helping the team is unknown but implied to be blackmail . Jenna Marshall ( edit ) Jenna was a member of the A-Team during the reign of Big A and was also working anonymously for Uber A. She remains around Rosewood in `` Along Comes Mary '' and befriends Sara Harvey . Meanwhile , Aria Montgomery and Emily Fields discover that Jenna was on Archer 's payroll for unknown reasons . On the episode 's closing scene , Marshall and Sara are having drinks at The Radley when an unknown figure approaches the two and reveals themselves to be Noel Kahn , who proceeds to join the duo . When confronted by Emily in regards to her involvement with Archer during `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' , Jenna admits she befriended Charlotte DiLaurentis after reading about her stay at Welby and reached out . In a flashback , Charlotte enlists Jenna 's help to track down the whereabouts of her birth mother and come up with an alias for Archer . The pseudonym `` Elliott Rollins '' was later created so Archer could deliberately meet Alison and take advantage of her good intentions to benefit Charlotte 's eventual release from the psychiatric hospital . In `` The DArkest Knight '' all of the Liars get a text message , ordering them to head over to 1465 , Elm Street . After being lured to an abandoned school for blind students , they 're held hostage by Noel and Jenna , with Marshall tracking them down at gunpoint . During the cat - and - mouse chase , Jenna takes aim at the Liars only to backfire , until a second gunshot is heard and it injures Spencer . As Marshall prepares to finish her off , Mary Drake suddenly emerges from behind and knocks her out .", "14": "While Drake attempts to help Spencer , an unknown figure drags Jenna away from the building . On the closing scene of the episode , the anonymous entity places her in the back of a van , while she questions them if they were responsible for the gunshot that hit Spencer . As the mysterious figure proceeds to rip off an old man 's mask and toss it over to Jenna 's side , Marshall feels it up and realizes that A.D. was the one who rescued her . At the end of `` Playtime '' , Jenna is seated in A.D. 's lair , sipping tea . She thanks the unidentified individual for the drink and reminds them of their promise to update her on the `` game '' . Dressed in a nurse 's uniform , A.D. drops a binder on Marshall 's lap with pages of information written in braille . After Jenna reads a paragraph , she mutters the word `` endgame '' and grins in delight . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery . Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . After Jenna describes her side of the story , Furey orders one of his associates to escort Marshall to a conference room so she can make an official statement . As Jenna exits the room , Spencer claims that she 's an unreliable narrator . However , Furey informs Spencer that the authorities do n't have enough evidence against Marshall because the bullet that injured Spencer did n't match the gun found at the location . Later in the episode , Caleb confronts Jenna stating that the authorities were already detecting holes in her allegations .", "15": "However , Marshall assures Caleb they wo n't be able to prosecute her since Noel was the only person who could contradict her statement . In the series finale , Spencer 's twin , Alex Drake , is revealed to be `` A.D. '' . She reveals that Jenna was looking for her and recruited Noel to help . However , Jenna was desperate for another chance to see and offered to help her in the game . Noel Kahn ( edit ) Noel Kahn returned to Rosewood to team up with Jenna Marshall and Sara Harvey . Kahn served as one of Charlotte 's former minions and worked for her at the Dollhouse , having been responsible for placing blood all over Spencer Hastings to convince she had hurt someone . Noel became the prime suspect for Uber A , particularly after Alison reveals that he pushed a girl down a flight of stairs when he was drunk during a UPenn frat party . Hanna abducts him at the end of `` The Wrath of Kahn '' in an attempt to obtain a video confession that proves he 's their tormentor . In the following episode `` The DArkest Knight '' , she instead ends up slashing his leg with a knife in order to test his DNA and see if it matches Mary Drake 's . The results later come back negative and Kahn ends up escaping . Noel and Jenna later lure the Liars to an abandoned school for blind students so they could be held hostage and eventually murdered . During a cat - and - mouse chase , Kahn ends up stumbling upon an axe that decapitates his head after failing to fight Emily and Hanna . In the following episode , `` Playtime '' , Detective Marco Furey informs Spencer that Jenna and Noel frequently visited Archer Dunhill at Welby . During `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' , Jenna walks into the police station in order to come clean about her actions and interrupts a conversation between Spencer and detective Marco Furey . Marshall reports that she kept a low profile after the events that took place at the abandoned school for blind students to avoid being harmed by Noel . According to Jenna , Noel was accountable for Sara Harvey 's homicide and she feared to be his ensuing victim . Kahn recruited Jenna with the assertion that Charlotte left enough money in her will to afford Marshall another eye surgery .", "16": "Nevertheless , Jenna suspected Noel of stealthily plotting to steal the cash all to himself since his parents had financially cut him off . In an attempt to spare her life , Marshall brought a gun to the deserted sight school as an act of self - defense and pretended to hold a grudge against the Liars . However , when Caleb later confronts Jenna about the authorities detecting holes in her allegations , she informs him that the only person who could contradict her side of the story was Noel . Aria Montgomery ( edit ) Aria is `` A.D. 's '' helper . Aria is given the offer to join the team in `` Power Play '' . She accepts in the following episode and begins supplying information to Uber A. After the Liars discover Lucas ' graphic novel , Aria is sent by Uber A to retrieve it . Once she delivers it , she is given an `` A '' hoodie in return . She breaks into Alison 's house sporting the disguise and trashes the nursery for her baby . In the next episode , Aria is sent by `` A.D. '' to deliver a `` gift '' to the Hastings family . She connects to their Bluetooth and leaves a burner phone there to play a video recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica 's murder . She later gets back into her `` A '' disguise and breaks into Alison 's house to put the puzzle piece onto the and retrieve her file . `` A.D. '' contacts Aria again and gives her a phone to communicate on . `` A.D. '' asks Aria to meet them and to wear the uniform to do so . Mona overhears the call and tells the Liars of Aria 's involvement with the A-Team . Aria gets into her `` A '' hoodie and goes to meet `` A.D. '' , only to be confronted by the Liars . She then officially defects from the team and rejoins the Liars . Mary Drake ( edit ) Mary joins the A.D. - Team after the time jump , when Alex helps break her out of prison and then helps her with kidnapping Spencer and keeping her locked away in their bunker . When Alex tries to kill Spencer , Mary tries to convince her to just keep her locked up , but Alex refuses and punches her to keep her from interfering .", "17": "Mary and Alex are then kidnapped by Mona and kept as her dolls in her own personal dollhouse . Wren Kingston ( edit ) Wren is one of the helpers to Alex . He shoots her so that she will have the same scar as Spencer and then later comes to Welby to kill Mona as `` A.D. '' for Alex , only stopping once Mona says she can help get Mary out . Alex kills Wren so that she does n't have to break up with him in order to get her endgame wishes . Despite Wren being the only person to know almost everything about Alex 's game , he does n't participate much during the actual game , only doing a few things for Alex . Other `` a 's '' ( edit ) Caleb rivers ( edit ) Caleb used the identity of `` A '' to text Hanna in Season 3 , in order to trick her into meeting him . He sent her the text `` The Apple Rose Grille at closing time . Go alone or Caleb pays . - A '' to find out this information from her about the new `` A '' . Shana Fring ( edit ) Shana pretended to be `` A '' to attack the Liars in New York . She donned a black hoodie and attacked them at the coffee shop , only to end up shooting Ezra instead , who had found out her identity . In the following episode , she continued to hunt down the Liars , and sent a group of black hoodies to trick them . The black hoodies used the alias `` A '' during their taunting of the Liars . Shana revealed herself to the girls and revealed that she wanted justice for Jenna . The Liars falsely believed that Shana was Big A . Disguises ( edit ) During the TV series , the antagonists used various disguises at parties and events , in order to watch over the girls . They are : Red Coat ( edit ) Main article : Red Coat ( Pretty Little Liars ) Red Coat is a disguise used by two members of the A-Team . CeCe Drake took on the disguise to lead the A-Team and go out in public , while she hired Sara Harvey to act as a decoy whenever she could n't sport the disguise in her assignments .", "18": "The Black Widow ( edit ) The Black Widow is a previously anonymous character who attended detective Darren Wilden 's funeral in `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' . The disguise is all black clothing , with her face concealed by a black veil . The Black Widow is shown to be a part of the A-Team , when she is seen inside the `` A '' R.V. placing a Mona doll with the rest of the `` A '' doll collection . She then lifts up her veil to reveal a burned Ali mask underneath , revealing that she was the Red Coat at the Lodge . In the fifth season , the disguise is seen inside one of `` A '' 's lairs . In `` Game Over , Charles '' , it is revealed that Sara Harvey was the Black Widow . Charlotte sent her to Wilden 's funeral to make sure he was deceased . In `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' , Sara shows up to Charlotte 's funeral in a variation of the disguise , though this time revealing her face . In a nightmare that Alison had during `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' , her mom , Jessica DiLaurentis shows up as the Black Widow . The Queen of Hearts ( edit ) The Queen of Hearts is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the third season 's Halloween special , `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . In the fourth season 's premiere , it is revealed that there were actually two of them in the Halloween train , Melissa Hastings and Darren Wilden . Wilden attacked Spencer and fought Paige , while Melissa drugged Aria and took her body . Wilden also murdered Garrett Reynolds fearing he 'd expose his corrupt activities and Melissa later admits to Spencer that she was blackmailed into doing his bidding . However , in Mona 's footage , evidence shows that Wilden tried to abandon the train and Melissa is heard ordering him to stay . Wilden would later place a fainted Aria in a box beside Garrett 's corpse and then gathered with Melissa in an attempt to push them off the train . They fled the scene once Aria regained her consciousness and stabbed Wilden . The Black Swan ( edit ) The Black Swan is a previously anonymous character that made an appearance during the Masquerade Ball . Melissa was revealed to be the person behind the disguise in `` Birds of a Feather '' .", "19": "She claimed that `` A '' ( Mona ) threatened her , stating that her false pregnancy would 've been exposed if she did not distract Jenna during the event . The disguise is inspired by Odile from Swan Lake . The Black hoodie ( edit ) Of course , the black hoodie has been the most significant disguise over the years and probably the most well known . Almost every single `` A '' has worn the signature black hoodie and it will be one of the biggest things for as long as Pretty Little Liars will be remembered . The disguise has been used by Mona , Charlotte , Toby , Spencer , Lucas , Sydney , Aria , Wren , and Alex . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars - Pilot '' . ABC Family . Retrieved 24 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( 15 March 2016 ) . `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap : ( Spoiler ) 's Twin Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved 21 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Game Over , Charles '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2015 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Shari ( 11 August 2016 ) . `` '' Pretty Little Liars '' Finale Recap : `` Game Over , Charles '' ( VIDEO ) `` . Gossip Cop . Retrieved 19 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sorren , Martha . `` Sara Harvey Is Red Coat On ' Pretty Little Liars ' & She Was In Cahoots With CeCe '' . Bustle . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill , Samantha . `` Pretty Little Liars boss definitively answers who was behind the show 's biggest mysteries '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://freeform.go.com/shows/pretty-little-liars/news/who-is-sydney-on-pretty-little-liars Jump up ^ `` The Lady Killer '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` A dAngerous gAme '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Becomes of the Broken Hearted '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 .", "20": "^ Jump up to : `` ' A ' is for A-l-i-v-e '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2013 . Jump up ^ I. Marlene King ( @ imarleneking ) ( 6 June 2017 ) . `` @ SherrieScream4 pretending '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Miss Me x 100 '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` This Is a Dark Ride '' . Pretty Little Liars. 2014 . Jump up ^ Director : Glatter , Lesli Linka . Writer : King , I. Marlene ( March 19 , 2012 ) . `` Unmasked '' . Pretty Little Liars . Season 2 . Episode 25 . ABC Family . ( hide ) Pretty Little Liars Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night ' '' Season 4 `` ' A ' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A ' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On , Charles '' `` Game Over , Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte 's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush , Hush , Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick - Tock , Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr.", "21": "Rollins '' `` Hit and Run , Run , Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted : Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Characters `` A '' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll Related Book series 2006 novel Rosewood , Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars : The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_(Pretty_Little_Liars)&oldid=837572820 '' Categories : Pretty Little Liars characters Fictional characters introduced in 2006 Fictional murderers Fictional kidnappers Fictional hackers Fictional stalkers Fictional blackmailers Literary villains Hidden categories : Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 17 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "History of sustainability - wikipedia History of sustainability Jump to : navigation , search The history of sustainability traces human - dominated ecological systems from the earliest civilizations to the present . This history is characterized by the increased regional success of a particular society , followed by crises that were either resolved , producing sustainability , or not , leading to decline . In early human history , the use of fire and desire for specific foods may have altered the natural composition of plant and animal communities . Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago , agrarian communities emerged which depended largely on their environment and the creation of a `` structure of permanence '' . The Western industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries tapped into the vast growth potential of the energy in fossil fuels . Coal was used to power ever more efficient engines and later to generate electricity . Modern sanitation systems and advances in medicine protected large populations from disease . In the mid-20th century , a gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed . In the late 20th century , environmental problems became global in scale . The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on non-renewable energy resources . In the 21st century , there is increasing global awareness of the threat posed by the human - induced enhanced greenhouse effect , produced largely by forest clearing and the burning of fossil fuels . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early civilizations 2 Emergence of industrial societies 3 Early 20th century 4 Mid 20th century : environmentalism 5 Late 20th century 6 21st century : global awareness 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Early civilizations ( edit ) Further information : Neolithic revolution In early human history , although the energy and other resource demands of nomadic hunter - gatherers was small , the use of fire and desire for specific foods may have altered the natural composition of plant and animal communities . Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago , agriculture emerged in various regions of the world . Agrarian communities depended largely on their environment and the creation of a `` structure of permanence '' .", "1": "Societies outgrowing their local food supply or depleting critical resources either moved on or faced collapse . Sumerian harvester 's sickle , 3000 BC , made from baked clay Archeological evidence suggests that the first civilizations arose in Sumer , in southern Mesopotamia ( now Iraq ) and Egypt , both dating from around 3000 BCE . By 1000 BCE , civilizations were also established in India , China , Mexico , Peru and in parts of Europe . Sumer illustrates issues central to the sustainability of human civilization . Sumerian cities practised intensive , year - round agriculture from c. 5300 BCE . The surplus of storable food created by this economy allowed the population to settle in one place instead of migrating in search of wild foods and grazing land . It also allowed for a much greater population density . The development of agriculture in Mesopotamia required many labourers to build and maintain its irrigation system . This , in turn , led to political hierarchy , bureaucracy , and religious sanction , along with standing armies to protect the emergent civilization . Intensified agriculture allowed for population increase , but also led to deforestation in upstream areas with resultant flooding and over-irrigation , which raised soil salinity . While there was a shift from the cultivation of wheat to the more salt - tolerant barley , yields still diminished . Eventually , decreasing agricultural production and other factors led to the decline of the civilization . From 2100 BC to 1700 BC , it is estimated that the population was reduced by nearly sixty percent . Civilizations similarly thought to have eventually fallen because of poor management of resources include the Mayans , Anasazi and Easter Islanders , among many others . In contrast , stable communities of shifting cultivators and horticulturists existed in New Guinea and South America , and large agrarian communities in China , India and elsewhere have farmed in the same localities for centuries . Some Polynesian cultures have maintained stable communities for between 1,000 and 3,000 years on small islands with minimal resources using rahui and kaitiakitanga to control human pressure on the environment . In Sri Lanka nature reserves established during the reign of king Devanampiyatissa and dating back to 307 BC were devoted to sustainability and harmonious living with nature .", "2": "Emergence of industrial Societies ( edit ) Further information : Fossil fuels A Watt steam engine , the steam engine fuelled primarily by coal that propelled the Industrial Revolution in Britain and the world Technological advances over several millennia gave humans increasing control over the environment . But it was the Western industrial revolution of the 18th to 19th centuries that tapped into the vast growth potential of the energy in fossil fuels . Coal was used to power ever more efficient engines and later to generate electricity . Modern sanitation systems and advances in medicine protected large populations from disease . Such conditions led to a human population explosion and unprecedented industrial , technological and scientific growth that has continued to this day , marking the commencement of a period of global human influence known as the Anthropocene . From 1650 to 1850 the global population doubled from around 500 million to 1 billion people . Concerns about the environmental and social impacts of industry were expressed by some Enlightenment political economists and through the Romantic movement of the 1800s . The Reverend Thomas Malthus , devised catastrophic and much - criticized theories of `` overpopulation '' , while John Stuart Mill foresaw the desirability of a `` stationary state '' economy , thus anticipating concerns of the modern discipline of ecological economics . In the late 19th century Eugenius Warming was the first botanist to study physiological relations between plants and their environment , heralding the scientific discipline of ecology . Further information : Hans Carl von Carlowitz Early 20th century ( edit ) See also : Environmental movement By the 20th century , the industrial revolution had led to an exponential increase in the human consumption of resources . The increase in health , wealth and population was perceived as a simple path of progress . However , in the 1930s economists began developing models of non-renewable resource management ( see Hotelling 's rule ) and the sustainability of welfare in an economy that uses non-renewable resources ( Hartwick 's rule ) . Ecology had now gained general acceptance as a scientific discipline , and many concepts vital to sustainability were being explored . These included : the interconnectedness of all living systems in a single living planetary system , the biosphere ; the importance of natural cycles ( of water , nutrients and other chemicals , materials , waste ) ; and the passage of energy through trophic levels of living systems .", "3": "Mid 20th century : environmentalism ( edit ) See also : Environmentalism and Environmental science Following the deprivations of the great depression and World War II the developed world entered a new period of escalating growth , a post-1950s `` great acceleration ... a surge in the human enterprise that has emphatically stamped humanity as a global geophysical force . '' A gathering environmental movement pointed out that there were environmental costs associated with the many material benefits that were now being enjoyed . Innovations in technology ( including plastics , synthetic chemicals , nuclear energy ) and the increasing use of fossil fuels , were transforming society . Modern industrial agriculture -- the `` Green Revolution '' -- was based on the development of synthetic fertilizers , herbicides and pesticides which had devastating consequences for rural wildlife , as documented by American marine biologist , naturalist and environmentalist Rachel Carson in Silent Spring ( 1962 ) . In 1956 , American geoscientist M. King Hubbert 's peak oil theory predicted an inevitable peak of oil production , first in the United States ( between 1965 and 1970 ) , then in successive regions of the world -- with a global peak expected thereafter . In the 1970s environmentalism 's concern with pollution , the population explosion , consumerism and the depletion of finite resources found expression in Small Is Beautiful , by British economist E.F. Schumacher in 1973 , and The Limits to Growth published by the global think tank , the Club of Rome , in 1975 . Late 20th century ( edit ) Further information : Sustainability and Sustainable development Environmental problems were now becoming global in scale . The 1973 and 1979 energy crises demonstrated the extent to which the global community had become dependent on a nonrenewable resource ; President Carter in his State of the Union Address called on Americans to `` Conserve energy . Eliminate waste . Make 1980 indeed a year of energy conservation . '' While the developed world was considering the problems of unchecked development the developing countries , faced with continued poverty and deprivation , regarded development as essential to raise the living standards of their peoples . In 1980 the International Union for Conservation of Nature had published its influential World Conservation Strategy , followed in 1982 by its World Charter for Nature , which drew attention to the decline of the world 's ecosystems .", "4": "In 1987 the United Nation 's World Commission on Environment and Development ( the Brundtland Commission ) , in its report Our Common Future suggested that development was acceptable , but it must be sustainable development that would meet the needs of the poor while not increasing environmental problems . Humanity 's demand on the planet has more than doubled over the past 45 years as a result of population growth and increasing individual consumption . In 1961 almost all countries in the world had more than enough capacity to meet their own demand ; by 2005 the situation had changed radically with many countries able to meet their needs only by importing resources from other nations . A move toward sustainable living by increasing public awareness and adoption of recycling , and renewable energies emerged . The development of renewable sources of energy in the 1970s and ' 80s , primarily in wind turbines and photovoltaics and increased use of hydroelectricity , presented some of the first sustainable alternatives to fossil fuel and nuclear energy generation , the first large - scale solar and wind power plants appearing during the 1980s and ' 90s . Also at this time many local and state governments in developed countries began to implement small - scale sustainability policies . 21st century : global awareness ( edit ) Through the work of climate scientists in the IPCC there is increasing global awareness of the threat posed by the human - induced enhanced greenhouse effect , produced largely by forest clearing and the burning of fossil fuels . In March 2009 the Copenhagen Climate Council , an international team of leading climate scientists , issued a strongly worded statement : `` The climate system is already moving beyond the patterns of natural variability within which our society and economy have developed and thrived . These parameters include global mean surface temperature , sea - level rise , ocean and ice sheet dynamics , ocean acidification , and extreme climatic events . There is a significant risk that many of the trends will accelerate , leading to an increasing risk of abrupt or irreversible climatic shifts . '' Ecological economics now seeks to bridge the gap between ecology and traditional neoclassical economics : it provides an inclusive and ethical economic model for society .", "5": "A plethora of new concepts to help implement and measure sustainability are becoming more widely accepted including the car - free movement , smart growth ( more sustainable urban environments ) , life cycle assessment ( the cradle to cradle analysis of resource use and environmental impact over the life cycle of a product or process ) , ecological footprint analysis , green building , dematerialization ( increased recycling of materials ) , decarbonisation ( removing dependence on fossil fuels ) and much more . The work of Bina Agarwal and Vandana Shiva amongst many others , has brought some of the cultural wisdom of traditional , sustainable agrarian societies into the academic discourse on sustainability , and also blended that with modern scientific principles . In 2009 the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States determined that greenhouse gases `` endanger public health and welfare '' of the American people by contributing to climate change and causing more heat waves , droughts and flooding , and threatening food and water supplies . Rapidly advancing technologies now provide the means to achieve a transition of economies , energy generation , water and waste management , and food production towards sustainable practices using methods of systems ecology and industrial ecology . See also ( edit ) History of sustainable transport Outline of sustainability Environmental issue References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Beddoea , R. , Costanzaa , R. , Farleya , J. , Garza , E. , Kent , J. , Kubiszewski , I. , Martinez , L. , McCowen , T. , Murphy , K. , Myers , N. , Ogden , Z. , Stapleton , K. , and Woodward , J. ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Overcoming systemic roadblocks to sustainability : The evolutionary redesign of worldviews , institutions , and technologies . '' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 106 8 2483 -- 2489 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 08 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wright , R. ( 2004 ) . A Short History of Progress . Toronto : Anansi . ISBN 0 - 88784 - 706 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Scholes , R. ( 2003 ) . Stories from the Stone Age . Beyond Productions in association with S4C and S4C International . Australian Broadcasting Corporation .", "6": "Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Clarke , W.C. ( 1977 ) . `` The Structure of Permanence : The Relevance of Self - Subsistence Communities for World Ecosystem Management , '' in Subsistence and Survival : Rural Ecology in the Pacific . Bayliss - Smith , T. and R. Feachem ( eds ) . London : Academic Press , pp. 363 -- 384 . ^ Jump up to : Hilgenkamp , K. ( 2005 ) . Environmental Health : Ecological Perspectives . London : Jones & Bartlett . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7637 - 2377 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Meadows , D.H. , D.L. Meadows , J. Randers , and W. Behrens III . ( 1972 ) . The Limits to Growth . New York : Universe Books . ISBN 0 - 87663 - 165 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : World Wide Fund for Nature ( 2008 ) . Living Planet Report 2008 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( 2005 ) . Ecosystems and Human Well - being : Biodiversity Synthesis . World Resources Institute , Washington , DC . pp. 1 - 85 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 07 - 08 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Turner , G.M. ( 2008 ) . `` A Comparison of The Limits to Growth with 30 Years of Reality . '' Archived 2010 - 11 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . Global Environmental Change 18 : 397 -- 411 . Online version published by CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems . Retrieved on : 2009 - 01 - 03 ^ Jump up to : U.S. Department of Commerce . Carbon Cycle Science . NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 14 ^ Jump up to : BBC News ( August 2008 ) . In depth : `` Climate Change . '' BBC News , UK .", "7": "Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ Wright , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( 2005 ). Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . New York : Viking Books . ISBN 1 - 58663 - 863 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kramer , S. ( 1988 ) . History Begins at Sumer : Thirty - Nine Firsts in Recorded History . University of Pennsylvania Press ; 3rd edition ( April 1988 ) , pp. 52 -- 55. ISBN 9780812212761 . Jump up ^ Wright , R. , p. 42 . ^ Jump up to : Wright , R. , pp. 86 -- 116 Jump up ^ Thompson , W.R. ; Hay , ID ( 2004 ) . `` Complexity , Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation '' ( PDF ) . Journal of World Systems Research . 28 ( 12 ) : 1187 -- 98 . doi : 10.1007 / s00268 - 004 - 7605 - z . PMID 15517490 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 02 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( 2005 ) . Guns , Germs , and Steel : The Fates of Human Societies . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 06131 - 4 . Jump up ^ Diamond , J. ( 2005 ) . Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed . London : Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 303655 - 5 . Jump up ^ Cook Islands National Environment Service . National Parks and Conservation Areas Archived 2009 - 08 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on : 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Miller , D.N. Tüwharetoa & N. Kahungunu ( 2005 ) . Western and Mäori Values for Sustainable Development .", "8": "MWH New Zealand Ltd . Retrieved on : 2009 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ Mackee , J. ; Obbard , J. ; Briffett , C. ( 2001 ) . `` Environmental Assessment in Sri Lanka : Its Status and the Potential for the Introduction of Strategic Environmental Assessment '' . Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy & Management . 3 : 209 . doi : 10.1142 / s1464333201000674 . Jump up ^ Goudie A. ( 2005 ) . The Human Impact on the Natural Environment . 6th ed . Oxford : Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4051 - 2704 - 2 . Jump up ^ Martinez - Alier , J. ( 1987 ) . Ecological Economics . London : Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15739 - 7 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , E. ( 1973 ) . Small Is Beautiful : A Study of Economics as if People Mattered . London : Blond and Briggs . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85634 - 012 - 3 . Jump up ^ Daly , H.E. & Farley , J. ( 2004 ) . Ecological Economics : Principles and Applications . London : Island Press . ISBN 1 - 55963 - 312 - 3 . Jump up ^ Goodland , R.J. ( 1975 ) . `` The tropical origin of ecology : Eugen Warming 's jubilee . '' Oikos 26 : 240 -- 245 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 14 Jump up ^ de Long , B. ( 2000 ) . `` Cornucopia : The Pace of Economic Growth in the Twentieth Century . '' Working Paper 7602 . Cambridge , MA : National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Hotelling , H ( 1931 ) . `` The Economics of Exhaustible Resources '' . Journal of Political Economy. 39 : 137 -- 175 . doi : 10.1086 / 254195 . Jump up ^ Hartwick , J ( 1977 ) .", "9": "`` Intergenerational Equity and the Investing of Rents from Exhaustible Resources '' . American Economic Review . 66 : 972 -- 974 . Jump up ^ Worster , D ( 1994 ) `` Nature 's economy : a history of ecological ideas '' . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 46834 - 5 Jump up ^ Robin , L. ( 2008 ) . `` The ' Big Here and the Long Now ' : agendas for history and sustainability . '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Fenner School of Environment and Society , Australian National University / Centre for Historical Research , National Museum of Australia . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Grove , N. ( 1974 ) . `` Oil , the Dwindling Treasure . '' National Geographic . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Carter , J. ( 1980 ) . State of the Union Address . Jimmy Carter Library & Museum , Georgia State University , and the Board of Regents of the University System of Georgia . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ The Group of 77 ( 1964 ) . Joint Declaration of the 77 Developing Countries . United Nations Conference on Trade and Development , Geneva , 1964 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ IUCN / UNEP / WWF ( 1991 ) . `` Caring for the Earth : A Strategy for Sustainable Living . '' Gland , Switzerland . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ UN General Assembly ( 1982 ) . World Charter for Nature . 48th plenary meeting , A / RES / 37 / 7 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 03 - 30 . Jump up ^ Southface Energy and Environmental Resource Center . The history of solar power . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Dodge , D. An Illustrated history of wind power development . TelosNet .", "10": "Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ International Centre for Sustainable Cities . `` Sustainable Cities . '' The international Sustainable Cities program founded in 1993 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ University of Copenhagen ( March 2009 ) . `` Key Messages from the Congress . '' Archived 2009 - 03 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . Proc. International Scientific Congress on Climate Change . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Golubiewski , N. & Cleveland , C. ( eds . ) `` Problems and Principles of Ecological Economics . '' The Encyclopedia of Earth , Chapter 3 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Costanza R. ( 2003 ) . `` Early History of Ecological Economics and ISEE . '' Internet Encyclopaedia of Ecological Economics . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 01 Jump up ^ Blewitt , J. ( 2008 ) . Understanding Sustainable Development . London : Earthscan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 454 - 9 . Jump up ^ Ganguly , M. `` Vandana Shiva : Seeds of Self - Reliance . '' Time.com , Heros for the Green Century . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ United States Environmental Protection Agency ( April 2009 ) . `` EPA Finds Greenhouse Gases Pose Threat to Public Health , Welfare / Proposed Finding Comes in Response to 2007 Supreme Court Ruling . '' News Releases by date . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 17 . Jump up ^ Kay , J. ( 2002 ) . Kay , J.J. `` On Complexity Theory , Exergy and Industrial Ecology : Some Implications for Construction Ecology . '' Archived 2006 - 01 - 06 at the Wayback Machine . In : Kibert C. , Sendzimir J. , Guy , B. ( eds . ) Construction Ecology : Nature as the Basis for Green Buildings , pp.", "11": "72 -- 107 . London : Spon Press . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ Baksh , B. and Fiksel J. ( June 2003 ) `` The Quest for Sustainability : Challenges for Process Systems Engineering . '' American Institute Of Chemical Engineers Journal 49 ( 6 ) : 1355 . Retrieved on : 2009 - 04 - 04 . External links ( edit ) The Complex History of Sustainability , a Timeline of Trends , Authors , Projects and Fiction History and sustainability project led by Paul Warde at the Centre for History and Economics , King 's College , Cambridge . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_sustainability&oldid=836051840 '' Categories : Sustainability Environmental history Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Hrvatski Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 11 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "The Killing of a Sacred Deer - wikipedia The Killing of a Sacred Deer Jump to : navigation , search The Killing of a Sacred Deer Theatrical release poster Directed by Yorgos Lanthimos Produced by Ed Guiney Yorgos Lanthimos Written by Yorgos Lanthimos Efthymis Filippou Starring Colin Farrell Nicole Kidman Barry Keoghan Raffey Cassidy Sunny Suljic Alicia Silverstone Bill Camp Cinematography Thimios Bakatakis Edited by Yorgos Mavropsaridis Production company Film4 New Sparta Films HanWay Films Bord Scannán na hÉireann / The Irish Film Board Element Pictures Limp Distributed by A24 Curzon Artificial Eye Release date May 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 22 ) ( Cannes ) October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) ( United States ) November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) ( United Kingdom & Ireland ) Running time 121 minutes Country Ireland United Kingdom United States Language English Box office $4.3 million The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological horror film directed by Yorgos Lanthimos , from a screenplay by Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou . It stars Colin Farrell , Nicole Kidman , Barry Keoghan , Raffey Cassidy , Sunny Suljic , Alicia Silverstone , and Bill Camp . The story is based on the ancient Greek play Iphigenia at Aulis by Euripides . The film follows a cardiac surgeon ( played by Farrell ) who secretly befriends a teenage boy with a connection to his past . He introduces the boy to his family , who then fall mysteriously ill . The Killing of a Sacred Deer was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2017 Cannes Film Festival . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 20 , 2017 , by A24 , and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 3 , 2017 , by Curzon Artificial Eye .", "1": "It has received positive reviews , and grossed $4.28 million worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) Steven Murphy , a skilled cardiothoracic surgeon , finishes an open heart surgery , and later goes to a diner where he meets a teenage boy named Martin . The precise nature of their relationship is unexplained . Afterward , Steven returns home to his wife , Anna , and their children , Kim and Bob . The next day , Steven reveals his connection to Martin , claiming he is a schoolmate of Kim 's , when Martin unexpectedly comes to speak with Steven at the hospital . Steven later privately tells Anna that Martin 's father died in a car accident ten years earlier , and that he has taken an interest in the boy to help him grieve . At Steven 's suggestion , Martin comes to the Murphy household for dinner ; Kim seems particularly taken with him . Martin returns the favor by inviting Steven to his mother 's home for dinner . After the meal , Steven attempts to leave , but Martin insists he stay and watch a movie with them . Martin leaves halfway through the film , and his mother makes a sexual advance on Steven , who quickly rebuffs her and goes home . Over the next few days , Martin 's demands on Steven 's time grow increasingly frequent and desperate , but Steven does not reply . One morning Bob awakens and finds he can not feel his legs -- he has become paralyzed . Steven and Anna rush him to the hospital , where a full neurological examination reveals that nothing is physically wrong . Though , he briefly recovers , Bob remains unable to walk . While the elder Murphys tend to Bob , Kim meets with Martin for a date . The next morning , Martin visits Bob in the hospital and demands that Steven speak to him in private . The two retreat to the cafeteria , where Martin reveals the truth : his father did not die immediately , as Steven told his wife , but during surgery that Steven himself performed after the crash . Steven failed to save Martin 's father , and the boy bluntly tells Steven that he blames the cardiologist for the death .", "2": "He further explains that , to `` balance '' the act of destroying a family , Steven must kill one of the members of his own . Martin goes on to explain that he has placed a curse upon the Murphys that will gradually kill them through a series of stages unless Steven makes his choice and murders one of them ; the paralysis is the first of these four stages . Steven attempts to dismiss these seemingly wild claims , but later finds that Bob is refusing food -- this is the second stage of Martin 's curse . Kim later loses the use of her legs during a choir practice and also will not eat . Kim receives a phone call from Martin at the hospital . During the conversation , Kim abruptly regains the use of her legs , only to lose mobility again when the connection is broken . This seems to convince Anna of Martin 's power , and she travels to his home to directly ask why she and her children must suffer for Steven 's mistakes . The unrepentant Martin can not answer , simply remarking that `` it 's the only thing I can think of that 's close to justice '' . Anna , further suspecting that her formerly alcoholic husband may have imbibed on the day of the operation , speaks to Steven 's anesthesiologist , who reveals that Steven did in fact have a few drinks that morning , with Anna sexually gratifying him as payment for the information . At Anna 's insistence , the children are transported to their home , where they are continually fed though an NG tube . Anna and Steven fight over the situation , with Steven refusing to believe that anything supernatural is happening . That night , he kidnaps Martin and binds him to a chair in the basement , brutally beating him and demanding that he undo his hold on the children . Martin remains unflappable , warning Steven that time is running out . Martin 's presence only exacerbates the tension in the household : Kim and Bob argue with each other over who their father will choose ; Steven tries to gather information to make the decision ; and Anna claims that killing one of the children is clearly the only option , as they can have another . Kim attempts to save herself by traveling to the basement to see Martin , demanding that he free her again so that they may run away together . Her strategy fails and she tries to escape herself by crawling through the neighborhood . Steven and Anna save her .", "3": "The next morning , Anna releases Martin while Steven sleeps , pointing out that holding him captive was of no use . Later that day , Bob begins bleeding from the eyes -- the final stage of the curse before death . Rather than choose , Steven binds Kim , Bob , and Anna to chairs in the living room , covers their heads , and pulls a black woolen mask over his own face . He next loads a rifle , spins uncontrollably , and fires . The first two shots miss , but the third pierces Bob 's heart and kills him . Some time later , the family visits the same diner where Steven previously met with Martin . As they sit in silence , Martin enters and stares at them ; he and the family briefly lock eyes and Kim begins eating before they stand and leave . Martin gazes after them as they walk through the door . Cast ( edit ) Colin Farrell as Steven Murphy , Anna 's husband and Bob and Kim 's father Nicole Kidman as Anna Murphy , Steven 's wife and Bob and Kim 's mother Barry Keoghan as Martin , a teenager whom Steven meets with Raffey Cassidy as Kim Murphy , Steven and Anna 's daughter and Bob 's sister Sunny Suljic as Bob Murphy , Steven and Anna 's son and Kim 's brother Alicia Silverstone as Martin 's mother Bill Camp as Matthew , an anesthesiologist Production ( edit ) On May 11 , 2016 , it was announced that Colin Farrell had been cast in the film , with Yorgos Lanthimos directing from a screenplay he had written with Efthymis Filipou . Film4 Productions and Element Pictures produced the project . In June 2016 , Nicole Kidman was cast in the film , and in August 2016 , Alicia Silverstone , Raffey Cassidy , Bill Camp , Barry Keoghan , and Sunny Suljic also joined . Filming ( edit ) As of August 23 , 2016 , the film had begun principal photography in Cincinnati , filming at The Christ Hospital . It was also shot in the Hyde Park and Northside neighborhoods . The school scenes in the film were shot at Roger Bacon High School . Release ( edit ) In May 2016 , A24 acquired U.S. distribution rights to the film . The same month , Haut et Court acquired French rights .", "4": "It had its world premiere at the Cannes Film Festival on May 22 , 2017 . Lanthimos and Filippou won the Best Screenplay award at the festival . The film was theatrically released in the United States on October 20 , 2017 and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on November 3 , 2017 . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating 79 % , based on 220 reviews , with an average rating of 7.6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer continues director Yorgos Lanthimos ' stubbornly idiosyncratic streak -- and demonstrates again that he is a talent not to be ignored . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Date of ceremony Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) Result Ref . Cannes Film Festival May 26 , 2017 Palme D'Or Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Best Screenplay Award Yorgos Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou Won European Film Awards December 10 , 2017 Best European Actor Colin Farrell Nominated Best European Director Yorgos Lanthimos Nominated Best European Screenwriter Yorgos Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou Nominated Independent Spirit Awards March 3 , 2018 Best Supporting Male Barry Keoghan Pending Best Cinematography Thimios Bakatakis Pending Sitges Film Festival October 14 , 2017 Best Film The Killing of a Sacred Deer Nominated José Luis Guarner Critics ' Award Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Kevin ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` The Ancient Greek Plays That Explain How The Killing of a Sacred Deer Got Its Title '' . Vulture.com .", "5": "Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lane , Anthony ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' and ' The Square ' '' . The Current Cinema ( column ) . New Yorker . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` Cannes : Colin Farrell Reunites With Yorgos Lanthimos for ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Nicole Kidman in Talks to Join Colin Farrell in ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Alicia Silverstone Joins Colin Farrell , Nicole Kidman in ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiseman , Andreas ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` Farrell , Kidman begin shoot on Yorgos Lanthimos drama '' . Screen Daily . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Vicar , Nathan . `` Movie filmed in Cincinnati booed at Cannes '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( May 11 , 2016 ) . `` A24 Picks Up Yorgos Lanthimos ' ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Jafaar , Ali ( May 16 , 2016 ) . `` Haut et Court Acquires French Rights to Yorgos Lanthimos ' ' The Killing of a Sacred Deer ' -- Cannes '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ; Evans , Greg ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Cannes Lineup : Todd Haynes , Sofia Coppola , Noah Baumbach , ' Twin Peaks ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 2017 Official Selection '' . Cannes. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Cannes Film Festival Announces Lineup : Todd Haynes , Sofia Coppola , ' Twin Peaks ' and More '' . IndieWire. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Debruge , Peter ( 28 May 2017 ) . `` 2017 Cannes Film Festival Award Winners Announced '' . Variety . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ashley ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` A24 Sets Colin Farrell 's ' Killing of a Sacred Deer ' for November Release '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` A24 Shifts ' The Killing of the Sacred Deer ' Release '' . Bloody-Disgusting.com . Retrieved August 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Killing of a Sacred Deer reviews '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best screenplay award : : Yorgos LANTHIMOS - THE KILLING OF A SACRED DEER '' . May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tartaglione , Nancy ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` European Film Awards Nominations : ' The Square ' , ' Loveless ' , ' On Body And Soul ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Hilary ( November 21 , 2017 ) .", "7": "`` 2018 Independent Spirit Award Nominations Revealed '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The fantastic fable ' Jupiter 's Moon ' wins Sitges 2017 '' . Sitges Film Festival . October 14 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) The Killing of a Sacred Deer on IMDb Films directed by Yorgos Lanthimos My Best Friend ( 2001 ) Kinetta ( 2005 ) Dogtooth ( 2009 ) Alps ( 2011 ) The Lobster ( 2015 ) The Killing of a Sacred Deer ( 2017 ) The Favourite ( 2018 ) Iphigenia in Aulis and Iphigenia in Tauris by Euripides Iphigenia 's family Agamemnon ( father ) Clytemnestra ( mother ) Aegisthus ( stepfather ) Orestes ( brother ) Electra ( sister ) Chrysothemis ( sister ) Iphigenia in Aulis Operas Iphigénie en Aulide ( 1774 , Gluck ) Plays Iphigénie ( 1674 ) Film Iphigenia ( 1977 ) Novel The Songs of the Kings Trilogy The Bacchae Alcmaeon in Corinth Related Bash : Latter - Day Plays The Killing of a Sacred Deer Iphigenia in Tauris Operas Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1699 , Desmarets and Campra ) Ifigenia in Tauride ( 1771 , Jommelli ) Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1779 , Gluck ) discography Iphigénie en Tauride ( 1781 , Piccinni ) Plays Iphigenia in Tauris ( 1779 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "8": "php?title=The_Killing_of_a_Sacred_Deer&oldid=822093697 '' Categories : 2017 films 2017 horror films 2010s thriller films 2010s horror thriller films American films British films Irish films American drama films American horror films American horror thriller films American psychological horror films American psychological thriller films American thriller films British drama films British horror films British horror thriller films British thriller films Irish drama films Irish horror films Irish thriller films English - language films Films shot in Ohio Film4 Productions films Films directed by Yorgos Lanthimos A24 films Sacrifices in fiction Films based on works by Euripides Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 10 : 20 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 8, 7, 5, 3, 1, 6, 0, 4 ]

[ 5, 2, 8, 7, 3 ]

[ "16.5 quadrillion BTUs", "16.5 quadrillion BTUs", "30.4%" ]

{ "0": "Coal power in the United States - wikipedia Coal power in the United States Jump to : navigation , search U.S. 2014 Electricity generation by type . Coal electrical generation ( black line ) , compared to other sources , 1949 - 2016 See also : Coal mining in the United States Electricity produced by coal consumption Coal power in the United States accounted for 39 % of the country 's electricity production at utility - scale facilities in 2014 , 33 % in 2015 , and 30.4 % in 2016 Coal supplied 16.5 quadrillion BTUs of primary energy to electric power plants in 2013 , which made up nearly 92 % of coal 's contribution to energy supply . Utilities buy more than 90 percent of the coal consumed in the United States . Coal has been used to generate electricity in the United States since an Edison plant was built in New York City in 1882 . The first alternating current power station was opened by General Electric in Ehrenfeld , Pennsylvania in 1902 , servicing the Webster Coal and Coke Company . By the mid-twentieth century , coal had become the leading fuel for generating electricity in the US . The long , steady rise of coal - fired generation of electricity shifted to a decline after 2007 . The decline has been linked to the increased availability of natural gas , decreased consumption , renewable power , and more stringent environmental regulations . The Environmental Protection Administration has advanced restrictions on coal plants to counteract mercury pollution , smog , and global warming . Contents ( hide ) 1 Recent trends , comparisons , and forecasts 1.1 Canceled and slowed proposals 2 Environmental impacts 2.1 Acid rain 2.1. 1 Sulfur dioxide emissions 2.2 Carbon footprint : CO emissions 2.3 Mercury pollution 3 Public debate 3.1 Advocates 3.2 Opposition 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Recent trends , comparisons , and forecasts ( edit ) Further information : Coal phase out The average share of electricity generated from coal in the US has dropped from 52.8 % in 1997 to 45.0 % in 2009 .", "1": "In 2009 , there were 1436 coal - powered units at the electrical utilities across the US , with a total nominal capacity of 338.732 GW ( compared to 1024 units at nominal 278 GW in 2000 ) . The actual average generated power from coal in 2006 was 227.1 GW ( 1.991 trillion kilowatt - hours per year ) , the highest in the world and still slightly ahead of China ( 1.95 trillion kilowatt - hours per year ) at that time . In 2000 , the US average production of electricity from coal was 224.3 GW ( 1.966 trillion kilowatt - hours for the year ) . In 2006 , US electrical generation consumed 1,026,636,000 short tons ( 931,349,000 metric tons ) or 92.3 % of the coal mined in the US . External image Coal mining in U.S. , natural gas prices Due to emergence of shale gas , coal consumption declined from 2009 . In the first quarter of 2012 , the use of coal for electricity generation declined substantially more , 21 % from 2011 levels . According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration , 27 gigawatts of capacity from coal - fired generators is to be retired from 175 coal - fired power plants between 2012 and 2016 . Natural gas showed a corresponding increase , increasing by a third over 2011 . Coal 's share of electricity generation dropped to just over 36 % . Coal use continues to decline rapidly through November 2015 with its share around 33.6 % . The coal plants are mostly base - load plants . As of July 7 2011 , utility companies will shut down and retire aging coal - fired power plants following the Environmental Protection Agency 's ( EPA ) announcement of the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule ( CSAP ) . The extent of shutdowns and reduction in utilization will depend on factors such as future price of natural gas and cost of installation of pollution control equipment ; however , as of 2013 , the future of coal - fired power plants in the United States did not appear promising .", "2": "Recent estimates gauge that an additional 40 gigawatts ( GW ) of coal - fired capacity will retire by 2020 ( in addition to the nearly 20GW that have retired as of 2014 ) . This is driven most strongly by inexpensive natural gas competing with coal , and EPA 's Mercury and Air Toxics Standards ( MATS ) , which require significant reductions in emissions of mercury , acid gases , and toxic metals , scheduled to take effect in April 2015 . Over 13 GW of coal power plants built between 1950 - 70 were retired in 2015 , averaging 133 MW per plant . In Texas , the price drop of natural gas has reduced the capacity factor in 7 of the state 's coal plants ( max . output 8 GW ) , and they contribute about a quarter of the state 's electricity . The cost of transporting coal may be around $20 for trains , or $5 - 6 for barge and truck . US Government subsidies for coal production are around $8 / tonne for the Powder River Basin . Canceled and slowed proposals ( edit ) On October 19 2007 , the Kansas Department of Health and Environment was the first government agency to reject a permit for a new coal - fired plant planned by Sunflower Electric Power Corporation on the basis of carbon dioxide emissions . Southwestern Power Group 's Bowie Power Station proposed an IGCC plant that was scrapped in favor of a natural gas plant . Regulatory uncertainty was cited as one of the reasons . A proposed 1,960 MW Florida Power & Light 's Glades Power Plant was rejected by the Florida Public Service Commission . Uncertainty over possible future carbon taxes was cited as one of the reasons . An air permit for a plant in Kentucky was rejected in August 2007 in a circuit court on the basis its air pollution control analysis was inadequate . Cancellation of 8 ( out of an intended 11 ) proposed coal plants of former TXU Corporation in Texas by the current owners , Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. and TPG , was finalized on October 15 , 2007 . Environmental impacts ( edit ) In the United States , three coal - fired power plants reported the largest toxic air releases in 2001 : CP&L Roxboro Steam Electric Plant in Semora , North Carolina .", "3": "The four - unit , 2,462 megawatt facility is one of the largest power plants in the United States . Reliant Energy 's Keystone Power Plant in Shelocta , Pennsylvania . Georgia Power Bowen Steam Electric Generating Plant in Cartersville , Georgia . The Environmental Protection Agency classified the 44 sites as potential hazards to communities , which means the waste sites could cause death and significant property damage if an event such as a storm or a structural failure caused a spill . They estimate that about 300 dry landfills and wet storage ponds are used around the country to store ash from coal - fired power plants . The storage facilities hold the noncombustible ingredients of coal and the ash trapped by equipment designed to reduce air pollution . Acid rain ( edit ) Further information : Acid rain Byproducts of coal plants have been linked to acid rain . Sulfur dioxide emissions ( edit ) 86 coal powered plants have a capacity of 107.1 GW , or 9.9 % of total U.S. electric capacity , they emitted 5,389,592 tons of SO in 2006 -- which represents 28.6 % of U.S. SO emissions from all sources . Carbon footprint : CO emissions ( edit ) Main article : Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Emissions from electricity generation account for the largest share of U.S. greenhouse gases , 38.9 % of U.S. production of carbon dioxide in 2006 ( with transportation emissions close behind , at 31 % ) . Although coal power only accounted for 49 % of the U.S. electricity production in 2006 , it was responsible for 83 % of CO emissions caused by electricity generation that year , or 1,970 Tg of CO emissions . Further 130 Tg of CO were released by other industrial coal - burning applications . Click Here to see a graph displaying CO emissions from coal powered plants . Mercury pollution ( edit ) U.S. coal - fired electricity - generating power plants owned by utilities emitted an estimated 48 tons of mercury in 1999 , the largest source of man - made mercury pollution in the U.S. In 1995 - 96 , this accounted for 32.6 % of all mercury emitted into the air by human activity in the U.S.", "4": "In addition , 13.1 % was emitted by coal - fired industrial and mixed - use commercial boilers , and 0.3 % by coal - fired residential boilers , bringing the total U.S. mercury pollution due to coal combustion to 46 % of the U.S. man - made mercury sources . In contrast , China 's coal - fired power plants emitted an estimated 200 ± 90 tons of mercury in 1999 , which was about 38 % of Chinese human - generated mercury emissions ( 45 % being emitted from non-ferrous metals smelting ) . Mercury in emissions from power plants can be reduced by the use of activated carbon . Public debate ( edit ) Advocates ( edit ) In 2007 an advertising campaign was launched to improve public opinion on coal power titled America 's Power . This was done by the American Coalition for Clean Coal Electricity ( then known as Americans for Balanced Energy Choices ) , a pro-coal organization started in 2000 . Opposition ( edit ) In the face of increasing electricity demand through the 2000s , the US has seen a `` Growing Trend Against Coal - Fired Power Plants '' . In 2005 the 790 MW Mohave Power Station closed rather than implement court ordered pollution controls . In 2006 through 2007 there was first a bullish market attitude towards coal with the expectation of a new wave of plants , but political barriers and pollution concerns escalated exponentially , which is likely to damage plans for new generation and put pressure on older plants . In 2007 , 59 proposed coal plants were cancelled , abandoned , or placed on hold by sponsors as a result of financing obstacles , regulatory decisions , judicial rulings , and new global warming legislation . The Stop Coal campaign has called for a moratorium on the construction of any new coal plants and for the phase out of all existing plants , citing concern for global warming . Others have called for a carbon tax and a requirement of carbon sequestration for all coal power plants . The creation in January 2009 of a Presidential task force ( to look at ways to alter the energy direction of the United States energy providers ) favors the trend away from coal - fired power plants .", "5": "See also ( edit ) Coal mining in the United States Mountaintop removal mining Superfund List of largest power stations in the United States List of the largest coal power stations in the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01 Jump up ^ https://www.eia.gov/tools/faqs/faq.cfm?id=427&t=3 Jump up ^ https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/index.html https://flowcharts.llnl.gov/content/energy/energy_archive/energy_flow_2013/2013USEnergy.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/news/cityregion/s_586978.html ^ Jump up to : Speight , James G. ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) . The Chemistry and Technology of Coal , Third Edition . CRC Press . p. 13 . ISBN 9781439836460 . ^ Jump up to : Trevor Houser , Jason Bordoff and Peter Marsters ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Can Coal Make a Comeback ? '' . energypolicy.columbia.edu . Center on Global Energy Policy , School of International and Public Affairs , Columbia University . Retrieved 15 May 2017 . Increased competition from cheap natural gas is responsible for 49 percent of the decline in domestic U.S. coal consumption . Lower - than - expected demand is responsible for 26 percent , and the growth in renewable energy is responsible for 18 percent . Jump up ^ Electric Power Monthly - Energy Information Administration Jump up ^ `` Existing Electric Generating Units in the United States '' . Energy Information Administration . 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Inventory of Electric Utility Power Plants in the United States 2000 '' . Energy Information Administration . March 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` Electric Power Annual with data for 2006 '' . Energy Information Administration . October 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 .", "6": "Jump up ^ See Wikipedia article on Chinese economy Jump up ^ `` U.S. Coal Consumption by End - Use Sector '' . Energy Information Administration . July 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ Liam Denning . `` Trump ca n't make both coal and fracking great again '' 2016 - 05 - 29 . Quote : `` The trend of gas taking market share from coal began in earnest in 2009 -- which just happens to be when the cost of gas to produce electricity collapsed '' Jump up ^ Gerhardt , Tina ( 1 November 2012 ) . `` Record Number of Coal Power Plants Retire '' . E-Magazine . Archived from the original on 1 November 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Electric Power Monthly , March 2011 ( released May 2012 ) , U.S. Energy Information Administration Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=epmt_1_01 Jump up ^ EPA finalizes rules for cross-state air pollution - The Hill 's E2 - Wire Jump up ^ Brad Plumer ( April 8 , 2013 ) . `` Study : The coal industry is in far more trouble than anyone realizes '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lincoln F. Pratson ; Drew Haerer ; Dalia Patiño - Echeverri ( March 15 , 2013 ) . `` Fuel Prices , Emission Standards , and Generation Costs for Coal vs Natural Gas Power Plants '' . Environmental Science & Technology . American Chemical Society . doi : 10.1021 / es4001642 . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` AEO2014 projects more coal - fired power plant retirements by 2016 than have been scheduled '' . Today in Energy . U.S Energy Information Administration . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coal made up more than 80 % of retired electricity generating capacity in 2015 '' . EIA . Archived from the original on 20 August 2016 . Retrieved 31 August 2016 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` 5 Charts That Show How Coal Is Getting Killed in Texas '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/coal/transportationrates/pdf/table1.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/coal/transportationrates/ Jump up ^ http://www.carbontracker.org/report/coal-subsidies/ Jump up ^ Washington Post . Power Plant Rejected Over Carbon Dioxide For First Time . Jump up ^ Talibre , Iriq ( 2007 - 10 - 15 ) . `` Plans for 8 Texas coal plants formally canceled '' . The Dallas Morning News . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 19 . Jump up ^ Coal and Oil Power Plants Top North American Polluter List Jump up ^ Associated Press - June 2009 Jump up ^ `` Technology Transfer Network : State Emission Index '' . U.S. Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved May 2008 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Inventory of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions and sinks : 1990 -- 2006 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. EPA . April 15 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury emissions control R&D '' . U.S. Dept. of Energy . 2006 - 01 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Mercury study : Report to Congress ( EPA - 452 / R - 97 - 004 ) '' ( PDF ) . 2 . United States Environmental Protection Agency . December 1997 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ Streets D.G. ; Hao J. ; Wu Y. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China '' . Atmos . Environ. 39 ( 40 ) : 7789 -- 7806 .", "8": "doi : 10.1016 / j. atmosenv. 2005.08. 029 . Jump up ^ Palang Thai : The Growing Trend Against Coal - Fired Power Plants ( USA ) Jump up ^ `` 59 Coal Plants Cancelled , Abandoned , or Put on Hold in 2007 , '' Lowbagger.org , 1 / 22 / 08 Jump up ^ `` Victories 2007 , '' CoalSwarm Jump up ^ Want to stop global warming ? STOP COAL ! Jump up ^ Cap - & - Trade and Carbon Tax Legislation External links ( edit ) Carbon - emissions culprit ? Coal . Clean Air Watch . State Coal Profile Index Map Coal production in the United States -- an historical overview Is America Ready to Quit Coal ? Energy in the United States Politics and law Energy Lobby Energy policy Energy Policy Act ( 1992 ) ( 2005 ) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Energy subsidies Federal Power Act Offshore drilling debate Renewable portfolio standard Secretary of Energy Energy law of the United States North American energy independence Energy by state Arkansas California Hawaii Idaho Ohio Oregon Vermont Sources Material Biofuel Coal Geothermal Hydroelectric Nuclear Petroleum Renewable Solar by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington D.C.", "9": "West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wind by state Alaska Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Oklahoma Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Dakota Texas Vermont Washington Wyoming Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emissions State CO emissions Emission standards CAFE standards Governmental Agencies PMAs ( BPA WAPA SEPA SWPA ) CARB DOE ( EIA EERE NREL OE ) EPA FERC NRC TVA USGS Organizations ACORE APPA AA API ASES AWEA BTEC EEI EBI EESI EPRI NRECA NEI PFI PIA RMI Energy portal Sustainable development portal Coal power in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coal_power_in_the_United_States&oldid=806031579 '' Categories : Climate change in the United States Coal in the United States Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2014 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 October 2017 ,", "10": "at 06 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 1, 6, 8, 2, 0, 3, 5, 4, 7, 10, 9 ]

[ 0, 1, 6, 8, 2 ]

[ "Ben Willis", "Ben Willis" ]

{ "0": "I Know What You Did Last Summer - wikipedia I Know What You Did Last Summer Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see I Know What You Did Last Summer ( disambiguation ) . I Know What You Did Last Summer Theatrical release poster Directed by Jim Gillespie Produced by Neal H. Mortiz Erik Feig Stokely Chaffin Screenplay by Kevin Williamson Based on I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Starring Jennifer Love Hewitt Sarah Michelle Gellar Ryan Phillippe Freddie Prinze Jr . Johnny Galecki Bridgette Wilson Music by John Debney Cinematography Denis Crossan Edited by Steve Mirkovich Production company Mandalay Entertainment Distributed by Columbia Pictures Release date October 17 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) Running time 101 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $17 million Box office $125.2 million I Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1997 American slasher horror film written by Kevin Williamson and directed by Jim Gillespie . The film is loosely based on the 1973 novel of the same name by Lois Duncan . The film also draws inspiration from the urban legend known as the Hook . The film stars Jennifer Love Hewitt , Sarah Michelle Gellar , Ryan Phillippe , and Freddie Prinze Jr. , with Anne Heche , Bridgette Wilson , and Johnny Galecki appearing in supporting roles . I Know What You Did Last Summer centers on four friends who are being stalked by a killer , one year after covering up a car accident in which they were involved . I Know What You Did Last Summer received mixed reviews from critics , but was commercially successful , grossing over $125 million at the box office . It was also nominated for and won multiple awards . As a result , the film has been parodied and referenced in popular culture . The film was followed by two sequels , I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and the straight - to - DVD release I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) .", "1": "Though the former film has a continuation of the plotline established in its predecessor , the latter film establishes a new plotline and does not star any cast members from the previous two installments . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Music 5.1 Soundtrack 6 Home media 7 Sequels and remake 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) On the Fourth of July 1996 in Southport , North Carolina , Julie James , her boyfriend Ray Bronson , Julie 's best friend Helen Shivers , and Helen 's boyfriend Barry Cox , are all driving home from a party . Along the road , they accidentally hit a pedestrian . Max , who has a crush on Julie , stops by . Julie reassures Max that everything is all right , and he leaves . After some arguing , the group decides to dispose of the body , dumping it in the water . The group agrees to never again discuss what had happened . The following year , a disheartened Julie returns home from college for the summer . Since the incident , the group has gone their separate ways . Julie receives a letter with no return address , stating , `` I know what you did last summer ! '' A disturbed Julie informs Helen , who works at her family store . The girls take the note to Barry , who immediately thinks Max is responsible . They confront Max on the docks , and Barry threatens him with a hook . Julie meets Ray , who is now working as a fisherman ; he unsuccessfully tries to reconcile with her . Later , Max is killed by a figure in a rain slicker wielding a hook . Barry discovers a note in his gym locker saying , `` I know . '' He is then ambushed by the same assailant driving Barry 's car . Meanwhile , Julie believes that the man they had run over was David Egan . Helen and she head over to visit with David 's sister Missy at her home . Missy explains to them that their family was devastated by David 's death ; she also mentions that a friend of David 's named Billy Blue also visited her to pay his last respects .", "2": "Later that night , the killer sneaks into Helen 's house , cuts off her hair while she sleeps , and writes `` Soon '' on her mirror . Julie finds Max 's corpse wearing Barry 's stolen jacket in the trunk of her car . When she calls the others , the body is missing . Ray claims to have received a threatening letter , too . While Helen rides with Barry as the reigning Croaker Queen in the Fourth of July parade , they notice a man wearing a slicker . Barry chases him , but it turns out to be a red herring . Julie goes back to Missy , who reveals David allegedly committed suicide out of guilt for the death of his girlfriend Susie in a car accident . Missy shows David 's suicide note to Julie . As the writing matches that of the note she received , Julie realizes it was not a suicide note , but a death threat . At the Croaker Pageant , Helen witnesses Barry being murdered on the balcony . She rushes up there with a police officer , but finds no sign of the killer or Barry . While driving Helen home , the officer is stopped by a stalled truck , then killed by a dark figure with a hook . Helen rushes to her family 's store , but the killer follows her inside and kills Helen 's sister Elsa . Helen manages to flee , but the killer chases her into an alley and slashes her to death , her screams drowned out by the noise of the parade . Julie finds an article mentioning Susie 's father , Ben Willis , and realizes it is Ben they ran over , moments after he had killed David to avenge his daughter . She then goes to the docks to tell Ray , but he refuses to believe her . Julie notices Ray 's boat is called Billy Blue and runs away before Ray can explain that he went to see Missy to relieve his conscience . Ben appears , knocks Ray out , and invites Julie to hide on his boat . Looking around , she finds photos and articles about her friends and her , and pictures of Susie . Ben 's boat leaves the docks , as Ray regains consciousness and steals a motorboat to rescue Julie , who is being chased all around Ben 's boat . Ray ultimately uses the rigging to sever Ben 's hook - carrying hand and send him overboard .", "3": "When the police question them , they deny knowing why Ben attempted to kill them , but they are relieved not to have actually killed anybody the previous summer , and reconcile . A year later , Julie is in college in Boston . As she enters the shower , she notices the words `` I still know '' on the mirror . Moments later , a dark figure crashes through it . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of I Know What You Did Last Summer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Julie James Sarah Michelle Gellar as Helen Shivers Ryan Phillippe as Barry Cox Freddie Prinze Jr. as Ray Bronson Bridgette Wilson as Elsa Shivers Anne Heche as Missy Egan Muse Watson as Ben Willis Johnny Galecki as Max Neurick Production ( edit ) The cliff and rock ( at bottom , center ) where David Eagan is sitting and drinking during the sunset scene at the beginning of the movie , filmed at Kolmer Gulch near Jenner , California The blind curve on California State Route 1 at Kolmer Gulch where Barry 's BMW hits pedestrian David Eagan early in the movie , filmed in Sonoma County near Jenner Although the movie is set in coastal North Carolina , most of the opening scenes were filmed in Sonoma County , California . In the first scene , the movie opens with an aerial shot over the ocean at sunset that transitions to David Eagan , who is sitting on a coastal cliff at sunset . This scene was filmed at Kolmer Gulch , just north of the town of Jenner , on Highway 1 . The night - time beach scene was filmed just south of Jenne . The ensuing car scene where Julie , Helen , Barry , and Ray accidentally hit the pedestrian ( David Eagan ) was also filmed at Kolmer Gulch on Highway 1 . The remaining scenes were filmed primarily around the vicinity of Southport , North Carolina . Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) In its opening weekend , the film grossed $15,818,645 in 2,524 theaters in the United States and Canada , ranking number one . By the end of its run , I Know What You Did Last Summer grossed $72,586,134 domestically and $53 million internationally for a worldwide total of $126 million .", "4": "Critical reception ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews upon release , inevitably drawing both positive and negative comparisons to Scream , also written by Williamson . Mick LaSalle thought it inferior to Scream , but Richard Harrington compared it favorably , stating that it was `` ... a smart , sharply drawn genre film with a moral center and a solid cast of young actors to hold it . '' Variety was also enthusiastic , calling it a `` polished genre piece with superior fright elements that should perform at better than average theatrical levels . '' On Rotten Tomatoes , 35 % of reviews were positive . Metacritic reported an aggregate score of 52 out of 100 based on 17 reviews . Critic Roger Ebert gave the film one of four stars and wrote in his review , `` The best shot in this film is the first one . Not a good sign . '' Jennifer Love Hewitt was praised for her performance as Julie James . An Entertainment Weekly columnist stated that Hewitt knows how to scream with soul . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` B - '' on an A+ to F scale . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Ceremony Nominee Result ASCAP Award Top Box Office Films John Debney Won 1998 Saturn Award Best Horror Film I Know What You Did Last Summer Nominated Blockbuster Entertainment Award Favorite Female Newcomer Jennifer Love Hewitt Won Favorite Actress Favorite Supporting Actress -- Horror Sarah Michelle Gellar Favorite Actor -- Horror Freddie Prinze Jr . Nominated Favorite Actress -- Horror Jennifer Love Hewitt Favorite Supporting Actor Ryan Phillippe International Horror Guild Award Best Movie I Know What You Did Last Summer MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Sarah Michelle Gellar Young Artist Award Best Performance in a Feature Film -- Leading Young Actress Jennifer Love Hewitt Music ( edit ) The film produced two soundtracks . One of them featured the score composed by John Debney , while the other contained various rock songs found in the film .", "5": "I Know What You Did Last Summer ( Original Motion Picture Score ) Film score ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by John Debney Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Film score Length 50 : 44 Label Super Tracks Music Group Soundtrack ( edit ) I Know What You Did Last Summer ( The Album ) Soundtrack album ( Digital download ) / Audio CD by Various Released October 7 , 1997 Genre Alternative rock , alternative metal Length 51 : 14 Label Columbia Records `` Hush '' by Kula Shaker ( 2 : 55 ) `` Summer Breeze '' by Type O Negative ( 4 : 57 ) `` D.U.I. '' by The Offspring ( 2 : 26 ) `` Kid '' by Green Apple Quick Step ( 3 : 17 ) `` This Ai n't the Summer of Love '' by L7 ( 3 : 09 ) `` Losin ' It '' by Soul Asylum ( 3 : 01 ) `` Hey Bulldog '' by Toad the Wet Sprocket ( 2 : 31 ) `` My Baby 's Got the Strangest Ways '' by Southern Culture on the Skids ( 3 : 59 ) `` Waterfall '' by The Din Pedals ( 3 : 47 ) `` Clumsy '' by Our Lady Peace ( 4 : 27 ) `` One Hundred Days '' by Flick ( 3 : 40 ) `` Great Life '' by Goatboy ( 3 : 50 ) `` 2 Wicky '' by Hooverphonic ( 4 : 44 ) `` Do n't Mean Anything '' by Adam Cohen ( 3 : 43 ) `` Proud '' by Korn ( 3 : 17 ) Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD by Columbia TriStar Home Video in the US on June 16 , 1998 . Special features included a theatrical trailer and filmmaker 's commentary . It was released on DVD and VHS in the UK by Entertainment in Video with no special features .", "6": "The film was released on Blu - ray for the first time on July 22 , 2008 , with more special features including the director 's short film : `` Joyride '' with optional commentary , a featurette titled `` Now I Know What You Did Last Summer '' , a music video of `` Hush '' by Kula Shaker and the theatrical trailer and filmmaker 's commentary from the DVD . Though it was released in the US , it is available to be watched in regions A , B , and C. The Blu - ray was re-released by Mill Creek Entertainment on September 30 , 2014 , in the US . It contains no special features and is only available in Region A . Sequels and remake ( edit ) The film was followed by two sequels : I Still Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1998 ) and I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer ( 2006 ) , which went direct - to - video . Both were critically panned . In the first sequel , Jennifer Love Hewitt , Freddie Prinze Jr. , and Muse Watson reprise their roles . The second sequel has very little relation to the first two , other than the premise , the villain , and the producers . It featured new characters and a different setting . On September 14 , 2014 , Sony reported that they have plans to remake the film ; Mike Flanagan and Jeff Howard are writing a script . In a June 1 , 2016 , Blumhouse.com `` Shockwaves '' podcast , writer Mike Flanagan revealed and further confirmed this new iteration and reimagination of the franchise would not have any inventions of the Lois Duncan novel ( the antagonist being a central character ) nor the 1997 feature ( the fisherman Ben Willis and four primary protagonists Julie James , Helen Shivers , Barry Cox , and Ray Bronson ) . Further , the new direction and scope of the film necessitates an estimated budget of $15 -- 20 million . Sony also states that the film is a high priority and is set for a release somewhere between 2017 and 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 .", "7": "^ Jump up to : `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Box Office Data '' . The Numbers . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office Calendar '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Jump up ^ `` Wayans Brothers ' Comedy Style A Hit In ' Scary Movie ' '' . Jet. 98 : 58 . 14 August 2000 . Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 24 Jump up ^ Mick LaSalle ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) . `` FILM REVIEW -- ` Last Summer ' Offers Thrills But No ` Scream ' / Story starts strong , but turns formulaic '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Richard Harrington ( 1997 - 10 - 17 ) . `` ' Summer ' Time : The Living is Deadly '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ Derek Elley ( 1997 - 10 - 13 ) . `` Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Variety Magazine . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer , Reviews , Ratings , Credits '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 7 August 2011 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger . `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . Chicago Sun - Times ( review ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Review : ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' '' . Entertainment Weekly .", "8": "24 October 1997 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ `` I Know What You Did Last Summer - Original Soundtrack - Songs , Reviews , Credits - AllMusic '' . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( 15 September 2014 ) . `` ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' In Season Again At Sony '' . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : I Know What You Did Last Summer I Know What You Did Last Summer on IMDb I Know What You Did Last Summer at AllMovie I Know What You Did Last Summer at Box Office Mojo I Know What You Did Last Summer at Rotten Tomatoes I Know What You Did Last Summer by Lois Duncan Films I Know What You Did Last Summer I Still Know What You Did Last Summer I 'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer Other `` How Do I Deal '' Characters Films directed by Jim Gillespie I Know What You Did Last Summer ( 1997 ) D - Tox ( 2002 ) Venom ( 2005 ) Billionaire Ransom ( 2016 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=I_Know_What_You_Did_Last_Summer&oldid=822266298 '' Categories : 1997 films English - language films 1997 horror films 1990s horror thriller films 1990s serial killer films 1990s teen horror films American films American horror thriller films American slasher films American teen horror films Directorial debut films Films about revenge Films based on American novels Films based on thriller novels Films based on urban legends Films set in North Carolina Films shot in North Carolina Columbia Pictures films Films scored by John Debney I Know What You Did Last Summer Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 11 : 01 . 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[ 2, 6, 9, 0, 4, 8, 3, 1, 7, 5 ]

[ 2, 6, 9, 0, 4, 8 ]

[ "fold their wings completely when they are resting so that one wing rests directly on top of the other over their abdomens", "also have a long proboscis, which extends directly forward and is attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom of their heads" ]

{ "0": "Tsetse fly - wikipedia Tsetse fly Jump to : navigation , search Tsetse fly Tsetse fly Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Clade : Euarthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Suborder : Brachycera Infraorder : Muscomorpha Section : Schizophora Subsection : Calyptratae Superfamily : Hippoboscoidea Family : Glossinidae Theobald , 1903 Genus : Glossina Wiedemann , 1830 Species groups Morsitans ( `` savannah '' subgenus ) Fusca ( `` forest '' subgenus ) Palpalis ( `` riverine '' subgenus ) Range of the tsetse fly Tsetse ( / ˈsiːtsi / SEET - see , US : / ˈtsiːtsi / TSEET - see or UK : / ˈtsɛtsi / TSET - see ) , sometimes spelled tzetze and also known as tik - tik flies , are large biting flies that inhabit much of tropical Africa . Tsetse flies include all the species in the genus Glossina , which are placed in their own family , Glossinidae . The tsetse are obligate parasites that live by feeding on the blood of vertebrate animals . Tsetse have been extensively studied because of their role in transmitting disease . They have a prominent economic impact in sub-Saharan Africa as the biological vectors of trypanosomes , which cause human sleeping sickness and animal trypanosomiasis . Tsetse are multivoltine and long - lived , typically producing about four broods per year , and up to 31 broods over their lifespans . Tsetse can be distinguished from other large flies by two easily observed features . Tsetse fold their wings completely when they are resting so that one wing rests directly on top of the other over their abdomens . Tsetse also have a long proboscis , which extends directly forward and is attached by a distinct bulb to the bottom of their heads .", "1": "Fossilized tsetse have been recovered from the Florissant Fossil Beds in Colorado , laid down some 34 million years ago . Twenty - three extant species of tsetse flies are known from Africa . Tsetse were absent from much of southern and eastern Africa until colonial times . The accidental introduction of rinderpest in 1887 killed most of the cattle in these areas , and the resulting famine removed much of the human population . Thorny bush ideal for tsetse quickly grew up , and was populated by wild mammals . Tsetse and sleeping sickness soon colonised the whole region , effectively excluding farming and animal husbandry . Hunters and conservationists supposed that the empty , game - rich land was typical of primeval Africa . Large areas were turned over to reserves , first for game hunting and later for conservation . Sleeping sickness was described by conservationists as `` the best game warden in Africa '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Biology 2.1 Morphology 2.2 Anatomy 2.3 Life cycle 2.4 Genetics 2.5 Symbionts 3 Systematics 3.1 Species 4 Tsetse , hunger , and poverty 4.1 History 4.2 Situation 5 Trypanosomiasis 5.1 Disease hosts and vectors 5.2 In humans 5.3 In domestic animals 6 Control 6.1 Control techniques 6.1. 1 Slaughter of wild animals 6.1. 2 Land clearing 6.1. 3 Pesticide campaigns 6.1. 4 Trapping 6.1. 5 Sterile insect technique 7 Effect on societal development 8 T. brucei sexual cycle 9 Resistance of tsetse flies to trypanosome infection 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links 14 Resources 14.1 Textbooks Etymology ( edit ) The word tsetse means `` fly '' in Tswana , a Bantu language of southern Africa . Recently , tsetse without the fly has become more common in English , particularly in the scientific and development communities .", "2": "The word is pronounced tseh - tseh in the Sotho languages and is easily rendered in other African languages . During World War II , a de Havilland antisubmarine aircraft was known as the ' Tsetse ' Mosquito . Biology ( edit ) The biology of tsetse is relatively well understood by entomologists . They have been extensively studied because of their medical , veterinary , and economic importances , because the flies can be raised in a laboratory , and because they are relatively large , facilitating their analysis . Morphology ( edit ) Tsetse flies can be seen as independent individuals in two forms : as third - instar larvae , and as adults . Tsetse first become separate from their mothers during the third larval instar , during which they have the typical appearance of maggots . However , this life stage is short , lasting at most a few hours , and is almost never observed outside of the laboratory . Tsetse next develop a hard external case , the puparium , and become pupae -- small , hard - shelled , oblongs with two distinctive , small , dark lobes at the tail ( breathing ) end . Tsetse pupae are under 1.0 cm long . Within the puparial shell , tsetse complete the last two larval instars and the pupal stage . At the end of the pupal stage , tsetse emerge as adult flies . The adults are relatively large flies , with lengths of 0.5 - 1.5 cm , and have a recognizable shape or bauplan which makes them easy to distinguish from other flies . Tsetse have large heads , distinctly separated eyes , and unusual antennae . The thorax is quite large , while the abdomen is wide rather than elongated and shorter than the wings . Four characteristics definitively separate adult tsetse from other kinds of flies : Proboscis Tsetse have a distinct proboscis , a long thin structure attached to the bottom of the head and pointing forward . Folded wings When at rest , tsetse fold their wings completely one on top of the other . Hatchet cell The discal medial ( `` middle '' ) cell of the wing has a characteristic hatchet shape resembling a meat cleaver or a hatchet .", "3": "Branched arista hairs The antennae have arista with hairs which are themselves branched . Anatomy ( edit ) Like all other insects , tsetse flies have an adult body comprising three visibly distinct parts : the head , the thorax and the abdomen . The head has large eyes , distinctly separated on each side , and a distinct , forward - pointing proboscis attached underneath by a large bulb . The thorax is large , made of three fused segments . Three pairs of legs are attached to the thorax , as are two wings and two halteres . The abdomen is short but wide and changes dramatically in volume during feeding . The internal anatomy of tsetse is fairly typical of the insects . The crop is large enough to accommodate a huge increase in size during the bloodmeal since tsetse can take a bloodmeal equal in weight to themselves . The reproductive tract of adult females includes a uterus which can become large enough to hold the third - instar larva at the end of each pregnancy . The article Parasitic flies of domestic animals has a diagram of anatomy of dipteran flies . Most tsetse flies are physically very tough . Houseflies are easily killed with a flyswatter , but a great deal of effort is needed to crush a tsetse fly . Life cycle ( edit ) Glossina palpalis and G. morsitans from a 1920 lexicon Tsetse have an unusual lifecycle which may be due to the richness of their food source . A female fertilizes only one egg at a time and retains each egg within her uterus to have the offspring develop internally during the first three larval stages , a method called adenotrophic viviparity . During this time , the female feeds the developing offspring with a milky substance secreted by a modified gland in the uterus . In the third larval stage , the tsetse larva leaves the uterus and begins its independent life . The newly independent tsetse larva crawls into the ground , and develops a hard outer shell called the puparial case , in which it completes its morphological transformation into an adult fly . This lifestage has a variable duration , generally 20 to 30 days , and the larva must rely on stored resources during this time .", "4": "The importance of the richness of blood to this development can be seen , since all tsetse development before it emerges from the puparial case as a full adult occurs without feeding , based only on nutritional resources provided by the female parent . The female must get enough energy for her needs , for the needs of her developing offspring , and for the stored resources which her offspring will require until it emerges as an adult . Technically , these insects undergo the standard development process of insects , which consists of oocyte formation , ovulation , fertilization , development of the egg , three larval stages , a pupal stage , and the emergence and maturation of the adult . Genetics ( edit ) The genome of Glossina morsitans was sequenced in 2014 . Symbionts ( edit ) Tsetse flies three known symbionts . The primary symbiont is Wigglesworthia within the flys ' bacteriocytes , the secondary symbiont is Sodalis intercellularly or intracellularly , and the third is some kind of Wolbachia . The tsetse G. palpalis is also a vector and host of the sporozoan Hepatozoon petti , a parasite of the Nile crocodile . Systematics ( edit ) Tsetse are in the order Diptera , the true flies . They belong to the superfamily Hippoboscoidea , in which the tsetse 's family , the Glossinidae , is one of four families of blood - feeding obligate parasites . Up to 34 species and subspecies of tsetse flies are recognized , depending on the particular classification used . All current classifications place all the tsetse species in a single genus named Glossina . Most classifications place this genus as the sole member of the family Glossinidae . The Glossinidae are generally placed within the superfamily Hippoboscoidea , which contains other hematophagous families . Species ( edit ) The tsetse genus is generally split into three groups of species based on a combination of distributional , behavioral , molecular and morphological characteristics . The genus includes : The ' savannah ' flies : ( subgenus Morsitans , occasionally named Glossina ) : Glossina austeni ( Newstead ,", "5": "1912 ) Glossina morsitans Westwood , 1850 Glossina pallidipes ( Austen , 1903 ) Glossina swynnertoni ( Austen , 1923 ) The ' forest ' flies : ( subgenus Fusca , previously named Austenia ) : Glossina fusca fusca ( Walker , 1849 ) Glossina fuscipleuris ( Austen , 1911 ) Glossina frezili ( Gouteux , 1987 ) Glossina haningtoni ( Newstead and Evans , 1922 ) Glossina longipennis ( Corti , 1895 ) Glossina medicorum ( Austen , 1911 ) Glossina nashi ( Potts , 1955 ) Glossina nigrofusca nigrofusca ( Newstead , 1911 ) Glossina severini ( Newstead , 1913 ) Glossina schwetzi ( Newstead and Evans , 1921 ) Glossina tabaniformis Westwood , 1850 Glossina vanhoofi ( Henrard , 1952 ) The ' riverine ' and ' lacustrine ' flies : ( subgenus Palpalis , previously named Nemorhina ) : Glossina caliginea ( Austen , 1911 ) Glossina fuscipes fuscipes ( Newstead , 1911 ) Glossina fuscipes martinii ( Zumpt , 1935 ) Glossina fuscipes quanzensis ( Pires , 1948 ) Glossina pallicera pallicera ( Bigot , 1891 ) Glossina pallicera newsteadi ( Austen , 1929 ) Glossina palpalis palpalis ( Robineau - Desvoidy , 1830 ) Glossina palpalis gambiensis ( Vanderplank , 1911 ) Glossina tachinoides Westwood , 1850 Tsetse , hunger , and poverty ( edit ) History ( edit ) Cows dead from rinderpest in South Africa , 1896 Further information : Rinderpest The depopulated and apparently primevally wild Africa seen in wildlife documentary films was formed in the 19th century by disease ,", "6": "a combination of rinderpest and the tsetse fly . In 1887 , the rinderpest virus was accidentally imported in livestock brought by an Italian expeditionary force to Eritrea . It spread rapidly , reaching Ethiopia by 1888 , the Atlantic coast by 1892 , and South Africa by 1897 . Rinderpest , a cattle plague from central Asia , killed over 90 % of the cattle of the pastoral peoples such as the Masai of east Africa . With no native immunity , most of the population -- some 5.5 million cattle -- died in southern Africa . Pastoralists were left with no animals , their source of income ; farmers were deprived of their working animals for ploughing and irrigation . The pandemic coincided with a period of drought , causing widespread famine . The starving human populations died of smallpox , cholera , typhoid and diseases imported from Europe . It is estimated that two thirds of the Masai died in 1891 . The land was left emptied of its cattle and its people , enabling the colonial powers Germany and Britain to take over Tanzania and Kenya with little effort . With greatly reduced grazing , grassland turned rapidly to bush . The closely cropped grass sward was replaced in a few years by woody grassland and thornbush , ideal habitat for tsetse flies . Wild mammal populations increased rapidly , accompanied by the tsetse fly . Highland regions of east Africa which had been free of tsetse fly were colonised by the pest , accompanied by sleeping sickness , until then unknown in the area . Millions of people died of the disease in the early 20th century . Serengeti National Park , Tanzania The areas occupied by the tsetse fly were largely barred to animal husbandry . Sleeping sickness was dubbed `` the best game warden in Africa '' by conservationists , who assumed that the land , empty of people and full of game animals , had always been like that . Julian Huxley of the World Wildlife Fund called the plains of east Africa `` a surviving sector of the rich natural world as it was before the rise of modern man '' . They created numerous large reserves for hunting safaris . In 1909 the newly retired president Theodore Roosevelt went on a safari that returned over 10,000 animal carcases to America .", "7": "Later , much of the land was turned over to nature reserves and national parks such as the Serengeti , Masai Mara , Kruger and Okavango Delta . The result , across eastern and southern Africa , is a modern landscape of manmade ecosystems : farmland and pastoral land largely free of bush and tsetse fly ; and bush controlled by the tsetse fly . Situation ( edit ) Tsetse flies are regarded as a major cause of rural poverty in sub-Saharan Africa because they prevent mixed farming . The land infested with tsetse flies is often cultivated by people using hoes rather than more efficient draught animals because nagana , the disease transmitted by tsetse , weakens and often kills these animals . Those cattle that survive produce little milk , pregnant cows often abort their calves , and manure is not available to fertilize the worn - out soils . Tsetse fly from Burkina Faso The disease nagana or African animal trypanosomiasis ( AAT ) causes gradual health decline in infected livestock , reduces milk and meat production , increases abortion rates , and animals eventually succumb to the disease ( annual cattle deaths caused by trypanosomiasis are estimated at 3 million ) . This has an enormous impact on the livelihood of farmers who live in tsetse - infested areas , as infected animals can not be used to plough the land , and keeping cattle is only feasible when the animals are kept under constant prophylactic treatment with trypanocidal drugs , often with associated problems of drug resistance , counterfeited drugs , and suboptimal dosage . The overall annual direct lost potential in livestock and crop production was estimated at US $4.5 billion . The tsetse fly lives in nearly 10,000,000 square kilometres ( 4,000,000 sq mi ) in sub-Saharan Africa ( mostly wet tropical forest ) and many parts of this large area is fertile land that is left uncultivated -- a so - called green desert not used by humans and cattle . Most of the 37 countries infested with tsetse are poor , debt - ridden , and underdeveloped . Of the 39 tsetse - infested countries , 32 are low - income , food - deficit countries , 29 are least developed countries , and 30 are among the 40 most heavily indebted poor countries .", "8": "Eradicating the tsetse and trypanosomiasis problem would allow rural Africans to use these areas for animal husbandry or the cultivation of crops , and hence increase food production . Only 45 million cattle , of 172 million present in sub-Saharan Africa , are kept in tsetse - infested areas , but are often forced into fragile ecosystems like highlands or the semiarid Sahel zone , which increases overgrazing and overuse of land for food production . In addition to this direct impact , the presence of tsetse and trypanosomiasis discourages the use of more - productive exotic and cross-bred cattle , depresses the growth and affects the distribution of livestock populations , reduces the potential opportunities for livestock and crop production ( mixed farming ) through less draught power to cultivate land and less manure to fertilize ( in an environment - friendly way ) soils for better crop production , and affects human settlements ( people tend to avoid areas with tsetse flies ) . Tsetse flies transmit a similar disease to humans , called African trypanosomiasis - human African trypanosomiasis ( HAT ) or sleeping sickness . An estimated 70 million people in 20 countries are at different levels of risk and only 3 - 4 million people are covered by active surveillance . The DALY index ( disability - adjusted life years ) , an indicator to quantify the burden of disease , includes the impact of both the duration of life lost due to premature death and the duration of life lived with a disability . The annual burden of sleeping sickness is estimated at 2 million DALYs . Since the disease tends to affect economically active adults , the total cost to a family with a patient is about 25 % of a year 's income . Trypanosomiasis ( edit ) Trypanosomes in a blood smear Tsetse are biological vectors of trypanosomes , meaning that in the process of feeding , they acquire and then transmit small , single - celled trypanosomes from infected vertebrate hosts to uninfected animals . Some tsetse - transmitted trypanosome species cause trypanosomiasis , an infectious disease . In humans , tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is called sleeping sickness .", "9": "In animals , tsetse - vectored trypanosomiases include nagana , souma , and surra according to the animal infected and the trypanosome species involved . The usage is not strict and while nagana generally refers to the disease in cattle and horses it is commonly used for any of animal trypanosomiasis . Trypanosomes are animal parasites , specifically protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma . These organisms are about the size of red blood cells . Different species of trypanosomes infect different hosts . They range widely in their effects on the vertebrate hosts . Some species , such as T. theileri , do not seem to cause any health problems except perhaps in animals that are already sick . Some strains are much more virulent . Infected flies have an altered salivary composition which lowers feeding efficiency and consequently increases the feeding time , promoting trypanosome transmission to the vertebrate host . These trypanosomes are highly evolved and have developed a lifecycle that requires periods in both the vertebrate and tsetse hosts . Tsetse transmit trypanosomes in two ways , mechanical and biological transmission . Mechanical transmission involves the direct transmission of the same individual trypanosomes taken from an infected host into an uninfected host . The name ' mechanical ' reflects the similarity of this mode of transmission to mechanical injection with a syringe . Mechanical transmission requires the tsetse to feed on an infected host and acquire trypanosomes in the blood meal , and then , within a relatively short period , to feed on an uninfected host and regurgitate some of the infected blood from the first blood meal into the tissue of the uninfected animal . This type of transmission occurs most frequently when tsetse are interrupted during a blood meal and attempt to satiate themselves with another meal . Other flies , such as horse - flies , can also cause mechanical transmission of trypanosomes . Biological transmission requires a period of incubation of the trypanosomes within the tsetse host . The term ' biological ' is used because trypanosomes must reproduce through several generations inside the tsetse host during the period of incubation , which requires extreme adaptation of the trypanosomes to their tsetse host . In this mode of transmission , trypanosomes reproduce through several generations , changing in morphology at certain periods .", "10": "This mode of transmission also includes the sexual phase of the trypanosomes . Tsetse are believed to be more likely to become infected by trypanosomes during their first few blood meals . Tsetse infected by trypanosomes are thought to remain infected for the remainder of their lives . Because of the adaptations required for biological transmission , trypanosomes transmitted biologically by tsetse can not be transmitted in this manner by other insects . The relative importance of these two modes of transmission for the propagation of tsetse - vectored trypanosomiases is not yet well understood . However , since the sexual phase of the trypanosome lifecycle occurs within the tsetse host , biological transmission is a required step in the lifecycle of the tsetse - vectored trypanosomes . The cycle of biological transmission of trypanosomiasis involves two phases , one inside the tsetse host and the other inside the vertebrate host . Trypanosomes are not passed between a pregnant tsetse and her offspring , so all newly emerged tsetse adults are free of infection . An uninfected fly that feeds on an infected vertebrate animal may acquire trypanosomes in its proboscis or gut . These trypanosomes , depending on the species , may remain in place , move to a different part of the digestive tract , or migrate through the tsetse body into the salivary glands . When an infected tsetse bites a susceptible host , the fly may regurgitate part of a previous blood meal that contains trypanosomes , or may inject trypanosomes in its saliva . Inoculation must contain a minimum of 300 to 450 individual trypanosomes to be successful , and may contain up to 40,000 cells . The trypanosomes are injected into vertebrate muscle tissue , but make their way , first into the lymphatic system , then into the bloodstream , and eventually into the brain . The disease causes the swelling of the lymph glands , emaciation of the body , and eventually leads to death . Uninfected tsetse may bite the infected animal prior to its death and acquire the disease , thereby closing the transmission cycle .", "11": "Disease hosts and vectors ( edit ) The tsetse - vectored trypanosomiases affect various vertebrate species including humans , antelopes , bovine cattle , camels , horses , sheep , goats , and pigs . These diseases are caused by several different trypanosome species that may also survive in wild animals such as crocodiles and monitor lizards . The diseases have different distributions across the African continent , so are transmitted by different species .", "12": "This table summarizes this information : Disease Species affected Trypanosoma agents Distribution Glossina vectors Sleeping sickness -- chronic form humans T. brucei gambiense Western Africa G. palpalis G. tachinoides G. fuscipes G. morsitans Sleeping sickness -- acute form humans T. brucei rhodesiense Eastern Africa G. morsitans G. swynnertoni G. pallidipes G. fuscipes Nagana -- acute form antelope cattle camels horses T. brucei brucei Africa G. morsitans G. swynnertoni G. pallidipes G. palpalis G. tachinoides G. fuscipes Nagana -- chronic form cattle camels horses T. congolense Africa G. palpalis G. morsitans G. austeni G. swynnertoni G. pallidipes G. longipalpis G. tachinoides G. brevipalpis Nagana -- acute form domestic pigs cattle camels horses T. simiae Africa G. palpalis G. fuscipes G. morsitans G. tachinoides G. longipalpis G. fusca G. tabaniformis G. brevipalpis G. vanhoofi G. austeni Nagana -- acute form cattle camels horses T. vivax Africa G. morsitans G. palpalis G. tachinoides G. swynnertoni G. pallidipes G. austeni G. vanhoofi G. longipalpis Surra -- chronic form domestic pigs warthog ( Phacochoerus aethiopicus ) forest hogs ( Hylochoerus spp . )", "13": "T. suis Africa G. palpalis G. fuscipes G. morsitans G. tachinoides G. longipalpis G. fusca G. tabaniformis G. brevipalpis G. vanhoofi G. austeni In humans ( edit ) Main article : African trypanosomiasis Human African trypanosomiasis , also called sleeping sickness , is caused by trypanosomes of the species Trypanosoma brucei . This disease is invariably fatal unless treated but can almost always be cured with current medicines , if the disease is diagnosed early enough . Sleeping sickness begins with a tsetse bite leading to an inoculation in the subcutaneous tissue . The infection moves into the lymphatic system , leading to a characteristic swelling of the lymph glands called Winterbottom 's sign . The infection progresses into the blood stream and eventually crosses into the central nervous system and invades the brain leading to extreme lethargy and eventually to death . The species Trypanosoma brucei , which causes the disease , has often been subdivided into three subspecies that were identified based either on the vertebrate hosts which the strain could infect or on the virulence of the disease in humans . The trypanosomes infectious to animals and not to humans were named Trypanosoma brucei brucei . Strains that infected humans were divided into two subspecies based on their different virulences : Trypanosoma brucei gambiense was thought to have a slower onset and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense refers to strains with a more rapid , virulent onset . This characterization has always been problematic but was the best that could be done given the knowledge of the time and the tools available for identification . A recent molecular study using restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis suggests that the three subspecies are polyphyletic , so the elucidation of the strains of T. brucei infective to humans requires a more complex explanation . Procyclins are proteins developed in the surface coating of trypanosomes whilst in their tsetse fly vector . Other forms of human trypanosomiasis also exist but are not transmitted by tsetse .", "14": "The most notable is American trypanosomiasis , known as Chagas disease , which occurs in South America , caused by Trypanosoma cruzi , and transmitted by certain insects of the Reduviidae , members of the Hemiptera . In domestic animals ( edit ) Main article : Animal trypanosomiasis Animal trypanosomiasis , also called nagana when it occurs in bovine cattle or horses or sura when it occurs in domestic pigs , is caused by several trypanosome species . These diseases reduce the growth rate , milk productivity , and strength of farm animals , generally leading to the eventual death of the infected animals . Certain species of cattle are called trypanotolerant because they can survive and grow even when infected with trypanosomes although they also have lower productivity rates when infected . The course of the disease in animals is similar to the course of sleeping sickness in humans . Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax are the two most important species infecting bovine cattle in sub-Saharan Africa . Trypanosoma simiae causes a virulent disease in swine . Other forms of animal trypanosomiasis are also known from other areas of the globe , caused by different species of trypanosomes and transmitted without the intervention of the tsetse fly . The tsetse fly vector ranges mostly in the central part of Africa . Control ( edit ) The conquest of sleeping sickness and nagana would be of immense benefit to rural development and contribute to poverty alleviation and improved food security in sub-Saharan Africa . Human African trypanosomosis ( HAT ) and animal African trypanosomosis ( AAT ) are sufficiently important to make virtually any intervention against these diseases beneficial . Tsetse fly from Burkina Faso The disease can be managed by controlling the vector and thus reducing the incidence of the disease by disrupting the transmission cycle . Another tactic to manage the disease is to target the disease directly using surveillance and curative or prophylactic treatments to reduce the number of hosts that carry the disease . Economic analysis indicates that the cost of managing trypanosomosis through the elimination of important populations of major tsetse vectors will be covered several times by the benefits of tsetse - free status .", "15": "Area - wide interventions against the tsetse and trypanosomosis problem appear more efficient and profitable if sufficiently large areas , with high numbers of cattle , can be covered . Vector control strategies can aim at either continuous suppression or eradication of target populations . Tsetse fly eradication programmes are complex and logistically demanding activities and usually involve the integration of different control tactics , such as trypanocidal drugs , impregnated treated targets ( ITT ) , insecticide - treated cattle ( ITC ) , aerial spraying ( Sequential Aerosol Technique - SAT ) and in some situations the release of sterile males ( sterile insect technique -- SIT ) . To ensure sustainability of the results , it is critical to apply the control tactics on an area - wide basis , i.e. targeting an entire tsetse population that is preferably genetically isolated . Control techniques ( edit ) Many techniques have reduced tsetse populations , with earlier , crude methods recently replaced by methods that are cheaper , more directed , and ecologically better . Slaughter of wild animals ( edit ) One early technique involved slaughtering all the wild animals tsetse fed on . For example , the island of Principe off the west coast of Africa was entirely cleared of feral pigs in the 1930s , which led to the extirpation of the fly . While the fly eventually re-invaded in the 1950s , the new population of tsetse was free from the disease . Land clearing ( edit ) Another early technique involved complete removal of brush and woody vegetation from an area . Tsetse tend to rest on the trunks of trees so removing woody vegetation made the area inhospitable to the flies . However , the technique was not widely used and has been abandoned . Preventing regrowth of woody vegetation requires continuous clearing efforts , which is only practical where large human populations are present . The clearing of woody vegetation has come to be seen as an environmental problem more than a benefit .", "16": "Pesticide campaigns ( edit ) Pesticides have been used to control tsetse starting initially during the early part of the twentieth century in localized efforts using the inorganic metal - based pesticides , expanding after the Second World War into massive aerial - and ground - based campaigns with organochlorine pesticides such as DDT applied as aerosol sprays at Ultra-Low Volume rates . Later , more targeted techniques used pour - on formulations in which advanced organic pesticides were applied directly to the backs of cattle . Trapping ( edit ) Tsetse trap Tsetse populations can be monitored and effectively controlled using simple , inexpensive traps . These often use electric blue cloth , since this color attracts the flies . Early traps mimicked the form of cattle but this seems unnecessary and recent traps are simple sheets or have a biconical form . The traps can kill by channeling the flies into a collection chamber or by exposing the flies to insecticide sprayed on the cloth . Tsetse are also attracted to large dark colors like the hides of cow and buffaloes . Some scientists put forward the idea that zebra have stripes , not as a camouflage in long grass , but because the black and white bands tend to confuse tsetse and prevent attack . The use of chemicals as attractants to lure tsetse to the traps has been studied extensively in the late 20th century , but this has mostly been of interest to scientists rather than as an economically reasonable solution . Attractants studied have been those tsetse might use to find food , like carbon dioxide , octenol , and acetone -- which are given off in animals ' breath and distributed downwind in an odor plume . Synthetic versions of these chemicals can create artificial odor plumes . A cheaper approach is to place cattle urine in a half gourd near the trap . For large trapping efforts , additional traps are generally cheaper than expensive artificial attractants . A special trapping method is applied in Ethiopia , where the BioFarm Consortium ( ICIPE , BioVision Foundation , BEA , Helvetas , DLCO - EA , Praxis Ethiopia ) applies the traps in a sustainable agriculture and rural development context ( SARD ) . The traps are just the entry point , followed by improved farming , human health and marketing inputs . This method is in the final stage of testing ( as per 2006 ) .", "17": "In the late 18th century , the Kotokoli Muslims of Togo held a special ritual in order for their child to have a prosperous life . This ritual consisted of mothers killing the tsetse flies and sprinkling them on horned melon . They would feed their children this delicacy . This ritual is still practiced today in some sub-Saharan tribes . Sterile insect technique ( edit ) The sterile insect technique ( SIT ) is a form of pest control that uses ionizing radiation ( gamma ray or X ray ) to sterilize male flies that are mass - produced in special rearing facilities . The sterile males are released systematically from the ground or by air in tsetse - infested areas , where they mate with wild females , which do not produce offspring . As a result , this technique can eventually eradicate populations of wild flies . SIT is among the most environmentally friendly control tactics available , and is usually applied as the final component of an integrated campaign . The sustainable removal of the tsetse fly is in many cases the most cost - effective way of dealing with the T&T problem resulting in major economic benefits for subsistence farmers in rural areas . Insecticide - based methods are normally very ineffective in removing the last remnants of tsetse populations , while , on the contrary , sterile males are very effective in finding and mating the last remaining females . Therefore , the integration of the SIT as the last component of an area - wide integrated approach is essential in many situations to achieve complete eradication of the different tsetse populations , particularly in areas of more dense vegetation . A project that was implemented from 1994 to 1997 on the Island of Unguja , Zanzibar ( United Republic of Tanzania ) , demonstrated that , after suppression of the tsetse population with insecticides , SIT completely removed the Glossina austeni Newstead population from the Island ( ) . The eradication of the tsetse fly from Unguja Island in 1997 was followed by the disappearance of the AAT which enabled farmers to integrate livestock keeping with cropping in areas where this had been impossible before . The increased livestock and crop productivity and the possibility of using animals for transport and traction significantly contributed to an increase in the quality of people 's lives ( ) .", "18": "A recent entomological survey ( 2015 ) jointly carried out by independent experts and the Department of Veterinary Services of Zanzibar has confirmed the tsetse - free status of the island , 18 years after eradication was declared . In the Niayes region of Senegal , a coastal area close to Dakar , livestock keeping was difficult due to the presence of a population of Glossina palpalis gambiensis . Feasibility studies indicated that the fly population was confined to very fragmented habitats and a population genetics study indicated that the population was genetically isolated from the main tsetse belt in the south eastern part of Senegal . After completion of the feasibility studies ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , an area - wide integrated eradication campaign that included an SIT component was started in 2011 , and by 2015 , the Niayes region had become almost tsetse fly free . The entire target area ( Block 1 , 2 and 3 ) has a total surface of 1000 km2 , and the first block ( northern part ) can be considered free of tsetse , as intensive monitoring has failed to detect since 2012 a single wild tsetse fly . The prevalence of AAT has decreased from 40 - 50 % before the project started to less than 10 % to date in blocks 1 and 2 . Although insecticides are being used for fly suppression , they are applied for short periods on traps , nets and livestock , and are not spread into the environment . After the suppression activities are completed , no more insecticide is applied in the area . The removal of trypanosomosis will eliminate the need for constant prophylactic treatments of the cattle with trypanocidal drugs , therefore reducing residues of these drugs in the dung , meat and milk . The main beneficiaries of the project are the many small holder farmers , the larger commercial farms and the consumers of meat and milk . According to a socio - economic survey and benefit cost analysis , after eradication of the tsetse farmers will be able to replace their local breeds with improved breeds and increase their annual income by € 2.8 million . In addition , it is expected that the number of cattle will be reduced by 45 % , which will result in reduced environmental impacts .", "19": "Effect on societal development ( edit ) In the literature of environmental determinism , the tsetse has been linked to difficulties during early state formation for areas where the fly is prevalent . A 2012 study used population growth models , physiological data , and ethnographic data to examine pre-colonial agricultural practices and isolate the effects of the fly . A `` tsetse suitability index '' was developed from insect population growth , climate and geospatial data to simulate the fly 's population steady state . Results suggest that the tsetse decimated livestock populations , forcing early states to rely on slave labor to clear land for farming , and preventing farmers from taking advantage of natural animal fertilizers to increase crop production . These long - term effects may have kept population density low and discouraged cooperation between small - scale communities , thus preventing stronger nations from forming . T. brucei sexual cycle ( edit ) T. brucei are able to undergo meiotic sexual reproduction . Meiosis occurs within the salivary glands of the tsetse fly and is thought to be a normal part of development . The meiotic process results in production of haploid promastigote - like gametes . These gametes can interact with each other using their flagella , and then fuse . Resistance of tsetse flies to trypanosome infection ( edit ) Tsetse flies have an arsenal of immune defenses to resist each stage of the trypanosome infectious cycle , and thus are relatively refractory to trypanosome infection Among the host flies ' defenses is the production of hydrogen peroxide , a reactive oxygen species that damages DNA . These defenses limit the population of infected flies . See also ( edit ) David Bruce ( microbiologist ) Use of DNA in forensic entomology G.D. Hale Carpenter joined the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine , and took the DM in 1913 with a dissertation on the tsetse fly ( Glossina palpalis ) and sleeping sickness . He published : A Naturalist on Lake Victoria , with an Account of Sleeping Sickness and the Tse - tse Fly ; 1920 . T.F.", "20": "Unwin Ltd , London ; Biodiversity Archive Muriel Robertson , who conducted early 20th century research on the insect References ( edit ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( June 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Jump up ^ Rogers , D.J. ; Hay , S.I. ; Packer , M.J. ( 1996 ) . `` Predicting the distribution of tsetse flies in West Africa using temporal Fourier - processed meteorological satellite data '' . Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 90 ( 3 ) : 225 -- 241 . doi : 10.1080 / 00034983.1996. 11813049 . PMID 8758138 . Jump up ^ Farrar , Jeremy ; Hotez , Peter ; Junghanss , Thomas ; Kang , Gagandeep ; Lalloo , David ; White , Nicholas J. ( 2013 ) . Manson 's Tropical Diseases ( 23rd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Saunders . p. 607 . ISBN 978 - 0702051012 . Jump up ^ M. Service , ed. ( 2001 ) . Encyclopedia of Arthropod - Transmitted Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals . New York : Centre for Agriculture and Biosciences International . ISBN 9780851994734 . ^ Jump up to : Cockerell , T.D.A. ( 1917 ) . `` A fossil tsetse fly and other Diptera from Florissant , Colorado '' . Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . 30 : 19 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument : Explore The World of Florissant Paleontology . http://planning.nps.gov/flfo/ ^ Jump up to : Pearce , Fred ( 12 August 2000 ) . `` Inventing Africa '' ( PDF ) . New Scientist. 167 ( 2251 ) : 30 . Jump up ^ D.T. Cole ( 1995 ) .", "21": "Setswana -- Animals and Plants ( Setswana -- Ditshedi le ditlhare ) . Gaborone : The Botswana Society . pp. 11 & 173 . ISBN 0 - 9991260 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ Anti-Submarine Warfare : An Illustrated History , 2007 , by David Owen . Page 170 . Seaforth Publishing . ^ Jump up to : A.M. Jordan ( 1986 ) . Trypanosomaisis control and African rural development . London and New York : Longman . Jump up ^ `` Genome sequence of the tsetse fly ( Glossina morsitans ) : vector of African trypanosomiasis '' , Science . 2014 Apr 25 ; 344 ( 6182 ) : 380 - 6 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1249656 . Jump up ^ J.P. Gouteux ( 1987 ) . `` Une nouvelle glossine du Congo : Glossina ( Austenina ) frezili sp . nov . ( Diptera : Glossinidae ) '' . Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 38 ( 2 ) : 97 -- 100 . PMID 3629143 . ^ Jump up to : Budd , L. 1999 . DFID - funded tsetse and trypanosome research and development since 1980 . Vol. 2 . Economic analysis . Aylesford , UK , DFID Livestock Production , Animal Health and Natural Resources Systems Research Programmes Jump up ^ DFID. 2001 . Trypanosomiasis , tsetse and Africa . The year 2001 report . Aylesford , UK , Department for International Development . Jump up ^ Simarro PP , Cecchi G , Franco JR , Paone M , Diarra A , Ruiz - Postigo JA , et al. ( 2012 ) . Estimating and Mapping the Population at Risk of Sleeping Sickness . PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6 ( 10 ) : e1859 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd.", "22": "0001859 ( http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371/journal.pntd.0001859 ) Jump up ^ Shaw , A.P.M. , 2004 . Economics of African trypanosomiasis . In The Trypanosomiases ( eds . I. Maudlin , P.H. Holmes & M.A. Miles ) CABI Publishing , 2004 , pp. 369 - 402 ^ Jump up to : C.A. Hoare ( 1970 ) . `` Systematic Description of the Mammalian Trypanosomes of Africa '' . In H. Mulligan ; W. Potts . The African Trypanosomiases . London , UK : George Allen and Unwin Ltd . ISBN 0 - 04 - 614001 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jan Van Den Abbeele ; Guy Caljon ; Karin De Ridder ; Patrick De Baetselier ; Marc Coosemans ( 2010 ) . `` Trypanosoma brucei Modifies the Tsetse Salivary Composition , Altering the Fly Feeding Behavior That Favors Parasite Transmission '' . PLoS Pathogens. 6 ( 6 ) : e1000926 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1000926 . Jump up ^ T. Cherenet ; R.A. Sani ; J.M. Panandam ; S. Nadzr ; N. Speybroeck ; P. van den Bossche ( 2004 ) . `` Seasonal prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis in a tsetse - infested zone and a tsetse - free zone of the Amhara Region , north - west Ethiopia '' . Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research . 71 ( 4 ) : 307 -- 12 . doi : 10.4102 / ojvr. v71i4. 250 . PMID 15732457 . Jump up ^ R.C. Hunt ( 2004 ) . `` Trypanosomiasis page , `` Microbiology and Immunology On - line '' `` . University of South Carolina .", "23": "Archived from the original on 2005 - 11 - 24 . Retrieved 2005 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ G. Hide ( 1999 ) . `` History of Sleeping Sickness in East Africa '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews : 112 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Acosta - Serrano , A. ; Vassella , E. ; Liniger , M. ; Renggli , C.K. ; Brun , R. ; Roditi , I. ; Englund , P.T. ( 2001 ) . `` The surface coat of procyclic Trypanosoma brucei : Programmed expression and proteolytic cleavage of procyclin in the tsetse fly '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 98 ( 4 ) : 1513 -- 1518 . Bibcode : 2001PNAS ... 98.1513 A . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 98.4. 1513 . Jump up ^ FAO. 2003 . Economic guidelines for strategic planning of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control in West Africa , by A.P.M. Shaw . PAAT Technical and Scientific Series No. 5 . Rome . Jump up ^ Doyle - Burr , Nora . `` Scientists unravel mystery of zebra stripes '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Egri , A. ; Blaho , M. ; Kriska , G. ; Farkas , R. ; Gyurkovszky , M. ; Akesson , S. ; Horvath , G. ( 2012 ) . `` Polarotactic tabanids find striped patterns with brightness and / or polarization modulation least attractive : An advantage of zebra stripes '' . Journal of Experimental Biology . 215 ( 5 ) : 736 -- 745 . doi : 10.1242 / jeb. 065540 . PMID 22323196 . Jump up ^ Vreysen , M.J.B. , Saleh , K.M. , Ali , M.Y. , Abdulla , A.M.", "24": ", Zhu , Z. - R. , Juma , K.G. , Dyck , V.A. , Msangi , A.R. , Mkonyi , P.A. , Feldmann , H.U. , 2000 . Glossina austeni ( Diptera : Glossinidae ) eradicated on the island of Unguja , Zanzibar , using the sterile insect technique . J. Econ . Entomol. 93 , 123 -- 135 Jump up ^ Tambi , E.N. , Maina , O.W. , Mukhebi , A.W. & Randolph , T.F. 1999 . Economic impact assessment of rinderpest control in Africa , OIE Rev. Sci. Tech. 18 ( 2 ) : 458 - 77 Jump up ^ Mdoe , N.S.Y. 2003 . Livestock and agriculture development in Zanzibar , post-tsetse eradication : a follow - up socio - economic study . Report prepared for the International Atomic Energy Agency . IAEA , Vienna , Austria . Jump up ^ IAEA 2015 . The Tsetse Fly Eradication Project in Senegal Wins Award for Best Sustainable Development Practices . https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsetse-fly-eradication-project-senegal-wins-award-best-sustainable-development-practices Jump up ^ Bouyer , F ; Seck , MT ; Dicko , AH ; Sall , B ; Lo , M ; et al. ( 2014 ) . `` Ex-ante Benefit - Cost Analysis of the Elimination of a Glossina palpalis gambiensis Population in the Niayes of Senegal '' . PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 8 ( 8 ) : e3112 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pntd. 0003112 . Jump up ^ Alsan , Marcella ( January 2015 ) . `` The Effect of the Tsetse fly on African Development '' . American Economic Review ( 105 ) . Jump up ^ Peacock L , Bailey M , Carrington M , Gibson W ( 2014 ) .", "25": "`` Meiosis and haploid gametes in the pathogen Trypanosoma brucei '' . Curr. Biol. 24 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 6 . doi : 10.1016 / j. cub. 2013.11. 044 . PMC 3928991 . PMID 24388851 . Jump up ^ Gibson W ( 2015 ) . `` Liaisons dangereuses : sexual recombination among pathogenic trypanosomes '' . Res . Microbiol. 166 ( 6 ) : 459 -- 66 . doi : 10.1016 / j. resmic. 2015.05. 005 . PMID 26027775 . Jump up ^ Hao Z , Kasumba I , Aksoy S ( 2003 ) . `` Proventriculus ( cardia ) plays a crucial role in immunity in tsetse fly ( Diptera : Glossinidiae ) '' . Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 33 ( 11 ) : 1155 -- 64 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ibmb. 2003.07. 001 . PMID 14563366 . Further reading ( edit ) Gerster , George ( December 1986 ) . `` Tsetse '' . National Geographic . Vol. 170 no . 6 . pp. 814 -- 833 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Glossinidae .", "26": "Wikispecies has information related to Glossina Programmes and information to assist in the planning and implementation of tsetse control operations Programme Against African Trypanosomiasis PAN AFRICAN TSETSE AND TRYPANOSOMIASIS ERADICATION CAMPAIGN ( PATTEC ) Tsetse in the Transvaal and Surrounding Territories - An Historical Review - Claude Fuller , ( Division of Entomology , 1923 ) Leverhulme Trust Tsetse Research Network ( LTTRN ) BITING FLIES - The NZI Trap Distribution maps Resources ( edit ) Textbooks ( edit ) Maudlin , I. , Holmes , P.H. & Miles M.A. ( 2004 ) `` The Trypanosomiases '' CAB International . Buxton , P. ( 1955 ) The Natural History of Tsetse Flies : An Account of the Biology of the Genus Glossina ( Diptera ) . London , UK : H.K. Lewis & Co . Glasgow , J. ( 1963 ) The Distribution and Abundance of Tsetse International Series of Monographs on Pure and Applied Biology , No. 20 . Oxford , UK : Pergamon Press . Mulligan , H. & Potts , W. ( 1970 ) The African Trypanosomiases London , UK : George Allen and Unwin , Ltd . Ford , J. ( 1971 ) The Role of the Trypanosomiases in African Ecology . Oxford , UK : Clarendon Press . Leak , S. ( 1998 ) Tsetse Biology and Ecology : Their role in the Epidemiology and Control of Trypanosomiasis . New York , NY , USA : CABI Publishing . book site McKelvey Jr. , J. ( 1973 ) Man Against Tsetse : Struggle for Africa . Ithaca , NY , USA : Cornell University Press .", "27": "Extant Diptera families Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Subclass : Pterygota Infraclass : Neoptera Superorder : Endopterygota Suborder Nematocera Axymyiomorpha Axymyiidae Culicomorpha Culicoidea Dixidae ( meniscus midges ) Corethrellidae ( frog - biting midges ) Chaoboridae ( phantom midges ) Culicidae ( mosquitoes ) Chironomoidea Thaumaleidae ( solitary midges ) Simuliidae ( black flies ) Ceratopogonidae ( biting midges ) Chironomidae ( non-biting midges ) Blephariceromorpha Blephariceridae ( net - winged midges ) Deuterophlebiidae ( mountain midges ) Nymphomyiidae Bibionomorpha Bibionoidea Bibionidae ( march flies , lovebugs ) Anisopodoidea Anisopodidae ( wood gnats ) Sciaroidea ( fungus gnats ) Bolitophilidae Diadocidiidae Ditomyiidae Keroplatidae Mycetophilidae Sciaridae ( dark - winged fungus gnats ) Cecidomyiidae ( gall midges ) Psychodomorpha Scatopsoidea Canthyloscelidae Perissommatidae Scatopsidae ( minute black scavenger flies ,", "28": "or dung midges ) Psychodoidea Psychodidae ( moth flies ) Ptychopteromorpha Ptychopteridae ( phantom crane flies ) Tanyderidae ( primitive crane flies ) Tipulomorpha Trichoceroidea Trichoceridae ( winter crane flies ) Tipuloidea Pediciidae ( hairy - eyed craneflies ) Tipulidae ( crane flies ) ( hide ) Suborder Brachycera Asilomorpha Asiloidea Apioceridae ( flower - loving flies ) Apsilocephalidae Apystomyiidae Asilidae ( robber flies ) Bombyliidae ( bee flies ) Evocoidae Hilarimorphidae ( hilarimorphid flies ) Mydidae ( mydas flies ) Mythicomyiidae Scenopinidae ( window flies ) Therevidae ( stiletto flies ) Empidoidea Atelestidae Hybotidae ( dance flies ) Dolichopodidae ( long - legged flies ) Empididae ( dagger flies , balloon flies ) Nemestrinoidea Acroceridae ( small - headed flies ) Nemestrinidae ( tangle - veined flies ) Muscomorpha Aschiza Platypezoidea Phoridae ( scuttle flies , coffin flies ,", "29": "humpbacked flies ) Opetiidae ( flat - footed flies ) Ironomyiidae ( ironic flies ) Lonchopteridae ( spear - winged flies ) Platypezidae ( flat - footed flies ) Syrphoidea Syrphidae ( hoverflies ) Pipunculidae ( big - headed flies ) Schizophora Acalyptratae Conopoidea Conopidae ( thick - headed flies ) Tephritoidea Pallopteridae ( flutter flies ) Piophilidae ( cheese flies ) Platystomatidae ( signal flies ) Pyrgotidae Richardiidae Tephritidae ( peacock flies ) Ulidiidae ( picture - winged flies ) Nerioidea Cypselosomatidae Micropezidae ( stilt - legged flies ) Neriidae ( cactus flies ,", "30": "banana stalk flies ) Pseudopomyzidae ( banana flies ) Diopsoidea Diopsidae ( stalk - eyed flies ) Gobryidae Megamerinidae Nothybidae Psilidae ( rust flies ) Somatiidae Strongylophthalmyiidae Syringogastridae Tanypezidae Sciomyzoidea Coelopidae ( kelp flies ) Dryomyzidae Helosciomyzidae Ropalomeridae Huttoninidae Heterocheilidae Phaeomyiidae Sepsidae ( black scavenger flies ) Sciomyzidae ( marsh flies ) Sphaeroceroidea Chyromyidae Heleomyzidae Sphaeroceridae ( small dung flies ) Nannodastiidae Lauxanioidea Celyphidae ( beetle - backed flies ) Chamaemyiidae ( aphid flies ) Lauxaniidae Opomyzoidea Agromyzidae ( leaf miner flies ) Anthomyzidae Asteiidae Aulacigastridae ( sap flies ) Clusiidae ( lekking ,", "31": "or druid flies ) Fergusoninidae Marginidae Neminidae Neurochaetidae ( upside - down flies ) Odiniidae Opomyzidae Periscelididae Teratomyzidae Xenasteiidae Ephydroidea Camillidae Curtonotidae ( quasimodo flies ) Diastatidae ( bog flies ) Ephydridae ( shore flies ) Drosophilidae ( vinegar and fruit flies ) Carnoidea Acartophthalmidae Australimyzidae Braulidae ( bee lice ) Canacidae ( beach flies ) Carnidae Chloropidae ( frit flies ) Cryptochaetidae Inbiomyiidae Milichiidae ( freeloader flies ) Lonchaeoidea Cryptochetidae Lonchaeidae ( lance flies ) Calyptratae Muscoidea Anthomyiidae ( cabbage flies ) Fanniidae ( little house flies ) Muscidae ( house flies , stable flies ) Scathophagidae ( dung flies ) Oestroidea Calliphoridae ( blow - flies : bluebottles , greenbottles ) Mystacinobiidae ( New Zealand bat fly ) Oestridae ( botflies ) Rhinophoridae Sarcophagidae ( flesh flies ) Tachinidae ( tachina flies ) Hippoboscoidea Glossinidae ( tsetse flies ) Hippoboscidae ( louse flies ) Mormotomyiidae ( frightful hairy fly ) Nycteribiidae ( bat flies ) Streblidae ( bat flies ) Stratiomyomorpha Stratiomyoidea Pantophthalmidae ( timber flies ) Stratiomyidae ( soldier flies ) Xylomyidae ( wood soldier flies )", "32": "Tabanomorpha Rhagionoidea Austroleptidae Bolbomyiidae Rhagionidae ( snipe flies ) Tabanoidea Athericidae ( water snipe flies ) Oreoleptidae Pelecorhynchidae Tabanidae ( horse and deer flies ) Vermileonomorpha Vermileonoidea Vermileonidae Xylophagomorpha Xylophagoidea Xylophagidae ( awl flies ) List of families of Diptera Insects in culture Aspects of insects in culture In the arts Insects in art Beetlewing Insects in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect - inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying Maggot Mayfly Mealworm In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Maggot Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bee Butterfly Cicada Dragonfly Praying mantis Scarab Entomophagy ( as food ) Adults Ant Cicada Cricket Grasshopper Termite Larvae Bamboo worm Darkling beetle Mealworm Mopani worm Rhinoceros beetle Silkworm Waxworm Witchetty grub Other aspects", "33": "Biomimicry Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Flea circus Insects in religion Jingzhe Economic entomology Beneficial insects Pest control Encarsia formosa Ichneumon wasp Ladybird Pollination Bees crops pollinated Bumblebee Honey bee western Beetles Flies Lepidoptera Products Beekeeping Bee pollen Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Other insects Carmine / Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Lac / Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmful insects Crop pests Aphid Boll weevil Colorado potato beetle Cottony cushion scale Japanese beetle Locust Phylloxera Western corn rootworm Livestock pests Botfly Horn fly Horse - fly Screwworm fly Tsetse fly Warble fly Biting / stinging Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Bee sting Flea Horse - fly Louse Mosquito Wasp Wood - eating Deathwatch beetle Furniture beetle House longhorn beetle Termite Woodworm Other pests Home - stored product entomology Clothes moth Cockroach Housefly Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean - Henri", "34": "Fabre Hans Zinsser ( Rats , Lice and History ) Lafcadio Hearn ( Insect Literature ) Related Living things in culture Arthropods Birds Fish Fungi Mammals Microbes Molluscs Reptiles Plants Zoomusicology Taxon identifiers Wd : Q205256 ADW : Glossinidae EoL : 56214 Fossilworks : 139454 NCBI : 7393 NDL : 00573495 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "35": "php?title=Tsetse_fly&oldid=818411677 '' Categories : Hippoboscoidea Diptera of Africa Insect vectors of human pathogens Extant Eocene first appearances Insects in culture Hidden categories : Articles with ' species ' microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Articles lacking in - 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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Legends of the Fall - wikipedia Legends of the Fall Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the American film . For the The Weeknd tour , see Starboy : Legend of the Fall Tour . Legends of the Fall Theatrical release poster Directed by Edward Zwick Produced by Marshall Herskovitz William D. Wittliff Edward Zwick Screenplay by Susan Shilliday William D. Wittliff Based on Legends of the Fall by Jim Harrison Starring Brad Pitt Anthony Hopkins Aidan Quinn Julia Ormond Henry Thomas Music by James Horner Cinematography John Toll Edited by Steven Rosenblum Production company Bedford Falls Productions Distributed by TriStar Pictures Release date December 23 , 1994 ( 1994 - 12 - 23 ) ( US ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $30 million Box office $160.6 million Legends of the Fall is a 1994 American epic historical drama film directed by Edward Zwick and starring Brad Pitt , Anthony Hopkins , Aidan Quinn , Julia Ormond and Henry Thomas . Based on the 1979 novella of the same title by Jim Harrison , the film is about three brothers and their father living in the wilderness and plains of Montana in the early 20th century and how their lives are affected by nature , history , war and love . The film 's time frame spans from World War I through the Prohibition era , ending with a brief scene set in 1963 . The film was nominated for three Academy Awards and won for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) . Both the film and book contain occasional Cornish language terms , the Ludlows being a Cornish emigrant family . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Accolades 5 Home media 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Sick of betrayals the United States government perpetrated on the Native Americans , Colonel William Ludlow leaves the Army and moves to a remote part of Montana .", "1": "Along with One Stab , a Cree friend , he builds a ranch and raises his family . Accompanying them are hired hand and former outlaw Decker , Decker 's Cree wife Pet , and daughter Isabel Two . Ludlow has three sons : Alfred , the eldest , is responsible and cautious ; Tristan , the Colonel 's favorite son , is wild and well - versed in American Indian traditions ; Samuel , the youngest , is educated but naive and constantly watched over by his brothers . Ludlow 's wife Isabel does not adapt to the harsh Montana winters and moves to the East Coast ; Tristan vows never to speak of her again . At age 12 , Tristan touches a sleeping grizzly bear . The bear awakens and injures him , but he stabs at the bear 's paw and cuts off a claw . Years later , Samuel returns from Harvard University with his fiancée , Susannah . Susannah talks with Isabel Two and learns of her fondness for Tristan . Susannah finds Tristan captivating but loves Samuel . Before they can marry , Samuel announces his intention to join the Canadian Expeditionary Force and aid Britain in the fight against Germany . Much to their father 's displeasure , Alfred also joins . Although Tristan does not want to join , he does so to protect his brothers . During World War I , the brothers find themselves in the 10th Battalion , CEF . Alfred , commissioned as an officer , leads a charge into no man 's land . The attack results in heavy casualties and Alfred is wounded . While visiting Alfred in the field hospital , Tristan learns that Samuel has volunteered for a dangerous reconnaissance mission . He rushes off to protect his brother but arrives too late . A devastated Tristan holds Samuel until he dies , then cuts out his brother 's heart and sends it home to be buried at the ranch . Tristan single - handedly raids the German lines . He returns to camp with the scalps of German soldiers hanging around his neck , horrifying his fellow soldiers . He is discharged but does not go home . Alfred returns to Montana and proposes to Susannah , but she declines . Tristan returns home , where Susannah finds him weeping over Samuel 's grave . She comforts him , and they become lovers . A jealous Alfred confronts Tristan and leaves to make his name in Helena .", "2": "Tristan is plagued with guilt over Samuel 's death and feels responsible for driving Alfred away ; he leaves Montana for several years . Susannah waits for him , only to receive a letter telling her to marry someone else . Alfred comforts Susannah . Ludlow finds them together , which leads to a falling out between him and Alfred . Ludlow later suffers a stroke . He does not speak for years and the ranch deteriorates . Susannah marries Alfred , now a congressman . Alfred 's business and politics cause him to get involved with the O'Banion brothers , bootleggers and gangsters . Tristan returns during Prohibition , bringing life back to the ranch and his father . He falls in love with Isabel Two and they marry . They have two children , the elder being a boy named Samuel . Tristan becomes involved in small - scale rum - running , finding himself at odds with the O'Banion brothers . Isabel is accidentally killed by a police officer working for the O'Banions . In a fit of grief , Tristan beats the officer nearly to death and is jailed . Susannah visits Tristan , still having feelings for him , but he refuses her advances . After his release , Tristan and Decker kill those responsible for Isabel 's death , including one of the O'Banion brothers . Realizing she can not live without Tristan , Susannah commits suicide . The remaining O'Banion brother , along with the corrupt sheriff and another police officer , comes after Tristan for revenge . At the ranch , Ludlow and Alfred kill the attackers . Alfred reconciles with his father and brother . The family realizes that Tristan is likely to be blamed for the deaths , which prompts Tristan to ask Alfred to take care of his children . One Stab 's narration explains that later during the night they bury the bodies and dump the car in the Missouri River . He reflects that rather than dying young as he , the American Indian , had expected , Tristan lived to watch his children and grandchildren grow . One Stab observes that it was the people Tristan loved and wanted to protect most that died young . The last scene takes place in 1963 . Tristan , now an old man living in the North Country investigates an animal carcass as he is confronted by a grizzly bear . He draws his knife and fights it .", "3": "As they struggle , the image freeze - frames as One Stab narrates , `` It was a good death '' . Cast ( edit ) Brad Pitt as Tristan Ludlow Keegan MacIntosh as Young Tristan Ludlow Anthony Hopkins as Col. William Ludlow Aidan Quinn as Alfred Ludlow Julia Ormond as Susannah Fincannon - Ludlow Henry Thomas as Samuel Ludlow Karina Lombard as Isabel `` Isabel II '' Decker / Isabel Decker Ludlow Sekwan Auger as Young Isabel II Decker Gordon Tootoosis as One Stab Christina Pickles as Isabel Ludlow Paul Desmond as Roscoe Decker Tantoo Cardinal as Pet Decker Robert Wisden as John T. O'Banion John Novak as James O'Banion Kenneth Welsh as Sheriff Tynert Bart the Bear as the Bear Production ( edit ) Filming ( edit ) Legends of the Fall was primarily filmed on location in Alberta and British Columbia , Canada . Principal photography began in mid-September 1993 . The World War I battlefield scenes took two weeks to film and were shot near Morley , Alberta , with hundreds of locals and a few Canadian Forces soldiers recruited as extras . The Ghost River Wilderness Area in Alberta served as the filming location for the Ludlow ranch ; additional outdoor scenes , as well as the funeral and cemetery scenes , were shot at the Bow River near Banff National Park . A historic harbour area in Vancouver called Gastown was augmented with period building facades for the Helena , Montana street scenes . Hotel scenes were shot at the Hotel Europe at 43 Powell Street in Vancouver . Additional scenes were shot at Maple Leaf Square in Gastown , Vancouver , and Ocho Rios in Saint Ann , Jamaica . Filming wrapped up around January 1994 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film opened in limited release on December 23 , 1994 , and expanded to a wide release on January 13 , 1995 . During its first weekend in wide release , which was a four - day weekend due to Martin Luther King , Jr . Day , the film reached number one at the domestic box office after grossing $14 million . After its initial run , the film brought in a final box office total of $160,638,883 .", "4": "Against its $30 million budget , the film was a financial success . Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 56 % of 54 film critics have given the film a positive review , with a rating average of 5.8 out of 10 . Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , gives the film a score of 45 based on 23 reviews , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . IMBD gave the film a score of 7.5 / 10 based on reviews from critics , indicating generally positive reviews . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times described the film as `` pretty good ... with full - blooded performances and heartfelt melodrama '' . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone particularly praised Pitt 's performance saying , `` Though the admirable Quinn has the toughest role , Pitt carries the picture . The blue - eyed boy who seemed a bit lost in Interview with the Vampire proves himself a bona fide movie star , stealing every scene he 's in . '' Comparatively , Chris Hicks of Deseret News noted , `` Pitt is the hunk of the moment , and Legends of the Fall will only further cement his big - screen , romantic leading - man status . And he is satisfying as the internalized , rebellious Tristan ( look for that name to be given to more than a few babies over the next few years ) . Even if the character seems only a slight twist on the similar role he played in A River Runs Through It . ( He even becomes a bootlegger ! ) '' On the other hand , Rita Kempley of The Washington Post stated that the film 's `` yarn does n't so much sweep as sprawl across the screen in all its panoramic idiocy '' . Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented , `` Before it turns exhaustingly hollow , this film shows the potential for bringing Mr. Harrison 's tough , brooding tale to life . And the actors may have captured the spirit of the story , but that 's impossible to know . '' She concluded , `` These are performances that lost too much in the editing room , smothered by music and overshadowed by a picture - postcard vision of the American West . ''", "5": "Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for the Academy Awards for Best Cinematography ( John Toll ) , Best Art Direction ( Lilly Kilvert , Dorree Cooper ) , and Best Sound ( Paul Massey , David E. Campbell , Chris David and Douglas Ganton ) , and won the category for Best Cinematography . In addition , the film was nominated for the Golden Globes for Best Picture -- Drama , Best Actor -- Drama ( Brad Pitt ) , Best Director ( Edward Zwick ) , and Best Original Score ( James Horner ) . Home Media ( edit ) Legends of the Fall was first released on DVD on April 29 , 1997 , and once again on October 17 , 2000 . The film was later released on Blu - ray on February 8 , 2011 , with bonus content that includes two audio commentaries , deleted scenes with optional commentary and two behind - the - scenes featurettes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Hicks , Chris ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Tristram , Hildegard L.C. ( 2007 ) . The Celtic Languages in Contact . Potsdam University Library # Potsdam University Press . p. 204 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 940793 - 07 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Hopkins lines up Beethoven role '' . Reading Eagle . 27 August 1993 . p. 51 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Reel Adventures Alberta Movie Maps '' . Alberta SouthWest . pp. 1 -- 9 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ansen , David ( 16 January 1994 ) . `` The Flowering Of A Late Bloomer '' . The Daily Beast . p. 2 . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for January 13 - 16 , 1995 '' . IMDB .", "6": "Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) '' . IMDB . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall -- Rotten Tomatoes '' . Flixster . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall '' . CBS Interactive . Metacritic . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` Legends of the Fall Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Hicks , Chris ( 17 January 1995 ) . `` Film review : Legends of the Fall '' . Deseret News . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kempley , Rita ( 13 January 1995 ) . `` ' Legends of the Fall ' ( R ) '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 23 December 1994 ) . `` Grit vs. Good Looks In the American West '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 67th Academy Awards ( 1995 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes , USA 1995 '' . Lucy Media . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Legends of the Fall '' . 9 October 2000 . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Calonge , Juan ( 29 November 2010 ) . `` Legends of the Fall Blu - ray Announced , A River Runs through It in Regular Case '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved 12 December 2012 .", "7": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Legends of the Fall Legends of the Fall on IMDb Legends of the Fall at AllMovie Legends of the Fall at the TCM Movie Database Legends of the Fall at the American Film Institute Catalog ( hide ) Films directed by Edward Zwick About Last Night ( 1986 ) Glory ( 1989 ) Leaving Normal ( 1992 ) Legends of the Fall ( 1994 ) Courage Under Fire ( 1996 ) The Siege ( 1998 ) The Last Samurai ( 2003 ) Blood Diamond ( 2006 ) Defiance ( 2008 ) Love & Other Drugs ( 2010 ) Pawn Sacrifice ( 2014 ) Jack Reacher : Never Go Back ( 2016 ) VIAF : 232515313 GND : 4684122 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "8": "php?title=Legends_of_the_Fall&oldid=816810561 '' Categories : 1994 films English - language films American films 1990s drama films Western Front films ( World War I ) American romantic drama films American epic films Films based on American novels Films based on romance novels Films directed by Edward Zwick Films set in Montana Films set in the 1910s Films set in the 1920s Films set in the 1930s Films set in the 1960s Films shot in Alberta Films shot in Vancouver Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography Academy Award TriStar Pictures films Films scored by James Horner Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano ქართული Кыргызча Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 21 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 1, 4, 8, 7, 6, 3, 0, 5 ]

[ 3, 2, 1, 4, 8, 7 ]

[ "NIRA", "National Industrial Recovery Act" ]

{ "0": "New Deal - wikipedia New Deal Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the United States economic program . For other uses , see New Deal ( disambiguation ) . New Deal Top left : The TVA signed into law in 1933 Top right : President Roosevelt led the New Dealers ; Bottom : A public mural from arts program of the WPA Duration 1933 -- 1936 Location United States Type Economic program Cause Great Depression Organized by President Franklin D. Roosevelt Outcome Reform of Wall Street ; relief for farmers and unemployed ; Social Security ; political power shifts to Democratic New Deal Coalition ; Disputed / slow economic recovery Part of a series on Progressivism History ( show ) Atomic Age Enlightenment Industrial Age Information Age Jet Age Machine Age Progressive Era Space Age Ideas ( show ) Economic development Broad measures Economic growth Empirical evidence Direct democracy Freedom of movement Human enhancement Idea of Progress Industrialisation Linear history Modernity Philosophical progress Progressive education in Latin America Progressive rationalism Reform movement Social organization Social progress List of countries Scientific progress Social change Sustainable design Ecological engineering Self - determination Scientific management Scientific method Sustainable development Technological change Techno - progressivism Welfare Women 's suffrage People ( show ) Edith Abbott Grace Abbott Jane Addams Sophonisba Breckinridge William Jennings Bryan Marquis de Condorcet Charles Evans Hughes Robert M. La Follette Immanuel Kant John Stuart Mill Theodore Roosevelt Al Smith William Howard Taft Woodrow Wilson Long Yun By region ( show ) In the Muslim world In South Korea In the United States Philosophy portal Politics portal The New Deal was a series of programs , public work projects , financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States 1933 - 35 , in response to the Great Depression . Some of these federal programs included the Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , the Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 ( NIRA ) and the Social Security Administration ( SSA ) .", "1": "These programs included support for farmers , the unemployed , youth and the elderly . It included new constraints and safeguards on the banking industry and efforts to re-inflate the economy after prices had fallen sharply . New Deal programs included both laws passed by Congress as well as presidential executive orders during the first term of the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt . The programs focused on what historians refer to as the `` 3 Rs '' : relief for the unemployed and poor , recovery of the economy back to normal levels and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression . The New Deal produced a political realignment , making the Democratic Party the majority ( as well as the party that held the White House for seven out of the nine presidential terms from 1933 -- 1969 ) with its base in liberal ideas , the South , traditional Democrats , big city machines and the newly empowered labor unions and ethnic minorities . The Republicans were split , with conservatives opposing the entire New Deal as hostile to business and economic growth and liberals in support . The realignment crystallized into the New Deal coalition that dominated presidential elections into the 1960s while the opposing conservative coalition largely controlled Congress in domestic affairs from 1937 -- 1964 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary of First and Second New Deal programs 2 Origins 2.1 Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 2.2 Campaign 3 First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) 3.1 The First 100 Days ( 1933 ) 3.1. 1 Fiscal policy 3.1. 2 Banking reform 3.1. 3 Monetary reform 3.1. 4 Securities Act of 1933 3.1. 5 Repeal of Prohibition 3.2 Relief 3.2. 1 Public works 3.2. 2 Farm and rural programs 3.3 Recovery 3.3. 1 NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign 3.3. 2 Housing sector 3.4 Reform 3.4. 1 Trade liberalization 3.4.", "2": "2 Puerto Rico 4 Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1936 ) 4.1 Social Security Act 4.2 Labor relations 4.3 Works Progress Administration 4.4 Tax policy 4.5 Housing Act of 1937 5 Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift 6 Recession of 1937 and recovery 7 World War II and full employment 7.1 Federal budget soars 7.2 Wartime welfare projects 7.3 Fair Employment Practices 7.4 Growing equality of income 8 Legacy 9 Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies 9.1 Fiscal policy 9.2 Race and gender 9.2. 1 African Americans 9.2. 1.1 Segregation 9.2. 2 Women and the New Deal 9.3 Relief 9.4 Recovery 9.4. 1 Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) 9.4. 2 Mainstream economics interpretation 9.4. 2.1 Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending 9.4. 2.2 Monetarist interpretation 9.4. 2.2. 1 Milton Friedman 9.4. 2.2. 2 Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery 9.4. 2.3 New Keynesian economics : crucial source of recovery 9.4. 3 Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful 9.4.", "3": "4 Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful 9.5 Reform 9.6 Impact on federal government and states 10 Charges 10.1 Charges of fascism 10.2 Charges of conservatism 10.3 Communists in government 11 Political metaphor 12 Works of art and music 13 New Deal programs 14 Statistics 14.1 Depression statistics 14.2 Relief statistics 15 See also 16 References 17 Further reading 17.1 Surveys 17.2 State and local studies 17.3 Biographies 17.4 Economics , farms , labor and relief 17.5 Social and cultural history 17.6 Politics 17.7 Primary sources 18 External links Summary of first and Second New Deal programs ( edit ) By 1936 , the term `` liberal '' typically was used for supporters of the New Deal and `` conservative '' for its opponents . From 1934 to 1938 , Roosevelt was assisted in his endeavors by a `` pro-spender '' majority in Congress ( drawn from two - party , competitive , non-machine , progressive and left party districts ) . In the 1938 midterm election , Roosevelt and his liberal supporters lost control of Congress to the bipartisan conservative coalition . Many historians distinguish between a First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) and a Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1938 ) , with the second one more liberal and more controversial . The First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) dealt with the pressing banking crises through the Emergency Banking Act and the 1933 Banking Act . The Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) provided $500 million ( $9.45 billion today ) for relief operations by states and cities , while the short - lived CWA gave locals money to operate make - work projects in 1933 -- 1934 . The Securities Act of 1933 was enacted to prevent a repeated stock market crash . The controversial work of the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was also part of the First New Deal .", "4": "The Second New Deal in 1935 -- 1938 included the Wagner Act to protect labor organizing , the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) relief program ( which made the federal government by far the largest single employer in the nation ) , the Social Security Act and new programs to aid tenant farmers and migrant workers . The final major items of New Deal legislation were the creation of the United States Housing Authority and the FSA , which both occurred in 1937 ; and the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 , which set maximum hours and minimum wages for most categories of workers . The FSA was also one of the oversight authorities of the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration , which administered relief efforts to Puerto Rican citizens affected by the Great Depression . The economic downturn of 1937 -- 1938 and the bitter split between the American Federation of Labor ( AFL ) and Congress of Industrial Organizations ( CIO ) labor unions led to major Republican gains in Congress in 1938 . Conservative Republicans and Democrats in Congress joined in the informal conservative coalition . By 1942 -- 1943 , they shut down relief programs such as the WPA and the CCC and blocked major liberal proposals . Nonetheless , Roosevelt turned his attention to the war effort and won reelection in 1940 -- 1944 . Furthermore , the Supreme Court declared the NRA and the first version of the Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) unconstitutional , but the AAA was rewritten and then upheld . Republican president Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) left the New Deal largely intact , even expanding it in some areas . In the 1960s , Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs , which Republican Richard Nixon generally retained . However , after 1974 the call for deregulation of the economy gained bipartisan support . The New Deal regulation of banking ( Glass -- Steagall Act ) lasted until it was suspended in the 1990s . Several New Deal programs remain active and those operating under the original names include the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , the Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) and the Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) . The largest programs still in existence today are the Social Security System and the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) .", "5": "Origins ( edit ) Economic collapse ( 1929 -- 1933 ) ( edit ) American annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted Unemployment rate in the United States from 1910 -- 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 1939 ) highlighted ( accurate data begins in 1939 ) From 1929 to 1933 manufacturing output decreased by one third . Prices fell by 20 % , causing deflation that made repaying debts much harder . Unemployment in the United States increased from 4 % to 25 % . Additionally , one - third of all employed persons were downgraded to working part - time on much smaller paychecks . In the aggregate , almost 50 % of the nation 's human work - power was going unused . Before the New Deal , there was no insurance on deposits at banks . When thousands of banks closed , depositors lost their savings as at that time there was no national safety net , no public unemployment insurance and no Social Security . Relief for the poor was the responsibility of families , private charity and local governments , but as conditions worsened year by year demand skyrocketed and their combined resources increasingly fell far short of demand . The depression had devastated the nation . As Roosevelt took the oath of office at noon on March 4 , 1933 , all state governors had authorized bank holidays or restricted withdrawals -- many Americans had little or no access to their bank accounts . Farm income had fallen by over 50 % since 1929 . An estimated 844,000 non-farm mortgages had been foreclosed between 1930 -- 1933 , out of five million in all . Political and business leaders feared revolution and anarchy . Joseph P. Kennedy , Sr. , who remained wealthy during the Depression , stated years later that `` in those days I felt and said I would be willing to part with half of what I had if I could be sure of keeping , under law and order , the other half '' . Campaign ( edit ) The phrase `` New Deal '' was coined by an adviser to Roosevelt , Stuart Chase , although the term was originally used by Mark Twain in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court .", "6": "Upon accepting the 1932 Democratic nomination for president , Roosevelt promised `` a new deal for the American people '' , saying : `` Throughout the nation men and women , forgotten in the political philosophy of the Government , look to us here for guidance and for more equitable opportunity to share in the distribution of national wealth ... I pledge myself to a new deal for the American people . This is more than a political campaign . It is a call to arms . '' First New Deal ( 1933 -- 1934 ) ( edit ) 1935 cartoon by Vaughn Shoemaker in which he parodied the New Deal as a card game with alphabetical agencies Roosevelt entered office without a specific set of plans for dealing with the Great Depression -- so he improvised as Congress listened to a very wide variety of voices . Among Roosevelt 's more famous advisers was an informal `` Brain Trust '' , a group that tended to view pragmatic government intervention in the economy positively . His choice for Secretary of Labor , Frances Perkins , greatly influenced his initiatives . Her list of what her priorities would be if she took the job illustrates : `` a forty - hour workweek , a minimum wage , worker 's compensation , unemployment compensation , a federal law banning child labor , direct federal aid for unemployment relief , Social Security , a revitalized public employment service and health insurance '' . The New Deal policies drew from many different ideas proposed earlier in the 20th century . Assistant Attorney General Thurman Arnold led efforts that hearkened back to an anti-monopoly tradition rooted in American politics by figures such as Andrew Jackson and Thomas Jefferson . Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis , an influential adviser to many New Dealers , argued that `` bigness '' ( referring , presumably , to corporations ) was a negative economic force , producing waste and inefficiency . However , the anti-monopoly group never had a major impact on New Deal policy . Other leaders such as Hugh S. Johnson of the NRA took ideas from the Woodrow Wilson Administration , advocating techniques used to mobilize the economy for World War I. They brought ideas and experience from the government controls and spending of 1917 -- 1918 . Other New Deal planners revived experiments suggested in the 1920s , such as the TVA .", "7": "The `` First New Deal '' ( 1933 -- 1934 ) encompassed the proposals offered by a wide spectrum of groups ( not included was the Socialist Party , whose influence was all but destroyed ) . This first phase of the New Deal was also characterized by fiscal conservatism ( see Economy Act , below ) and experimentation with several different , sometimes contradictory , cures for economic ills . There were dozens of new agencies created by Roosevelt through Executive Orders . They are typically known by their alphabetical initials . The first 100 days ( 1933 ) ( edit ) Main article : First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's presidency The American people were generally extremely dissatisfied with the crumbling economy , mass unemployment , declining wages and profits and especially Herbert Hoover 's policies such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act and the Revenue Act of 1932 . Roosevelt entered office with enormous political capital . Americans of all political persuasions were demanding immediate action and Roosevelt responded with a remarkable series of new programs in the `` first hundred days '' of the administration , in which he met with Congress for 100 days . During those 100 days of lawmaking , Congress granted every request Roosevelt asked and passed a few programs ( such as the FDIC to insure bank accounts ) that he opposed . Ever since , presidents have been judged against Roosevelt for what they accomplished in their first 100 days . Walter Lippmann famously noted : At the end of February we were a congeries of disorderly panic - stricken mobs and factions . In the hundred days from March to June we became again an organized nation confident of our power to provide for our own security and to control our own destiny . The economy had hit bottom in March 1933 and then started to expand . Economic indicators show the economy reached nadir in the first days of March , then began a steady , sharp upward recovery . Thus the Federal Reserve Index of Industrial Production sank to its lowest point of 52.8 in July 1932 ( with 1935 -- 1939 = 100 ) and was practically unchanged at 54.3 in March 1933 . However , by July 1933 it reached 85.5 , a dramatic rebound of 57 % in four months . Recovery was steady and strong until 1937 .", "8": "Except for employment , the economy by 1937 surpassed the levels of the late 1920s . The Recession of 1937 was a temporary downturn . Private sector employment , especially in manufacturing , recovered to the level of the 1920s , but failed to advance further until the war . The U.S. population was 124,840,471 in 1932 and 128,824,829 in 1937 , an increase of 3,984,468 . The ratio of these numbers , times the number of jobs in 1932 , means there was a need for 938,000 more 1937 jobs to maintain the same employment level . Fiscal policy ( edit ) The Economy Act , drafted by Budget Director Lewis Williams Douglas , was passed on March 14 , 1933 . The act proposed to balance the `` regular '' ( non-emergency ) federal budget by cutting the salaries of government employees and cutting pensions to veterans by fifteen percent . It saved $500 million per year and reassured deficit hawks , such as Douglas , that the new President was fiscally conservative . Roosevelt argued there were two budgets : the `` regular '' federal budget , which he balanced ; and the emergency budget , which was needed to defeat the depression . It was imbalanced on a temporary basis . Roosevelt initially favored balancing the budget , but soon found himself running spending deficits to fund his numerous programs . However , Douglas -- rejecting the distinction between a regular and emergency budget -- resigned in 1934 and became an outspoken critic of the New Deal . Roosevelt strenuously opposed the Bonus Bill that would give World War I veterans a cash bonus . Congress finally passed it over his veto in 1936 and the Treasury distributed $1.5 billion in cash as bonus welfare benefits to 4 million veterans just before the 1936 election . New Dealers never accepted the Keynesian argument for government spending as a vehicle for recovery . Most economists of the era , along with Henry Morgenthau of the Treasury Department , rejected Keynesian solutions and favored balanced budgets .", "9": "Banking reform ( edit ) Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression Roosevelt 's ebullient public personality , conveyed through his declaration that `` the only thing we have to fear is fear itself '' and his `` fireside chats '' on the radio did a great deal to help restore the nation 's confidence Fireside Chat 1 On the Banking Crisis Roosevelt 's first Fireside Chat on the Banking Crisis ( March 12 , 1933 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . At the beginning of the Great Depression , the economy was destabilized by bank failures followed by credit crunches . The initial reasons were substantial losses in investment banking , followed by bank runs . Bank runs occurred when a large number of customers withdrew their deposits because they believed the bank might become insolvent . As the bank run progressed , it generated a self - fulfilling prophecy : as more people withdrew their deposits , the likelihood of default increased and this encouraged further withdrawals . Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz have argued that the drain of money out of the banking system caused the monetary supply to shrink , forcing the economy to likewise shrink . As credit and economic activity diminished , price deflation followed , causing further economic contraction with disastrous impact on banks . Between 1929 and 1933 , 40 % of all banks ( 9,490 out of 23,697 banks ) failed . Much of the Great Depression 's economic damage was caused directly by bank runs . Herbert Hoover had already considered a bank holiday to prevent further bank runs , but rejected the idea because he was afraid to trip a panic . However , Roosevelt gave a radio address , held in the atmosphere of a Fireside Chat , in which he explained to the public in simple terms the causes of the banking crisis , what the government will do and how the population could help . He closed all the banks in the country and kept them all closed until he could pass new legislation . On March 9 , 1933 , Roosevelt sent to Congress the Emergency Banking Act , drafted in large part by Hoover 's top advisors . The act was passed and signed into law the same day . It provided for a system of reopening sound banks under Treasury supervision , with federal loans available if needed . Three - quarters of the banks in the Federal Reserve System reopened within the next three days .", "10": "Billions of dollars in hoarded currency and gold flowed back into them within a month , thus stabilizing the banking system . By the end of 1933 , 4,004 small local banks were permanently closed and merged into larger banks . Their deposits totalled $3.6 billion : depositors lost a total of $540 million and eventually received on average 85 cents on the dollar of their deposits -- it is a common myth that they received nothing back . The Glass -- Steagall Act limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms to regulate speculations . It also established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) , which insured deposits for up to $2,500 , ending the risk of runs on banks . This banking reform offered unprecedented stability as while throughout the 1920s more than five hundred banks failed per year , it was less than ten banks per year after 1933 . Monetary reform ( edit ) Under the gold standard , the United States kept the dollar convertible to gold . The Federal Reserve would have had to execute an expansionary monetary policy to fight the deflation and to inject liquidity into the banking system to prevent it from crumbling -- but lower interest rates would have led to a gold outflow . Under the gold standards , price -- specie flow mechanism countries that lost gold , but nevertheless wanted to maintain the gold standard had to permit their money supply to decrease and the domestic price level to decline ( deflation ) . As long as the Federal Reserve had to defend the gold parity of the Dollar it had to sit idle while the banking system crumbled . In March and April in a series of laws and executive orders , the government suspended the gold standard . Roosevelt stopped the outflow of gold by forbidding the export of gold except under license from the Treasury . Anyone holding significant amounts of gold coinage was mandated to exchange it for the existing fixed price of U.S. dollars . The Treasury no longer paid out gold in exchange for dollars and gold would no longer be considered valid legal tender for debts in private and public contracts . The dollar was allowed to float freely on foreign exchange markets with no guaranteed price in gold . With the passage of the Gold Reserve Act in 1934 , the nominal price of gold was changed from $20.67 per troy ounce to $35 .", "11": "These measures enabled the Federal Reserve to increase the amount of money in circulation to the level the economy needed . Markets immediately responded well to the suspension in the hope that the decline in prices would finally end . In her essay `` What ended the Great Depression ? '' ( 1992 ) , Christina Romer argued that this policy raised industrial production by 25 % until 1937 and by 50 % until 1942 . Securities Act of 1933 ( edit ) Before the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , there was no regulation of securities at the federal level . Even firms whose securities were publicly traded published no regular reports or even worse rather misleading reports based on arbitrarily selected data . To avoid another Wall Street Crash , the Securities Act of 1933 was enacted . It required the disclosure of the balance sheet , profit and loss statement , the names and compensations of corporate officers , about firms whose securities were traded . Additionally those reports had to be verified by independent auditors . In 1934 , the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission was established to regulate the stock market and prevent corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting . Repeal of prohibition ( edit ) In a measure that garnered substantial popular support for his New Deal , Roosevelt moved to put to rest one of the most divisive cultural issues of the 1920s . He signed the bill to legalize the manufacture and sale of alcohol , an interim measure pending the repeal of prohibition , for which a constitutional amendment of repeal ( the 21st ) was already in process . The repeal amendment was ratified later in 1933 . States and cities gained additional new revenue and Roosevelt secured his popularity especially in the cities and ethnic areas by helping the beer start flowing . Relief ( edit ) Relief was the immediate effort to help the one - third of the population that was hardest hit by the depression . Relief was also aimed at providing temporary help to suffering and unemployed Americans . Local and state budgets were sharply reduced because of falling tax revenue , but New Deal relief programs were used not just to hire the unemployed but also to build needed schools , municipal buildings , waterworks , sewers , streets , and parks according to local specifications . While the regular Army and Navy budgets were reduced , Roosevelt juggled relief funds to help them out .", "12": "All of the CCC camps were directed by army officers , who salaries came from the relief budget . The PWA built numerous warships , including two aircraft carriers ; the money came from the PWA agency . PWA also built warplanes , while the WPA built military bases and airfields . Public Works ( edit ) Public Works Administration Project Bonneville Dam To prime the pump and cut unemployment , the NIRA created the Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , a major program of public works , which organized and provided funds for the building of useful works such as government buildings , airports , hospitals , schools , roads , bridges and dams . From 1933 to 1935 PWA spent $3.3 billion with private companies to build 34,599 projects , many of them quite large . Under Roosevelt , many unemployed persons were put to work on a wide range of government financed public works projects , building bridges , airports , dams , post offices , hospitals and hundreds of thousands of miles of road . Through reforestation and flood control , they reclaimed millions of hectares of soil from erosion and devastation . As noted by one authority , Roosevelt 's New Deal `` was literally stamped on the American landscape '' . Farm and rural programs ( edit ) Pumping water by hand from sole water supply in this section of Wilder , Tennessee ( Tennessee Valley Authority , 1942 ) The rural U.S. was a high priority for Roosevelt and his energetic Secretary of Agriculture , Henry A. Wallace . Roosevelt believed that full economic recovery depended upon the recovery of agriculture and raising farm prices was a major tool , even though it meant higher food prices for the poor living in cities . Many rural people lived in severe poverty , especially in the South . Major programs addressed to their needs included the Resettlement Administration ( RA ) , the Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) , rural welfare projects sponsored by the WPA , National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , Forest Service and Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , including school lunches , building new schools , opening roads in remote areas , reforestation and purchase of marginal lands to enlarge national forests . In 1933 , the Roosevelt administration launched the Tennessee Valley Authority , a project involving dam construction planning on an unprecedented scale to curb flooding , generate electricity and modernize poor farms in the Tennessee Valley region of the Southern United States .", "13": "Under the Farmers ' Relief Act of 1933 , the government paid compensation to farmers who reduced output , thereby raising prices . As a result of this legislation , the average income of farmers almost doubled by 1937 . In the 1920s , farm production had increased dramatically thanks to mechanization , more potent insecticides and increased use of fertilizer . Due to an overproduction of agricultural products , farmers faced a severe and chronic agricultural depression throughout the 1920s . The Great Depression even worsened the agricultural crises and at the beginning of 1933 agricultural markets nearly faced collapse . Farm prices were so low that in Montana wheat was rotting in the fields because it could not be profitably harvested . In Oregon , sheep were slaughtered and left to the buzzards because meat prices were not sufficient to warrant transportation to markets . Roosevelt was keenly interested in farm issues and believed that true prosperity would not return until farming was prosperous . Many different programs were directed at farmers . The first 100 days produced the Farm Security Act to raise farm incomes by raising the prices farmers received , which was achieved by reducing total farm output . The Agricultural Adjustment Act created the Agricultural Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) in May 1933 . The act reflected the demands of leaders of major farm organizations ( especially the Farm Bureau ) and reflected debates among Roosevelt 's farm advisers such as Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace , M.L. Wilson , Rexford Tugwell and George Peek . The AAA aimed to raise prices for commodities through artificial scarcity . The AAA used a system of domestic allotments , setting total output of corn , cotton , dairy products , hogs , rice , tobacco and wheat . The farmers themselves had a voice in the process of using government to benefit their incomes . The AAA paid land owners subsidies for leaving some of their land idle with funds provided by a new tax on food processing . To force up farm prices to the point of `` parity , '' 10 million acres ( 40,000 km ) of growing cotton was plowed up , bountiful crops were left to rot and six million piglets were killed and discarded . The idea was to give farmers a `` fair exchange value '' for their products in relation to the general economy ( `` parity level '' ) . Farm incomes and the income for the general population recovered fast since the beginning of 1933 .", "14": "Food prices remained still well below the 1929 peak . The AAA established an important and long - lasting federal role in the planning on the entire agricultural sector of the economy and was the first program on such a scale on behalf of the troubled agricultural economy . The original AAA did not provide for any sharecroppers or tenants or farm laborers who might become unemployed , but there were other New Deal programs especially for them . A Gallup poll printed in the Washington Post revealed that a majority of the American public opposed the AAA . In 1936 , the Supreme Court declared the AAA to be unconstitutional , stating that `` a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production , ( is ) a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government '' . The AAA was replaced by a similar program that did win Court approval . Instead of paying farmers for letting fields lie barren , this program subsidized them for planting soil enriching crops such as alfalfa that would not be sold on the market . Federal regulation of agricultural production has been modified many times since then , but together with large subsidies is still in effect today . The Farm Tenancy Act in 1937 was the last major New Deal legislation that concerned farming . In turn , it created the Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) , which replaced the Resettlement Administration . The Food Stamp Plan -- a major new welfare program for urban poor -- was established in 1939 to provide stamps to poor people who could use them to purchase food at retail outlets . The program ended during wartime prosperity in 1943 , but was restored in 1961 . It survived into the 21st century with little controversy because it was seen to benefit the urban poor , food producers , grocers and wholesalers as well as farmers , thus it gained support from both liberal and conservative Congressmen . In 2013 , Tea Party activists in the House nonetheless tried to end the program , now known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program , while the Senate fought to preserve it . Recovery ( edit ) Recovery was the effort in numerous programs to restore the economy to normal health . By most economic indicators , this was achieved by 1937 -- except for unemployment , which remained stubbornly high until World War II began . Recovery was designed to help the economy bounce back from depression .", "15": "Economic historians led by Price Fishback have examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in the 114 largest cities , 1929 -- 1937 . They estimated that every additional $153,000 in relief spending ( in 1935 dollars , or $1.95 million in year 2000 dollars ) was associated with a reduction of one infant death , one suicide and 2.4 deaths from infectious disease . NRA `` Blue Eagle '' campaign ( edit ) Main article : National Recovery Administration National Recovery Administration Blue Eagle Manufacturing employment in the U.S. from 1920 to 1940 From 1929 to 1933 , the industrial economy had been suffering from a vicious cycle of deflation . Since 1931 , the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , the voice of the nation 's organized business , promoted an anti-deflationary scheme that would permit trade associations to cooperate in government - instigated cartels to stabilize prices within their industries . While existing antitrust laws clearly forbade such practices , organized business found a receptive ear in the Roosevelt Administration . Roosevelt 's advisers believed that excessive competition and technical progress had led to overproduction and lowered wages and prices , which they believed lowered demand and employment ( deflation ) . He argued that government economic planning was necessary to remedy this . New Deal economists argued that cut - throat competition had hurt many businesses and that with prices having fallen 20 % and more , `` deflation '' exacerbated the burden of debt and would delay recovery . They rejected a strong move in Congress to limit the workweek to 30 hours . Instead their remedy , designed in cooperation with big business , was the NIRA . It included stimulus funds for the WPA to spend and sought to raise prices , give more bargaining power for unions ( so the workers could purchase more ) and reduce harmful competition . At the center of the NIRA was the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) , headed by former General Hugh S. Johnson , who had been a senior economic official in World War I. Johnson called on every business establishment in the nation to accept a stopgap `` blanket code '' : a minimum wage of between 20 and 45 cents per hour , a maximum workweek of 35 -- 45 hours and the abolition of child labor .", "16": "Johnson and Roosevelt contended that the `` blanket code '' would raise consumer purchasing power and increase employment . To mobilize political support for the NRA , Johnson launched the `` NRA Blue Eagle '' publicity campaign to boost what he called `` industrial self - government '' . The NRA brought together leaders in each industry to design specific sets of codes for that industry -- the most important provisions were anti-deflationary floors below which no company would lower prices or wages and agreements on maintaining employment and production . In a remarkably short time , the NRA announced agreements from almost every major industry in the nation . By March 1934 , industrial production was 45 % higher than in March 1933 . NRA Administrator Hugh Johnson was showing signs of mental breakdown due to the extreme pressure and workload of running the National Recovery Administration . After two meetings with Roosevelt and an abortive resignation attempt , Johnson resigned on September 24 , 1934 and Roosevelt replaced the position of Administrator with a new National Industrial Recovery Board , of which Donald Richberg was named Executive Director . On May 27 , 1935 , the NRA was found to be unconstitutional by a unanimous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in the case of Schechter v. United States . After the end of the NRA , quotas in the oil industry were fixed by the Railroad Commission of Texas with Tom Connally 's federal Hot Oil Act of 1935 , which guaranteed that illegal `` hot oil '' would not be sold . By the time NRA ended in May 1935 , well over 2 million employers accepted the new standards laid down by the NRA , which had introduced a minimum wage and an eight - hour workday , together with abolishing child labor . These standards were reintroduced by the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 . Housing sector ( edit ) The New Deal had an important impact in the housing field . The New Deal followed and increased President Hoover 's lead and seek measures . The New Deal sought to stimulate the private home building industry and increase the number of individuals who owned homes . The New Deal implemented two new housing agencies ; Home Owners ' Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) and the Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) . HOLC set uniform national appraisal methods and simplified the mortgage process . The Federal Housing Administration ( FHA ) created national standards for home construction .", "17": "Reform ( edit ) Reform was based on the assumption that the depression was caused by the inherent instability of the market and that government intervention was necessary to rationalize and stabilize the economy and to balance the interests of farmers , business and labor . Reforms targeted the causes of the depression and sought to prevent a crisis like it from happening again . In other words , financially rebuilding the U.S. while ensuring not to repeat history . Trade Liberalization ( edit ) There is consensus amongst economic historians that protectionist policies , culminating in the Smoot - Hawley Act of 1930 , worsened the Depression . Roosevelt already spoke against the act while campaigning for president during 1932 . In 1934 , the Reciprocal Tariff Act was drafted by Cordell Hull . It gave the president power to negotiate bilateral , reciprocal trade agreements with other countries . The act enabled Roosevelt to liberalize American trade policy around the globe and it is widely credited with ushering in the era of liberal trade policy that persists to this day . Puerto Rico ( edit ) A separate set of programs operated in Puerto Rico , headed by the Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration . It promoted land reform and helped small farms , it set up farm cooperatives , promoted crop diversification and helped local industry . The Puerto Rico Reconstruction Administration was directed by Juan Pablo Montoya Sr. from 1935 to 1937 . Second New Deal ( 1935 -- 1936 ) ( edit ) See also : Second New Deal In the spring of 1935 , responding to the setbacks in the Court , a new skepticism in Congress and the growing popular clamor for more dramatic action , New Dealers passed important new initiatives . Historians refer to them as the `` Second New Deal '' and note that it was more liberal and more controversial than the `` First New Deal '' of 1933 -- 1934 . Social Security Act ( edit ) A poster publicizing Social Security benefits Until 1935 there were just a dozen states that had old age insurance laws , but these programs were woefully underfunded and therefore almost worthless . Just one state ( Wisconsin ) had an insurance program . The United States was the only modern industrial country where people faced the Depression without any national system of social security .", "18": "The work programs of the `` First New Deal '' such as CWA and FERA were designed for immediate relief , for a year or two . The most important program of 1935 and perhaps the New Deal as a whole was the Social Security Act . It established a permanent system of universal retirement pensions ( Social Security ) , unemployment insurance and welfare benefits for the handicapped and needy children in families without a father present . It established the framework for the U.S. welfare system . Roosevelt insisted that it should be funded by payroll taxes rather than from the general fund -- he said : `` We put those payroll contributions there so as to give the contributors a legal , moral , and political right to collect their pensions and unemployment benefits . With those taxes in there , no damn politician can ever scrap my social security program '' . Compared to the social security systems in western European countries , the Social Security Act of 1935 was rather conservative , but for the first time the federal government took responsibility for the economic security of the aged , the temporarily unemployed , dependent children and the handicapped . Labor Relations ( edit ) The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 , also known as the Wagner Act , finally guaranteed workers the rights to collective bargaining through unions of their own choice . The Act also established the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) to facilitate wage agreements and to suppress the repeated labor disturbances . The Wagner Act did not compel employers to reach agreement with their employees , but it opened possibilities for American labor . The result was a tremendous growth of membership in the labor unions , especially in the mass - production sector , led by the older and larger American Federation of Labor and the new . more radical Congress of Industrial Organizations . Labor thus became a major component of the New Deal political coalition . However , the intense battle for members between the AFL and the CIO coalitions weakened labor 's power . The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 set maximum hours ( 44 per week ) and minimum wages ( 25 cents per hour ) for most categories of workers . Child labour of children under the age of 16 was forbidden , children under 18 years were forbidden to work in hazardous employment . As a result , the wages of 300,000 workers , especially in the South , were increased and the hours of 1.3 million were reduced .", "19": "It was the last major New Deal legislation and it passed with support of Northern industrialists who wanted to stop the drain of jobs to the low - wage South . Works Progress Administration ( edit ) Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) poster promoting the LaGuardia Airport project ( 1937 ) Roosevelt nationalized unemployment relief through the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , headed by close friend Harry Hopkins . Roosevelt had insisted that the projects had to be costly in terms of labor , long - term beneficial and the WPA was forbidden to compete with private enterprises -- therefore the workers had to be paid smaller wages . The Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) was created to return the unemployed to the work force . The WPA financed a variety of projects such as hospitals , schools and roads , and employed more than 8.5 million workers who built 650,000 miles of highways and roads , 125,000 public buildings as well as bridges , reservoirs , irrigation systems , parks , playgrounds and so on . Prominent projects were the Lincoln Tunnel , the Triborough Bridge , the LaGuardia Airport , the Overseas Highway and the San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge . The Rural Electrification Administration used co-ops to bring electricity to rural areas , many of which still operate . The National Youth Administration was another the semi-autonomous WPA program for youth . Its Texas director , Lyndon B. Johnson , later used the NYA as a model for some of his Great Society programs in the 1960s . The WPA was organized by states , but New York City had its own branch Federal One , which created jobs for writers , musicians , artists and theater personnel . It became a hunting ground for conservatives searching for communist employees . The Federal Writers ' Project operated in every state , where it created a famous guide book -- it also catalogued local archives and hired many writers , including Margaret Walker , Zora Neale Hurston and Anzia Yezierska , to document folklore . Other writers interviewed elderly ex-slaves and recorded their stories . Under the Federal Theater Project , headed by charismatic Hallie Flanagan , actresses and actors , technicians , writers and directors put on stage productions . The tickets were inexpensive or sometimes free , making theater available to audiences unaccustomed to attending plays .", "20": "One Federal Art Project paid 162 trained woman artists on relief to paint murals or create statues for newly built post offices and courthouses . Many of these works of art can still be seen in public buildings around the country , along with murals sponsored by the Treasury Relief Art Project of the Treasury Department . During its existence , the Federal Theatre Project provided jobs for circus people , musicians , actors , artists and playwrights , together with increasing public appreciation of the arts . Tax policy ( edit ) In 1935 , Roosevelt called for a tax program called the Wealth Tax Act ( Revenue Act of 1935 ) to redistribute wealth . The bill imposed an income tax of 79 % on incomes over $5 million . Since that was an extraordinary high income in the 1930s , the highest tax rate actually covered just one individual -- John D. Rockefeller . The bill was expected to raise only about $250 million in additional funds , so revenue was not the primary goal . Morgenthau called it `` more or less a campaign document '' . In a private conversation with Raymond Moley , Roosevelt admitted that the purpose of the bill was `` stealing Huey Long 's thunder '' by making Long 's supporters his own . At the same time , it raised the bitterness of the rich who called Roosevelt `` a traitor to his class '' and the wealth tax act a `` soak the rich tax '' . A tax called the undistributed profits tax was enacted in 1936 . This time the primary purpose was revenue , since Congress had enacted the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act , calling for payments of $2 billion to World War I veterans . The bill established the persisting principle that retained corporate earnings could be taxed . Paid dividends were tax deductible by corporations . Its proponents intended the bill to replace all other corporation taxes -- believing this would stimulate corporations to distribute earnings and thus put more cash and spending power in the hands of individuals . In the end , Congress watered down the bill , setting the tax rates at 7 to 27 % and largely exempting small enterprises . Facing widespread and fierce criticism , the tax deduction of paid dividends was repealed in 1938 . Housing Act of 1937 ( edit ) Main article : Housing Act of 1937 The United States Housing Act of 1937 created the United States Housing Authority within the U.S.", "21": "Department of the Interior . It was one of the last New Deal agencies created . The bill passed in 1937 with some Republican support to abolish slums . Court - packing plan and jurisprudential shift ( edit ) Main article : Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 When the Supreme Court started abolishing New Deal programs as unconstitutional , Roosevelt launched a surprise counter-attack in early 1937 . He proposed adding five new justices , but conservative Democrats revolted , led by the Vice President . The Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937 failed -- it never reached a vote . Momentum in Congress and public opinion shifted to the right and very little new legislation was passed expanding the New Deal . However , retirements allowed Roosevelt to put supporters on the Court and it stopped killing New Deal programs . Recession of 1937 and recovery ( edit ) Main article : Recession of 1937 The Roosevelt administration was under assault during Roosevelt 's second term , which presided over a new dip in the Great Depression in the fall of 1937 that continued until most of 1938 . Production and profits declined sharply . Unemployment jumped from 14.3 % in May 1937 to 19.0 % in June 1938 . The downturn was perhaps due to nothing more than the familiar rhythms of the business cycle , but until 1937 Roosevelt had claimed responsibility for the excellent economic performance . That backfired in the recession and the heated political atmosphere of 1937 . World war II and full employment ( edit ) Female factory workers in 1942 , Long Beach , California The U.S. reached full employment after entering World War II in December 1941 . Under the special circumstances of war mobilization , massive war spending doubled the gross national product ( GNP ) . Military Keynesianism brought full employment and federal contracts were cost - plus . Instead of competitive bidding to get lower prices , the government gave out contracts that promised to pay all the expenses plus a modest profit . Factories hired everyone they could find regardless of their lack of skills -- they simplified work tasks and trained the workers , with the federal government paying all the costs . Millions of farmers left marginal operations , students quit school and housewives joined the labor force .", "22": "The emphasis was for war supplies as soon as possible , regardless of cost and inefficiencies . Industry quickly absorbed the slack in the labor force and the tables turned such that employers needed to actively and aggressively recruit workers . As the military grew , new labor sources were needed to replace the 12 million men serving in the military . Propaganda campaigns started pleading for people to work in the war factories . The barriers for married women , the old , the unskilled -- and ( in the North and West ) the barriers for racial minorities -- were lowered . Federal budget soars ( edit ) In 1929 , federal expenditures accounted for only 3 % of GNP . Between 1933 and 1939 , federal expenditures tripled , but the national debt as a percent of GNP showed little change . Spending on the war effort quickly eclipsed spending on New Deal programs . In 1944 , government spending on the war effort exceeded 40 % of GNP . The U.S. economy experienced dramatic growth during the Second World War mostly due to the deemphasis of free enterprise in favor of the imposition of strict controls on prices and wages . These controls shared broad support among labor and business , resulting in cooperation between the two groups and the U.S. government . This cooperation resulted in the government subsidizing business and labor through both direct and indirect methods . Wartime welfare projects ( edit ) Conservative domination of Congress during the war meant that all welfare projects and reforms had to have their approval , which was given when business supported the project . For example , the Coal Mines Inspection and Investigation Act of 1941 significantly reduced fatality rates in the coal - mining industry , saving workers ' lives and company money . In terms of welfare , the New Dealers wanted benefits for everyone according to need . However , conservatives proposed benefits based on national service -- especially tied to military service or working in war industries -- and their approach won out . The Community Facilities Act of 1940 ( the Lanham Act ) provided federal funds to defense - impacted communities where the population had soared and local facilities were overwhelmed . It provided money for the building of housing for war workers as well as recreational facilities , water and sanitation plants , hospitals , day care centers and schools . The Servicemen 's Dependents Allowance Act of 1942 provided family allowances for dependents of enlisted men .", "23": "Emergency grants to states were authorized in 1942 for programs for day care for children of working mothers . In 1944 , pensions were authorized for all physically or mentally helpless children of deceased veterans regardless of the age of the child at the date the claim was filed or at the time of the veteran 's death , provided the child was disabled at the age of sixteen and that the disability continued to the date of the claim . The Public Health Service Act , which was passed that same year , expanded federal - state public health programs and increased the annual amount for grants for public health services . The Emergency Maternity and Infant Care Program ( EMIC ) , introduced in March 1943 by the Children 's Bureau , provided free maternity care and medical treatment during an infant 's first year for the wives and children of military personnel in the four lowest enlisted pay grades . One out of seven births was covered during its operation . EMIC paid $127 million to state health departments to cover the care of 1.2 million new mothers and their babies . The average cost of EMIC maternity cases completed was $92.49 for medical and hospital care . A striking effect was the sudden rapid decline in home births as most mothers now had paid hospital maternity care . Under the 1943 Disabled Veterans Rehabilitation Act , vocational rehabilitation services were offered to wounded World War II veterans and some 621,000 veterans would go on to receive assistance under this program . The G.I. Bill ( Servicemen 's Readjustment Act of 1944 ) was a landmark piece of legislation , providing 16 million returning veterans with benefits such as housing , educational and unemployment assistance and played a major role in the postwar expansion of the American middle class . Fair employment practices ( edit ) Main article : Fair Employment Practice Committee In response to the March on Washington Movement led by A. Philip Randolph , Roosevelt promulgated Executive Order 8802 in June 1941 , which established the President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practices ( FEPC ) `` to receive and investigate complaints of discrimination '' so that `` there shall be no discrimination in the employment of workers in defense industries or government because of race , creed , color , or national origin '' . Growing equality of income ( edit ) A major result of the full employment at high wages was a sharp , long lasting decrease in the level of income inequality ( Great Compression ) .", "24": "The gap between rich and poor narrowed dramatically in the area of nutrition because food rationing and price controls provided a reasonably priced diet to everyone . White collar workers did not typically receive overtime and therefore the gap between white collar and blue collar income narrowed . Large families that had been poor during the 1930s had four or more wage earners and these families shot to the top one - third income bracket . Overtime provided large paychecks in war industries and average living standards rose steadily , with real wages rising by 44 % in the four years of war , while the percentage of families with an annual income of less than $2,000 fell from 75 % to 25 % of the population . In 1941 , 40 % of all American families lived on less than the $1,500 per year defined as necessary by the Works Progress Administration for a modest standard of living . The median income stood at $2,000 a year , while 8 million workers earnt below the legal minimum . From 1939 to 1944 , wages and salaries more than doubled , with overtime pay and the expansion of jobs leading to a 70 % rise in average weekly earnings during the course of the war . Membership in organized labor increased by 50 % between 1941 and 1945 and because the War Labor Board sought labor - management peace , new workers were encouraged to participate in the existing labor organizations , thereby receiving all the benefits of union membership such as improved working conditions , better fringe benefits and higher wages . As noted by William H. Chafe , `` with full employment , higher wages and social welfare benefits provided under government regulations , American workers experienced a level of well - being that , for many , had never occurred before '' . As a result of the new prosperity , consumer expenditures rose by nearly 50 % , from $61.7 billion at the start of the war to $98.5 billion by 1944 . Individual savings accounts climbed almost sevenfold during the course of the war . The share of total income held by the top 5 % of wage earners fell from 22 % to 17 % while the bottom 40 % increased their share of the economic pie . In addition , during the course of the war the proportion of the American population earning less than $3,000 ( in 1968 dollars ) fell by half .", "25": "Legacy ( edit ) The New Deal was the inspiration for President Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society in the 1960s : Johnson ( on right ) headed the Texas NYA and was elected to Congress in 1938 Analysts agree the New Deal produced a new political coalition that sustained the Democratic Party as the majority party in national politics into the 1960s . A 2013 study found that `` an average increase in New Deal relief and public works spending resulted in a 5.4 percentage point increase in the 1936 Democratic voting share and a smaller amount in 1940 . The estimated persistence of this shift suggests that New Deal spending increased long - term Democratic support by 2 to 2.5 percentage points . Thus , it appears that Roosevelt 's early , decisive actions created long - lasting positive benefits for the Democratic party ... The New Deal did play an important role in consolidating Democratic gains for at least two decades '' . However , there is disagreement about whether it marked a permanent change in values . Cowie and Salvatore in 2008 argued that it was a response to Depression and did not mark a commitment to a welfare state because the U.S. has always been too individualistic . MacLean rejected the idea of a definitive political culture . She says they overemphasized individualism and ignored the enormous power that big capital wields , the Constitutional restraints on radicalism and the role of racism , antifeminism and homophobia . She warns that accepting Cowie and Salvatore 's argument that conservatism 's ascendancy is inevitable would dismay and discourage activists on the left . Klein responds that the New Deal did not die a natural death -- it was killed off in the 1970s by a business coalition mobilized by such groups as the Business Roundtable , the Chamber of Commerce , trade organizations , conservative think tanks and decades of sustained legal and political attacks . Historians generally agree that during Roosevelt 's 12 years in office there was a dramatic increase in the power of the federal government as a whole . Roosevelt also established the presidency as the prominent center of authority within the federal government . Roosevelt created a large array of agencies protecting various groups of citizens -- workers , farmers and others -- who suffered from the crisis and thus enabled them to challenge the powers of the corporations .", "26": "In this way , the Roosevelt administration generated a set of political ideas -- known as New Deal liberalism -- that remained a source of inspiration and controversy for decades . New Deal liberalism lay the foundation of a new consensus . Between 1940 and 1980 , there was the liberal consensus about the prospects for the widespread distribution of prosperity within an expanding capitalist economy . Especially Harry S. Truman 's Fair Deal and in the 1960s Lyndon B. Johnson 's Great Society used the New Deal as inspiration for a dramatic expansion of liberal programs . The New Deal 's enduring appeal on voters fostered its acceptance by moderate and liberal Republicans . As the first Republican President elected after Roosevelt , Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1953 -- 1961 ) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost - effectiveness . He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self - financed program . He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing -- he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs ( rather than jobs program ) . In a private letter , Eisenhower wrote : Should any party attempt to abolish social security and eliminate labor laws and farm programs , you would not hear of that party again in our political history . There is a tiny splinter group of course , that believes you can do these things ( ... ) Their number is negligible and they are stupid . In 1964 , Barry Goldwater , an unreconstructed anti-New Dealer , was the Republican presidential candidate on a platform that attacked the New Deal . The Democrats under Lyndon B. Johnson won a massive landslide and Johnson 's Great Society programs extended the New Deal . However , the supporters of Goldwater formed the New Right which helped to bring Ronald Reagan into the White House in the 1980 presidential election . Once an ardent supporter of the New Deal , Reagan turned against it , now viewing government as the problem rather than solution and as president moved the nation away from the New Deal model of government activism , shifting greater emphasis to the private sector . A 2017 review study of the existing literature in the Journal of Economic Literature summarized the findings of the research as follows : The studies find that public works and relief spending had state income multipliers of around one , increased consumption activity , attracted internal migration , reduced crime rates , and lowered several types of mortality .", "27": "The farm programs typically aided large farm owners but eliminated opportunities for share croppers , tenants , and farm workers . The Home Owners ' Loan Corporation 's purchases and refinancing of troubled mortgages staved off drops in housing prices and home ownership rates at relatively low ex post cost to taxpayers . The Reconstruction Finance Corporation 's loans to banks and railroads appear to have had little positive impact , although the banks were aided when the RFC took ownership stakes . Historiography and evaluation of New Deal policies ( edit ) Historians debating the New Deal have generally divided between liberals who support it , conservatives who oppose it and some New Left historians who complain it was too favorable to capitalism and did too little for minorities . There is consensus on only a few points , with most commentators favorable toward the CCC and hostile toward the NRA . Consensus historians of the 1950s , such as Richard Hofstadter , according to Lary May : ( B ) elieved that the prosperity and apparent class harmony of the post-World War II era reflected a return to the true Americanism rooted in liberal capitalism and the pursuit of individual opportunity that had made fundamental conflicts over resources a thing of the past . They argued that the New Deal was a conservative movement that built a welfare state , guided by experts , that saved rather than transformed liberal capitalism . Liberal historians argue that Roosevelt restored hope and self - respect to tens of millions of desperate people , built labor unions , upgraded the national infrastructure and saved capitalism in his first term when he could have destroyed it and easily nationalized the banks and the railroads . Historians generally agree that apart from building up labor unions , the New Deal did not substantially alter the distribution of power within American capitalism . `` The New Deal brought about limited change in the nation 's power structure '' . The New Deal preserved democracy in the United States in a historic period of uncertainty and crises when in many other countries democracy failed .", "28": "The most common arguments can be summarized as follows : Harmful Further information : List of critics of the New Deal The New Deal vastly increased the federal debt ( Billington and Ridge ) while liberal Keynesians criticize that the federal deficit between 1933 and 1939 averaged only 3.7 % which was not enough to offset the reduction in private sector spending during the Great Depression Fostered bureaucracy and administrative inefficiency ( Billington and Ridge ) and enlarged the powers of the federal government Slowed the growth of civil service reform by multiplying offices outside the merit system ( Billington and Ridge ) Infringed upon free business enterprise ( Billington and Ridge ) Rescued capitalism when the opportunity was at hand to nationalize banking , railroads and other industries ( New Left critique ) Neutral Stimulated the growth of class consciousness among farmers and workers ( Billington and Ridge ) Raised the issue of how far economic regulation could be extended without sacrificing the liberties of the people ( Billington and Ridge ) Beneficial The nation came through its greatest depression without undermining the capitalist system ( Billington and Ridge ) Making the capitalist system more beneficial by enacting banking and stock market regulations to avoid abuses and providing greater financial security through , for example the introduction of Social Security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( David M. Kennedy ) Created a better balance among labor , agriculture and industry ( Billington and Ridge ) Produced a more equal distribution of wealth ( Billington and Ridge ) Help conserve natural resources ( Billington and Ridge ) Permanently established the principle that the national government should take action to rehabilitate and preserve America 's human resources ( Billington and Ridge ) Fiscal policy ( edit ) National debt as gross national product climbs from 20 % to 40 % under President Herbert Hoover ; levels off under Roosevelt ; and soars during World War II from Historical States US ( 1976 ) Julian Zelizer ( 2000 ) has argued that fiscal conservatism was a key component of the New Deal . A fiscally conservative approach was supported by Wall Street and local investors and most of the business community -- mainstream academic economists believed in it as apparently did the majority of the public . Conservative southern Democrats , who favored balanced budgets and opposed new taxes , controlled Congress and its major committees .", "29": "Even liberal Democrats at the time regarded balanced budgets as essential to economic stability in the long run , although they were more willing to accept short - term deficits . As Zelizer notes , public opinion polls consistently showed public opposition to deficits and debt . Throughout his terms , Roosevelt recruited fiscal conservatives to serve in his administration , most notably Lewis Douglas the Director of Budget in 1933 -- 1934 ; and Henry Morgenthau Jr. , Secretary of the Treasury from 1934 to 1945 . They defined policy in terms of budgetary cost and tax burdens rather than needs , rights , obligations , or political benefits . Personally , Roosevelt embraced their fiscal conservatism , but politically he realized that fiscal conservatism enjoyed a strong wide base of support among voters , leading Democrats and businessmen . On the other hand , there was enormous pressure to act and spending money on high visibility work programs with millions of paychecks a week . Douglas proved too inflexible and he quit in 1934 . Morgenthau made it his highest priority to stay close to Roosevelt , no matter what . Douglas 's position , like many of the Old Right , was grounded in a basic distrust of politicians and the deeply ingrained fear that government spending always involved a degree of patronage and corruption that offended his Progressive sense of efficiency . The Economy Act of 1933 , passed early in the Hundred Days , was Douglas 's great achievement . It reduced federal expenditures by $500 million , to be achieved by reducing veterans ' payments and federal salaries . Douglas cut government spending through executive orders that cut the military budget by $125 million , $75 million from the Post Office , $12 million from Commerce , $75 million from government salaries and $100 million from staff layoffs . As Freidel concludes : `` The economy program was not a minor aberration of the spring of 1933 , or a hypocritical concession to delighted conservatives . Rather it was an integral part of Roosevelt 's overall New Deal '' . Revenues were so low that borrowing was necessary ( only the richest 3 % paid any income tax between 1926 and 1940 ) . Douglas therefore hated the relief programs , which he said reduced business confidence , threatened the government 's future credit and had the `` destructive psychological effects of making mendicants of self - respecting American citizens '' .", "30": "Roosevelt was pulled toward greater spending by Hopkins and Ickes and as the 1936 election approached he decided to gain votes by attacking big business . Morgenthau shifted with Roosevelt , but at all times tried to inject fiscal responsibility -- he deeply believed in balanced budgets , stable currency , reduction of the national debt and the need for more private investment . The Wagner Act met Morgenthau 's requirement because it strengthened the party 's political base and involved no new spending . In contrast to Douglas , Morgenthau accepted Roosevelt 's double budget as legitimate -- that is a balanced regular budget and an `` emergency '' budget for agencies , like the WPA , PWA and CCC , that would be temporary until full recovery was at hand . He fought against the veterans ' bonus until Congress finally overrode Roosevelt 's veto and gave out $2.2 billion in 1936 . His biggest success was the new Social Security program as he managed to reverse the proposals to fund it from general revenue and insisted it be funded by new taxes on employees . It was Morgenthau who insisted on excluding farm workers and domestic servants from Social Security because workers outside industry would not be paying their way . Race and gender ( edit ) African Americans ( edit ) While many Americans suffered economically during the Great Depression , African Americans also had to deal with social ills , such as racism , discrimination and segregation . Black workers were especially vulnerable to the economic downturn since most of them worked the most marginal jobs such as unskilled or service - oriented work , therefore they were the first to be discharged and additionally many employers preferred white workers . When jobs were scarce some employers even dismissed blacks to create jobs for whites . In the end there were three times more African American workers on public assistance or relief than white workers . The WPA , NYA and CCC relief programs allocated 10 % of their budgets to blacks ( who comprised about 10 % of the total population , and 20 % of the poor ) . They operated separate all - black units with the same pay and conditions as white units . Some leading white New Dealers , especially Eleanor Roosevelt , Harold Ickes and Aubrey Williams , worked to ensure blacks received at least 10 % of welfare assistance payments . However , these benefits were small in comparison to the economic and political advantages that whites received .", "31": "Most unions excluded blacks from joining and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws in the South was virtually impossible , especially since most blacks worked in hospitality and agricultural sectors . The New Deal programs put millions of Americans immediately back to work or at least helped them to survive . The programs were not specifically targeted to alleviate the much higher unemployment rate of blacks . Some aspects of the programs were even unfavorable to blacks . The Agricultural Adjustment Acts for example helped farmers which were predominantly white , but reduced the need of farmers to hire tenant farmers or sharecroppers which were predominantely black . While the AAA stipulated that a farmer had to share the payments with those who worked the land this policy was never enforced . The Farm Service Agency ( FSA ) , a government relief agency for tenant farmers , created in 1937 , made efforts to empower African Americans by appointing them to agency committees in the South . Senator James F. Byrnes of South Carolina raised opposition to the appointments because he stood for white farmers who were threatened by an agency that could organize and empower tenant farmers . Initially , the FSA stood behind their appointments , but after feeling national pressure FSA was forced to release the African Americans of their positions . The goals of the FSA were notoriously liberal and not cohesive with the southern voting elite . Some New Deal measures inadvertently discriminated against harmed blacks . Thousands of blacks were thrown out of work and replaced by whites on jobs where they were paid less than the NRA 's wage minimums because some white employers considered the NRA 's minimum wage `` too much money for Negroes '' . By August 1933 , blacks called the NRA the `` Negro Removal Act '' . An NRA study found that the NIRA put 500,000 African Americans out of work . However , since blacks felt the sting of the depression 's wrath even more severely than whites they welcomed any help . Until 1936 almost all African Americans ( and many whites ) shifted from the `` Party of Lincoln '' to the Democratic Party . This was a sharp realignment from 1932 , when most African Americans voted the Republican ticket . New Deal policies helped establish a political alliance between blacks and the Democratic Party that survives into the 21st century . There was no attempt whatsoever to end segregation , or to increase black rights in the South .", "32": "Roosevelt appointed an unprecedented number of blacks to second - level positions in his administration -- these appointees were collectively called the Black Cabinet . The wartime Fair Employment Practices Commission ( FEPC ) executive orders that forbade job discrimination against African Americans , women and ethnic groups was a major breakthrough that brought better jobs and pay to millions of minority Americans . Historians usually treat FEPC as part of the war effort and not part of the New Deal itself . Segregation ( edit ) The New Deal was racially segregated as blacks and whites rarely worked alongside each other in New Deal programs . The largest relief program by far was the WPA -- it operated segregated units , as did its youth affiliate the NYA . Blacks were hired by the WPA as supervisors in the North , but of 10,000 WPA supervisors in the South only 11 were black . Historian Anthony Badger argues that `` New Deal programs in the South routinely discriminated against blacks and perpetuated segregation '' . In its first few weeks of operation , CCC camps in the North were integrated . By July 1935 , practically all the camps in the United States were segregated , and blacks were strictly limited in the supervisory roles they were assigned . Kinker and Smith argue that `` even the most prominent racial liberals in the New Deal did not dare to criticize Jim Crow '' . Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes was one of the Roosevelt Administration 's most prominent supporters of blacks and former president of the Chicago chapter of the NAACP . In 1937 , when Senator Josiah Bailey Democrat of North Carolina accused him of trying to break down segregation laws Ickes wrote him to deny that : I think it is up to the states to work out their social problems if possible , and while I have always been interested in seeing that the Negro has a square deal , I have never dissipated my strength against the particular stone wall of segregation . I believe that wall will crumble when the Negro has brought himself to a high educational and economic status ... . Moreover , while there are no segregation laws in the North , there is segregation in fact and we might as well recognize this . The New Deal 's record came under attack by New Left historians in the 1960s for its pusillanimity in not attacking capitalism more vigorously , nor helping blacks achieve equality .", "33": "The critics emphasize the absence of a philosophy of reform to explain the failure of New Dealers to attack fundamental social problems . They demonstrate the New Deal 's commitment to save capitalism and its refusal to strip away private property . They detect a remoteness from the people and indifference to participatory democracy and call instead for more emphasis on conflict and exploitation . Women and the New Deal ( edit ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) camp for unemployed women in Maine , 1934 At first , the New Deal created programs primarily for men as it was assumed that the husband was the `` breadwinner '' ( the provider ) and if they had jobs the whole family would benefit . It was the social norm for women to give up jobs when they married -- in many states , there were laws that prevented both husband and wife holding regular jobs with the government . So too in the relief world , it was rare for both husband and wife to have a relief job on FERA or the WPA . This prevailing social norm of the breadwinner failed to take into account the numerous households headed by women , but it soon became clear that the government needed to help women as well . Many women were employed on FERA projects run by the states with federal funds . The first New Deal program to directly assist women was the Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , begun in 1935 . It hired single women , widows , or women with disabled or absent husbands . The WPA employed about 500,000 women and they were assigned mostly to unskilled jobs . 295,000 worked on sewing projects that made 300 million items of clothing and bedding to be given away to families on relief and to hospitals and orphanages . Women also were hired for the WPA 's school lunch program . Both men and women were hired for the small but highly publicized arts programs ( such as music , theater , and writing ) . The Social Security program was designed to help retired workers and widows but did not include domestic workers , farmers or farm laborers , the jobs most often held by blacks . However , Social Security was not a relief program and it was not designed for short - term needs , as very few people received benefits before 1942 .", "34": "Relief ( edit ) Anti-relief protest sign near Davenport , Iowa by Arthur Rothstein , 1940 The New Deal expanded the role of the federal government , particularly to help the poor , the unemployed , youth , the elderly and stranded rural communities . The Hoover administration started the system of funding state relief programs , whereby the states hired people on relief . With the CCC in 1933 and the WPA in 1935 , the federal government now became involved in directly hiring people on relief in granting direct relief or benefits . Total federal , state and local spending on relief rose from 3.9 % of GNP in 1929 to 6.4 % in 1932 and 9.7 % in 1934 -- the return of prosperity in 1944 lowered the rate to 4.1 % . In 1935 -- 1940 , welfare spending accounted for 49 % of the federal , state and local government budgets . In his memoirs , Milton Friedman said that the New Deal relief programs were an appropriate response . He and his wife were not on relief , but they were employed by the WPA as statisticians . Friedman said that programs like the CCC and WPA were justified as temporary responses to an emergency . Friedman said that Roosevelt deserved considerable credit for relieving immediate distress and restoring confidence . Recovery ( edit ) In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression '' . While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) while 74 % of those who worked in the history department and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright .", "35": "Economic growth and unemployment ( 1933 -- 1941 ) ( edit ) WPA employed 2 to 3 million unemployed at unskilled labor From 1933 to 1941 , the economy expanded at an average rate of 7.7 % per year . Despite high economic growth , unemployment rates fell slowly . Unemployment rate 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Workers in job creation programs counted as unemployed 24.9 % 21.7 % 20.1 % 16.9 % 14.3 % 19.0 % 17.2 % 14.6 % 9.9 % Workers in job creation programs counted as employed 20.6 % 16.0 % 14.2 % 9.9 % 9.1 % 12.5 % 11.3 % 9.5 % 8.0 % John Maynard Keynes explained that situation as an underemployment equilibrium where skeptic business prospects prevent companies from hiring new employees . It was seen as a form of cyclical unemployment . There are different assumptions as well . According to Richard L. Jensen , cyclical unemployment was a grave matter primarily until 1935 . Between 1935 and 1941 , structural unemployment became the bigger problem . Especially the unions successes in demanding higher wages pushed management into introducing new efficiency - oriented hiring standards . It ended inefficient labor such as child labor , casual unskilled work for subminimum wages and sweatshop conditions . In the long term , the shift to efficiency wages led to high productivity , high wages and a high standard of living , but it necessitated a well - educated , well - trained , hard - working labor force . It was not before war time brought full employment that the supply of unskilled labor ( that caused structural unemployment ) downsized . Mainstream Economics interpretation ( edit ) U.S.", "36": "GDP annual pattern and long - term trend ( 1920 -- 1940 ) in billions of constant dollars Keynesians : halted the collapse but lacked Keynesian deficit spending ( edit ) At the beginning of the Great Depression , many economists traditionally argued against deficit spending . The fear was that government spending would `` crowd out '' private investment and would thus not have any effect on the economy , a proposition known as the Treasury view , but Keynesian economics rejected that view . They argued that by spending vastly more money -- using fiscal policy -- the government could provide the needed stimulus through the multiplier effect . Without that stimulus , business simply would not hire more people , especially the low skilled and supposedly `` untrainable '' men who had been unemployed for years and lost any job skill they once had . Keynes visited the White House in 1934 to urge President Roosevelt to increase deficit spending . Roosevelt afterwards complained that `` he left a whole rigmarole of figures -- he must be a mathematician rather than a political economist '' . The New Deal tried public works , farm subsidies and other devices to reduce unemployment , but Roosevelt never completely gave up trying to balance the budget . Between 1933 and 1941 , the average federal budget deficit was 3 % per year . Roosevelt did not fully utilize deficit spending . The effects of federal public works spending were largely offset by Herbert Hoover 's large tax increase in 1932 , whose full effects for the first time were felt in 1933 and it was undercut by spending cuts , especially the Economy Act . According to Keynesians like Paul Krugman , the New Deal therefore was not as successful in the short run as it was in the long run . Following the Keynesian consensus ( that lasted until the 1970s ) , the traditional view was that federal deficit spending associated with the war brought full - employment output while monetary policy was just aiding the process . In this view , the New Deal did not end the Great Depression , but halted the economic collapse and ameliorated the worst of the crises . Monetarist interpretation ( edit ) Milton Friedman ( edit ) More influential among economists has been the monetarist interpretation of Milton Friedman , which includes a full - scale monetary history of what he calls the `` Great Contraction '' .", "37": "Friedman concentrated on the failures before 1933 and points out that between 1929 and 1932 the Federal Reserve allowed the money supply to fall by a third which is seen as the major cause that turned a normal recession into a Great Depression . Friedman especially criticized the decisions of Hoover and the Federal Reserve not to save banks going bankrupt . Monetarists state that the banking and monetary reforms were a necessary and sufficient response to the crises . They reject the approach of Keynesian deficit spending . You have to distinguish between two classes of New Deal policies . One class of New Deal policies was reform : wage and price control , the Blue Eagle , the national industrial recovery movement . I did not support those . The other part of the new deal policy was relief and recovery ... providing relief for the unemployed , providing jobs for the unemployed , and motivating the economy to expand ... an expansive monetary policy . Those parts of the New Deal I did support . Bernanke and Parkinson : cleared the way for a natural recovery ( edit ) Ben Bernanke and Martin Parkinson declared in `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression '' ( 1989 ) that `` the New Deal is better characterized as having cleared the way for a natural recovery ( for example , by ending deflation and rehabilitating the financial system ) rather than as being the engine of recovery itself '' . New Keynesian Economics : crucial source of recovery ( edit ) Challenging the traditional view , monetarists and New Keynesians like J. Bradford DeLong , Lawrence Summers and Christina Romer argued that recovery was essentially complete prior to 1942 and that monetary policy was the crucial source of pre-1942 recovery . The extraordinary growth in money supply beginning in 1933 lowered real interest rates and stimulated investment spending . According to Bernanke , there was also a debt - deflation effect of the depression which was clearly offset by a reflation through the growth in money supply . However , before 1992 scholars did not realize that the New Deal provided for a huge aggregate demand stimulus through a de facto easing of monetary policy .", "38": "While Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz argued in A Monetary History of the United States ( 1963 ) that the Federal Reserve System had made no attempt to increase the quantity in high - powered money and thus failed to foster recovery , they somehow did not investigate the impact of the monetary policy of the New Deal . In 1992 , Christina Romer explained in `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' that the rapid growth in money supply beginning in 1933 can be traced back to a large unsterilized gold inflow to the U.S. which was partly due to political instability in Europe , but to a larger degree to the revaluation of gold through the Gold Reserve Act . The Roosevelt administration had chosen not to sterilize the gold inflow precisely because they hoped that the growth of money supply would stimulate the economy . Replying to DeLong et al. in the Journal of Economic History , J.R. Vernon argues that deficit spending leading up to and during World War II still played a large part in the overall recovery , according to his study `` half or more of the recovery occurred during 1941 and 1942 '' . According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer , the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . The thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession important economic indicators turned positive just in March 1933 when Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short - term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . However , when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment just as they were expected to do . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments .", "39": "The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led endogenously to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free - fall in 1933 and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . Real business - cycle theory : rather harmful ( edit ) Followers of the real business - cycle theory believe that the New Deal caused the depression to persist longer than it would otherwise have . Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian say Roosevelt 's policies prolonged the depression by seven years . According to their study , the `` New Deal labor and industrial policies did not lift the economy out of the Depression '' , but that the `` New Deal policies are an important contributing factor to the persistence of the Great Depression '' . They claim that the New Deal `` cartelization policies are a key factor behind the weak recovery '' . They say that the `` abandonment of these policies coincided with the strong economic recovery of the 1940s '' . The study by Cole and Ohanian is based on a real business - cycle theory model . The underlying assumptions of this theory are subject to numerous criticisms and the theory is unable to posit any convincing explanations for the initial causes of the Great Depression . Laurence Seidman noted that according to the assumptions of Cole and Ohanian , the labor market clears instantaneously , which leads to the incredible conclusion that the surge in unemployment between 1929 and 1932 ( before the New Deal ) was in their opinion both optimal and solely based on voluntary unemployment . Additionally , Cole and Ohanian 's argument does not count workers employed through New Deal programs . Such programs built or renovated 2,500 hospitals , 45,000 schools , 13,000 parks and playgrounds , 7,800 bridges , 700,000 miles ( 1,100,000 km ) of roads , 1,000 airfields and employed 50,000 teachers through programs that rebuilt the country 's entire rural school system .", "40": "Libertarian interpretation : rather harmful ( edit ) Lowell E. Gallaway and Richard K. Vedder argue on the basis of libertarian theories that the Great Depression was caused by too high wages which they say had caused a loss of depositor confidence which caused the bank runs . They further conclude that the `` Great Depression was very significantly prolonged in both its duration and its magnitude by the impact of New Deal programs '' . They suggest that without Social Security , work relief , unemployment insurance , mandatory minimum wages and without special government - granted privileges for labor unions , business would have hired more workers and the unemployment rate during the New Deal years would have been 6.7 % instead of 17.2 % . Amity Shlaes wrote that `` from 1929 to 1940 , from Hoover to Roosevelt , government intervention helped to make the Depression Great '' . Shlaes said that the NRA was misguided because it used price setting to fix monetary problems . According to Shlaes , Roosevelt 's experimentation frightened business into inaction and prevented recovery . Eric Rauchway showed that Shlaes tried to diminish the economic growth by referring to the unrepresentative Dow Jones Industrial Average . He continued that usually a historian or economist would have referred to the gross domestic product , which according to the Historical Statistics of the United States grew impressively by 9 % annually during Roosevelt 's first term and by 11 % annually after the short recession of 1937 -- 1938 . Reform ( edit ) Francis Perkins looks on as Roosevelt signs the National Labor Relations Act The economic reforms were mainly intended to rescue the capitalist system by providing a more rational framework in which it could operate . The banking system was made less vulnerable . The regulation of the stock market and the prevention of some corporate abuses relating to the sale of securities and corporate reporting addressed the worst excesses . Roosevelt allowed trade unions to take their place in labor relations and created the triangular partnership between employers , employees and government . David M. Kennedy wrote that `` the achievements of the New Deal years surely played a role in determining the degree and the duration of the postwar prosperity '' . Paul Krugman stated that the institutions built by the New Deal remain the bedrock of the United States economic stability .", "41": "Against the background of the 2007 -- 2012 global financial crisis , he explained that the financial crises would have been much worse if the New Deals Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation had not insured most bank deposits and older Americans would have felt much more insecure without Social Security . Libertarian economist Milton Friedman after 1960 attacked Social Security from a free market view stating that it had created welfare dependency . The New Deal banking reform was weakened since the 1980s . The repeal of the Glass - Steagall Act in 1999 allowed the shadow banking system to grow rapidly . Since it was neither regulated nor covered by a financial safety net , the shadow banking system was central to the financial crisis of 2007 -- 2008 and the subsequent Great Recession . Impact on federal government and States ( edit ) While it is essentially consensus among historians and academics that the New Deal brought about a large increase in the power of the federal government , there has been some scholarly debate concerning the results of this federal expansion . Historians like Arthur M. Schlesinger and James T. Patterson have argued that the augmentation of the federal government exacerbated tensions between the federal and state governments . However , contemporaries such as Ira Katznelson have suggested that due to certain conditions on the allocation of federal funds , namely that the individual states get to control them , the federal government managed to avoid any tension with states over their rights . This is a prominent debate concerning the historiography of federalism in the United States and -- as Schlesinger and Patterson have observed -- the New Deal marked an era when the federal - state power balance shifted further in favor of the federal government , which heightened tensions between the two levels of government in the United States . Ira Katznelson has argued that although the federal government expanded its power and began providing welfare benefits on a scale previously unknown in the United States , it often allowed individual states to control the allocation of the funds provided for such welfare . This meant that the states controlled who had access to these funds , which in turn meant many Southern states were able to racially segregate -- or in some cases , like a number of counties in Georgia , completely exclude African - Americans -- the allocation of federal funds . This enabled these states to continue to relatively exercise their rights and also to preserve the institutionalization of the racist order of their societies .", "42": "While Katznelson has conceded that the expansion of the federal government had the potential to lead to federal - state tension , he has argued it was avoided as these states managed to retain some control . As Katznelson has observed , `` furthermore , they ( state governments in the South ) had to manage the strain that potentially might be placed on local practices by investing authority in federal bureaucracies ... To guard against this outcome , they key mechanism deployed was a separation of the source of funding from decisions about how to spend the new monies '' . However , Schlesinger has disputed Katznelson 's claim and has argued that the increase in the power of the federal government was perceived to come at the cost of states ' rights , thereby aggravating state governments , which exacerbated federal - state tensions . Schlesinger has utilized quotes from the time to highlight this point , Schlesinger has observed that `` the actions of the New Deal , ( Ogden L . ) Mills said , `` abolish the sovereignty of the States . They make of a government of limited powers one of unlimited authority over the lives of us all '' . Moreover , Schlesinger has argued that this federal - state tension was not a one - way street and that the federal government became just as aggravated with the state governments as they did with it . State governments were often guilty of inhibiting or delaying federal policies . Whether through intentional methods , like sabotage , or unintentional ones , like simple administrative overload -- either way these problems aggravated the federal government and thus heightened federal - state tensions . As Schlesinger has also noted that `` students of public administration have never taken sufficient account of the capacity of lower levels of government to sabotage or defy even a masterful President '' . James T. Patterson has reiterated this argument , though he observes that this increased tension can be accounted for not just from a political perspective , but from an economic one too . Patterson has argued that the tension between the federal and state governments at least partly also resulted from the economic strain under which the states had been put by the federal government 's various policies and agencies . Some states were either simply unable to cope with the federal government 's demand and thus refused to work with them , or admonished the economic restraints and actively decided to sabotage federal policies .", "43": "This was demonstrated , Patterson has noted , with the handling of federal relief money by Ohio governor , Martin L. Davey . The case in Ohio became so detrimental to the federal government that Harry Hopkins , supervisor of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration , had to federalize Ohio relief . Although this argument differs somewhat from Schlesinger 's , the source of federal - state tension remained the growth of the federal government . As Patterson has asserted , `` though the record of the FERA was remarkably good -- almost revolutionary -- in these respects it was inevitable , given the financial requirements imposed on deficit - ridden states , that friction would develop between governors and federal officials '' . In this dispute it can be inferred that Katznelson and Schlesinger and Patterson have only disagreed on their inference of the historical evidence . While both parties have agreed that the federal government expanded and even that states had a degree of control over the allocation of federal funds , they have disputed the consequences of these claims . Katznelson has asserted that it created mutual acquiescence between the levels of government , while Schlesinger and Patterson have suggested that it provoked contempt for the state governments on the part of the federal government and vice versa , thus exacerbating their relations . In short , irrespective of the interpretation this era marked an important time in the historiography of federalism and also nevertheless provided some narrative on the legacy of federal - state relations . Charges ( edit ) Charges of fascism ( edit ) Further information : The New Deal and corporatism Worldwide , the Great Depression had the most profound impact in the German Reich and the United States . In both countries the pressure to reform and the perception of the economic crisis were strikingly similar . When Hitler came to power he was faced with exactly the same task that faced Roosevelt , overcoming mass unemployment and the global Depression . The political responses to the crises were essentially different : while American democracy remained strong , Germany replaced democracy with fascism , a Nazi dictatorship . The initial perception of the New Deal was mixed . On the one hand , the eyes of the world were upon the United States because many democrats in Europe and the United States saw in Roosevelt _́ s reform program a positive counterweight to the seductive powers of the two great alternative systems , communism and fascism . As the historian Isaiah Berlin wrote in 1955 : `` The only light in the darkness was the administration of Mr.", "44": "Roosevelt and the New Deal in the United States '' . By contrast , enemies of the New Deal sometimes called it `` fascist '' , but they meant very different things . Communists denounced the New Deal in 1933 and 1934 as fascist in the sense that it was under the control of big business . They dropped that line of thought when Stalin switched to the `` Popular Front '' plan of cooperation with liberals . In 1934 , Roosevelt defended himself against those critics in a `` fireside chat '' : ( Some ) will try to give you new and strange names for what we are doing . Sometimes they will call it ' Fascism ' , sometimes ' Communism ' , sometimes ' Regimentation ' , sometimes ' Socialism ' . But , in so doing , they are trying to make very complex and theoretical something that is really very simple and very practical ... Plausible self - seekers and theoretical die - hards will tell you of the loss of individual liberty . Answer this question out of the facts of your own life . Have you lost any of your rights or liberty or constitutional freedom of action and choice ? After 1945 , only few observers continued to see similarities and later on some scholars such as Kiran Klaus Patel , Heinrich August Winkler and John Garraty came to the conclusion that comparisons of the alternative systems do not have to end in an apology for Nazism since comparisons rely on the examination of both similarities and differences . Their preliminary studies on the origins of the fascist dictatorships and the American ( reformed ) democracy came to the conclusion that besides essential differences `` the crises led to a limited degree of convergence '' on the level of economic and social policy . The most important cause was the growth of state interventionism since in the face of the catastrophic economic situation both societies no longer counted on the power of the market to heal itself . John Garraty wrote that the National Recovery Administration ( NRA ) was based on economic experiments in Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy , without establishing a totalitarian dictatorship . Contrary to that , historians such as Hawley have examined the origins of the NRA in detail , showing the main inspiration came from Senators Hugo Black and Robert F. Wagner and from American business leaders such as the Chamber of Commerce . The model for the NRA was Woodrow Wilson 's War Industries Board , in which Johnson had been involved too .", "45": "Historians argue that direct comparisons between Fascism and New Deal are invalid since there is no distinctive form of fascist economic organization . Gerald Feldman wrote that fascism has not contributed anything to economic thought and had no original vision of a new economic order replacing capitalism . His argument correlates with Mason _́ s that economic factors alone are an insufficient approach to understand fascism and that decisions taken by fascists in power can not be explained within a logical economic framework . In economic terms , both ideas were within the general tendency of the 1930s to intervene in the free market capitalist economy , at the price of its laissez - faire character , `` to protect the capitalist structure endangered by endogenous crises tendencies and processes of impaired self - regulation '' . Stanley Payne , a historian of fascism , examined possible fascist influences in the United States by looking at the KKK and its offshoots and movements led by Father Coughlin and Huey Long . He concluded that `` the various populist , nativist , and rightist movements in the United States during the 1920s and 1930s fell distinctly short of fascism '' . According to Kevin Passmore , lecturer in History at Cardiff University , the failure of fascism in the United States was due to the social policies of the New Deal that channelled anti-establishment populism into the left rather than the extreme right . Charges of conservatism ( edit ) For decades , the New Deal was generally held in very high regard in the scholarship and the textbooks . That changed in the 1960s when New Left historians began a revisionist critique that said the New Deal was a bandaid for a patient that needed radical surgery to reform capitalism , put private property in its place and lift up workers , women and minorities . The New Left believed in participatory democracy and therefore rejected the autocratic machine politics typical of the big city Democratic organizations . In the 1960s , New Left historians have been among the New Deal 's harsh critics . In a 1968 essay , Barton J. Bernstein compiled a chronicle of missed opportunities and inadequate responses to problems . The New Deal may have saved capitalism from itself , Bernstein charged , but it had failed to help -- and in many cases actually harmed -- those groups most in need of assistance .", "46": "In The New Deal ( 1967 ) , Paul K. Conkin similarly chastised the government of the 1930s for its weak policies toward marginal farmers , for its failure to institute sufficiently progressive tax reform , and its excessive generosity toward select business interests . In 1966 , Howard Zinn criticized the New Deal for working actively to actually preserve the worst evils of capitalism . By the 1970s , liberal historians were responding with a defense of the New Deal based on numerous local and microscopic studies . Praise increasingly focused on Eleanor Roosevelt , seen as a more appropriate crusading reformer than her husband . Since then , research on the New Deal has been less interested in the question of whether the New Deal was a `` conservative '' , `` liberal '' , or `` revolutionary '' phenomenon than in the question of constraints within which it was operating . In a series of articles , political sociologist Theda Skocpol has emphasized the issue of `` state capacity '' as an often - crippling constraint . Ambitious reform ideas often failed , she argued , because of the absence of a government bureaucracy with significant strength and expertise to administer them . Other more recent works have stressed the political constraints that the New Deal encountered . Conservative skepticism about the efficacy of government was strong both in Congress and among many citizens . Thus some scholars have stressed that the New Deal was not just a product of its liberal backers , but also a product of the pressures of its conservative opponents . Communists in government ( edit ) During the New Deal the communists established a network of a dozen or so members working for the government . They were low level and had a minor influence on policies . Harold Ware led the largest group which worked in the Agriculture Adjustment Administration ( AAA ) . Secretary of Agriculture Wallace got rid of them all in a famous purge in 1935 . Ware died in 1935 and some individuals such as Alger Hiss moved to other government jobs . Other communists worked for the National Labor Relations Board , the National Youth Administration , the Works Progress Administration , the Federal Theater Project , the Treasury and the Department of State . Political metaphor ( edit ) Since 1933 , politicians and pundits have often called for a `` new deal '' regarding an object -- that is , they demand a completely new , large - scale approach to a project . As Arthur A. Ekirch Jr.", "47": "( 1971 ) has shown , the New Deal stimulated utopianism in American political and social thought on a wide range of issues . In Canada , Conservative Prime Minister Richard B. Bennett in 1935 proposed a `` new deal '' of regulation , taxation and social insurance that was a copy of the American program , but Bennett 's proposals were not enacted and he was defeated for reelection in October 1935 . In accordance with the rise of the use of U.S. political phraseology in Britain , the Labour government of Tony Blair termed some of its employment programs `` new deal '' , in contrast to the Conservative Party 's promise of the `` British Dream '' . Works of Art and music ( edit ) The federal government commissioned a series of public murals from the artists it employed : William Gropper 's `` Construction of a Dam '' ( 1939 ) is characteristic of much of the art of the 1930s , with workers seen in heroic poses , laboring in unison to complete a great public project The Works Progress Administration subsidized artists , musicians , painters and writers on relief with a group of projects called Federal One . While the WPA program was by far the most widespread , it was preceded by three programs administered by the US Treasury which hired commercial artists at usual commissions to add murals and sculptures to federal buildings . The first of these efforts was the short - lived Public Works of Art Project , organized by Edward Bruce , an American businessman and artist . Bruce also led the Treasury Department 's Section of Painting and Sculpture ( later renamed the Section of Fine Arts ) and the Treasury Relief Art Project ( TRAP ) . The Resettlement Administration ( RA ) and Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) had major photography programs . The New Deal arts programs emphasized regionalism , social realism , class conflict , proletarian interpretations and audience participation . The unstoppable collective powers of common man , contrasted to the failure of individualism , was a favorite theme . `` Created Equal '' : Act I , Scene 3 of `` Spirit of 1776 '' , Boston ( Federal Theatre Project , 1935 ) Post Office murals and other public art , painted by artists in this time , can still be found at many locations around the U.S. The New Deal particularly helped American novelists .", "48": "For journalists and the novelists who wrote non-fiction , the agencies and programs that the New Deal provided , allowed these writers to describe about what they really saw around the country . Many writers chose to write about the New Deal and whether they were for or against it and if it was helping the country out . Some of these writers were Ruth McKenney , Edmund Wilson and Scott Fitzgerald . Another subject that was very popular for novelists was the condition of labor . They ranged from subjects on social protest to strikes . Under the WPA , the Federal Theatre project flourished . Countless theatre productions around the country were staged . This allowed thousands of actors and directors to be employed , among them were Orson Welles , and John Huston . The FSA photography project is most responsible for creating the image of the Depression in the U.S. Many of the images appeared in popular magazines . The photographers were under instruction from Washington as to what overall impression the New Deal wanted to give out . Director Roy Stryker 's agenda focused on his faith in social engineering , the poor conditions among cotton tenant farmers and the very poor conditions among migrant farm workers -- above all he was committed to social reform through New Deal intervention in people 's lives . Stryker demanded photographs that `` related people to the land and vice versa '' because these photographs reinforced the RA 's position that poverty could be controlled by `` changing land practices '' . Though Stryker did not dictate to his photographers how they should compose the shots , he did send them lists of desirable themes , such as `` church '' , `` court day '' , `` barns '' . Films of the late New Deal era such as Citizen Kane ( 1941 ) ridiculed so - called `` great men '' while the heroism of the common man appeared in numerous movies , such as The Grapes of Wrath ( 1940 ) . Thus in Frank Capra 's famous films , including Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ( 1939 ) , Meet John Doe ( 1941 ) and It 's a Wonderful Life ( 1946 ) , the common people come together to battle and overcome villains who are corrupt politicians controlled by very rich , greedy capitalists . By contrast , there was also a smaller but influential stream of anti-New Deal art .", "49": "Gutzon Borglum 's sculptures on Mount Rushmore emphasized great men in history ( his designs had the approval of Calvin Coolidge ) . Gertrude Stein and Ernest Hemingway disliked the New Deal and celebrated the autonomy of perfected written work as opposed to the New Deal idea of writing as performative labor . The Southern Agrarians celebrated a premodern regionalism and opposed the TVA as a modernizing , disruptive force . Cass Gilbert , a conservative who believed architecture should reflect historic traditions and the established social order , designed the new Supreme Court building ( 1935 ) . Its classical lines and small size contrasted sharply with the gargantuan modernistic federal buildings going up in the Washington Mall that he detested . Hollywood managed to synthesize liberal and conservative streams as in Busby Berkeley 's Gold Digger musicals , where the storylines exalt individual autonomy while the spectacular musical numbers show abstract populations of interchangeable dancers securely contained within patterns beyond their control . New Deal programs ( edit ) The New Deal had many programs and new agencies , most of which were universally known by their initials . Most were abolished during World War II while others remain in operation today . They included the following : National Youth Administration ( NYA ) , 1935 : program that focused on providing work and education for Americans between the ages of 16 and 25 . Ended in 1943 . Reconstruction Finance Corporation ( RFC ) : a Hoover agency expanded under Jesse Holman Jones to make large loans to big business . Ended in 1954 . The WPA hired unemployed teachers to provide free adult education programs Federal Emergency Relief Administration ( FERA ) : a Hoover program to create unskilled jobs for relief ; expanded by Roosevelt and Harry Hopkins ; replaced by WPA in 1935 . United States bank holiday , 1933 : closed all banks until they became certified by federal reviewers . Abandonment of gold standard , 1933 : gold reserves no longer backed currency ; still exists . Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) , 1933 -- 1942 : employed young men to perform unskilled work in rural areas ; under United States Army supervision ; separate program for Native Americans .", "50": "Homeowners Loan Corporation ( HOLC ) : helped people keep their homes , the government bought properties from the bank allowing people to pay the government instead of the banks in installments they could afford , keeping people in their homes and banks afloat . Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) , 1933 : effort to modernize very poor region ( most of Tennessee ) , centered on dams that generated electricity on the Tennessee River ; still exists . Agricultural Adjustment Act ( AAA ) , 1933 : raised farm prices by cutting total farm output of major crops and livestock ; replaced by a new AAA because the Supreme Court ruled it unconstitutional . National Industrial Recovery Act ( NIRA ) , 1933 : industries set up codes to reduce unfair competition , raise wages and prices ; ended 1935 . The Supreme Court ruled the NIRA unconstitutional . Public Works Administration ( PWA ) , 1933 : built large public works projects ; used private contractors ( did not directly hire unemployed ) . Ended 1938 . Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) : insures bank deposits and supervises state banks ; still exists . Glass -- Steagall Act : regulates investment banking ; repealed 1999 ( not repealed , only two provisions changed ) . Securities Act of 1933 , created the SEC , 1933 : codified standards for sale and purchase of stock , required awareness of investments to be accurately disclosed ; still exists . FERA camp for unemployed black women , Atlanta , 1934 Civil Works Administration ( CWA ) , 1933 -- 1934 : provided temporary jobs to millions of unemployed . Indian Reorganization Act , 1934 : moved away from assimilation ; policy dropped . Social Security Act ( SSA ) , 1935 : provided financial assistance to : elderly , handicapped , paid for by employee and employer payroll contributions ; required 7 years contributions , so first payouts were in 1942 ; still exists . Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) , 1935 : a national labor program for more than 2 million unemployed ; created useful construction work for unskilled men ; also sewing projects for women and arts projects for unemployed artists , musicians and writers ; ended 1943 .", "51": "National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) ; Wagner Act , 1935 : set up National Labor Relations Board to supervise labor - management relations ; In the 1930s , it strongly favored labor unions . Modified by the Taft - Hartley Act ( 1947 ) ; still exists . Judicial Reorganization Bill , 1937 : gave the President power to appoint a new Supreme Court judge for every judge 70 years or older ; failed to pass Congress . Federal Crop Insurance Corporation ( FCIC ) , 1938 : insures crops and livestock against loss of production or revenue . Was restructured during the creation of the Risk Management Agency in 1996 but continues to exist . Surplus Commodities Program ( 1936 ) : gives away food to poor ; still exists as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program . Fair Labor Standards Act 1938 : established a maximum normal work week of 44 hours and a minimum wage of 40 cents / hour and outlawed most forms of child labor ; still exists , hours have been lowered to 40 hours over the years . Surplus Commodities Program , 1936 Rural Electrification Administration ( REA ) : one of the federal executive departments of the United States government charged with providing public utilities ( electricity , telephone , water , sewer ) to rural areas in the U.S. via public - private partnerships . still exists . Resettlement Administration ( RA ) : resettled poor tenant farmers ; replaced by Farm Security Administration in 1935 . Farm Security Administration ( FSA ) : helped poor farmers by a variety of economic and educational programs ; some programs still exists as part of the Farmers Home Administration . Statistics ( edit ) Depression Statistics ( edit ) `` Most indexes worsened until the summer of 1932 , which may be called the low point of the depression economically and psychologically '' . Economic indicators show the American economy reached nadir in summer 1932 to February 1933 , then began recovering until the recession of 1937 -- 1938 .", "52": "Thus the Federal Reserve Industrial Production Index hit its low of 52.8 on July 1 , 1932 and was practically unchanged at 54.3 on March 1 , 1933 , but by July 1 , 1933 it reached 85.5 ( with 1935 -- 39 = 100 and for comparison 2005 = 1,342 ) . In Roosevelt 's 12 years in office , the economy had an 8.5 % compound annual growth of GDP , the highest growth rate in the history of any industrial country , but recovery was slow and by 1939 the gross domestic product ( GDP ) per adult was still 27 % below trend . Table 1 : statistics 1929 1931 1933 1937 1938 1940 Real Gross National Product ( GNP ) ( 1 ) 101.4 84.3 68.3 103.9 96.7 113.0 Consumer Price Index ( 2 ) 122.5 108.7 92.4 102.7 99.4 100.2 Index of Industrial Production ( 2 ) 109 75 69 112 89 126 Money Supply M2 ( $ billions ) 46.6 42.7 32.2 45.7 49.3 55.2 Exports ( $ billions ) 5.24 2.42 1.67 3.35 3.18 4.02 Unemployment ( % of civilian work force ) 3.1 16.1 25.2 13.8 16.5 13.9 ( 1 ) in 1929 dollars ( 2 ) 1935 -- 1939 = 100 Table 2 : unemployment ( % labor force ) Year Lebergott Darby 1933 24.9 20.6 1934 21.7 16.0 1935 20.1 14.2 1936 16.9 9.", "53": "9 1937 14.3 9.1 1938 19.0 12.5 1939 17.2 11.3 1940 14.6 9.5 1941 9.9 8.0 1942 4.7 4.7 1943 1.9 1.9 1944 1.2 1.2 1945 1.9 1.9 Darby counts WPA workers as employed ; Lebergott as unemployed Source : Historical Statistics US ( 1976 ) series D - 86 ; Smiley 1983 Relief statistics ( edit ) Families on relief 1936 -- 1941 Relief cases 1936 -- 1941 ( monthly average in 1,000 ) 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 Workers employed : WPA 1,995 2,227 1,932 2,911 1,971 1,638 CCC and NYA 712 801 643 793 877 919 Other federal work projects 554 663 452 488 468 681 Public assistance cases : Social security programs 602 1,306 1,852 2,132 2,308 2,517 General relief 2,946 1,484 1,611 1,647 1,570 1,206 Total families helped 5,886 5,660 5,474 6,751 5,860 5,167 Unemployed workers ( Bur Lab Stat ) 9,030 7,700 10,390 9,480 8,120 5,560 Coverage ( cases / unemployed ) 65 % 74 % 53 % 71 % 72 % 93 % See also ( edit ) Book : Great Depression Arthurdale , West Virginia ,", "54": "New Deal planned community Conservative coalition , the opponents of the New Deal Fair Deal of U.S. President Harry S. Truman Great Depression in the United States Liberalism in the United States Living New Deal , a research project about the impact of the New Deal Modern liberalism in the United States New Deal coalition Square Deal of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt Social programs in the United States Timeline of the Great Depression References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Carol Berkin ; et al. ( 2011 ) . Making America , Volume 2 : A History of the United States : Since 1865 . Cengage Learning . pp. 629 -- 632 . ISBN 0495915246 . Jump up ^ Elliot A. Rosen , The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt : Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States ( 2014 ) . Jump up ^ Sieff , M. ( 2012 ) . That Should Still Be Us : How Thomas Friedman 's Flat World Myths Are Keeping Us Flat on Our Backs . Wiley . ISBN 9781118240632 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ David Edwin `` Eddie '' Harrell ; et al. ( 2005 ) . Unto A Good Land : A History Of The American People . Wm . B. Eerdmans . p. 902 . ISBN 0802837182 . Jump up ^ Alonzo L. Hamby ( 2004 ) . For the Survival of Democracy : Franklin Roosevelt and the World Crisis of the 1930s . Simon and Schuster . p. 418 . ISBN 9780684843407 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. Freedom from Fear ( 1999 ) . ch 12 . Jump up ^ Dietz , James ( 1986 ) . Economic History of Puerto Rico . Princeton : Princeton University Press . p. 1986 . Jump up ^ Martha Derthick , The Politics of Deregulation ( 1985 ) , pp. 5 -- 8 . Jump up ^ A.E. Safarian ( 1970 ) . The Canadian Economy . books.google.com .", "55": "ISBN 9780773584358 . Jump up ^ VanGiezen , Robert ; Schwenk , Albert E. ( January 30 , 2003 ) . `` Compensation from before World War I through the Great Depression '' . United States Bureau of Labor Statistics . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) p. 87 . Jump up ^ National Archives and Records Administration ( 1995 ) . `` Records of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation '' . archives.gov . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2009 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Since 1865 . Cengage . p. 656 . ISBN 0547175604 . Jump up ^ Robert L. Fuller , `` Phantom of Fear '' The Banking Panic of 1933 ( 2011 ) pp. 156 -- 157 Jump up ^ March 4 was a Saturday and banks were not open on weekends . On Monday Roosevelt officially closed all banks . Arthur Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal ( 1959 ) , p. 3 ; Brands , Traitor to his class ( 2008 ) p. 288 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Alter , The Defining Moment : FDR 's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope , esp . ch. 31 . ( 2007 ) ; Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1977 ) series K220 , N301 . Jump up ^ Laurence Leamer ( 2001 ) . The Kennedy Men : 1901 -- 1963 . HarperCollins . p. 86 . Jump up ^ `` Stuart Chase , 97 ; Coined Phrase ' A New Deal ' '' . The New York Times . 1985 . He was one of the last surviving members of the small group of advisers who helped President Roosevelt shape the New Deal . Jump up ^ `` President , Presented With Medal by Author 's Cousin , Recalls Reading Term '' . The New York Times . December 5 , 1933 .", "56": "Cyril Clemens , a distant cousin of Mark Twain claimed that Roosevelt took the phrase `` New Deal '' from A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur 's Court . Jump up ^ The phrase was perhaps borrowed from the title of Stuart Chase 's book A New Deal published in February 1932 and serialized in the New Republic that summer . Gary Dean Best , Peddling panaceas : popular economists in the New Deal era ( 2005 ) p. 117 . Jump up ^ The phrase was also used by Gifford Pinchot in 1910 , when he said in a speech rallying young men to political action to remove special interests from politics the following : `` The people of the United States demand a new deal and a square deal '' . Address by Gifford Pinchot before the Roosevelt Club of St. Paul , Minnesota , June 11 , 1910 . Jump up ^ `` The Roosevelt Week '' . Time . New York . July 11 , 1932 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 33 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 58 . Jump up ^ Downey , Kirstin ( 2009 ) . The Woman Behind the New Deal ; The Life of Frances Perkins , FDR 's Secretary of Labor and His Moral Conscience . New York : Nan A. Talese , an imprint of The Doubleday Publishing Group , a division of Random House , Inc. , . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 51365 - 4 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 34 . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 188 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger , The coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 , Houghton Mifflin , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 34086 - 6 , S. 22 Jump up ^ `` NPG Historical U.S. Population Growth : 1900 -- 1998 '' . Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p. 45 -- 46 ; Robert Paul Browder and Thomas G. Smith , Independent : A Biography of Lewis W. Douglass ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg p.", "57": "171 ; Raymond Moley , The First New Deal ( 1966 ) Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 171 , 245 -- 46 ; Herbert Stein , Presidential economics : The making of economic policy from Roosevelt to Reagan and beyond ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz , Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) pp. 340 -- 43 Jump up ^ R.W. Hafer , The Federal Reserve System ( Greenwood , 2005 ) p 18 Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , `` Nonmonetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression '' , ( 1983 ) American Economic Review . Am 73 # 3 257 -- 76 . Jump up ^ `` THE PRESIDENCY : Bottom '' . Time . March 13 , 1933 . Retrieved October 11 , 2008 . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Anna Jacobson Schwartz ( 1963 ) . A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 . Princeton University Press . pp. 438 -- 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 00354 - 2 . Jump up ^ Susan E. Kennedy , The Banking Crisis of 1933 ( 1973 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) pp. 65 , 366 ^ Jump up to : Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 20 Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 16 ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Allan H. ( 2004 ) . `` A History of the Federal Reserve : 1913 -- 1951 '' : 442 -- 46 . Jump up ^ Romer , Christina D. ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . Economic History Association . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 .", "58": "doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear ( 1999 ) p. 367 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg , Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal pp. 46 -- 47 Jump up ^ Conrad Black ( 2012 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . p. 348 . ^ Jump up to : Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe , second edition , p. 117 Jump up ^ Leuchtenburg pp. 70 , 133 -- 34 ; Jason Scott Smith , Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) Jump up ^ Time - Life Books , Library of Nations : United States , Sixth European English language printing , 1989 Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyer , The Oxford Companion to United States History , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508209 - 5 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 106 Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Coming of the New Deal pp. 27 -- 84 Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Depression and New Deal in Virginia . ( 1983 ) p. 107 Jump up ^ Paul S. Boyder , The Oxford Companion to United States History , Oxford University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 508209 - 5 , p. 21 Jump up ^ `` Average Income in the United States ( 1913 -- 2006 ) -- Visualizing Economics '' . Visualizingeconomics.com . May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 137 Jump up ^ Badger , New Deal pp. 89 . 153 -- 57 .", "59": "for price data and farm income see Statistical Abstract 1940 online Archived October 16 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Barry Cushman , Rethinking the New Deal Court ( 1998 ) p. 34 Jump up ^ Rachel Louise Moran , `` Consuming Relief : Food Stamps and the New Welfare of the New Deal , '' Journal of American History , March 2011 , Vol. 97 Issue 4 , pp. 1001 -- 22 online Jump up ^ Alan Bjerga & Derek Wallbank , `` Food Stamps Loom Over Negotiations to Pass Farm Bill '' BloombergOct 30 , 2013 Jump up ^ Robert Whaples and Randall E. Parker , eds. ( 2013 ) . Routledge Handbook of Modern Economic History . Routledge . p. 8 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Price V. Fishback , Michael R. Haines , and Shawn Kantor , `` Births , deaths , and New Deal relief during the Great Depression . '' The Review of Economics and Statistics 89.1 ( 2007 ) : 1 -- 14 , citing page online Jump up ^ Data was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau , Statistical Abstract Archived December 29 , 2004 , at the Wayback Machine . and converted into SVG format by me . The numbers come from this U.S. Census document , p. 17 , column 127 . Note that the graph only covers factory employment . Jump up ^ Bernard Bellush , The Failure of the NRA , ( 1976 ) Jump up ^ Pederson , William D. ( 2009 - 01 - 01 ) . The FDR Years . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 9780816074600 . Jump up ^ Arthur Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal ( 1959 ) , 87 -- 135 Jump up ^ Federal Reserve System , National Summary of Business Conditions ( 1936 ) Jump up ^ Black , Conrad . Franklin Delano Roosevelt : Champion of Freedom . New York : PublicAffairs , 2003 .", "60": "ISBN 1 - 58648 - 184 - 3 Jump up ^ `` Executive Order 6859 - Reorganizing the N.R.A. and Establishing the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' September 27 , 1934 . John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters . The American Presidency Project . ( Online . ) Santa Barbara , Calif. : University of California ( hosted ) , Gerhard Peters ( database ) . Jump up ^ `` 9.2. 1 Records of the National Industrial Recovery Board . '' Guide to Federal Records in the National Archives of the United States . 3 vols . Compiled by Robert B. Matchette , et al. Washington , D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration , 1995 . Jump up ^ The Handbook of Texas Online : Connally Hot Oil Act of 1935 Archived September 8 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David ( 1969 ) . `` What the New Deal Did '' . Political Science Quarterly . 124 ( 2 ) : 251 -- 68 . Jump up ^ David C. Wheelock , `` The Federal response to home mortgage distress : Lessons from the Great Depression . '' Review 90 ( 2008 ) . online Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( Mar. 1995 ) , S. 139 -- 154 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` The Battle of Smoot - Hawley '' . The Economist . December 18 , 2008 Jump up ^ Hiscox , Michael J. ( Autumn 1999 ) . `` The Magic Bullet ? The RTAA , Institutional Reform , and Trade Liberalization '' . International Organization . 53 ( 4 ) : 669 -- 98 . doi : 10.1162 / 002081899551039 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , ( 1999 ) p. 258 , 260 Jump up ^ Sitkoff , ed .", "61": "Fifty Years Later : The New Deal Evaluated ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Social Security History . Ssa.gov . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2009 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Since 1865 . Cengage . p. 670 . ISBN 0547175604 . Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , p. 291 Jump up ^ Irving Bernstein , `` The Growth of American Unions , '' American Economic Review 44 # 3 ( 1954 ) , pp. 301 - 318 online ^ Jump up to : Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 109 Jump up ^ Lubell , Samuel ( 1955 ) . The Future of American Politics . Anchor Press . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear pp. 250 -- 52 Jump up ^ Peter Fearon , War , Prosperity , and Depression ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton ; et al. ( 2009 ) . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States . Since 1865 . Cengage . p. 669 . ISBN 0547175604 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear p. 252 Jump up ^ Deward Clayton Brown , Electricity for Rural America : The Fight for the REA ( 1980 ) ^ Jump up to : Lorraine Brown , `` Federal Theatre : Melodrama , Social Protest , and Genius , '' U.S. Library of Congress Quarterly Journal , 1979 , Vol. 36 Issue 1 , pp. 18 -- 37 Jump up ^ William D. Pederson ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt . Wiley . p. 224 . ISBN 9781444395174 .", "62": "Jump up ^ Hemming , Heidi and Julie Hemming Savage , Women Making America , Clotho Press , 2009 , pp. 243 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Sue Bridwell Beckham , Depression Post Office Murals and Southern Culture : A Gentle Reconstruction ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy . Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 275 , 276 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : John K. McNulty , `` Unintegrated Corporate and Individual Income Taxes : USA '' , in : Paul Kirchhof et al. , International and Comparative Taxation , Kluwer Law International , 2002 , ISBN 90 - 411 - 9841 - 5 , p. 173 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy . Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . p. 280 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . Jump up ^ Benjamin Graham . Security Analysis : The Classic 1940 Edition . McGraw - Hill Professional , 2002 . pp. 386 -- 287 Jump up ^ Jeff Jeff Shesol , Supreme Power : Franklin Roosevelt Vs . The Supreme Court ( 2010 ) online review Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom From Fear p. 352 Jump up ^ GNP was $99.7 billion in 1940 and $210.1 billion in 1944 . Historical Statistics ( 1976 ) series F1 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J. ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 ( 4 ) : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Jump up ^ D'Ann Campbell ( 1984 ) . Women at war with America : private lives in a patriotic era . Harvard University Press . pp. 110 -- 15 . ISBN 9780674954755 . Jump up ^ Vatter , The U.S.", "63": "Economy in World War II Jump up ^ Curtis E. Harvey , Coal in Appalachia : an economic analysis Jump up ^ Sarah Jo Peterson ( 2013 ) . Planning the Home Front : Building Bombers and Communities at Willow Run . pp. 85 -- 88 . Jump up ^ Eve P. Smith ; Lisa A. Merkel - Holguín ( 1996 ) . A History of Child Welfare . pp. 87 -- 92 . Jump up ^ `` Social Security Online '' . Ssa.gov . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Robert Hamlett Bremner , ed. ( 1974 ) . Children and Youth in America : A Documentary History . Harvard UP . pp. 1257 -- 63 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Nathan Sinai , and Odin Waldemar Anderson . `` EMIC ( Emergency Maternity and Infant Care ) . A Study of Administrative Experience . '' Bureau of Public Health Economics . Research Series 3 ( 1948 ) . Jump up ^ Martha M. Eliot , `` The Children 's Bureau , EMIC and postwar planning for child health : A statement . '' Journal of Pediatrics 25 # 4 ( 1944 ) : 351 -- 67 . Jump up ^ Martha M. Eliot , and Lillian R. Freedman . `` Four years of the EMIC Program . '' Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 19 # 4 ( 1947 ) : 621 + online Jump up ^ Piehler , G.K. ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Military Science . SAGE Publications . p. 220 . ISBN 9781452276328 . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 .", "64": "Jump up ^ Michael J. Bennett , When Dreams Came True : The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Merl E. Reed , Seedtime for the Modern Civil Rights Movement : The President 's Committee on Fair Employment Practice , 1941 -- 1946 ( 1991 ) Jump up ^ Kennedy , Freedom from Fear ch 18 Jump up ^ America in our time : from World War II to Nixon -- what happened and why by Godfrey Hodgson Jump up ^ The Unfinished Journey : America Since World War II by William H. Chafe ^ Jump up to : Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C. Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Kantor , Shawn ; Fishback , Price V. ; Wallis , John Joseph ( October 2013 ) . `` Did the New Deal solidify the 1932 Democratic realignment ? '' . Explorations in Economic History . New Views of Roosevelt 's New Deal . 50 ( 4 ) : 620 -- 633 . doi : 10.1016 / j. eeh. 2013.08. 001 . Jump up ^ Cowie , Jefferson ; Salvatore , Nick ( 2008 ) . `` The Long Exception : Rethinking the Place of the New Deal in American History '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 3 -- 32 . doi : 10.1017 / s0147547908000112 . Jump up ^ MacLean , Nancy ( 2008 ) . `` Getting New Deal History Wrong '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 : 49 -- 55 . doi : 10.1017 / s014754790800015x . Jump up ^ Klein , Jennifer ( August 2008 ) . `` A New Deal Restoration : Individuals , Communities , and the Long Struggle for the Collective Good '' . International Labor & Working - Class History . 74 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 48 . doi : 10.1017 / S0147547908000148 .", "65": "ISSN 1471 - 6445 . Retrieved February 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 68 -- 75 , 119 , 254 , 329 -- 30 , 340 -- 41 , Random House , New York , NY , 2012 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 . Jump up ^ Parker , Dana T. Building Victory : Aircraft Production in the Los Angeles Area in World War II , p. 8 , Cypress , CA , 2013 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9897906 - 0 - 4 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Iwan W. ( 1994 ) . Beyond the Liberal Consensus : Political History of the United States Since 1965 . C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1850652045 . Jump up ^ Roderick P. Hart ( 2001 ) . Politics , Discourse , and American Society : New Agendas . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 46 . ISBN 0742500713 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Michael S. ( 2009 ) . The Eisenhower Years . p. xii . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8160 - 5387 - 2 . Jump up ^ Browne , Blaine T. ; Cottrell , Robert C. ( 2008 ) . Modern American Lives : Individuals and Issues in American History Since 1945 . M.E. Sharpe , Inc. p. 164 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7656 - 2222 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fishback , Price ( 2017 ) . `` How Successful Was the New Deal ?", "66": "The Microeconomic Impact of New Deal Spending and Lending Policies in the 1930s '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Economic Literature. 55 ( 4 ) : 1435 -- 1485 . doi : 10.1257 / jel. 20161054 . ISSN 0022 - 0515 . Jump up ^ Lary May , `` Review , '' Journal of American History ( December 2010 ) 97 # 3 p. 765 Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 1984 ) Jump up ^ Quote from Mary Beth Norton , et al . A People and a Nation : A History of the United States ( 1994 ) , 2 : 783 . See also Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Coming of the New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1958 ) p. ix ; Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , `` How FDR Saved Capitalism '' , in It Did n't Happen Here : Why Socialism Failed in the United States ( 2001 ) ; Eric Rauchway , The Great Depression and the New Deal ( 2007 ) , pp. 86 , 93 -- 97 ; Cass R. Sunstein , The Second Bill of Rights : FDR 's Unfinished Revolution , ( 2006 ) pp. 129 -- 30 ; C. Wright Mills , The Power Elite ( 1959 ) 272 -- 74 ; David Edwin Harrell , Jr. et al. Unto a Good Land : A History of the American People ( 2005 ) p. 921 ; William Leuchtenburg , The White House Looks South ( 2005 ) p. 121 ; Robert S. McElvaine , The Great Depression : America , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1993 ) p. 168 ; Alan Brinkley , Liberalism and Its Discontents ( 1998 ) p. 66 . Jump up ^ Mary Beth Norton , Carol Sheriff und David M. Katzman , A People and a Nation : A History of the United States , Volume II : Since 1865 , Wadsworth Inc Fulfillment , 2011 , ISBN 978 - 0495915904 , p. 681 ^ Jump up to : Ray Allen Billington ; Martin Ridge ( 1981 ) .", "67": "American History After 1865 . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 193 . Jump up ^ Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 205 Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson and Mark Kesselman , The Politics of Power , 1975 Jump up ^ Paul K. Conkin Jump up ^ as summarized by Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 p. 219 Jump up ^ Julian E. Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly , ( 2000 ) 30 # 2 . pp 331 + online Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' Jump up ^ Freidel 1990 , p. 96 Jump up ^ U.S. Bureau of the Census . Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1946 . p. 321 . Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal '' Jump up ^ Zelizer , `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism ; Savage 1998 Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 106 ^ Jump up to : Sitkoff ( 2008 ) Jump up ^ Ira Katznelson , When Affirmative Action was White ( 2005 ) . Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , pp. 105 , 108 ^ Jump up to : Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Cravens , Great Depression : People and Perspectives , ABC - CLIO , 2009 , ISBN 9781598840933 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Philip S. Foner .", "68": "Organized Labor and the Black Worker , 1619 -- 1981 ( New York : International Publishers , 1981 ) , p. 200 . Jump up ^ Bruce Bartlett . Wrong on Race : The Democratic Party 's Buried Past . ( New York : Palgrave McMillan , 2008 ) , Kindle location 2459 . Jump up ^ Sitkoff ( 2008 ) ; Nancy J. Weiss , Farewell to the Party of Lincoln : Black Politics in the Age of FDR ( 1983 ) Jump up ^ Charles L. Lumpkins ( 2008 ) . American Pogrom : The East St. Louis Race Riot and Black Politics . Ohio UP . p. 179 . Jump up ^ Cheryl Lynn Greenberg ( 2009 ) . To Ask for an Equal Chance : African Americans in the Great Depression . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Anthony J. Badger ( 2011 ) . New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader . U. of Arkansas Press . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Kay Rippelmeyer ( 2015 ) . The Civilian Conservation Corps in Southern Illinois , 1933 -- 1942 . Southern Illinois Press . pp. 98 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Harold Ickes , The secret diary of Harold L. Ickes Vol. 2 : The inside struggle , 1936 -- 1939 ( 1954 ) p. 115 Jump up ^ David L. Chappell ( 2009 ) . A Stone of Hope : Prophetic Religion and the Death of Jim Crow . pp. 9 -- 11 . Jump up ^ Philip A. Klinkner ; Rogers M. Smith ( 2002 ) . The Unsteady March : The Rise and Decline of Racial Equality in America . U of Chicago Press . p. 130 . ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , Jerold S. ( 1969 ) . `` New Deal , Old Deal , or Raw Deal : Some Thoughts on New Left Historiography '' . Journal of Southern History . 35 ( 1 ) : 18 -- 30 . JSTOR 2204748 .", "69": "Jump up ^ Unger , Irwin ( 1967 ) . `` The ' New Left ' and American History : Some Recent Trends in United States Historiography '' . American Historical Review . 72 ( 4 ) : 1237 -- 63 . JSTOR 1847792 . Jump up ^ Children in the family were allowed to hold CCC or NYA jobs -- indeed , CCC jobs were normally given to young men whose fathers were on relief . Young women were eligible for NYA jobs which began in 1935 . Jump up ^ Susan Ware , Beyond Suffrage : Women in the New Deal ( 1987 ) Jump up ^ Martha Swain , ' `` The Forgotten Woman ' : Ellen S. Woodward and Women 's Relief in the New Deal '' Prologue , ( 1983 ) 15 # 4 pp 201 - 213 . Jump up ^ Sara B. Marcketti , `` The Sewing - Room Projects of the Works Progress Administration . '' Textile History 41.1 ( 2010 ) : 28 - 49 . Jump up ^ Louise Rosenfield Noun , Iowa Women in the WPA ( 1999 ) Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1975 ) p. 340 series H1 and H2 Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1999 ) . Two Lucky People : Memoirs . U. of Chicago Press . p. 59 . ISBN 9780226264158 . Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1981 ) . Free to Choose . Avon Books . p. 85 . ISBN 0 - 380 - 52548 - 8 . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Bureau of the Census ( 1975 ) . Historical statistics of the United States , colonial times to 1970 . pp. 217 -- 18 .", "70": "Jump up ^ Gene Smiley , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History ( 1983 ) 43 # 2 pp. 487 -- 93 . In JSTOR Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 , p. 249 Jump up ^ Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Jump up ^ W. Elliot Brownlee , Federal Taxation in America : A Short History ( 2004 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Government Spending Chart : United States 1900 -- 2016 -- Federal State Local Data . Usgovernmentdebt.us . Retrieved on 2013 - 07 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : New York Times , Paul Krugman , Franklin Delano Obama ? , November 10 , 2008 Jump up ^ Jason Scott Smith , A Concise History of the New Deal , Cambridge University Press , 2014 , ISBN 9781139991698 , p. 2 Jump up ^ PBS , Interview with Milton Friedman , 10.01. 2000 ^ Jump up to : Romer , Christina ( December 1992 ) . `` What Ended the Great Depression ? '' . The Journal of Economic History . 52 ( 4 ) : 757 -- 84 . doi : 10.1017 / s002205070001189x . JSTOR 2123226 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben ( May 1989 ) . `` Unemployment , Inflation , and Wages in the American Depression : Are There Lessons for Europe ? '' . The American Economic Review . 79 ( 2 ) : 210 -- 14 . JSTOR 1827758 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) .", "71": "Jump up ^ DeLong , J. Bradford , Lawrence H. Summers , N. Gregory Mankiw , and Christina D. Romer . `` How does macroeconomic policy affect output ? . '' Brookings Papers on Economic Activity ( 1988 ) : 467 . Jump up ^ Vernon , J.R. ( December 1994 ) . `` World War II fiscal policies and the end of the Great Depression '' . Journal of Economic History . 54 ( 4 ) : 850 -- 68 . doi : 10.1017 / s0022050700015515 . JSTOR 2123613 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson , `` Great Expectations and the End of the Depression '' , American Economic Review 2008 , 98 : 4 , 1476 -- 516 Jump up ^ Christina Romer , `` The Fiscal Stimulus , Flawed but Valuable '' , The New York Times , October 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Peter Temin , Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , 1992 , ISBN 9780262261197 , pp. 87 -- 101 Jump up ^ FDR 's Policies Prolonged Depression by 7 Years , UCLA Economists Calculate , ucla.edu , 8 / 10 / 2004 ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. and Ohanian , Lee E. New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression : A General Equilibrium Analysis Archived May 17 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , 2004 . Jump up ^ Snowden , Brian ( Fall 2007 ) . `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 541 -- 62 . JSTOR 20642377 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Seidman , Laurence ( Fall 2007 ) . `` Reply to : `` The New Classical Counter-Revolution : False Path or Illuminating Complement ? '' `` . Eastern Economic Journal . 33 ( 4 ) : 563 -- 65 . doi : 10.1057 / eej.", "72": "2007.41 . JSTOR 20642378 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` The right - wing New Deal conniption fit SalonRevisionist historians and economists keep trying to stomp on FDR 's legacy . But declaring that WPA workers were unemployed is just silly '' . Salon.com . February 2 , 2009 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Darby , Michael R. ( 1976 ) . `` Three - And - A-Half Million U.S. Employees Have Been Mislaid : Or , An Explanation of Unemployment , 1934 -- 1941 '' . Journal of Political Economy. 84 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 16 . doi : 10.1086 / 260407 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Daniel ( 1994 ) . `` Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America by Richard K. Vedder ; Lowell E. Gallaway '' . Public Choice . 79 ( 3 / 4 ) : 373 -- 75 . doi : 10.1007 / BF01047782 . JSTOR 30026888 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Gallaway , Lowell E. and Vedder , Richard K. Out of Work : Unemployment and Government in Twentieth - Century America , New York University Press ; Updated edition ( July 1997 ) . Jump up ^ Amity Shlaes , The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression . New York : HarperCollins Publishers , Inc. , 2007 . Kindle location 170 -- 229 . Jump up ^ Politiko , Matthew Dallek , Revisionists ' blind view of New Deal Archived September 4 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine. , February 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ David M. Kennedy , Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 ( Oxford University Press , 1999 ) p. 363 Jump up ^ Milton Friedman ; Rose D. Friedman ( 1962 ) . Capitalism and Freedom : Fortieth Anniversary Edition . U. of Chicago Press . pp.", "73": "182 -- 87 . ISBN 9780226264189 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Crafts , Peter Fearon , The Great Depression of the 1930s : Lessons for Today , Oxford University Press , 2013 , ISBN 9780199663187 , p. 202 Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 37 . Jump up ^ Katznelson , Ira ( 2005 ) . When Affirmative Action was White : An Untold History of Racial Inequality in Twentieth - Century America . New York : W.W. Norton . p. 40 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 473 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur M. ( 1958 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The Coming of the New Deal . Cambridge , MA : The Riverside Press . p. 536 . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 62 . Jump up ^ Patterson , James T. ( 1969 ) . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . p. 52 . Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , p. 6 Jump up ^ Isaiah Berlin , `` The Natural '' ( 1955 ) . Atlantic Monthly . pp. 230 -- .", "74": "Jump up ^ Fraser M. Ottanelli ( 1991 ) . The Communist Party of the United States : From the Depression to World War II . Rutgers University Press . p. 70 . Jump up ^ Franklin Delano Roosevelt ; edited by Russell D. Buhite and David W. Levy ( 1992 ) . Fdr 's Fireside Chats . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 51 . ISBN 0806123702 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Kiran Klaus Patel , Soldiers of Labor : Labor Service in Nazi Germany and New Deal America , 1933 -- 1945 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 83416 - 2 , Cambridge University Press 2005 , pp. 5 , 6 Jump up ^ Garraty , John A . The American Nation : A History of the United States Since 1865 . New York : Harper & Row , Publishers ( 1979 ) , p. 656 ISBN 0 - 06 - 042268 - 8 . Jump up ^ Ellis Hawley , The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly , Princeton University Press , 1966 , ISBN 0 - 8232 - 1609 - 8 , p. 23 ^ Jump up to : Daniel Woodley , Fascism and Political Theory : Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology , Routledge Chapman & Hall , 2010 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 203 - 87157 - 7 , pp. 160 , 161 Jump up ^ Stanley G. Payne ( 1996 ) . A History of Fascism , 1914 -- 1945 . University of Wisconsin Pres . p. 350 . ISBN 0299148734 . Jump up ^ Kevin Passmore , Fascism : A Very Short Introduction , Chapter 6 , Oxford University Press , 2002 Jump up ^ For a list of relevant works , see the list of suggested readings appearing toward the bottom of the article . Jump up ^ Krueger , Thomas A. ( 1975 ) . `` New Deal Historiography at Forty '' . Reviews in American History . 3 ( 4 ) : 483 -- 88 . JSTOR 2701507 .", "75": "Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr. ( 1959 ) . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . Houghton Mifflin . pp. 78 -- 80 . ISBN 0618340866 . Jump up ^ Aaron D. Purcell ( 2011 ) . White Collar Radicals : TVA 's Knoxville Fifteen , the New Deal , and the McCarthy Era . U. of Tennessee . ISBN 9781572336834 . Jump up ^ Arthur M. Schlesinger . Jr . The Age of Roosevelt : The coming of New Deal , 1933 -- 1935 . p. 54 . Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2000 ) . Joseph McCarthy : Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America 's Most Hated Senator . The Free Press . p. 104 . Jump up ^ Mathews 1975 Jump up ^ William E. Leuchtenbrg . The FDR Years : On Roosevelt and his Legacy ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1995 ) , 243 . ^ Jump up to : M.J. Heale. Franklin . D. Roosevelt : The New Deal and War ( London , 1999 ) 36 Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 310 . Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 312 . Jump up ^ John Braeman , Robert H. Bremner , David Brody . The New Deal : The National Level ( Columbus : Ohio State University Press , 1975 ) 314 . Jump up ^ Cara A. Finnegan . Picturing Poverty : Print Culture and FSA Photographs ( Smithsonian Books , 2003 ) pp. 43 -- 44 Jump up ^ Harry M. Benshoff , Sean Griffin , America on film : representing race , class , gender , and sexuality at the movies ( 2003 ) pp.", "76": "172 -- 74 Jump up ^ Geoffrey Blodgett , `` Cass Gilbert , Architect : Conservative at Bay , '' Journal of American History , December 1985 , Vol. 72 Issue 3 , pp. 615 -- 36 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Szalay 2000 Jump up ^ Mitchell , p. 404 . Jump up ^ `` Industrial Production Index '' . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Historical Statistics of the United States ( 1976 ) series F31 Jump up ^ Angus Maddison , The World Economy : Historical Statistics ( OECD 2003 ) ; Japan is close , see p 174 Jump up ^ U.S. Dept of Commerce , National Income and Product Accounts Real GDP and GNP ; Mitchell 446 , 449 , 451 ; Consumer Price Index AND M2 Money Supply : 1800 -- 2003 Jump up ^ Smiley , Gene , `` Recent Unemployment Rate Estimates for the 1920s and 1930s '' , Journal of Economic History , June 1983 , 43 , 487 -- 93 . Further Reading ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt Surveys ( edit ) Badger , Anthony J. The New Deal : The Depression Years , 1933 -- 1940 . ( 2002 ) general survey from British perspective Burns , James Macgregor . Roosevelt the Lion and the Fox ( 1956 ) online Chafe , William H. ed . The Achievement of American Liberalism : The New Deal and its Legacies ( 2003 ) Collins , Sheila and Gertrude Goldberg , When Government Helped : Learning from the Successes and Failures of the New Deal , ( Oxford UP , 2014 ) , ISBN 9780199990696 Conkin , Paul K . The New Deal . ( 1967 ) , a brief New Left critique . Dubofsky , Melvyn , ed . The New Deal : Conflicting Interpretations and Shifting Perspectives. ( 1992 ) , older historiography Eden , Robert , ed . New Deal and Its Legacy : Critique and Reappraisal ( 1989 ) , essays by scholars Hiltzik , Michael .", "77": "The New Deal : A Modern History ( 2011 ) , popular history by journalist ; 512pp Leuchtenburg , William E. Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal , 1932 -- 1940 . ( 1963 ) . A standard interpretive history . online Kennedy , David M. `` What the New Deal Did , '' Political Science Quarterly , 124 ( Summer 2009 ) , 251 -- 68 . online Kennedy , David M. Freedom From Fear : The American People in Depression and War , 1929 -- 1945 . ( 1999 ) , survey ; Pulitzer Prize borrow for 14 days Kirkendall , Richard S . `` The New Deal As Watershed : The Recent Literature '' , The Journal of American History , ( 1968 ) 54 # 4 pp. 839 -- 52 . in JSTOR , older historiography McElvaine Robert S . The Great Depression 2nd ed ( 1993 ) , social history Polenberg , Richard . `` The Era of Franklin D. Roosevelt 1933 -- 1945 A Brief History with Documents '' ISBN 0 - 312 - 13310 - 3 Schlesinger , Arthur M. Jr ( 1957 -- 60 ) , The Age of Roosevelt , the 3 - volume classic narrative history . Strongly supports FDR . Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 1 : The Crisis Of The Old Order ( 1919 -- 1933 ) ( 1956 ) online to March 1933 Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age Of Roosevelt vol 2 : The Coming of the New Deal ( 1958 ) online covers 1933 -- 34 Arthur M. Schlesinger , Jr . The Age of Roosevelt vol 3 : The Age of Upheaval ( 1960 ) ; ( https://archive.org/download/in.ernet.dli.2015.462866/2015.462866.The-Age.pdf online Sitkoff , Harvard . ed . Fifty Years Later : The New Deal Evaluated. ( 1984 ) . A friendly liberal evaluation . Smith , Jason Scott .", "78": "A Concise History of the New Deal ( 2014 ) State and local studies ( edit ) Arrington , Leonard J. `` Western Agriculture and the New Deal . '' Agricultural History 44 # 4 ( 1970 ) : 337 -- 53 . Biles , Roger . The South and the New Deal ( 2006 ) . Biles , Roger . Big City Boss in Depression and War : Mayor Edward J. Kelly of Chicago . ( 1984 ) ; mayor 1933 -- 1947 Biles , Roger . Memphis : In the Great Depression ( U of Tennessee Press , 1986 ) . Blakey , George T. Hard Times and New Deal in Kentucky : 1929 -- 1939 ( 1986 ) . Braeman , John , Robert H. Bremner and David Brody , eds . The New Deal : Volume Two -- the State and Local Levels ( 1975 ) ; 434 pp ; chapters on Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , Ohio , Virginia , Louisiana , Oklahoma , Wyoming , Montana , Colorado , New Mexico , Oregon , Pittsburgh , and Kansas City . Christin , Pierre , and Olivier Balez , eds . Robert Moses : The Master Builder of New York City ( 2014 ) . Ferguson , Karen Jane . Black Politics in New Deal Atlanta ( 2002 ) . Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) . Heineman , Kenneth J. A Catholic New Deal : Religion and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh ( 2005 ) . Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) . Leader , Leonard . Los Angeles and the Great Depression . ( 1991 ) . 344 pp . Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . Malone , Michael P ( 1969 ) . `` the New Deal in Idaho '' . Pacific Historical Review . 38 ( 3 ) : 293 -- 310 . JSTOR 3636101 .", "79": "Mullins , William H. The Depression and the Urban West Coast , 1929 -- 1933 : Los Angeles , San Francisco , Seattle , and Portland . ( 1991 ) . 176 pp . Nicolaides , Becky M. My Blue Heaven : Life and Politics in the Working - Class Suburbs of Los Angeles , 1920 -- 1965 . ( 2002 ) . 412 pp . Patterson , James T . The New Deal and the States : Federalism in Transition ( Princeton UP , 1969 ) . Starr , Kevin . Endangered Dreams : The Great Depression in California ( 1997 ) ; excerpt and text search ; Stave , Bruce M. The New Deal and the Last Hurrah : Pittsburgh Machine Politics ( 1970 ) . Sternsher , Bernard ed. , Hitting Home : The Great Depression in Town and Country ( 1970 ) , essays by scholars on local history . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains ( 1992 ) . Strickland , Arvarh E. `` The New Deal Comes to Illinois . '' Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 63 # 1 ( 1970 ) : 55 -- 68 . in JSTOR Thomas , Jerry Bruce . An Appalachian New Deal : West Virginia in the Great Depression ( 1998 ) . Trout , Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) . Tweton , D. Jerome , and Roberta Klugman . The New Deal at the Grass Roots : Programs for the People in Otter Tail County , Minnesota ( Minnesota Historical Society Press , 1988 ) . Volanto , Keith J. Texas , Cotton , and the New Deal ( 2005 ) . Volanto , Keith . `` Where are the New Deal Historians of Texas ? : A Literature Review of the New Deal Experience in Texas . '' East Texas Historical Journal 48 + 2 ( 2010 ) : 7 + online Wickens , James F. `` The New Deal in Colorado . '' Pacific Historical Review 38 # 3 ( 1969 ) : 275 -- 91 .", "80": "in JSTOR Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , LaGuardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) . Biographies ( edit ) Beasley , Maurine H. , Holly C. Shulman , Henry R. Beasley . The Eleanor Roosevelt Encyclopedia ( 2001 ) Brands , H.W. Traitor to His Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 2008 ) Charles , Searle F. Minister of Relief : Harry Hopkins and the Depression ( 1963 ) Cohen , Adam , Nothing to Fear : FDR 's Inner Circle and the Hundred Days that Created Modern America ( 2009 ) Graham , Otis L. and Meghan Robinson Wander , eds. Franklin D. Roosevelt : His Life and Times . ( 1985 ) . An encyclopedic reference . Ingalls , Robert P. Herbert H. Lehman and New York 's Little New Deal ( 1975 ) Pederson , William D. ed . A Companion to Franklin D. Roosevelt ( Blackwell Companions to American History ) ( 2011 ) ; 35 essays by scholars ; many deal with politics Economics , farms , labor and relief ( edit ) Bernstein , Irving . Turbulent Years : A History of the American Worker , 1933 -- 1941 ( 1970 ) , cover labor unions Best , Gary Dean . Pride , Prejudice , and Politics : Roosevelt Versus Recovery , 1933 -- 1938 . ( 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 93524 - 8 ; conservative perspective Blumberg Barbara . The New Deal and the Unemployed : The View from New York City ( 1977 ) . Bremer William W. `` Along the American Way : The New Deal 's Work Relief Programs for the Unemployed '' . Journal of American History 62 ( December 1975 ) : 636 -- 52 . in JSTOR Brock William R. Welfare , Democracy and the New Deal ( 1988 ) , a British view Burns , Helen M. The American Banking Community and New Deal Banking Reforms , 1933 -- 1935 ( 1974 ) Folsom , Burton .", "81": "New Deal or Raw Deal ? : How FDR 's Economic Legacy has Damaged America ( 2008 ) ISBN 1 - 4165 - 9222 - 9 , conservative interpretation Fox , Cybelle . Three Worlds of Relief : Race , Immigration , and the American Welfare State from the Progressive Era to the New Deal ( 2012 ) excerpt and text search Gordon , Colin . New Deals : Business , Labor , and Politics , 1920 -- 1935 ( 1994 ) Grant , Michael Johnston . Down and Out on the Family Farm : Rural Rehabilitation in the Great Plains , 1929 -- 1945 ( 2002 ) Hawley , Ellis W . The New Deal and the Problem of Monopoly ( 1966 ) Howard , Donald S . The WPA and Federal Relief Policy ( 1943 ) Huibregtse , Jon R. American Railroad Labor and the Genesis of the New Deal , 1919 -- 1935 ; ( University Press of Florida ; 2010 ; 172 pp . ) Jensen , Richard J ( 1989 ) . `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression '' . Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 19 : 553 -- 83 . JSTOR 203954 . Leff , Mark H. The Limits of Symbolic Reform : The New Deal and Taxation ( 1984 ) Lindley , Betty Grimes and Ernest K. Lindley . A New Deal for Youth : The Story of the National Youth Administration ( 1938 ) Malamud ; Deborah C. `` ' Who They Are -- or Were ' : Middle - Class Welfare in the Early New Deal '' University of Pennsylvania Law Review v 151 No. 6 2003 . pp. 2019 + . Meriam ; Lewis . Relief and Social Security ( 1946 ) . Highly detailed analysis and statistical summary of all New Deal relief programs ; 912 pages online Mitchell , Broadus .", "82": "Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1947 ) , survey by economic historian Morris , Charles R. A Rabble of Dead Money : The Great Crash and the Global Depression : 1929 -- 1939 ( PublicAffairs , 2017 ) , 389 pp. online review Parker , Randall E. Reflections on the Great Depression ( 2002 ) interviews with 11 leading economists Powell , Jim FDR 's Folly : How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 7615 - 0165 - 7 Rosenof , Theodore . Economics in the Long Run : New Deal Theorists and Their Legacies , 1933 -- 1993 ( 1997 ) Rosen , Elliot A. Roosevelt , the Great Depression , and the Economics of Recovery ( 2005 ) ISBN 0 - 8139 - 2368 - 9 Rothbard , Murray . America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ) . Saloutos , Theodore . The American Farmer and the New Deal ( 1982 ) . Schwartz , Bonnie Fox . The Civil works administration , 1933 -- 1934 : the business of emergency employment in the New Deal ( Princeton University Press , 2014 ) Singleton , Jeff . The American Dole : Unemployment Relief and the Welfare State in the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1982 ) . `` State Capacity and Economic Intervention in the Early New Deal '' . Political Science Quarterly . 97 : 255 -- 78 . JSTOR 2149478 . Skocpol , Theda ; Finegold , Kenneth ( 1977 ) . `` Explaining New Deal Labor Policy '' . American Political Science Review . 84 : 1297 -- 304 . JSTOR 1963265 . Zelizer ; Julian , E ( 2000 ) . `` The Forgotten Legacy of the New Deal : Fiscal Conservatism and the Roosevelt Administration , 1933 -- 1938 '' . Presidential Studies Quarterly . 30 ( 2 ) : 331 . Social and cultural History ( edit ) Best , Gary Dean .", "83": "The Nickel and Dime Decade : American Popular Culture during the 1930s ( 1993 ) online Cooney , Terry A. Balancing Acts : American Thought and Culture in the 1930s ( Twayne , 1995 ) Dickstein , Morris . Dancing in the Dark : A Cultural History of the Great Depression ( 2009 ) Eldridge , David Nicholas . American Culture in the 1930s ( Edinburgh University Press , 2008 ) online Kelly , Andrew . Kentucky by Design : The Decorative Arts , American Culture , and the Federal Art Project 's Index of American Design ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) McKinzie , Richard . The New Deal for Artists ( 1984 ) , well illustrated scholarly study Mathews , Jane De Hart ( 1975 ) . `` Arts and the People : The New Deal Quest for a Cultural Democracy '' . Journal of American History . 62 : 316 -- 39 . JSTOR 1903257 . Pells , Richard . Radical Visions and American Dreams : Culture and Social Thought in the Depression Years ( 1973 ) . Roddick , Nick . A New Deal in Entertainment : Warner Brothers in the 1930s ( London , BFI , 1983 ) . Shlaes , Amity . The Forgotten Man : A New History of the Great Depression ( 2007 ) , a conservative approach Shindler , Colin . Hollywood in Crisis : Cinema and American Society , 1929 -- 1939 ( Routledge , 1996 ) . Stott , William . Documentary Expression and Thirties America ( University of Chicago Press , 1973 ) . Wecter , Dixon . The Age of the Great Depression , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1948 ) , social history Politics ( edit ) Alswang , John . The New Deal and American Politics ( 1978 ) , voting analysis Alter , Jonathan .", "84": "The Defining Moment : FDR 's Hundred Days and the Triumph of Hope ( 2006 ) , popular account Badger , Anthony J. FDR : The First Hundred Days ( 2008 ) Badger , Anthony J. New Deal / New South : An Anthony J. Badger Reader ( 2007 ) Bernstein , Barton J. `` The New Deal : The Conservative Achievements of Liberal Reform '' . In Barton J. Bernstein , ed. , Towards a New Past : Dissenting Essays in American History , pp. 263 -- 88 . ( 1968 ) , an influential New Left attack on the New Deal . Best , Gary Dean . The Critical Press and the New Deal : The Press Versus Presidential Power , 1933 -- 1938 ( 1993 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94350 - X Best , Gary Dean . Retreat from Liberalism : Collectivists versus Progressives in the New Deal Years ( 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 275 - 94656 - 8 Brinkley , Alan . The End of Reform : New Deal Liberalism in Recession and War . ( 1995 ) what happened after 1937 Cobb , James and Michael Namaroto , eds . The New Deal and the South ( 1984 ) . Conklin , Paul K . `` The Myth of New Deal Radicalism '' in Myth America : A Historical Anthology , Volume II . 1997 . Gerster , Patrick , and Cords , Nicholas . ( editors . ) Brandywine Press , ISBN 1 - 881089 - 97 - 5 Domhoff , G. William , and Michael J. Webber . Class and Power in the New Deal : Corporate Moderates , Southern Democrats , and the Liberal - Labor Coalition ( Stanford University Press ; 2011 ) 304 pp. uses class dominance theory to examine the Agricultural Adjustment Act , the National Labor Relations Act , and the Social Security Act . Ekirch Jr. , Arthur A. Ideologies and Utopias : The Impact of the New Deal on American Thought ( 1971 ) Fraser , Steve and Gary Gerstle , eds.", "85": ", The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order , ( 1989 ) , essays focused on the long - term results . Garraty , John A ( 1973 ) . `` The New Deal , National Socialism , and the Great Depression '' . American Historical Review . 78 ( 4 ) : 907 -- 44 . JSTOR 1858346 . Higgs , Robert . Crisis and Leviathan : Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government ( 1987 ) , libertarian critique Ladd , Everett Carll and Charles D. Hadley . Transformations of the American Party System : Political Coalitions from the New Deal to the 1970s ( 1975 ) , voting behavior Lowitt , Richard . The New Deal and the West ( 1984 ) . Manza ; Jeff ( 2000 ) . `` Political Sociological Models of the U.S. New Deal '' . Annual Review of Sociology. 26 : 297 -- 322 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. soc. 26.1. 297 . Milkis , Sidney M. and Jerome M. Mileur , eds . The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism ( 2002 ) Rosen , Eliot A . The Republican Party in the Age of Roosevelt : Sources of Anti-Government Conservatism in the United States ( 2014 ) Sitkoff , Harvard . A New Deal for Blacks : The Emergence of Civil Rights as a National Issue : The Depression Decade ( 2008 ) Smith , Jason Scott . Building New Deal Liberalism : The Political Economy of Public Works , 1933 -- 1956 ( 2005 ) . Szalay , Michael . New Deal Modernism : American Literature and the Invention of the Welfare State ( 2000 ) Tindall George B . The Emergence of the New South , 1915 -- 1945 ( 1967 ) . survey of entire South Trout Charles H. Boston , the Great Depression , and the New Deal ( 1977 ) Venn , Fiona ( 1998 ) . The New Deal . Edinburgh : Edinburgh University Press . ISBN 1 - 57958 - 145 - 5 . Ware , Susan .", "86": "Beyond Suffrage : Women and the New Deal ( 1981 ) Williams , Gloria - Yvonne. ( 2014 ) . `` African - Americans and the Politics of Race During the New Deal . '' In The New Deal and the Great Depression ( pp. 131 -- 44 ) . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . on academia.edu author 's page Williams , Mason B. City of Ambition : FDR , La Guardia , and the Making of Modern New York ( 2013 ) Primary sources ( edit ) Bureau of the Census , Statistical Abstract of the United States : 1951 ( 1951 ) full of useful data ; online Bureau of the Census , Historical Statistics of the United States : Colonial Times to 1970 ( 1976 ) part 1 online ; part 2 online Cantril , Hadley and Mildred Strunk , eds . Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1946 ( 1951 ) , massive compilation of many public opinion polls Carter , Susan B. et al. eds . The Historical Statistics of the United States ( 6 vol : Cambridge UP , 2006 ) ; huge compilation of statistical data ; online at some universities Gallup , George Horace , ed . The Gallup Poll ; Public Opinion , 1935 -- 1971 3 vol ( 1972 ) summarizes results of each poll . Lowitt , Richard and Beardsley Maurice , eds . One Third of a Nation : Lorena Hickock Reports on the Great Depression ( 1981 ) Moley , Raymond . After Seven Years ( 1939 ) , conservative memoir by ex-Brain Truster Nixon , Edgar B. ed. Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs ( 3 vol 1969 ) , covers 1933 -- 37 . 2nd series 1937 -- 39 available on microfiche and in a 14 vol print edition at some academic libraries . Roosevelt , Franklin D. ; Rosenman , Samuel Irving , ed . The Public Papers and Addresses of Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 13 vol , 1938 , 1945 ) ; public material only ( no letters ) ; covers 1928 -- 1945 . Zinn , Howard , ed .", "87": "New Deal Thought ( 1966 ) , a compilation of primary sources . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to New Deal . Wikiquote has quotations related to : New Deal The Living New Deal Project , a digital database of the lasting effects of the New Deal founded in the Department of Geography at the University of California , Berkeley The Smithsonian American Art Museum 's Exhibition `` 1934 : A New Deal for Artists '' Art , Culture , and Government : The New Deal at 75 . Library of Congress , American Folklife Center Documentation of March 13 -- 14 , 2008 Symposium including webcasts of presentations Hannsgen , Greg E. and Papadimitriou , Dimitri B. Lessons from the New Deal : Did the New Deal Prolong or Worsen the Great Depression ? Working Paper No. 581 , The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College . October 2009 . New Deal by Alan Brinkley on History.com Robert E. Burke Collection . 1892 -- 1994 . 60.42 cubic feet ( 68 boxes plus 2 oversize folders and one oversize vertical file ) . At the Labor Archives of Washington , University of Washington Libraries Special Collections . Contains material collected by Robert E. Burke on the New Deal from 1932 to 1959 .", "88": "Franklin D. Roosevelt 32nd President of the United States ( 1933 -- 1945 ) 44th Governor of New York ( 1929 -- 1932 ) Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( 1913 -- 1920 ) New York State Senator ( 1911 -- 1913 ) Presidency Inaugurations ( 1st 2nd 3rd 4th ) New Deal overview New Deal coalition First 100 days Second New Deal Federal Emergency Relief Administration Civilian Conservation Corps Agricultural Adjustment Administration Emergency Banking Act Tennessee Valley Authority National Labor Relations Act National Industry Recovery Act Public Works Administration National Recovery Administration Works Progress Administration National Youth Administration Social Security Act Aid to Families with Dependent Children Communications Act of 1934 Federal Communications Commission Securities and Exchange Commission Monetary gold ownership Gold Reserve Act Silver seizure Record on civil rights Defense industry non-discrimination Fair Employment Practices Commission Indian Reorganization Act Executive Orders 9066 , 9102 War Relocation Authority Japanese American internment German - American internment Italian - American internment Brownlow Committee Executive Office of the President G.I. Bill of Rights Cullen -- Harrison Act Roerich Pact Four Freedoms Four Freedoms Monument Black Cabinet Jefferson 's Birthday holiday Judicial Court - Packing Bill Federal Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet `` Brain Trust '' Modern Oval Office Official car Criticism Presidential Foreign policy Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua , 1912 -- 1933 U.S.", "89": "occupation of Haiti , 1915 -- 1934 Good Neighbor Policy ( 1933 -- 1945 ) Montevideo Convention ( 1933 ) Second London Naval Treaty ( 1936 ) ABCD line ( 1940 ) Export Control Act Four Policemen Lend - Lease 1940 Selective Service Act Atlantic Charter ( 1941 ) Military history of the United States during World War II Home front during World War II Combined Munitions Assignments Board War Production Board Declaration by United Nations ( 1942 ) Dumbarton Oaks Conference World War II conferences Quebec Agreement Europe first Morgentau Plan support Presidential speeches Commonwealth Club Address Madison Square Garden speech `` Four Freedoms '' Infamy Speech Arsenal of Democracy `` ... is fear itself '' Fireside chats `` Look to Norway '' Quarantine Speech `` The More Abundant Life '' Second Bill of Rights State of the Union Address ( 1934 1938 1939 1940 1941 1945 ) Other events Early life , education , career Warm Springs Institute Governorship of New York Business Plot Assassination attempt Elections New York state election , 1928 1930 Democratic National Convention , 1920 1924 1932 1936 1940 1944 United States presidential election , 1920 1932 theme song 1936 1940 1944 Life and homes Early life and education Groton School `` Springwood '' birthplace , home , and gravesite Campobello home Paralytic illness Top Cottage Little White House , Warm Springs , Georgia Legacy Presidential Library and Museum Roosevelt Institute Roosevelt Institute Campus Network Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial Roosevelt Island Four Freedoms Park White House Roosevelt Room Roosevelt Study Center Four Freedoms Award Four Freedoms paintings Unfinished portrait U.S.", "90": "Postage stamps Roosevelt dime Films The Roosevelt Story 1947 Sunrise at Campobello 1960 Eleanor and Franklin 1976 , The White House Years 1977 World War II : When Lions Roared Warm Springs 2005 Hyde Park on Hudson 2012 The Roosevelts 2014 documentary Other namesakes Roosevelt family Delano family Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( wife ) Anna Eleanor Roosevelt ( daughter ) James Roosevelt II ( son ) Elliott Roosevelt ( son ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ( son ) John Aspinwall Roosevelt II ( son ) Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves ( granddaughter ) Curtis Roosevelt ( grandson ) Sara Delano Roosevelt ( granddaughter ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt III ( grandson ) John Roosevelt Boettiger ( grandson ) James Roosevelt III ( grandson ) James Roosevelt I ( father ) Sara Ann Delano ( mother ) James Roosevelt Roosevelt ( half - brother ) Isaac Roosevelt ( grandfather ) Jacobus Roosevelt ( great - grandfather ) Fala ( family dog ) ← Herbert Hoover Harry S. Truman → Category ( hide ) New Deal Causes and legacy Great Depression New Deal Coalition Brain Trust American Liberty League Criticism New Deal Emergency Banking Act Economy Act Agricultural Adjustment Act Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) Civil Works Administration Communications Act Executive Order 6102 Homeowners Refinancing Act Farm Credit Administration Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) Federal Emergency Relief Administration Frazier -- Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Glass -- Steagall Act National Industrial Recovery Act National Housing Act National Recovery Administration National Youth Administration Public Works Administration ( PWA ) Public Works of Art Project Reciprocal Tariff Act Railroad Retirement Act Securities Act Tennessee Valley Authority ( TVA ) Second New Deal Works Progress Administration ( WPA ) Federal Project Number One Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Farm Security Administration Judicial Procedures Reform Act National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act National Labor Relations Board ( Act ) Rural Electrification Act Rural Electrification Administration Social Security United States Housing Authority Individuals Franklin D. Roosevelt Harold L. Ickes Frances Perkins Harry Hopkins Henry Morgenthau , Jr . Huey Long Herbert Hoover Robert F.", "91": "Wagner Category Commons Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities Category Commons History of the United States Timeline Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776 -- 89 1789 -- 1849 1849 -- 65 1865 -- 1918 1918 -- 45 1945 -- 64 1964 -- 80 1980 -- 91 1991 -- 2008 2008 -- present Topics American Century Cities Constitution Demographic Diplomatic Economic Education Immigration Medical Merchant Marine Military Musical Religious Slavery Southern Technological and industrial Territorial acquisitions Territorial evolution Voting rights Women This Is America , Charlie Brown Category Portal LCCN : sh85091258 GND : 4171681 - 4 NDL : 00568774 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "92": "php?title=New_Deal&oldid=838174796 '' Categories : New Deal United States economic policy United States presidential domestic programs Political terminology of the United States Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2011 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles with inconsistent citation formats Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Use mdy dates from May 2012 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from December 2016 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from May 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from August 2013 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 .", "93": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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{ "0": "The Fate of the Furious - wikipedia The Fate of the Furious Jump to : navigation , search The Fate of the Furious Theatrical release poster Directed by F. Gary Gray Produced by Neal H. Moritz Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Chris Morgan Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Dwayne Johnson Jason Statham Michelle Rodriguez Tyrese Gibson Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges Scott Eastwood Nathalie Emmanuel Elsa Pataky Kurt Russell Charlize Theron Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Stephen F. Windon Edited by Christian Wagner Paul Rubell Production company China Film Original Film One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date April 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 04 ) ( Berlin ) April 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 14 ) ( United States ) Running time 136 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $250 million Box office $1.236 billion The Fate of the Furious ( alternatively known as Fast & Furious 8 and Fast 8 , and often stylized as F8 ) is a 2017 American action film directed by F. Gary Gray and written by Chris Morgan . It is the eighth installment in The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film stars Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson , Jason Statham , Michelle Rodriguez , Tyrese Gibson , Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Scott Eastwood , Nathalie Emmanuel , Elsa Pataky , Kurt Russell and Charlize Theron . The Fate of the Furious follows Dominic Toretto ( Diesel ) , who has settled down with his wife Letty ( Rodriguez ) , until cyberterrorist Cipher ( Theron ) coerces him into working for her and turns him against his team , forcing them to find Dom and take down Cipher . The Fate of the Furious marks the first installment in the franchise since The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) not to star both Paul Walker , who died in a single - vehicle crash during the filming of Furious 7 ( 2015 ) on November 30 , 2013 , and Jordana Brewster .", "1": "Script rewrites to the seventh installment after Walker 's death completed the story arcs for both of their characters ( Brian O'Conner and Mia Toretto , respectively ) . Plans for an eighth installment were first announced in March 2015 when Diesel appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! and announced that the film would be set in New York City . Preparations for the film began immediately after the release of Furious 7 , with Diesel , Morgan and producer Neal H. Moritz re-signing . After setting an initial release date in the same month , casting took place between April and June 2015 . In October 2015 , Gray was announced to direct the film in the place of James Wan , who had directed the previous installment . Principal photography began in March 2016 in locations such as Mývatn , Havana , Atlanta , Cleveland and New York City , continuing the franchise 's tradition of filming in exotic locations around the world . The Fate of the Furious premiered in Berlin on April 4 , 2017 , and was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D and 4DX internationally . The film received mixed reviews from critics , who praised the action sequences and performances , while criticizing the storyline . The film grossed over $1.2 billion worldwide , making it the thirtieth film ( and the second in the franchise , after Furious 7 ) to gross over $1 billion , the second highest - grossing film of 2017 and the eleventh highest - grossing film of all time . The film grossed $532 million worldwide during its opening weekend , setting the record for the highest - grossing opening of all time , ahead of Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) . A sequel is scheduled to be released on April 10 , 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Music 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1. 1 North America 5.1.", "2": "2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Dominic `` Dom '' Toretto and Letty Ortiz are on their honeymoon in Havana when Dom 's cousin Fernando gets in trouble owing money to local racer Raldo . Sensing Raldo is a loan shark , Dom challenges Raldo to a race , pitting Fernando 's reworked car against Raldo 's , and wagering his own show car . After narrowly winning the race , Dom allows Raldo to keep his car , earning his respect , and instead leaves his cousin with his show car . The next day , Dom is approached by the elusive cyberterrorist Cipher who coerces him into working for her . Shortly afterwards , Dom and his team , comprising Letty , Roman Pearce , Tej Parker , and Ramsey , are recruited by Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent Luke Hobbs to help him retrieve an EMP device from a military outpost in Berlin . During the getaway , Dom goes rogue , forcing Hobbs off the road and stealing the device for Cipher . Hobbs is arrested and locked up in the same high - security prison he helped imprison Deckard Shaw in . After escaping , Deckard and Hobbs are recruited by intelligence operative Mr. Nobody and his protégé to help the team find Dom and capture Cipher . Deckard reveals that Cipher had hired his brother Owen Shaw to steal the Nightshade device and Mose Jakande to steal God 's Eye , Ramsey 's software program . The team tracks Dom and Cipher to their very location just as the latter two attack the base and steal God 's Eye . When Dom questions Cipher 's motives , she reveals that she has been holding hostage Dom 's ex-lover and DSS agent Elena Neves -- as well as their son , of whose existence Dom was previously unaware . Elena tells Dom that she wanted him to decide the child 's first name , having already given him the middle name Marcos . In New York City , Cipher sends Dom to retrieve a nuclear football held by the Russian Minister of Defence . Prior to the theft , Dom briefly evades Cipher and persuades Deckard and Owen 's mother , Magdalene Shaw , to help him .", "3": "Cipher hacks into the electronics systems of a large number of cars , causing them to drive automatically and taking out the convoy so that Dom can take the football . The team intercepts Dom , but Dom escapes , shooting and apparently killing Deckard in the process . Letty catches up to Dom , but is ambushed and nearly killed by Cipher 's enforcer , Connor Rhodes , before Dom rescues her . In retaliation , Cipher has Rhodes execute Elena in front of Dom . Dom infiltrates a base in Russia to use the EMP device to disable their security and then to disable a nuclear submarine , enabling Cipher to hijack it and attempt to use its arsenal to trigger a nuclear war . They are once again intercepted by the team , who attempt to shut down the sub , and then drive out toward the gates that would prevent the sub from leaving into open waters . Meanwhile , Deckard , whose death was apparently faked , teams up with Owen , and under Magdalene 's behest , infiltrates Cipher 's plane to rescue Dom 's son . Once Deckard reports that the child is safe , Dom turns on Cipher and kills Rhodes , avenging Elena 's death , before rejoining his team . Outraged , Cipher fires an infrared homing missile at Dom , but he breaks away from his team and maneuvers around it , causing the missile to hit the submarine instead . The team quickly forms a vehicular blockade around Dom , shielding him from the ensuing explosion . When Deckard reaches the front of the plane and confronts Cipher , she makes her escape by parachuting out of the plane . Mr. Nobody and his protégé visit Dom and his team in New York City to report that Cipher is still at large in Athens . Hobbs is offered his DSS job back , but he declines in order to spend more time with his daughter . Deckard delivers Dom his son , putting his differences aside with Dom and Hobbs . Dom names his son Brian , after his friend and brother - in - law Brian O'Conner , and they celebrate . Cast ( edit ) For more details on the characters , see List of The Fast and the Furious characters . Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , a former criminal and professional street racer who has retired and settled down with his wife , Letty . He is coerced by Cipher to work against his team .", "4": "Dwayne Johnson as Luke Hobbs , a Diplomatic Security Service ( DSS ) agent who allied with Dom and his team following their outings in Rio de Janeiro and Europe . Jason Statham as Deckard Shaw , a rogue special forces assassin who was imprisoned by Hobbs and the DSS after his defeat in Los Angeles , who serves as an ally to help Dom 's team take down Cipher . Michelle Rodriguez as Letty Ortiz , Dom 's wife and a former professional street racer . Tyrese Gibson as Roman Pearce , a former criminal from Barstow and a member of Dom 's team . Chris `` Ludacris '' Bridges as Tej Parker , a mechanic from Miami and a member of Dom 's team . Scott Eastwood as Little Nobody , a law enforcement agent working under Mr. Nobody . Nathalie Emmanuel as Ramsey , a computer hacktivist and a member of Dom 's team . Elsa Pataky as Elena Neves , the mother of Dom 's child and a former Rio police officer who moved to the United States to become Hobbs ' new partner at the DSS . Kurt Russell as Mr. Nobody , an intelligence operative and the leader of a covert ops team which previously aided Dom and his team in taking down Deckard in Abu Dhabi . Charlize Theron as Cipher , a criminal mastermind and cyberterrorist who coerces Dom into working against his team by holding Elena and their son hostage . Tego Calderón and Don Omar reprise their roles from previous films as Tego Leo and Rico Santos , former members of Dom 's team from the Dominican Republic and Rio de Janeiro , respectively . Luke Evans reprises his role from Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) as Owen Shaw , Deckard 's younger brother and a former Special Air Service ( SAS ) soldier who formerly opposed Dom 's team in Europe , and who helps his brother in rescuing Dom 's son . Kristofer Hivju appears as Connor Rhodes , Cipher 's enforcer and right - hand man . Patrick St. Esprit appears as DS Allen . Helen Mirren makes an uncredited cameo appearance as Magdalene Shaw , the mother of Deckard and Owen Shaw .", "5": "Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Following the release of Furious 7 ( 2015 ) , Vin Diesel said regarding a possible sequel : I was trying to keep it close to the vest throughout the release . Paul Walker used to say that ( an eighth film ) was guaranteed . And in some ways , when your brother guarantees something , you sometimes feel like you have to make sure it comes to pass ... so if fate has it , then you 'll get this when you hear about it . ( Furious 7 ) was for Paul , ( the eighth film ) is from Paul . We 're trying to do what we always do , which is try to come at it from a character point of view and figure out where the characters would go from here . I think the thing that 's made The Fast and the Furious special is obviously we have incredible action and so on . But the thing that people really relate to the most is the characters . We 're lucky that we have a lot of great characters . Unfortunately , we do n't have Paul ( Walker ) anymore . His character ... has moved on . But we feel like there 's a lot still to be mined . That 's where we 're starting . We 're really talking about the characters , where they all sit right now . It 's a huge challenge . -- Neal H. Moritz , The Fast and the Furious franchise producer Diesel further hinted at an eighth film on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! when he stated that Kurt Russell 's character would span multiple films . He also stated that the next film would take place in New York City . Chris Morgan wrote his sixth script in the franchise , while Neal H. Moritz returned to produce . Moritz later stated , `` ( The story ) is going to have to be something enticing for all of us . It has to be as good as or better ( than Furious 7 ) '' . At the 2015 CinemaCon in Las Vegas , Diesel announced the film for an April 14 , 2017 release date . On August 16 , 2015 , at the 2015 Teen Choice Awards ( where Furious 7 received the award for Choice Movie -- Action and Walker received the award for Choice Movie Actor -- Action ) , Diesel gave the film the initial title Fast 8 .", "6": "In September 2015 , Diesel stated that the script had almost been completed , and expressed interest in Rob Cohen , who directed the first film , to direct the eighth installment . On October 14 , 2015 , Diesel announced on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that Straight Outta Compton director F. Gary Gray would direct the film . In July 2015 , Moritz said that Walker 's character , Brian O'Conner , would not appear in the film , following the use of CGI in the previous film after Walker died in a single - vehicle accident on November 30 , 2013 , with Moritz stating that his character had `` moved on '' . It had previously been reported that Paul 's younger brother , Cody Walker , would either join the cast in a new role , or replace his older brother in the role of O'Conner ; however , it was later announced that the character will not return to the franchise . Moritz also said that the film would shift the focus of the franchise from a series of heist films to a spy caper , following a similar change in focus from street racing in Fast Five ( 2011 ) . In December 2016 , the film was retitled The Fate of the Furious . Casting ( edit ) Diesel , Russell and Michelle Rodriguez were the first to confirm their involvement in the film , and Tyrese Gibson and Chris Bridges both confirmed their return soon after . Lucas Black had signed on to reprise his role from The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift as Sean Boswell for Furious 7 , and two more installments in September 2013 , though he did not appear in Fate . In May 2015 , Dwayne Johnson confirmed his involvement in the film , additionally hinting at a possible spin - off film involving his character , Luke Hobbs . Jason Statham also confirmed his return . In April 2016 , Charlize Theron and Kristofer Hivju were confirmed as additions to the cast , in villainous roles , while Scott Eastwood also joined the film as a law enforcement agent . On May 17 , 2016 , Diesel posted a photo on his Instagram page of himself and Elsa Pataky on set , indicating that she had also returned for the film , and was followed two days later by a video on set with Nathalie Emmanuel , who also starred in the previous film .", "7": "In June 2016 , Helen Mirren announced in an interview with Elle that she would appear in the film . In July 2016 , Don Omar tweeted that he and Tego Calderon would return to the franchise for the eighth picture . During an interview with Chris Mannix on July 21 , 2016 , Lucas Black confirmed he would not appear in the eighth installment , due to scheduling conflicts . Filming ( edit ) In keeping with the franchise 's penchant for filming in `` exotic '' locations , such as Dubai and Rio de Janeiro , in January 2016 it was announced that Universal was seeking approval from the United States and Cuban governments to shoot part of the film in Cuba . Principal photography began on March 14 , 2016 , in Mývatn , Iceland , where strong winds sent a plastic iceberg prop flying into a paddock . The prop struck two horses : one was wounded and the other mortally injured ; it was later euthanized . In late April , filming began in Cuba 's capital city , Havana . In May , filming also took place in Cleveland , Ohio . Franchise cinematographer Stephen F. Windon returned for the eighth installment . Filming also took place in Atlanta and New York City . Music ( edit ) Main articles : The Fate of the Furious ( score ) and The Fate of the Furious : The Album Brian Tyler , who scored the third , fourth , fifth , and seventh installments , was tapped to compose the film score for the eighth picture . A soundtrack album by Atlantic Records was released on April 14 , 2017 , coinciding with the film 's US theatrical release . The film 's score album was released on April 27 , by Back Lot Music . Release ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious had its world premiere in Berlin on April 4 , 2017 . The film was theatrically released in the United States on April 14 , 2017 , playing in 3D , IMAX 3D , and 4DX internationally , and received a day - and - date release across major markets such as Australia , the United Kingdom , China , and India , beginning on April 12 , 2017 .", "8": "The film was released day - and - date in 1,074 IMAX screens around the world , making it the widest day - and - date opening in IMAX history . Home Media ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious was released on 4K , Blu - ray , DVD and Digital HD on July 11 , 2017 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Fate of the Furious grossed $225.8 million in the United States and Canada and $1.010 billion in other territories for a worldwide total of $1.236 billion , against a production budget of $250 million ( $350 million including marketing costs ) . It is Universal Pictures ' most ambitious worldwide distribution release in the studio 's history . The film was released day - and - date in 64 territories worldwide , including almost all major markets ( minus Japan ) , starting from April 12 , 2017 , and was projected to earn anywhere between $375 -- 440 million in its five - day opening weekend . By the end of the weekend , it ended up earning $539.9 million from nearly 23,000 screens , way above initial projections , to score the biggest global opening in cinematic history . It also marked the third time that a film earned over $500 million in a single weekend , after Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( $529 million ) and Jurassic World ( $525.5 million ) . In IMAX , the film made $31.1 million from 1,079 screens to record the biggest IMAX April debut and the fourth biggest overall . On April 30 , it crossed the $1 billion threshold , becoming the second release of 2017 ( following Beauty and the Beast ) , the fifth film released by Universal Pictures ( after Jurassic Park , Furious 7 , Jurassic World , and Minions ) and the thirtieth film overall in cinematic history to gross over $1 billion . It is currently the third highest - grossing film of the year , behind Star Wars : The Last Jedi , and Beauty and the Beast , the second - biggest action film that is not a fantasy or superhero movie , behind Furious 7 , and is Universal 's highest - grossing live - action release since Jurassic World back in June 2015 .", "9": "North America ( edit ) Like many of its predecessors , The Fate of the Furious was released in the United States and Canada in the month of April , and like its immediate predecessor , occupied the lucrative Easter week holiday period slot , where it was expected to open with $100 -- 125 million . It received the widest pre-summer release ever , at an estimated 4,304 venues , besting the 4,242 opening theater count of Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice the previous March . The film made $10.4 million from Thursday night previews from 3,310 theaters , the second - highest of the franchise behind Furious 7 's $15.8 million . On its opening day it grossed $45.6 million , with Thursday previews making up 22.8 % of the amount , slightly better than the 23 % for Furious 7 . Earning a total of $98.8 million on its opening weekend , the film scored the second biggest opening in the franchise ( the third biggest adjusted for inflation ) and the third biggest April debut , behind Furious 7 and The Jungle Book . It posted an almost identical weekend multiplier like its immediate predecessor ( 2.166 x vs 2.18 x ) . However , this is not surprising considering how both films opened over Good Friday / Easter Sunday stretch . Scott Mendelson of Forbes magazine compared the opening to how Spectre ( 2015 ) opening fell from Skyfall ( 2012 ) . One notable record the film set was the best opening for a film with an African American director , with Gray besting his own record set with Straight Outta Compton in 2015 . Sticking to the franchise 's famous and lauded habit of including a multi-ethnic cast of characters , the film played to audiences of all ethnicities . Domestically , Caucasians made up 41 percent of the audience , followed by Hispanics ( 26 percent ) , African - Americans ( 21 ) percent , Asians ( 11 percent ) , and Native American / Other ( 3 percent ) , according to comScore 's exit polling service PostTrack . The pic skewed male at 58 percent , far more than the last film at 51 percent . 2D ticketbuyers repped 57 % of the film 's opening compared to its predecessor 's 71 % .", "10": "This means more die - hard moviegoers came out to watch the eighth installment rather than people who do not typically go to the movies . While The Fate of the Furious 's debut is 34 % less than its predecessor 's opening , critics have noted that the debut is still considered a massive success and not a big let down given how it is the eighth installment in an action franchise . Universal Pictures was well aware that the robust debut of Furious 7 could not be duplicated due to the wave of good reviews and publicity over the death of star Paul Walker , as well as the notion that the installment was both a farewell to said actor and a kind of coronation for the franchise as a whole . Nevertheless , the film benefited from Easter holiday business with 74 % of all K - 12 schools off on Good Friday as well as a third of the nation 's colleges . The film comes out in the wake of its parent franchise celebrating 16 years of availability in cinemas . To wit , few film franchises which are close to 20 years old have demonstrated a box office ability to increase their openings with each installment over time or maintain them in close proximity in terms of debut numbers ; James Bond film series , Batman film series , Jurassic Park franchise , and Star Wars franchise . Its hefty opening was followed by the second - biggest April Monday gross ever with $8.5 million , behind the seventh installment . Its Sunday to Monday drop was 60 % compared to its prequel 's 57 % drop which is far better than the Monday dropped witnessed by other April releases ; The Jungle Book ( - 76 % ) and Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( - 73 % ) , albeit without the advantage of a school holiday . Despite the entry of four new wide releases , critics and box office prognosticators kept a close watch on how much the film would drop in its second weekend . The film fell precipitously on its second Friday earning $11.17 million for a 76 % drop which is the biggest in the franchise 's history , besting the 72 % drops for both its two immediate predecessors . The steep decline maybe attributed not because of the onslaught of competitions , but rather due to the polarised reception received by the film and due to just 12 % K - 12 schools beings off compared to 74 % on Good Friday . It kept its hold at No.", "11": "1 , albeit dropping about 61 % in its sophomore frame for an estimated $38.4 million . That domestic drop is right in line with the 59 - 63 % drops of the six previous installment in the franchise 's on their second weekend out . It topped the box office for three straight weekends , witnessing similar weekend - to - weekend percentage drops like its prequel , albeit earning lesser in terms of numbers . Outside north America ( edit ) Internationally , The Fate of the Furious secured a release in 69 countries . The film was projected to post an opening between $275 -- 330 million from over 20,000 screens , with some analysts believing it could go as high as $350 -- 400 million . It opened Wednesday , April 12 , 2017 , in 8 countries , earning $17.9 million ( including previews from 12 countries ) . It opened in 33 more countries on Thursday , April 2 , for a total of 41 countries , earning $58.4 million , marking Universal Pictures overseas ' highest - grossing Thursday ever , and for a two - day total of $82.2 million . It added 22 more countries on Friday , April 3 , earning $112.1 million to score Universal International 's highest grossing Friday of all time , for a three - day total of $194.8 million . The robust Friday take helped Universal push past $1 billion internationally in 2017 which is the second quickest ever and the studio 's eleventh consecutive year overall the pass the mark . Morever , on the same day , the franchise crossed the $4 billion milestone . In total , through Sunday , the film registered an opening of $441.1 million from 64 markets , setting new records for the biggest April international debut , Universal 's biggest , and the biggest of all time overall ( ahead of Jurassic World ) -- It is the first such film to open past $400 million in a single weekend with a bulk of it coming from China . Around $22.6 million came from ( 681 ) IMAX screens which is Universal 's second biggest behind only Jurassic World . It topped the international charts for a second consecutive term , adding another $158.1 million after which it was surpassed by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , another film starring Diesel and Russel , in its third weekend .", "12": "In IMAX , the film has grossed north of $58 million . On May 28 , the film officially passed the $1 billion threshold to become the second film in the franchise , following Furious 7 , and the sixth film to pass the said mark . It set the record for the biggest opening day of 2017 in every territory it has been released at , the biggest opening day of all time in 16 markets , Universal 's biggest opening day ever in 22 territories and the biggest opening in the franchise in 38 markets . Moreover , it recorded the biggest paid previews of all time in Malaysia , Singapore , Venezuela , and Vietnam . In terms of opening weekend , the film debuted at No. 1 in all markets where it set the biggest opening weekend of all time in 20 markets ; Universal 's biggest opening weekend ever in 28 markets ; and the biggest opening in the franchise in 40 markets . The top openings were recorded in China ( $192 million ) , Mexico ( $17.7 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $17.5 million ) , Russia ( $14.2 million ) , Germany ( $13.6 million ) , Brazil ( $12.8 million ) , India ( $10.7 million ) , Korea ( $10.6 million ) , Middle East combined ( $9.9 million ) , Taiwan ( $9.3 million ) , France ( $9.2 million ) , Australia ( $9.5 million ) , Argentina ( $9 million ) , Indonesia ( $8.5 million ) , Italy ( $6.7 million ) , Malaysia ( $6.3 million ) , Spain ( $6.1 million ) , Colombia ( $4.9 million ) , Thailand ( $4.9 million ) , Panama ( $4.8 million ) , and Romania ( $1.7 million ) . Comparing market - to - market performance , Furious 7 had an opening worth $250 million without China and Russia while The Fate of the Furious delivered $228.2 million debut , sans the two aforementioned markets . In Japan , the film debuted with $7.5 million .", "13": "Although that 's a new record for the franchise , the film debuted at number three behind Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and local film Detective Conan : Crimson Love Letter -- their robust second weekend earnings blocked the former from taking the top spot , making Japan one of the few markets where the film did n't open at No. 1 . Expectations were high for the film 's performance in China , as its predecessor set notable records and went on to become the biggest film release there ( now the biggest Hollywood release ) . The film was rebranded in Chinese as The Fast and the Furious 8 to make clear its connection to Furious 7 . After ticket sales began on April 2 , the film pre-sold more than RMB 125 million ( $18.1 million ) worth of tickets before its release , breaking the previous record held by local film Journey to the West : Conquering the Demons three months prior . Moreover , it also set a record for the fastest IMAX advance sales , with RMB 16.5 million ( $2.4 million ) , breaking the previous record held by Captain America : Civil War , according to leading local movie site Mtime . In total , it pre-sold around $43.5 million tickets two hours before previews began , the biggest ever in the country . It earned a record - breaking RMB 59.8 million ( $8.7 million ) from Thursday paid previews ( $8 million excluding online ticketing surcharges which now count as grosses ) , breaking its predecessor 's former record of RMB 52.5 million ( $8.5 million in 2015 ; $7.6 million in 2017 exchange rates ) . On Friday , the film was screened in approximately 158,000 screens , a new record for any film , breaking Warcraft 's former 122,000 screen counts , and almost double the estimated 80,700 screen count of its predecessor . By Friday noon , it had already grossed $30 million . Buoyed by positive word - of - mouth -- 9.4 / 10 user rating on mobile ticketing platform Maoyan , and 7.4 / 10 from reviews aggregator Douban -- and effective marketing campaign , it set a new record for the biggest single - day ever at the Chinese box office , including previews .", "14": "This was achieved at 7 p.m. local time . In total , the film grossed an estimated RMB 452.8 million ( $65.8 million ) on its opening day , inclusive of previews and online ticketing surcharges , compared to the RMB 398 million ( $57.8 million ) posted by its predecessor . It is the first film in Chinese history to register above RMB 400 million ( $58 million ) in a single day . Earning a total of RMB 1.323 billion ( $192.2 million ) , according to Chinese sources and 190 million , according to Universal , in its debut weekend , it set a new milestone for three day opening weekend and overall the second best debut ever behind only local pic The Mermaid , which had the benefit of four days of previews over the New Year period in February 2016 . An estimated $14 million came from 395 IMAX screens , the second biggest ever in the country , behind Warcraft . Its three - day debut alone made it the biggest Hollywood release of 2017 and the third biggest overall . Factoring out online ticketing surcharges , the total comes to a slightly less - hefty RMB 1.245 billion ( $182.2 million ) . In just nine days , the film passed the historic RMB 2 billion ( $300 million ) and thereby became the biggest release of the year . The film fell precipitously by 71.4 % in its second weekend ( from its $190 million debut ) , earning RMB 374 million ( $54.3 million ) for a massive 10 - day total of RMB 2.19 billion ( $318 million ) . On April 30 , it became the biggest Hollywood / foreign release of all - time with RMB 2.44 billion , surpassing its prequels former record of 2.41 billion . However , in terms of US currency , The Fate of the Furious ( $381 million ) is still behind Furious 7 ( $391 million ) . After three consecutive weeks of topping the charts , it slipped to fourth place after being dethroned by Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 from the top spot .", "15": "It has so far grossed a total of RMB 2.648 billion ( $383.9 million ) and is the country 's second - biggest grosser ever , behind only The Mermaid . In India , the film secured a release across approximately 1,600 -- 1,800 screens ( 1,000 -- 1,200 screens less than its predecessor ) . Like other Hollywood releases , it was released in both 2K projections and normal projections , and dubbed in local languages such as Hindi , Tamil and Telugu . It is the first international film to be dubbed into the Kannada language . Despite clashing with local pic Begum Jaan , analysts believe the two films will not affect each other 's performance , as they appeal to distinct moviegoers . Universal had high hopes in the territory , after Furious 7 grossed an unprecedented $24.9 million in 2015 , and became the biggest foreign release ever in the country at the time of its release ( now the second biggest ) . The Central Board of Film Certification gave the film a UA rating ( parental guidance suggested for children under 12 ) , rather than an A for adults , after the studio agreed to cut several profanities ( CBFC was willing to pass the film with an A certificate with no cuts but Universal wanted a UA certificate leading to the board censoring all profanities with few cuts ) . It earned around ₹ 8.50 crore ( US $1.3 million ) net from Wednesday paid previews . The following day it grossed ₹ 22.50 crore ( US $3.6 million ) , including previews . On its official opening day , it grossed ₹ 16.10 crore ( US $2.5 million ) for a three - day total of ₹ 38.60 crore ( US $6.1 million ) . Earning a total of $10.7 million , it set a new record for the biggest ever foreign opening in the country , toppling its prequel 's former record . As such , it is the first foreign film to open north of $10 million . Following its record breaking opening , it fell about 58 % on its second weekend excluding previews , earning another $4 million for a two weekend total of over $17.4 million , With over $19.2 million it is currently the biggest foreign release of the year .", "16": "However , in terms of net earnings -- which is the base for box office calculations in India -- the film was unable to break past the ₹ 100 crore ( US $16 million ) mark , stalling at around ₹ 85.59 crore ( US $14 million ) . Despite a record breaking opening , it lost significant amount of screen counts and audiences thereafter , partly due to the release of Baahubali : The Conclusion . The biggest earning markets are China ( $390.2 million ) , followed by Brazil ( $41.6 million ) , the UK and Ireland ( $37.4 million ) , Mexico ( $36.8 million ) and Germany ( $32.1 million ) . In Peru , it has become Universal 's highest - grossing film ever . With over $1 billion in international receipts and representing a boffo 82 % of the film 's total worldwide gross , it is currently the seventh - biggest overseas earner behind Avatar , Titanic , Furious 7 , Star Wars : The Force Awakens , and Jurassic World . Critical response ( edit ) On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 66 % based on 251 reviews , with an average rating of 6.2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Fate of the Furious opens a new chapter in the franchise , fueled by the same infectious cast chemistry and over-the - top action fans have come to expect . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a score 56 out of 100 , based on 45 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A '' on an A+ to F scale . Mike Ryan of Uproxx gave the film a positive review , writing : `` This is n't my favorite of the series -- that 's still Furious 7 ( it 's hard to top those jumps from skyscraper to skyscraper , but this is a worthy entry ) . These movies know what they are . These movies know they are fun . These are fun movies ! ''", "17": "Owen Gleiberman of Variety , in his positive review of the film , wrote : `` Most franchises , after eight films , are feeling a twinge of exhaustion , but this one has achieved a level of success -- and perpetual kinetic creative energy -- that 's a testament to its commercial / cultural / demographic resonance . '' He also wrote `` If this series , over the last 16 years , has taught us anything , it 's that just when you think it 's about to run out of gas , it gets outfitted with an even more elaborate fuel - injection system . '' Conversely , David Ehrlich of IndieWire gave the film a C − and called it the worst entry of the franchise , saying : `` As much a mess of conflicting tones and styles as it is of locations , this setpiece -- like the rest of Gray 's movie -- feels like a heap of random parts that were thrown together in the hopes that fate might somehow weld them into a roadworthy vehicle . It 's exhausting . '' J.R. Kinnard of PopMatters magazine gave a lukewarm review , writing : `` It 's unlikely that devotees will consider The Fate of the Furious one of the stronger entries in the series . Still , the filmmakers and actors are clearly dedicated to making a quality product , avoiding the complacency that often plagues action sequels . '' Richard Roeper of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film 2 out of 4 stars , saying : `` Moments after Dom has gone rogue and apparently wants to kill them , they 're making jokes . As they 're racing through the streets of New York City or skidding along the ice in Russia , killing bad guys and narrowly avoiding getting killed themselves , they 're crackin ' wise . Even within this ludicrous universe , it 's jarring to hear these supposedly smart folks , who refer to themselves as ' family , ' acting like idiots who do n't seem to care if they live or die , or if their friends survive . '' Professor of international political economy Richard E Feinberg has commented on the political significance of the film 's opening setting of Havana in the context of shifting US - Cuban relations , calling the eighth installment , `` Hollywood 's love letter to Havana '' .", "18": "He writes , `` In the Cuban sequence 's dramatic climax , Dom wins his hard - fought one - mile race ( '' a Cuban mile `` ) against a tough local competitor , by a nose . The loser is gracious : ' You won my car and you earned my respect , ' he admits to the FF hero . Dom 's response is equally magnanimous : ' Keep your car , your respect is good enough for me . ' In this instance , FF8 captures the essence of the relations between the United States and Cuba : it 's all about mutual respect . '' Sequel ( edit ) On February 3 , 2016 , Universal Pictures set initial release dates for the two remaining films in the franchise . The first , tentatively titled Fast & Furious 9 , is scheduled to be released on April 10 , 2020 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jones , Hazel ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` Paul Walker died due to road accident '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Naoreen , Nuzhat ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` Jordana Brewster Confirms She 's Not In ' Fast 8 ' ( EXCLUSIVE VIDEO ) '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Where was The Fate of the Furious filmed ? '' . Atlas of Wonders . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Critics Give Mixed Reviews To `` The Fate Of The Furious '' `` . MSM.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Reviews : What the Critics Are Saying '' . Variety . Retrieved April 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : D'Alessandro , Anthony ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' To Clock $100 M+ Stateside , As Pic Zooms To All - Time $529 M+ Global Debut -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : Dornbush , Jonathon ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` FAST AND FURIOUS 9 RELEASE DATE DELAYED '' . IGN . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious 8 : 5 things to know about The Fate of the Furious '' . vox.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Dan ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` What the Ending of ' The Fate of the Furious ' Could Mean for the ' Fast ' Franchise '' . thrillist.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious Review : FF8 '' . chicagonow.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' revs up the engines again '' . militarypress.com. April 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How Helen Mirren Ended Up In The Fate Of The Furious , According To Vin Diesel '' . cinemablend.com . March 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Comicbook . `` Vin Diesel Says Furious 7 Was For Paul And 8 Will Be From Paul '' . Comicbook.com . ^ Jump up to : Yaniz , Robert , Jr . ( July 22 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Producer Discusses Continuing Without Paul Walker '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved July 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Teases Fast and Furious 8 Setting In New York '' . Slashfilm . March 31 , 2015 . Retrieved March 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford and Borys Kit ( April 8 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Nowhere Near Starting Line '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rebecca Ford ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Gets 2017 Release Date '' .", "20": "The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' to Debut April 14 , 2017 '' . Variety . ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Sean ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Vin Diesel Just Dropped The Name Of The Next Fast & Furious Movie '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Busch , Anita ( October 1 , 2015 ) . `` Will Vin Diesel Direct ' Furious 8 ' ? '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel Wants Rob Cohen to Direct Furious 8 '' . comingsoon.net . October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Silver , Stephen ( October 16 , 2015 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 : Vin Diesel Re-Confirms New York Setting '' . ScreenRant . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` VIDEO : Vin Diesel Reveals Setting & Director for ' FAST 8 ' on Tonight Show '' . BWW TV World . October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Shane ( June 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Paul Walker Brother Cody Cast in New Role ? '' . Classicalite . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Monalo , Komfie ( July 2 , 2013 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 Release Date , Cast : Will Cody Walker Replace Paul Walker ( Brian O'Conner ) ? '' . Gospel Herald . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Agpalo , Jaja ( November 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Release Date & Cast : Cody Walker Not Returning ; Will The Plot Still Include Paul Walker ?", "21": "Plus , Other Details We Know ( VIDEO ) '' . Food World News . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sokol , Tony ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Fast & Furious 8 Movie Casting News : ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Will Begin New Trilogy As Soon As They Find A Director , Which Hinges On Finding Screenplay '' . KpopStarz . Retrieved August 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Retitled Fate of the Furious ; Trailer Teaser Arrives '' . Screen Rant . December 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Das , Chandan ( June 29 , 2015 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Cast News , Release Date : Eva Mendes As Undercover Agent Monica Fuentes '' . BreatheCast . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Eric ( September 16 , 2013 ) . `` Lucas Black Signs On For Fast & Furious 7 , 8 And 9 '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved July 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious 8 : Dwayne Johnson confirms his return '' . MSN . May 19 , 2015 . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brew , Simon ( May 28 , 2015 ) . `` Exclusive : Jason Statham on Crank 3 and Fast & Furious 8 '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Charlize Theron Joins ' Fast 8 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Sara ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Kristofer Hivju cast in ' Fast & Furious 8 ' '' . Hitfix . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mike Fleming Jr ( April 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast 8 ' Creates New Character ; Scott Eastwood To Star '' . Deadline.com .", "22": "Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram photo by Vin Diesel May 17 , 2016 at 12 : 00am UTC '' . Instagram . May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram video by Vin Diesel May 18 , 2016 at 9 : 05pm UTC '' . Instagram . May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Zemler , Emily ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` Helen Mirren On Eye in the Sky , and ( Exclusive ! ) the Huge Franchise She 'll Star In Next '' . Elle Magazine . Jump up ^ DON OMAR aka KONG ( @ DONOMAR ) ( 11 July 2016 ) . `` Is time to work ! We are back ! @ TEGOCALDERON @ DONOMAR # LosBandoleros # NewMusicMonday # FF8 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved 12 December 2016 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` The Chris Mannix Show - Lucas Black '' . July 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ; Kroll , Justin ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' Wants to Shoot in Cuba ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved January 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ford , Rebecca ; Kit , Borys ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' to Shoot in Cuba ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 scenes filmed at Mývatn '' . Iceland Monitor . February 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The car stars of Fast and the Furious 8 '' . Iceland Monitor . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' Horse Killed By Flying ' Iceberg ' '' . TMZ.com .", "23": "March 14 , 2016 . Retrieved March 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel and Michelle Rodriguez are already in Havana ! '' . Cuba Headlines. April 20 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fast and Furious Filming in Cuba '' . Havana Times.org. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cruz , Janna Dela ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast and Furious 8 ' production update : The Rock prepares for return , Michelle Rodriguez , Vin Diesel arrive in Cuba for filming Christian News on Christian Today '' . www.christiantoday.com . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura . `` Is Fate of the Furious 's `` Cuban Mile '' Real ? `` . vanityfair.com . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morona , Joey ( March 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Fast & Furious 8 ' to shoot scenes in Cleveland '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fong , Marvin ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Filming for ' Fast 8 ' begins in Cleveland ( photos ) '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen F. Windon ACS ASC - CINEMATOGRAPHER '' . www.stephenwindon.com . Jump up ^ https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/news/2017/04/13/how-much-did-fast-furious-8-spend-filming-in.html Jump up ^ `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Exclusive : Director F. Gary Gray Previews the Epic New York City Chase '' . ew.com. April 7 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fast 8 Stunt Video ; Composer Talks Charlize Theron Character '' . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Frydenlun , Zach ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's The Fate of the Furious : The Album Soundtrack Tracklist f / Young Thug , Migos , Travis Scott , and More '' . Complex . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 21 April 2017 ) . `` Listen to an Exclusive Track from Brian Tyler 's The Fate of the Furious Score '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 25 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fate of the Furious to premiere at Berlin on April 4 . Vin Diesel shares new poster '' . The Indian Express . March 21 , 2017 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Universal 's ' Fast 8 ' Lands China Release Date ( Exclusive ) '' . Patrick Brzeski . The Hollywood Reporter . March 6 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brad Brevet ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Boss Baby ' Repeats at # 1 While ' Beauty and the Beast ' Closes in on $1 Billion Worldwide '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony D'Alessandro and Nancy Tartaglione ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Global Opening Could Leave ' F7 's $397 M+ Debut In The Dust -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races Toward Massive $380 Million - Plus Global Box Office Debut '' . Variety . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Smokes Records With $432.3 M Overseas Bow ; $532.5 M Worldwide -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 .", "25": "Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Joins ' Furious 7 ' In The $1 Billion Club '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Milestone : ' Fate of the Furious ' Crosses $1 B Globally '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Zooms Past ' Logan ' To Be Year 's Second Biggest Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Baahubali 2 ' Drops 68 % , ' Get Out ' Tops $200 M , ' Fate Of The Furious ' Passes ' Skyfall ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Scott Mendelson ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Nears $700 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' Fate of the Furious ' Revs Engines for $110 M - Plus U.S. Debut '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan Faughnde ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' could reach $400 million in global box office this weekend '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joey Nolfi ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Box office : Fate of the Furious to speed into top spot '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 14 , 2017 ) .", "26": "`` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Snags Boffo $46 M Friday For Likely $100 M+ Weekend '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Steals Record - Crushing $532 M Worldwide Opening '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Brooks Barnes ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Slows at Home but Roars Overseas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drifts To $100 M Weekend , ' Spark ' Bombs '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Nabs $100.2 M in U.S. for Record $532.5 M Global Start '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brent Lang ( April 16 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Debuts to Hefty $100.2 Million '' . Variety . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Posts Second - Best Monday In April Stateside ; Drives Past $600 M Worldwide '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 18 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Racing Past $600 Million Worldwide '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pamela McClintock ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Box - Office Preview : ' The Promise , ' ' Unforgettable ' No Match for ' Furious 8 ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "27": "Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson , Contributor ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Plunges 76 % On Friday As It Races Towards $900 M '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch and Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Five Wide Releases Off The Road With $38.6 M Second Weekend -- Sunday AM Update '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anthony D'Alessandro ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Latin Lover ' Sets $12 M Pantelion Record , ' Baahubali 2 ' Mighty With $10 M+ , ' Circle ' Is A Square As ' F8 ' Leads Listless Weekend '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione and Anita Busch ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Fate Of The Furious ' Gunning Past $430 M Overseas ; $534 M Worldwide For All - Time Opening Records -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNarry ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Races to $19.7 Million on First Day at International Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians Of The Galaxy Vol 2 ' Zooms With $101.2 M Bow -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 27 , 2017 ) .", "28": "`` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Expected To Cross $1 B Tomorrow At Int'l Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Races Past $1 Billion Overseas '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Drives Past $1 B At Worldwide Box Office ; Tops ' Furious 7 ' For New China Record '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate Of The Furious ' Fires Up $745 M Offshore , $908 M WW ; Tops ' Transformers ' In China -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mikikazu Komatsu ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Japan Box Office : `` Blade of The Immortal '' Bombs , `` Detective Conan '' Keeps 2nd Place `` . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Sets Chinese Ticket Pre-sales Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Matt Pressberg ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Can ' Fate of the Furious ' Beat ' Furious 7 ' China Box Office Record ? '' . The Wrap . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott Mendelson ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : ' Fate Of The Furious ' Earns $28 M Overseas , Revs Engines For Record China Debut '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Brzeski ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' The Fate of the Furious ' Smashes Single - Day Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter .", "29": "Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` On Screen China : ' Fate of the Furious ' Set To Peel Out '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Furious 8 ' Revs Past $30 Million by Midday in China Opening '' . Variety . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Speeds to Record - Breaking $65 Million Opening Day in China '' . Variety . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Furious 8 ' Paves New Roads '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater ( April 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fate of the Furious ' Passes $300 Million at China Box Office '' . Variety . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fast 8 ' Races Past $300 M , Chases ' Furious 7 ' for All - Time Record '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Papish ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : Smurfs Come Up Short , F8 Remains # 1 '' . China Film Insider . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski ( April 30 , 2017 ) . `` China Box Office : ' Fate of the Furious ' Overtakes ' Furious 7 ' to Become Biggest Hollywood Film Ever '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` China Box Office : ' Guardians 2 ' Beats India 's ' Dangal ' For Weekend Win '' . Variety . May 7 , 2017 .", "30": "Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahana Bhattacharya ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Furious 8 Might Not Score 100 Cr In India ; Begum Jaan To Remain Unaffected '' . Koimoi.com . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karan Shah ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` Vidya Balan 's Begum Jaan and Dwayne Johnson - Vin Diesel 's The Fate of the Furious will rock the box office over the first weekend '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Subhash K Jha ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fate Of The Furious is the first Hollywood film to be dubbed into Kannada '' . Daily News and Analysis . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` A Fast And Furious Weekend Ahead At Indian Cinemas '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate Of The Furious Does Good Business On Paid Previews At The Box Office In India '' . Koimoi.com. April 13 , 2017 . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Samarpita Das ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` Fast and Furious 8 box office collection : Vin Diesel , Dwayne Johnson film earns Rs 22.50 crore in India '' . The Indian Express . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Taran Adarsh. `` 3 day gross '' . Twitter . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 17 , 2017 ) . `` Gippy Grewal And Tamil Stars Raghava , Arya And Rajkiran Battle For Audiences In India '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Raveena Tandon Rape Drama ' Maatr ' Sets Out To Shock - And Succeeds '' . Forbes .", "31": "Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bollywood Hungama News Network ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` Box Office : Fast and Furious 8 becomes the highest Hollywood grosser of 2017 at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Baahubali 2 -- The Conclusion mania engulfs Fast and Furious 8 ; prevents it from entering 100 cr . club at the India box office '' . Bollywood Hungama . May 6 , 2017 . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Tartaglione ( May 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Guardians 2 ' Notches $428 M Global , Lifts MCU Past $11 B ; ' Furious 8 ' Tops $950 M Offshore -- International Box Office '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' Crosses $1 B At Int'l Box Office -- UPDATED Sun . AM '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anita Busch ( May 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Pirates ' $208 M Overseas Start And $275 M Global Take Will Push Disney Franchise Past $4 B Mark '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Fate of the Furious Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved April 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ CinemaScore on Twitter ( April 14 , 2017 ) . `` The Fate of the Furious '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 .", "32": "Jump up ^ `` ' The Fate Of The Furious ' : This Time They Fight A Submarine '' . Uproxx. April 9 , 2017 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` Film Review : ' The Fate of the Furious ' '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David Ehrlich ( April 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Review : Vin Diesel 's Family Becomes Dysfunctional in Worst ' Fast and Furious ' Ever '' . IndieWire . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinnard , J.R. ( 13 April 2017 ) . `` ' The Fate of the Furious ' Dom ( Vin Diesel ) Meets the Crocodile '' . PopMatters . Jump up ^ Roeper , Richard ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` Overlong , idiotic ' Fate of the Furious ' drags down the franchise '' . Chicago Sun - Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast and Furious 8 : Hollywood 's Love Letter to Havana . By RICHARD E. FEINBERG '' . cubacounterpoints.com . May 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 .", "33": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Fate of the Furious Official website The Fate of the Furious on IMDb The Fate of the Furious at AllMovie The Fast and the Furious Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Letty Ortiz Han Lue Gisele Yashar Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious ( arcade ) The Fast and the Furious ( PS2 / PSP ) Fast & Furious : Showdown Forza Horizon 2 Presents Fast & Furious Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' video `` Gang Up '' Films directed by F. Gary Gray Friday ( 1995 ) Set It Off ( 1996 ) The Negotiator ( 1998 ) A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Italian Job ( 2003 ) Be Cool ( 2005 ) Law Abiding Citizen ( 2009 ) Straight Outta Compton ( 2015 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 ,", "34": "executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fate_of_the_Furious&oldid=818912348 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films American films American action thriller films 2010s action thriller films 2010s road movies American heist films American road movies American sequel films Auto racing films Chase films Films scored by Brian Tyler Films about terrorism Films directed by F. Gary Gray Films set in Berlin Films set in Havana Films set in Los Angeles Films set in New York City Films set in Russia Films set on airplanes Films set in prison Films set in the Arctic Films shot in Havana Films shot in Iceland Films shot in Atlanta Films shot in Cleveland Films shot in New York City IMAX films One Race Films films Screenplays by Chris Morgan Submarine films The Fast and the Furious Universal Pictures films China Film Group Corporation films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Български Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 09 : 24 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "35": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 14, 35, 29, 34, 23, 27 ]

[ "U.S. Electoral College", "U.S. Electoral College", "the U.S. Electoral College", "the U.S. Electoral College", "the U.S. Electoral College" ]

{ "0": "United states presidential election - wikipedia United states presidential election Jump to : navigation , search For the most recent election , see United States presidential election , 2016 . For the upcoming election , see United States presidential election , 2020 . See also : List of Presidents of the United States This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government ( show ) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature ( show ) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence ( R ) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) Executive ( show ) President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence ( R ) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections ( show ) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off - year elections Political parties ( show ) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism ( show ) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or in Washington , D.C. cast ballots not directly for those offices , but instead for members of the U.S. Electoral College , known as electors . These electors then in turn cast direct votes , known as electoral votes , for President , and for Vice President . The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes ( at least 270 out of a total of 538 , since the Twenty - Third Amendment granting voting rights to citizens of Washington , D.C. ) is then elected to that office .", "1": "If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for President , the House of Representatives chooses the winner ; if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for Vice President , then the Senate chooses the winner . The Electoral College and its procedure are established in the U.S. Constitution by Article II , Section 1 , Clauses 2 and 4 ; and the Twelfth Amendment ( which replaced Clause 3 after its ratification in 1804 ) . Under Clause 2 , each of the states casts as many electoral votes as the total number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress , while , per the Twenty - third Amendment ratified in 1961 , Washington , D.C. casts the same number of electoral votes as the least - represented state , which is three . Also under Clause 2 , the manner for choosing electors is determined by each state legislature , not directly by the federal government . Many state legislatures previously selected their electors directly , but over time all of them switched to using the popular vote to help determine electors , which persists today . Once chosen , electors generally cast their electoral votes for the candidate who won the plurality in their state , but at least 21 states do not have provisions that specifically address this behavior ; those who vote in opposition to the plurality are known as `` faithless '' or `` unpledged electors '' . In modern times , faithless and unpledged electors have not affected the ultimate outcome of an election , so the results can generally be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote . Presidential elections occur quadrennially with registered voters casting their ballots on Election Day , which since 1845 has been the first Tuesday after November 1 . This date coincides with the general elections of various other federal , state , and local races ; since local governments are responsible for managing elections , these races typically all appear on one ballot . The Electoral College electors then formally cast their electoral votes on the first Monday after December 12 at their respective state capitals . Congress then certifies the results in early January , and the presidential term begins on Inauguration Day , which since the passage of the Twentieth Amendment has been set at January 20 .", "2": "The nomination process , consisting of the primary elections and caucuses and the nominating conventions , was not specified in the Constitution , but was developed over time by the states and political parties . These primary elections are generally held between January and June before the general election in November , while the nominating conventions are held in the summer . Though not codified by law , political parties also follow an indirect election process , where voters in the 50 U.S. states , Washington , D.C. , and U.S. territories , cast ballots for a slate of delegates to a political party 's nominating convention , who then in turn elect their party 's presidential nominee . Each party may then choose a vice presidential running mate to join the ticket , which is either determined by choice of the nominee or by a second round of voting . Because of changes to national campaign finance laws since the 1970s regarding the disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns , presidential candidates from the major political parties usually declare their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year before the election ( almost 18 months before Inauguration Day ) . A 2016 general election ballot , listing the presidential and vice presidential candidates Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Procedure 2.1 Eligibility requirements 2.2 Nominating process 2.3 The popular vote on Election Day 2.4 Electoral college 2.5 Election calendar 3 Trends 3.1 Previous experience 3.2 Technology and media 4 Criticisms 4.1 Proposed changes to the election process 5 Electoral college results 6 Voter turnout 7 Financial disclosures 8 Presidential coattails 8.1 Comparison with other U.S. general elections 9 See also 10 Notes 11 Further reading 12 External links History ( edit ) Article Two of the United States Constitution originally established the method of presidential elections , including the Electoral College . This was a result of a compromise between those constitutional framers who wanted the Congress to choose the president , and those who preferred a national popular vote . Each state is allocated a number of electors that is equal to the size of its delegation in both houses of Congress combined .", "3": "With the ratification of the 23rd Amendment to the Constitution in 1961 , the District of Columbia is also granted a number of electors , equal to the number of those held by the least populous state . However , U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College . Constitutionally , the manner for choosing electors is determined within each state by its legislature . During the first presidential election in 1789 , only 6 of the 13 original states chose electors by any form of popular vote . Gradually throughout the years , the states began conducting popular elections to help choose their slate of electors , resulting in the overall , nationwide indirect election system that it is today . Under the original system established by Article Two , electors could cast two votes to two different candidates for president . The candidate with the highest number of votes ( provided it was a majority of the electoral votes ) became the president , and the second - place candidate became the vice president . This presented a problem during the presidential election of 1800 when Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson and challenged Jefferson 's election to the office . In the end , Jefferson was chosen as the president because of Alexander Hamilton 's influence in the House of Representatives . This added to the deep rivalry between Burr and Hamilton which resulted in their famous 1804 duel . In response to the 1800 election , the 12th Amendment was passed , requiring electors to cast two distinct votes : one for President and another for Vice President . While this solved the problem at hand , it ultimately had the effect of lowering the prestige of the Vice Presidency , as the office was no longer for the leading challenger for the Presidency . The separate ballots for President and Vice President became something of a moot issue later in the 19th century when it became the norm for popular elections to determine a state 's Electoral College delegation . Electors chosen this way are pledged to vote for a particular presidential and vice presidential candidate ( offered by the same political party ) . So , while the Constitution says that the President and Vice President are chosen separately , in practice they are chosen together . The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College . In the presidential election of 1824 , Andrew Jackson received a plurality , but not a majority , of electoral votes cast .", "4": "The election was thrown to the House of Representatives , and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency . A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay , who had also been a candidate in the election . Since 1824 , aside from the occasional `` faithless elector , '' the popular vote determines the winner of a presidential election by determining the electoral vote , as each state or district 's popular vote determines its electoral college vote . Although the nationwide popular vote does not directly determine the winner of a presidential election , it does strongly correlate with who is the victor . In 52 of the 56 total elections held so far ( about 93 percent ) , the winner of the national popular vote has also carried the Electoral College vote . The winners of the nationwide popular vote and the Electoral College vote differ only in close elections . In highly competitive elections , candidates focus on turning out their vote in the contested swing states critical to winning an electoral college majority , so they do not try to maximize their popular vote by real or fraudulent vote increases in one - party areas . However , candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election . In the 1824 election , Jackson won the popular vote , but no one received the majority of electoral votes . According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution , the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election . Clay had come fourth , so he threw his support to Adams , who then won . Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State , Jackson 's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay . Charges of a `` corrupt bargain '' followed Adams through his term . Comparison of the popular vote totals since 1900 . Republican Democrat All other candidates together Then in 1876 , 1888 , 2000 , and 2016 , the winner of electoral vote lost the popular vote outright . Numerous constitutional amendments have been submitted seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , but none has ever successfully passed both Houses of Congress . Another alternate proposal is the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote instead of just their respective statewide results .", "5": "The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved ( weather , harvests and worship ) . When voters used to travel to the polls by horse , Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday , ride to their county seat on Monday , and vote on Tuesday -- all before market day , Wednesday . The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather , which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy . Until 1937 , presidents were not sworn in until March 4 because it took so long to count and report ballots , and because of the winner 's logistical issues of moving to the capital . With better technology and the 20th Amendment being passed , presidential inaugurations were moved to noon on January 20 -- allowing presidents to start their duties sooner . The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 was enacted to increase disclosure of contributions for federal campaigns . Subsequent amendments to law require that candidates to a federal office must file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission before they can receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 . Thus , this began a trend of presidential candidates declaring their intentions to run as early as the Spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising and spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . The first president , George Washington , was elected as an independent . Since the election of his successor , John Adams , in 1796 , all winners of U.S. presidential elections have represented one of two major parties . Third parties have taken second place only twice , in 1860 and 1912 . The last time a third ( independent ) candidate achieved significant success ( although still finishing in third place ) was in 1992 , and the last time a third - party candidate received any electoral votes not from faithless electors was in 1968 .", "6": "Procedure ( edit ) Eligibility requirements ( edit ) The hand - written copy of the natural - born - citizen clause as it appeared in 1787 Article Two of the United States Constitution stipulates that for a person to serve as President , the individual must be a natural - born citizen of the United States , at least 35 years old , and a resident of the United States for a period of no less than 14 years . A candidate may start running his or her campaign early before turning 35 years old or completing 14 years of residency , but must meet the age and residency requirements by Inauguration Day . The Twenty - second Amendment to the Constitution also sets a term limit : a President can not be elected to more than two terms . The U.S. Constitution also has two provisions that apply to all federal offices in general , not just the presidency . Article I , Section 3 , Clause 7 states that if the U.S. Congress convicts any officer on impeachment , they may also bar that person from holding any public office in the future . And Section 3 of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the election to any federal office of any person who had held any federal or state office and then engaged in insurrection , rebellion or treason ; this disqualification can be waived if such an individual gains the consent of two - thirds of both houses of Congress . In addition , the Twelfth Amendment establishes that the Vice-President must meet all of the qualifications of being a President . Although not a mandatory requirement , Federal campaign finance laws including the Federal Election Campaign Act state that a candidate who intends to receive contributions aggregating in excess of $5,000 or make expenditures aggregating in excess of $5,000 , among others , must first file a Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission . This has led presidential candidates , especially members from the two major political parties , to officially announce their intentions to run as early as the spring of the previous calendar year so they can start raising or spending the money needed for their nationwide campaign . Potential candidates usually form exploratory committees even earlier to determining the feasibility of them actually running . Nominating process ( edit ) Main articles : United States presidential primary and United States presidential nominating convention A 2008 Democratic caucus meeting in Iowa City , Iowa . The Iowa caucuses are traditionally the first major electoral event of presidential primaries and caucuses .", "7": "Madison Square Garden in New York City , the site of the 1976 , 1980 , and 1992 Democratic National Conventions ; and the 2004 Republican National Convention . The floor of the 2008 Republican National Convention at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul , Minnesota . The modern nominating process of U.S. presidential elections consists of two major parts : a series of presidential primary elections and caucuses held in each state , and the presidential nominating conventions held by each political party . This process was never included in the United States Constitution , and thus evolved over time by the political parties to clear the field of candidates . The primary elections are run by state and local governments , while the caucuses are organized directly by the political parties . Some states hold only primary elections , some hold only caucuses , and others use a combination of both . These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between January and June before the federal election , with Iowa and New Hampshire traditionally holding the first presidential state caucus and primary , respectively . Like the general election , presidential caucuses or primaries are indirect elections . The major political parties officially vote for their presidential candidate at their respective nominating conventions , usually all held in the summer before the federal election . Depending on each state 's law and state 's political party rules , when voters cast ballots for a candidate in a presidential caucus or primary , they may be voting to award delegates `` bound '' to vote for a candidate at the presidential nominating conventions , or they may simply be expressing an opinion that the state party is not bound to follow in selecting delegates to their respective national convention . Unlike the general election , voters in the U.S. territories can also elect delegates to the national conventions . Furthermore , each political party can determine how many delegates to allocate to each state and territory . In 2012 for example , the Democratic and Republican party conventions each used two different formulas to allocate delegates . The Democrats - based theirs on two main factors : the proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the previous three presidential elections , and the number of electoral votes each state had in the Electoral College . In contrast , the Republicans assigned to each state 10 delegates , plus 3 delegates per congressional district .", "8": "Both parties then gave fixed amounts of delegates to each territory , and finally bonus delegates to states and territories that passed certain criteria . Along with delegates chosen during primaries and caucuses , state and U.S. territory delegations to both the Democratic and Republican party conventions also include `` unpledged '' delegates that have a vote . For Republicans , they consist of the three top party officials from each state and territory . Democrats have a more expansive group of unpledged delegates called `` superdelegates '' , who are party leaders and elected officials . Each party 's presidential candidate also chooses a vice presidential nominee to run with him or her on the same ticket , and this choice is rubber - stamped by the convention . If no single candidate has secured a majority of delegates ( including both pledged and unpledged ) , then a `` brokered convention '' results . All pledged delegates are then `` released '' and are able to switch their allegiance to a different candidate . Thereafter , the nomination is decided through a process of alternating political horse trading , and additional rounds of re-votes . The conventions have historically been held inside convention centers , but since the late 20th century both the Democratic and Republican parties have favored sports arenas and domed stadiums to accommodate the increasing attendance . The popular vote on election Day ( edit ) A Texas voter about to mark a selection for president on a ballot , 2008 Election Day Under the United States Constitution , the manner of choosing electors for the Electoral College is determined by each state 's legislature . Although each state designates electors by popular vote , other methods are allowed . For instance , instead of having a popular vote , a number of states used to select presidential electors by a direct vote of the state legislature itself . However , federal law does specify that all electors must be selected on the same day , which is `` the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November , '' i.e. , a Tuesday no earlier than November 2 and no later than November 8 . Today , the states and the District of Columbia each conduct their own popular elections on Election Day to help determine their respective slate of electors . Thus , the presidential election is really an amalgamation of separate and simultaneous state elections instead of a single national election run by the federal government .", "9": "Like any other election in the United States , the eligibility of an individual for voting is set out in the Constitution and regulated at state level . The Constitution states that suffrage can not be denied on grounds of race or color , sex or age for citizens eighteen years or older . Beyond these basic qualifications , it is the responsibility of state legislatures to regulate voter eligibility . Generally , voters are required to vote on a ballot where they select the candidate of their choice . The presidential ballot is a vote `` for the electors of a candidate '' meaning that the voter is not voting for the candidate , but endorsing a slate of electors pledged to vote for a specific presidential and vice presidential candidate . Many voting ballots allow a voter to `` blanket vote '' for all candidates in a particular political party or to select individual candidates on a line by line voting system . Which candidates appear on the voting ticket is determined through a legal process known as ballot access . Usually , the size of the candidate 's political party and the results of the major nomination conventions determine who is pre-listed on the presidential ballot . Thus , the presidential election ticket will not list every candidate running for President , but only those who have secured a major party nomination or whose size of their political party warrants having been formally listed . Laws are in effect to have other candidates pre-listed on a ticket , provided that enough voters have endorsed the candidate , usually through a signature list . The final way to be elected for president is to have one 's name written in at the time of election as a write - in candidate . This is used for candidates who did not fulfill the legal requirements to be pre-listed on the voting ticket . It is also used by voters to express a distaste for the listed candidates , by writing in an alternative candidate for president such as Mickey Mouse or comedian Stephen Colbert ( whose application was voted down by the South Carolina Democratic Party ) . In any event , a write - in candidate has never won an election for President of the United States . Because U.S. territories are not represented in the Electoral College , U.S. citizens in those areas do not vote in the general election for President . Guam has held straw polls for president since the 1980 election to draw attention to this fact .", "10": "Electoral College ( edit ) Main article : Electoral College ( United States ) Electoral College map showing the results of the 2016 U.S. presidential election . Republican candidate Donald Trump won the popular vote in 30 states ( denoted in red ) to capture 305 electoral votes ( plus 1 electoral vote from Maine 's second congressional district ) . Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton won the popular vote in 20 states and Washington , D.C. ( denoted in blue ) to capture 232 electoral votes . Most state laws establish a winner - take - all system , wherein the ticket that wins a plurality of votes wins all of that state 's allocated electoral votes , and thus has their slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College . Maine and Nebraska do not use this method , instead giving two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . Each state 's winning slate of electors then meets at their respective state 's capital on the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December to cast their electoral votes on separate ballots for President and Vice President . Although Electoral College members can technically vote for anyone under the U.S. Constitution , 24 states have laws to punish faithless electors , those who do not cast their electoral votes for the person whom they have pledged to elect . In early January , the total Electoral College vote count is opened by the sitting Vice President , acting in his capacity as President of the Senate , and read aloud to a joint session of the incoming Congress , which was elected at the same time as the President . If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote ( at least 270 ) , the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment . Specifically , the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives . For the purposes of electing the President , each state has only one vote . A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President . In this ballot , each senator has one vote . The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice , in 1800 and 1824 ; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once , in 1836 .", "11": "If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day , the Vice President - elect acts as President . If neither are chosen by then , Congress by law determines who shall act as President , pursuant to the 20th Amendment . Unless there are faithless electors , disputes , or other controversies , the events in December and January mentioned above are largely a formality since the winner can be determined based on the state - by - state popular vote results . Between the general election and Inauguration Day , this apparent winner is referred to as the `` President - elect '' ( unless it is a sitting President that has won re-election ) . Election calendar ( edit ) The typical periods of the presidential election process are as follows , with the dates corresponding to the 2016 general election : Spring 2015 -- Candidates announce their intentions to run , and ( if necessary ) file their Statement of Candidacy with the Federal Election Commission August 2015 to March 2016 -- Primary and caucus debates February 1 to June 14 , 2016 -- Primaries and caucuses April to August , 2016 -- Nominating conventions ( including those of the minor third parties ) September and October , 2016 -- Presidential election debates November 8 , 2016 -- Election Day December 19 , 2016 -- Electors cast their electoral votes January 6 , 2017 -- Congress counts and certifies the electoral votes January 20 , 2017 -- Inauguration Day Trends ( edit ) Previous experience ( edit ) See also : List of Presidents of the United States by previous experience and List of Presidents of the United States by other offices held John Adams was the first of 26 presidents who have been lawyers . Among the 44 persons who have served as president , only Donald Trump had never held a position in either government or the military prior to taking office . The only previous experience that Zachary Taylor , Ulysses S. Grant , and Dwight D. Eisenhower had was in the military . Herbert Hoover previously served as the Secretary of Commerce . Everyone else served in elected public office before becoming president , such as being Vice President , a member of the United States Congress , or a state or territorial governor . Fourteen Presidents also served as vice president .", "12": "However , only John Adams ( 1796 ) , Thomas Jefferson ( 1800 ) , Martin Van Buren ( 1836 ) , Richard Nixon ( 1968 ) and George H.W. Bush ( 1988 ) began their first term after winning an election . The remaining nine began their first term as president according to the presidential line of succession after the intra-term death or resignation of their predecessor . Of these , Theodore Roosevelt , Calvin Coolidge , Harry S. Truman , and Lyndon B. Johnson were subsequently elected to a full term of their own , while John Tyler , Millard Fillmore , Andrew Johnson , Chester A. Arthur , and Gerald Ford were not . Ford 's accession to the presidency is unique in American history in that he became vice president through the process prescribed by the Twenty - fifth Amendment rather than by winning an election , thus making him the only U.S. president to not have been elected to either office . Sixteen presidents had previously served in the U.S. Senate , including four of the five who served between 1945 and 1974 . However , only three were incumbent senators at the time they were elected president ( Warren G. Harding in 1920 , John F. Kennedy in 1960 , and Barack Obama in 2008 ) . Eighteen presidents had earlier served in the House of Representatives . However , only one was a sitting representative when elected to presidency ( James A. Garfield in 1880 ) . Four of the last seven presidents ( Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan , Bill Clinton and George W. Bush ) have been governors of a state . Geographically , these presidents were from either very large states ( Reagan from California , Bush from Texas ) or from a state south of the Mason -- Dixon line and east of Texas ( Carter from Georgia , Clinton from Arkansas ) . In all , sixteen presidents have been former governors , including seven who were incumbent governors at the time of their election to the presidency . The most common job experience , occupation or profession of U.S. presidents has been lawyer ; 26 presidents had served as attorneys . Twenty - two presidents were also in the military . Eight presidents had served as Cabinet Secretaries , with five of the six Presidents who served between 1801 and 1841 having held the office of U.S. Secretary of State .", "13": "After leaving office , one president , William Howard Taft , served as Chief Justice of the United States . Two others later served in Congress -- John Quincy Adams , who served in the House , and Andrew Johnson , who served in the Senate . Technology and media ( edit ) Play media Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 `` Daisy '' advertisement Advances in technology and media have also affected presidential campaigns . The invention of both radio and television have given way to the reliance of national political advertisements across those methods of communication . National advertisements such as Lyndon B. Johnson 's 1964 commercial `` Daisy '' , Ronald Reagan 's 1984 commercial `` Morning in America '' , and George H.W. Bush 's 1988 commercial `` Revolving Door '' became major factors in those respective elections . In 1992 , George H.W. Bush 's promise of `` Read my lips : no new taxes '' was extensively used in the commercials of Bill Clinton and Bush 's other opponents with significant effect during the campaign . Since the development of the internet in the mid-90s , Internet activism has also become an invaluable component of presidential campaigns , especially since 2000 . The internet was first used in the 1996 presidential elections , but primarily as a brochure for the candidate online . It was only used by a few candidates and there is no evidence of any major effect on the outcomes of that election cycle . In 2000 , both candidates ( George W. Bush and Al Gore ) created , maintained and updated their campaign website . But it was not until the 2004 presidential election cycle was the potential value of the internet seen . By the summer of 2003 , ten people competing in the 2004 presidential election had developed campaign websites . Howard Dean 's campaign website from that year was considered a model for all future campaign websites . His website played a significant role in his overall campaign strategy . It allowed his supporters to read about his campaign platform and provide feedback , donate , get involved with the campaign , and connect with other supporters . A Gallup poll from January 2004 revealed that 49 percent of Americans have used the internet to get information about candidates , and 28 percent said that they use the internet to get this information frequently .", "14": "In 2008 , the internet became a grassroots and a voice of the people tool -- a way for the users to connect with each other and with the campaign , like Dean 's website had done in 2004 . All of the major candidates had a website and utilized social networking like Facebook and MySpace . The popularity of a candidate could be measured by the number of `` friends '' on these sites as well as on websites like Hitwise , which listed the number of hits all of the presidential candidate 's websites had each week . Internet channels such as YouTube were used by candidates to share speeches and ads for free . This also served as a forum for users to attack other candidates by uploading videos of gaffes . A study done by the Pew Internet & American Life Project in conjunction with Princeton Survey Research Associates in November 2010 shows that 54 percent of adults in the United States used the internet to get information about the 2010 midterm elections and about specific candidates . This represents 73 percent of adult internet users . The study also showed that 22 percent of adult internet users used social network sites or Twitter to get information about and discuss the elections and 26 percent of all adults used cell phones to learn about or participate in campaigns . E-campaigning as it has come to be called , is subject to very little regulation . On March 26 , 2006 , the Federal Election Commission voted unanimously to `` not regulate political communication on the Internet , including emails , blogs and the creating of Web sites '' This decision made only paid political ads placed on websites subject to campaign finance limitations . A comment was made about this decision by Roger Alan Stone of Advocacy Inc. which explains this loophole in the context of a political campaign : `` A wealthy individual could purchase all of the e-mail addresses for registered voters in a congressional district ... produce an Internet video ad , and e-mail it along with a link to the campaign contribution page ... Not only would this activity not count against any contribution limits or independent expenditure requirements ; it would never even need to be reported . '' Criticisms ( edit ) Main articles : Criticisms of the Electoral College , Criticisms of U.S. presidential primaries , and History of U.S. presidential nominating conventions 2012 Republican primaries and caucuses calendar .", "15": "January 2012 ( 4 ) February 2012 ( 7 ) March 2012 ( 23 ) April 2012 ( 9 ) May 2012 ( 7 ) June 2012 ( 6 ) 2012 swing states , where the margin of victory was 8 percentage points or fewer . States won by Republican Mitt Romney by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 0 -- 4 percentage points States won by Democrat Barack Obama by 4 -- 8 percentage points The presidential election process is controversial , with critics arguing that it is inherently undemocratic , and discourages voter participation and turnout in many areas of the country . Because of the staggered nature of the primary season , voters in Iowa , New Hampshire and other small states which traditionally hold their primaries and caucuses first in January usually have a major impact on the races . Campaign activity , media attention , and voter participation are usually higher in these states , as the candidates attempt to build momentum and generate a bandwagon effect in these early primaries . Conversely , voters in California and other large states which traditionally hold their primaries last in June usually end up having no say in who the presidential candidates will be . The races are usually over by then , and thus the campaigns , the media , and voters have little incentive to participate in these late primaries . As a result , more states vie for earlier primaries to claim a greater influence in the process . However , compressing the primary calendar in this way limits the ability of lesser - known candidates to effectively corral resources and raise their visibility among voters , especially when competing with better - known candidates who have more financial resources and the institutional backing of their party 's establishment . Primary and caucus reform proposals include a National Primary held on a single day ; or the Interregional Primary Plan , where states would be grouped into six regions , and each of the regions would rotate every election on who would hold their primaries first . With the primary races usually over before June , the political conventions have mostly become scripted , ceremonial affairs . As the drama has left the conventions , and complaints grown that they were scripted and dull pep rallies , public interest and viewership has fallen off .", "16": "After having offered gavel - to - gavel coverage of the major party conventions in the mid-20th century , the Big Three television networks now only devote approximately three hours of coverage ( one hour per night ) . Critics also argue that the Electoral College is archaic and inherently undemocratic . With all states , except Maine and Nebraska , using a winner - take - all system , both the Democratic and the Republican candidates are almost certain to win all the electoral votes from those states whose residents predominantly vote for the Democratic Party or the Republican Party , respectively . This encourages presidential candidates to focus exponentially more time , money , and energy campaigning in a few so - called `` swing states '' , states in which no single candidate or party has overwhelming support . Such swing states like Ohio are inundated with campaign visits , saturation television advertising , get - out - the - vote efforts by party organizers , and debates . Meanwhile , candidates and political parties have no incentive to mount nationwide campaign efforts , or work to increase voter turnout , in predominately Democratic Party `` safe states '' like California or predominately Republican Party `` safe states '' like Texas . In practice , the winner - take - all system also both reinforces the country 's two - party system and decreases the importance of third and minor political parties . Furthermore , a candidate can win the electoral vote without securing the greatest amount of the national popular vote , such as during the 1824 , 1876 , 1888 , 2000 and 2016 elections . In theory , it is possible to secure the necessary 270 electoral votes from just the top 11 populous states and then ignore the rest of the country . Proposed changes to the election process ( edit ) In 1844 , Representative Samuel F. Vinton of Ohio proposed an amendment to the constitution that would replace the electoral college system with a lot system . The Joint Resolution called for each state to elect , by a simple majority , a presidential candidate of said state . Each state would notify Congress of the presidential election results . Congress would then inscribe the name of every state on uniform balls , equal to the number of said state 's members of Congress , and deposit into a box . In a joint session of Congress , a ball would be drawn , and the elected candidate of the state of which is written on the drawn ball would be named President .", "17": "A second ball would immediately be drawn after , and that state 's candidate would be named Vice-President . The resolution did not pass the House . Representative Vinton proposed an identical amendment in 1846 . Again , it was unsuccessful . The driving force behind the introduction of the resolution is unclear , as there is no recorded debate for either proposal . Other constitutional amendments , such as the Every Vote Counts Amendment , have been proposed seeking to replace the Electoral College with a direct popular vote , which proponents argue would increase turnout and participation . Other proposed reforms include the National Popular Vote Interstate Compact , an interstate compact without Congressional authorization , whereby individual participating states agree to allocate their electors based on the winner of the national popular vote , instead of voting their respective statewide results . Another proposal is for every state to simply adopt the District system used by Maine and Nebraska : give two electoral votes to the statewide winner and one electoral vote to the winner of each Congressional district . The Automatic Plan would replace the Electors with an automatic tallying of votes to eliminate the faithless elector affecting the outcome of the election . The Proportional Plan , often compared to the District Plan , would distribute electoral votes in each state in proportion to the popular vote , introducing third party effects in election outcomes . The House Plan would require a constitutional amendment to allocate electors based on the House apportionment alone to lessen small state advantage . Direct election plans and bonus plans have in common a higher valuation on the popular vote for president . Electoral College results ( edit ) See also : List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin and List of United States presidential elections by popular vote margin This is a table of electoral college results . Included are candidates who received at least 1 electoral vote or at least 5 % of the popular vote . Year Party Presidential candidate Vice presidential candidate Popular vote % Electoral votes Notes 1788 Independent George Washington None 43,782 100.0 69 / 138 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 34 / 138 John Jay 9 / 138 Robert H.", "18": "Harrison 6 / 138 John Rutledge 6 / 138 John Hancock 4 / 138 Anti-Administration George Clinton 3 / 138 Federalist Samuel Huntington 2 / 138 John Milton 2 / 138 James Armstrong 1 / 138 Benjamin Lincoln 1 / 138 Anti-Administration Edward Telfair 1 / 138 1792 Independent George Washington 28,579 100.0 132 / 264 Federalist John Adams N / A N / A 77 / 264 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 50 / 264 Thomas Jefferson 4 / 264 Aaron Burr 1 / 264 1796 Federalist John Adams 35,726 53.4 71 / 276 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson 31,115 46.6 68 / 276 Federalist Thomas Pinckney N / A N / A 59 / 276 Democratic - Republican Aaron Burr 30 / 276 Samuel Adams 15 / 276 Federalist Oliver Ellsworth 11 / 276 Democratic - Republican George Clinton 7 / 276 Federalist John Jay 5 / 276 James Iredell 3 / 276 Independent George Washington 2 / 276 Democratic - Republican John Henry 2 / 276 Federalist Samuel Johnston 2 / 276 Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 1 / 276 1800 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson Aaron Burr 41,330 61.4 % 73 / 276 Federalist John Adams Charles Cotesworth Pinckney 25,952 38.6 % 64 / 276 John Jay 1 / 276 1804 Democratic - Republican Thomas Jefferson George Clinton 104,110 72.8 % 162 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 38,919 27.", "19": "2 % 14 / 176 1808 Democratic - Republican James Madison George Clinton 124,732 64.7 % 113 / 176 John Langdon 9 / 176 Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Rufus King 62,431 32.4 % 47 / 176 Democratic - Republican George Clinton James Madison N / A N / A 3 / 176 James Monroe 3 / 176 1812 Democratic - Republican James Madison Elbridge Gerry 140,431 50.4 % 128 / 217 Democratic - Republican / Federalist DeWitt Clinton Jared Ingersoll 132,781 47.6 % 86 / 217 Elbridge Gerry 3 / 217 1816 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 76,592 68.2 % 83 / 217 Federalist Rufus King John Eager Howard 34,740 30.9 % 22 / 217 James Ross 5 / 217 John Marshall 4 / 217 Robert Goodloe Harper 3 / 217 1820 Democratic - Republican James Monroe Daniel D. Tompkins 87,343 80.6 % 218 / 232 Richard Stockton ( Federalist ) 8 / 232 Daniel Rodney ( Federalist ) 4 / 232 Robert Goodloe Harper ( Federalist ) 1 / 232 John Quincy Adams Richard Rush ( Federalist ) N / A N / A 1 / 232 1824 Democratic - Republican ( Adams faction ) John Quincy Adams John C. Calhoun 113,122 30.9 % 74 / 261 Andrew Jackson 9 / 261 N / A 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Jackson faction ) Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 151,271 41.4 % 99 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Crawford faction ) William H.", "20": "Crawford Nathaniel Macon 40,856 11.2 % 24 / 261 Martin Van Buren 9 / 261 John C. Calhoun 2 / 261 Henry Clay 2 / 261 Nathan Sanford 2 / 261 Andrew Jackson 1 / 261 Democratic - Republican ( Clay faction ) Henry Clay Nathan Sanford 47,531 13.0 % 28 / 261 John C. Calhoun 7 / 261 Andrew Jackson 3 / 261 1828 Democratic Andrew Jackson John C. Calhoun 642,553 56.0 % 171 / 261 William Smith 7 / 261 National Republican John Quincy Adams Richard Rush 500,897 43.6 % 83 / 261 1832 Democratic Andrew Jackson Martin Van Buren 701,780 54.2 % 189 / 286 William Wilkins 30 / 286 National Republican Henry Clay John Sergeant 484,205 37.4 % 49 / 286 Nullifier John Floyd Henry Lee N / A N / A 11 / 286 Anti-Masonic William Wirt Amos Ellmaker 100,715 7.8 % 7 / 286 1836 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 763,291 50.8 % 147 / 294 William Smith 23 / 294 Whig William Henry Harrison Francis Granger 549,907 36.6 % 63 / 294 John Tyler 10 / 294 Hugh L. White John Tyler 146,107 9.7 % 26 / 294 Daniel Webster Francis Granger 41,201 2.7 % 14 / 294 Willie Person Mangum John Tyler N / A N / A 11 / 294 1840 Whig William Henry Harrison John Tyler 1,275,390 52.", "21": "9 % 234 / 294 Democratic Martin Van Buren Richard Mentor Johnson 1,128,854 46.8 % 48 / 294 Littleton W. Tazewell 11 / 294 James K. Polk 1 / 294 1844 Democratic James K. Polk George M. Dallas 1,339,494 49.5 % 170 / 275 Whig Henry Clay Theodore Frelinghuysen 1,300,004 48.1 % 105 / 275 1848 Whig Zachary Taylor Millard Fillmore 1,361,393 47.3 % 163 / 290 Democratic Lewis Cass William Orlando Butler 1,223,460 42.5 % 127 / 290 Free Soil Martin Van Buren Charles Francis Adams Sr .", "22": "291,501 10.1 % 0 / 290 1852 Democratic Franklin Pierce William R. King 1,607,510 50.8 % 254 / 296 Whig Winfield Scott William Alexander Graham 1,386,942 43.9 % 42 / 296 Free Soil John P. Hale George Washington Julian 155,210 4.9 % 0 / 296 1856 Democratic James Buchanan John C. Breckinridge 1,836,072 45.3 % 174 / 296 Republican John C. Frémont William L. Dayton 1,342,345 33.1 % 114 / 296 American Millard Fillmore Andrew Jackson Donelson 873,053 21.6 % 8 / 296 1860 Republican Abraham Lincoln Hannibal Hamlin 1,865,908 39.8 % 180 / 303 Democratic ( Southern ) John C. Breckinridge Joseph Lane 848,019 18.1 % 72 / 303 Constitutional Union John Bell Edward Everett 590,901 12.6 % 39 / 303 Democratic ( Northern ) Stephen A. Douglas Herschel V. Johnson 1,380,202 29.5 % 12 / 303 1864 National Union / Republican Abraham Lincoln Andrew Johnson 2,218,388 55.0 % 212 / 233 Democratic George B. McClellan George H. Pendleton 1,812,807 45.0 % 21 / 233 1868 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Schuyler Colfax 3,013,650 52.7 % 214 / 294 Democratic Horatio Seymour Francis Preston Blair Jr . 2,708,744 47.3 % 80 / 294 1872 Republican Ulysses S. Grant Henry Wilson 3,598,235 55.", "23": "6 % 286 / 352 Democratic Thomas A. Hendricks Benjamin Gratz Brown ( Liberal Republican ) 2,834,761 43.8 % 41 / 352 42 / 352 William S. Groesbeck 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer ( Liberal Republican ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Liberal Republican Benjamin Gratz Brown Alfred H. Colquitt ( Democratic ) 5 / 352 George Washington Julian 4 / 352 5 / 352 Thomas E. Bramlette ( Democratic ) 3 / 352 John M. Palmer 2 / 352 3 / 352 Nathaniel P. Banks 1 / 352 Willis Benson Machen ( Democratic ) 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 Horace Greeley Benjamin Gratz Brown 3 / 352 Democratic Charles J. Jenkins Benjamin Gratz Brown 2 / 352 Liberal Republican David Davis Benjamin Gratz Brown 0 / 352 1 / 352 William S. Groesbeck ( Democratic ) 0 / 352 1 / 352 George Washington Julian 0 / 352 1 / 352 John M. Palmer 0 / 352 1 / 352 1876 Republican Rutherford B. Hayes William A. Wheeler 4,034,142 47.9 % 185 / 369 Democratic Samuel J. Tilden Thomas A. Hendricks 4,286,808 50.9 % 184 / 369 1880 Republican James A. Garfield Chester A. Arthur 4,446,158 48.3 % 214 / 369 Democratic Winfield Scott Hancock William Hayden English 4,444,260 48.3 % 155 / 369 1884 Democratic Grover Cleveland Thomas A. Hendricks 4,914,482 48.", "24": "9 % 219 / 401 Republican James G. Blaine John A. Logan 4,856,903 48.3 % 182 / 401 1888 Republican Benjamin Harrison Levi P. Morton 5,443,892 47.8 % 233 / 401 Democratic Grover Cleveland Allen G. Thurman 5,534,488 48.6 % 168 / 401 1892 Democratic Grover Cleveland Adlai Stevenson I 5,553,898 46.0 % 277 / 444 Republican Benjamin Harrison Whitelaw Reid 5,190,819 43.0 % 145 / 444 Populist James B. Weaver James G. Field 1,026,595 8.5 % 22 / 444 1896 Republican William McKinley Garret Hobart 7,111,607 51.0 % 271 / 447 Democratic / Populist William Jennings Bryan Arthur Sewall ( Democratic ) 6,509,052 46.7 % 149 / 447 Thomas E. Watson ( Populist ) 27 / 447 1900 Republican William McKinley Theodore Roosevelt 7,228,864 51.6 % 292 / 447 Democratic William Jennings Bryan Adlai Stevenson I 6,370,932 45.5 % 155 / 447 1904 Republican Theodore Roosevelt Charles W. Fairbanks 7,630,457 56.4 % 336 / 476 Democratic Alton B. Parker Henry G. Davis 5,083,880 37.6 % 140 / 476 1908 Republican William Howard Taft James S. Sherman 7,678,335 51.6 % 321 / 483 Democratic William Jennings Bryan John W. Kern 6,408,979 43.0 % 162 / 483 1912 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 6,296,", "25": "284 41.8 % 435 / 531 Progressive Theodore Roosevelt Hiram Johnson 4,122,721 27.4 % 88 / 531 Republican William Howard Taft Nicholas Murray Butler 3,486,242 23.2 % 8 / 531 Socialist Eugene V. Debs Emil Seidel 901,551 6.0 % 0 / 531 1916 Democratic Woodrow Wilson Thomas R. Marshall 9,126,868 49.2 % 277 / 531 Republican Charles Evans Hughes Charles W. Fairbanks 8,548,728 46.1 % 254 / 531 1920 Republican Warren G. Harding Calvin Coolidge 16,144,093 60.3 % 404 / 531 Democratic James M. Cox Franklin D. Roosevelt 9,139,661 34.2 % 127 / 531 1924 Republican Calvin Coolidge Charles G. Dawes 15,723,789 54.0 % 382 / 531 Democratic John W. Davis Charles W. Bryan 8,386,242 28.8 % 136 / 531 Progressive Robert La Follette Burton K. Wheeler 4,831,706 16.6 % 13 / 531 1928 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 21,427,123 58.2 % 444 / 531 Democratic Al Smith Joseph Taylor Robinson 15,015,464 40.8 % 87 / 531 1932 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 22,821,277 57.4 % 472 / 531 Republican Herbert Hoover Charles Curtis 15,761,254 39.7 % 59 / 531 1936 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt John Nance Garner 27,752,648 60.8 % 523 / 531 Republican Alf Landon Frank Knox 16,681,", "26": "862 36.5 % 8 / 531 1940 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Henry A. Wallace 27,313,945 54.7 % 449 / 531 Republican Wendell Willkie Charles L. McNary 22,347,744 44.8 % 82 / 531 1944 Democratic Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman 25,612,916 53.4 % 432 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey John W. Bricker 22,017,929 45.9 % 99 / 531 1948 Democratic Harry S. Truman Alben W. Barkley 24,179,347 49.6 % 303 / 531 Republican Thomas E. Dewey Earl Warren 21,991,292 45.1 % 189 / 531 Dixiecrat Strom Thurmond Fielding L. Wright 1,175,930 2.4 % 39 / 531 1952 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 34,075,529 55.2 % 442 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II John Sparkman 27,375,090 44.3 % 89 / 531 1956 Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower Richard Nixon 35,579,180 57.4 % 457 / 531 Democratic Adlai Stevenson II Estes Kefauver 26,028,028 42.0 % 73 / 531 Walter Burgwyn Jones Herman Talmadge N / A N / A 1 / 531 1960 Democratic John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson 34,220,984 49.7 % 303 / 537 Republican Richard Nixon Henry Cabot Lodge Jr .", "27": "34,108,157 49.6 % 219 / 537 Southern Democratic Harry F. Byrd Strom Thurmond 610,409 0.4 % 14 / 537 Barry Goldwater ( Republican ) 1 / 537 1964 Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson Hubert Humphrey 43,127,041 61.0 % 486 / 538 Republican Barry Goldwater William E. Miller 27,175,754 38.5 % 52 / 538 1968 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 31,783,783 43.4 % 301 / 538 Democratic Hubert Humphrey Edmund Muskie 31,271,839 42.7 % 191 / 538 American Independent George Wallace Curtis LeMay 9,901,118 13.5 % 46 / 538 1972 Republican Richard Nixon Spiro Agnew 47,168,710 60.7 % 520 / 538 Democratic George McGovern Sargent Shriver 29,173,222 37.5 % 17 / 538 Libertarian John Hospers Tonie Nathan 3,674 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 1976 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 40,831,881 50.1 % 297 / 538 Republican Gerald Ford Bob Dole 39,148,634 48.0 % 240 / 538 Ronald Reagan N / A N / A 1 / 538 1980 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W. Bush 43,903,230 50.7 % 489 / 538 Democratic Jimmy Carter Walter Mondale 35,480,115 41.0 % 49 / 538 Independent John B. Anderson Patrick Lucey 5,719,850 6.6 % 0 / 538 1984 Republican Ronald Reagan George H.W.", "28": "Bush 54,455,472 58.8 % 525 / 538 Democratic Walter Mondale Geraldine Ferraro 37,577,352 40.6 % 13 / 538 1988 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 48,886,597 53.4 % 426 / 538 Democratic Michael Dukakis Lloyd Bentsen 41,809,476 45.6 % 111 / 538 Lloyd Bentsen Michael Dukakis N / A N / A 1 / 538 1992 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 44,909,806 43.0 % 370 / 538 Republican George H.W. Bush Dan Quayle 39,104,550 37.4 % 168 / 538 Independent Ross Perot James Stockdale 19,743,821 18.9 % 0 / 538 Democratic Bill Clinton Al Gore 47,401,185 49.2 % 379 / 538 Republican Bob Dole Jack Kemp 39,197,469 40.7 % 159 / 538 Reform Ross Perot Pat Choate 8,085,294 8.4 % 0 / 538 2000 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 50,456,002 47.9 % 271 / 538 Democratic Al Gore Joe Lieberman 50,999,897 48.4 % 266 / 538 Republican George W. Bush Dick Cheney 62,040,610 50.7 % 286 / 538 Democratic John Kerry John Edwards 59,028,444 48.3 % 251 / 538 John Edwards 5 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 2008 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 69,498,516 52.9 % 365 / 538 Republican John McCain Sarah Palin 59,948,", "29": "323 45.7 % 173 / 538 2012 Democratic Barack Obama Joe Biden 65,915,795 51.1 % 332 / 538 Republican Mitt Romney Paul Ryan 60,933,504 47.2 % 206 / 538 2016 Republican Donald Trump Mike Pence 62,979,636 46.0 % 304 / 538 Ron Paul ( Libertarian ) 124 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Hillary Clinton Tim Kaine 65,844,610 48.1 % 227 / 538 Republican ( cast by Democratic electors ) Colin Powell Susan Collins 25 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Maria Cantwell ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Elizabeth Warren ( Democratic ) 1 / 538 Republican John Kasich Carly Fiorina 2,684 < 0.01 % 1 / 538 Democratic Bernie Sanders Elizabeth Warren 108,776 0.08 % 1 / 538 Faith Spotted Eagle Winona LaDuke ( Green ) N / A N / A 1 / 538 Voter turnout ( edit ) See also : Voter turnout in the United States presidential elections Voter turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections showed a noticeable increase over the turnout in 1996 and 2000 . Prior to 2004 , voter turnout in presidential elections had been decreasing while voter registration , measured in terms of voting age population ( VAP ) by the U.S. Census , has been increasing . The VAP figure , however , includes persons ineligible to vote -- mainly non-citizens and ineligible felons -- and excludes overseas eligible voters . Opinion is mixed on whether this decline was due to voter apathy. or an increase in ineligible voters on the rolls . The difference between these two measures are illustrated by analysis of turnout in the 2004 and 2008 elections . Voter turnout from the 2004 and 2008 election was `` not statistically different , '' based on the voting age population used by a November 2008 U.S.", "30": "Census survey of 50,000 households . If expressed in terms of vote eligible population ( VEP ) , the 2008 national turnout rate was 61.7 % from 131.3 million ballots cast for president , an increase of over 1.6 percentage points over the 60.1 % turnout rate of 2004 , and the highest since 1968 . Financial disclosures ( edit ) Prior to 1967 , many presidential candidates disclosed assets , stock holdings , and other information which might affect the public trust . In that year , Republican candidate George W. Romney went a step further and released his tax returns for the previous twelve years . Since then , many presidential candidates -- including all major - party nominees from 1980 to 2012 -- have released some of their returns , although few of the major party nominees have equaled or exceeded George Romney 's twelve . The Tax History Project -- a project directed by Joseph J. Thorndike and established of the nonprofit Tax Analysts group -- has compiled the publicly released tax returns of presidents and presidential candidates ( including primary candidates ) . In 2016 , Republican presidential nominee Donald Trump broke with tradition , becoming the only major - party candidate since Gerald Ford in 1976 to not make any of his full tax returns public . Trump gave as a reason that he was being audited by the IRS . However , no law or precedent prevents a person from releasing their tax returns while under audit , and in fact President Richard M. Nixon released his tax returns while being audited . Presidential coattails ( edit ) Main article : Coattail effect Presidential elections are held on the same date as those for all the seats in the United States House of Representatives , the full terms for 33 or 34 of the 100 seats in the United States Senate , the governorships in several U.S. states , and many state and local elections . Presidential candidates tend to bring out supporters who then vote for their party 's candidates for those other offices . These other candidates are said to ride on the presidential candidates ' coattails . Voter turnout is also generally higher during presidential election years than either midterm election years or odd - numbered election years . Comparison with other U.S. general elections ( edit ) Basic rotation of U.S.", "31": "general elections ( fixed - terms only ) Year 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Type Presidential Off - year Midterm Off - year Presidential President Yes No Yes Senate Class III ( 34 seats ) No Class I ( 33 seats ) No Class II ( 33 seats ) House All 435 seats No All 435 seats No All 435 seats Gubernatorial 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV 2 states NJ , VA 36 states , 3 territories AL , AK , AZ , AR , CA , CO , CT , FL , GA , GU , HI , ID , IL , IA , KS , ME , MP , MD , MA , MI , MN , NE , NV , NH , NM , NY , OH , OK , OR , PA , RI , SC , SD , TN , TX , VI , VT , WI , WY 3 states KY , LA , MS 11 states , 2 territories AS , DE , IN , MO , MT , NH , NC , ND , PR , UT , VT , WA , WV Other state and local offices Varies This table does not include special elections , which may be held to fill political offices that have become vacant between the regularly scheduled elections . As well as all six non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . As well as five non-voting delegates of the U.S. House . The Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico instead serves a four - year term that coincides with the presidential term . The Governors of New Hampshire and Vermont are each elected to two - year terms . The other 48 state governors serve four - year terms .", "32": "view talk See also ( edit ) American election campaigns in the 19th century Elections in the United States First Party System , Federalists vs Jeffersonian Republicans , 1790s - 1820s Second Party System , Democrats vs Whigs , 1830s - 1850s Third Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1850s - 1890s Fourth Party System , Republicans vs Democrats , 1890s - 1930s ; `` Progressive Era '' Fifth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1930s - 1960s Sixth Party System , Democrats vs Republicans , 1960s - present Statistical forecasts : Electoral-vote.com FiveThirtyEight.com PollyVote 270towin Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dixon , Robert G. , Jr. ( 1950 ) . `` Electoral College Procedure '' . The Western Political Quarterly . 3 ( 2 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 443484 . JSTOR 443484 . Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ Caldwell , Leigh Ann ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` A Viewer 's Guide to the Next Year in Presidential Politics '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Andrew ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Could a Hurricane Like Sandy Postpone the Presidential Election ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jose A. DelReal ( April 3 , 2015 ) . `` Why Hillary Clinton might have just two more weeks or so to announce she 's running for president '' . Washington Post . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gary Bugh ( 2010 ) . Electoral College Reform : Challenges and Possibilities . Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 7751 - 2 .", "33": "Jump up ^ Of the 13 original states during the 1789 election , six states chose electors by some form of popular vote , four states chose electors by a different method , North Carolina and Rhode Island were ineligible to participate since they had not yet ratified the U.S. Constitution , and New York failed to appoint their allotment of electors in time because of a deadlock in their state legislature . Jump up ^ Rose , Douglas Dana . `` The Ten Most Competitive American Presidential Elections '' . ResearchGate . ^ Jump up to : Yan , Holly ( 6 November 2012 ) . `` Why Tuesday , why November , why elephants ? Election riddles solved '' . CNN . Retrieved 9 November 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Presidential Form 2 Filers '' ( Press release ) . Federal Election Commission . Retrieved April 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Republican Detailed Delegate Allocation -- 2012 '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved September 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Paul , Katie ( 2008 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Convention Wisdom '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Eun Kyung Kim ( 2008 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Convention Q & A '' . Gannett News Service . Detroit Free Press . Jump up ^ Clift , Eleanor ( 2008 - 02 - 06 ) . `` A Ticking Clock '' . Newsweek . Jump up ^ Gold , Jeffrey ( 2008 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Post-primary questions answered '' . Associated Press . Courier - Post . Jump up ^ `` Sandy unlikely to postpone election '' . USA Today . Retrieved 31 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Guam Legislature Moves General Election Presidential Vote to the September Primary '' . Ballot-Access.org. 2008 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Faithless Electors '' . FairVote .", "34": "Jump up ^ Montanaro , Domenico ( April 23 , 2017 ) . `` Trump 's First 100 Days : An ' Entry - Level ' Presidency '' . NPR . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ International Law , US Power : The United States ' Quest for Legal Security , p. 10 , Shirley V. Scott ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Pollard , Timothy D. ; Chesebro , James W. ; Studinski , David Paul ( 2009 ) . `` The Role of the Internet in Presidential Campaigns '' . Communications Studies . 60 ( 5 ) : 574 -- 88 . doi : 10.1080 / 10510970903260418 . ^ Jump up to : Endres , Warnick ( 2004 ) . `` Text - based Interactivity in Candidate Campaign Web Sites : A case Study from the 2002 Elections '' . Western Journal of Communication . 68 ( 3 ) : 322 -- 42 . doi : 10.1080 / 10570310409374804 . Jump up ^ Smith , Aaron . `` Pew Internet & American Life Project '' . The Internet and Campaign 2010 . Pew Research Center . ^ Jump up to : Bimbaum , Jeffrey ( June 11 , 2006 ) . `` Loophole a Spigot for E-Mail ; Critics Fear Voters Will Be Deluged as Fall Elections Near '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Trent & Friedenberg ( 2008 ) . Political Campaign Communication Principles & Practices . Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers , Inc . Jump up ^ Jerry Fresia ( February 28 , 2006 ) . `` Third Parties ? '' . Zmag.org . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` House Joint Resolution ( H.J. Res . ) 8 Proposing a Constitutional Amendment to Elect the President by Lot '' . National Archives Catalog . Center for Legislative Archives , National Archives and Records Administration . Jump up ^ Melcher , James P. , `` Electing to Reform : Maine and the District Plan for Selection of Presidential Electors '' , 2004 , New England Political Science Association .", "35": "viewed October 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Prior to the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution , electors cast two ballots , both for President . The candidate who received a majority of electoral votes became President , and the runner - up became Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Adams was elected Vice President . Jump up ^ Jefferson was elected Vice President . ^ Jump up to : Breakdown by ticket results are available for the 1800 election . Jump up ^ In total , Jefferson received 122 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Six faithless electors from New York voted for Clinton instead of Madison . Three cast their vice presidential vote for Madison , and three for Monroe . Jump up ^ While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate , Clinton technically ran as a Democratic - Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist party itself , the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate . This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties ( such as in Pennsylvania ) , but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic - Republicans as well . Jump up ^ Three faithless electors , two from Massachusetts and one from New Hampshire , voted for Gerry for vice president instead of Ingersoll . Jump up ^ Electors from Massachusetts voted for Howard , electors from Delaware voted for Harper , and electors from Connecticut split their vote between Ross and Marshall . In total , King received 34 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Although the Federalists did not field a candidate , several Federalist electors voted for Federalist vice presidential candidates instead of Tompkins . In total , Monroe received 231 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Faithless elector William Plumer of New Hampshire voted for Adams and Rush instead of Monroe and Tompkins . Jump up ^ Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral vote , the House of Representatives elected the president . In the House , 13 state delegations voted for Adams , 7 for Jackson , and 4 for Crawford . Jump up ^ 74 of Adams ' electors voted for Calhoun , 9 voted for Jackson , and one did not vote for vice president . Jump up ^ In total , Crawford received 40 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Clay received 38 electoral votes .", "36": "Jump up ^ 7 faithless electors from Georgia voted for Smith instead of Calhoun . Jump up ^ All 30 of Pennsylvania 's electors voted for Wilkins instead of Van Buren . In total , Jackson received 219 electoral votes . ^ Jump up to : All of the electoral votes came from South Carolina , where the electors were chosen by the legislature and not by popular vote . Jump up ^ All 23 of Virginia 's electors voted for Smith for vice president instead of Johnson , which resulted in Johnson failing to obtain a majority of the electoral votes . As a result , the election went to the Senate , who elected Johnson by a vote of 33 -- 16 . Jump up ^ In total , Harrison received 73 electoral votes . Jump up ^ In total , Van Buren received 60 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Johnson , a Democrat , was nominated on the National Union ticket along with Lincoln , a Republican . Jump up ^ The electoral votes of Tennessee and Louisiana were not counted . Had they been counted , Lincoln would have received 229 electoral votes . Jump up ^ All popular votes were originally for Horace Greeley and Benjamin Gratz Brown . ^ Jump up to : The used sources had insufficient data to determine the pairings of 4 electoral votes in Missouri . Therefore , the possible tickets are listed with the minimum and maximum possible number of electoral votes each . Jump up ^ In total , Hendricks received 42 electoral votes . Jump up ^ Greeley died before the Electoral College voted ; as a result the electoral vote intended for Greeley and Brown went to several other candidates . Jump up ^ In total , Davis received 1 electoral vote . Jump up ^ While the Democrats and Populists both nominated Bryan , the two parties had different vice presidential running mates . Jump up ^ Butler replaced Sherman , who died before the election was held . Jump up ^ W.F. Turner , a faithless elector from Alabama , voted for Jones and Talmadge instead of Stevenson and Kefauver . Jump up ^ Unpledged electors voted for Byrd and Thurmond . Henry D. Irwin , a faithless elector from Oklahoma , cast his vote for Byrd and Goldwater instead of Nixon and Lodge .", "37": "Jump up ^ Faithless elector Roger MacBride of Virginia voted for Hospers and Nathan instead of Nixon and Agnew . Jump up ^ Mike Padden , a faithless elector from Washington , voted for Reagan instead of Ford . He voted for Dole , however , as pledged . Jump up ^ Faithless elector Margarette Leach of West Virginia voted for Bentsen for president and Dukakis for vice president , instead of Dukakis for president and Bentsen for vice president . Jump up ^ One of the D.C. electors pledged to Gore - Lieberman abstained from the final vote . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/electoral-college/2000/members.html#dc Jump up ^ One anonymous faithless elector from Minnesota voted for Edwards for both president and vice president . ^ Jump up to : Collins Walsh , Sean ( December 19 , 2016 ) . `` All but 2 Texas members of the Electoral College choose Donald Trump '' . Austin American - Statesman . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : 1 faithless electoral vote from Texas . Jump up ^ 3 faithless electoral votes from Washington . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Hawaii . Jump up ^ 1 faithless electoral vote from Washington . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` National Voter Turnout in Federal Elections : 1960 -- 1996 '' . Federal Election Commission . 2003 - 07 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Election Information : Election Statistics '' . Office of the Clerk . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voting and Registration Date '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout Frequently Asked Questions '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 .", "38": "Jump up ^ `` 2008 Preliminary Voter Turnout '' . Elections.gmu.edu . March 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved January 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Income Tax Returns Released for Last 12 Years by Romney , St. Joseph Gazette , United Press International , November 27 , 1967 . Jump up ^ Shaxson , Nicholas ( August 2012 ) . `` Where the Money Lives '' . Vanity Fair . Jump up ^ Sherman , Amy ( August 19 , 2012 ) , Debbie Wasserman Schultz ' claim about release of tax returns of major candidates is false , says PolitiFact Florida , Miami Herald . Jump up ^ Robert Farley , Romney and the Tax Return Precedent , FactCheck.org , Annenberg Public Policy Center , July 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ About the Project , Tax History Project . Jump up ^ Presidential Tax Returns , Tax History Project . ^ Jump up to : Alan Rappeport , Donald Trump Breaks With Recent History by Not Releasing Tax Returns , New York Times ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Jeanne Sahadi , Nixon released his tax returns under audit . Why ca n't Trump ? , CNN Money ( May 11 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Sean Gorman , Tim Kaine correctly notes Richard Nixon released tax returns despite audit , PolitiFact ( October 5 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ `` Government By the People ; national , state , and local version '' Prentice Hall publishers , by Cronin Magleby O'Brien Light Jump up ^ Desilver , D. ( 2014 ) Voter turnout always drops off for midterm elections , but why ? Pew Research Center , July 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout '' . FairVote . Retrieved 2001 - 04 - 08 . Low turnout is most pronounced in off - year elections for state legislators and local officials as well as primaries Further reading ( edit ) Schlesinger , Arthur . Jr. , ed .", "39": "History of American Presidential Elections , 1789 -- 2008 ( 2011 ) 3 vol and 11 vol editions ; detailed analysis of each election , with primary documents ; online v. 1 . 1789 - 1824 -- v. 2 . 1824 - 1844 -- v. 3 . 1848 - 1868 -- v. 4 . 1872 - 1888 -- v. 5 . 1892 - 1908 -- v. 6 . 1912 - 1924 -- v. 7 . 1928 - 1940 -- v. 8 . 1944 - 1956 -- v. 9 . 1960 - 1968 -- v. 10 . 1972 - 1984 -- v. 11 . 1988 - 2001 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election . The American Presidency Project ( UC Santa Barbara : 52,000 + Presidential Documents ) Electoral College Box Scores Teaching about Presidential Elections All the maps since 1840 by counties ( French language site ) Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections History of U.S. Presidential Elections : 1789 -- 2004 Graphic election results from 1952 to 2008 broken down by state ( Java Applet ) A history of the presidency from the point of view of Vermont Discusses history of American presidential elections with two states as opposite `` poles '' , Vermont , and Alabama The Living Room Candidate : A Compilation of Presidential Television Ads Presidential Elections , from History.com A New Nation Votes : American Election Returns 1787 -- 1825 How close were Presidential Elections ? -- Michael Sheppard , Michigan State University Better World Links on the U.S. Presidential Election Presidential Elections : Resource Guides from the Library of Congress Presidential Elections : Vacancies in Major - Party Candidacies and the Position of President - Elect from Congressional Research Service U.S. Election Statistics : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress `` Electoral Votes '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . This is a tabulation of the electoral votes by election year , and also includes the results for Vice President .", "40": "Statistical forecasts Election Projection 17 poll composite Princeton Election Consortium Gallup ( hide ) United States presidential elections Elections by year 1788 -- 89 1792 1796 1800 1804 1808 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 2020 Elections by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington Washington , D.C.", "41": "West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Primaries and caucuses Iowa caucuses New Hampshire primary South Carolina primary Super Tuesday Nominating conventions Brokered convention Convention bounce Superdelegate Electoral College and Popular vote Results Summary Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote Electoral College margins Electoral College results by state Electoral vote changes between elections Electoral vote recipients Popular vote margins Contingent election Faithless elector Unpledged elector Voter turnout Related topics Campaign slogans Historical election polling Election Day Major party tickets Major party losers Presidential debates October surprise Red states and blue states Swing state Election recount House elections Senate elections Gubernatorial elections Politics portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "42": "php?title=United_States_presidential_election&oldid=837371239 '' Categories : Presidency of the United States Caucus November events Presidential elections in the United States Quadrennial events 1788 establishments in the United States Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano עברית Lietuvių മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 20 April 2018 , at 12 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 0, 10, 17, 36, 1 ]

[ "Blake Lively", "Blake Lively", "Blake Lively", "Adaline Bowman", "Blake Lively" ]

{ "0": "The Age of Adaline - wikipedia The Age of Adaline Jump to : navigation , search The Age of Adaline Theatrical release poster Directed by Lee Toland Krieger Produced by Sidney Kimmel Gary Lucchesi Tom Rosenberg Written by J. Mills Goodloe Salvador Paskowitz Starring Blake Lively Michiel Huisman Kathy Baker Harrison Ford Ellen Burstyn Narrated by Hugh Ross Music by Rob Simonsen Cinematography David Lanzenberg Edited by Melissa Kent Production company Lakeshore Entertainment Sidney Kimmel Entertainment Distributed by Lionsgate Release date April 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) ( United States ) Running time 113 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $65.7 million The Age of Adaline is a 2015 American romantic fantasy film about a woman who stops aging after an accident at the age of 29 . It was directed by Lee Toland Krieger and written by J. Mills Goodloe and Salvador Paskowitz . The film stars Blake Lively , Michiel Huisman , Kathy Baker , Amanda Crew , Harrison Ford , and Ellen Burstyn . The film was theatrically released on April 24 , 2015 by Lionsgate . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Casting 3.2 Filming 3.3 Music 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical response 6 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) One afternoon in San Francisco , Adaline Bowman purchases fake IDs at an apartment before returning home to feed her dog . She then goes to work and opens a box of film reels , including one that explains her life . She was born on New Years Day 1908 , then later married and gave birth to a daughter , only to become a widow after her husband died in a tragic accident .", "1": "Years later , in 1937 , Adaline crashed her car when she swerved into a ravine during a snowstorm and died in the freezing lake nearby , but a lightning strike suddenly revived her . From that moment on , Adaline has stayed physically 29 years old . Ever since , she has changed her identification and address according to the era , while her daughter Flemming ages normally , appearing older than Adaline . One night , two suspicious FBI agents attempt to force her onto an airplane for study , but she escapes captivity and realizes that she will have to spend the rest of her life on the run . On New Year 's Eve in the present year , she attends a party where she meets Ellis Jones , introducing herself as her current alias , Jennifer . He asks to see her again but she refuses , knowing she can never fall in love because she can never have a normal future with someone . The next day at work , Ellis arrives and again asks Adaline to go on a date with him . Finally she accepts . In a flashback , Adaline is shown pulling up in a cab to a park where a man is waiting , holding an engagement ring . Scared , she asks the cab driver to keep going . Back in the present day , Adaline 's dog falls ill and she begins to ignore Ellis ' calls . He shows up at her apartment but she pushes him away , only to have a change of heart while looking through some old photographs and realizing she does n't want to live the same year a hundred times without having a natural life . They later resolve their argument and Ellis asks Adaline to attend the party at his parents ' house celebrating his parents ' fortieth anniversary , and she says yes . Upon their arrival , Ellis introduces her to his father , William , who recognizes her instantly and calls her Adaline . She appears to recognize him , too , but lies , telling him that Adaline was her mother , who has since died . A flashback shows how they met and came to be in love , soon revealing that he was the man with the engagement ring she stood up that afternoon . One night , Ellis tells Adaline he is falling in love with her and she is unsure of how to react . The following day , Adaline talks with William outside and he notices a scar on her left hand , and becomes shaken .", "2": "Another flashback reveals that Adaline cut her hand while they were hiking decades ago and he had stitched it up himself . He realizes that she is truly Adaline and confronts her . She becomes upset , claiming she used to be `` normal '' and does n't know what changed her . He begs her not to run , for Ellis ' sake , but she says she does n't know how to stay . She flees and returns to the house , writing a note to Ellis while he showers , then she packs her things and leaves . Moments later , Ellis finds the letter and confronts his father , who refuses to explain . While driving home , Adaline thinks of all the times she has run and suddenly has a change of heart about the way she lives her life . She stops and calls her daughter to tell her she is going to stop running . As she turns the car around , a tow truck plows into her in a hit - and - run accident , leaving her to die . Freezing and helpless , Adaline dies again . An ambulance arrives and she is revived by the electricity of the defibrillator . Later in the hospital , she wakes up to Ellis , and the two profess their love for one another . Adaline then tells him of her 107 years of life . One year later , Ellis and Adaline are going to a New Year 's Eve party . As she is leaving , she notices something strange in the hallway mirror : her first grey hair , proving she has begun to age naturally again . When Ellis asks if she is okay , she responds : `` Yes ... Perfect . '' Cast ( edit ) Blake Lively as Adaline Bowman / Jennifer `` Jenny '' Larson Michiel Huisman as Ellis Jones Harrison Ford as William Jones Anthony Ingruber as young William Ellen Burstyn as Flemming Prescott Izabel Pearce as Young Flemming Kathy Baker as Kathy Jones Amanda Crew as Kikki Jones Lynda Boyd as Regan Anjali Jay as Cora Richard Harmon as Tony Mark Ghanimé as Caleb Barclay Hope as Stanley Chesterfield Chris William Martin as Dale Davenport Hiro Kanagawa as Kenneth Lane Edwards as Dr.", "3": "Larry Levyne Peter J. Gray as Clarence James Jane Craven as Miriam Prescott Production ( edit ) On May 12 , 2010 it was announced that The Age of Adaline would be co-financed and co-produced by Lakeshore Entertainment and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment . Salvador Paskowitz and J. Mills Goodloe wrote the script . Sierra / Affinity has the international rights , while producers were Steve Golin , Alix Madigan , Tom Rosenberg and Gary Lucchesi . On July 20 , 2010 it was reported that Andy Tennant was set to direct the film . On October 31 , 2010 , Summit Entertainment bought the US distribution rights to the film , which was set to begin shooting in March 2011 for an early 2012 release . On February 22 , 2011 , it was reported that Gabriele Muccino was in talks to direct the film , replacing Tennant , with the film re-titled from The Age of Adaline to simply Adaline . On May 14 , 2012 , it was announced that Spanish director Isabel Coixet would direct the film instead . On October 16 , 2013 , Lee Toland Krieger was reported to be the actual director of the film . Producer Dan Cohen had shown him the script at a general meeting in 2009 . Casting ( edit ) On May 12 , 2010 , Katherine Heigl was cast as the title character . On November 12 , 2010 , Angela Lansbury was added to the cast of the film , set to play the daughter of the ageless Adaline . On November 15 , Heigl withdrew from Adaline 's cast , and there were rumors that she had been fired by Lakeshore , which both Lakeshore and Heigl denied . She later announced that her withdrawal was a result of her recent adoption of a daughter . On August 15 , 2011 , TheWrap reported that Natalie Portman had been offered the lead role . On August 25 , Portman told Entertainment Weekly that she had declined the offer . On October 16 , 2013 , Blake Lively and Ellen Burstyn were cast in the film to play the lead roles , with Lively starring as the title character .", "4": "On January 15 , 2014 Harrison Ford joined the cast , and the film was set to begin shooting in March of that year . On February 11 , 2014 Michiel Huisman joined the cast to star opposite Lively as Adaline 's love interest . Filming ( edit ) Filming began on March 10 , 2014 in Vancouver and continued through May 5 . On March 11 , 2014 filming at the Hotel Vancouver commenced . Anamorphic lenses and minimal use of steadicams were employed to provide greater authenticity for scenes set in the 1930s , 1940s , and 1950s . The films Gentlemen Prefer Blondes and How to Marry a Millionaire served as inspiration for the period color tone and saturation . Music ( edit ) While Rob Simonsen scored the film , Lana Del Rey contributed a song titled `` Life Is Beautiful '' . The song is featured in the film 's trailer but is not included in the soundtrack . Release ( edit ) On August 15 , 2014 , Lionsgate set the film for a January 23 , 2015 worldwide release . Later , the date was shifted to April 24 , 2015 . The film was released on DVD on September 8 , 2015 . Marketing ( edit ) The promotional campaign was aimed primarily at fashion - conscious women . Danielle DePalma , executive vice-president of digital marketing at Lionsgate , said , `` We were very aware of Blake 's high - fashion profile when we crafted the campaign , and there was so much beautiful imagery from the film . '' They created vignettes for MTV and VH1 and a fashion segment for E ! News showing viewers how to achieve the same looks as Lively . They created a custom `` Fashion Journey Through the Decades '' initiative , through which a fashion influencer from YouTube or Maker Studios created a unique look inspired by the film . Video ads were also released on Instagram and tutorials on Pinterest . Advance screenings for fashion and lifestyle influencers took place in partnership with Gilt City . The application Periscope was used to spread information about the film .", "5": "Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The Age of Adaline earned $42,629,776 in North America and $23,033,500 in other countries , for a worldwide box office gross of $65.7 million . The film opened with $575,000 during Thursday late - night showings at 2,100 U.S. theaters . It finished the weekend at number three behind Furious 7 and Paul Blart : Mall Cop 2 with $13.4 million from 2,991 locations . Critical response ( edit ) The Age of Adaline has received mixed reviews from critics , although the performances of Blake Lively and Harrison Ford received very positive reviews and were cited as some of their best work in recent years . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a rating of 55 % , based on 146 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads `` The Age of Adaline ruminates on mortality less compellingly than similarly themed films , but is set apart by memorable performances from Blake Lively and Harrison Ford . '' On Metacritic , the film has a score of 51 out of 100 , based on 31 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave The Age of Adaline an average grade of `` A − '' on an A+ to F scale . Matt Zoller Seitz of RogerEbert.com gave the film three out of four stars , expressing surprise at the film 's increase in quality midway through : `` I 've never seen a less involving movie become so compelling at the exact moment when you 've resigned to write it off as just okay . '' He also gave high praise to Harrison Ford 's dramatic performance , writing that `` Ford 's voice -- always deep , lowered an octave by age and one more by William 's longing -- is even more powerful ( than the devastating look on his face ) . This is Ford 's best performance since ( The Fugitive , ) maybe since ( Witness ) '' .", "6": "Accolades ( edit ) Award Recipient ( s ) Result Ref ( s ) Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Drama Blake Lively Nominated Choice Movie : Liplock Blake Lively and Michiel Huisman Nominated The Joey Awards Young Actress in a Television Izabel Pearce Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Nominated Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Blake Lively Nominated Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Nominated Best Actress Blake Lively Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE AGE OF ADALINE ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . April 24 , 2015 . Retrieved April 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Michiel Huisman '' . imdb.com . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Blake Lively , Ellen Burstyn Set To Star In ' The Age Of Adaline ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michiel Huisman To Co-Star Opposite Blake Lively In ' Age Of Adaline ' '' . Deadline . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harrison Ford Joins ' Age of Adaline ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Peter , Gray . `` SHOOT : THE AGE OF ADALINE With Adaline 's Husband ( Peter J. Gray ) '' . yvrshoots.com . YVRshoots . Retrieved July 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( May 12 , 2010 ) . `` Katherine Heigl to star in ' Age of Adaline ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com .", "7": "Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 20 , 2010 ) . `` ' Bounty Hunter ' director tapped for ' Adaline ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ DiOrio , Carl ( October 31 , 2010 ) . `` Summit Nabs Rights to Katherine Heigl Film ' Adaline ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Anderton , Ethan ( February 22 , 2011 ) . `` Gabriele Muccino in Talks to Direct Supernatural Romance ' Adaline ' '' . firstshowing.net . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` ' Elegy ' Director Boards Fantasy Romance ' Age of Adaline ' '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Solomon , Dan ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` The Director Of `` The Age of Adaline '' On Bringing A Dream Project To Life `` . Fast Company . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 12 , 2010 ) . `` Angela Lansbury To Play Katherine Heigl 's Daughter In ' Adaline ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` Katherine Heigl Out Of ' Adaline ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ L. Weinstein , Joshua ( August 15 , 2011 ) . `` Natalie Portman Offered Lead Role in Indie Drama ' Adaline ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Markovitz , Adam ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Natalie Portman turns down ' Adaline ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 .", "8": "^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` Harrison Ford Joins Blake Lively , Ellen Burstyn in Drama ' Age of Adaline ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` START DATE : AGE OF ADALINE with Blake Lively as Immortal Woman Expected to Start Filming March 10th '' . yvrshoots.com . February 11 , 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Age of Adaline ' , starring Blake Lively , begins filming in Vancouver '' . onlocationvacations.com . March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline - Movie production notes '' . CinemaReview.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lionsgate Dates ' L'age de Adaline ' '' . deadline.com . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Johnny Depp Comedy ' Mortdecai ' Shifts to January 2015 Release Date '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` How Blake Lively 's Iconic Fashion Gave ' Age of Adaline ' a Big Boost '' . The Wrap . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( April 24 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Age of Adaline ' Launches with $575,000 in Latenight Shows '' . Variety . Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( April 26 , 2015 ) . `` Box Office : ' Furious 7 ′ Races Past ' Age of Adaline ' '' . Variety . Variety Media , LLC .", "9": "Retrieved August 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline review '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media . April 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Age of Adaline '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Cunningham , Todd . `` ' Age of Adaline ' Overhauls ' Furious 7 ' at Friday Box Office '' . TheWrap . Retrieved April 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Seitz , Matt Zoller Seitz ( 24 April 2015 ) . `` The Age of Adaline Movie Review ( 2015 ) '' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 23 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` WINNERS OF TEEN CHOICE 2015 ANNOUNCED '' . Teen Choice Awards . FOX . August 16 , 2015 . Retrieved August 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners and highlights '' . CBS News . 6 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` List : Who won People 's Choice Awards ? '' . USA Today . January 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The 42nd Annual Saturn Awards nominations are announced for 2016 ! '' . Saturn Awards . February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 .", "10": "External links ( edit ) The Age of Adaline on IMDb The Age of Adaline at AllMovie The Age of Adaline at Box Office Mojo The Age of Adaline at Metacritic The Age of Adaline at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Lee Toland Krieger The Vicious Kind ( 2009 ) Celeste and Jesse Forever ( 2012 ) The Age of Adaline ( 2015 ) Film in the United States portal 2010s portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Age_of_Adaline&oldid=820523527 '' Categories : 2015 films English - language films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s romantic fantasy films American coming - of - age films American films American romantic drama films American romantic fantasy films Fantasy drama films Films about dysfunctional families Films about human rights Films about old age Films directed by Lee Toland Krieger Films produced by Gary Lucchesi Films produced by Sidney Kimmel Films produced by Tom Rosenberg Films set in San Francisco Films shot in Vancouver Lakeshore Entertainment films Love stories Sidney Kimmel Entertainment films Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from August 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 03 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "11": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 6, 8, 0, 4, 3, 7, 2, 1, 5, 9, 10, 11 ]

[ 6, 8, 0, 4, 3 ]

[ "Tessa Peake-Jones", "Tessa Peake-Jones", "Tessa Peake-Jones", "Tessa Peake-Jones", "Tessa Peake-Jones" ]

{ "0": "Tessa Peake - Jones - wikipedia Tessa Peake - Jones Jump to : navigation , search Tessa Peake - Jones ( 1957 - 05 - 09 ) 9 May 1957 ( age 60 ) Hammersmith , Middlesex , England Occupation Actress Years active 1979 -- present Television Only Fools and Horses ( 1988 -- 2003 ) Partner ( s ) Douglas Hodge ( 1984 / 1985 - 2012 ) Children Tessa Peake - Jones ( born 9 May 1957 ) is an English actress . She is known for her role as Raquel in the BBC sitcom Only Fools and Horses , whom she played from December 1988 until it ended in 2003 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Television 3 Personal life 4 Filmography and TV roles 5 References 6 External links Early life and education ( edit ) She was educated at Kenmore Park Junior School , Harrow and Downer Grammar School , now known as Canons High School , before training at the Central School of Speech and Drama . Television ( edit ) This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately . Find sources : `` Tessa Peake - Jones '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Peake - Jones is best known for playing Raquel Turner , the longtime partner of the main character Derek `` Del Boy '' Trotter , in the television comedy Only Fools and Horses . She had a co-starring role in the 1999 TV series Births , Marriages , and Deaths . Her other television appearances include The Demon Headmaster , Midsomer Murders , Casualty , Holby City , The Bill , Up the Garden Path and So Haunt Me . She appeared in the BBC adaptation of Iris Murdoch 's The Bell ( 1982 ). She also played the role of the bookish sister Mary Bennet in the BBC serial adaptation of Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) .", "1": "In both 2009 and 2011 , Peake - Jones played Sue Bond in the BBC daytime soap opera , Doctors . In 2013 she appeared in the Doctor Who Christmas episode `` The Time of the Doctor '' , playing a character called Marta . In March 2008 she appeared as a member of staff in the Channel 4 drama Poppy Shakespeare . Set in psychiatric hospital , the production also starred Naomie Harris and Anna Maxwell Martin . Since 2014 she has appeared in Grantchester as Mrs Sylvia Maguire , the vicar 's religious and cantankerous housekeeper Personal life ( edit ) Her partner was Douglas Hodge , who played her son Damien Trotter as an adult in the Only Fools and Horses episode `` Heroes and Villains '' . They announced that they had split up in February 2013 after 27 years together . They have two children , a daughter , Mollie Rose , born in 1991 , and a son , Charlie , born c. 2000 . Filmography and TV roles ( edit ) The Danedyke Mystery ( 1979 ) ... Angela Horton Pride and Prejudice ( 1980 ) ... Mary Bennet The Bell ( 1982 ) ... Dora Greenfield BBC Television Shakespeare -- The Two Gentlemen of Verona -- ( 1983 ) ... Julia Charters and Caldicott ( 1985 ) ... Jenny Quartermaine 's Terms ( 1987 ) ... Anita What the Butler Saw ( 1987 ) ... Geraldine Barclay Only Fools and Horses ( 1988 -- 2003 ) ... Raquel Turner Anything More Would Be Greedy ( 1989 ) ... Jonquil Vickery Casualty ( 1990 ) ... Esther MacCauley Up the Garden Path ( 1990 -- 1993 ) ... Maria So Haunt Me ( 1992 -- 1994 ) ... Sally Rokeby The Good Sex Guide ( 1994 ) ... Herself Casualty ( 1995 ) ... Jenny Hodges The Demon Headmaster ( 1996 -- 1998 ) ... Mrs.", "2": "Hunter Midsomer Murders ( 1998 ) ... Sarah Lawton Births , Marriages and Deaths ( 1999 ) ... Molly The Lost World -- Mrs Summerlee ( 2001 ) Holby City ... Maggie Latham ( 2001 ) Heartbeat ... Lady Jocelyn ( 2008 ) Poppy Shakespeare ( 2008 ) ( TV Drama ) ... Psychotic Ward Nurse Doctors ( 2009 , 2011 ) ... Sue Bond Agatha Christie 's Poirot -- The Clocks ( 2010 ) ... Valerie Bland Casualty ( 2010 ) ... Tina Flannery First Night ( 2010 ) ... Mrs. Hammond Marchlands ( 2011 TV series ) ... Evelyn Bowen Holby City ( 2012 , 2016 ) ... Imelda Cousins Doctor Who -- `` The Time of the Doctor '' ( 25 December 2013 ) ... Marta Grantchester ( 2014 -- ) ... Mrs Maguire Bonobo ( 2014 ) ... Judith Unforgotten ( 2015 ) ... Sheila ( 4 episodes ) Midsomer Murders ( 2016 ) ... Mary Appleton References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Only Fools And Horses actors Tessa Peake - Jones and Douglas Hodge split '' . 6 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Daily Mail Weekend interview 14 January 2012 Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( 16 January 2008 ) . `` One of the girls '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 January 2008 .", "3": "External links ( edit ) Tessa Peake - Jones on IMDb VIAF : 172189039 SUDOC : 149261128 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tessa_Peake-Jones&oldid=838048325 '' Categories : 1957 births English television actresses English film actresses Living people People from Hammersmith Actresses from London Alumni of the Central School of Speech and Drama British comedy actresses Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2016 EngvarB from December 2016 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles with hCards BLP articles lacking sources from February 2018 All BLP articles lacking sources Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français עברית Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 16 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 3, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ 3, 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Edward H. East", "William G. Brownlow", "Edward H. East", "William G. Brownlow", "Edward H. East", "William G. Brownlow", "Edward H. East" ]

{ "0": "List of governors of Tennessee - wikipedia List of governors of Tennessee Jump to : navigation , search Governor of Tennessee Flag of the Governor Incumbent Bill Haslam since January 15 , 2011 Style The Honorable Residence Tennessee Governor 's Mansion Term length Four years , renewable once Inaugural holder John Sevier 1796 Salary $178,356 ( 2013 ) Website www.tn.gov/governor/ This is a list of people who have served as Governor of Tennessee . The governor 's term in office is limited by the Tennessee state constitution . The first constitution , enacted in 1796 , set a term of two years for the governor and provided that no person could serve as governor for more than six years in any eight - year period . The term of office was lengthened to four years , without the possibility of consecutive terms , by constitutional amendments adopted in 1953 . Under the current provisions of the state constitution , as amended in 1978 , the governor is elected to a four - year term and may serve no more than two terms consecutively . For a period of nearly five decades in the 20th century , the Tennessee Democratic Party held the Tennessee governorship continuously . However , since 1967 no two successive governors have belonged to the same party . According to the Tennessee Blue Book , Tennessee has had 49 governors , including the incumbent , Bill Haslam . This tally does not include William Blount ( the territorial governor ) or Robert L. Caruthers ( who never took office ) , though the Blue Book includes them in its list of governors . All governors are counted only once , regardless of number of terms served ( e.g. , John Sevier is considered the 1st governor , rather than the 1st and 3rd governor ) . The Blue Book does not include Edward H. East in its list of governors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Southwest Territory 2 State of Tennessee 3 Other high offices held by governors 4 Living former Governors of Tennessee 5 References 6 External links Southwest Territory ( edit ) The Territory South of the River Ohio , commonly called the Southwest Territory , was formed in 1790 from lands ceded by North Carolina to the United States government .", "1": "The territory was admitted to the Union as the State of Tennessee in 1796 . Parties Democratic - Republican # Portrait Governor ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Party State of Birth Occupation Notes William Blount ( 1749 -- 1800 ) September 20 , 1790 -- March 30 , 1796 Democratic - Republican NC Land speculator State of Tennessee ( edit ) Parties Democratic - Republican Democratic Whig Unionist / Military Republican # Portrait Governor ( Birth -- Death ) Term of Office Party State of Birth Occupation Lt. Governor Notes John Sevier ( 1745 -- 1815 ) March 30 , 1796 -- September 23 , 1801 Democratic - Republican VA Soldier , pioneer None Archibald Roane ( 1760 -- 1819 ) September 23 , 1801 -- September 23 , 1803 Democratic - Republican PA Lawyer John Sevier ( 1745 -- 1815 ) September 23 , 1803 -- September 20 , 1809 Democratic - Republican VA Soldier , pioneer Willie Blount ( 1768 -- 1835 ) September 20 , 1809 -- September 27 , 1815 Democratic - Republican NC Lawyer , planter Joseph McMinn ( 1758 -- 1824 ) September 27 , 1815 -- October 1 , 1821 Democratic - Republican PA Merchant 5 William Carroll ( 1788 -- 1844 ) October 1 , 1821 -- October 1 , 1827 Democratic - Republican PA Merchant , soldier 6 Sam Houston ( 1793 -- 1863 ) October 1 , 1827 -- April 16 , 1829 Democratic - Republican VA Lawyer 7 William Hall ( 1775 -- 1856 ) April 16 , 1829 -- October 1 , 1829 Democratic NC Planter , soldier 5 William Carroll ( 1788 -- 1844 ) October 1 , 1829 -- October 12 , 1835 Democratic PA Merchant ,", "2": "soldier 8 Newton Cannon ( 1781 -- 1841 ) October 12 , 1835 -- October 14 , 1839 Whig NC Planter 9 James K. Polk ( 1795 -- 1849 ) October 14 , 1839 -- October 15 , 1841 Democratic NC Lawyer / President 10 James C. Jones ( 1809 -- 1859 ) October 15 , 1841 -- October 14 , 1845 Whig TN Lawyer 11 Aaron V. Brown ( 1795 -- 1859 ) October 14 , 1845 -- October 17 , 1847 Democratic VA Lawyer 12 Neill S. Brown ( 1810 -- 1886 ) October 17 , 1847 -- October 16 , 1849 Whig TN Lawyer 13 William Trousdale ( 1790 -- 1872 ) October 16 , 1849 -- October 16 , 1851 Democratic NC Lawyer 14 William B. Campbell ( 1807 -- 1867 ) October 16 , 1851 -- October 17 , 1853 Whig TN Lawyer 15 Andrew Johnson ( 1808 -- 1875 ) October 17 , 1853 -- November 3 , 1857 Democratic NC Tailor , President 16 Isham G. Harris ( 1818 -- 1897 ) November 3 , 1857 -- March 12 , 1862 Democratic TN Lawyer , U.S.", "3": "Senator 15 Andrew Johnson ( 1808 -- 1875 ) March 12 , 1862 -- March 4 , 1865 Unionist / Military NC Tailor , President -- Edward H. East ( 1830 -- 1904 ) March 4 , 1865 -- April 5 , 1865 Republican TN Lawyer 17 William G. Brownlow ( 1805 -- 1877 ) April 5 , 1865 -- February 25 , 1869 Republican VA Editor , preacher 18 Dewitt Clinton Senter ( 1830 -- 1898 ) February 25 , 1869 -- October 10 , 1871 Republican TN Lawyer 19 John C. Brown ( 1827 -- 1889 ) October 10 , 1871 -- January 18 , 1875 Democratic TN Lawyer 20 James D. Porter ( 1828 -- 1912 ) January 18 , 1875 -- February 16 , 1879 Democratic TN Lawyer , educator 21 Albert S. Marks ( 1836 -- 1891 ) February 16 , 1879 -- January 17 , 1881 Democratic KY Lawyer , chancellor 22 Alvin Hawkins ( 1821 -- 1905 ) January 17 , 1881 -- January 15 , 1883 Republican KY Lawyer , judge 23 William B. Bate ( 1826 -- 1905 ) January 15 , 1883 -- January 17 , 1887 Democratic TN Lawyer , U.S. Senator 24 Robert Love Taylor ( 1850 -- 1912 ) January 17 , 1887 -- January 19 , 1891 Democratic TN Lawyer , U.S.", "4": "Senator 25 John P. Buchanan ( 1847 -- 1930 ) January 19 , 1891 -- January 16 , 1893 Democratic TN Farmer 26 Peter Turney ( 1827 -- 1903 ) January 16 , 1893 -- January 21 , 1897 Democratic TN Lawyer , judge 24 Robert Love Taylor ( 1850 -- 1912 ) January 21 , 1897 -- January 16 , 1899 Democratic TN Lawyer , U.S. Senator 27 Benton McMillin ( 1845 -- 1933 ) January 16 , 1899 -- January 19 , 1903 Democratic KY Lawyer , diplomat 28 James B. Frazier ( 1856 -- 1937 ) January 19 , 1903 -- March 21 , 1905 Democratic TN Lawyer , U.S. Senator 29 John I. Cox ( 1855 -- 1946 ) March 21 , 1905 -- January 17 , 1907 Democratic TN Lawyer 30 Malcolm R. Patterson ( 1861 -- 1935 ) January 17 , 1907 -- January 26 , 1911 Democratic AL Lawyer , judge 31 Ben W. Hooper ( 1870 -- 1957 ) January 26 , 1911 -- January 17 , 1915 Republican TN Lawyer 32 Thomas C. Rye ( 1863 -- 1953 ) January 17 , 1915 -- January 15 , 1919 Democratic TN Lawyer , judge 33 Albert H. Roberts ( 1868 -- 1946 ) January 15 , 1919 -- January 15 , 1921 Democratic TN Lawyer , judge 34 Alfred A. Taylor ( 1848 -- 1931 ) January 15 , 1921 -- January 16 , 1923 Republican TN Lawyer 35 Austin Peay ( 1876 -- 1927 ) January 16 , 1923 -- October 3 ,", "5": "1927 Democratic KY Lawyer 36 Henry Hollis Horton ( 1866 -- 1934 ) October 3 , 1927 -- January 17 , 1933 Democratic AL Lawyer , farmer 37 Hill McAlister ( 1875 -- 1959 ) January 17 , 1933 -- January 15 , 1937 Democratic TN Lawyer 38 Gordon Browning ( 1889 -- 1976 ) January 15 , 1937 -- January 16 , 1939 Democratic TN Lawyer , judge 39 Prentice Cooper ( 1895 -- 1969 ) January 16 , 1939 -- January 16 , 1945 Democratic TN Lawyer 40 Jim Nance McCord ( 1879 -- 1968 ) January 16 , 1945 -- January 16 , 1949 Democratic TN Editor 38 Gordon Browning ( 1889 -- 1976 ) January 16 , 1949 -- January 15 , 1953 Democratic TN Lawyer , Judge Walter M. Haynes 41 Frank G. Clement ( 1920 -- 1969 ) January 15 , 1953 -- January 19 , 1959 Democratic TN Lawyer Jared Maddux 42 Buford Ellington ( 1907 -- 1972 ) January 19 , 1959 -- January 15 , 1963 Democratic MS Farmer William D. Baird 41 Frank G. Clement ( 1920 -- 1969 ) January 15 , 1963 -- January 16 , 1967 Democratic TN Lawyer James L. Bomar , Jr .", "6": "42 Buford Ellington ( 1907 -- 1972 ) January 16 , 1967 -- January 16 , 1971 Democratic MS Farmer Jared Maddux 43 Winfield Dunn ( 1927 -- ) January 16 , 1971 -- January 18 , 1975 Republican MS Dentist Jared Maddux 44 Ray Blanton ( 1930 -- 1996 ) January 18 , 1975 -- January 17 , 1979 Democratic TN Farmer , businessman John S. Wilder 45 Lamar Alexander ( 1940 -- ) January 20 , 1979 -- January 17 , 1987 Republican TN Lawyer , US Senator John S. Wilder 46 Ned McWherter ( 1930 -- 2011 ) January 17 , 1987 -- January 21 , 1995 Democratic TN Businessman John S. Wilder 47 Don Sundquist ( 1936 -- ) January 21 , 1995 -- January 18 , 2003 Republican IL Businessman John S. Wilder 48 Phil Bredesen ( 1943 -- ) January 18 , 2003 -- January 15 , 2011 Democratic NJ Businessman John S. Wilder ( Democratic ) Ron Ramsey ( Republican ) 49 Bill Haslam ( 1958 -- ) January 15 , 2011 -- Incumbent Republican TN Businessman Ron Ramsey Randy McNally Other high offices held by governors ( edit ) This is a table of congressional seats , other federal offices , and other governorships held by governors . All representatives and senators mentioned represented Tennessee except where noted . * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take . Governor Gubernatorial term U.S. Congress Other offices held House Senate William Blount 1790 -- 1796 ( territorial ) Continental Congressman from North Carolina John Sevier 1796 -- 1801 1803 -- 1809 U.S.", "7": "Representative from North Carolina ; Governor of the State of Franklin Sam Houston 1827 -- 1829 President of the Republic of Texas ; U.S. Senator from Texas ; Governor of Texas William Hall 1829 Newton Cannon 1835 -- 1839 James K. Polk 1839 -- 1841 11th President of the United States James C. Jones 1841 -- 1845 Aaron V. Brown 1845 -- 1847 United States Postmaster General Neill S. Brown 1847 -- 1849 United States Minister to Russia William Trousdale 1849 -- 1851 United States Minister to Brazil William B. Campbell 1851 -- 1853 Andrew Johnson 1853 -- 1857 1862 -- 1865 17th President of the United States ; 16th Vice President of the United States Isham G. Harris 1857 -- 1862 William G. Brownlow 1865 -- 1869 James D. Porter 1875 -- 1879 United States Minister to Chile William B. Bate 1883 -- 1887 Robert Love Taylor 1897 -- 1899 Benton McMillin 1899 -- 1903 United States Minister to Peru ; United States Minister to Guatemala James B. Frazier 1903 -- 1905 S * Malcolm R. Patterson 1907 -- 1911 Alfred A. Taylor 1921 -- 1923 Gordon Browning 1937 -- 1939 1949 -- 1953 Prentice Cooper 1939 -- 1945 United States Ambassador to Peru Jim Nance McCord 1945 -- 1949 Ray Blanton 1975 -- 1979 Lamar Alexander 1979 -- 1987 United States Secretary of Education Don Sundquist 1995 -- 2003 Living former governors of Tennessee ( edit ) As of January 2017 , there are four former governors who are currently living at this time , the oldest being Winfield Dunn ( served 1971 -- 1975 , born 1927 ) .", "8": "The most recent death of a former Tennessee governor was that of Ned McWherter ( served 1987 -- 1995 , born 1930 ) , on April 4 , 2011 , who is also the most recently serving governor to have died . Governor Gubernatorial term Date of birth ( and age ) Winfield Dunn 1971 -- 1975 ( 1927 - 07 - 01 ) July 1 , 1927 ( age 90 ) Lamar Alexander 1979 -- 1987 ( 1940 - 07 - 03 ) July 3 , 1940 ( age 77 ) Don Sundquist 1995 -- 2003 ( 1936 - 03 - 15 ) March 15 , 1936 ( age 82 ) Phil Bredesen 2003 -- 2011 ( 1943 - 11 - 21 ) November 21 , 1943 ( age 74 ) References ( edit ) Specific Jump up ^ `` CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries '' . The Council of State Governments . June 25 , 2013 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jonathan M. Atkins . `` William Carroll '' in Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture ( online edition ) . Accessed January 27 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Government '' , Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Jump up ^ William Lyons , John M. Scheb , Billy Stair ( 2001 ) . Government and politics in Tennessee . University of Tennessee Press . p. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57233 - 141 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Office of the Governor , '' Tennessee Blue Book ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , p. 169 . Jump up ^ `` Past Governors , '' Tennessee Blue Book ( 2011 -- 2012 ) , pp. 547 , 553 .", "9": "Jump up ^ Appointed governor by President George Washington Jump up ^ Numbering of the Governors was deduced from the fact that the document at www.tn.gov/sos/bluebook/11-12/2_ExecutiveBranch.pdf identifies Bill Haslam as Tennessee 's 49th Governor . Governors who served multiple non-consecutive terms have their numbers repeated in italics in subsequent terms . Jump up ^ Harris continued issuing edicts as governor throughout the Civil War . Confederate Tennesseans elected Robert L. Caruthers as Harris 's successor in 1863 , but Caruthers never took office . Jump up ^ East was Tennessee Secretary of State from 1862 -- 1865 , appointed by Andrew Johnson , the military governor of the state under Union occupation during the Civil War . After Johnson was inaugurated as Vice President of the United States on March 4 , 1865 , East became the Acting Governor of Tennessee until William G. Brownlow , the `` elected '' governor of Tennessee , was inaugurated on April 5 , 1865 . The official Tennessee Blue Book does not include East in its list of former governors . Jump up ^ Peay is the only Governor of Tennessee to die in office and was succeeded by Lieutenant Governor Henry Horton . General Tennessee portal Tennessee Government and Politics : Democracy in the Volunteer State p. 43 , John R. Vile and Mark E. Byrnes. 1998 , Vanderbilt University Press External links ( edit ) Tennessee Blue Book : Historical Listings of Constitutional Officers Tennessee Blue Book : Past Governors of Tennessee Years in Tennessee ( 1796 -- present ) 18th - 19th century 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820", "10": "1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 20th century 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917", "11": "1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 21st century 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Chief executives of the United States Federal President of the United States State governors ( current list ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California list", "12": "Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii list Idaho Illinois list Indiana list Iowa list Kansas Kentucky list Louisiana Maine list Maryland list Massachusetts Michigan list Minnesota list Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska list Nevada New Hampshire list New Jersey list New Mexico list New York list North Carolina list North Dakota list Ohio Oklahoma list Oregon list Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina list South Dakota list Tennessee list Texas list Utah Vermont list Virginia list Washington West Virginia Wisconsin list Wyoming Territorial ( current list ) American Samoa District of Columbia Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico United States Virgin Islands Defunct Pre-state territories Panama Canal Zone Cuba Philippine Islands ( until 1935 ) Philippine Commonwealth ( until 1946 ) Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands Governors of Tennessee Sevier Roane Sevier Blount McMinn Carroll Houston Hall Carroll Cannon Polk Jones A. Brown N. Brown Trousdale Campbell Johnson Harris Johnson East Brownlow Senter J. Brown Porter Marks Hawkins Bate R. Taylor Buchanan Turney R.", "13": "Taylor McMillin Frazier Cox Patterson Hooper Rye Roberts A. Taylor Peay Horton McAlister Browning Cooper McCord Browning Clement Ellington Clement Ellington Dunn Blanton Alexander McWherter Sundquist Bredesen Haslam State of Tennessee Nashville ( capital ) Topics History Geography Tennesseans African Americans Media Newspapers Radio TV Constitution Elections Governors Lieutenant Governors General Assembly Supreme Court Tennessee National Guard Law Enforcement Tourist attractions Seal of Tennessee Grand Divisions East Tennessee Middle Tennessee West Tennessee Regions Blue Ridge Mountains Cumberland Mountains Cumberland Plateau Highland Rim Mississippi Plain Nashville Basin Ridge - and - Valley Appalachians Tennessee Valley Tri-Cities Largest cities Bartlett Bristol Chattanooga Clarksville Cleveland Franklin Hendersonville Jackson Johnson City Kingsport Knoxville Memphis Murfreesboro Nashville Counties Anderson Bedford Benton Bledsoe Blount Bradley Campbell Cannon Carroll Carter Cheatham Chester Claiborne Clay Cocke Coffee Crockett Cumberland Davidson Decatur DeKalb Dickson Dyer Fayette Fentress Franklin Gibson Giles Grainger Greene Grundy Hamblen Hamilton Hancock Hardeman Hardin Hawkins Haywood Henderson Henry Hickman Houston Humphreys Jackson Jefferson Johnson Knox Lake Lauderdale Lawrence Lewis Lincoln Loudon Macon Madison Marion Marshall Maury McMinn McNairy Meigs Monroe Montgomery Moore Morgan Obion Overton Perry Pickett Polk Putnam Rhea Roane Robertson Rutherford Scott Sequatchie Sevier Shelby Smith Stewart Sullivan Sumner Tipton Trousdale Unicoi Union Van Buren Warren Washington Wayne Weakley White Williamson Wilson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "14": "php?title=List_of_Governors_of_Tennessee&oldid=835633408 '' Categories : Lists of state governors of the United States Governors of Tennessee Lists of Tennessee politicians Political history of Tennessee Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Use mdy dates from September 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Slovenščina Svenska 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 21 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "\"flawed democracy\"", "presidential representative democratic republic", "presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of El Salvador is both head of state and head of government, and of an Executive power is exercised by the government", "presidential representative democratic republic", "a presidential representative democratic republic" ]

{ "0": "Politics of El Salvador - wikipedia Politics of El Salvador Jump to : navigation , search El Salvador This article is part of a series on the politics and government of El Salvador Constitution ( show ) Constitutional history Abortion law LGBT rights Executive ( show ) President Salvador Sánchez Cerén Vice President Óscar Ortiz Legislature ( show ) Legislative Assembly President : Sigfrido Reyes Morales Administrative divisions ( show ) Departments Municipalities Elections ( show ) Recent elections Presidential : 2004 2009 2014 Legislative : 2012 2015 2018 Political parties Foreign relations ( show ) Minister of Foreign Affairs Diplomatic missions Passport Visa requirements Other countries Atlas This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Politics of El Salvador takes place in land a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic , whereby the President of El Salvador is both head of state and head of government , and of an Executive power is exercised by the government . Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Legislative Assembly . The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature . The Economist Intelligence Unit has rated El Salvador as `` flawed democracy '' in 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Political culture 2 Executive branch 3 Legislative branch 4 Judicial branch 5 Foreign relations 6 References 7 External links Political culture ( edit ) Further information : List of political parties in El Salvador and Elections in El Salvador El Salvador has a multi-party system . Two political parties , the Nationalist Republican Alliance ( ARENA ) and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front ( FMLN ) have tended to dominate elections . ARENA candidates won four consecutive presidential elections until the election of Mauricio Funes of the FMLN in March 2009 . Geographically , the departments of the Central region , especially the capital and the coastal regions , known as departamentos rojos , or red departments , are relatively Leftist . The departamentos azules , or blue departments in the east , western and highland regions are relatively conservative .", "1": "Executive branch ( edit ) Main office holders Office Name Party Since President Salvador Sánchez Cerén Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front 1 June 2014 El Salvador elects its head of state -- the President of El Salvador -- directly through a fixed - date general election whose winner is decided by absolute majority . If an absolute majority ( 50 % + 1 ) is not achieved by any candidate in the first round of a presidential election , then a run - off pool election is conducted 30 days later between the two candidates who obtained the most votes in the first round . The presidential period is five years . Consecutive re-election is not permitted , though previously elected presidents may run for a second , non-consecutive term . Legislative branch ( edit ) Main article : Legislative Assembly of El Salvador Salvadorans also elect a single - chamber , unicameral national legislature -- the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador -- of 84 members ( deputies ) elected by closed - list proportional representation for three - year terms , with the possibility of immediate re-election . Twenty of the 84 seats in the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of a single national constituency . The remaining 64 are elected in 14 multi-member constituencies ( corresponding to El Salvador 's 14 departments ) . They range from 3 - 16 seats each according to department population size . Judicial branch ( edit ) Main article : Court system of El Salvador The Judiciary , headed by the Supreme Court , is composed of 15 judges , one of them being elected as President of the Judiciary . Foreign relations ( edit ) Further information : Foreign relations of El Salvador El Salvador is a member of the United Nations and several of its specialized agencies , the Organization of American States ( OAS ) , the Central American Common Market ( CACM ) , the Central American Parliament ( PARLACEN ) , and the Central American Integration System ( SICA ) . It actively participates in the Central American Security Commission ( CASC ) , which seeks to promote regional arms control . El Salvador also is a member of the World Trade Organization and is pursuing regional free trade agreements . An active participant in the Summit of the Americas process , El Salvador chairs a working group on market access under the Free Trade Area of the Americas initiative .", "2": "References ( edit ) Jump up ^ solutions , EIU digital . `` Democracy Index 2016 - The Economist Intelligence Unit '' . www.eiu.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 30 . External links ( edit ) Legislative Assembly of El Salvador Presidency of El Salvador Supreme Court of Justice of El Salvador Changing Colors in El Salvador by Emma Vawter , The Yale Globalist , May 11 ,", "3": "2009 El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender Inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Portal Politics of the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "4": "php?title=Politics_of_El_Salvador&oldid=835821963 '' Categories : Politics of El Salvador Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2018 All articles needing additional references All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Български Español Français Português Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 00 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry - Wikipedia Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Jump to : navigation , search Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes First meeting October 16 , 1897 Michigan 36 , Ohio State 0 Latest meeting November 25 , 2017 Ohio State 31 Michigan 20 Next meeting November 24 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 114 All - time series Michigan leads , 58 -- 49 -- 6 Largest victory Michigan 86 , Ohio State 0 ( 1902 ) Longest win streak Michigan , 9 ( 1901 -- 1909 ) Current win streak Ohio State , 6 ( 2012 - present ) The Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry , referred to as The Game by some followers , is an American college football rivalry game played annually between the University of Michigan Wolverines and the Ohio State University Buckeyes . It gathered particular national interest as most of the games from the 1970s through the mid-2000s determined the Big Ten Conference title and the resulting Rose Bowl Game match ups , and many influenced the outcome of the national college football championship . The game was ranked by ESPN in 2000 as the greatest North American sports rivalry . The two Midwest state schools first met in 1897 , and the rivalry has been played annually since 1918 . The game has been played at the end of the regular season since 1935 ( with exceptions in 1942 , 1986 , and 1998 ) . Since 1918 , the game 's site has alternated between Columbus , Ohio , and Ann Arbor , Michigan ( Michigan hosts it in odd years and Ohio State in even years ) , and has been played in Ohio Stadium since 1922 and Michigan Stadium since 1927 . Through 2010 , Ohio State and Michigan have decided the Big Ten Conference championship between themselves on 22 different occasions , and have affected the determination of the conference title an additional 27 times . For many years , the game aired on ABC , usually in the 12 p.m. time slot . Beginning with the 2017 season , the game aired on Fox as a result of that network acquiring the Big Ten 's tier 1 rights in the most recent broadcasting contract .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 1.1 Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) 1.2 `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 68 ) 1.3 `` Ten - Year War '' : Hayes vs Schembechler ( 1969 -- 78 ) 1.4 Schembechler vs Bruce ( 1979 -- 87 ) 1.5 John Cooper era ( 1988 -- 2000 ) 1.6 Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 07 ) 1.6. 1 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 1.7 Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 10 ) 1.8 A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- present ) 2 Big Ten expansion 3 In popular culture 4 Accomplishments by the two rivals 5 Game results 5.1 Big Ten games 6 Notes 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Series history ( edit ) Early years ( 1897 -- 1949 ) ( edit ) When the University of Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time in 1897 , the Toledo War was within the memories of some still living , and the short - lived border war may have fueled the rivalry between the two opposing teams . The inaugural game , held at Ann Arbor , resulted in a lopsided victory for Michigan , with the Wolverines posting a 34 -- 0 win over Ohio State 's Buckeyes . The teams did not meet in 1898 or 1899 , but played again in 1900 . The first game foretold a long Michigan winning streak , with Michigan winning or tying every game from 1897 to 1912 and thereby compiling a 12 -- 0 -- 2 record before the contest was postponed for several years . The Ohio State Alma Mater `` Carmen Ohio '' was written on the train ride home to Columbus following the 1902 contest , which saw Ohio State lose to Michigan 86 -- 0 . The lyrics and melody ( Spanish Chant ) have remained largely unchanged since its conception . Ohio State became a member of the Big Ten Conference in 1912 .", "2": "In 1917 , Michigan rejoined the conference after a ten - year absence . In 1918 , the teams played their first conference matchup , with Michigan prevailing 14 -- 0 and lodging its eleventh shutout over the Buckeyes . The rivalry has been renewed annually every year since then . In 1919 , the Buckeyes ( led by legendary halfback Chic Harley ) won their first game in the series , beating the Wolverines 13 -- 3 . The Buckeyes won the following two contests as well , to bring the series record to 13 -- 3 -- 2 . Ohio State was the opponent in the dedication game at Michigan Stadium in Ann Arbor . Harley 's prowess spurred the university to campaign to build a stadium for Ohio State football . The stadium was completed in 1922 , and the first of many historic games in Ohio Stadium took place on October 21 , 1922 , the day the stadium was dedicated in Columbus . In front of a record 71,000 fans , the Wolverines posted another shutout of the home team Buckeyes , 19 -- 0 . According to lore , there was a wager on the outcome of this game , and yellow flowers on a blue background still exist today in the upper part of the stadium 's rotunda . Michigan won the next five games before OSU picked up the final two victories of the decade . At the end of the 1920s , the series stood at 19 -- 5 -- 2 in favor of Michigan . A football signed by Woody Hayes and gifted to Gerald Ford that lists the scores of the Michigan -- Ohio State game from 1932 -- 34 , the three years that Ford played on Michigan 's varsity team . Michigan won three of four contests between 1930 and 1933 , claiming the national championship twice . In 1934 , Francis Schmidt came on as the head coach for Ohio State . The team had lost nine of the previous 12 Michigan - OSU contests , and when a reporter asked Schmidt if Ohio State could beat Michigan that year , he replied , `` Of course we can win , Michigan puts their pants on one leg at a time just like we do '' .", "3": "The Buckeyes thereupon ran off four straight shutout victories against Michigan , outscoring the Wolverines 114 -- 0 from 1934 to 1937 . Schmidt 's quote spawned an OSU tradition -- since 1934 , every Ohio State player receives a gold pants pendant after a victory against Michigan . Michigan won the three games from 1938 to 1940 . The 1940 game , won by Michigan , 40 -- 0 , was the benchmark performance of what some consider to be the greatest Michigan team in history , and was the final collegiate game of the tailback tandem of Tom Harmon and Paul Kromer . In 1941 , Michigan and Ohio State met for the first time with each team ranked in the AP Poll , which had started in 1936 . The 14th - ranked Buckeyes played the 5th - ranked Wolverines to a 20 -- 20 tie in Ann Arbor . In 1945 , Michigan quarterback Howard Yerges led Michigan to a 7 -- 3 victory over Ohio State . Yerges played for Ohio State in 1943 as a freshman ( freshmen were eligible to play during wartime ) and then transferred to Michigan in 1944 , making him one of three players to play on both sides in the rivalry . Five more times during the 1940s , the teams were both ranked for their annual matchup . Michigan won five of the next seven games before playing to their second tie of the decade in 1949 . The series record stood at 30 -- 12 -- 4 at the mid-century mark . `` Snow Bowl '' and Woody Hayes ( 1950 -- 68 ) ( edit ) One of the more famous games in the rivalry is the 1950 contest , colloquially known as the Snow Bowl . Eighth - ranked Ohio State , coached by Wes Fesler , was scheduled to host the game on November 25 in Columbus amidst one of the worst blizzards on Ohio record . The Buckeyes , who led the Big Ten , were granted the option to cancel the game against Michigan , which would have , by default , given the Buckeyes the Big Ten title outright . Ohio State refused , and the game was set to be played .", "4": "Amid howling snow and wind , in a famous example of a `` field position '' game , the teams exchanged 45 punts , often on first down , in hopes that the other team would fumble the ball near or into their own end zone . Ohio State 's Vic Janowicz , who would claim the Heisman Trophy that year , punted 21 times for 685 yards and also kicked a field goal in the first quarter for the Buckeyes ' only points . Michigan capitalized on two blocked punts , booting one out of the back of the end zone for a safety and recovering another one in the end zone for a touchdown just before halftime . Despite failing to gain a single first down or complete a single forward pass , Michigan gained a 9 -- 3 victory , securing the Big Ten title and a Rose Bowl berth . Heavy criticism of Fesler 's play calling led to his resignation and the hiring of Woody Hayes as his successor . Between 1951 and 1968 under Hayes , the Buckeyes won 12 of 18 contests , including a 1957 victory in Michigan Stadium , the first game in the series attended by over 100,000 fans . In 1958 , Ohio State had a 20 -- 14 lead towards the end of the game . On the final play , Michigan fullback Gene Sisinyak ran the ball from the one - yard line for what might have been a game - winning touchdown , but Ohio State defensive tackle Dick Schafrath hit Sisinyak , forcing a fumble . In the 1968 game , Ohio State won 50 -- 14 , outscoring its foe 29 -- 0 in the second half and attempting an unsuccessful two - point conversion attempt on its final touchdown . In the post-game interview Hayes was asked why he went for two points with an already insurmountable 50 -- 14 lead and he replied , `` because I could n't go for three '' . The victory gave top - ranked Ohio State the Big Ten title for the first time in seven years en route to an AP national championship . The Buckeyes had also narrowed the series margin to 37 -- 24 -- 4 . `` Ten - year War '' : Hayes vs.", "5": "Schembechler ( 1969 -- 78 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Ten Year War Wolverines coach Bump Elliott resigned after the 1968 loss and Michigan hired Miami ( Ohio ) head coach Bo Schembechler , who had previously been an assistant at Ohio State under Hayes , to revitalize its football program . On November 22 , 1969 , Hayes led his top - ranked Buckeyes into Michigan Stadium to face Schembechler 's Wolverines in the first matchup between two coaches who would come to define the rivalry between the two programs . The Buckeyes brought a 22 - game winning streak into Ann Arbor , but behind an inspiring 60 - yard punt return by Barry Pierson that set up a Wolverine touchdown in the second quarter , and a defense that intercepted Ohio State six times ( three by Pierson ) , the Wolverines won a defensive battle ( both teams were scoreless in the second half ) for a 24 -- 12 upset . The contest was the first in the famous `` Ten - Year War '' between Hayes and Schembechler , which pitted some of OSU 's and UM 's strongest teams against one another . Four times between 1970 and 1975 , Ohio State and Michigan were both ranked in the top five of the AP Poll before their matchup . The Wolverines entered every game during those years undefeated and won only once , a 10 -- 7 victory in Ann Arbor on November 20 , 1971 . The Michigan graduating class of 1975 shared or won the Big Ten championship every season , yet went to the Rose Bowl only once , in 1972 . They only lost or tied with Ohio State during the regular season in that period . In 1973 , both teams entered undefeated , with the winner guaranteed a trip to the Rose Bowl . The rivals played to a 10 -- 10 tie in Ann Arbor on November 24 , and the athletic directors of the other Big Ten institutions were forced to vote on the Big Ten representative for the bowl game . In a secret ballot , Ohio State won the vote , to the outrage of Michigan athletic officials and fans . Schembechler argued that Michigan was robbed of its on - field achievements , and for months afterward , Ohio State newspapers were flooded with angry Wolverine letters and threats of lawsuits .", "6": "Woody coined the phrase `` That state up north '' and `` That team up north '' , so he would not have to say the word `` Michigan '' . He was famous for his intense hatred of all things Michigan and according to legend , once refused to get gas in an empty tank , saying : `` No , goddammit ! We do NOT pull in and fill up . And I 'll tell you exactly why we do n't . It 's because I do n't buy one goddam drop of gas in the state of Michigan ! We 'll coast and PUSH this goddam car to the Ohio line before I give this state a nickel of my money ! '' During the `` Ten - Year War , '' Ohio State and Michigan shared the Big Ten title six times . Between 1976 and 1978 , Michigan won the game each year , and Ohio State failed to score a touchdown in each of those contests . Woody Hayes was fired at the end of the 1978 season after punching a Clemson player during the Gator Bowl , which ended the `` War . '' The 1978 game was won by Michigan , 14 -- 3 , giving Schembechler a record of 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes . At the end of the Hayes tenure , the series stood at 42 -- 28 -- 5 . Schembechler vs. Bruce ( 1979 -- 87 ) ( edit ) Earle Bruce took over for Hayes and led the Buckeyes to a 5 -- 4 record against Schembechler 's Wolverines between 1979 and 1987 , perhaps the most balanced stretch of the rivalry , during which neither team won more than two consecutive games . In 1987 , Bruce was fired in the week before the Michigan game due to a poor season record , but was allowed to coach anyway , and the inspired Buckeyes ( each wearing a sweatband labeled `` Earle '' ) won an upset over the heavily favored Wolverines . After the game , Bo Schembechler told Bruce , `` I always mind losing to Ohio State but I did n't mind so much today . '' After 1987 , the series stood at 46 -- 33 -- 5 in favor of UM .", "7": "John Cooper era ( 1988 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) The 13 games during John Cooper 's tenure as Buckeye coach were dominated by Michigan , as the Wolverines went 10 -- 2 -- 1 during the stretch . Schembechler coached Michigan through the 1989 season and then turned over the reins to one of his assistants , Gary Moeller , who led the team for five seasons before another longtime Michigan assistant , Lloyd Carr , became the head coach in 1995 . The most notorious matchups of the era took place in 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 , in which Ohio State entered the game each year undefeated . The Buckeyes had a 9 -- 0 -- 1 record heading into the 1993 game and were looking to claim an outright Big Ten title against a Michigan team that had already lost four times . Michigan receiver Mercury Hayes and running backs Jon Ritchie , Che Foster , and Ed Davis each scored a touchdown as the Wolverines shocked the Buckeyes , 28 -- 0 . After the game , Cooper said : `` This is one of the most embarrassing games I 've ever been involved with . '' `` They outplayed us on offense , on defense , and in the kicking game . If you 'd told me we would come up here and get beat 28 -- 0 , I 'd have probably stayed home . '' In 1995 , # 2 Ohio State was led by eventual Heisman Trophy winner Eddie George and future National Football League ( NFL ) stars Orlando Pace , Terry Glenn , Mike Vrabel , Shawn Springs , and Rickey Dudley . Glenn insisted there was n't anything special about the Wolverines : `` Michigan 's nothing , '' he said . Perhaps inspired by this remark , the Wolverines manhandled the Buckeyes at the line of scrimmage from the very first play . Michigan senior running back Tim Biakabutuka amassed 313 yards rushing in Michigan 's 31 -- 23 upset . The Buckeyes had high expectations again entering the 1996 contest . They boasted an unblemished 10 -- 0 record and were ranked # 2 in the nation as they entered the finale with 7 -- 3 Michigan .", "8": "When Ohio State jumped to a 9 -- 0 halftime lead , the OSU crowd sensed a special finish and perhaps a rise to # 1 . The Wolverines ' defense shut the Buckeyes out in the second half while Brian Griese replaced the struggling Scott Dreisbach and led Michigan to 13 unanswered points and another victory over their rivals , 13 -- 9 . The game would turn out to be the Buckeyes ' only loss of the season and ended up costing them a chance of the national championship . In 1997 , Ohio State hoped to return the favor : the 10 -- 0 Wolverines sat atop the AP Poll entering their matchup with the 10 -- 1 Buckeyes , who were ranked # 4 . Spearheaded by the play of eventual Heisman winner Charles Woodson , who ran a punt back for a touchdown , intercepted a pass in the Ohio State end zone , and caught a 37 - yard pass that set up freshman running back Anthony Thomas ' touchdown run , the Wolverines prevailed , 20 -- 14 . The Wolverines then defeated Washington State in the Rose Bowl by a 21 -- 16 score , winning their first national championship since 1948 . Ohio State came back with a win in the 1998 contest , but Michigan went on to win in 1999 and 2000 . Senior quarterback Tom Brady hit sophomore receiver Marquise Walker for the game - winning touchdown pass with five minutes to go to for a 24 -- 17 victory in 1999 . In the 2000 game , Michigan grabbed a 31 -- 12 lead and held on to win , 38 -- 26 . Michigan junior quarterback Drew Henson went 14 for 25 passing for 303 yards and three scores and added a touchdown run . At the end of the 2000 season , Cooper was fired . While he consistently fielded strong teams , his 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Michigan , including his failure to ever win in Ann Arbor , was , along with disciplinary problems and a losing record in bowl games , a major contributor to his dismissal . Michigan students held a `` John Cooper Day '' celebration in Ann Arbor on February 10 , 2001 in mock celebration of Cooper 's record in the rivalry .", "9": "Enter Jim Tressel ( 2001 -- 07 ) ( edit ) James Laurinaitis attempts to tackle Brandon Minor . In 2001 , Youngstown State head football coach Jim Tressel took over as Buckeye head coach . Unlike his predecessor John Cooper , Tressel put a special emphasis on the rivalry . In his introductory speech at halftime of a January basketball game , against Michigan , he said `` I can assure you that you will be proud of our young people , in the classroom , in the community , and most especially in 310 days in Ann Arbor , Michigan on the football field . '' In his first year , Tressel registered the Buckeyes ' first defeat of the Wolverines in Ann Arbor in 14 years , by a 26 -- 20 score . Led by senior running back Jonathan Wells , the Buckeyes raced to a 23 -- 0 halftime lead . With Wells out , Michigan mounted a second half comeback that fell just short . The next year , Tressel achieved what Cooper could not : Beating Michigan in consecutive years with a 14 -- 9 victory . The game was decided on the last play when defensive back Will Allen intercepted a pass at the two yard line as time expired to clinch the victory . The Buckeyes were led by freshman running back Maurice Clarett , who ran for 119 yards and one touchdown . He also had a key reception to set up Maurice Hall 's game - winning score . The Buckeyes went on to win the national championship that season , as they defeated Miami in the Fiesta Bowl . In 2003 , Michigan struck back and won the 100th meeting between the historical rivals by a score of 35 -- 21 in Ann Arbor . Senior running back Chris Perry , a Heisman finalist , had 154 yards rushing and two touchdowns to lead the Wolverines to the victory . Braylon Edwards contributed seven catches for 130 yards and two big touchdowns . The game 's attendance was 112,118 , the largest crowd ever for an NCAA football game at the time . In 2004 , the 6 -- 4 Buckeyes defeated the heavily favored 9 -- 1 Wolverines , 37 -- 21 , behind the leadership of quarterback Troy Smith and true freshman receiver Ted Ginn , Jr .", "10": "The Buckeyes added another win in the 2005 game by overcoming a 21 -- 12 deficit with less than eight minutes in the game . In the closing minutes of the game , the Buckeye offense scored two touchdowns to claim a 25 -- 21 victory . Smith threw for 300 yards and completed 73 % of his passes . Ginn had a game high nine catches for 89 yards . 2006 : No. 1 vs. No. 2 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 Michigan vs. Ohio State football game Game of the Century ( in 2006 ) Michigan Wolverines Ohio State Buckeyes ( 11 -- 0 ) ( 11 -- 0 ) 39 42 Head coach : Lloyd Carr Head coach : Jim Tressel AP Coaches BCS AP Coaches BCS Total Michigan 7 7 10 15 39 Ohio State 7 21 7 7 42 Date November 18 , 2006 Season 2006 Stadium Ohio Stadium Location Columbus , Ohio On November 18 , 2006 , Ohio State and Michigan met for their annual showdown , each carrying an 11 -- 0 record . For the first time in the history of the rivalry , the two rivals faced off while holding the top two spots in the Bowl Championship Series rankings . Ohio State won the game by a score of 42 -- 39 and became the outright Big Ten champion , earning the right to play for a national championship at the BCS National Championship Game in Glendale , Arizona . Michigan struck first with a touchdown run by junior running back Mike Hart , but the Buckeyes then scored 21 unanswered points , and at halftime , they were up 28 -- 14 . Thanks to an interception and a fumble recovery by junior defensive tackle Alan Branch , Michigan made it 35 -- 31 Ohio State with 14 minutes to go in the fourth quarter . But after appearing to have forced Ohio State into a fourth - down situation with six minutes to go , junior outside linebacker Shawn Crable was called for roughing the passer , giving the Buckeyes a fresh set of downs .", "11": "Ohio State quarterback Troy Smith then passed to Brian Robiskie for a touchdown , increasing the Buckeyes ' lead to 42 -- 31 with five minutes remaining in the game . After Ohio State was called for pass interference on a failed fourth - down attempt , giving Michigan an automatic first down , junior quarterback Chad Henne found senior tight end Tyler Ecker for a 16 - yard touchdown with two minutes to go to cut the OSU lead to 42 -- 37 . Senior wide receiver Steve Breaston caught the two - point conversion to bring the Wolverines within a field goal . Michigan needed to recover the ensuing onside kick , but they failed to do so . The Buckeyes ran out the clock for the victory , and a trip to the BCS national championship game . Troy Smith completed 71 % of his passes for 316 yards and four touchdowns , essentially clinching the Heisman trophy . Ginn caught eight passes for 104 yards and a touchdown . Ohio State running back Antonio Pittman ran for 139 yards on 18 carries for a 7.7 yards - per - carry average . Michigan running back Mike Hart carried the ball 23 times for 142 yards and three touchdowns against a stout Buckeye defense . Chad Henne had 267 yards , two touchdowns , and no turnovers on a 60 % completion percentage . Neither performance was , however , sufficient to turn the tide in favor of the Wolverines . The game was highly touted by ESPN / ABC ( there was a game countdown clock for a week before kickoff ) and was viewed by the largest television audience for a regular - season college football game since 1993 , averaging 21.8 million viewers . The victory marked the first time in 43 years that the Buckeyes had won three consecutive games in the series . The game gained even more significance when , on the eve of the meeting , Michigan head coach and former Ohio State assistant coach Bo Schembechler died . Schembechler was honored with a video tribute at Ohio Stadium as well as a moment of silence before kickoff . Half an hour after the game ended , the Ohio Lottery PICK 4 evening drawing was 4 -- 2 -- 3 -- 9 , matching the final score of the game and paying out up to $5,000 per winner , for a total payout of $2.2 million .", "12": "Following the game , there was a chance of a rematch in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game , but Florida was chosen over Michigan to be Ohio State 's opponent . Sea change at Michigan ( 2008 -- 10 ) ( edit ) Terrelle Pryor ( right ) eludes Brandon Graham with a stiff arm . Lloyd Carr retired as coach at Michigan following the 2007 season and another loss to Ohio State . Tressel had compiled a 6 -- 1 record against Carr 's Michigan teams , leaving Carr with a 6 -- 7 career record against Ohio State . In December 2007 , Michigan hired West Virginia head coach Rich Rodriguez to take over the football program . Rodriguez , known for his expertise in the spread offense , represented a significant departure from the Wolverines ' traditional offensive style . Furthermore , both Carr and his predecessor Gary Moeller had been apprenticed by the now - legendary Schembechler , and Rodriguez 's hiring marked the first time in 40 years that a Michigan football team would not be coached by a member of the `` Schembechler school . '' The 2008 game , Rodriguez 's first against the Buckeyes , featured an Ohio State team that needed a win to secure at least a share of the Big Ten championship for the fourth straight year . Michigan by contrast entered the game with a 3 -- 8 record , having already suffered more losses than in any other season in its history . The Buckeyes posted a 42 -- 7 win , and scored their largest margin of victory over Michigan since 1968 . Ohio State won 21 -- 10 in the 2009 game to extend their winning streak against Michigan to six games , their longest in the rivalry 's history , and improve Jim Tressel 's record versus Michigan to 8 -- 1 . Ohio State wore throwback uniforms to commemorate their 1954 national championship team . The 2009 meeting also saw Buckeye guard Justin Boren , who had transferred to Ohio State from Michigan in 2008 , become the third player in school history to play for both teams ( J.T. White and Howard Yerges , Jr. being the others ) and only the second to play for both teams in the rivalry game .", "13": "In 2010 , Ohio State again prevailed , 37 -- 7 but had to vacate all wins from the 2010 season . A carousel of coaches ( 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) Michigan on offense against Ohio State during the 2011 game in Ann Arbor Rodriguez was fired following Michigan 's 2010 season , ending Michigan 's flirtation with the spread -- and with non - `` Michigan Man '' coaches . Rodriguez was succeeded by Brady Hoke , who served as Michigan 's defensive line coach from 1995 to 2002 . Hoke held head coaching positions at Ball State from 2003 to 2008 and San Diego State from 2009 to 2010 before returning to Michigan . Meanwhile , in Columbus , the Ohio State football program came under NCAA investigation in early 2011 for an incident in which several prominent players were discovered to have traded memorabilia for tattoos . Evidence surfaced that Tressel had known about the situation but had not reported it to school compliance officials , and that the abuses were more widespread and longstanding than originally reported . On May 30 , 2011 , Tressel resigned as head coach and former Buckeye player and assistant coach Luke Fickell was appointed interim head coach for the 2011 season . In July 2011 , in response to the ongoing NCAA investigation , Ohio State vacated all wins from the 2010 season , including the win over Michigan , leaving Tressel with a final record against Michigan of 8 -- 1 , with a win streak of six . Michigan won the 2011 meeting , 40 -- 34 , which was the first between two first - year coaches since the 1929 match - up of Harry Kipke and Sam Willaman . The Wolverines were led by junior quarterback Denard Robinson who accounted for 337 total yards rushing and passing , and five touchdowns . On November 28 , 2011 , Urban Meyer , who had served as an assistant at Ohio State from 1986 to 1987 , was named the 24th head coach for the Buckeyes , replacing Fickell . In the 2012 matchup , OSU 's junior running back Carlos Hyde ran for 146 yards and the fourth - ranked Buckeyes , trailing at halftime , shut down No.", "14": "20 Michigan 's offense in the second half to prevail 26 -- 21 and cap a 12 -- 0 season . In 2013 , Ohio State came to Michigan Stadium with an 11 -- 0 record ( 7 -- 0 Big Ten ) and ranked # 3 in the BCS standings . Michigan was a disappointing 7 -- 4 ( 3 -- 4 Big Ten ) . In spite of the seeming mismatch , the game remained close and with 32 seconds remaining Michigan scored to bring the score to 42 -- 41 . Michigan attempted a two - point conversion for the lead , but Devin Gardner 's pass was intercepted in the end zone by Tyvis Powell , and Ohio State escaped with the win . Michigan entered the 2014 contest with a 5 -- 6 record and needed a win against Ohio State to become bowl eligible . Ohio State had a 10 -- 1 record ( 7 -- 0 in the Big Ten ) , and was holding onto hope that they would be selected as one of the top four teams in the nation and gain a spot in the first ever College Football Playoff . The game was tied at 21 until the fourth quarter when Ohio State scored three touchdowns ( two on offense and one on defense ) to go up 42 -- 21 . The Game ended 42 -- 28 . During the contest , OSU quarterback J.T. Barrett suffered a broken ankle and left the game in favor of third - string sophomore quarterback , Cardale Jones . Ohio State would go on to win the inaugural College Football Playoff and national championship . Three days after the game , Michigan head coach Brady Hoke was fired and Michigan began searching for Hoke 's successor . On December 30 , 2014 , Jim Harbaugh , former quarterback for Michigan from 1983 to 1986 , was introduced by the University of Michigan as the school 's new head football coach . The 2015 game in Ann Arbor marked Harbaugh 's first game as a head coach in the rivalry . His Michigan team was 9 -- 2 coming into the game and Ohio State was 10 -- 1 . For the first time since 2006 , both teams were ranked in the top 10 , with Ohio State at # 8 and Michigan at # 10 .", "15": "The first half was close , with Michigan scoring a touchdown shortly before halftime to narrow Ohio State 's lead to 14 -- 10 . Ohio State , however , scored touchdowns on each of its first 4 possessions in the second half , while Michigan could only muster a single field goal . The final score was 42 -- 13 , in favor of Ohio State . The 2016 game pitted the third - ranked Wolverines against the second - ranked Buckeyes , only the second time that the matchup featured programs both ranked in the nation 's top three . Michigan led 10 -- 7 at halftime and extended its lead to 17 -- 7 early in the third quarter . An Ohio State touchdown cut the deficit to 17 -- 14 heading to the fourth quarter . The Buckeyes kicked a field goal in the final seconds of regulation to tie the game and force overtime . The game marked the first overtime in the series between the two teams . Ohio State defeated Michigan for the fifth consecutive time , winning , 30 -- 27 , in double overtime . The 2017 game , held in Ann Arbor , drew a crowd of more than 112,000 , and featured the ninth - ranked Buckeyes against the unranked Wolverines . Michigan took an early lead and led 14 - 0 at the end of the first quarter but Ohio State tied the game at 14 - 14 before half time . Michigan 's offense was limited to six points in the second half , and Ohio State scored 17 , winning the game 31 - 20 . The victory was the Buckeyes ' sixth win in six years under head coach Urban Meyer . J.T. Barrett , Ohio State 's starting quarterback , recorded 4 wins in 4 years as a starting quarterback -- the first Ohio State QB to do so . Until this game , Ohio State had never come back and won a game against Michigan once down 14 or more points . Big Ten expansion ( edit ) Main article : 2010 -- 14 Big Ten Conference realignment In 2010 , the Big Ten Conference announced that the University of Nebraska would be joining the Big Ten the following year , and that the Big Ten would be split into two divisions .", "16": "When rumors surfaced that Ohio State and Michigan would be placed in different divisions , concerns arose that the teams might no longer play the last game of the regular season to avoid potential back - to - back games if each team won their division and earned the right to play in the Big Ten Championship Game . Fans bombarded the athletic directors of both schools , as well as the Big Ten commissioner with emails , creating pressure to keep The Game as the regular season finale . Ultimately , Michigan was placed in the Legends Division and Ohio State in the Leaders Division . The Michigan -- Ohio State game became a `` protected crossover '' game , to be played every year at the end of the regular season . The game became a division matchup in 2014 under the Big Ten 's geographical realignment . Michigan and Ohio State were both placed in the East Division . In popular culture ( edit ) United States National Guard soldiers in Baghdad , Iraq , in November 2009 show that the Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry reaches far and wide . During the mid-2000s , ESPN aired several commercials describing certain situations that would be `` normal , if it was n't for sports '' . One commercial featured a man in an Ohio State shirt making out with a woman wearing a Michigan shirt . An ESPNU commercial air portrayed a couple on a blind date that appears to be successful until it becomes clear that she is from Michigan and he is a fan of Ohio State . In 2006 , as part of their `` Midwest Midterm Midtacular '' , The Daily Show visited Ohio State University and made fun of the rivalry on the final night by having correspondent Rob Riggle report while wearing a Michigan sweatshirt . This brought boos , jeers , and a few laughs from the OSU audience . After the sketch was over , Jon Stewart compared the rivalry to the disputes between Sunni and Shiite Muslims . The 2007 HBO documentary Michigan vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry focused on the rivalry , chiefly the `` Ten - Year War '' through the present . The book Myth Directions by Robert Asprin , who attended Michigan , features a thinly veiled version of the Ohio State vs. Michigan game , parodying both sides and their fanaticism regarding the event .", "17": "The 1942 movie The Male Animal , based on a play of the same name by Ohio State alumni James Thurber and Elliott Nugent , also features a version of the game . In 2011 , 10 - year - old Grant Reed of Columbus was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor . Not liking to use the word `` cancer '' , Reed ( whose parents are both Ohio State alums and himself is an Ohio State fan ) decided to call his cancer `` Michigan '' , since `` Ohio State is always going to beat Michigan '' . The move of calling his cancer `` Michigan '' got the support of his parents , Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer ( who Reed later got to meet ) , and even some Michigan fans , including Michigan head coach Brady Hoke . After his last chemotherapy treatment in 2013 which placed him in remission , Reed now tells people that he `` beat Michigan '' . Accomplishments by the two rivals ( edit ) Team Michigan Ohio State National titles 11 8 Bowl appearances 45 47 CFP appearances 0 BCS / NY6 appearances 6 14 Postseason bowl record 21 -- 24 22 -- 25 Rose Bowl appearances 20 14 Rose Bowl wins 8 7 Big Ten Division titles 0 6 Big Ten titles 42 36 Consensus All - Americans 81 83 Heisman Trophies 7 All - time program record 943 -- 338 -- 36 897 -- 324 -- 53 All - time win percentage . 730 . 724 Game Results ( edit ) Rankings are from the AP Poll . Michigan victories Ohio State victories Tie games Vacated wins No . Date Location Winner Score 1897 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 1900 Ann Arbor Tie 0 -- 0 1901 Columbus Michigan 21 -- 0 1902 Ann Arbor Michigan 86 -- 0 5", "18": "1903 Ann Arbor Michigan 36 -- 0 6 1904 Columbus Michigan 31 -- 6 7 1905 Ann Arbor Michigan 40 -- 0 8 1906 Columbus Michigan 6 -- 0 9 1907 Ann Arbor Michigan 22 -- 0 10 1908 Columbus Michigan 10 -- 6 11 1909 Ann Arbor Michigan 33 -- 6 12 1910 Columbus Tie 3 -- 3 13 1911 Ann Arbor Michigan 19 -- 0 14 1912 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 15 1918 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 0 16 1919 Ann Arbor Ohio State 13 -- 3 17 1920 Columbus Ohio State 14 -- 7 18 1921 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 0 19 1922 Columbus Michigan 19 -- 0 20 1923 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 0 21 1924 Columbus Michigan 16 -- 6 22 1925 Ann Arbor Michigan 10 -- 0 23 1926 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 16 24 1927 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 0 25 1928 Columbus", "19": "Ohio State 19 -- 7 26 1929 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 27 1930 Columbus Michigan 13 -- 0 28 1931 Ann Arbor Ohio State 7 -- 0 29 1932 Columbus Michigan 14 -- 10 30 1933 Ann Arbor Michigan 13 -- 0 31 1934 Columbus Ohio State 34 -- 0 32 1935 Ann Arbor Ohio State 38 -- 0 33 1936 Columbus Ohio State ( # 18 ) 21 -- 0 34 1937 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 19 ) 21 -- 0 35 1938 Columbus Michigan ( # 17 ) 18 -- 0 36 1939 Ann Arbor Michigan 21 -- 14 37 1940 Columbus Michigan ( # 7 ) 40 -- 0 38 1941 Ann Arbor Tie 20 -- 20 39 1942 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 21 -- 7 40 1943 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 45 -- 7 41 1944 Columbus Ohio State ( # 3 ) 18 -- 14 42 1945 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 7 -- 3 43 1946 Columbus Michigan ( # 8 )", "20": "58 -- 6 44 1947 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 21 -- 0 45 1948 Columbus Michigan ( # 1 ) 13 -- 3 46 1949 Ann Arbor Tie 7 -- 7 47 1950 Columbus Michigan 9 -- 3 48 1951 Ann Arbor Michigan 7 -- 0 49 1952 Columbus Ohio State 27 -- 7 50 1953 Ann Arbor Michigan 20 -- 0 51 1954 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 7 52 1955 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 17 -- 0 53 1956 Columbus Michigan ( # 9 ) 19 -- 0 54 1957 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 31 -- 14 55 1958 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 20 -- 14 56 1959 Ann Arbor Michigan 23 -- 14 57 1960 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 7 -- 0 58 1961 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 20 No . Date Location Winner Score 59 1962 Columbus Ohio State 28 -- 0 60 1963 Ann Arbor Ohio State 14 -- 10", "21": "61 1964 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 10 -- 0 62 1965 Ann Arbor Ohio State 9 -- 7 63 1966 Columbus Michigan 17 -- 3 64 1967 Ann Arbor Ohio State 24 -- 14 65 1968 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 50 -- 14 66 1969 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 12 ) 24 -- 12 67 1970 Columbus Ohio State ( # 5 ) 20 -- 9 68 1971 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 10 -- 7 69 1972 Columbus Ohio State ( # 9 ) 14 -- 11 70 1973 Ann Arbor Tie 10 -- 10 71 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 12 -- 10 72 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 1 ) 21 -- 14 73 1976 Columbus Michigan ( # 4 ) 22 -- 0 74 1977 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 14 -- 6 75 1978 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 14 -- 3 76 1979 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 2 ) 18 -- 15 77 1980 Columbus Michigan ( # 10 ) 9 -- 3 78 1981 Ann Arbor Ohio State", "22": "14 -- 9 79 1982 Columbus Ohio State 24 -- 14 80 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 8 ) 24 -- 21 81 1984 Columbus Ohio State ( # 11 ) 21 -- 6 82 1985 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 6 ) 27 -- 17 83 1986 Columbus Michigan ( # 6 ) 26 -- 24 84 Ann Arbor Ohio State 23 -- 20 85 1988 Columbus Michigan ( # 12 ) 34 -- 31 86 1989 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 3 ) 28 -- 18 87 1990 Columbus Michigan ( # 15 ) 16 -- 13 88 1991 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 4 ) 31 -- 3 89 1992 Columbus Tie 13 -- 13 90 1993 Ann Arbor Michigan 28 -- 0 91 1994 Columbus Ohio State ( # 22 ) 22 -- 6 92 1995 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 18 ) 31 -- 23 93 Columbus Michigan ( # 21 ) 13 -- 9 94 1997 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 1 ) 20 -- 14 95 1998 Columbus Ohio State ( # 7 ) 31 -- 16 96 1999 Ann Arbor Michigan", "23": "( # 10 ) 24 -- 17 97 2000 Columbus Michigan ( # 19 ) 38 -- 26 98 2001 Ann Arbor Ohio State 26 -- 20 99 2002 Columbus Ohio State ( # 2 ) 14 -- 9 100 2003 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 5 ) 35 -- 21 101 Columbus Ohio State 37 -- 21 102 2005 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 25 -- 21 103 2006 Columbus Ohio State ( # 1 ) 42 -- 39 104 2007 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 7 ) 14 -- 3 105 2008 Columbus Ohio State ( # 10 ) 42 -- 7 106 2009 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 21 -- 10 107 Columbus Ohio State ( # 12 ) 37 -- 7 108 2011 Ann Arbor Michigan ( # 15 ) 40 -- 34 109 2012 Columbus Ohio State ( # 4 ) 26 -- 21 110 2013 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 3 ) 42 -- 41 111 2014 Columbus Ohio State ( # 6 ) 42 -- 28 112 2015 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 8 ) 42 -- 13 113 2016 Columbus Ohio State (", "24": "# 2 ) 30 -- 27 114 2017 Ann Arbor Ohio State ( # 9 ) 31 -- 20 Series : Michigan leads 58 -- 49 -- 6 Big Ten games ( edit ) In Big Ten Conference play , Ohio State leads the series 49 -- 46 -- 4 through the 2017 meeting . Michigan was a charter member of the Big Ten in 1896 before leaving the league after the 1906 football season . Ohio State began league play with the 1913 season , and Michigan returned for the 1917 season . The 1918 matchup between the two schools was the first between them with both as Big Ten members . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ohio State has vacated all 12 of its victories and its Big Ten Conference championship from the 2010 season . These 12 wins are not included in Ohio State 's all - time record , nor is the 2010 Michigan -- Ohio State contest counted in the series record between the two teams . See Wikipedia : WikiProject College football / Vacated victories for an explanation of how vacated victories are recorded . See also ( edit ) List of most played college football rivalries in NCAA Division I References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ludlow , Randy ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ NCAA.com Staff and Wire Reports ( December 20 , 2011 ) . `` Ohio State cited for failure to monitor '' . NCAA.com . NCAA . Retrieved December 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Low , Chris ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` What does vacating wins really mean ? '' . ESPN.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Paschall , David ( June 16 , 2009 ) . `` Rolled back : Tide below . 500 for 2000s '' .", "25": "TimesFreePress.com . Chattanooga Publishing Company , Inc . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Taylor , John ( July 4 , 2009 ) . `` Vacated Wins Do Not Equal Forfeits '' . NBCSports.com . NBC Sports . Retrieved July 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagel , Kyle ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` The Game defines coaching careers '' . Oxford University Press . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Associated Press : `` Ohio , Michigan Kids Dream of ' The Game ' '' Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN . January 3 , 2000 . Retrieved December 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Big Game Decides Big Ten Title '' , University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library Jump up ^ Landis , Bill ( May 15 , 2017 ) . `` Ohio State vs. Michigan football rivalry to be televised on FOX during 2017 season '' . Cleveland.com . Jump up ^ COLLEGE FOOTBALL HALL OF FAME UNVEILS NEW EXHIBIT : `` THE BUCKS AND THE BLUE '' , National Football Foundation , April 3 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU 1897 game '' . Jump up ^ The Five Greatest Traditions Of Ohio State Football Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Mike Furlan . Retrieved on November 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ ABP3 . `` BUCKEYE FANS ONLY : About Coach Woody Hayes '' . Jump up ^ http://www.espn.com/college-football/bowls13/story/_/id/10215217/the-punch-ended-woody-hayes-career Jump up ^ `` Great quotes about Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry -- Page 2 -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 College Football Rivalries 2 and 1 ... '' Sporting News . September 12 , 2008 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( December 4 , 1995 ) .", "26": "`` Run For The Roses '' . Sports Illustrated . Time Inc . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` MGoBlue : Big Ten Champs ! Football Beats Buckeyes in Big House '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gough , Paul ( November 20 , 2006 ) . `` Ohio State , Mich . run up ratings '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 Ohio State 42 , No. 2 Michigan 39 '' . Yahoo Sports . Jump up ^ `` Winning Ohio lottery number : 4239 '' , Associated Press , November 19 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Lineman who left Michigan to play for Ohio State in 2009 '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2008 . Retrieved November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Maag , Christopher ( November 27 , 2010 ) . `` Ohio State Routs Michigan to Share Big Ten Title '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` SI investigation reveals eight - year pattern of violations under Tressel '' . CNN . May 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rivals.com Football Recruiting -- Expect prospects to roll into Columbus now '' . Jump up ^ `` Instant analysis : Ohio State 26 , Michigan 21 '' . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NCAA College Football Polls and Rankings for Week 13 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Without College sports , this wo n't be disgusting . November 16 , 2006 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ OSU MICHIGAN ESPN COMMERCIAL . September 25 , 2009 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Jon Stewart ( 2006 ) . Midwest Midterm Midtacular -- Goodbye , Columbus ( TV - Series ) . Comedy Central . Jump up ^ Official HBO Michigan Vs. Ohio State : The Rivalry page Jump up ^ Amy Saunders . `` Young fan of Buckeyes beats cancer '' . The Columbus Dispatch .", "27": "Jump up ^ `` Kid nicknames cancer ' Michigan ' then beats it '' . Newsradio WTAM 1100 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines Index '' . Sports-References.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes Index '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Championship History '' . NCAA.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Bowl History '' . CollegeFootballPoll.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Rankings '' . ESPN.go.com . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State Buckeyes All - America Selections '' . Sports-Reference.com . Retrieved November 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Heisman Trophy Winners '' . NationalChamps.net . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UM vs OSU All - Tme Results '' . Jump up ^ Randy Ludlow . `` Ohio State vacates wins from 2010 football season , places program on probation '' . The Columbus Dispatch . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Membership History Big Ten Conference Official Site '' . External links ( edit ) OSU vs UM -- a history of the rivalry sponsored by the libraries of both universities Michigan Wolverines football Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Chicago ( defunct ) Michigan State ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) Minnesota ( Little Brown Jug ) Notre", "28": "Dame Ohio State ( The Ten Year War ) Illinois Culture & lore Early years Yost era Kipke years Crisler years Oosterbaan years Elliott years The Ten Year War Snow Bowl 1969 Ohio State game 1973 Ohio State game Miracle at Michigan 2006 Ohio State game 2007 Appalachian State game Biff `` The Victors '' Marching band People Head coaches Trainers Players All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945", "29": "1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Michigan Wolverines rivalries Football Illinois Michigan State Minnesota Notre Dame Ohio State Chicago ( defunct ) Basketball Duke Michigan State Other Michigan State ( hockey ) Michigan State ( soccer ) Ohio State Buckeyes football Venues Recreation Park ( 1890 -- 1897 ) Ohio Field ( 1898 -- 1921 )", "30": "Ohio Stadium ( 1922 -- present ) Woody Hayes Athletic Center ( practice ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Illinois ( Illibuck ) Michigan ( The Ten Year War ) Michigan State Penn State Culture & lore History Brutus Buckeye `` Across the Field '' `` Buckeye Battle Cry '' `` Carmen Ohio '' Neutron Man Marching band Snow Bowl ( 1950 ) 1969 Michigan game 1973 Michigan game The Kick `` Holy Buckeye '' 2006 `` Game of the Century '' Block O `` Hang On Sloopy '' The Ten Year War WBNS - TV WBNS WBNS - FM Ohio State IMG Sports Network People Head coaches All - Century Team Yearly statistical leaders NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940", "31": "1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Big Ten Conference football rivalries Conference Illinois -- Michigan Illinois -- Northwestern Illinois -- Ohio State Illinois -- Purdue Indiana -- Michigan State Indiana -- Purdue Iowa -- Minnesota Iowa -- Nebraska Iowa -- Wisconsin Maryland -- Penn State Maryland -- Rutgers Michigan -- Michigan State Michigan -- Minnesota Michigan -- Ohio State Michigan State -- Ohio State Michigan State -- Penn State Minnesota -- Nebraska Minnesota -- Penn State", "32": "Minnesota -- Wisconsin Nebraska -- Wisconsin Ohio State -- Penn State Non-conference Alabama -- Penn State Chicago -- Michigan Chicago -- Purdue Colorado -- Nebraska Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa -- Iowa State Johns Hopkins -- Maryland Kansas -- Nebraska Kansas State -- Nebraska Maryland -- Navy Maryland -- Virginia Maryland -- West Virginia Miami -- Nebraska Michigan State -- Notre Dame Michigan -- Notre Dame Missouri -- Nebraska Nebraska -- Oklahoma Nebraska -- Texas Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Penn State -- Pittsburgh Penn State -- Syracuse Penn State -- Temple Penn State -- West Virginia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan -- Ohio_State_football_rivalry&oldid = 818986998 '' Categories : Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Big Ten Conference rivalries Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from June 2017 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Pages using sports rivalry series table with a win parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 January 2018 , at 19 : 09 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 31, 29, 21, 22, 23, 28, 13, 20, 18, 24, 30, 27, 1, 32, 26, 19, 17, 6, 3, 2, 5, 25, 0, 12, 16, 9, 10, 4, 8, 15, 7, 14, 11 ]

[ 31, 29, 21, 22, 23, 28 ]

[ "1970s", "1990" ]

{ "0": "Beverage can - wikipedia Beverage can Jump to : navigation , search `` Beer can '' redirects here . For other uses , see Beercan ( disambiguation ) . `` Pop cap '' and `` Pop top '' redirect here . For the software companies , see PopCap Games and PopTop Software . The stay - tab opening mechanism characteristic of most drinking cans since the mid-1980s . The ' wide - mouth ' version , seen here , was introduced in the late 1990s . A beverage can is a metal container designed to hold a fixed portion of liquid such as carbonated soft drinks , alcoholic beverages , fruit juices , teas , herbal teas , energy drinks , etc . Beverage cans are made of aluminium ( 75 % of worldwide production ) or tin - plated steel ( 25 % worldwide production ) . Worldwide production for all beverage cans is approximately 370 billion cans per year worldwide . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Standard sizes 2.1 Capacity in countries 3 Composition 4 Filling cans 5 Fabrication process 6 Opening mechanisms 6.1 Pop - tab 6.2 Stay - on - tab 6.3 Wide Mouth 6.4 Sustainable Beverage Ends 6.5 Press button can 6.6 Full Aperture End 6.7 Re-Sealable Lid 7 Collecting 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) See also : Tin can § History The first commercial beer available in cans began in 1935 in Richmond , Virginia . Not long after that , sodas , with their higher acidity and somewhat higher pressures , were available in cans . The key development for storing beverages in cans was the interior liner , typically plastic or sometimes a waxy substance , that helped to keep the product 's flavor from being ruined by a chemical reaction with the metal . Another major factor for the timing was the repeal of Prohibition in the United States at the end of 1933 . In 1935 , the small brewery at Felinfoel was the first brewery outside the USA to commercially can beer . Prior to this time , beer was only available in barrels or in glass bottles . From this time , lightweight tin cans could be used .", "1": "Felinfoel Brewery was a major supplier to British armed forces abroad in the Second World War - cans saved a great deal of space and weight for wartime exports compared to glass bottles , and did not have to be returned for refilling . These early cans did not have a ' pull tab ' , instead they had a ' crown cork ' ( beer bottle top ) . All modern UK canned beer is descended from these small , early cans which helped change the drinking and beer - buying habits of the British public . From the 18th century until the early 20th century Wales dominated world tinplate production , peaking in the early 1890s when 80 % of the world 's tinplate was produced in south Wales . Canned beverages were factory - sealed and required a special opener tool in order to consume the contents . Cans were typically formed as cylinders , having a flat top and bottom . They required a can piercer , colloquially known as a `` church key '' , that latched onto the top rim for leverage ; lifting the handle would force the sharp tip through the top of the can , cutting a triangular hole . A smaller second hole was usually punched at the opposite side of the top to admit air while pouring , allowing the liquid to flow freely . In the mid-1930s , some cans were developed with caps so that they could be opened and poured more like a bottle . These were called `` cone tops '' , as their tops had a conical taper up to the smaller diameter of the cap . Cone top cans were sealed by the same crimped caps that were put on bottles , and could be opened with the same bottle - opener tool . There were three types of conetops : high profile , low profile , and j - spout . The low profile and j - spout were the earliest , dating from about 1935 . The `` crowntainer '' was a different type of can that was drawn steel with a bottom cap . These were developed by Crown Cork & Seal ( now known as Crown Holdings , Inc . ) , a leading beverage packaging and beverage can producer . Various breweries used crowntainers and conetops until the late 1950s , but many breweries kept using the simple cylindrical cans .", "2": "The popularity of canned beverages was slow to catch on , as the metallic taste was difficult to overcome with the interior liner not perfected , especially with more acidic sodas . Cans had two advantages over glass bottles . First for the distributors , flat - top cans were more compact for transportation and storage and weighed less than bottles . Second for consumers , they did not require the deposit typically paid for bottles , as they were discarded after use . Glass - bottle deposits were reimbursed when consumers took the empties back to the store . By the time the United States entered World War II , cans had gained only about ten percent of the beverage container market ; this was drastically reduced during the war to accommodate strategic needs for metal . A pop tab from the 1970s In 1959 , Ermal Fraze devised a can - opening method that would come to dominate the canned beverage market . His invention was the `` pull - tab '' . This eliminated the need for a separate opener tool by attaching an aluminium pull - ring lever with a rivet to a pre-scored wedge - shaped tab section of the can top . The ring was riveted to the center of the top , which created an elongated opening large enough that one hole simultaneously served to let the beverage flow out while air flowed in . In 1959 , while on a family picnic , Mr. Fraze had forgotten to bring a can opener and was forced to use a car bumper to open a can of beer . Thinking there must be an easier way , he later stayed up all night until he came up with the pull tab . Pull - tab cans , or the discarded tabs from them , were also called `` pop - tops '' colloquially . In Australia these were colloquially known as `` ring - pull '' . Into the 1970s , the pull - tab was widely popular , but its popularity came with a significant problem , as people would frequently discard the pull - tabs on the ground as litter , or drop them into the can and risk choking on them . These problems were both addressed by the invention of the `` push - tab '' . Used primarily on Coors Beer cans in the mid-1970s , the push - tab was a raised circular scored area used in place of the pull - tab . It needed no ring to pull up .", "3": "Instead , the raised aluminium blister was pushed down into the can , with a small unscored piece that kept the tab connected after being pushed inside . Push - tabs never gained wide popularity because while they had solved the litter problem of the pull - tab , they created a safety hazard where the person 's finger upon pushing the tab into the can was immediately exposed to the sharp edges of the opening . An unusual feature of the push - tab Coors Beer cans was that they had a second , smaller , push - tab at the top as an airflow vent -- a convenience that was lost with the switch from can opener to pull - tab . The `` push - tab '' was introduced into Australia in the early 1980s and was locally known as `` pop - tops '' . The safety and litter problems were both eventually solved later in the 1970s with Daniel F. Cudzik 's invention of the non-removing `` Stay - Tab '' . The pull - ring was replaced with a stiff aluminium lever , and the removable tab was replaced with a pre-scored round tab that functioned similarly to the push - tab , but the raised blister was no longer needed , as the riveted lever would now do the job of pushing the tab open and into the interior of the can . In 2008 , an aluminium version of the crowntainer design was adopted for packaging Coca - Cola 's Caribou Coffee beverage . In 2004 , Anheuser - Busch adopted an all - aluminium bottle for use with Budweiser and Bud Light beers .", "4": "Standard sizes ( edit ) Comparison chart of various standards ml imp fl oz US fl oz 1,000 35.2 33.8 568 20 19.2 500 17.6 16.9 473 16.6 16 440 15.5 14.9 375 13.2 12.7 355 12.5 12 350 12.3 11.8 341 12.0 11.5 330 11.6 11.2 250 8.8 8.5 237 8.3 8.0 222 7.8 7.5 200 7.0 6.8 150 5.3 5.1 Jump up ^ one imp pint Jump up ^ one US pint Capacity in countries ( edit ) Various standard capacities are used throughout the world . Australia In Australia the standard can size for alcoholic and soft drinks is 375 ml . Energy drinks are commonly served in 250 ml and 500 ml sizes . Brazil In Brazil the standard can size is 355 ml . New Zealand In New Zealand the standard can size is 355 ml . China In China the most common size is 330 ml . Can dimensions may be cited in metric or imperial units . Imperial dimensions for canmaking are written as inches + sixteenths of an inch ( e.g. `` 202 '' = 2 inches + 2 sixteenths ) . Europe In Europe the standard can used to be 330 ml but since the 1990s the 250 ml size has slowly become about just as common . In European countries the 500 ml can size is second standard . It 's often used for beer , cider and energy drinks . In the UK 440 ml is commonly used for lager and cider . In Austria energy drinks are usually sold in sizes 200 to 300 ml . In 2014 for beverage cans in general , already much more aluminium is used than steel .", "5": "There are even steel cans with alu - lids and vice versa . Hong Kong In Hong Kong most cans are 330 ml . India In India standard cans are 330 ml . Japan In Japan the most common sizes are 350 ml and 500 ml . Larger and smaller cans are also sold . South Korea In South Korea 250 ml cans are the most common for soft drinks . However , when accompanying take out food ( such as pizza or chicken ) , a short 245 ml can is standard . Recently , some 355 ml cans which are similar to North American cans are increasingly available , but limited mostly to Coca - Cola and Dr Pepper . Finally , beer cans also come in 500 ml forms . Malaysia and Singapore In both Malaysia and Singapore , the most commonly found cans are 300 ml for non-carbonated drinks and 325 ml for carbonated drinks . Larger 330 ml / 350 ml cans are limited to imported drinks where it would usually cost a lot more than local ones . Pakistan In Pakistan the most common sizes are 250 ml and 330 ml. 200 ml cans are also sold . North America In North America , the standard can size is 12 US fl oz or 355 ml . The US standard can is 4.83 inches high , 2.13 inches in diameter at the lid , and 2.60 inches in diameter at the widest point of the body . Also available are 16oz cans known as pounders , and 24oz cans or larger are referred to as tall boys . In Canada , the standard size was previously 10 Imperial fluid ounces ( 284 ml ) , later redefined and labeled as 280 ml in around 1980 . This size was commonly used with steel beverage cans in the 1970s and early 1980s . However , the US standard 355 ml can size was standardized in the 1980s and 1990s , upon the conversion from steel to aluminium . Some beverage such as Nestea are sold in 341 ml cans .", "6": "In Quebec by the year 2015 , a new standard for carbonated drink have been added as many important grocery store now only sell 6 - packs ( with plastic holds ) with 222 ml cans instead of the original 341 ml ( for the same price ) and that from every major carbonated drinks . Many convenience stores began selling `` slim cans '' with a 310ml capacity as of late 2015 South Africa South African standard cans are 330 ml ( reduced in the early 2000s from the up - until - then ubiquitous 340 ml ) and the promotional size is 440 ml . There is also the 500 ml can . A smaller 200 ml can is used for `` mixers '' such as tonic or soda water . It has a smaller diameter than the other cans . Middle East In the Middle East standard cans are 330 ml . Composition ( edit ) Aluminium cans pressed into blocks for recycling Most metal beverage cans manufactured in the United States are made of aluminium , whereas in some parts of Europe and Asia approximately 55 percent are made of steel and 45 percent are aluminium alloy . Steel cans often have a top made of aluminium . The aluminium used in United States and Canada are alloys containing 92.5 % to 97 % aluminium , < 5.5 % magnesium , < 1.6 % manganese , < 0.15 % chromium and some trace amounts of iron , silicon and copper according to MSDS from aluminium producer Alcoa . Alloys used include 3004 , 3105 , or other 3xxx / 5xxx series aluminium . An empty aluminium can weighs approximately half an ounce ( 14.2 grams ) . There are 34 empty 12 ounce aluminium cans to a pound or 70 to a kilogram . In many parts of the world a deposit can be recovered by turning in empty plastic , glass , and aluminium containers . Scrap metal dealers often purchase aluminium cans in bulk , even when deposits are not offered . Aluminium is one of the most cost - effective materials to recycle . When recycled without other metals being mixed in , the can -- lid combination is perfect for producing new stock for the main part of the can -- the loss of magnesium during melting is made up for by the high magnesium content of the lid .", "7": "Also , reducing ores such as bauxite into aluminium requires large amounts of electricity , making recycling cheaper than producing new metal . Aluminium cans are coated internally to protect the aluminium from oxidizing . Despite this coating , trace amounts of aluminium can be degraded into the liquid , the amount depending on factors such as storage temperature and liquid composition . Chemical compounds used in the internal coating of the can include types of epoxy resin . In order to achieve primary aluminium for manufacturing , bauxite is converted to alumina through the Bayer process . After this process , aluminium can be extracted from alumina . Subsequently , it goes through a process called aluminium smelting and ingot casting . Simply , these two stages require alumina to undergo an extremely hot temperature and high - energy bath . Following this process is hot rolling and cold rolling . This is ultimately done to cast the aluminium can into shape for further processing . Finally , the process of `` ironing '' is performed which forms the shape of the can . Filling cans ( edit ) Cans are filled before the top is crimped on . The filling and sealing operations need to be extremely fast and precise . The filling head centers the can using gas pressure , purges the air , and lets the beverage flow down the sides of the can . The lid is placed on the can , and then crimped in two operations . A seaming head engages the lid from above while a seaming roller to the side curls the edge of the lid around the edge of the can body . The head and roller spin the can in a complete circle to seal all the way around . Then a pressure roller with a different profile drives the two edges together under pressure to make a gas - tight seal . Filled cans usually have pressurized gas inside , which makes them stiff enough for easy handling . Fabrication process ( edit ) Modern cans are generally produced through a mechanical cold forming process that starts with punching a flat blank from very stiff cold - rolled sheet . This sheet is typically alloy 3104 - H19 or 3004 - H19 , which is aluminium with about 1 % manganese and 1 % magnesium to give it strength and formability . The flat blank is first formed into a cup about three inches in diameter . This cup is then pushed through a different forming process called `` ironing '' which forms the can .", "8": "The bottom of the can is also shaped at this time . The malleable metal deforms into the shape of an open - top can . With the sophisticated technology of the dies and the forming machines , the side of the can is significantly thinner than either the top and bottom areas , where stiffness is required . Plain lids ( known as shells ) are stamped from a coil of aluminium , typically alloy 5182 - H48 , and transferred to another press that converts them to easy - open ends . This press is known as a conversion press which forms an integral rivet button in the lid and scores the opening , while concurrently forming the tabs in another die from a separate strip of aluminium . Opening mechanisms ( edit ) Old beer can showing punches from a churchkey Beer can pop - top display at a Budweiser Brewery Early metal beverage cans had no tabs ; they were opened by a can - piercer or churchkey , a device resembling a bottle opener with a sharp point . The can was opened by punching two triangular holes in the lid -- a large one for drinking , and a second ( smaller ) one to admit air . As early as 1922 , inventors were applying for patents on cans with tab tops , but the technology of the time made these inventions impractical . Later advancements saw the ends of the can made out of aluminium instead of steel . Cans are usually in sealed paperboard cartons , corrugated fiberboard boxes , or trays covered with plastic film . The entire distribution system and packaging need to be controlled to ensure freshness . Pop - tab ( edit ) Old style pull - tab in use on a can of Tsingtao beer in Beijing , China in 2009 Mikolaj Kondakow and James Wong of Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada invented the pull tab version for bottles in or before 1951 ( Canadian patent 476789 ) . Then , in 1962 , Ermal Cleon Fraze ( 1913 -- 1989 ) of Dayton , Ohio , United States , invented the similar integral rivet and pull - tab version ( also known as ring pull in British English ) , which had a ring attached at the rivet for pulling , and which would come off completely to be discarded . He received US Patent No.", "9": "3,349,949 for his pull - top can design in 1963 and licensed his invention to Alcoa and Pittsburgh Brewing Company , the latter of which first introduced the design on Iron City Beer cans . The first soft drinks to be sold in all - aluminium cans were R.C. Cola and Diet - Rite Cola , both made by the Royal Crown Cola company , in 1964 . The early pull - tabs detached easily . In 1976 the Journal of the American Medical Association noted cases of children ingesting pull - tabs that had broken off and dropped into the can . Full - top pull - tabs were also used in some oil cans and are currently used in some soup , pet food , tennis ball , nuts and other cans . Stay - on - tab ( edit ) A `` standard '' size can opening , once common in American soft drinks . In 1975 , Daniel F. Cudzik , an engineer with Reynolds Metals , filed a design patent application for a `` End closure for a container . '' This later became known as a `` Sta - Tab . '' When the Sta - Tab launched in 1975 , on Falls City beer and , quickly , other beverages , there was an initial period of consumer testing and education . Cudzik later received patents for this `` Easy Open Wall '' ( US 3967752 , issued 1976 - 07 - 06 US 3967753 , issued 1976 - 07 - 06 ) . The validity of these patents was upheld in subsequent litigation . The similarly designed `` Easy - open ecology end '' was invented by Ermal Fraze and Omar Brown . Its patent application was also filed in 1975 . This design , like Cudzik 's , uses a separate tab attached to the upper surface as a lever to depress a scored part of the lid , which folds underneath the top of the can and out of the way of the resulting opening , thus reducing injuries and roadside litter caused by removable tabs . Such `` retained ring - pull '' cans supplanted pull - off tabs in the United Kingdom in 1989 for soft drinks and 1990 for alcoholic beverages . Wide mouth ( edit ) One of the more recent modifications to can design was the introduction of the `` wide mouth '' can in the late 1990s .", "10": "The American Can Company , now a part of Rexam , and Coors Brewing Company have owned wide mouth design patent ( number D385 , 192 ) since 1997 . Other companies have similar designs for the wide mouth . Ball Corporation 's from 2008 has a vent tube to allow direct airflow into the can reducing the amount of gulps during the pour . Sustainable beverage ends ( edit ) The SuperEnd from Crown Holdings launched in 2000 was designed to use 10 % less metal in production than standard beverage ends . Press button can ( edit ) One variation was the press button can , which featured two pre-cut buttons -- one small and one large -- in the top of the can sealed with a plastic membrane . These buttons were held closed by the outward pressure of the carbonated beverage . The consumer would open the can by depressing both buttons , which would result in two holes . The small hole would act as a vent to relieve internal pressure so the larger button could then be pressed down to create the hole used for drinking the beverage . Consumers could also easily cut themselves on the edges of the holes or get their fingers stuck . Press button cans were used by Pepsi in Canada from the 1970s to 1980s and Coors in the 1970s . They have since been replaced with pull tabs . Used in Australia , locally known as `` pop - tops '' , for soft drinks during the early 1980s . Full aperture end ( edit ) A recent innovation to the beverage can is the full aperture end , where the entire lid is removed turning the aluminium can into a cup . Crown Holdings first designed the `` 360 End '' for use by SABMiller at the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa . It has been used by Anheuser - Busch InBev in China and Brazil and most recently by Sly Fox Brewing Company in the United States . Re-sealable lid ( edit ) The latest innovation to the beverage can is the re-sealable lid . A version patented by Cogito Can in France has been used by Groupe Casino , the French grocery chain for its private label energy drink . Collecting ( edit ) Beer can collecting was a minor fad in the late 1970s and 1990s . However , the hobby waned rapidly in popularity .", "11": "The Beer Can Collectors of America ( BCCA ) , founded in 1970 , was an organization supporting the hobby , but has now renamed itself Brewery Collectibles Club of America to be more modern . As of late 2009 , membership in the Brewery Collectibles Club of America was 3,570 , down from a peak of 11,954 in 1978 . Just 19 of the members were under the age of 30 , and the members ' average age had increased to 59 . A collection of beverage cans in Dunsmuir , California See also ( edit ) Beer Can Museum Beer Can Printing Beer koozie Beverage - can stove Self - heating can Six pack rings Widget ( beer ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` The Canmaker FAQ '' . Canmaker.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Maxwell , DBS ( 1993 ) . `` Beer Cans : A Guide for the Archaeologist '' . Historical Archaeology. 27 ( 1 ) . doi : 10.2307 / 25616219 . Jump up ^ Neil Prior ( 2015 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Llanelli 's Felinfoel brewery pioneered beer in cans '' . BBC News ( South West Wales ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Narvaez , Alfonso A. ( 1989 - 10 - 28 ) . `` E.C. Fraze , 76 - Devised Pull Tab '' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` 2 - piece DWI Can Dimensions '' . Sencon.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Turner , Terence ( 2001 ) . Canmaking For Can Fillers . Boca Raton : CRC Press . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 9787 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Alcoa Inc. - primary aluminium ( aluminium ) and fabricated aluminium products '' . Alcoa.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` ALCOA - RIGID PACKAGING DIVISION SPECIFICATION FOR PURCHASE OF RECLAIMED SCRAP INGOT ( RSI ) INGOT / SOW '' ( PDF ) . Alcoa . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Amount Of Empty 12 OZ Cans In A Pound - Scrap , Junk & Salvage Yard Search Engine '' . Junkmetal.com. 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ Vela , M. ; Toma , R.B. ; Reiboldt , W. ; Pierri , A. ( 1998 ) . `` Detection of aluminium residue in fresh and stored canned beer '' . Food Chemistry . 63 ( 2 ) : 235 -- 037 . doi : 10.1016 / S0308 - 8146 ( 97 ) 00236 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lopez , F. ; Cabrera , C. ; Lorenzo , M.L. ; López , M.C. ( 2002 ) . `` Aluminium content of drinking waters , fruit juices and soft drinks : contribution to dietary intake '' . The Science of the Total Environment. 292 ( 3 ) : 205 -- 213 . PMID 12146520 . doi : 10.1016 / S0048 - 9697 ( 01 ) 01122 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Precoating of aluminium can sheet - Patent 3832962 '' . www.freepatentsonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 20 . Jump up ^ Bungardean , C. ; Soporan , V. ; Salanta , O. ( 2013 ) . `` Considerations on the life cycle and recoiling of aluminium beverage cans . '' . Advances in Environmental Sciences . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Keglined.com '' . Pssht.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Singh , S.P. ; Gorzynski ( July 1989 ) .", "13": "`` Effect of Vibration as a Cause of Leakage in aluminium Beer Cans in Palletized Loads '' . J. Testing and Evaluation. 26 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Kondakow , Mikolaj ( 1951 - 09 - 11 ) . `` Patent CA476789 : Crimped cap removers '' . Canadian Patents Database . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . Jump up ^ Find A Grave Jump up ^ Burrington , JD . `` Aluminium `` pop tops '' . A hazard to child health. `` . JAMA. 235 : 2614 -- 7 . PMID 946866 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1976.03260500030022 . Jump up ^ `` Patent US D244915 - End closure for a container - Google Patents '' . Google.com . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Reynolds Metals Co. v. Continental Group , Inc. , 525 F. Supp. 950 , July 6 , 1981 Jump up ^ `` Patent US4030631 - Easy - open ecology end - Google Patents '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` History of the can '' ( PDF ) . Can Makers . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 07 . Jump up ^ Patton , Phil ( 1997 - 11 - 27 ) . `` Public Eye ; Wide - mouth design : less glug in beer , more chug in Mountain Dew '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Cowell , Alan ( 2000 - 04 - 04 ) . `` COMPANY NEWS ; REXAM TO BUY AMERICAN NATIONAL CAN GROUP '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` United States Patent : D385192 '' . Patft.uspto.gov . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ paywalled page ^ Jump up to : `` Crown History Crown Holdings , Inc '' . Crowncork.com .", "14": "Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Elisabeth Skoda . `` Packaging Europe News - Beverage Trends and Innovations '' . Packagingeurope.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Press Button Can -- A Brief History of Flat Top Beer Cans '' . Complex. 2012 - 06 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 360 end '' . Jump up ^ `` AB InBev and Crown Say `` Gan Bei ! '' to a New Packaging Format Crown Holdings , Inc `` . Crowncork.com. 2012 - 10 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jim . `` Brazil Transforms Beer Can into Beer Cup '' . Beer Universe . Beer Universe , Inc . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sly Fox Beer Opens Up Flavor and Aroma with the 360 Lid Sly Fox Beer Phoenixville & Pottstown Pennsylvania '' . Slyfoxbeer.com. 2013 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Brewery Collectibles Club of America - Club History '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 08 - 26 . Jump up ^ David Kesmodel ( December 9 , 2009 ) . `` Behold the Beer Can , Its Beauty Faded in the Eyes of the Young '' . The Wall Street Journal . References ( edit ) Yam , K.L. , `` Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology '' , John Wiley & Sons , 2009 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 08704 - 6 Soroka , W. , Fundamentals of Packaging Technology , IoPP , 2002 , ISBN 1 - 930268 - 25 - 4 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beverage cans . Beer can history Pull tab fundraiser myth Steel packaging ( Steeluniversity ) ( hide ) Packaging General topics", "15": "Active packaging Child - resistant packaging Contract packager Disposable food packaging Food packaging Luxury packaging Modified atmosphere / modified humidity packaging Package pilferage Package testing Packaging engineering Pharmaceutical packaging Reusable packaging Shelf life Sustainable packaging Tamper - evident Tamper resistance Wrap rage Containers Aerosol Container Aluminium bottle Aluminum can Ampoule Antistatic bag Bag - in - box Bags and flexible containers Barrel Beer bottle Biodegradable bag Blister pack Boil - in - Bag Bottle Box Bulk box Cage Case Carboy Carton Chub Clamshell Corrugated box design Crate Disposable cup Drum Envelope Flexible intermediate bulk container Foam food container Folding carton Glass bottle Growler Insulated shipping container Intermediate bulk container Jar Jerrycan Jug Juicebox Keg Multi-pack Oyster pail Packet ( container ) Padded mailer Pail Paper bag Paper sack Plastic bag Plastic bottle Popcorn bag Retort pouch Sachet Security bag Self - heating can Self - heating food packaging Shipping container Skin pack Spray bottle Tin can Tub ( container ) Tube Unit load Vial Wooden box Materials and components Adhesive Aluminium foil Bioplastic Biodegradable plastic BoPET Bubble wrap Bung Cellophane Closure Coated paper Coating Corrugated fiberboard Corrugated plastic Cushioning Desiccant Double seam Foam peanut Glass Hot - melt adhesive Kraft paper Label Lid ( container ) Linear low - density polyethylene Liquid packaging board", "16": "Low - density polyethylene Metallised film Modified atmosphere Molded pulp Nonwoven fabric Overwrap Oxygen scavenger Packaging gas Pallet Paper Paper pallet Paperboard Plastic film Plastic pallet Plastic wrap Polyester Polyethylene Polypropylene Pressure - sensitive tape Screw cap Screw cap ( wine ) Security printing Security tape Shock detector Shock and vibration data logger Shrink wrap Slip sheet Staple ( fastener ) Strapping Stretch wrap Susceptor Tamper - evident band Tear tape Temperature data logger Time temperature indicator Tinplate Velostat Processes Aseptic processing Authentication Automatic identification and data capture Blow fill seal Blow molding Calendering Canning Coating Containerization Curtain Coating Die cutting Die forming ( plastics ) Electronic article surveillance Extrusion Extrusion coating Glass production Graphic design HACCP Hermetic seal Induction sealing Injection molding Laminating Laser cutting Molding Papermaking Plastic welding Plastics extrusion Printing Quality assurance Radio - frequency identification Roll slitting Shearing ( manufacturing ) Thermoforming Track and trace Vacuum forming Ultrasonic welding Vacuum packaging Verification and validation Machinery Barcode printer Barcode reader Bottling line Calender Can seamer Cartoning machine Case sealer Check weigher Conveyor system Extended core stretch wrapper Filler Heat gun Heat sealer Industrial robot Injection molding machine Label printer applicator Lineshaft roller conveyor Logistics automation Material handling equipment Mechanical brake stretch wrapper Multihead weigher Orbital stretch wrapping Palletizer Rotary wheel blow molding systems Shrink tunnel Staple", "17": "gun Tape dispenser Turntable stretch wrapper Vertical form fill sealing machine Environment , post-use Biodegradation Environmental engineering Glass recycling Industrial ecology Life - cycle assessment Litter Paper recycling Plastic recycling Recycling Reusable packaging Reverse logistics Source reduction Sustainable packaging Waste management GND : 4681032 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverage_can&oldid=807211779 '' Categories : Beer vessels and serving Liquid containers Packaging Food packaging Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from October 2017 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Svenska ไทย Українська Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 16 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 11, 9, 12, 14 ]

[ "Union", "Union", "Union" ]

{ "0": "List of Florida locations by per capita income - wikipedia List of Florida locations by per capita income Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on Income in the United States of America Topics ( hide ) Household Personal Affluence Social class Income inequality gender pay gap ethnic wage gap Lists by income ( show ) States ( by equality ( Gini ) ) Counties ( highest / lowest ) Locations ( lowest ) Metropolitan statistical areas Urban areas ZIP Code Tabulation Areas United States portal Florida has the eighteenth highest per capita income in the United States of America , at $21,557 ( 2000 ) . Its personal per capita income is $30,446 ( 2003 ) . Florida counties ranked by per capita income ( edit ) See also : United States counties by per capita income Florida counties ranked by per capita income from 2006 - 2010 data . Rank County Per capita income Median household income Median family income Population Number of households Collier $37,046 $58,106 $68,556 321,520 133,179 St. Johns $36,027 $62,663 $79,080 190,039 75,338 Martin $35,772 $53,210 $70,271 146,318 63,899 Monroe $35,516 $53,821 $66,152 73,090 32,629 5 Palm Beach $33,610 $53,242 $64,445 1,320,134 544,227 6 Sarasota $33,045 $49,388 $62,326 379,448 175,746 7 Indian River $31,918 $47,341 $57,477 138,028 60,176 8 Seminole $29,795 $58,", "1": "971 $70,597 422,718 164,706 9 Lee $29,445 $50,014 $58,950 618,754 259,818 10 Nassau $29,089 $58,712 $66,233 73,314 28,794 11 Pinellas $28,742 $45,258 $58,335 916,542 415,876 12 Broward $28,631 $51,694 $62,619 1,748,066 686,047 13 Okaloosa $28,621 $54,242 $64,224 180,822 72,379 14 Manatee $28,072 $47,812 $57,547 322,833 135,729 15 Walton $27,746 $47,273 $56,282 55,043 22,301 16 Brevard $27,606 $49,523 $60,842 543,376 229,692 United States $27,334 $51,914 $62,982 308,745,538 116,716,292 17 Hillsborough $27,062 $49,536 $59,886 1,229,226 474,030 18 Charlotte $26,938 $45,037 $52,533 159,978 73,370 19 Clay $26,872 $61,185 $67,922 190,865 68,792 Florida $26,551 $47,661 $57,204 18,801,310 7,420,802 20 Duval $25,854 $49,463 $60,114 864,263 342,450 21 Leon $25,803 $44,490 $66,157 275,487 110,945 22 Orange $25,490 $50,", "2": "138 $57,473 1,145,956 421,847 23 Santa Rosa $25,384 $55,129 $62,929 151,372 56,910 24 Lake $25,323 $46,477 $55,935 297,052 121,289 25 Bay $25,033 $47,770 $56,877 168,852 68,438 26 Flagler $24,939 $48,090 $54,754 95,696 39,186 27 Volusia $24,768 $44,400 $55,569 494,593 208,236 28 Alachua $24,741 $40,644 $61,188 247,336 100,516 29 Sumter $24,180 $43,079 $51,268 93,420 41,361 30 Pasco $24,164 $44,228 $53,457 464,697 189,612 31 Escambia $23,474 $43,573 $53,495 297,619 116,238 32 St. Lucie $23,296 $45,196 $51,943 277,789 108,523 33 Miami - Dade $22,957 $43,605 $50,065 2,496,435 867,352 34 Hernando $22,775 $42,011 $50,135 172,778 71,745 35 Citrus $22,551 $37,933 $45,568 141,236 63,304 36 Marion $22,384 $40,339 $47,614 331,298 137,726 37 Wakulla $21,892 $53,301 $63,924 30,776 10,490 38 Polk $21,", "3": "881 $43,946 $51,395 602,095 227,485 39 Franklin $21,005 $36,490 $46,083 11,549 4,254 40 Osceola $20,536 $46,328 $50,203 268,685 90,603 41 Okeechobee $19,664 $38,339 $43,229 39,996 14,013 42 Jefferson $19,647 $41,359 $47,059 14,761 5,646 43 Baker $19,593 $47,276 $55,597 27,115 8,772 44 Highlands $19,579 $34,946 $41,955 98,786 42,604 45 Columbia $19,366 $38,214 $47,726 67,531 24,941 46 Suwannee $18,782 $36,352 $45,012 41,551 15,953 47 Levy $18,703 $35,737 $43,256 40,801 16,404 48 Taylor $18,649 $37,408 $46,012 22,570 7,920 49 Washington $18,470 $36,216 $46,742 24,896 8,864 50 Putnam $18,402 $34,645 $43,184 74,364 29,409 51 Gilchrist $18,309 $37,039 $43,994 16,939 6,121 52 Lafayette $18,069 $46,445 $54,024 8,870 2,580 53 Gulf $17,968 $39,178 $46,979 15,863 5,335 54 Glades $17,872 $39,", "4": "429 $44,046 12,884 4,533 55 Jackson $17,177 $38,257 $49,600 49,746 17,417 56 Dixie $17,066 $32,312 $39,914 16,422 6,316 57 Liberty $17,003 $40,777 $48,750 8,365 2,525 58 Bradford $16,997 $41,126 $47,583 28,520 9,479 59 Gadsden $16,843 $35,728 $46,773 46,389 16,952 60 Madison $16,346 $37,459 $46,791 19,224 6,985 61 DeSoto $15,989 $35,979 $38,986 34,862 11,445 62 Hamilton $15,794 $37,613 $46,616 14,799 4,617 63 Holmes $15,285 $32,247 $42,731 19,927 7,354 64 Calhoun $15,091 $31,699 $39,332 14,625 5,061 65 Hendry $14,734 $37,298 $38,564 39,140 12,025 66 Hardee $14,668 $37,466 $43,001 27,731 8,245 67 Union $13,657 $41,794 $53,469 15,535 4,048 Census - enumerated places ranked by per capita income ( edit ) This list contains incorporated cities , towns , and villages , as well as census - designated places . 1 Fisher Island , Florida $236,238 2 Jupiter Island , Florida $200,087 3 Golf , Florida $144,956 4 Manalapan , Florida $143,729 5 Indian Creek , Florida $137,", "5": "382 6 Orchid , Florida $135,870 7 Gulf Stream , Florida $133,651 8 Palm Beach , Florida $109,219 9 Indian River Shores , Florida $102,511 10 South Beach , Florida $90,938 11 Pelican Bay , Florida $89,063 12 Oak Point , Florida $86,225 13 North Key Largo , Florida $83,199 14 Longboat Key , Florida $80,963 15 Windsor , Florida $79,269 16 Captiva , Florida $76,139 17 Ocean Ridge , Florida $76,088 18 Golden Beach , Florida $73,053 19 Bal Harbour , Florida $67,680 20 Highland Beach , Florida $67,288 21 Sanibel , Florida $66,912 22 Boca Pointe , Florida $66,797 23 Jupiter Inlet Colony , Florida $66,713 24 Sawgrass , Florida $64,798 25 Belleair Beach , Florida $61,569 26 Naples , Florida $61,141 27 Sea Ranch Lakes , Florida $60,088 28 Heathrow , Florida $59,905 29 Belleair , Florida $59,164 30 Hillsboro Beach , Florida $56,634 31 Vineyards , Florida $55,470 32 Sewall 's Point , Florida $55,121 33 Key Biscayne , Florida $54,213 34 Black Diamond , Florida $53,621 35 Siesta Key , Florida $53,290 36 Windermere , Florida $51,370 37 Pinecrest , Florida $51,181 37 Juno Beach , Florida $50,344 38 Osprey , Florida $49,862 39 Feather Sound , Florida $49,717 40 Lake Butler , Orange County , Florida $49,696 41 Wabasso Beach , Florida $48,690 42 Tierra Verde , Florida $48,259 43 Atlantis , Florida $47,614 44 Bay Hill , Florida $46,744 45 Coral Gables , Florida $46,163 46 Burnt Store Marina , Florida $46,050 47 Boca Raton , Florida $45,628 48 McGregor , Florida $45,240 49 South Sarasota , Florida $45,217 50 Weston , Florida $44,736 50 Lake Hart , Florida $44,", "6": "665 51 Hypoluxo , Florida $43,960 52 Pine Ridge , Collier County , Florida $43,362 53 Cutler , Florida $42,986 54 Palm Beach Gardens , Florida $42,975 55 Marco Island , Florida $42,875 56 Palm Valley , Florida $42,747 57 Parkland , Florida $41,896 58 Indialantic , Florida $41,126 59 Aventura , Florida $41,092 60 Terra Mar , Florida $40,923 61 Lighthouse Point , Florida $40,839 62 Manasota Key , Florida $40,759 63 Key Colony Beach , Florida $40,631 64 Palm Beach Shores , Florida $40,612 65 Indian Rocks Beach , Florida $40,195 66 North Redington Beach , Florida $40,066 67 Indian Shores , Florida $40,002 68 Sunshine Ranches , Florida $40,001 69 North Palm Beach , Florida $39,564 70 Celebration , Florida $39,521 71 Royal Palm Ranches , Florida $39,274 72 Harbor Bluffs , Florida $39,261 73 Punta Rassa , Florida $39,048 74 Gateway , Florida $38,986 75 The Meadows , Florida $38,826 76 Winter Park , Florida $38,791 77 South Palm Beach , Florida $38,456 78 Surfside , Florida $38,375 79 Redington Beach , Florida $38,265 80 Bonita Springs , Florida $37,958 81 Westchase , Florida $37,630 82 Hutchinson Island South , Florida $37,575 83 Maitland , Florida $37,290 84 Daytona Beach Shores , Florida $37,010 85 Rolling Oaks , Florida $37,008 86 Boca Del Mar , Florida $36,983 87 Ponce Inlet , Florida $36,518 88 East Lake , Florida $36,206 89 Wekiva Springs , Florida $36,196 90 Country Estates , Florida $36,117 91 St. Pete Beach , Florida $35,514 93 Briny Breezes , Florida $35,338 94 Palm City , Florida $35,213 95 Winter Beach , Florida $35,169 96 Keystone , Florida $35,136 97 Jupiter ,", "7": "Florida $35,088 98 Tequesta , Florida $34,974 99 Treasure Island , Florida $34,965 100 Mission Bay , Florida $34,913 101 Timber Pines , Florida $34,900 102 Fort Myers Beach , Florida $34,703 103 Gulf Breeze , Florida $34,688 104 Vilano Beach , Florida $34,635 105 Lauderdale - by - the - Sea , Florida $34,216 106 Iona , Florida $33,937 107 Plantation , Sarasota County , Florida $33,629 108 Lely Resort , Florida $33,536 109 Edgewood , Florida $33,452 110 Lazy Lake , Florida $33,423 111 Green Meadow , Florida $33,350 112 Samsula - Spruce Creek , Florida $33,084 113 Dunes Road , Florida $33,019 114 Hillsboro Pines , Florida $32,908 115 Gotha , Florida $32,734 116 Punta Gorda , Florida $32,460 117 Cheval , Florida $32,444 118 Lely , Florida $32,430 119 Crescent Beach , Florida $32,279 120 Vamo , Florida $32,068 121 Destin , Florida $32,048 122 Redington Shores , Florida $31,822 123 Lake Clarke Shores , Florida $31,526 124 Melbourne Beach , Florida $31,489 125 Wesley Chapel South , Florida $31,399 126 Holmes Beach , Florida $31,345 127 Belleair Bluffs , Florida $31,329 128 Doctor Phillips , Florida $31,197 129 Butler Beach , Florida $31,193 130 Trinity , Florida $31,187 131 Lakeland Highlands , Florida $31,122 132 Lake Mary , Florida $31,094 133 Vero Beach , Florida $30,940 134 Lochmoor Waterway Estates , Florida $30,763 135 Wellington , Florida $30,726 136 Neptune Beach , Florida $30,525 137 Estero , Florida $30,521 138 Laurel , Florida $30,485 139 Fruit Cove , Florida $30,462 140 Madeira Beach , Florida $30,097 141 Highland Park , Florida $30,097 142 Indian Harbour Beach , Florida $29,986 143 Islamorada ,", "8": "Florida $29,519 144 Miramar Beach , Florida $29,493 145 Delray Beach , Florida $29,350 146 Whiskey Creek , Florida $29,304 147 Bay Harbor Islands , Florida $29,261 148 Shalimar , Florida $29,261 149 Hunter 's Creek , Florida $29,170 150 Greater Carrollwood , Florida $29,107 151 Belle Isle , Florida $29,087 152 Duck Key , Florida $29,007 153 Cocoa Beach , Florida $28,968 154 Miami Lakes , Florida $28,867 155 Anna Maria , Florida $28,767 156 Safety Harbor , Florida $28,632 157 Atlantic Beach , Florida $28,618 158 Desoto Lakes , Florida $28,616 159 Apollo Beach , Florida $28,583 160 Pineland , Florida $28,556 161 North River Shores , Florida $28,449 162 Lutz , Florida $28,446 163 The Villages , Florida $28,343 164 Pebble Creek , Florida $28,319 165 Plantation , Broward County , Florida $28,250 166 Greater Sun Center , Florida $28,222 167 Venice , Florida $28,220 168 Kendall , Florida $27,914 169 St.", "9": "Augustine Beach , Florida $27,905 170 Miami Beach , Florida $27,853 171 Fort Lauderdale , Florida $27,798 172 Fort Lauderdale , Florida $27,798 173 Melbourne Village , Florida $27,782 174 Doral , Florida $27,705 175 Cypress Lakes , Florida $27,687 176 Rio , Florida $27,674 177 Bokeelia , Florida $27,613 178 Sunny Isles Beach , Florida $27,576 179 Cooper City , Florida $27,474 180 Glenvar Heights , Florida $27,473 181 Jacksonville Beach , Florida $27,467 182 West Bradenton , Florida $27,262 183 Silver Lake , Florida $27,258 184 Satellite Beach , Florida $27,181 185 Cudjoe Key , Florida $27,085 186 Sunshine Acres , Florida $27,074 187 Hillsboro Ranches , Florida $27,060 188 Islandia , Florida $27,000 189 Pretty Bayou , Florida $26,930 190 Panama City Beach , Florida $26,734 191 Bay Lake , Florida $26,731 192 Bee Ridge , Florida $26,716 193 Lake Magdalene , Florida $26,685 194 Bloomingdale , Florida $26,552 195 FishHawk , Florida $26,540 196 Temple Terrace , Florida $26,515 197 Cortez , Florida $26,476 198 Palm Harbor , Florida $26,470 199 South Pasadena , Florida $26,420 200 Asbury Lake , Florida $26,398 201 Ormond Beach , Florida $26,364 202 Key West , Florida $26,316 203 St. James City , Florida $26,250 204 Winter Springs , Florida $26,166 205 Miami Shores , Florida $26,134 206 Whisper Walk , Florida $26,098 207 Williamsburg , Florida $26,096 208 Wesley Chapel , Florida $25,897 209 Villas , Florida $25,880 210 Crystal River , Florida $25,866 211 Hernando Beach , Florida $25,856 212 Lake Buena Vista , Florida $25,769 213 Citrus Hills , Florida $25,753 214 St. Lucie Village , Florida $25,651 215 Coconut Creek , Florida $25,", "10": "590 216 Greater Northdale , Florida $25,579 217 Pine Island Ridge , Florida $25,533 218 Key Largo , Florida $25,441 219 Whitfield , Florida $25,408 220 Ojus , Florida $25,392 221 Cypress Gardens , Florida $25,366 222 Coral Springs , Florida $25,282 223 South Gate Ridge , Florida $25,047 224 Fruitville , Florida $25,010 225 Upper Grand Lagoon , Florida $24,996 226 Port Salerno , Florida $24,948 227 Hamptons at Boca Raton , Florida $24,831 228 West Vero Corridor , Florida $24,619 229 Flagler Beach , Florida $24,600 230 Palm Aire , Florida $24,557 232 Fernandina Beach , Florida $24,517 233 Haverhill , Florida $24,503 234 Villages of Oriole , Florida $24,496 235 Forest City , Florida $24,464 236 Wedgefield , Florida $24,448 237 Matlacha , Florida $24,371 238 Alva , Florida $24,353 239 Cloud Lake , Florida $24,311 240 Ivanhoe Estates , Florida $24,218 241 Gulf Gate Estates , Florida $24,199 242 Southgate , Florida $24,148 243 June Park , Florida $24,147 244 Sugarmill Woods , Florida $24,087 245 Orange Park , Florida $24,087 246 Big Coppitt Key , Florida $24,022 247 West Melbourne , Florida $24,006 248 Three Oaks , Florida $23,997 249 Merritt Island , Florida $23,961 250 Pompano Beach , Florida $23,938 251 Penney Farms , Florida $23,929 252 Pembroke Park , Florida $23,843 253 Pembroke Pines , Florida $23,843 254 Oviedo , Florida $23,831 255 Layton , Florida $23,773 256 The Crossings , Florida $23,762 257 Sunset , Florida $23,735 258 Gandy , Florida $23,660 259 New Smyrna Beach , Florida $23,547 260 Conway , Florida $23,538 261 Cape Canaveral , Florida $23,537 262 Englewood ,", "11": "Florida $23,462 263 Dunedin , Florida $23,460 264 Ocean City , Florida $23,418 265 Riverview , Hillsborough County , Florida $23,302 266 Deerfield Beach , Florida $23,296 267 DeBary , Florida $23,283 268 Howey - in - the - Hills , Florida $23,273 269 Davie , Florida $23,271 270 Fern Park , Florida $23,261 271 Sandalfoot Cove , Florida $23,252 272 Land O ' Lakes , Florida $23,230 273 Altamonte Springs , Florida $23,216 274 Warm Mineral Springs , Florida $23,213 275 Sarasota , Florida $23,197 276 West Palm Beach , Florida $23,188 277 Big Pine Key , Florida $23,169 278 East Perrine , Florida $23,165 279 Miami Springs , Florida $22,963 280 Biscayne Park , Florida $22,923 281 Jensen Beach , Florida $22,921 282 South Patrick Shores , Florida $22,904 283 Marathon , Florida $22,894 284 Goodland , Florida $22,893 285 Mexico Beach , Florida $22,871 286 Oakland , Florida $22,857 287 Bradenton Beach , Florida $22,850 288 Three Lakes , Florida $22,832 289 Gulfport , Florida $22,801 290 Cypress Lake , Florida $22,799 291 Clearwater , Florida $22,786 292 Geneva , Florida $22,776 293 Yankeetown , Florida $22,774 294 Lake Lorraine , Florida $22,695 295 Zellwood , Florida $22,683 296 Pine Ridge , Citrus County , Florida $22,608 297 Tavernier , Florida $22,592 298 Boynton Beach , Florida $22,573 299 Cedar Key , Florida $22,568 300 Mount Dora , Florida $22,550 301 Harbour Heights , Florida $22,547 302 Ormond - By - The - Sea , Florida $22,503 303 Malabar , Florida $22,502 304 Mary Esther , Florida $22,488 305 Hallandale Beach , Florida $22,464 306 Charlotte Park , Florida $22,434 307 Sarasota Springs , Florida $22,", "12": "427 308 Cinco Bayou , Florida $22,425 309 Palm Shores , Florida $22,390 310 Godfrey Road , Florida $22,319 311 Lakeside Green , Florida $22,303 312 Tamarac , Florida $22,243 313 Port St. Lucie - River Park , Florida $22,217 314 Charlotte Harbor , Florida $22,211 315 North Weeki Wachee , Florida $22,186 316 Ferry Pass , Florida $22,165 317 Citrus Park , Florida $22,162 318 Matlacha Isles - Matlacha Shores , Florida $22,116 319 Hollywood , Florida $22,097 320 Brandon , Florida $22,080 321 Nokomis , Florida $22,077 322 Kensington Park , Florida $21,990 323 Tampa , Florida $21,953 324 Kings Point , Florida $21,893 325 St. Augustine South , Florida $21,883 326 Royal Palm Beach , Florida $21,875 327 Glen Ridge , Florida $21,871 328 Glencoe , Florida $21,816 329 Wilton Manors , Florida $21,770 330 Longwood , Florida $21,714 331 Oldsmar , Florida $21,671 332 Tangerine , Florida $21,670 333 Vero Beach South , Florida $21,604 334 Hobe Sound , Florida $21,603 335 Grove City , Florida $21,602 336 Plantation Island , Florida $21,581 337 Odessa , Florida $21,548 338 Tarpon Springs , Florida $21,504 339 Palm Coast , Florida $21,490 340 Cleveland , Florida $21,468 341 Medulla , Florida $21,459 342 Venice Gardens , Florida $21,440 343 Pensacola , Florida $21,438 344 Rotonda , Florida $21,437 345 Weeki Wachee Gardens , Florida $21,423 346 Town ' n ' Country , Florida $21,346 347 Lady Lake , Florida $21,337 348 Leisureville , Florida $21,334 349 High Point , Palm Beach County , Florida $21,270 350 Gonzalez , Florida $21,268 351 St.", "13": "Augustine , Florida $21,225 352 Orlando , Florida $21,216 353 Lantana , Florida $21,204 354 Lake Sarasota , Florida $21,199 355 Naples Park , Florida $21,150 356 Stuart , Florida $21,139 357 Virginia Gardens , Florida $21,139 358 Homosassa , Florida $21,135 359 St. Petersburg , Florida $21,107 360 Clermont , Florida $21,099 361 Bellair - Meadowbrook Terrace , Florida $21,095 362 Fort Walton Beach , Florida $21,085 363 Boyette , Florida $21,057 364 Cape Coral , Florida $21,021 365 North Bay Village , Florida $21,017 366 Seminole , Florida $20,951 367 Fort Myers Shores , Florida $20,927 368 Estates of Fort Lauderdale , Florida $20,901 369 Ocoee , Florida $20,896 370 North Fort Myers , Florida $20,866 371 Largo , Florida $20,848 372 White City , Florida $20,818 373 Hillcrest Heights , Florida $20,802 374 Dania Beach , Florida $20,795 375 Lakeside , Florida $20,785 376 Holden Heights , Florida $20,761 377 Country Walk , Florida $20,736 378 Minneola , Florida $20,721 379 Port Richey , Florida $20,711 380 Lakes by the Bay , Florida $20,708 381 Rockledge , Florida $20,700 382 Micco , Florida $20,649 383 Port Orange , Florida $20,628 384 Lecanto , Florida $20,625 385 Village Park , Florida $20,623 386 McIntosh , Florida $20,617 387 Orangetree , Florida $20,616 388 Four Corners , Florida $20,565 389 Everglades City , Florida $20,535 390 Montverde , Florida $20,504 391 Micanopy , Florida $20,433 392 Lower Grand Lagoon , Florida $20,433 393 Valrico , Florida $20,432 394 Palm Springs North , Florida $20,383 395 Winter Haven , Florida $20,383 396 St. Augustine Shores , Florida $20,", "14": "374 397 Jacksonville , Florida $20,337 398 Lynn Haven , Florida $20,330 399 Margate , Florida $20,308 400 San Antonio , Florida $20,287 401 Juno Ridge , Florida $20,270 402 Ramblewood East , Florida $20,266 403 Niceville , Florida $20,175 404 Bradenton , Florida $20,133 405 Ridge Wood Heights , Florida $20,095 406 Bay Pines , Florida $20,041 407 Southchase , Florida $20,028 408 Tavares , Florida $19,942 409 Valparaiso , Florida $19,934 410 Zephyrhills West , Florida $19,921 411 Fairview Shores , Florida $19,918 412 Woodville , Florida $19,915 413 Gifford , Florida $19,910 414 Seffner , Florida $19,888 415 Riviera Beach , Florida $19,847 416 Goldenrod , Florida $19,830 417 Olga , Florida $19,826 418 Ocean Breeze , Florida $19,802 419 Lakeland , Florida $19,760 420 Yalaha , Florida $19,734 421 Riverland Village , Florida $19,694 422 Florida Ridge , Florida $19,671 423 Pine Island Center , Florida $19,632 424 Casselberry , Florida $19,626 425 Kenneth City , Florida $19,498 426 West DeLand , Florida $19,496 427 Beverly Beach , Florida $19,488 428 Bartow , Florida $19,487 429 Hudson , Florida $19,476 430 Inverness Highlands South , Florida $19,362 431 Greenacres , Florida $19,298 432 Twin Lakes , Florida $19,284 433 Apopka , Florida $19,189 434 Melbourne , Florida $19,175 435 Keystone Heights , Florida $19,157 436 Ives Estates , Florida $19,118 437 Sebastian , Florida $19,111 438 Buckingham , Florida $19,103 439 Union Park , Florida $19,087 440 High Point , Hernando County , Florida $19,051 441 Lakewood Park , Florida $19,041 442 San Carlos Park , Florida $19,022 443 Tallahassee ,", "15": "Florida $18,981 444 The Hammocks , Florida $18,962 445 Century Village , Florida $18,920 446 Titusville , Florida $18,901 447 Oakland Park , Florida $18,873 448 Plant City , Florida $18,815 449 South Venice , Florida $18,787 450 Palm Springs , Florida $18,763 451 Crooked Lake Park , Florida $18,731 452 Ridge Manor , Florida $18,722 453 Campbell , Florida $18,721 454 Sunrise , Florida $18,713 455 Eustis , Florida $18,706 456 Pinellas Park , Florida $18,701 457 Parker , Florida $18,660 458 Ravenswood Estates , Florida $18,653 459 Canal Point , Florida $18,625 460 Port Charlotte , Florida $18,563 461 Cutler Bay , Florida $18,559 462 Wabasso , Florida $18,557 463 Ellenton , Florida $18,547 464 Richmond West , Florida $18,544 465 Havana , Florida $18,481 466 East Palatka , Florida $18,478 467 Miramar , Florida $18,462 468 Crystal Springs , Florida $18,346 469 Alachua , Florida $18,299 470 Placid Lakes , Florida $18,287 471 Myrtle Grove , Florida $18,268 472 Belleview , Florida $18,241 473 Royal Palm Estates , Florida $18,231 474 Lake Park , Florida $18,212 475 Laguna Beach , Florida $18,209 476 Ferndale , Florida $18,206 477 Olympia Heights , Florida $18,198 478 Thonotosassa , Florida $18,191 479 Bellview , Florida $18,173 480 Bayshore Gardens , Florida $18,150 481 Lake Panasoffkee , Florida $18,149 482 Spring Lake , Florida $18,129 483 Brookridge , Florida $18,122 484 Roseland , Florida $18,084 485 Winter Garden , Florida $18,082 486 Port St.", "16": "Lucie , Florida $18,059 487 Zephyrhills , Florida $18,047 488 Ocala , Florida $18,021 489 Lake Alfred , Florida $18,008 490 Country Club , Florida $17,999 491 Fussels Corner , Florida $17,998 492 Hiland Park , Florida $17,987 493 Port St.", "17": "John , Florida $17,953 494 Sylvan Shores , Florida $17,950 495 Bristol , Florida $17,949 496 Pine Island , Florida $17,927 497 Dunnellon , Florida $17,905 498 Warrington , Florida $17,876 499 West Miami , Florida $17,850 500 Panama City , Florida $17,830 501 Golden Lakes , Florida $17,818 502 Andover , Florida $17,798 503 Egypt Lake - Leto , Florida $17,760 504 Umatilla , Florida $17,739 505 Sky Lake , Florida $17,727 506 Palmetto , Florida $17,724 507 Holiday , Florida $17,722 508 Chambers Estates , Florida $17,707 509 Masaryktown , Florida $17,686 510 Green Cove Springs , Florida $17,673 511 Yulee , Florida $17,643 512 North Sarasota , Florida $17,643 513 Tamiami , Florida $17,601 514 Kendale Lakes , Florida $17,592 515 Sorrento , Florida $17,569 516 South Bradenton , Florida $17,549 517 Middleburg , Florida $17,531 518 Daytona Beach , Florida $17,530 519 North DeLand , Florida $17,489 520 Mims , Florida $17,433 521 Nassau Village - Ratliff , Florida $17,410 522 South Daytona , Florida $17,401 523 Fort Myers , Florida $17,312 524 Westchester , Florida $17,264 525 University Park , Florida $17,249 526 Lauderhill , Florida $17,243 527 Kathleen , Florida $17,231 528 Inverness , Florida $17,211 529 Waverly , Florida $17,203 530 New Port Richey East , Florida $17,191 531 Lehigh Acres , Florida $17,186 532 Spring Hill , Florida $17,184 533 Mount Plymouth , Florida $17,182 534 Solana , Florida $17,176 535 Lake Helen , Florida $17,158 536 Pittman , Florida $17,113 537 St.", "18": "Cloud , Florida $17,031 538 Edgewater , Volusia County , Florida $17,017 539 Beverly Hills , Florida $17,014 540 Gibsonia , Florida $17,010 541 Palm Bay , Florida $16,992 542 North Andrews Gardens , Florida $16,951 543 Altoona , Florida $16,939 544 Edgewater , Broward County , Florida $16,922 545 Beacon Square , Florida $16,913 546 Bayonet Point , Florida $16,904 547 Chokoloskee , Florida $16,847 548 Citrus Springs , Florida $16,845 549 North Port , Florida $16,836 550 Indian River Estates , Florida $16,824 551 Fort Pierce South , Florida $16,801 552 Lake Belvedere Estates , Florida $16,784 553 Gainesville , Florida $16,779 554 Pine Castle , Florida $16,767 555 Taylor Creek , Florida $16,754 556 Willow Oak , Florida $16,729 557 Palmetto Estates , Florida $16,701 558 Deltona , Florida $16,648 559 New Port Richey , Florida $16,644 560 Chuluota , Florida $16,641 561 Lockhart , Florida $16,593 562 Pace , Florida $16,591 563 Horseshoe Beach , Florida $16,535 564 Buckhead Ridge , Florida $16,475 565 Fruitland Park , Florida $16,400 566 Jan Phyl Village , Florida $16,389 567 Zephyrhills North , Florida $16,344 568 Orange City , Florida $16,318 569 Pompano Beach Highlands , Florida $16,310 570 Brooksville , Florida $16,265 571 Ensley , Florida $16,245 572 Port St. Joe , Florida $16,205 573 Lake Hamilton , Florida $16,199 574 Oak Hill , Florida $16,158 575 Lake Wales , Florida $16,106 576 Callaway , Florida $16,102 577 Holly Hill , Florida $16,098 578 Westwood Lakes , Florida $16,044 579 Sharpes , Florida $16,039 580 Bagdad , Florida $15,980 581 DeLand , Florida $15,936 582 Golden Gate , Florida $15,", "19": "923 583 High Springs , Florida $15,919 584 Astatula , Florida $15,832 585 Richmond Heights , Florida $15,824 586 Meadow Woods , Florida $15,805 587 Elfers , Florida $15,801 588 Leesburg , Florida $15,762 589 South Brooksville , Florida $15,758 590 Scott Lake , Florida $15,740 591 Gibsonton , Florida $15,695 592 Milton , Florida $15,685 593 Dade City , Florida $15,675 594 West and East Lealman , Florida $15,672 595 Cocoa , Florida $15,665 596 LaBelle , Florida $15,652 597 Williston , Florida $15,628 598 Crystal Lake , Florida $15,606 599 North Lauderdale , Florida $15,557 600 White Springs , Florida $15,555 601 Davenport , Florida $15,544 602 Clewiston , Florida $15,527 603 Monticello , Florida $15,522 604 Lake Worth , Florida $15,517 605 Auburndale , Florida $15,510 606 Fort Meade , Florida $15,499 607 Crestview , Florida $15,479 608 Mango , Florida $15,478 609 Golden Heights , Florida $15,443 610 Waldo , Florida $15,397 611 Frostproof , Florida $15,396 612 Ft McCoy - Anthony , Florida $15,386 613 Coral Terrace , Florida $15,291 614 Collier Manor - Cresthaven , Florida $15,289 615 Chattahoochee , Florida $15,265 616 Newberry , Florida $15,224 617 Sanford , Florida $15,219 618 Quincy , Florida $15,133 619 Groveland , Florida $15,132 620 Miami , Florida $15,128 621 Sebring , Florida $15,125 622 Sneads , Florida $15,113 623 Brooker , Florida $15,091 624 Kissimmee , Florida $15,071 625 Hernando , Florida $15,030 626 Bonnie Loch - Woodsetter North , Florida $15,024 627 St. Marks , Florida $14,994 628 Macclenny , Florida $14,909 629 Zephyrhills South ,", "20": "Florida $14,905 630 Jasmine Estates , Florida $14,867 631 Mangonia Park , Florida $14,864 632 Boulevard Gardens , Florida $14,843 633 Mulberry , Florida $14,828 634 Kendall West , Florida $14,806 635 Floral City , Florida $14,793 636 El Portal , Florida $14,782 637 Memphis , Florida $14,778 638 Bushnell , Florida $14,737 639 Fontainebleau , Florida $14,716 640 Callahan , Florida $14,710 641 North Miami Beach , Florida $14,699 642 Lake City , Florida $14,697 643 Alford , Florida $14,689 644 Shady Hills , Florida $14,686 645 Raiford , Florida $14,684 646 Hilliard , Florida $14,683 647 Carrabelle , Florida $14,677 648 Ponce de Leon , Florida $14,673 649 Hampton , Florida $14,620 650 Palm River - Clair Mel , Florida $14,593 651 Hawthorne , Florida $14,592 652 Broadview Park , Florida $14,591 653 Orlo Vista , Florida $14,584 654 North Miami , Florida $14,581 655 Grand Ridge , Florida $14,556 656 Hastings , Florida $14,537 657 Ebro , Florida $14,504 658 Welaka , Florida $14,495 659 East Lake - Orient Park , Florida $14,489 660 Astor , Florida $14,467 661 Combee Settlement , Florida $14,461 662 Dundee , Florida $14,411 663 Williston Highlands , Florida $14,365 664 Stock Island , Florida $14,346 665 Fort Pierce , Florida $14,345 666 Molino , Florida $14,334 667 Pomona Park , Florida $14,319 668 Page Park , Florida $14,281 669 Graceville , Florida $14,245 670 Greenwood , Florida $14,243 671 Loughman , Florida $14,205 672 Homosassa Springs , Florida $14,200 673 Lake Butler , Union County , Florida $14,174 674 Sopchoppy , Florida $14,165 675 Azalea Park , Florida $14,136 676 Lawtey ,", "21": "Florida $14,122 677 Palmona Park , Florida $14,119 678 Freeport , Florida $14,114 679 Paxton , Florida $14,108 680 Polk City , Florida $14,108 681 Inglis , Florida $14,098 682 East Williston , Florida $14,085 683 Melrose Park , Florida $14,084 684 Hialeah Gardens , Florida $14,043 685 Lauderdale Lakes , Florida $14,039 686 Worthington Springs , Florida $14,031 687 Marianna , Florida $14,021 688 Jay , Florida $13,949 689 Highland Park , Florida $13,925 690 Southeast Arcadia , Florida $13,891 691 Silver Springs Shores , Florida $13,884 692 Bithlo , Florida $13,867 693 Perry , Florida $13,845 694 Haines City , Florida $13,818 695 Christmas , Florida $13,816 696 Chula Vista , Florida $13,809 697 Seminole Manor , Florida $13,770 698 Wewahitchka , Florida $13,731 699 Norland , Florida $13,718 700 Port LaBelle , Florida $13,704 701 Lisbon , Florida $13,635 702 LaCrosse , Florida $13,633 703 Cedar Grove , Florida $13,588 704 Baldwin , Florida $13,560 705 Center Hill , Florida $13,546 706 Manatee Road , Florida $13,534 707 North Brooksville , Florida $13,531 708 Starke , Florida $13,507 709 Lake Lucerne , Florida $13,482 710 University , Florida $13,417 711 St.", "22": "George , Florida $13,410 712 Eastpoint , Florida $13,382 713 Reddick , Florida $13,338 714 Plantation Mobile Home Park , Florida $13,325 715 Mayo , Florida $13,298 716 DeFuniak Springs , Florida $13,298 717 Inwood , Florida $13,295 718 Ridgecrest , Florida $13,290 719 Bunnell , Florida $13,274 720 Pine Hills , Florida $13,257 721 Eagle Lake , Florida $13,249 722 Lee , Florida $13,242 723 Paradise Heights , Florida $13,115 724 Otter Creek , Florida $13,101 725 Trenton , Florida $13,054 726 Cypress Quarters , Florida $13,046 727 Watertown , Florida $13,044 728 Youngstown , Florida $13,042 729 West Samoset , Florida $13,027 730 Lake Harbor , Florida $12,977 731 Cocoa West , Florida $12,964 732 Esto , Florida $12,961 733 Glen St. Mary , Florida $12,954 734 Laurel Hill , Florida $12,949 735 Ruskin , Florida $12,943 736 Interlachen , Florida $12,920 737 Princeton , Florida $12,918 738 Lake Forest , Florida $12,874 739 Jasper , Florida $12,844 740 Chipley , Florida $12,842 741 West Pensacola , Florida $12,826 742 Lake Worth Corridor , Florida $12,825 743 Inverness Highlands North , Florida $12,818 744 Paisley , Florida $12,798 745 Crescent City , Florida $12,767 746 Branford , Florida $12,716 747 Okeechobee , Florida $12,701 748 Springfield , Florida $12,689 749 Okahumpka , Florida $12,684 750 Altha , Florida $12,677 751 Lake Mack - Forest Hills , Florida $12,640 752 Kendall Green , Florida $12,621 753 Istachatta , Florida $12,618 754 East Bronson , Florida $12,611 755 Carol City , Florida $12,600 756 Poinciana , Florida $12,590 757 Gun Club Estates , Florida $12,", "23": "560 758 Bronson , Florida $12,532 759 Broward Estates , Florida $12,471 760 Pierson , Florida $12,450 761 Hialeah , Florida $12,402 762 Westgate - Belvedere Homes , Florida $12,382 763 Live Oak , Florida $12,374 764 Oak Ridge , Florida $12,347 765 Mascotte , Florida $12,346 766 Archer , Florida $12,345 767 Golden Glades , Florida $12,341 768 Taft , Florida $12,331 769 South Miami Heights , Florida $12,315 770 Utopia , Florida $12,306 771 DeLeon Springs , Florida $12,280 772 Broadview - Pompano Park , Florida $12,252 773 Apalachicola , Florida $12,227 774 Tice , Florida $12,206 775 Jennings , Florida $12,195 776 Limestone Creek , Florida $12,195 777 West Perrine , Florida $12,190 778 Andrews , Florida $12,186 779 Coleman , Florida $12,186 780 Moore Haven , Florida $12,183 781 Rock Island , Florida $12,145 782 Campbellton , Florida $12,139 783 Cross City , Florida $12,125 784 West Little River , Florida $12,026 785 Weeki Wachee , Florida $12,022 786 Marineland , Florida $12,000 787 Medley , Florida $11,955 788 Babson Park , Florida $11,912 789 Avon Park , Florida $11,897 790 Arcadia , Florida $11,893 791 Westview , Florida $11,887 792 Vernon , Florida $11,869 793 Loch Lomond , Florida $11,862 794 Lake Placid , Florida $11,855 795 Greensboro , Florida $11,825 796 Midway , Seminole County , Florida $11,800 797 Bell , Florida $11,790 798 Progress Village , Florida $11,781 799 Brent , Florida $11,774 800 Wildwood , Florida $11,758 801 Tangelo Park , Florida $11,744 802 Tedder , Florida $11,737 803 Miami Gardens , Florida $11,688 804 Suncoast Estates ,", "24": "Florida $11,581 805 Harlem , Florida $11,571 806 Winston , Florida $11,507 807 Blountstown , Florida $11,498 808 Tildenville , Florida $11,488 809 Bunche Park , Florida $11,438 810 Westville , Florida $11,415 811 Zolfo Springs , Florida $11,397 812 Bayport , Florida $11,396 813 Fanning Springs , Florida $11,389 814 Caryville , Florida $11,385 815 Washington Park , Florida $11,359 816 Homestead , Florida $11,357 817 Palatka , Florida $11,351 818 Fort Pierce North , Florida $11,344 819 Bascom , Florida $11,305 820 Midway , Gadsden County , Florida $11,287 821 Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida $11,281 822 Cottondale , Florida $11,266 823 Eatonville , Florida $11,257 824 Pine Lakes , Florida $11,232 825 Belle Glade , Florida $11,159 826 Greenville , Florida $11,128 827 South Miami , Florida $11,098 828 Sweetwater , Miami - Dade County , Florida $11,098 829 Indiantown , Florida $11,085 830 Pompano Estates , Florida $11,044 831 Jacob City , Florida $11,037 832 Naples Manor , Florida $11,019 833 Noma , Florida $10,958 834 Samoset , Florida $10,915 835 South Apopka , Florida $10,864 836 Opa - locka North , Florida $10,780 837 Dover , Florida $10,728 838 Wausau , Florida $10,722 839 Chiefland , Florida $10,676 840 Eglin Air Force Base , Florida $10,670 841 Wauchula , Florida $10,665 842 Fort White , Florida $10,578 843 Stacy Street , Florida $10,449 844 Century , Florida $10,412 845 Schall Circle , Florida $10,352 846 Pahokee , Florida $10,346 847 Bonifay , Florida $10,320 848 Lake Lindsey , Florida $10,314 849 Fellsmere , Florida $10,", "25": "258 850 Pinewood , Florida $10,169 851 West Ken - Lark , Florida $10,157 852 Dade City North , Florida $10,129 853 Carver Ranches , Florida $10,090 854 Madison , Florida $10,041 855 Hill ' n Dale , Florida $10,029 856 Pine Manor , Florida $9,987 857 Bowling Green , Florida $9,978 858 Leisure City , Florida $9,966 859 Webster , Florida $9,823 860 Nobleton , Florida $9,782 861 Brownsville , Florida $9,722 862 East Dunbar , Florida $9,567 863 Roosevelt Gardens , Florida $9,559 864 Opa - locka , Florida $9,538 865 South Highpoint , Florida $9,519 866 South Bay , Florida $9,126 867 Gretna , Florida $9,062 868 Harlem Heights , Florida $8,963 869 Goulding , Florida $8,876 870 Lake Kathryn , Florida $8,816 871 Goulds , Florida $8,649 872 Wimauma , Florida $8,597 873 Immokalee , Florida $8,576 874 Wahneta , Florida $8,433 875 St. Leo , Florida $8,384 876 DeLand Southwest , Florida $8,373 877 Florida City , Florida $8,270 878 Gladeview , Florida $7,941 879 Charleston Park , Florida $7,528 880 Naranja , Florida $7,346 881 Fremd Village - Padgett Island , Florida $6,840 882 Lacoochee , Florida $6,780 883 Franklin Park , Florida $6,583 884 Five Points , Florida $6,246 885 Homestead Base , Florida $6,181 886 Malone , Florida $5,701 887 Belle Glade Camp , Florida $4,995 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Data is from the 2010 United States Census Data and the 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates Jump up ^ `` SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 2006 - 2010 American Community Survey 5 - Year Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau .", "26": "Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 Demographic Profile Data '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2014 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 25 . United States locations by per capita income Nationwide U.S. states by per capita income United States counties by per capita income State locations Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania ( counties ) Pennsylvania ( places ) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Related lists Highest - income counties in the United States Highest - income metropolitan statistical areas in the United States Highest - income urban areas in the United States Highest - income ZCTAs in the United States Lowest - income counties in the United States Poorest places in the United States State of Florida Tallahassee ( capital ) Topics Climate Congressional districts Delegations Environment Geology Government Hurricanes Law Media Newspapers Radio TV Symbols Flag Seal Tourist attractions Transportation Seal of Florida History Timeline Spanish Florida British Rule East Florida West Florida Florida Territory Seminole Wars", "27": "Slavery Plantations of Leon County Civil War Florida East Coast Railway Florida land boom of the 1920s Kennedy Space Center Disney World Geography Everglades ( Drainage and development ) Florida Keys Lake Okeechobee Sinkholes State forests State parks Society Floridians Culture Crime Demographics Economy Education Indigenous peoples Politics Sports Regions Big Bend Central Florida Emerald Coast First Coast Florida Heartland Florida Keys Florida Panhandle Forgotten Coast Glades Gold Coast Halifax area Nature Coast North Central Florida North Florida South Florida Southwest Florida Space Coast Suncoast Tampa Bay Area Treasure Coast Metro areas Cape Coral -- Fort Myers Deltona -- Daytona Beach -- Ormond Beach Fort Walton Beach -- Crestview -- Destin Gainesville Jacksonville Lakeland -- Winter Haven Miami -- Fort Lauderdale -- Pompano Beach Naples -- Marco Island North Port -- Bradenton -- Sarasota Ocala Orlando -- Kissimmee -- Sanford Palm Bay -- Melbourne -- Titusville Panama City -- Lynn Haven -- Panama City Beach Pensacola -- Ferry Pass -- Brent Port St. Lucie Punta Gorda Sebastian -- Vero Beach Tallahassee Tampa - St. Petersburg -- Clearwater West Palm Beach - Boca Raton Largest cities Jacksonville Miami Tampa Orlando St. Petersburg Hialeah Tallahassee Port St.", "28": "Lucie Fort Lauderdale West Palm Beach Cape Coral Pembroke Pines Hollywood Counties Alachua Baker Bay Bradford Brevard Broward Calhoun Charlotte Citrus Clay Collier Columbia DeSoto Dixie Duval Escambia Flagler Franklin Gadsden Gilchrist Glades Gulf Hamilton Hardee Hendry Hernando Highlands Hillsborough Holmes Indian River Jackson Jefferson Lafayette Lake Lee Leon Levy Liberty Madison Manatee Marion Martin Miami ‐ Dade Monroe Mosquito ( former county ) Nassau Okaloosa Okeechobee Orange Osceola Palm Beach Pasco Pinellas Polk Putnam Santa Rosa Sarasota Seminole St. Johns St. Lucie Sumter Suwannee Taylor Union Volusia Wakulla Walton Washington Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Florida_locations_by_per_capita_income&oldid=810615185 '' Categories : United States locations by per capita income Economy of Florida Florida geography - related lists Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 November 2017 , at 10 : 42 . 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[ 4, 3, 1, 2, 26, 20, 21, 25, 28, 27, 11, 23, 17, 22, 14, 5, 24, 0, 19, 15, 6, 13, 10, 18, 9, 7, 8, 12, 16 ]

[ 4, 3, 1, 2 ]

[ "Staples Center, Los Angeles, California", "Philips Arena, Atlanta, Georgia", "TD Garden, Boston, Massachusetts", "CenturyLink Center Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska" ]

{ "0": "2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee .", "2": "Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four .", "3": "This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC", "4": "Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012", "5": "Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta ,", "6": "Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles ,", "7": "California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston ,", "8": "Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha ,", "9": "Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St.", "10": "Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X .", "11": "Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr .", "12": "( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z .", "13": "Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K.", "14": "Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 ,", "15": "36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z .", "16": "Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 .", "17": "692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 .", "18": "500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand .", "19": "As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals ,", "20": "Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament .", "21": "First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J.", "22": "Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) .", "23": "`` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) .", "24": "`` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946", "25": "1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun", "26": "Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "27": "php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837560621 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Basketball in San Antonio 2018 in sports in Texas 21st century in San Antonio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 8, 5, 3, 6, 2, 13, 1, 22, 7, 9, 20, 11, 10, 12, 14, 26, 16, 21, 15, 27, 18, 19, 24, 25, 0, 4, 17, 23 ]

[ 8, 5, 3, 6, 2, 13 ]

[ "a style of communication that uses easy to understand, plain language with an emphasis on clarity, brevity, and avoidance of overly complex vocabulary.", "to write or speak in a way that is easily understood by the target audience" ]

{ "0": "Plain English - wikipedia Plain English Jump to : navigation , search Plain English ( or layman 's terms ) is a style of communication that uses easy to understand , plain language with an emphasis on clarity , brevity , and avoidance of overly complex vocabulary . It is commonly used in relation to official government or business communication . The goal is to write or speak in a way that is easily understood by the target audience . It is clear and straightforward , concise , free of clichés and needless technical jargon , and appropriate to the audience 's developmental or educational level and their familiarity with the topic . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 United Kingdom 2.2 Ireland 2.3 United States 3 See also 4 References 4.1 Citation footnotes 4.2 Full citations 5 General references 6 External links 7 Further reading Etymology ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2013 ) The term derives from the 16th - century idiom , `` in plain English '' , meaning `` in clear , straightforward language '' . History ( edit ) United kingdom ( edit ) In 1946 , writer George Orwell wrote an impassioned essay , `` Politics and the English Language '' , criticising what he saw as the dangers of `` ugly and inaccurate '' contemporary written English -- particularly in politics where pacification can be used to mean `` ... defenceless villages are bombarded from the air , the inhabitants driven out into the countryside , the cattle machine - gunned , the huts set on fire with incendiary bullets ... '' . Two years later Sir Ernest Gowers , a distinguished civil servant , was asked by HM Treasury to provide a guide to officials on avoiding pompous and over-elaborate writing . He wrote , `` writing is an instrument for conveying ideas from one mind to another ; the writer 's job is to make his reader apprehend his meaning readily and precisely . ''", "1": "Gowers ' guide was published as a slim paperback Plain Words , a guide to the use of English in 1948 , followed by a sequel The ABC of Plain Words in 1951 and , in 1954 , a hardback book combining the best of both , The Complete Plain Words -- which has never been out of print since . Gowers argued that legal English was a special case , saying that legal drafting : ... is a science , not an art ; it lies in the province of mathematics rather than of literature , and its practice needs long apprenticeship . It is prudently left to a specialised legal branch of the Service . The only concern of the ordinary official is to learn to understand it , to act as interpreter of it to ordinary people , and to be careful not to let his own style of writing be tainted by it ... However , there is a trend toward plainer language in legal documents , and in fact the 1999 `` Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts '' regulations mandate `` plain and intelligible '' language . In the UK , Plain English Campaign has been campaigning since 1979 , `` against gobbledygook , jargon and misleading public information . They have helped many government departments and other official organisations with their documents , reports and publications . They believe that everyone should have access to clear and concise information . '' An inquiry into the 2005 London bombings recommended that emergency services should always use plain English . It found that verbosity can lead to misunderstandings that could cost lives . Ireland ( edit ) The main organisation promoting the use of plain English in Ireland is the National Adult Literacy Agency ( NALA ) . There is a growing awareness of and interest in using plain English , particularly in the public sector . The Public Sector Reform Plan and the Central Bank 's Consumer Protection Code advocate for the use of plain English in the public and financial sectors respectively . The Universal Design guidelines published by the National Standards Authority of Ireland includes plain English guidelines for energy suppliers . United States ( edit ) In the US the plain language movement in government communication started in the 1970s . The Paperwork Reduction Act was introduced in 1976 . and in 1978 President Carter issued executive orders intended to make government regulations `` cost - effective and easy - to - understand by those who were required to comply with them . ''", "2": "Many agencies now have long - standing policies mandating plain language and in 2010 this was made a federal requirement with the Plain Writing Act . In legal writing , David Mellinkoff a professor at the UCLA School of Law is widely credited with singlehandedly launching the plain English movement in American law with the 1963 publication of The Language of the Law . In 1977 , New York became the first state to pass legislation requiring plain English in consumer contracts and leases . In 1979 , Richard Wydick published Plain English for Lawyers . Plain English writing style is now a legal duty for companies registering securities under the Securities Act of 1933 , due to rules the Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) adopted in 1998 . See also ( edit ) List of plain English words and phrases Simplified Technical English , used by the international aerospace and defense industries List of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English Scribes : The American Society of Legal Writers Simple English Wikipedia Corporate jargon Legalese Psychobabble Technobabble Buzzword Weasel word References ( edit ) Citation footnotes ( edit ) Click on the hyperlink to see the full citation . Jump up ^ Ammer 1997 Jump up ^ Gowers 1954 , `` Prologue '' . Jump up ^ Gowers 1954 , `` Chapter 2 '' . Jump up ^ OFT 1999 : `` A term is open to challenge if it could put the consumer at a disadvantage because he or she is not clear about its meaning -- even if its meaning could be worked out by a lawyer . '' Jump up ^ BBC News Jump up ^ PEUK Jump up ^ The Telegraph Jump up ^ `` Simply put . Plain English editing , writing and training service provided by the National Adult Literacy Agency '' . National Adult Literacy Agency . Jump up ^ `` NALA 's Plain English resources page '' . National Adult Literacy Agency . Jump up ^ `` Public Sector Reform Plan , section 1.2 Improving Customer Experience '' . Department of Public Expenditure and Reform . Jump up ^ `` Consumer Protection Code , section 4.1 '' ( PDF ) . Central Bank . Jump up ^ `` NSAI Develop World 's First Standard on Universal Design '' . National Standards Authority of Ireland .", "3": "Jump up ^ Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 Jump up ^ Locke 2004 Jump up ^ Plain Writing Act of 2010 Jump up ^ Siegel 2010 Jump up ^ Berent 2010 Jump up ^ Oliver 2000 Jump up ^ Martin 2000 Jump up ^ Moukad 1979 Jump up ^ Sec . Act Rel. 33 - 7380 1997 Full citations ( edit ) `` A history of plain language in the United States Government '' . PlainLanguage.gov . Plain Language Action and Information Network . 1995 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Ammer , Christine ( 1997 ) . The American Heritage ® Dictionary of Idioms . Houghton Mifflin . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Berent , Irwin ( 2010 ) . `` Background : Plain Writing Legislative History , 2007 - 2010 '' . Plain Writing Association . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Gardham , Duncan ( 10 March 2011 ) . `` 7 / 7 inquests : emergency services should use plain English '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Gowers , Ernest ( 1954 ) . The Complete Plain Words . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . `` High Court rules against Foxtons '' . BBC News . May 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 10 July 2009 . Martin , Douglas ( 16 January 2000 ) . `` David Mellinkoff , 85 , Enemy of Legalese '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Mazur , Beth ( May 2000 ) . `` Revisiting Plain Language '' . Technical Communication . Society for Technical Communication . 47 ( 2 ) . Archived from the original on 29 March 2013 .", "4": "Retrieved 29 March 2013 . Oliver , Myrna ( 4 January 2000 ) . `` David Mellinkoff ; Attorney Advocated Plain English '' . LA Times . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . `` Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 '' . 1995 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . `` Plain English Campaign '' . BBC News . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . `` Plain Writing Act of 2010 : Plain Language in Federal Agencies '' . PlainLanguage.gov . Plain Language Action and Information Network . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Wallace , Ann D. ( 1997 ) , `` Securities Act Release no . 33 - 7380 '' , Plain English Disclosure , proposing release ( January 14 , 1997 ) 62 FR 3512 ( January 21 , 1997 ) , Africa - America - Institute , Annual Institute on Securities Regulation , SEC Division of Corporation Finance , ISSN 0195 - 5756 Siegel , Joel ( 17 October 2010 ) . `` Obama Signs ' Plain Writing ' Law '' . ABC News . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . `` What is an unfair term ? '' . The Office of Fair Trading . May 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on 28 March 2013 . Retrieved 6 August 2011 . Moukad , Rosemary ( 1979 ) . `` New York 's Plain English Law '' . Fordham Urban Law Journal . The Berkeley Electronic Press . 8 ( 2 ) . Article 7 . Retrieved 30 July 2016 .", "5": "General references ( edit ) Cutts , Martin ( 1996 ) , The Plain English Guide , Oxford University Press , ISBN 0 - 19 - 860049 - 6 Rook , Fern ( 1992 ) , Slaying the English Jargon , Society for Technical Communication , ISBN 0 - 914548 - 71 - 9 Williams , Joseph M. ( 1995 ) , Style , Toward Clarity and Grace , University Of Chicago Press , ISBN 0 - 226 - 89915 - 2 Wydick , Richard C. ( 2005 ) ( 1979 ) , Plain English for Lawyers ( paperback , 5th ed . ) , Carolina Academic Press , ISBN 1 - 59460 - 151 - 8 External links ( edit ) `` Federal Plain Language Guidelines '' , U.S. Plain Language Action and Information Network ( PLAIN ) , ( rev . May 2011 ) `` A Plain English Handbook '' , U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) , Office of Investor Education and Assistance , ( August 1998 ) Further reading ( edit ) Flesch , Rudolf ( 1946 ) . The Art of Plain Talk . Harper & Brothers . OCLC 318543 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plain_English&oldid=821822714 '' Categories : Plain English Standard English Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from March 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia עברית 日本 語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 21 : 02 . 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{ "0": "List of English Football champions - wikipedia List of English Football champions Jump to : navigation , search Leicester City celebrate winning the Premier League in the 2015 -- 16 season . The English football champions are the winners of the highest league in English men 's football , which since 1992 - 1993 is the Premier League . Following the legalisation of professional football by the Football Association in 1885 , the English Football League was established in 1888 , after a series of meetings initiated by Aston Villa director William McGregor . At the end of the 1888 -- 89 season , Preston North End were the first club to be crowned champions after completing their fixtures unbeaten . Representing the first fully professional football competition in the world the league saw its early years dominated by teams from the North and Midlands , where professionalism was embraced more readily than in the South . Its status as the country 's pre-eminent league was strengthened in 1892 , when the rival Football Alliance was absorbed into the Football League . Former Alliance clubs comprised the bulk of a new Second Division , from which promotion to the top level could be gained . It was not until 1931 that a Southern club were crowned champions , when Herbert Chapman 's Arsenal secured the title . Arsenal scored 127 goals in the process , a record for a title - winning side ( though runners - up Aston Villa scored one goal more , a record for the top division ) . Rules stipulating a maximum wage for players were abolished in 1961 . This resulted in a shift of power towards bigger clubs . Financial considerations became an even bigger influence from 1992 , when the teams then in the First Division defected to form the FA Premier League . This supplanted the Football League First Division as the highest level of football in England , and due to a series of progressively larger television contracts , put wealth into the hands of top flight clubs in a hitherto unprecedented manner . The first five champions in the Premier League era - Arsenal , Blackburn Rovers , Chelsea , Manchester City and Manchester United - had all won the title at least once prior to 1992 . Leicester City were crowned champions for the first time in 2016 , becoming the first ( and to date only ) team to win the Premier League without having previously won the First Division .", "1": "All the clubs which have ever been crowned champions are still in existence today and all take part in the top four tiers of the English football league system - the football pyramid . Sheffield Wednesday are the only club who have ever changed their name after winning a league title having been known as The Wednesday for the first three of their four titles . Manchester United have won 20 titles , the most of any club . United 's rivals Liverpool are second with 18 . Liverpool dominated during the 1970s and 1980s , while United dominated in the 1990s and 2000s under Sir Alex Ferguson . Arsenal are third ; their 13 titles all came after 1930 . Everton ( nine ) have enjoyed success throughout their history , and both Aston Villa ( seven ) and Sunderland ( six ) secured the majority of their titles before World War I. Huddersfield Town in 1924 -- 26 , Arsenal in 1933 -- 35 , Liverpool in 1982 -- 84 and Manchester United in 1999 -- 2001 and 2007 -- 09 are the only sides to have won the League title in three consecutive seasons . Contents ( hide ) 1 List 1.1 Football League ( 1888 -- 1892 ) 1.2 Football League First Division ( 1892 -- 1992 ) 2 Premier League ( 1992 -- present ) 3 Total titles won 4 Total titles won by region 4.1 By City / Town 5 Multiple trophy wins 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References List ( edit ) Teams in bold are those who won the double of League Championship and FA Cup , or the European Double of League Championship and European Cup in that season . Football League ( 1888 -- 1892 ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Runners - up Third place Leading goalscorer Goals 1888 -- 89 Preston North End Aston Villa Wolverhampton Wanderers John Goodall ( Preston North End ) 21 1889 -- 90 Preston North End ( 2 ) Everton Blackburn Rovers Jimmy Ross ( Preston North", "2": "End ) 24 1890 -- 91 Everton Preston North End Notts County Jack Southworth ( Blackburn Rovers ) 26 1891 -- 92 Sunderland Preston North End Bolton Wanderers John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 32 Football League First Division ( 1892 -- 1992 ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Runners - up Third place Leading goalscorer Goals 1892 -- 93 Sunderland ( 2 ) Preston North End Everton John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 31 1893 -- 94 Aston Villa Sunderland Derby County Jack Southworth ( Everton ) 27 1894 -- 95 Sunderland ( 3 ) Everton Aston Villa John Campbell ( Sunderland ) 22 1895 -- 96 Aston Villa ( 2 ) Derby County Everton Johnny Campbell ( Aston Villa ) Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 20 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa ( 3 ) Sheffield United Derby County Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 22 1897 -- 98 Sheffield United Sunderland Wolverhampton Wanderers Fred Wheldon ( Aston Villa ) 21 1898 -- 99 Aston Villa ( 4 ) Liverpool Burnley Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 23 1899 -- 1900 Aston Villa ( 5 ) Sheffield United Sunderland Billy Garraty ( Aston Villa ) 27 1900 -- 01 Liverpool Sunderland Notts County Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 23 1901 -- 02 Sunderland ( 4 ) Everton Newcastle United Jimmy Settle ( Everton ) 18", "3": "1902 -- 03 The Wednesday Aston Villa Sunderland Sam Raybould ( Liverpool ) 31 1903 -- 04 The Wednesday ( 2 ) Manchester City Everton Steve Bloomer ( Derby County ) 20 1904 -- 05 Newcastle United Everton Manchester City Arthur Brown ( Sheffield United ) 22 1905 -- 06 Liverpool ( 2 ) Preston North End The Wednesday Albert Shepherd ( Bolton Wanderers ) 26 1906 -- 07 Newcastle United ( 2 ) Bristol City Everton Alex Young ( Everton ) 30 1907 -- 08 Manchester United Aston Villa Manchester City Enoch West ( Nottingham Forest ) 27 1908 -- 09 Newcastle United ( 3 ) Everton Sunderland Bert Freeman ( Everton ) 38 1909 -- 10 Aston Villa ( 6 ) Liverpool Blackburn Rovers Jack Parkinson ( Liverpool ) 30 1910 -- 11 Manchester United ( 2 ) Aston Villa Sunderland Albert Shepherd ( Newcastle United ) 25 1911 -- 12 Blackburn Rovers Everton Newcastle United Harry Hampton ( Aston Villa ) George Holley ( Sunderland ) David McLean ( The Wednesday ) 25 1912 -- 13 Sunderland ( 5 ) Aston Villa The Wednesday David McLean ( The Wednesday ) 30 1913 -- 14 Blackburn Rovers ( 2 ) Aston Villa Middlesbrough George Elliot ( Middlesbrough ) 32 1914 -- 15 Everton ( 2 ) Oldham Athletic Blackburn Rovers Bobby Parker ( Everton ) 35 1915 / 16", "4": "-- 1918 / 19 League suspended owing to the First World War 1919 -- 20 West Bromwich Albion Burnley Chelsea Fred Morris ( West Bromwich Albion ) 37 1920 -- 21 Burnley Manchester City Bolton Wanderers Joe Smith ( Bolton Wanderers ) 38 1921 -- 22 Liverpool ( 3 ) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Andy Wilson ( Middlesbrough ) 31 1922 -- 23 Liverpool ( 4 ) Sunderland Huddersfield Town Charlie Buchan ( Sunderland ) 30 1923 -- 24 Huddersfield Town Cardiff City Sunderland Wilf Chadwick ( Everton ) 28 1924 -- 25 Huddersfield Town ( 2 ) West Bromwich Albion Bolton Wanderers Frank Roberts ( Manchester City ) 31 1925 -- 26 Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) Arsenal Sunderland Ted Harper ( Blackburn Rovers ) 43 1926 -- 27 Newcastle United ( 4 ) Huddersfield Town Sunderland Jimmy Trotter ( The Wednesday ) 37 1927 -- 28 Everton ( 3 ) Huddersfield Town Leicester City Dixie Dean ( Everton ) 60 1928 -- 29 The Wednesday ( 3 ) Leicester City Aston Villa Dave Halliday ( Sunderland ) 43 1929 -- 30 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) Derby County Manchester City Vic Watson ( West Ham United ) 41 1930 -- 31 Arsenal Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Tom Waring ( Aston Villa ) 49 1931 -- 32 Everton (", "5": "4 ) Arsenal Sheffield Wednesday Dixie Dean ( Everton ) 44 1932 -- 33 Arsenal ( 2 ) Aston Villa Sheffield Wednesday Jack Bowers ( Derby County ) 35 1933 -- 34 Arsenal ( 3 ) Huddersfield Town Tottenham Hotspur Jack Bowers ( Derby County ) 34 1934 -- 35 Arsenal ( 4 ) Sunderland Sheffield Wednesday Ted Drake ( Arsenal ) 42 1935 -- 36 Sunderland ( 6 ) Derby County Huddersfield Town W.G. Richardson ( West Bromwich Albion ) 39 1936 -- 37 Manchester City Charlton Athletic Arsenal Freddie Steele ( Stoke City ) 33 1937 -- 38 Arsenal ( 5 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Preston North End Tommy Lawton ( Everton ) 28 1938 -- 39 Everton ( 5 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlton Athletic Tommy Lawton ( Everton ) 35 1939 / 40 -- 1945 / 46 League suspended owing to the Second World War 1946 -- 47 Liverpool ( 5 ) Manchester United Wolverhampton Wanderers Dennis Westcott ( Wolverhampton Wanderers ) 37 1947 -- 48 Arsenal ( 6 ) Manchester United Burnley Ronnie Rooke ( Arsenal ) 33 1948 -- 49 Portsmouth Manchester United Derby County Willie Moir ( Bolton Wanderers ) 25 1949 -- 50 Portsmouth ( 2 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Sunderland Dickie Davis ( Sunderland ) 25 1950 -- 51 Tottenham Hotspur", "6": "Manchester United Blackpool Stan Mortensen ( Blackpool ) 30 1951 -- 52 Manchester United ( 3 ) Tottenham Hotspur Arsenal George Robledo ( Newcastle United ) 33 1952 -- 53 Arsenal ( 7 ) Preston North End Wolverhampton Wanderers Charlie Wayman ( Preston North End ) 24 1953 -- 54 Wolverhampton Wanderers West Bromwich Albion Huddersfield Town Jimmy Glazzard ( Huddersfield Town ) 29 1954 -- 55 Chelsea Wolverhampton Wanderers Portsmouth Ronnie Allen ( West Bromwich Albion ) 27 1955 -- 56 Manchester United ( 4 ) Blackpool Wolverhampton Wanderers Nat Lofthouse ( Bolton Wanderers ) 33 1956 -- 57 Manchester United ( 5 ) Tottenham Hotspur Preston North End John Charles ( Leeds United ) 38 1957 -- 58 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 2 ) Preston North End Tottenham Hotspur Bobby Smith ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 36 1958 -- 59 Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) Manchester United Arsenal Jimmy Greaves ( Chelsea ) 33 1959 -- 60 Burnley ( 2 ) Wolverhampton Wanderers Tottenham Hotspur Dennis Viollet ( Manchester United ) 32 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Sheffield Wednesday Wolverhampton Wanderers Jimmy Greaves ( Chelsea ) 41 1961 -- 62 Ipswich Town Burnley Tottenham Hotspur Ray Crawford ( Ipswich Town ) Derek Kevan ( West Bromwich Albion ) 33", "7": "1962 -- 63 Everton ( 6 ) Tottenham Hotspur Burnley Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 37 1963 -- 64 Liverpool ( 6 ) Manchester United Everton Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 35 1964 -- 65 Manchester United ( 6 ) Leeds United Chelsea Andy McEvoy ( Blackburn Rovers ) Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 29 1965 -- 66 Liverpool ( 7 ) Leeds United Burnley Willie Irvine ( Burnley ) 29 1966 -- 67 Manchester United ( 7 ) Nottingham Forest Tottenham Hotspur Ron Davies ( Southampton ) 37 1967 -- 68 Manchester City ( 2 ) Manchester United Liverpool George Best ( Manchester United ) Ron Davies ( Southampton ) 28 1968 -- 69 Leeds United Liverpool Everton Jimmy Greaves ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 27 1969 -- 70 Everton ( 7 ) Leeds United Chelsea Jeff Astle ( West Bromwich Albion ) 25 1970 -- 71 Arsenal ( 8 ) Leeds United Tottenham Hotspur Tony Brown ( West Bromwich Albion ) 28 1971 -- 72 Derby County Leeds United Liverpool Francis Lee ( Manchester City ) 33 1972 -- 73 Liverpool ( 8 ) Arsenal Leeds United Pop Robson ( West Ham United ) 28 1973 -- 74 Leeds United ( 2 ) Liverpool Derby County Mick Channon ( Southampton ) 21 1974 -- 75 Derby County ( 2 ) Liverpool Ipswich Town Malcolm", "8": "Macdonald ( Newcastle United ) 21 1975 -- 76 Liverpool ( 9 ) Queens Park Rangers Manchester United Ted MacDougall ( Norwich City ) 23 1976 -- 77 Liverpool ( 10 ) Manchester City Ipswich Town Malcolm Macdonald ( Arsenal ) Andy Gray ( Aston Villa ) 25 1977 -- 78 Nottingham Forest Liverpool Everton Bob Latchford ( Everton ) 30 1978 -- 79 Liverpool ( 11 ) Nottingham Forest West Bromwich Albion Frank Worthington ( Bolton Wanderers ) 24 1979 -- 80 Liverpool ( 12 ) Manchester United Ipswich Town Phil Boyer ( Southampton ) 23 1980 -- 81 Aston Villa ( 7 ) Ipswich Town Arsenal Peter Withe ( Aston Villa ) Steve Archibald ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 20 1981 -- 82 Liverpool ( 13 ) Ipswich Town Manchester United Kevin Keegan ( Southampton ) 26 1982 -- 83 Liverpool ( 14 ) Watford Manchester United Luther Blissett ( Watford ) 27 1983 -- 84 Liverpool ( 15 ) Southampton Nottingham Forest Ian Rush ( Liverpool ) 32 1984 -- 85 Everton ( 8 ) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Kerry Dixon ( Chelsea ) Gary Lineker ( Leicester City ) 24 1985 -- 86 Liverpool ( 16 ) Everton West Ham United Gary Lineker ( Everton ) 30 1986 -- 87 Everton ( 9 ) Liverpool Tottenham Hotspur Clive Allen ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 33 1987", "9": "-- 88 Liverpool ( 17 ) Manchester United Nottingham Forest John Aldridge ( Liverpool ) 26 1988 -- 89 Arsenal ( 9 ) Liverpool Nottingham Forest Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) 23 1989 -- 90 Liverpool ( 18 ) Aston Villa Tottenham Hotspur Gary Lineker ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 24 1990 -- 91 Arsenal ( 10 ) Liverpool Crystal Palace Alan Smith ( Arsenal ) 22 1991 -- 92 Leeds United ( 3 ) Manchester United Sheffield Wednesday Ian Wright ( Crystal Palace / Arsenal ) 29 Premier League ( 1992 -- present ) ( edit ) Year Champions ( number of titles ) Points Runners - up Points Third place Points Top goalscorer Goals 1992 -- 93 Manchester United ( 8 ) 84 Aston Villa 74 Norwich City 72 Teddy Sheringham ( Nottingham Forest / Tottenham ) 22 1993 -- 94 Manchester United ( 9 ) 92 Blackburn Rovers 84 Newcastle United 77 Andrew Cole ( Newcastle United ) 34 1994 -- 95 Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 88 Nottingham Forest 77 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 34 1995 -- 96 Manchester United ( 10 ) 82 Newcastle United 78 Liverpool 71 Alan Shearer ( Blackburn Rovers ) 31 1996 -- 97 Manchester United ( 11 ) 75 Newcastle United 68 Arsenal 68 Alan Shearer ( Newcastle United ) 25", "10": "1997 -- 98 Arsenal ( 11 ) 78 Manchester United 77 Liverpool 65 Chris Sutton ( Blackburn Rovers ) Dion Dublin ( Coventry City ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) 18 1998 -- 99 Manchester United ( 12 ) 79 Arsenal 78 Chelsea 75 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Leeds United ) Michael Owen ( Liverpool ) Dwight Yorke ( Manchester United ) 18 1999 -- 2000 Manchester United ( 13 ) 91 Arsenal 73 Leeds United 69 Kevin Phillips ( Sunderland ) 30 2000 -- 01 Manchester United ( 14 ) 80 Arsenal 70 Liverpool 69 Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink ( Chelsea ) 23 2001 -- 02 Arsenal ( 12 ) 87 Liverpool 80 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 24 2002 -- 03 Manchester United ( 15 ) 83 Arsenal 78 Newcastle United 69 Ruud van Nistelrooy ( Manchester United ) 25 2003 -- 04 Arsenal ( 13 ) 90 Chelsea 79 Manchester United 75 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 30 2004 -- 05 Chelsea ( 2 ) 95 Arsenal 83 Manchester United 77 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 25 2005 -- 06 Chelsea ( 3 ) 91 Manchester United 83 Liverpool 82 Thierry Henry ( Arsenal ) 27 2006 -- 07 Manchester United ( 16 ) 89 Chelsea", "11": "83 Liverpool 68 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 20 2007 -- 08 Manchester United ( 17 ) 87 Chelsea 85 Arsenal 83 Cristiano Ronaldo ( Manchester United ) 31 2008 -- 09 Manchester United ( 18 ) 90 Liverpool 86 Chelsea 83 Nicolas Anelka ( Chelsea ) 19 2009 -- 10 Chelsea ( 4 ) 86 Manchester United 85 Arsenal 75 Didier Drogba ( Chelsea ) 29 2010 -- 11 Manchester United ( 19 ) 80 Chelsea 71 Manchester City 71 Dimitar Berbatov ( Manchester United ) Carlos Tevez ( Manchester City ) 20 2011 -- 12 Manchester City ( 3 ) 89 Manchester United 89 Arsenal 70 Robin van Persie ( Arsenal ) 30 2012 -- 13 Manchester United ( 20 ) 89 Manchester City 78 Chelsea 75 Robin van Persie ( Manchester United ) 26 2013 -- 14 Manchester City ( 4 ) 86 Liverpool 84 Chelsea 82 Luis Suárez ( Liverpool ) 31 2014 -- 15 Chelsea ( 5 ) 87 Manchester City 79 Arsenal 75 Sergio Agüero ( Manchester City ) 26 2015 -- 16 Leicester City 81 Arsenal 71 Tottenham Hotspur 70 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 25 2016 -- 17 Chelsea ( 6 ) 93", "12": "Tottenham Hotspur 86 Manchester City 78 Harry Kane ( Tottenham Hotspur ) 29 Bold indicates Double winners -- i.e. League and FA Cup winners OR League and European Cup winners Bold Italic indicates Treble winners -- i.e. League , FA Cup and European Cup winners Total titles won ( edit ) Teams in bold compete in the Premier League as of the 2017 -- 18 season . Club Winners Runners - up Winning seasons Manchester United 20 15 1907 -- 08 , 1910 -- 11 , 1951 -- 52 , 1955 -- 56 , 1956 -- 57 , 1964 -- 65 , 1966 -- 67 , 1992 -- 93 , 1993 -- 94 , 1995 -- 96 , 1996 -- 97 , 1998 -- 99 , 1999 -- 2000 , 2000 -- 01 , 2002 -- 03 , 2006 -- 07 , 2007 -- 08 , 2008 -- 09 , 2010 -- 11 , 2012 -- 13 Liverpool 18 13 1900 -- 01 , 1905 -- 06 , 1921 -- 22 , 1922 -- 23 , 1946 -- 47 , 1963 -- 64 , 1965 -- 66 , 1972 -- 73 , 1975 -- 76 , 1976 -- 77 , 1978 -- 79 , 1979 -- 80 , 1981 -- 82 , 1982 -- 83 , 1983 -- 84 , 1985 -- 86 , 1987 -- 88 , 1989 -- 90 Arsenal 13 9 1930 -- 31 , 1932 -- 33 , 1933 -- 34 , 1934 -- 35 , 1937 -- 38 , 1947 -- 48 , 1952 -- 53 , 1970 -- 71 , 1988 -- 89 , 1990 -- 91 , 1997 -- 98 , 2001 -- 02 ,", "13": "2003 -- 04 Everton 9 7 1890 -- 91 , 1914 -- 15 , 1927 -- 28 , 1931 -- 32 , 1938 -- 39 , 1962 -- 63 , 1969 -- 70 , 1984 -- 85 , 1986 -- 87 Aston Villa 7 10 1893 -- 94 , 1895 -- 96 , 1896 -- 97 , 1898 -- 99 , 1899 -- 1900 , 1909 -- 10 , 1980 -- 81 Sunderland 6 5 1891 -- 92 , 1892 -- 93 , 1894 -- 95 , 1901 -- 02 , 1912 -- 13 , 1935 -- 36 Chelsea 6 1954 -- 55 , 2004 -- 05 , 2005 -- 06 , 2009 -- 10 , 2014 -- 15 , 2016 -- 17 Manchester City 5 1936 -- 37 , 1967 -- 68 , 2011 -- 12 , 2013 -- 14 Newcastle United 1904 -- 05 , 1906 -- 07 , 1908 -- 09 , 1926 -- 27 Sheffield Wednesday 1902 -- 03 , 1903 -- 04 , 1928 -- 29 , 1929 -- 30 Leeds United 5 1968 -- 69 , 1973 -- 74 , 1991 -- 92 Wolverhampton Wanderers 5 1953 -- 54 , 1957 -- 58 , 1958 -- 59 Huddersfield Town 1923 -- 24 , 1924 -- 25 , 1925 -- 26 Blackburn Rovers 1911 -- 12 , 1913 -- 14 , 1994 -- 95 Preston North End 6 1888 -- 89 , 1889 -- 90 Tottenham Hotspur 5 1950 -- 51 , 1960 -- 61 Derby County 1971 -- 72 ,", "14": "1974 -- 75 Burnley 1920 -- 21 , 1959 -- 60 Portsmouth 0 1948 -- 49 , 1949 -- 50 Ipswich Town 1961 -- 62 Nottingham Forest 1977 -- 78 Sheffield United 1897 -- 98 West Bromwich Albion 1919 -- 20 Leicester City 2015 -- 16 Bristol City 0 Oldham Athletic 0 Cardiff City 0 Charlton Athletic 0 Blackpool 0 Queen 's Park Rangers 0 Watford 0 Southampton 0 Total titles won by region ( edit ) Region Number of titles Clubs North West 58 Manchester United ( 20 ) , Liverpool ( 18 ) , Everton ( 9 ) , Manchester City ( 4 ) Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) , Burnley ( 2 ) , Preston North End ( 2 ) London 21 Arsenal ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 6 ) , Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Yorkshire and the Humber 11 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) , Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) , Leeds United ( 3 ) , Sheffield United ( 1 ) West Midlands 11 Aston Villa ( 7 ) , Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) , West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) North East 10 Sunderland ( 6 ) , Newcastle United ( 4 ) East Midlands Derby County ( 2 ) , Leicester City ( 1 ) , Nottingham Forest ( 1 ) South East Portsmouth ( 2 ) East of England Ipswich Town ( 1 ) South West -- Wales -- By City / Town ( edit ) City / Town Championships Clubs Liverpool 27 Liverpool ( 18 ) , Everton ( 9 ) Manchester 24 Manchester United ( 20 ) , Manchester City ( 4 ) London 21 Arsenal ( 13 ) , Chelsea ( 6 ) ,", "15": "Tottenham Hotspur ( 2 ) Birmingham 7 Aston Villa ( 7 ) Sunderland 6 Sunderland ( 6 ) Sheffield 5 Sheffield Wednesday ( 4 ) , Sheffield United ( 1 ) Newcastle Newcastle United ( 4 ) Blackburn Blackburn Rovers ( 3 ) Huddersfield Huddersfield Town ( 3 ) Leeds Leeds United ( 3 ) Wolverhampton Wolverhampton Wanderers ( 3 ) Burnley Burnley ( 2 ) Derby Derby County ( 2 ) Portsmouth Portsmouth ( 2 ) Preston Preston North End ( 2 ) Ipswich Ipswich Town ( 1 ) Leicester Leicester City ( 1 ) Nottingham Nottingham Forest ( 1 ) West Bromwich West Bromwich Albion ( 1 ) Multiple trophy wins ( edit ) See The Double and The Treble . See also ( edit ) English football first tier top scorers For English women 's football champions , see FA Women 's Premier League National Division : History List of First Division and Premier League winning managers List of football players with a Premier League winner 's medal List of football clubs in England by competitive honours won List of FA Cup winners Notes ( edit ) Completed the season unbeaten . Also won the UEFA Cup . Also won the European Cup . Also won the League Cup . From the 1981 -- 82 season onwards three points were awarded for a win . Prior to this a win gave two points . Also won the Cup Winners Cup . In addition to the double of League and FA Cup , Manchester United also won the European Cup in 1999 . This achievement is referred to as the Treble . Sheffield Wednesday were known as The Wednesday until 1929 . References ( edit ) General `` Past winners -- The Football League '' . Football League website . Archived from the original on 17 July 2014 . Retrieved 29 August 2008 . `` England - List of Champions '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 11 June 2009 . `` English League Leading Goalscorers '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 11 June 2009 .", "16": "Specific Jump up ^ `` The History of the Football League '' . Football League website . Archived from the original on 11 February 2007 . Retrieved 15 February 2006 . Jump up ^ Inglis , Simon ( 1988 ) . League Football and the Men Who Made It . Willow Books . pp. 6 -- 8 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218242 - 4 . Jump up ^ Titford , Roger ( November 2005 ) . `` Football League , 1888 -- 89 '' . When Saturday Comes . Retrieved 6 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2007 ) . The Ball is Round : A Global History of Football . London : Penguin . p. 58 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 101582 - 8 . Jump up ^ Inglis , League Football and the Men Who Made It , p25 Jump up ^ `` Free - scoring Gunners clinch first title '' . Arsenal.com . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Dart , Tom ( 25 May 2009 ) . `` Burnley : little town , big traditions '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` A History of The Premier League '' . Premier League . Archived from the original on 18 November 2011 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Harris , Nick ( 7 February 2009 ) . `` £ 1.78 bn : Record Premier League TV deal defies economic slump '' . Independent . London . Retrieved 15 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Nurse , Howard ( 14 May 2011 ) . `` Blackburn 1 -- 1 Man Utd '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 14 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sideline '' . London : The Times . 16 May 2003 . Retrieved 7 June 2009 .", "17": "( hide ) Lists of national association football champions of Europe ( UEFA ) Active Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark England Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Israel Italy Macedonia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales Defunct Czechoslovakia East Germany Soviet Union Yugoslavia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_English_football_champions&oldid=806932993 '' Categories : Premier League Association football in England lists English Football League National association football champions Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from May 2013 Use British English from May 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Dansk Español Føroyskt Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands Polski Português Română Русский Scots Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 00 : 44 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 13, 4, 3, 8, 14, 7, 5, 12, 11, 9, 6, 10, 16, 17, 15, 2, 1, 0 ]

[ 13, 4, 3, 8, 14 ]

[ "September 26, 2017" ]

{ "0": "Jeepers Creepers 3 - wikipedia Jeepers Creepers 3 Jump to : navigation , search Jeepers Creepers 3 File : Jeepers Creepers 3. jpg Directed by Victor Salva Produced by Michael Ohoven Jake Seal Victor Salva Written by Victor Salva Starring Jonathan Breck Meg Foster Gabrielle Haugh Chester Rushing Stan Shaw Brandon Smith Gina Philips Music by Andrew Morgan Smith Cinematography Don E. FauntLeRoy Edited by Misty Talley Production company Infinity Films Myriad Pictures Distributed by Screen Media Films Release date September 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 26 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $3.2 million Jeepers Creepers 3 is a 2017 American horror film written and directed by Victor Salva and the third installment in the Jeepers Creepers franchise , taking place in between Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2 . Jonathan Breck reprises his role as the Creeper . Gina Philips returns in a cameo as her character Trish Jenner , her first time returning to the franchise since the original film . The film was shown in theaters on September 26 , 2017 , in what was originally announced as a one - night - only showing , and was then shown again on October 4 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Home media 5 Marketing 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Sequel 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) The film opens with a shuriken ( throwing star ) flying through the air and hitting a wooden post as a man runs for his life . When the man reaches the road , the Creeper drops from the sky and flies off with him , while another man watches from his truck . When he gets out to investigate he looks up in the air and sees a severed hand fall from the sky .", "1": "Twenty - three years later , shortly after the events of the first film , the police discover the Creeper 's truck filled with dead bodies . The truck has been rigged with several booby - traps , including spikes that emerge from the bed of the truck , and a spear that shoots out from the tail - pipe . When Sheriff Dan Tashtego arrives , Sergeant Davis Tubbs tells him what happened and Tashtego informs him that the Creeper has been around for thousands of years and must be stopped . They then rush to get the Creeper 's truck back after learning it is headed for the impound . As Frank and Deputy Lang transport the vehicle , the Creeper lands on the tow truck and severs the cables . They then watch as the truck drives off seemingly on its own , while the Creeper stands on top of it . When the truck returns , the Creeper abducts Frank while Lang stands frozen in fear . The next day , Gaylen Brandon sees a vision of her son Kenny , who was killed by the Creeper twenty - three years earlier . He warns her that the Creeper will return soon to uncover something buried on the property and will kill anyone who is still there , including her and her granddaughter , Addison , when it does . Meanwhile , Tashtego informs Tubbs that he has put together a small team to hunt down the Creeper and kill it once and for all . Later , a group of teenagers discover the Creeper 's truck in a field . After finding the bodies , they take off on dirt bikes , but Kirk is shot in the leg with the spear . As two of the other boys try to free him , the Creeper returns and kills them both with another spear . The last boy is abducted by the Creeper as he tries to escape after peeing on the Creeper 's truck . Later , Addison goes into town to buy hay for her horse . When she ca n't pay for it , her friend Buddy helps her out and the two drive up to a plantation house to deliver more hay . There they find the owner and a couple other men hiding under cars , but before they can get help the Creeper arrives and abducts Addison , leaving Buddy traumatized . Gaylen discovers a sack containing the Creeper 's severed hand buried in her front yard , and when she touches it she goes into a hypnotic state .", "2": "When Tashtego and Tubbs arrive with the team , she reveals that the hand contains secrets about the Creeper 's origins , and Tashtego decides to touch it to uncover a way to kill it . Addison wakes up in the Creeper 's truck with Kirk , and together they try to find a way out , but when Kirk reaches for the door a metal rod shoots out and impales him in the head . Meanwhile , Tashtego and Tubbs discover the Creeper 's location , and they head off to find him , along with Michael ( who has a machine gun attached to his truck ) . They find the Creeper driving down the highway in his truck , but when they shoot at it , the bullets deflect , and Michael is killed . A small explosive is ejected from the bottom of the Creeper 's truck , and when it goes off , Tashtego and Tubbs ' car lands in a field . Tubbs gets out and tries to shoot the Creeper , but all of his attempts fail . Before the Creeper can kill Tubbs , Tashtego calls him and he goes for him instead . When the Creeper jumps into the air , Tashtego shoots him several times with the machine gun , but the bullets have no effect and he is tackled to the ground and struck in the head with an axe . When the Creeper stands up , he removes his axe from Tashtego 's head telekinetically and walks away , while Tubbs watches from afar . That night , the Creeper discovers that Addison is still alive , but before he can kill her , she causes the metal rod to shoot out and impale him in the head . She quickly escapes and runs through a field , and he attempts to throw a spear at her , which barely misses her head . He tries one last time to hit her with an axe , but he is hit by a truck and Addison runs away . When the truck driver gets out to see what happened , he is killed by the Creeper . Addison runs and hides in a field where she is found by Gaylen and Buddy and the three leave together . The Creeper later returns to Gaylen 's house where he finds a sign that says , ' We know what you are ' , along with the hand , and yells out in anger .", "3": "The next day , Addison says goodbye to Buddy as he leaves for a high school basketball game in the same bus that is attacked by the Creeper in the second movie . Twenty - three years later , Trish Jenner is seen typing a letter on a computer calling for people to fight against the Creeper when it returns , and vows to get revenge on the Creeper for the death of her brother , Darry . Cast ( edit ) Jonathan Breck as the Creeper Meg Foster as Gaylen Brandon Gabrielle Haugh as Addison Brandon Stan Shaw as Sheriff Dan Tashtego Joyce Giraud as Deputy Dana Lang Jordan Salloum as Kenny Brandon Ryan Moore as Kirk Mathers Brandon Smith as Sergeant Davis Tubbs Gina Philips as Patricia `` Trish '' Jenner ( cameo ) Production ( edit ) The third film was in talks even before Jeepers Creepers 2 was released back in 2003 . In 2006 , the movie was `` announced '' and was tentatively called Jeepers Creepers 3 : The Creeper Walks Among Us . MGM had originally planned to release the movie direct to DVD , but was unable to find proper financing . The movie 's script was written by director Victor Salva , with the new title Jeepers Creepers 3 : Cathedral , with Gina Philips returning as Trish Jenner from the first film . For nine more years , the film faced many false starts and setbacks , with Victor Salva saying `` the film has come close many times to going before the cameras , and I hope someone sees the wisdom in shooting this '' . Officially on September 11 , 2015 , the movie got the green light to start filming from Myriad Pictures , and was to begin filming in early 2016 . However , before filming could begin in Vancouver , British Columbia , Canadian talent agencies sent out an alert to warn others about Victor Salva 's criminal past , and then the casting calls were removed , which halted the production . However , producer Stan Spry assured a fan on Twitter that the movie was not cancelled .", "4": "On the special edition Blu - ray release of Jeepers Creepers 2 , Victor Salva stated that he has written a new script for Jeepers Creepers 3 set between the days of Jeepers Creepers and Jeepers Creepers 2 , where the Creeper terrorizes a farming community . Plans changed yet again , as Gina Philips was brought in to reprise her role as Trish in a cameo . The film 's plot is set in between the first two films , in the year 2001 , although the original Cathedral storyline had the film take place 23 years after the first two films . Actor Stan Shaw , who plays a sheriff in this film , confirmed to a fan on Twitter that the Cathedral storyline was scrapped as that material was more than 12 years old . Filming ( edit ) In January 2017 , it was confirmed the film was back in pre-production and that filming would begin in February 2017 in Louisiana , instead of Canada as originally planned ( more closely duplicating the Florida setting of the original film ) . Principal photography finally began on February 15 , 2017 in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . On April 4 , one of the cameras of the production revealed in their social networks that the filming was already finished . Release ( edit ) During an interview for the Edmond Sun , Justin Hall specifically revealed that the film would be released on September 4 , but nothing was confirmed by Victor Salva or the movie studio . On August 16 , the AMC Theaters website stated Jeepers Creepers 3 opens on September 26 , 2017 . On August 29 , selected theaters began selling tickets along with the official poster , revealing that the film would be on display for only one night . Fathom Events then announced that the film 's premiere would also feature never - before - seen bonus pictures and an interview with Jonathan Breck , who plays the Creeper in all three franchise films . A second showing in theaters on October 4 was later added . Fandango updated the brief film synopsis shortly after , `` this Fall , the Creeper returns . See the next film in the iconic horror franchise when Jeepers Creepers 3 returns for a special encore event in movie theaters nationwide for only one night on Wednesday , October 4 . ''", "5": "Other participating theaters included Marcus Theaters and Galaxy Theaters The film 's Facebook account announced that the film would have its television premiere on the Syfy network on October 28 , 2017 . The channel aired an encore showing on October 29 . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on DVD and Blu - ray on December 26 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Since the announcement of the final filming , several photos began to appear on the internet implying that they were photos leaked from the post production of Jeepers Creepers 3 , mainly for presenting the actor Stan Shaw that had already been confirmed in the film . The photos ended up being confirmed and shortly after it was released a Behind the Scenes video of the film in social networks . The first teaser trailer for 30 seconds was released on September 6 and the official trailer for the movie was released on September 15 on various YouTube trailer channels . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) During its limited two - day run , Jeepers Creepers 3 grossed $2.3 million in the United States and $997,710 in other territories for a worldwide total of $3.2 million . The film opened in 635 theaters for one day and debuted in # 3 in Tuesday Box Office ranking , alongside Kingsman : The Golden Circle and It . Critical response ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers 3 received mixed to negative reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds a negative approval rating of 20 % based on 5 reviews , with a weighted average rating of 4.1 / 10 . Film critic Steve Pulaski gave the film a mixed review , saying that `` through all its shortcomings , some admittedly due to what the wonders the passing of time does to one 's expectations , I did find some enjoyment in Jeepers Creepers 3 . All of these films have been a tad different from their predecessor , and this one is no exception . It clearly wants to give fans something they can appreciate , it just does n't always know the best route . ''", "6": "Steve Barton in review to Dread Central gave the film three and a half out of five stars and said , `` at the end of the day if you 're a fan of the franchise , you 'll be happy with this latest entry ... which for my tastes is better than the second but just falls short of the goodness and quality of the original experience . The door has been left open for Jeepers Creepers 4 , and whether or not that will happen remains to be seen '' . However , Robert Yaniz , Jr. from We Got This Covered said that `` lacking in imagination or genuine scares , Jeepers Creepers 3 falls tragically short on just about every front '' . Adam Dileo from IGN gave his verdict saying that being `` an unremarkable entry in a cult favorite franchise , Jeepers Creepers 3 offers fans too little to get excited about . While the monster still rules its slice of country highway and the skies above it , the rest of the film crashes in the cornfields '' . Ernie Trinidad gave the film two out of five stars , stating that the film `` did n't deliver the story fans were anticipating nor provide enough incentive to want to return for the inevitable sequel '' . Trinidad also felt that the film 's daytime setting only managed to draw attention to its low quality CGI and make - up effects . Sequel ( edit ) In an interview for Diabolique , actress Gina Philips revealed that Victor Salva has a plot ready for a fourth installment in Jeepers Creepers franchise . She said `` Victor has written what happens from the second after the conclusion of ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' . I think that 's all I 'm allowed to say about it but he wrote in such detail and he had a lot of flashbacks to what happened over the years that it made it very easy for me . I got to see what will eventually happen to the character and he put enough flashbacks in there that I got to see what happened to her over the last 15 years . Let 's just say , there 's more to come . ''", "7": "See also ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers 2 Horror films List of horror films 2017 films List of horror films of 2017 List of horror films of 2000 Monster movies Jersey Devil Spring - heeled Jack References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Is Happening ... Soon '' . November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 Casting Notice Removed '' . March 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Gina Philips ' Story ? ! '' . January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miska , Brad . `` ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Started Filming Today ( Exclusive ) - Bloody Disgusting ! '' . Bloody Disgusting.com . Brad Miska . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 possible release date revealed '' . May 7 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers in Theaters '' . August 29 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 , 2nd showing in Theaters '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fandango 2nd showing of Jeepers Creepers 3 '' . October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Showing October 4th , 2017 '' . September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2nd Showing October 4 2017 '' .", "8": "September 24 , 2017 . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wegotthiscovered.com Jump up ^ Dvdreleasedates.com Jump up ^ `` Here 's Stan Shaw in ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' '' . June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 gets full trailer w / tons of new footage '' . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) - Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rotten Tomatoes.com . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Pulaski , Steve . `` Jeepers Creepers 3 '' . The Steve Pulaski Message Board . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . Dread Central . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) '' . We Got This Covered . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jeepers Creepers 3 Review '' . IGN . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Trinidad , Ernie . `` Jeepers Creepers 3 FILM REVIEW '' . Ernie Trinidad.com . Ernie Trinidad . Retrieved 3 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Jeepers Creepers 4 ' Confirmed -- Before ' Jeepers Creepers 3 ' Is Even Released ! '' . June 1 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 .", "9": "External links ( edit ) Jeepers Creepers 3 on IMDb Jeepers Creepers 3 at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by Victor Salva Clownhouse ( 1989 ) The Nature of the Beast ( 1995 ) Powder ( 1995 ) Rites of Passage ( 1999 ) Jeepers Creepers ( 2001 ) Jeepers Creepers 2 ( 2003 ) Peaceful Warrior ( 2006 ) Rosewood Lane ( 2011 ) Dark House ( 2014 ) Jeepers Creepers 3 ( 2017 ) Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers Jeepers Creepers 2 Jeepers Creepers 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeepers_Creepers_3&oldid=822014255 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films 2017 horror films 2010s monster movies 2010s sequel films 2010s supernatural films American films American monster movies American sequel films American slasher films American supernatural horror films Fictional demons and devils Films directed by Victor Salva Prequel films Hidden categories : Articles with missing files All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Português Română Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 22 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "August 21, 2001", "August 21, 2001", "August 21, 2001", "August 21, 2001", "August 21, 2001" ]

{ "0": "How You Remind Me - wikipedia How You Remind Me Jump to : navigation , search `` How You Remind Me '' Single by Nickelback from the album Silver Side Up B - side `` Little Friend '' Released August 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) Format CD maxi CD Recorded June 2001 at Greenhouse Studios , Burnaby , British Columbia Genre Post-grunge Length 3 : 43 Label Roadrunner Songwriter ( s ) Chad Kroeger Mike Kroeger Ryan Peake Ryan Vikedal Producer ( s ) Rick Parashar Nickelback Nickelback singles chronology `` Worthy to Say '' ( 2000 ) `` How You Remind Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Too Bad '' ( 2002 ) `` Worthy to Say '' ( 2000 ) `` How You Remind Me '' ( 2001 ) `` Too Bad '' ( 2002 ) Music video `` How You Remind Me '' on YouTube `` How You Remind Me '' Nickelback 's `` How You Remind Me '' from Silver Side Up Problems playing this file ? See media help . `` How You Remind Me '' is a song by Canadian rock band Nickelback . It was released on August 21 , 2001 as the lead single from their third studio album Silver Side Up ( 2001 ) . A `` Gold Mix '' was made for latter editions of the single with the heavier guitars edited out of the chorus . Lead vocalist and guitarist Chad Kroeger wrote the song about his old girlfriend Jodi , with whom he had a dysfunctional relationship . He referred to this song as the song that put Nickelback on the map when played at their concert in Sturgis , South Dakota , and is often considered to be their signature song . `` How You Remind Me '' was named the number one most played song on U.S. radio of the 2000s decade by Nielsen Soundscan , being spun over 1.2 million times on U.S. airwaves since its release in 2001 to the end of 2009 .", "1": "The song was named fourth on the Billboard Hot 100 Songs of the Decade and 75th in the UK decade - end chart . It was nominated for the Kerrang ! Award for Best Single . `` How You Remind Me '' was also rated the number one rock song and number 4 alternative song of the decade of the 2000s by Billboard . The song was featured in the music video game Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock . Contents ( hide ) 1 Music video 2 Chart performances and awards 3 Track listings 4 Release history 5 Charts 5.1 Weekly charts 5.2 Year - end charts 5.3 Decade - end charts 5.4 Chart successions 6 Certifications 7 Avril Lavigne version 7.1 Background 7.2 Track listing 7.3 Release history 8 References 9 External links Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` How You Remind Me '' featured Nickelback playing a small venue with focus on a female audience member . Chad Kroeger admitted to disliking the idea of a small venue performance at first , opting for a bigger scale arena concert ; however , he found the outcome of the video satisfying . In the video , Kroeger plays a man whose girlfriend ( played by model Annie Henley ) has left him and is still haunted by her memory . He still feels strongly for her , and sees her everywhere he goes . Whenever he imagines her touch , he feels a warm memory , indicated by the change in lighting in the video . As the music video progresses , he starts to get over her . At the end , she shows up and apparently asks him to forgive her . This is what he thought he had wanted all along , but suddenly he realizes that it is n't really what he wanted , and pushes her away . She is left with a broken heart and haunted by memories , as he had been at the beginning of the video . Another version of the video exists , and has been played on some UK and Australian music channels . The video simply features the footage of the band playing from the main video , added to footage of the band 's live performances and tour movies .", "2": "Chart performances and Awards ( edit ) Due to its high sales and massive airplay , `` How You Remind Me '' was ranked as the top single of 2002 by Billboard magazine . The single was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2005 , for sales of over 500,000 copies , and by late 2010 it had sold around 860,000 copies total . The song went on to rack up four Billboard Music Awards , four Juno Awards . `` How You Remind Me '' was the number one Most Played Song of 2002 in the United States , across all formats , according to Billboard Monitor . In 2003 , the song was nominated for Grammy Award for Record of the Year . `` How You Remind Me '' was the number one song on the Billboard 's 2002 Year - End Hot 100 Singles Chart , and VH1 ranked the song as the 16th Greatest Power Ballad . The song was listed at number 36 on Billboard 's All Time Top 100 . The song also hit number one on the Kerrang ! feature , 21st Century 's Official 100 Rock Best Sellers . The song was the 75th best - selling single of the 2000s in the UK . In Germany , it 's not just the band 's best - charting single by reaching number 3 on the German Singles Chart , it 's also Nickelback 's longest - staying single on that chart , namely a total of 30 weeks . In 2011 , Fuse TV named it the number one song of the decade . It was listed as number 9 at the Billboard Hot 100 top 100 Rock Songs of the last 50 years . Loudwire listed the song as number 30 on its list `` Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs '' .", "3": "Track listings ( edit ) CD single `` How You Remind Me '' ( Album version ) -- 3 : 45 `` How You Remind Me '' ( Acoustic ) -- 3 : 39 `` Little Friend '' -- 3 : 48 CD maxi `` How You Remind Me '' ( Gold Mix ) -- 3 : 45 `` How You Remind Me '' ( LP Version ) -- 3 : 30 `` Little Friend '' -- 3 : 48 `` How You Remind Me '' ( Video ) Release history ( edit ) Country Release date United States August 21 , 2001 ( 2001 - 08 - 21 ) United Kingdom March 25 ,", "4": "2002 ( 2002 - 03 - 25 ) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2001 -- 05 ) Peak position Argentina Top 20 Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( ABPD ) Canada ( Nielsen SoundScan ) Chile Top 20 11 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Europe Official Top 100 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 18 France ( SNEP ) 11 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 14 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 7 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Portugal Top 20 9 Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) 13 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Rock and Metal ( Official Charts Company ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks US Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks US Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Top 40 Mainstream Chart ( 2016 ) Peak position Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 87 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position Australian Singles Chart 48 Austrian Singles Chart 6 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart 17 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart 56 Dutch Top 40 16 French Singles Chart 98 Irish Singles Chart 8 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 Swiss Singles Chart 13 UK Singles Chart 12 US Billboard Hot 100 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000s ) Peak position UK Singles Chart 75 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Rock Songs U.S. Billboard Alternative Songs U.S.", "5": "Billboard Mainstream Top 40 Chart successions ( edit ) Preceded by `` It 's Been Awhile '' by Staind Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks number - one single 15 September -- 8 December 2001 Succeeded by `` My Sacrifice '' by Creed Preceded by `` Smooth Criminal '' by Alien Ant Farm Billboard Modern Rock Tracks number - one single 22 September -- 15 December 2001 Succeeded by `` In the End '' by Linkin Park Preceded by `` Family Affair '' by Mary J. Blige Billboard Top 40 Mainstream number - one single 22 December 2001 -- 23 February 2002 Succeeded by `` Hey Baby '' by No Doubt featuring Bounty Killer Preceded by `` U Got It Bad '' by Usher Billboard Hot 100 number - one single 22 December 2001 -- 12 January 2002 Succeeded by `` Always on Time '' by Ja Rule featuring Ashanti Preceded by `` L'Amour toujours '' by Gigi D'Agostino Danish number - one single 25 January 2002 -- 1 February 2002 Succeeded by `` Whenever , Wherever '' by Shakira Preceded by `` What If '' by Kate Winslet `` Whenever , Wherever '' by Shakira Austrian Singles Chart number - one single 10 February 2002 24 February 2002 Preceded by `` Unchained Melody '' by Gareth Gates Irish IRMA number - one single 13 April 2002 -- 11 May 2002 Succeeded by `` Here Come The Good Times '' by Ireland World Cup Squad Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 2 × Platinum 140,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 20,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Gold 25,000 France ( SNEP ) Gold 250,000 Germany ( BVMI ) Gold 250,000 Italy ( FIMI ) Gold 25,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,", "6": "000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Avril Lavigne version ( edit ) `` How You Remind Me '' 2 - track CD edition cover Promotional single by Avril Lavigne from the album One Piece Film : Z and Avril Lavigne A-side `` Bad Reputation '' Released 12 December 2012 Format CD digital download Recorded 2012 Length 4 : 05 Label Sony Japan Epic Songwriter ( s ) Chad Kroeger Mike Kroeger Ryan Peake Ryan Vikedal `` How You Remind Me '' was recorded by Canadian singer - songwriter Avril Lavigne for the anime film One Piece Film : Z . It was reported on 17 October 2012 that Lavigne would be contributing two cover songs to the film : the latter track and a cover of Joan Jett 's `` Bad Reputation '' . Lavigne later confirmed the new recording on 5 November 2012 . It was released on 11 December 2012 as a digital download from the One Piece Film : Z Original Soundtrack . The 2 - track promotional CD single was released on the next day , exclusive to Japan . The song was re-released on 19 December 2013 by iTunes Stores as a digital download promotional single for her self - titled fifth album . Later , it was included in the Japan , Taiwan and China Tour Edition of the album as one of the bonus tracks . Background ( edit ) Lavigne was in the studio with Kroeger working on her fifth studio album when she was asked to contribute a song to the film , but did n't have time to write another song during the studio sessions they had left . Kroeger later explained that it was Lavigne 's idea to cover the song , stating : `` Avril jokingly suggested to cover a Nickelback song , but then we both figured it 'd actually be a good idea to do `` How You Remind Me '' . We recorded a version more similar to the original , but we both were not happy with it , thinking it needs its own spin . Avril then rearranged the song and we all liked it . ''", "7": "An audio - only video was put on Lavigne 's official Vevo on 8 January 2013 . Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` How You Remind Me '' -- 4 : 05 `` Bad Reputation '' -- 2 : 42 Digital download `` How You Remind Me '' -- 4 : 05 Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Ref . Japan December 12 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 12 ) CD Sony Japan United States December 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) Digital download Epic Canada References ( edit ) Jump up ^ To See or Not to See : Nickelback . Metro . Retrieved September 15 , 2008 Jump up ^ How You Remind Me Songfacts Jump up ^ `` Eminem Is The Best - Selling Artist Of The Decade - Music , Celebrity , Artist News '' . MTV . 2009 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Hot 100 Decade Songs Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 12 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` The Greatest Show Cast , Episodes , Guides , Trailers , Web Exclusives , Previews '' . VH1.com . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Songs '' ( 40 - 31 ) Jump up ^ Radio 1 Chart of the Decade , as presented by DJ Nihal on December 29 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Die ganze Musik im Internet : Charts , News , Neuerscheinungen , Tickets , Genres , Genresuche , Genrelexikon , Künstler - Suche , Musik - Suche , Track - Suche , Ticket - Suche '' . musicline.de . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ Ramanand , L , z . `` No. 30 : Nickelback , ' How You Remind Me ' -- Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs : Read More : No.", "8": "30 : Nickelback , ' How You Remind Me ' -- Top 21st Century Hard Rock Songs '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : http://top40-charts.com/songs/full.php?sid=1082&sort=chartid Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil '' ( PDF ) . ABPD . October 6 , 2001 . Retrieved April 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Tracklisten . Jump up ^ `` Nickelback : How You Remind Me '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Nickelback Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Jump up ^ Irish Single Chart Irishcharts.ie Archived January 5 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Nickelback '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . VG - lista .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Romanian peak '' . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2004 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 03 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Rock & Metal Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . ^ Jump up to : Billboard allmusic.com ( Retrieved 10 April 2008 ) Jump up ^ story `` Billboard Adult Pop Songs '' Check url = value ( help ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ story `` BillBoard Pop Songs '' Check url = value ( help ) . Billboard.com . Retrieved October 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2002 Australian Singles Chart aria.com Archived July 6 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved August 8 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Austrian Singles Chart Austriancharts.at Archived March 12 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be Archived January 26 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart Ultratop.be Archived April 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` Single top 100 over 2002 '' ( PDF ) ( in Dutch ) . Top40 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 .", "10": "Jump up ^ 2002 French Singles Chart Ifop.com Archived 2008 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 Irish Singles Chart Irma.ie ( Retrieved December 11 , 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 2002 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2002 Swiss Singles Chart Hitparade.ch Archived December 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ 2002 UK Singles Chart ChartsPlus ( Retrieved 8 August 2008 ) Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2001 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Enter Nickelback in the field Interpret . Enter How You Remind Me in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2002 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved 1 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Nickelback ; ' How You Remind Me ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Nickelback ; ' How You Remind Me ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved 8 August 2008 .", "11": "Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . Enter How You Remind Me in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Nickelback -- How You Remind Me '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 8 August 2008 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Canadian Singer Avril Lavigne Contributes One Piece Film Z Themes '' . Anime News Network . 2012 - 10 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Twitter / AvrilLavigne '' . Twitter . Retrieved 21 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One Piece Film Z Soundtrack '' . CDJapan.co.jp . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avril Lavigne -- How You Remind Me '' . Discogs . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` How You Remind Me - Single by Avril Lavigne '' . US : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 艾薇儿 Avril Lavigne : 同名 专辑 中国 巡演 限量 版 China Version ( 2CD 附 中国 巡演 限量 周边 毛巾 ) '' . Amazon.cn . Retrieved March 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - How You Remind Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How You Remind Me - Single by Avril Lavigne '' . Canada : iTunes Store . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2015 . Retrieved December 19 , 2013 .", "12": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` I 'm Like a Bird '' by Nelly Furtado Juno Award for Best Single 2002 Succeeded by `` Complicated '' by Avril Lavigne Nickelback Chad Kroeger Ryan Peake Mike Kroeger Daniel Adair Brandon Kroeger Mitch Guindon Ryan Vikedal Studio albums Curb The State Silver Side Up The Long Road All the Right Reasons Dark Horse Here and Now No Fixed Address Feed the Machine Compilations Three - Sided Coin The Best of Nickelback Volume 1 Extended plays Hesher Singles `` Fly '' `` Leader of Men '' `` Old Enough '' `` Breathe '' `` How You Remind Me '' `` Too Bad '' `` Never Again '' `` Someday '' `` Figured You Out '' `` Feelin ' Way Too Damn Good '' `` Because of You '' `` Photograph '' `` Animals '' `` Savin ' Me '' `` Far Away '' `` Rockstar '' `` If Everyone Cared '' `` Side of a Bullet '' `` Gotta Be Somebody '' `` Something in Your Mouth '' `` If Today Was Your Last Day '' `` I 'd Come for You '' `` Burn It to the Ground '' `` Never Gonna Be Alone '' `` Shakin ' Hands '' `` This Afternoon '' `` When We Stand Together '' `` Bottoms Up '' `` This Means War '' `` Lullaby '' `` Trying Not to Love You '' `` Edge of a Revolution '' `` What Are You Waiting For ? ''", "13": "`` Million Miles an Hour '' `` She Keeps Me Up '' `` Satellite '' `` Get ' Em Up '' `` Dirty Laundry '' `` Feed the Machine '' `` Song on Fire '' Video albums Live at Home The Videos Live at Sturgis 2006 Concert tours The Long Road Tour All the Right Reasons Tour Dark Horse Tour Here and Now Tour No Fixed Address Tour Feed the Machine Tour Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Avril Lavigne songs Discography Let Go `` Losing Grip '' `` Complicated '' `` Sk8er Boi '' `` I 'm with You '' My World `` Basket Case '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Under My Skin `` Take Me Away '' `` Do n't Tell Me '' `` He Was n't '' `` My Happy Ending '' `` Nobody 's Home '' `` Fall to Pieces '' `` I Always Get What I Want '' The Best Damn Thing `` Girlfriend '' `` The Best Damn Thing '' `` When You 're Gone '' `` Hot '' `` Keep Holding On '' Goodbye Lullaby `` What the Hell '' `` Push '' `` Wish You Were Here '' `` Smile '' `` Alice '' `` Bad Reputation '' Avril Lavigne `` Rock n Roll '' `` Here 's to Never Growing Up '' `` 17 '' `` Let Me Go '' `` Give You What You Like '' `` Bad Girl '' `` Hello Kitty '' `` How You Remind Me '' Collaborations `` Wavin ' Flag '' `` Get Over Me '' Other songs `` Fly '' Billboard Year - End number one singles ( 2000 -- 2019 ) 2000 : `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001 : `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002 : `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003 : `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004 : `` Yeah ! ''", "14": "-- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005 : `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006 : `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007 : `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008 : `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T - Pain 2009 : `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010 : `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011 : `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012 : `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013 : `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014 : `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015 : `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016 : `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber 2017 : `` Shape of You '' -- Ed Sheeran Complete list ( 1946 -- 1959 ) ( 1960 -- 1979 ) ( 1980 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2019 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_You_Remind_Me&oldid=815002835 '' Categories : 2001 singles 2002 singles Nickelback songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Rock number - one singles Billboard Alternative Songs number - one singles Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Songs written by Chad Kroeger Rock ballads 2000s ballads Song recordings produced by Rick Parashar Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Avril Lavigne songs 2001 songs Songs written by Mike Kroeger Songs written by Ryan Peake Torch songs Juno Award for Single of the Year singles Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Pages with URL errors CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl", "15": ") CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Swiss Singlechart usages for UKrock Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 12 December 2017 ,", "16": "at 04 : 29 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "plays a key role in digestion of proteins, by activating digestive enzymes, and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids", "activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis", "activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin, which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids, a process known as proteolysis" ]

{ "0": "Gastric acid - wikipedia Gastric acid Jump to : navigation , search Gastric acid , gastric juice or stomach acid , is a digestive fluid formed in the stomach and is composed of hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) , potassium chloride ( KCl ) and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . The acid plays a key role in digestion of proteins , by activating digestive enzymes , and making ingested proteins unravel so that digestive enzymes break down the long chains of amino acids . Gastric acid is produced by cells in the lining of the stomach , which are coupled in feedback systems to increase acid production when needed . Other cells in the stomach produce bicarbonate , a base , to buffer the fluid , ensuring that it does not become too acidic . These cells also produce mucus , which forms a viscous physical barrier to prevent gastric acid from damaging the stomach . The pancreas further produces large amounts of bicarbonate and secretes bicarbonate through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum to completely neutralize any gastric acid that passes further down into the digestive tract . The main constituent of gastric acid is hydrochloric acid which is produced by parietal cells ( also called oxyntic cells ) in the gastric glands in the stomach . Its secretion is a complex and relatively energetically expensive process . Parietal cells contain an extensive secretory network ( called canaliculi ) from which the hydrochloric acid is secreted into the lumen of the stomach . The pH of gastric acid is 1.5 to 3.5 in the human stomach lumen , the acidity being maintained by the proton pump H / K ATPase . The parietal cell releases bicarbonate into the bloodstream in the process , which causes a temporary rise of pH in the blood , known as an alkaline tide . The highly acidic environment in the stomach lumen causes proteins from food to lose their characteristic folded structure ( or denature ) . This exposes the protein 's peptide bonds . The gastric chief cells of the stomach secrete enzymes for protein breakdown ( inactive pepsinogen , and in infancy rennin ) . Hydrochloric acid activates pepsinogen into the enzyme pepsin , which then helps digestion by breaking the bonds linking amino acids , a process known as proteolysis .", "1": "In addition , many microorganisms have their growth inhibited by such an acidic environment , which is helpful to prevent infection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Secretion 2 Regulation of secretion 3 Neutralization 4 Role in disease 5 Pharmacology 6 History 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Secretion ( edit ) A typical adult human stomach will secrete about 1.5 liters of gastric acid daily . Gastric acid secretion happens in several steps . Chloride and hydrogen ions are secreted separately from the cytoplasm of parietal cells and mixed in the canaliculi . Gastric acid is then secreted into the lumen of the gastric gland and gradually reaches the main stomach lumen . The exact manner in which the secreted acid reaches the stomach lumen is controversial , as acid must first cross the relatively pH neutral gastric mucus layer . Chloride and sodium ions are secreted actively from the cytoplasm of the parietal cell into the lumen of the canaliculus . This creates a negative potential of - 40 m V to - 70 mV across the parietal cell membrane that causes potassium ions and a small number of sodium ions to diffuse from the cytoplasm into the parietal cell canaliculi . The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to form carbonic acid . This acid immediately dissociates into hydrogen and bicarbonate ions . The hydrogen ions leave the cell through H / K ATPase antiporter pumps . At the same time , sodium ions are actively reabsorbed . This means that the majority of secreted K and Na ions return to the cytoplasm . In the canaliculus , secreted hydrogen and chloride ions mix and are secreted into the lumen of the oxyntic gland . The highest concentration that gastric acid reaches in the stomach is 160 mM in the canaliculi . This is about 3 million times that of arterial blood , but almost exactly isotonic with other bodily fluids . The lowest pH of the secreted acid is 0.8 , but the acid is diluted in the stomach lumen to a pH between 1 and 3 .", "2": "There is a small continuous basal secretion of gastric acid between meals of usually less than 10 mEq / hour . There are three phases in the secretion of gastric acid which increase the secretion rate in order to digest a meal : The cephalic phase : Thirty percent of the total gastric acid secretions to be produced is stimulated by anticipation of eating and the smell or taste of food . This signalling occurs from higher centres in the brain through the vagus nerve ( Cranial Nerve X ) . It activates parietal cells to release acid and ECL cells to release histamine . The vagus nerve ( CN X ) also releases gastrin releasing peptide onto G cells . Finally , it also inhibits somatostatin release from D cells . The gastric phase : About sixty percent of the total acid for a meal is secreted in this phase . Acid secretion is stimulated by distension of the stomach and by amino acids present in the food . The intestinal phase : The remaining 10 % of acid is secreted when chyme enters the small intestine , and is stimulated by small intestine distension and by amino acids . The duodenal cells release entero - oxyntin which acts on parietal cells without affecting gastrin . Regulation of secretion ( edit ) Diagram depicting the major determinants of gastric acid secretion , with inclusion of drug targets for peptic ulcer disease ( PUD ) and gastroesophageal reflux disease ( GERD ) . Gastric acid production is regulated by both the autonomic nervous system and several hormones . The parasympathetic nervous system , via the vagus nerve , and the hormone gastrin stimulate the parietal cell to produce gastric acid , both directly acting on parietal cells and indirectly , through the stimulation of the secretion of the hormone histamine from enterochromaffine - like cells ( ECL ) . Vasoactive intestinal peptide , cholecystokinin , and secretin all inhibit production . The production of gastric acid in the stomach is tightly regulated by positive regulators and negative feedback mechanisms . Four types of cells are involved in this process : parietal cells , G cells , D cells and enterochromaffine - like cells . Besides this , the endings of the vagus nerve ( CN X ) and the intramural nervous plexus in the digestive tract influence the secretion significantly .", "3": "Nerve endings in the stomach secrete two stimulatory neurotransmitters : acetylcholine and gastrin - releasing peptide . Their action is both direct on parietal cells and mediated through the secretion of gastrin from G cells and histamine from enterochromaffine - like cells . Gastrin acts on parietal cells directly and indirectly too , by stimulating the release of histamine . The release of histamine is the most important positive regulation mechanism of the secretion of gastric acid in the stomach . Its release is stimulated by gastrin and acetylcholine and inhibited by somatostatin . Neutralization ( edit ) In the duodenum , gastric acid is neutralized by sodium bicarbonate . This also blocks gastric enzymes that have their optima in the acid range of pH . The secretion of sodium bicarbonate from the pancreas is stimulated by secretin . This polypeptide hormone gets activated and secreted from so - called S cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum when the pH in the duodenum falls below 4.5 to 5.0 . The neutralization is described by the equation : HCl + NaHCO → NaCl + H CO The carbonic acid rapidly equilibrates with carbon dioxide and water through catalysis by carbonic anhydrase enzymes bound to the gut epithelial lining , leading to a net release of carbon dioxide gas within the lumen associated with neutralisation . In the absorptive upper intestine , such as the duodenum , both the dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid will tend to equilibrate with the blood , leading to most of the gas produced on neutralisation being exhaled through the lungs . Role in disease ( edit ) In hypochlorhydria and achlorhydria , there is low or no gastric acid in the stomach , potentially leading to problems as the disinfectant properties of the gastric lumen are decreased . In such conditions , there is greater risk of infections of the digestive tract ( such as infection with Vibrio or Helicobacter bacteria ) . In Zollinger -- Ellison syndrome and hypercalcemia , there are increased gastrin levels , leading to excess gastric acid production , which can cause gastric ulcers .", "4": "In diseases featuring excess vomiting , patients develop hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis ( decreased blood acidity by H and chlorine depletion ) . Pharmacology ( edit ) The proton pump enzyme is the target of proton pump inhibitors , used to increase gastric pH ( and hence decrease stomach acidity ) in diseases that feature excess acid . H antagonists indirectly decrease gastric acid production . Antacids neutralize existing acid . History ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2010 ) The role of gastric acid in digestion was established in the 1820s and 1830s by William Beaumont on Alexis St. Martin , who , as a result of an accident , had a fistula ( hole ) in his stomach , which allowed Beaumont to observe the process of digestion and to extract gastric acid , verifying that acid played a crucial role in digestion . See also ( edit ) Stomach Digestion Gastroesophageal reflux disease Discovery and development of proton pump inhibitors References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marieb EN , Hoehn K ( 2010 ) . Human anatomy & physiology . San Francisco : Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 9591 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Dworken , Harvey J ( 2016 ) . Human digestive system : gastric secretion . Encyclopædia Britannica Inc . Jump up ^ Guyton , Arthur C. ; John E. Hall ( 2006 ) . Textbook of Medical Physiology ( 11 ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier Saunders . p. 797 . ISBN 0 - 7216 - 0240 - 1 . Jump up ^ Page 192 in : Elizabeth D Agabegi ; Agabegi , Steven S. ( 2008 ) . Step - Up to Medicine ( Step - Up Series ) . Hagerstwon , MD : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 0 - 7817 - 7153 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Lecture , `` Function of the Stomach and Small Intestine '' Deakin University School of Medicine .", "5": "October 15 , 2012 Jump up ^ Lönnerholm , G. ; Knutson , L. ; Wistrand , P.J. ; Flemström , G. ( 1989 ) . `` Carbonic anhydrase in the normal rat stomach and duodenum and after treatment with omeprazole and ranitidine '' . Acta Physiologica Scandinavica. 136 ( 2 ) : 253 -- 262 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1716.1989. tb08659. x . PMID 2506730 . Jump up ^ Harré , R. ( 1981 ) . Great Scientific Experiments . Phaidon ( Oxford ) . pp. 39 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 7148 - 2096 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gastric acid . The Parietal Cell : Mechanism of Acid Secretion ;", "6": "Colorado State University ( hide ) Physiology of the gastrointestinal system GI tract Upper Exocrine Chief cells Pepsinogen Parietal cells Gastric acid Intrinsic factor Foveolar cells HCO Mucus Goblet cells Mucus Processes Swallowing Vomiting Fluids Saliva Gastric acid Lower Enteric nervous system Submucous plexus Myenteric plexus Endocrine / paracrine G cells gastrin D cells somatostatin ECL cells Histamine enterogastrone : I cells CCK K cells GIP S cells secretin Enteroendocrine cells Enterochromaffin cell APUD cell Fluids Intestinal juice Processes Segmentation contractions Migrating motor complex Borborygmus Defecation Either / both Processes Peristalsis ( Interstitial cell of Cajal Basal electrical rhythm ) Gastrocolic reflex Digestion Enterocyte Accessory Fluids Bile Pancreatic juice Processes Enterohepatic circulation Abdominopelvic Peritoneal fluid Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "7": "php?title=Gastric_acid&oldid=836944605 '' Categories : Acids Body fluids Stomach Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from November 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "sacroiliac joint", "sacroiliac joint", "The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ)", "The sacroiliac joint or SI joint (SIJ)" ]

{ "0": "Sacroiliac joint - wikipedia Sacroiliac joint Jump to : navigation , search Sacroiliac joint Sacroiliac joint of the male pelvis , posterior view Human female pelvis , anterior view , with sacroiliac joint within red ellipse . Details Identifiers Latin articulatio sacroiliaca TA A03. 6.03. 001 FMA 21440 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) The sacroiliac joint or SI joint ( SIJ ) is the joint between the sacrum and the ilium bones of the pelvis , which are connected by strong ligaments . In humans , the sacrum supports the spine and is supported in turn by an ilium on each side . The joint is a strong , weight transferral synovial plane joint with irregular elevations and depressions that produce interlocking of the two bones . The human body has two sacroiliac joints , one on the left and one on the right , that often match each other but are highly variable from person to person . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Ligaments 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 3.1 Inflammation and dysfunction 3.2 Signs and symptoms 3.3 Pregnancy 4 Additional images 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Articulations of pelvis . Anterior view . Articulations of pelvis . Posterior view . Sacroiliac joints are paired C - shaped or L - shaped joints capable of a small amount of movement ( 2 -- 18 degrees , which is debatable at this time ) that are formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the ilium bones . The joints are covered by two different kinds of cartilage ; the sacral surface has hyaline cartilage and the iliac surface has fibrocartilage . The SIJ 's stability is maintained mainly through a combination of only some bony structure and very strong intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments . As we age the characteristics of the sacroiliac joint change .", "1": "The joint 's surfaces are flat or planar in early life but as we start walking , the sacroiliac joint surfaces develop distinct angular orientations and lose their planar or flat topography . They also develop an elevated ridge along the iliac surface and a depression along the sacral surface . The ridge and corresponding depression , along with the very strong ligaments , increase the sacroiliac joints ' stability and makes dislocations very rare . The fossae lumbales laterales ( `` dimples of Venus '' ) correspond to the superficial topography of the sacroiliac joints . Ligaments ( edit ) The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint include the following : Anterior sacroiliac ligament Interosseous sacroiliac ligament Posterior sacroiliac ligament Sacrotuberous ligament Sacrospinous ligament The anterior ligament is not much of a ligament at all and in most cases is just a slight thickening of the anterior joint capsule . The anterior ligament is thin and not as well defined as the posterior sacroiliac ligaments . The posterior sacroiliac ( SI ) ligaments can be further divided into short ( intrinsic ) and long ( extrinsic ) . The dorsal interosseous ligaments are very strong ligaments . They are often stronger than bone , such that the pelvis may actually fracture before the ligament tears . The dorsal sacroiliac ligaments include both long and short ligaments . The long dorsal sacroiliac joint ligaments run in an oblique vertical direction while the short ( interosseous ) runs perpendicular from just behind the articular surfaces of the sacrum to the ilium and functions to keep the sacroiliac joint from distracting or opening . The sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments ( also known as the extrinsic sacroiliac joint ligaments ) limit the amount the sacrum flexes . The ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen during pregnancy due to the hormone relaxin ; this loosening , along with that of the related symphysis pubis , permits the pelvic joints to widen during the birthing process .", "2": "The long SI ligaments may be palpated in thin persons for pain and compared from one side of the body to the other ; however , the reliability and the validity of comparing ligaments for pain have currently not been shown . The interosseous ligaments are very short and run perpendicular from the iliac surface to the sacrum , they keep the auricular surfaces from abducting or opening / distracting . Function ( edit ) Like most lower extremity joints , one of the SI joints ' functions is shock absorption ( depending on the amount of available motion at the sacroiliac joint ) for the spine , along with the job of torque conversion allowing the transverse rotations that take place in the lower extremity to be transmitted up the spine . The SI joint , like all lower extremity joints , provides a `` self - locking '' mechanism ( where the joint occupies or attains its most congruent position , also called the close pack position ) that helps with stability during the push - off phase of walking . The joint locks ( or rather becomes close packed ) on one side as weight is transferred from one leg to the other , and through the pelvis the body weight is transmitted from the sacrum to the hip bone . The motions of the sacroiliac joint Anterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum ( where the left and right move as a unit ) Posterior innominate tilt of both hip bones on the sacrum ( where the left and right move together as a unit ) Anterior innominate tilt of one innominate bone while the opposite innominate bone tilts posteriorly on the sacrum ( antagonistic innominate tilt ) which occurs during gait Sacral flexion ( or nutation ) Motions of the sacrum occur simultaneous with motion of the ilium so you must be careful in the description of these as isolated motions . Sacral extension ( or counter-nutation ) . The sacroiliac joints like all spinal joints ( except the atlanto - axial ) are bicondylar joints , meaning that movement of one side corresponds to a correlative movement of the other side .", "3": "Clinical significance ( edit ) Inflammation and dysfunction ( edit ) Main articles : Sacroiliitis and Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Sacroiliitis refers to inflammation of one or both sacroiliac joints , and is one cause of unilateral low back pain . With sacroiliitis , the individual may experience pain in the low back , buttock or thigh , depending on the amount of inflammation . Common problems of the sacroiliac joint are often called sacroiliac joint dysfunction ( also termed SI joint dysfunction ; SIJD ) . Sacroiliac joint dysfunction generally refers to pain in the sacroiliac joint region that is caused by abnormal motion in the sacroiliac joint , either too much motion or too little motion . It typically results in inflammation of the SI joint , or sacroiliitis . Signs and symptoms ( edit ) The following are signs and symptoms that may be associated with an SI joint ( SIJ ) problem : Mechanical SIJ dysfunction usually causes a dull unilateral low back pain . The pain is often a mild to moderate ache around the dimple or posterior superior iliac spine ( PSIS ) region . The pain may become worse and sharp while doing activities such as standing up from a seated position or lifting the knee towards the chest during stair climbing . Pain is typically on one side or the other ( unilateral PSIS pain ) , but the pain can occasionally be bilateral . When the pain of SIJ dysfunction is severe ( which is infrequent ) , there can be referred pain into the hip , groin , and occasionally down the leg , but rarely does the pain radiate below the knee . Pain can be referred from the SIJ down into the buttock or back of the thigh , and rarely to the foot . Low back pain and stiffness , often unilateral , that often increases with prolonged sitting or prolonged walking . Pain may occur during sexual intercourse ; however , this is not specific to just sacroiliac joint problems . Sacroiliac joint dysfunction is tested using provocative and nonprovocative maneuvers . Nonprovocative sacroiliac joint examination maneuvers would include Gillet Test , prone knee flexion test , supine long sitting test , standing flexion test , and seated flexion test . There is a lack of evidence that these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers detect motion abnormalities .", "4": "Given the inherent technical limitations of the visible and palpable signs from these sacroiliac joint mobility maneuvers another broad category of clinical signs have been described called provocative maneuvers . These maneuvers are designed to reproduce or increase pain originating from within the sacroiliac joint . When the provocative maneuvers reproduce pain along the typical area raises suspicion for sacroiliac joint dysfunction . However no single test is very reliable in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction . Weakness , numbness , or the loss of a related reflex may indicate nervous system damage . The current gold standard for diagnosis of sacroiliac joint dysfunction emanating within the joint is sacroiliac joint injection confirmed under fluoroscopy or CT - guidance using a local anesthetic solution . The diagnosis is confirmed when the patient reports a significant change in relief from pain and the diagnostic injection is performed on 2 separate visits . Published studies have used at least a 75 percent change in relief of pain before a response is considered positive and the sacroiliac joint deemed the source of pain . Pregnancy ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The hormonal changes of menstruation , pregnancy , and lactation can affect the integrity of the ligament support around the SIJ , which is why women often find the days leading up to their period are when the pain is at its worst . During pregnancy , female hormones are released that allow the connective tissues in the body to relax . The relaxation is necessary so that during delivery , the female pelvis can stretch enough to allow birth . This stretching results in changes to the SIJs , making them overly mobile . Over a period of years , these changes can eventually lead to wear - and - tear arthritis . As would be expected , the more pregnancies a woman has , the higher her chances of SI joint problems . During the pregnancy , micro tears and small gas pockets can appear within the joint . ( This paragraph needs citations ) Muscle imbalance , trauma ( e.g. , falling on the buttock ) and hormonal changes can all lead to SIJ dysfunction .", "5": "Sacroiliac joint pain may be felt anteriorly , however , care must be taken to differentiate this from hip joint pain . Women are considered more likely to suffer from sacroiliac pain than men , mostly because of structural and hormonal differences between the sexes , but so far no credible evidence exists that confirms this notion . Female anatomy often allows one fewer sacral segment to lock with the pelvis , and this may increase instability . Additional images ( edit ) Sacroiliac joint . Deep dissection . Serial cross section . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Dimples of Venus Sacroiliac joint dysfunction Surgery for the dysfunctional sacroiliac joint Piriformis syndrome References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Solonen , K.A. ( 1957 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint in the light of anatomical , roentgenological and clinical studies '' . Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica Supplementum. 27 : 1 -- 127 . PMID 13478452 . ^ Jump up to : Vleeming , A. ; Schuenke , M.D. ; Masi , A.T. ; Carreiro , J.E. ; Danneels , L. ; Willard , F.H. ( 2012 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint : An overview of its anatomy , function and potential clinical implications '' . Journal of Anatomy. 221 ( 6 ) : 537 -- 67 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7580.2012. 01564. x . PMC 3512279 . PMID 22994881 . Jump up ^ Schunke , Gustave Bernard ( 1938 ) . `` The anatomy and development of the sacro - iliac joint in man '' . The Anatomical Record . 72 ( 3 ) : 313 -- 31 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 1090720306 . Jump up ^ Walker , Joan M. ( 1986 ) . `` Age - Related Differences in the Human Sacroiliac Joint : A Histological Study ; Implications for Therapy '' .", "6": "Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy . 7 ( 6 ) : 325 -- 34 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1986.7. 6.325 . PMID 18802258 . Jump up ^ Alderink , Gordon J. ( 1991 ) . `` The Sacroiliac Joint : Review of Anatomy , Mechanics , and Function '' . Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy . 13 ( 2 ) : 71 -- 84 . doi : 10.2519 / jospt. 1991.13. 2.71 . PMID 18796854 . Jump up ^ Weisl , H. ( 1954 ) . `` The Ligaments of the Sacro - Iliac Joint Examined with Particular Reference to Their Function '' . Cells Tissues Organs. 20 ( 3 ) : 201 -- 13 . doi : 10.1159 / 000140900 . PMID 13137770 . Jump up ^ Dontigny , R.L. ( 1985 ) . `` Function and pathomechanics of the sacroiliac joint . A review '' . Physical therapy . 65 ( 1 ) : 35 -- 44 . PMID 3155567 . Jump up ^ Cibulka MT ; Delitto A & Erhard RE ( 1992 ) . `` Pain patterns in patients with and without sacroiliac joint dysfunction '' . In Vleeming A ; Mooney V ; Snijders CJ & Dorman T. First Interdisciplinary World Conference on Low Back Pain and its Relation to the Sacroiliac Joint . pp. 363 -- 70 . OCLC 28057865 . Jump up ^ Fortin , J.D. ; Falco , F.J. ( 1997 ) . `` The Fortin finger test : An indicator of sacroiliac pain '' . American journal of orthopedics. 26 ( 7 ) : 477 -- 80 . PMID 9247654 . Jump up ^ Sturesson , B ; Selvik , G ; Udén , A ( 1989 ) .", "7": "`` Movements of the sacroiliac joints . A roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis '' . Spine. 14 ( 2 ) : 162 -- 5 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 198902000 - 00004 . PMID 2922636 . Jump up ^ Sturesson , B ; Uden , A ; Vleeming , A ( 2000 ) . `` A radiostereometric analysis of movements of the sacroiliac joints during the standing hip flexion test '' . Spine. 25 ( 3 ) : 364 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 200002010 - 00018 . PMID 10703111 . Jump up ^ Schwarzer , A.C. ; Aprill , C.N. ; Bogduk , N ( 1995 ) . `` The sacroiliac joint in chronic low back pain '' . Spine. 20 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 199501000 - 00007 . PMID 7709277 . Jump up ^ Maigne , J.Y. ; Boulahdour , H. ; Chatellier , G. ( 1998 ) . `` Value of quantitative radionuclide bone scanning in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint syndrome in 32 patients with low back pain '' . European Spine Journal . 7 ( 4 ) : 328 -- 31 . doi : 10.1007 / s005860050083 . PMC 3611275 . PMID 9765042 . Jump up ^ Maigne , J.Y. ; Aivaliklis , A ; Pfefer , F ( 1996 ) . `` Results of sacroiliac joint double block and value of sacroiliac pain provocation tests in 54 patients with low back pain '' . Spine. 21 ( 16 ) : 1889 -- 92 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007632 - 199608150 - 00012 . PMID 8875721 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Huijbregts , Peter ( 2004 ) . `` Dysfunkcja stawu krzyżowo - biodrowego -- diagnoza oparta na dowodach naukowych '' ( Sacroiliac joint dysfunction : evidence - based diagnosis ) . Rehabilitacja Medyczna ( in Polish ) . 8 ( 1 ) : 14 -- 37 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 04 .", "9": "Anatomy image : apmalefrontal4 - 18 at the College of Medicine at SUNY Upstate Medical University ( hide ) Joints and ligaments of torso Vertebral Syndesmosis Of vertebral bodies anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament Of vertebral arches ligamenta flava supraspinous ligament nuchal ligament interspinous ligament intertransverse ligament Symphysis intervertebral disc ( anulus fibrosus nucleus pulposus ) Synovial joint Atlanto - axial Medial : Cruciate ligament of atlas ( Transverse ligament of atlas ) Alar ligament Apical ligament of dens Tectorial membrane of atlanto - axial joint Lateral : no ligaments anterior atlantoaxial ligament posterior atlantoaxial ligament Zygapophysial no ligaments Lumbosacral iliolumbar ligament Sacrococcygeal anterior sacrococcygeal ligament posterior sacrococcygeal ligament Thorax Costovertebral Head of rib Radiate ligament Intra-articular ligament Costotransverse Costotransverse ligament Lumbocostal ligament Sternocostal interarticular sternocostal ligament radiate sternocostal ligaments costoxiphoid ligaments Interchondral no ligaments Costochondral no ligaments Pelvis Syndesmoses of pelvic girdle Obturator membrane Obturator canal Pubic symphysis superior pubic ligament inferior pubic ligament Sacroiliac anterior sacroiliac ligament posterior sacroiliac ligament interosseous sacroiliac ligament ligaments connecting the sacrum and ischium : sacrotuberous ligament sacrospinous ligament Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "10": "php?title=Sacroiliac_joint&oldid=810546610 '' Categories : Joints Pelvis Sacrum Hidden categories : Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2015 Articles needing additional references from September 2010 All articles needing additional references CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 22 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 0, 3, 10, 5, 4, 2, 8 ]

[ "Far Away" ]

{ "0": "Music of Red Dead Redemption - wikipedia Music of Red Dead Redemption Jump to : navigation , search The music for the 2010 action - adventure western video game Red Dead Redemption , developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games , was composed by musicians Bill Elm and Woody Jackson . Recorded at Jackson 's studio in Los Angeles , the soundtracks were produced by David Holmes . The music was intended to imitate soundtracks of 1960s Western films , such as Ennio Morricone 's work on the Dollars Trilogy . In collaboration with each other , Elm and Jackson produced over fourteen hours of music across fifteen months . The composers used unconventional instruments to create unique sounds , and worked with artists such as Tommy Morgan during production . Four supplementary vocal recordings were also produced for the game . The soundtrack album for Red Dead Redemption was released on iTunes in May 2010 . Additional compositions , composed for the game 's downloadable content Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare , were released on a second soundtrack in November 2010 . Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive , as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay and genre . The game 's music was nominated for numerous awards . Several tracks became popular and begot cover versions and live performances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Albums 2.1 Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack 2.2 Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack 3 Legacy 4 References 5 External links Background and recording ( edit ) Woody Jackson composed the score for Red Dead Redemption , in collaboration with Bill Elm . Red Dead Redemption is one of the first games by Rockstar to use an original score . Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich has cited the large scale of the game as one of the largest difficulties when producing the score . He said that , in order to achieve an effective gaming experience , the game could not solely feature licensed music , like previous Rockstar games . `` We figured we 'd need to write an original score , '' Pavlovich said . To work on the score , Rockstar engaged Bill Elm and Woody Jackson , member and former member of Friends of Dean Martinez , respectively . In collaboration with each other , the duo composed over fourteen hours of music , which scores the game 's missions , across fifteen months .", "1": "The original score and subsequent album were both recorded and mixed at Jackson 's personal recording studio in Los Angeles , and mastered at Capitol Studios . Following the recording , Irish producer and composer David Holmes listened to the original score , and subsequently spent three weeks compiling fifteen instrumental tracks that could be used as standalone songs for the game 's official soundtrack . Holmes attempted to make the soundtrack representative of the variety of sounds and moods in the game . Four vocal performances were also recorded for use in the soundtrack . `` ( Theme From ) Red Dead Redemption '' `` ( Theme From ) Red Dead Redemption '' , the game 's main theme , was composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson . The duo collaborated to produce original music for the game . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Recorded at 130 beats per minute in A minor , most of songs featured are constructed from motifs in the game 's dynamic soundtrack . A mix of modern instruments and those featured in traditional Western films , such as the jaw harp , were used . Creative uses of instruments were used to bring unique sounds , such as playing a trumpet onto the surface of a timpani drum . Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments ; harmonica player Tommy Morgan , who had been featured on several films over his 60 - year career , provided traditional harmonica segments for the game . Beyond trumpets , nylon guitars and accordions , the composers incorporated other instruments , such as flutes and ocarinas . When researching music for inspiration , Jackson found that there was no `` Western sound '' in 1911 ; he felt that the soundtracks of 1960s Western films , such as Ennio Morricone 's work on the Dollars Trilogy , was more representative of Western music . In appropriating the score to the game 's setting , Elm commented that the process was initially `` daunting '' , taking a long time to discover how the music was to work in an interactive way . Albums ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption original soundtrack ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson Released May 18 , 2010 Genre Soundtrack Length 75 : 18 Label Rockstar Games Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack comprises songs from the game , composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson .", "2": "The soundtrack spans twenty tracks , covering a duration of 75 minutes , and features four additional vocal songs . Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes on 18 May 2010 , and physically on 23 August 2010 . A limited vinyl record of the soundtrack was also released on 18 November 2010 , as a collaboration between Rockstar and Wax Poetics . In the context of the game , Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack was well received . Simon Parkin of Eurogamer named it `` standout '' , praising the use of multiple instruments . GamePro 's Will Herring echoed these opinions , comparing the soundtrack to Ennio Morricone 's Dollars Trilogy . Justin Calvert of GameSpot called the soundtrack `` superb '' , and IGN 's Erik Brudvig named it `` exceptional '' and `` wonderful '' . Game Music Online praised the soundtrack as an individual piece , stating that it has the ability to accompany `` any Hollywood film '' . Gideon Dabi of Original Sound Version felt divided about the soundtrack ; though heaping praise , he wrote that it was `` a little too slow on the draw '' . All music composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson , except where noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Born Unto Trouble '' 3 : 12 2 . `` The Shootist '' 4 : 17 3 . `` Dead End Alley '' 2 : 06 4 . `` Horseplay '' 3 : 15 5 . `` Luz y Sombra '' 5 : 19 6 . `` El Club De Los Cuerpos '' 6 : 24 7 . `` Estancia '' 2 : 02 8 . `` ( Theme From ) Red Dead Redemption '' 5 : 38 9 . `` Triggernometry '' 5 : 24 10 . `` Gunplay '' 1 : 28 11 . `` Redemption in Dub '' 2 : 10 12 . `` Muertos Rojos ( aka The Gunslinger 's Lament ) '' 5 : 51 13 .", "3": "`` The Outlaw 's Return '' 6 : 54 14 . `` Exodus in America '' 4 : 59 15 . `` Already Dead '' 1 : 31 16 . `` Far Away '' ( José González ) 4 : 40 17 . `` Compass ( Red Dead On Arrival Version ) '' ( Jamie Lidell ) 2 : 59 18 . `` Deadman 's Gun '' ( Ashtar Command ) 4 : 15 19 . `` Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie '' ( William Elliott Whitmore ) 2 : 24 20 . `` Old Friends , New Problems '' ( Vinyl edition only ) Total length : 75 : 18 Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare original soundtrack ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson Released November 23 , 2010 Genre Soundtrack Length 48 : 57 Label Rockstar Games Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack , the soundtrack for the downloadable content Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare , features compositions from the game , composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson . It also features works from bands Kreeps and Misterio . The soundtrack spans eighteen tracks , covering a duration of 49 minutes . Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes and Amazon Music on 23 November 2010 , simultaneous with the release of Undead Nightmare , and physically on 26 November 2010 . In the context of the game , the soundtrack was generally well received . Harris Iqbal of Game Music Online praised its ability to incorporate horror and western music , stating that the soundtrack is `` sometimes gimmicky and narrow in its scope , but there is still a decent amount of variety '' . Michael McWhertor of Kotaku called the soundtrack `` gorgeous '' . All music composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson , except where noted . ( show ) Track listing No . Title Length 1 . `` Undead Nightmare '' 1 : 07 2 . `` Zombie Corpseplay '' 2 : 53 3 .", "4": "`` Get Back In That Hole , Partner '' 2 : 36 4 . `` Army of the Undead '' 2 : 23 5 . `` Chupacabra '' 3 : 19 6 . `` Zombie Peyote '' 1 : 41 7 . `` Ojo Muerto '' 1 : 49 8 . `` Blunderbuss Blues '' 1 : 58 9 . `` Four Horses of the Apocalypse '' 5 : 03 10 . `` Blackwater , USA '' 5 : 21 11 . `` Undead Redemption '' 1 : 42 12 . `` Missing Souls '' 1 : 32 13 . `` A Man Ready for Anything '' 1 : 57 14 . `` Showdown in Escalera '' 2 : 43 15 . `` Bad Voodoo '' ( Kreeps ) 3 : 41 16 . `` Dead Man Walking '' ( Kreeps ) 3 : 52 17 . `` Dead Sled '' ( Kreeps ) 2 : 09 18 . `` Stinkin ' Zombies '' ( Misterio ) 3 : 11 Total length : 48 : 57 Legacy ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption won the award for Best Original Music from GameSpot , and Best Original Score at the Spike Video Game Awards ; the latter also awarded `` Far Away '' by José González with Best Song in a Game . Gonzalez performed the song on Zane Lowe 's show on BBC Radio 1 in June 2010 , at the Rockstar offices in New York in July 2010 , and at the Spike Video Game Awards in December 2010 . The performance at the Spike Video Game Awards was accompanied by a music video for the song , which Rockstar published a few weeks later . Ashtar Command also performed a live version of the song `` Deadman 's Gun '' in August 2010 . The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists , such as musician Ben `` Squid Physics '' Morfitt , and artist María Katt .", "5": "References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : Four vocal performances were recorded for the soundtrack : `` Far Away '' by José González , `` Compass ( Red Dead on Arrival Version ) '' by Jamie Lidell , `` Deadman 's Gun '' by Ashtar Command , and `` Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie '' by William Elliott Whitmore . Footnotes Jump up ^ Stuart , Keith ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Redemption songs : the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2014 . Retrieved August 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Features : Soundtrack '' . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Behind the Scenes of the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jeriaska ( November 4 , 2011 ) . `` Myths , Mavericks , And Music Of Red Dead Redemption '' . Gamasutra . UBM TechWeb . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Now Available on iTunes '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack CD Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( November 18 , 2010 ) .", "6": "`` Collectors ' Item Red Vinyl LP of the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Parkin , Simon ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . Eurogamer . Gamer Network . p. 3 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Herring , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption review from GamePro '' . GamePro . International Data Group . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Calvert , Justin ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brudvig , Erik ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sound Tracker . `` Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dabi , Gideon ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption OST : Good , Bad , or Ugly ? ( Review ) '' . Original Sound Version . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( November 17 , 2010 ) . `` The Undead Nightmare Soundtrack Is Coming Next Week '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Iqbal , Harris ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` Red Dead Redemption - Undead Nightmare - Original Soundtrack '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( October 19 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Red Dead Redemption : Undead Nightmare '' . Kotaku . Gawker Media . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Best Original Music -- The Best Games of 2010 '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 20 , 2010 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ VGA ( October 27 , 2011 ) . `` Video Game Awards 2010 Winners '' . Spike . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( June 8 , 2010 ) . `` Jose Gonzalez ' Far Away ' from the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Featured on the Zane Lowe Show on BBC Radio 1 '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( July 22 , 2010 ) . `` Live Performance of `` Far Away '' by Jose Gonzalez from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack `` . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( December 11 , 2010 ) . `` Update : Red Dead Redemption Wins Game of the Year and Jose Gonzalez Performs `` Far Away '' Live at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards `` . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 .", "8": "Jump up ^ R * A ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` '' Far Away '' Music Video ( Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack ) `` . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Q ( August 16 , 2010 ) . `` Live Performance of `` Deadman 's Gun '' by Ashtar Command from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack `` . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ R * Y ( January 8 , 2014 ) . `` Fan Videos : Street and Sky Stunt Montages , Niko 's Yoga Session and A Very GTA Christmas '' . Rockstar Newswire . Rockstar Games . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zapruder Pictures ( July 25 , 2015 ) . `` '' Far Away '' -- María Katt para Red Dead Redemption : Seth 's Gold `` . Facebook . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Red Dead Redemption official website Official website music page ( hide ) Red Dead series Red Dead Revolver Red Dead Redemption Undead Nightmare Development Music Red Dead Redemption 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_of_Red_Dead_Redemption&oldid=822333505 '' Categories : 2010 soundtracks Red Dead Redemption Video game soundtracks Video game music discographies Hidden categories : Good articles Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 42 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy .", "9": "Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 8, 7, 5, 3, 4, 9 ]

[ "Judy Kuhn", "Ali Ewoldt", "Samantha Hill", "Judy Kuhn", "Ali Ewoldt", "Samantha Hill", "Judy Kuhn", "Ali Ewoldt", "Samantha Hill" ]

{ "0": "Les Misérables ( musical ) - wikipedia Les Misérables ( musical ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the musical theatre production . For other uses , see Les Misérables ( disambiguation ) . Les Misérables Music Claude - Michel Schönberg Lyrics Alain Boublil ( French lyrics ) Jean - Marc Natel ( French lyrics ) Herbert Kretzmer ( English lyrics ) James Fenton ( English additional lyrics ) Book Claude - Michel Schönberg ( French book ) Alain Boublil ( French book ) Trevor Nunn ( English adaptation ) John Caird ( English adaptation ) Basis Les Misérables by Victor Hugo Premiere 24 September 1980 : Palais des Sports , Paris Productions Multiple productions worldwide Awards Tony Award for Best Musical Tony Award for Best Book Tony Award for Best Score Laurence Oliver Award for Most Popular Show ( x2 ) Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music Helpmann Award for Best Musical Les Misérables ( English : / leɪ . mɪzəˈrɑːb ( l ) / ; French pronunciation : ​ ( le mizeʁabl ( ə ) ) ) , colloquially known in English - speaking countries as Les Mis or Les Miz ( / leɪ ˈmɪz / ) , is a sung - through musical based on the novel Les Misérables by French poet and novelist Victor Hugo . Premiering in Paris in 1980 , it has music by Claude - Michel Schönberg and original French - language lyrics by Alain Boublil and Jean - Marc Natel , alongside an English - language libretto with accompanying English - language lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 , making it the longest - running musical in the West End and the second longest - running musical in the world after the original Off - Broadway run of The Fantasticks . Set in early 19th - century France , it is the story of Jean Valjean , a French peasant , and his quest for redemption after serving nineteen years in jail for having stolen a loaf of bread for his sister 's starving child .", "1": "Valjean decides to break his parole and start his life anew after a kindly bishop inspires him by a tremendous act of mercy , but he is relentlessly tracked down by a police inspector named Javert . Along the way , Valjean and a slew of characters are swept into a revolutionary period in France , where a group of young idealists make their last stand at a street barricade . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Reception 3 Emblem 4 Synopsis 4.1 Act I 4.2 Act II 5 Musical numbers 6 Orchestration 7 Characters 7.1 Casts 7.1. 1 Original casts 7.1. 2 Current casts of English - language productions 7.1. 3 Anniversary Concerts casts 8 Productions 8.1 Sit down productions 8.1. 1 Original French production 8.1. 2 Original West End production 8.1. 3 Original Broadway production 8.1. 4 2006 Broadway revival 8.1. 5 2013 Toronto revival 8.1. 6 2014 Broadway revival 8.2 Touring productions 8.2. 1 US national tours 8.2. 2 UK and Ireland tours 8.2. 3 25th Anniversary Tour 8.2. 4 2014 Australian tour 8.2. 5 2016 international tour 9 Concert productions 9.1 10th Anniversary Concert 9.2 25th Anniversary Concert 9.3 Other concert performances 10 International productions 11 Regional productions 11.1 School edition 12 Film adaptation 13 Cast recordings 13.1 English 13.1. 1 Original London Cast recording 13.1. 2 Original Broadway Cast recording 13.1. 3 Complete Symphonic Recording 13.1. 4 10th Anniversary Concert 13.1. 5 Manchester Highlights 13.1. 6 25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast 13.1.", "2": "7 25th Anniversary Concert 13.2 Other languages 14 Awards and nominations 14.1 Original West End production 14.2 Original Broadway production 14.3 2013 Toronto revival 14.4 2014 Broadway revival 14.5 2014 Australian revival 15 See also 16 References 17 External links Background ( edit ) Originally released as a French - language concept album , the first musical - stage adaptation of Les Misérables was presented at the Palais des Sports in 1980 . However , the production closed after three months when the booking contract expired . In 1983 , about six months after producer Cameron Mackintosh had opened Cats on Broadway , he received a copy of the French concept album from director Peter Farago . Farago had been impressed by the work and asked Mackintosh to produce an English - language version of the show . Initially reluctant , Mackintosh eventually agreed . Mackintosh , in conjunction with the Royal Shakespeare Company , assembled a production team to adapt the French musical for a British audience . After two years in development , the English - language version opened in London on 8 October 1985 , by the Royal Shakespeare Company at the Barbican Centre , then the London home of the RSC . The success of the West End musical led to a Broadway production . Reception ( edit ) See also : Long - running musical theatre productions At the opening of the London production , critical reviews were negative . The Sunday Telegraph 's Francis King described the show as `` a lurid Victorian melodrama produced with Victorian lavishness '' and Michael Ratcliffe in The Observer dubbed the show `` a witless and synthetic entertainment '' , while literary scholars condemned the project for converting classic literature into a musical . Public opinion differed : the box office received record orders . The three - month engagement sold out , and reviews improved . The London production has run continuously since October 1985 : the second longest - running musical in the world after The Fantasticks , the second longest - running West End show after The Mousetrap , and the longest - running musical in the West End ( followed by The Phantom of the Opera ) . In 2010 , it played its ten - thousandth performance in London , at Queen 's Theatre .", "3": "On 3 October 2010 , the show celebrated its 25th anniversary with three productions running in London : the original production at the Queen 's Theatre ; the 25th Anniversary touring production at its 1985 try - out venue , the Barbican Centre ; and the 25th Anniversary concert at London 's O2 Arena . The Broadway production opened 12 March 1987 and ran until 18 May 2003 , closing after 6,680 performances . It is the fifth longest - running Broadway show in history and was the second - longest at the time . The show was nominated for 12 Tony Awards and won eight , including Best Musical and Best Original Score . Subsequently , numerous tours and international and regional productions have been staged , as well as concert and broadcast productions . Several recordings have also been made . A Broadway revival opened in 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre and closed in 2008 , and a second Broadway revival opened in 2014 at the Imperial Theatre and closed in September 2016 . The show was placed first in a BBC Radio 2 listener poll of Britain 's `` Number One Essential Musicals '' in 2005 , receiving more than forty percent of the votes . A film version directed by Tom Hooper was released at the end of 2012 to generally positive reviews as well as numerous awards nominations , winning three Academy Awards , three Golden Globe Awards and four British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA ) . Emblem ( edit ) The etching by Émile Bayard that served as the model for the musical 's emblem . The musical 's emblem is a picture of the waif Cosette sweeping the Thénardiers ' inn ( which occurs in the musical during `` Castle on a Cloud '' ) , usually shown cropped to a head - and - shoulders portrait superimposed on the French flag . The image is based on an etching by Gustave Brion based on the drawing by Émile Bayard . It appeared in several of the novel 's earliest French - language editions . Synopsis ( edit ) Act I ( edit ) In 1815 , the prisoners work at hard labour ( `` Work Song '' ) .", "4": "After 19 years in prison ( five for stealing bread for his starving sister 's son and her family , and the rest for trying to escape ) , Jean Valjean , `` prisoner 24601 '' , is released on parole by the policeman Javert . By law , Valjean must display a yellow ticket - of - leave , which identifies him as an ex-convict ( `` On Parole '' ) . As a convict , Valjean is shunned wherever he goes and can not find regular work with decent wages or lodging , but the Bishop of Digne offers him food and shelter . Desperate and embittered , Valjean steals the Bishop 's silver and flees . He is captured by the police , but rather than turn him in , the Bishop lies and tells the police that the silver was a gift , giving Valjean a pair of silver candlesticks in addition . The Bishop tells Valjean that he must use the silver `` to become an honest man '' and that he has `` bought ( Valjean 's ) soul for God '' ( `` Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' ) . Ashamed and humbled by the Bishop 's kindness , Valjean resolves to redeem his sins ( `` Valjean 's Soliloquy '' / `` What Have I Done ? '' ) . He tears up his yellow ticket , breaking his parole but giving himself a chance to start a new life free from the stigma of his criminal past . Eight years later , in 1823 , Valjean has assumed a new identity as Monsieur Madeleine , a wealthy factory owner and mayor of Montreuil - sur - Mer . Fantine is a single mother working in his factory , trying to support her daughter Cosette , who is being raised by an innkeeper and his wife while Fantine labors in the city . Unbeknownst to Valjean , the factory foreman lusts after Fantine , and when she rejects his advances , he takes it out on the other workers , who resent her for it . One day , a coworker steals a letter about Cosette from Fantine , revealing to the other workers that Fantine has a child .", "5": "A fight breaks out , and the foreman and other workers uses the incident as a pretense to fire Fantine ( `` At the End of the Day '' ) . Fantine reflects on her broken dreams and about Cosette 's father , who abandoned them both ( `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ) . Desperate for money , she sells her locket and hair , finally becoming a prostitute ( `` Lovely Ladies '' ) . When she fights back against an abusive customer , Bamatabois , Javert , now a police inspector stationed in Montreuil - sur - Mer , arrives to arrest her . But Valjean , passing by the scene , pities Fantine , and when he realizes she once worked for him and that she blames him for her misfortune , he is guilt - stricken . He orders Javert to release her and take her to a hospital ( `` Fantine 's Arrest '' ) . Soon afterwards , Valjean rescues a man pinned by a runaway cart ( `` The Runaway Cart '' ) . Javert , who has up until now not recognized Valjean , though he has pursued him as a fugitive all these years , witnesses the incident and becomes suspicious , remembering the incredible strength Valjean displayed in the work camp . But it turns out another man has been arrested , and is about to go to trial for breaking parole . The real Valjean realizes that this case of mistaken identity could free him forever , but he 's not willing to see an innocent man go to prison in his place and so confesses his identity to the court ( `` Who Am I ? -- The Trial '' ) . At the hospital , a delirious Fantine dreams of Cosette . Valjean promises to find Cosette and protect her ( `` Come to Me '' / `` Fantine 's Death '' ) . Relieved , Fantine succumbs to her illness and dies . Javert arrives to take Valjean back into custody , but Valjean asks Javert for time to fetch Cosette . Javert refuses , insisting that a criminal like Valjean can never change or do good . They struggle , but Valjean overpowers Javert and escapes ( `` The Confrontation '' ) .", "6": "In Montfermeil , the duplicitous innkeepers , the Thénardiers , use Cosette as a servant and treat her cruelly while extorting money from Fantine by claiming that Cosette is regularly and seriously ill , as well as demanding money to feed and clothe Cosette , all the while indulging their own daughter , Éponine . Cosette dreams of a life with a mother where she is not forced to work and is treated lovingly ( `` Castle on a Cloud '' ) . The Thénardiers cheat their customers , stealing their possessions and setting high prices for low - quality service , and live a life of criminal depravity ( `` Master of the House '' ) . Valjean meets Cosette while she 's on an errand drawing water and offers the Thénardiers payment to adopt her ( `` The Bargain '' ) . The Thénardiers feign concern for Cosette , claiming that they love her like a daughter and that she is in fragile health , and bargain with Valjean , who pays them 1,500 francs in the end . Valjean and Cosette leave for Paris ( `` The Waltz of Treachery '' ) . Nine years later , in 1832 , Paris is in upheaval because of the impending death of General Lamarque , the only man in the government who shows mercy to the poor . Among those mingling in the streets are the student revolutionaries Marius Pontmercy and Enjolras , who contemplate the effect Lamarque 's death will have on the poor and desperate in Paris ; the Thénardiers , who have since lost their inn and now run a street gang ; their daughter Éponine , who is now grown and has fallen in love with Marius ( who is oblivious to her affections ) ; and the streetwise young urchin Gavroche , who knows everything that happens in the slums ( `` Look Down '' ) . The Thénardiers prepare to con some charitable visitors , who turn out to be Valjean and Cosette , who has grown into a beautiful young woman . While the gang bamboozles her father , Cosette runs into Marius , and the pair fall in love at first sight .", "7": "Thénardier suddenly recognizes Valjean , but before they can finish the robbery , Javert , now an inspector stationed here in Paris , comes to the rescue ( `` The Robbery '' ) . Valjean and Cosette escape , and only later ( when Thénardier tips him off ) does Javert suspect who they were . Javert makes a vow to the stars ( which represent his belief in a just and ordered universe where suffering is a punishment for sin ) that he will find Valjean and recapture him ( `` Stars '' ) . Meanwhile , Marius persuades Éponine to help him find Cosette ( `` Éponine 's Errand '' ) . At a small café , Enjolras exhorts a group of idealistic students to prepare for revolution . Marius interrupts the serious atmosphere by fantasizing about his new - found love , much to the amusement of his compatriots , particularly the wine - loving Grantaire ( `` The ABC Café -- Red and Black '' ) . When Gavroche brings the news of General Lamarque 's death , the students realize that they can use the public 's dismay to incite their revolution and that their time has come ( `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' ) . At Valjean 's house , Cosette thinks about her chance meeting with Marius and later confronts Valjean about the secrets he keeps about his and her own past ( `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' ) . Éponine leads Marius to Valjean 's house ( despite being heartbroken that he has fallen in love with another ) , and he and Cosette meet again and confess their mutual love ( `` A Heart Full of Love '' ) . Thénardier and his gang arrive , intending to rob Valjean 's house , but Éponine stops them by screaming a warning ( `` The Attack on Rue Plumet '' ) . The scream alerts Valjean , who believes that the intruder was Javert . He tells Cosette that it 's time once again for them to go on the run , and starts planning for them to flee France altogether .", "8": "On the eve of the 1832 Paris Uprising , Valjean prepares to go into exile ; Cosette and Marius part in despair ; Enjolras encourages all of Paris to join the revolution as he and the other students prepare for battle ; Éponine acknowledges Marius will never love her ; Marius is conflicted whether to follow Cosette or join the uprising ; Javert reveals his plans to spy on the students ; and the Thénardiers scheme to profit off the coming violence . Marius decides to stand with his friends , and all anticipate what the dawn will bring ( `` One Day More '' ) . Act ii ( edit ) John Owen - Jones as Jean Valjean As the students build a barricade to serve as their rally point , Javert , disguised as a rebel , volunteers to `` spy '' on the government troops . Marius discovers that Éponine has disguised herself as a boy to join the rebels and sends her to deliver a farewell letter to Cosette . ( `` Building the Barricade -- Upon These Stones '' ) Valjean intercepts the letter and learns about Marius and Cosette 's romance . Éponine walks the streets of Paris alone , imagining that Marius is there with her , but laments that her love for Marius will never be reciprocated ( `` On My Own '' ) . The French army arrives at the barricade and demands that the students surrender ( `` At the Barricade -- Upon These Stones '' ) . Though Javert tells the students that the government will not attack that night ( `` Javert 's Arrival '' ) , Gavroche recognises him and quickly exposes him as a spy , and the students detain Javert ( `` Little People '' ) . Their plan is to spark a general uprising with their act of defiance , hoping that all the people of Paris will side with them and overwhelm the army . Éponine returns to find Marius but is shot by the soldiers crossing the barricade . As Marius holds her , she assures him that she feels no pain and reveals her love for him before dying in his arms ( `` A Little Fall of Rain '' ) .", "9": "The students mourn this first loss of life at the barricades and resolve to fight in her name , and they carry her body away while Enjolras attempts to comfort Marius , who is heartbroken over Éponine 's death . Valjean arrives at the barricade , crossing the government lines , disguised as a soldier ( `` Night of Anguish '' ) , hoping that he might somehow protect Marius in the coming battle for Cosette 's sake . The rebels are suspicious of him at first , but when the army attacks , Valjean saves Enjolras by shooting at a sniper and scaring him off , and they accept him as one of them . In return , he asks Enjolras to be the one to execute the imprisoned Javert , which Enjolras grants . But as soon as Valjean and Javert are alone , Valjean frees Javert . Javert warns Valjean that he will not give up his pursuit and rejects what he perceives as a bargain for Valjean 's freedom . Valjean says there are no conditions to his release , and holds no ill - will toward Javert for doing his duty . ( `` The First Attack '' ) . The students settle down for the night and reminisce about the past while also expressing anxiety about the battle to come . Enjolras tells the other students to stay awake in case the enemy strikes unexpectedly in the night , but he tells Marius to get some sleep , knowing Marius is still much too devastated over losing Éponine to stay awake . Grantaire gets angry and asks the students if they fear to die as Marius wonders if Cosette will remember him if he dies . ( `` Drink with Me '' ) . As Marius sleeps , Valjean prays to God to protect Marius , even if the cost for Marius ' safety is his own life ( `` Bring Him Home '' ) . As dawn approaches , Enjolras realizes that the people of Paris have not risen up with them , but resolves to fight on in spite of the impossible odds ( `` Dawn of Anguish '' ) .", "10": "Their resolve is fired even further when the army kills Gavroche , who snuck out to collect ammunition from bodies on the other side of the barricade ( `` The Second Attack / Death of Gavroche '' ) . The army gives a final warning , but the rebels fight to the last man with Enjolras exhorting `` Let others rise to take our place , until the Earth is free ! '' . Everyone at the barricade is killed except Valjean and a gravely wounded Marius , who escape into the sewers ( `` The Final Battle '' ) . Javert returns to the barricade , searching for Valjean amongst the bodies , and finds the open sewer grating . Valjean carries Marius through the sewers but collapses in exhaustion . While he is unconscious , Thénardier , who has been looting bodies ( `` Dog Eats Dog '' ) , comes upon them and takes a ring from the unconscious Marius , but flees when Valjean ( whom he again recognizes ) regains consciousness . When Valjean carries Marius to the sewer 's exit , he finds Javert waiting for him . Valjean begs Javert for one hour to bring Marius to a doctor , and Javert reluctantly agrees . Javert finds himself unable to reconcile Valjean 's merciful acts with his conception of Valjean as an irredeemable criminal . Refusing to compromise his principles but no longer able to hold them sacred , he finds himself torn between his beliefs about God and his desire to adhere to the law and commits suicide by throwing himself into the Seine ( `` Soliloquy -- Javert 's Suicide '' ) . In the wake of the failed revolution , women mourn the deaths of the students ( `` Turning '' ) and Marius , wounded but alive , despairs at the sacrifice of so many lives and at the death of his friends while he survives ( `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' ) . As he wonders who saved his own life , Cosette comforts him , and they reaffirm their blossoming romance . Valjean realises that Cosette will not need him as a caretaker once she 's married and gives them his blessing ( `` Every Day '' ) .", "11": "Valjean confesses to Marius that he is an escaped convict and must go away because his presence endangers Cosette ( `` Valjean 's Confession '' ) , making Marius promise never to tell Cosette . A few months later , Marius and Cosette marry ( `` Wedding Chorale '' ) . The Thénardiers crash the reception disguised as nobility and attempt to blackmail Marius , telling him that Valjean is a murderer and that Thénardier saw him carrying a corpse in the sewers after the barricades fell . When Thénardier shows him the ring as proof , Marius realizes that it was Valjean who saved his life . The newlyweds leave to find Valjean ( in some productions , Marius pauses to give Thénardier a punch in the face ) . The Thénardiers are not discouraged , instead gloating that their craven practicality has saved their lives time and time again ( `` Beggars at the Feast '' ) . At a convent , Valjean awaits his death , having nothing left to live for . The spirit of Fantine appears to him and tells him that he has been forgiven and will soon be with God . Cosette and Marius arrive to find Valjean near death . Valjean thanks God for letting him live long enough to see Cosette again , and Marius thanks him for saving his life . ( `` Epilogue -- Valjean 's Death '' ) . Valjean gives Cosette a letter confessing his troubled past and the truth about her mother . As he dies , the spirits of Fantine and Éponine guide him to Heaven reminding him that `` to love another person is to see the face of God . '' They are joined by the spirits of those who died at the barricades , who sing that in the next world , God lays low all tyranny and frees all oppressed people from their shackles ( `` Do You Hear The People Sing ? ( Reprise ) '' ) .", "12": "Musical numbers ( edit ) Main article : Songs from Les Misérables Act I Song Performer ( s ) `` Prologue : Work Song '' Chain Gang , Javert and Valjean `` Prologue : On Parole '' Valjean , Farmer , Labourer , Innkeeper 's Wife , Innkeeper and Bishop of Digne `` Prologue : Valjean Arrested , Valjean Forgiven '' Bishop of Digne , Jean Valjean , Constables `` Prologue : What Have I Done ? '' Valjean 5 `` At the End of the Day '' Foreman , Factory Girl , Fantine , Jean Valjean , Company 6 `` I Dreamed a Dream '' Fantine 7 `` Lovely Ladies '' Fantine , Old Woman , Crone , Pimp , Sailors , Company 8 `` Fantine 's Arrest '' Bamatabois , Fantine , Javert and Valjean 9 `` ' The Runaway Cart '' Valjean , Javert , Fauchevelant 10 `` Who Am I ?", "13": "/ The Trial '' Valjean 11 `` Fantine 's Death : Come to Me '' Fantine and Valjean 12 `` The Confrontation '' Javert and Valjean 13 `` Castle on a Cloud '' Young Cosette 14 `` Master of the House '' Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Company 15 `` The Well Scene '' Valjean and Young Cosette 16 `` The Bargain / The Thénardier Waltz of Treachery '' Thénardier , Valjean , Madame Thénardier 17 `` Look Down '' Gavroche , Old Woman , Prostitute , Pimp , Enjolras , Marius , Company 18 `` The Robbery '' Thénardier , Madame Thénardier , Marius , Éponine and Valjean 19 `` Javert 's Intervention '' Javert and Thénardier 20 `` Stars '' Javert 21 `` Éponine 's Errand '' Éponine and Marius 22 `` ABC Café / Red and Black '' Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Combeferre , Feuilly , Courfeyrac , Joly , Legsles , Prouvaire , Gavroche 23 `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' Enjolras , Combeferre , Courfeyrac , Feuilly , Students , Company 24 `` Rue Plumet -- In My Life '' Cosette , Valjean , Marius and Éponine 25 `` A Heart Full of Love '' Marius , Cosette and Éponine 26 `` The Attack on the Rue Plumet '' Thénardier , Montparnasse , Brujon , Babet , Claquesous , Éponine , Marius , Valjean and Cosette 27 `` One Day More '' Valjean , Marius , Cosette , Éponine , Enjolras , Javert , Thénardier ,", "14": "Madame Thénardier and Company Act II Song Performer ( s ) 28 `` Building the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' Enjolras , Javert , Prouvaire , Grantaire , Legsles , Marius , Éponine 29 `` On My Own '' Éponine 30 `` At the Barricade ( Upon These Stones ) '' Enjolras , Marius , Grantaire , Combeferre , Courfeyrac , Feuilly , Students , and Army Officer 31 `` Javert 's Arrival '' Javert and Enjolras 32 `` Little People '' Gavroche 33 `` A Little Fall of Rain '' ( Éponine 's Death ) Éponine and Marius 34 `` Night of Anguish '' Enjolras , Marius , Combeferre , Prouvaire , Lesgles , Joly , Valjean , Grantaire , and Students 35 `` The First Attack '' Enjolras , Valjean , Feuilly , Grantaire , Lesgles , Javert , Students 36 `` Drink with Me '' Feuilly , Grantaire , Marius , Prouvaire , Joly , Students and Women 37 `` Bring Him Home '' Valjean 38 `` Dawn of Anguish '' Enjolras 39 `` The Second Attack ( Death of Gavroche ) '' Enjolras , Feuilly , Marius , Valjean , Gavroche , and Grantaire 40 `` The Final Battle '' Army Officer , Enjolras , Combeferre , and Courfeyrac 41 `` Dog Eats Dog ( The Sewers ) '' Thénardier , Valjean , and Javert 42 `` Soliloquy ( Javert 's Suicide ) '' Javert 43 `` Turning '' Women of Paris 44 `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' Marius 45 `` Every Day '' Cosette ,", "15": "Marius and Valjean 46 `` Valjean 's Confession '' Marius and Valjean 47 `` Wedding Chorale '' Guests , Thénardier , Marius and Madame Thénardier 48 `` Beggars at the Feast '' Thénardier and Madame Thénardier 49 `` Valjean 's Death '' Valjean , Fantine , Cosette , Marius and Éponine 50 `` Do You Hear The People Sing ? ( Reprise ) / ( Finale ) '' Full Company Orchestration ( edit ) The Standard Orchestration for the 2009 U.K. Tour of Les Misérables consisted of : Bass Cello Horn 1 Horn 2 Keyboard 1 Keyboard 2 Percussion Reed 1 ( Alto Flute , Alto Recorder , Flute , Piccolo ) Reed 2 ( Cor Anglais , Oboe ) Reed 3 ( Bb Clarinet , Bass Clarinet , Eb Clarinet , Tenor Recorder ) Trombone / Tuba Trumpet / Flugelhorn Viola Violin Characters ( edit ) Characters in order of appearance Character Voice Description Jean Valjean dramatic tenor / original production : dramatic baritone Ab2 - B4 Prisoner 24601 . After being released from imprisonment for serving nineteen years ( five for stealing a loaf of bread and fourteen for multiple escape attempts ) , he breaks parole and , after receiving mercy from Bishop Myriel , turns his life around to live for God , showing the effects of God 's grace that bring a corrupt man into virtuous and selfless living . He changes his identity , becoming the wealthy mayor of a small town . He later adopts Cosette , the only daughter of Fantine . At the end , he eventually dies and the spirit of Fantine thanks him for raising her child . Inspector Javert baritone F2 - F # 4 Respects the law above all else and relentlessly pursues Valjean , hoping to bring the escaped convict to justice . He firmly believes in the justice of the law , and has no room for mercy .", "16": "In the end he commits suicide , broken by the mercy he experiences from Valjean . The Bishop of Digne baritone A2 - E4 Shelters Valjean after his release from jail and gives him gifts of silver and absolution . His acts of kindness move Valjean to surrender his ways to God , escaping the label of `` criminal '' and living in a new identity . The Factory Foreman baritone or tenor D3 - D4 Foreman of Valjean 's ( Valjean has assumed the name Madeleine ) jet bead factory in Montreuil - sur - Mer which employs Fantine and other workers . The Foreman fires Fantine from the factory when she persists in resisting his overt sexual advances and because it is discovered that she is the mother of an illegitimate child ( Cosette ) living elsewhere . The Factory Girl soprano F4 - Eb5 Mistress to the Factory Foreman . She intercepts a letter that the Thénardiers have sent to Fantine which exposes her as the mother of an illegitimate child , and the Factory Girl shows it to the Foreman , goading him into firing her . Fantine lyric mezzo - soprano D3 - Eb5 An impoverished factory worker who loses her job and , as a result , turns to prostitution in order to continue paying the Thénardiers to care for her illegitimate daughter , Cosette . As Fantine dies of consumption , she asks Valjean to look after her child . Ultimately she appears as a spirit and escorts the dying Valjean to Heaven . Old Woman contralto E4 - D5 Affectionately called `` The Hair Hag '' in many of the original US companies , the Old Woman is the character who talks Fantine into selling her hair before Fantine becomes a prostitute . Crone soprano Also called `` The Locket Crone '' , this character is the woman who talks Fantine into selling her precious locket for much less than it is worth . Bamatabois tenor An upper - class `` fop '' who tries to buy Fantine 's services . He treats her abusively so she refuses him .", "17": "When Javert enters the scene , Bamatabois tries to cover the fact that he was soliciting a prostitute by having her arrested for attacking him unprovoked . Fauchelevent baritone or tenor In a role reduced from the novel , he appears only in the Cart Crash scene , where he is trapped under the cart and rescued by Valjean . He is an elderly man who has fallen upon hard times . Champmathieu silent A man who is arrested and on trial because he is believed to be Jean Valjean . Valjean , still under the name Madeleine , confesses his true identity at the trial in order to save the man . Young Cosette treble The eight - year - old daughter of Fantine . Cosette is in the care of the Thénardiers who are paid by Fantine to take care of her child . Unknown to Fantine , the Thénardiers force Cosette to work , and they use Fantine 's money for their own needs . Madame Thénardier contralto G # 3 - D5 Thénardier 's unscrupulous wife , who abuses Cosette but dotes on her own daughter , Éponine . She is fully complicit in most of her husband 's crimes and schemes . Young Éponine silent The pampered daughter of the Thénardiers . She grows up with Cosette and is unkind to her . Thénardier comic baritone G # 2 - G4 A second - rate thief , Thénardier runs a small inn where he continually bilks his customers . He and his family later travel to Paris , where he sets up as the leader of a gang of street thugs and con men . An eternal survivor , Thénardier is above nothing and below everything . Gavroche boy soprano A2 - G4 ( OR A3 - G5 ) A streetwise urchin who knows everyone and everything that happens in the slums of Paris . He joins up with the revolutionaries , and later dies on the barricade attempting to recover ammunition from fallen soldiers .", "18": "Enjolras baritone or tenor A2 - G # 4 Enjolras is the leader of the student revolutionaries and a friend of Marius . He is Idealistic and charismatic , although his plan is doomed to failure . Marius Pontmercy tenor A2 - Ab4 A student revolutionary , is friends with Éponine , but falls in love with Cosette , and she with him . He is later rescued from the barricades by Valjean , who ultimately gives Marius and Cosette his blessing , allowing them to be married . Éponine mezzo - soprano F3 - E5 Daughter of the Thénardiers , Éponine , now a ragged street waif and a thief like her father , secretly loves Marius . Although it causes her great anguish , she helps him locate Cosette and later delivers a message he sends her from the barricade . She is killed while returning to the barricades to see Marius . In the end she appears as a spirit alongside Fantine and they guide the dying Valjean to Heaven . Brujon baritone or tenor A brutish and cowardly , but dissatisfied , member of Thénardier 's Gang . Brujon 's role in the musical expands to cover Gueulemer . Babet baritone or tenor A foreboding member of Thénardier 's Gang . Claquesous baritone or tenor A member of Thénardier 's Gang Quiet and masked , expert at evading the police , Claquesous might in fact be working for the law . Montparnasse baritone or tenor A young member of Thénardier 's Gang , Montparnasse is a handsome man who appears to be close to Éponine . He is usually portrayed as well - dressed , as he is in the book . Cosette soprano Bb3 - C6 Cosette , the daughter of Fantine , has grown - up to become a beautiful young woman of culture and privilege under Valjean 's adoptive and loving fatherly care and protection . She falls in love with Marius , and he returns her equally strong and pure romantic feelings . She marries him at the end of the musical .", "19": "Friends of the ABC baritones and tenors A2 - G4 Student revolutionaries who lead a revolution and die in the process , the Friends of the ABC become martyrs for the rights of citizens . ( See Members listed below ) Combeferre Baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Combeferre is the philosopher of the ABC group . Enjolras ' second - in - command . He is described as the guide of the Friends of the ABC . Feuilly tenor A2 - A4 Feuilly is the only member of the Friends of the ABC who is not a student ; he is a workingman . An optimist who stands as a sort of ambassador for the `` outside '' , while the rest of the men stand for France . He loves Poland very much . Courfeyrac tenor A2 - G4 Friendly and open , Courfeyrac introduces Marius to the ABC society in the novel . He always has many mistresses , and is described as the centre of the Friends of the ABC , always giving off warmth . Joly tenor or baritone A2 - G4 A medical student and a hypochondriac ; best friends with Lesgles . Grantaire baritone A2 - G4 Grantaire is a member of the Friends of the ABC . Though he admires Enjolras , Grantaire often opposes Enjolras ' fierce determination and occasionally acts as a voice of reason . In many performances , Grantaire is very close to Gavroche and attempts to act as his protector . Grantaire is a drunkard and is often tipsy throughout the musical , carrying a bottle of wine wherever he goes . He has no interest in the revolution , and is there because his friends are . He asks of them before the final battle whether they believe their deaths will accomplish anything . Jean Prouvaire baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Prouvaire , a poet , is the youngest student member of the Friends . Jean Prouvaire has the honor of waving the giant red flag during `` One Day More '' at the end of Act One .", "20": "Lesgles baritone or tenor A2 - G4 Best friends with Joly . A very unlucky man , but also a very happy one . Army Officer / Loud Hailer tenor C4 - G4 A voice from offstage , he demands the surrender of the student revolutionaries before the army attacks , telling them that the people of Paris have not answered their call for help . Casts ( edit ) Original casts ( edit ) Character Original French Stage Cast 1980 Original London Cast 1985 Original Broadway Cast First Broadway Revival 2006 Second Broadway Revival 2014 Jean Valjean Maurice Barrier Colm Wilkinson Alexander Gemignani Ramin Karimloo Javert Jean Vallée Roger Allam Terrence Mann Norm Lewis Will Swenson Fantine Rose Laurens Patti LuPone Randy Graff Daphne Rubin - Vega Caissie Levy Cosette Fabienne Guyon Rebecca Caine Judy Kuhn Ali Ewoldt Samantha Hill Marius Gilles Buhlmann Michael Ball David Bryant Adam Jacobs Andy Mientus Enjolras Christian Ratellin David Burt Michael Maguire Aaron Lazar Kyle Scatliffe Éponine Marianne Mille Frances Ruffelle Celia Keenan - Bolger Nikki M.", "21": "James Thénardier Yvan Dautin Alun Armstrong Leo Burmester Gary Beach Cliff Saunders Madame Thénardier Marie - France Roussel Susan Jane Tanner Jennifer Butt Jenny Galloway Keala Settle Gavroche Florence Davis Cyrille Dupont Fabrice Ploquin Ian Tucker Oliver Spencer Liza Hayden Braden Danner RD Robb Brian D'Addario Jacob Levine Austin Myers Joshua Colley Gaten Matarazzo Current casts of English - language productions ( edit ) Character Current London Cast 2017 Jean Valjean Killian Donnelly Javert Hayden Tee Fantine Carley Stenson Éponine Karis Jack Enjolras Hyoie O'Grady Marius Paul Wilkins Thénardier Steven Meo Madame Thénardier Jacqueline Tate Cosette Charlotte Kennedy Gavroche Colby Mulgrew Ben Perkins Charlie Stripp Felix Warren Anniversary Concerts casts ( edit ) Character 10th Anniversary Concert Cast 1995 25th Anniversary Concert Cast Jean Valjean Colm Wilkinson Alfie Boe Javert Philip Quast Norm Lewis Fantine Ruthie Henshall Lea Salonga Éponine Lea Salonga Samantha Barks Thénardier Alun Armstrong Matt Lucas Madame Thénardier Jenny Galloway Marius Michael Ball Nick Jonas Cosette Judy Kuhn Katie Hall Enjolras Michael Maguire Ramin Karimloo Gavroche Adam Searles Robert Madge Productions ( edit ) Sit down productions ( edit ) Original French production ( edit ) The Palais des Sports in Paris where the musical was first performed . French songwriter Alain Boublil had the idea to adapt Victor Hugo 's novel into a musical while at a performance of the musical Oliver ! in London : As soon as the Artful Dodger came onstage , Gavroche came to mind . It was like a blow to the solar plexus .", "22": "I started seeing all the characters of Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables -- Valjean , Javert , Gavroche , Cosette , Marius , and Éponine -- in my mind 's eye , laughing , crying , and singing onstage . He pitched the idea to French composer Claude - Michel Schönberg , and the two developed a rough synopsis . They worked up an analysis of each character 's mental and emotional state , as well as that of an audience . Schönberg then began to write the music , while Boublil began work on the text . According to Boublil , `` ... I could begin work on the words . This I did -- after myself deciding on the subject and title of every song -- in collaboration with my friend , poet Jean - Marc Natel . '' Two years later , a two - hour demo tape with Schönberg accompanying himself on the piano and singing every role was completed . An album of this collaboration was recorded at CTS Studios in Wembley and was released in 1980 , selling 260,000 copies . The concept album includes Maurice Barrier as Jean Valjean , Jacques Mercier as Javert , Rose Laurens as Fantine , Yvan Dautin as Thénardier , Marie - France Roussel as Mme . Thénardier , Richard Dewitte as Marius , Fabienne Guyon as Cosette , Marie - France Dufour as Éponine , Michel Sardou as Enjolras , Fabrice Bernard as Gavroche , Maryse Cédolin as Young Cosette , Claude - Michel Schönberg as Courfeyrac , Salvatore Adamo as Combeferre , Michel Delpech as Feuilly , Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand , and Mireille as the hair buyer . That year , in September 1980 , a stage version directed by veteran French film director Robert Hossein was produced at the Palais des Sports in Paris . The show was a success , with 100 performances seen by over 500,000 people . Most of the cast from the concept album performed in the production .", "23": "The cast included Maurice Barrier as Valjean , Jean Vallée as Javert , Rose Laurens as Fantine , Maryse Cédolin and Sylvie Camacho and Priscilla Patron as Young Cosette , Marie - France Roussel as Mme . Thénardier , Yvan Dautin as M. Thénardier , Florence Davis and Fabrice Ploquin and Cyrille Dupont as Gavroche , Marianne Mille as Éponine , Gilles Buhlmann as Marius , Christian Ratellin as Enjolras , Fabienne Guyon as Cosette , René - Louis Baron as Combeferre , Dominique Tirmont as M. Gillenormand , Anne Forrez as Mlle . Gillenormand , and Claude Reva as the storyteller . Original West End production ( edit ) Les Misérables at Queen 's Theatre in London The English - language version , with lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer and additional material by James Fenton , was substantially expanded and reworked from a literal translation by Siobhan Bracke of the original Paris version , in particular adding a prologue to tell Jean Valjean 's backstory . Kretzmer 's work is not a direct `` translation '' of the French , a term that Kretzmer refused to use . A third of the English lyrics were a `` rough '' translation , another third were adapted from the French lyrics and the final third consisted of new material . The majority is performed in recitative style ; the vocalists use natural speech delivery , not musical metrics . The first production in English , produced by Cameron Mackintosh and adapted and directed by Trevor Nunn and John Caird , opened on 8 October 1985 ( five years after the original production ) at the Barbican Arts Centre , London . It was billed in the RSC Barbican Theatre programme as `` The Royal Shakespeare Company presentation of the RSC / Cameron Mackintosh production '' , and played to preview performances beginning on 28 September 1985 . The set was designed by John Napier , costumes by Andreane Neofitou and lighting by David Hersey . Musical supervision and orchestrations were by John Cameron , who had been involved with the show since Boublil and Schönberg hired him to orchestrate the original French concept album .", "24": "Musical staging was by Kate Flatt with musical direction by Martin Koch . The original London cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , Roger Allam as Javert , Ken Caswell as the Bishop of Digne , Patti LuPone as Fantine , Zoë Hart , Justine McIntyre , Jayne O'Mahony and Joanne Woodcock as Young Cosette , Danielle Akers , Gillian Brander and Juliette Caton as Young Éponine , Susan Jane Tanner as Madame Thénardier , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Rebecca Caine as Cosette , Michael Ball as Marius , David Burt as Enjolras , with Ian Tucker , Oliver Spencer and Liza Hayden sharing the role of Gavroche . On 4 December 1985 , the show transferred to the Palace Theatre , London and moved again on 3 April 2004 , to the much more intimate Queen 's Theatre , with some revisions of staging and where , as of August 2015 , it was still playing . It celebrated its ten - thousandth performance on 5 January 2010 . In October 2015 , this West end version of the musical , celebrated its 30th anniversary . The co-production has generated valuable income for the Royal Shakespeare Company . Original Broadway production ( edit ) The musical opened as a pre-Broadway tryout at the Kennedy Center 's Opera House in Washington , D.C. on 27 December 1986 . It ran for eight weeks through 14 February 1987 . The musical then premiered on Broadway on 12 March 1987 at The Broadway Theatre . Colm Wilkinson and Frances Ruffelle reprised their roles from the London production . The $4.5 million production had a more than $4 million advance sale prior to its New York opening . The show underwent further tightening , namely with improved sewer lighting and the incorporation of the Javert suicide scene effect . Boublil explained : `` The transfer from London to the United States has prompted further modifications . ' We are taking this opportunity to rethink and perfect , to rewrite some details which probably no one else will see , but which for us are still long nights of work , ' Mr. Boublil says . '", "25": "There are things that nobody had time to do in London , and here we have a wonderful opportunity to fix a few things . No one will notice , perhaps , but for us , it will make us so happy if we can better this show . We would like this to be the final version . ' '' Two songs were deleted -- the complete version of Gavroche 's song `` Little People '' and the adult Cosette 's `` I Saw Him Once '' . A short section at the beginning of `` In My Life '' replaced `` I Saw Him Once '' . The lyrics in Javert 's `` Stars '' were changed . It now ended with the line , `` This I swear by the stars ! '' , while the London production and cast recording ended with the repeated line , `` Keeping watch in the night '' . The original Broadway cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , David Bryant as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Braden Danner as Gavroche , Donna Vivino as Young Cosette , Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier , Leo Burmester as Thénardier , Randy Graff as Fantine , Terrence Mann as Javert , Chrissie McDonald as Young Éponine , and Norman Large as the Bishop of Digne . Other members of the original Broadway cast included Kevin Marcum , Paul Harman , Anthony Crivello , John Dewar , Joseph Kolinski , Alex Santoriello , Jesse Corti , Susan Goodman , John Norman , Norman Large , Marcus Lovett , Steve Shocket , Cindy Benson , Marcie Shaw , Jane Bodle , Joanna Glushak , Ann Crumb , Kelli James , Gretchen Kingsley - Weihe , Chrissie McDonald . Michael Hinton was the original drummer and credited on the cast album . The musical ran at the Broadway Theatre through 10 October 1990 , when it moved to the Imperial Theatre . It was scheduled to close on 15 March 2003 , but the closing was postponed by a surge in public interest .", "26": "According to an article in The Scotsman , `` Sales picked up last October , when Sir Cameron made the announcement that the show would be closing on March 15th ... its closure postponed to May 18th because of an unexpected increase in business . '' After 6,680 performances in sixteen years , when it closed on 18 May 2003 , it was the second - longest - running Broadway musical after Cats . It was surpassed by The Phantom of the Opera in 2006 . This Broadway production of Les Misérables and its advertising in New York City is a reoccurring theme in American Psycho . The reviewer for the Financial Times wrote that Les Misérables is `` the book 's hilarious main cultural compass - point '' . 2006 Broadway revival ( edit ) Only three years after the original run closed , Les Misérables began a return to Broadway on 9 November 2006 at the Broadhurst Theatre for a limited run that was subsequently made open - ended . Using the set , costumes , performers , and other resources from the recently closed third US national touring production , the production was only slightly altered . Minor changes included colourful projections blended into its existing lighting design , and a proscenium that extended out into the first two boxes on either side of the stage . Some cuts made to the show 's prologue during its original Broadway run were restored , lyrics for Gavroche 's death scene ( known in the revival as `` Ten Little Bullets '' ) cut during the development of the original London production were restored , and much of the show was re-orchestrated by Christopher Jahnke , introducing a snare and timpani - heavy sound played by a 14 - member band , a reduction of about 8 musicians from the original production 's 22 musician orchestration .", "27": "The original 2006 Broadway revival cast included Alexander Gemignani as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Daphne Rubin - Vega as Fantine , Celia Keenan - Bolger as Éponine , Aaron Lazar as Enjolras , Adam Jacobs as Marius , Ali Ewoldt as Cosette , Gary Beach as Thénardier , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Brian D'Addario and Jacob Levine and Skye Rainforth and Austyn Myers as Gavroche , James Chip Leonard as The Bishop of Digne , Drew Sarich as Grantaire , and Tess Adams and Kylie Liya Goldstein and Carly Rose Sonenclar as Young Cosette / Young Éponine . Lea Salonga , who previously played the role of Éponine in the 10th Anniversary concert , replaced Rubin - Vega as Fantine beginning on 2 March 2007 . Zach Rand replaced Jacob Levine as Gavroche on 15 March 2007 . Ann Harada replaced Jenny Galloway as Mme . Thénardier on 24 April 2007 . Ben Davis joined playing Javert , and Max von Essen playing Enjolras . Ben Crawford and Mandy Bruno joined the cast that day too , playing Brujon and Éponine respectively . On 23 July 2007 , Sarich took over the role of Valjean , following Gemignani 's departure . On 5 September 2007 , it was announced that John Owen - Jones ( who was playing Valjean in London ) was to join the Broadway cast . In return , Sarich would join the London cast in Owen - Jones ' place . Judy Kuhn , who originated the role of Cosette , returned to the show after twenty years as Fantine , succeeding Salonga . The revival closed on 6 January 2008 . 2013 Toronto revival ( edit ) A sit down production played at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto , Canada based on the 25th Anniversary touring production . Previews began on 27 September 2013 with the opening night on 9 October . The production closed on 2 February 2014 . Co-directed by Lawrence Connor and James Powell , Laurence Olivier Award nominee , Ramin Karimloo , starred as Jean Valjean .", "28": "He was joined by fellow West End star , Earl Carpenter , who reprised the role of Inspector Javert . Other cast members included Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine , Samantha Hill as Cosette , Melissa O'Neil as Éponine , Cliff Saunders as Monsieur Thenardier , Lisa Horner as Madame Thenardier , and Mark Uhre as Enjolras . The roles of young Cosette and young Éponine were shared by Ella Ballentine , Saara Chaudry and Madison Oldroyd . Gavroche was shared by David Gregory Black and Aiden GlennRead . 2014 Broadway revival ( edit ) The show returned to Broadway in March 2014 at the Imperial Theatre with previews beginning 1 March 2014 and had an official opening on 23 March 2014 . The creative team includes the direction of Laurence Connor and James Powell , the set design by Matt Kinley , costumes by Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowlands , lighting by Paule Constable , sound by Mick Potter and projections by Fifty - Nine Productions . Cameron Mackintosh once again produced the show . On 22 October 2013 , it was announced that Ramin Karimloo , Will Swenson , Caissie Levy , and Nikki M. James would be headlining the revival cast as Jean Valjean , Javert , Fantine , and Éponine respectively . Andy Mientus and Samantha Hill also star as Marius and Cosette respectively . Angeli Negron and McKayla Twiggs share the role of Young Cosette . On 30 August 2015 , Karimloo ended his run of the show as was replaced by Alfie Boe . After Boe 's final performance on 28 February , the role of Valjean was played by John Owen - Jones beginning 1 March 2016 until the production closed on 4 September 2016 , after 1,026 performances over two - and - a-half years . The revival recouped its entire initial investment and grossed $109 million . The tour began on September 21 , 2017 at the Providence Performing Arts Centre ( PPAC ) . It stars Nick Cartell as Valjean .", "29": "The 2014 Broadway revival was nominated for 3 Tony Awards : Best Revival of a Musical , Best Leading Actor in a Musical for Karimloo , and Best Sound Design for Potter . Touring productions ( edit ) US National tours ( edit ) The show had three national touring companies of the original Broadway production in the US , all of which shared the Broadway producer and manager , creative teams , as well nearly identical sets , costumes , and lighting . While the touring production and the New York production were running simultaneously , the staff , cast members , crew , and musicians of the two productions interchanged often , which contributed to keeping both companies of the show in form . When the New York production closed in 2003 , the Third National Tour continued for another three years , and enjoyed the influx of many members from the original and subsequent New York companies . The First National Tour opened at Boston 's Shubert Theatre on 12 December 1987 , and continued to play major cities until late 1991 . The Second National Tour ( called `` The Fantine Company '' ) opened at Los Angeles ' Shubert Theatre on 1 June 1988 . The production played for fourteen months then transferred to San Francisco 's Curran Theatre where it enjoyed a similar run . The Third National Tour of Les Misérables ( called `` The Marius Company '' ) was one of the longest running American touring musical productions . Opening on 28 November 1988 , at the Tampa Bay Performing Arts Center in Florida , and closing on 23 July 2006 , at the Fox Theatre in St. Louis , Missouri , the tour ran for seventeen years and 7,061 performances . The tour played in 145 cities in 43 states . The same touring company also frequently performed in Canada , made a 1994 diversion to Singapore , and another diversion in 2002 to be the first Western musical production to visit China , opening in Shanghai 's Grand Theatre for a three - week engagement . All US productions ( including Broadway and its revival ) were visually identical in scale and design but the third national tour was notable for its portability without sacrificing the Broadway - caliber experience . Thanks to innovative touring techniques borrowed from the pop / rock concert industry , the 4.5 million dollar production was adaptable to smaller and larger venues and traveled complete in all of 8 semi tractor trailers .", "30": "It was set up and ready to go in less than 24 hours and broken down and packed up in about 16 hours . This allowed it to reach many cities and venues in its acclaimed , original Broadway form . The final company of the Third National Tour included Randal Keith as Valjean ( Keith also played Valjean in the final company of the original Broadway engagement ) , Robert Hunt as Javert , Joan Almedilla as Fantine , Daniel Bogart as Marius , Norman Large ( from Original Broadway Cast ) as Monsieur Thénardier , Jennifer Butt ( from Original Broadway Cast ) as Madame Thénardier , Melissa Lyons as Éponine , Ali Ewoldt as Cosette , Victor Wallace as Enjolras , Meg Guzulescu and Rachel Schier alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine , and Austyn Myers and Anthony Skillman alternating as Gavroche . A new national tour began on September 21 , 2017 at the Providence Performing Arts Centre ( PPAC ) . It stars Nick Cartell as Valjean . UK and Ireland tours ( edit ) The first tour of the UK and Ireland opened at the Palace Theatre , Manchester 14 April 1992 with Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Philip Quast ( Javert , later replaced by Michael McCarthy ) Ria Jones ( Fantine ) , Meredith Braun ( Éponine ) , Mike Sterling ( Marius , later replaced by Richard Burman ) , Tony Timberlake ( Thénardier ) , Louise Plowright ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Sarah Ryan ( Cosette ) and Daniel Coll ( Enjolras ) . The production then moved on to the Point Theatre , Dublin , Ireland , opening 30 June 1993 , and then to Playhouse , Edinburgh , Scotland , opening 23 September 1993 .", "31": "In 1997 a second tour began at the Theatre Royal , Plymouth , running from 6 May until 14 June , the cast featured : Stig Rossen ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Julia Worsley ( Fantine ) , Gemma Sandy ( Éponine ) , Norman Bowman ( Marius ) , Cameron Blakely ( Thénardier ) , Cathy Breeze ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Rebecca Vere ( Cosette ) and Mark O'Malley ( Enjolras ) . The tour then continued as detailed in the table below : ( show ) Venue Date Cast details Birmingham Hippodrome 19 June 1997 to 4 October 1997 The cast remained unchanged from the Plymouth run of the show Opera House , Manchester 9 October 1997 to 20 December 1997 Peter Corry replaced Michael McCarthy as Javert Bristol Hippodrome 29 December 1997 to 28 March 1998 Mayflower Theatre , Southampton 1 April 1998 to 6 June 1998 Alhambra Theatre , Bradford 25 June 1998 to 5 September 1998 John Owen - Jones ( Jean Valjean ) left the cast two weeks before the end of the show 's run at the Alhambra Edinburgh Playhouse 16 September 1998 to 12 December 1998 Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Peter Corry ( Javert ) , Carmen Cusack ( Fantine ) and Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) Liverpool Empire Theatre 16 December 1998 to 20 February 1999 Point Theatre , Dublin 25 February 1999 to 29 May 1999 Colm Wilkinson ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Carmen Cusack ( Fantine ) , Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) , Matt Rawle ( Marius ) , John Kavanagh ( Thénardier ) , Anita Reeves ( Mdme Thénardier ) , Poppy Tierney ( Cosette ) and David Bardsley ( Enjolras ) Sheffield Arena 21 May 1999 to 19 June 1999 Alexandra Theatre ,", "32": "Birmingham 2 July 1999 to 9 October 1999 Telewask Arena , Newcastle 15 October 1999 to 13 November 1999 Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Martin Fisher ( Javert ) , Ria Jones ( Fantine ) , Alex Sharpe ( Éponine ) , Adrian Lewis - Morgan ( Marius ) , Jimmy Johnson ( Thénardier ) , Cathy Breeze ( Madame Thénardier ) , Amanda Leigh - Smith ( Cosette ) and Loren Greeting ( Enjolras ) Bristol Hippodrome 17 November 1999 to 29 January 2000 Palace Theatre , Manchester 2 February 2000 to 25 March 2000 25th Anniversary tour ( edit ) A tour to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the show began performances on 12 December 2009 , at the Wales Millennium Centre in Cardiff . Differences from the original production included a new set , new costumes , new direction and alterations to the original orchestrations . The tour also did not use a revolving stage and the scenery was inspired by the paintings of Victor Hugo . Locations have included Manchester , Norwich , Birmingham , Edinburgh , Bristol , Salford , and Southampton . The tour also played a special engagement in Paris . From September through October , the show returned to the Barbican Centre , London , site of the original 1985 production . The tour cast featured John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Gareth Gates as Marius , Ashley Artus as Thénardier , Lynne Wilmot as Madame Thénardier , Madalena Alberto as Fantine , Rosalind James as Éponine , Jon Robyns as Enjolras , Katie Hall as Cosette ( with Eliza Jones as Young Cosette ) , and David Lawrence as the Bishop of Digne . The tour ended 2 October 2010 , at the Barbican . In the fall of 2010 , The tour moved to the US with a new company presented by Broadway Across America to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the show opening on Broadway . The tour had its opening on 19 November 2010 at the Paper Mill Playhouse in Millburn , New Jersey , running until 19 December 2010 .", "33": "This tour originally starred Lawrence Clayton as Valjean , Andrew Varela as Javert , Betsy Morgan as Fantine , Jenny Latimer as Cosette , Justin Scott Brown as Marius , Chasten Harmon as Éponine , Michael Kostroff as Thénardier , Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier , Jeremy Hays as Enjolras , Josh Caggiano and Ethan Paul Khusidman as Gavroche , Maya Jade Frank and Juliana Simone alternating as Young Cosette and Young Éponine . J. Mark McVey 's daughter , Kylie McVey was the understudy for Young Cosette and Young Éponine . Clayton left the tour in April 2011 . Ron Sharpe later took over as Valjean until June 2011 . J. Mark McVey was then Valjean ( McVey previously played the role on Broadway ) , but McVey and his daughter left the tour on 1 April 2012 . Peter Lockyer replaces him as Valjean . Betsy Morgan left the tour on 2 December 2012 . She was replaced by Genevieve Leclerc . The tour ran until 11 August 2013 , closing at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas . The tour 's final cast included Peter Lockyer as Valjean , Andrew Varela as Javert , Genevieve Leclerc as Fantine , Lauren Wiley as Cosette , Devin Ilaw as Marius , Briana Carlson - Goodman as Éponine , Timothy Gulan as Thénardier , Shawna Hamic as Madame Thénardier , Jason Forbach as Enjolras , Ava Della Pietra and Erin Cearlock alternating as Little Cosette and Young Eponine , with Mia Sinclair Jenness as Little Girl , In 2011 it was reported that the tour is one of six US national Broadway tours that are grossing over $1,000,000 per week .", "34": "2014 Australian tour ( edit ) In mid 2013 , a brand new Australian tour was announced , with Simon Gleeson as Valjean , Hayden Tee as Javert , Patrice Tipoki as Fantine , Trevor Ashley and Lara Mulcahy as the Thénardiers , Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine , Emily Langridge as Cosette , Euan Doidge as Marius and Chris Durling as Enjolras . The production premiered on 4 July at Her Majesty 's Theatre , Melbourne . Additional stops for the Australian tour included the Crown Theatre in Perth , the Capitol Theatre in Sydney , and the Lyric Theatre QPAC in Brisbane . The Australian revival production transferred to Manila , Philippines at in March 2016 , becoming an international tour . 2016 international tour ( edit ) On 16 September 2015 , it was announced that the Australian tour would launch its international tour in Manila , Philippines at the Theatre at Solaire from March 2016 , and proceeded to the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore from May 2016 . It then had its GCC premiere at the Dubai Opera in Dubai , United Arab Emirates from November 2016 . The Manila and Singapore productions featured Simon Gleeson as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Helen Walsh as Madame Thénardier , Cameron Blakely as Thénardier , Kerrie Anne Greenland as Éponine , Emily Langridge as Cosette , Chris Durling as Enjolras , and Paul Wilkins as Marius . Rachelle Ann Go played the role of Fantine in the Manila production , and Patrice Tipoki returned the role in the Singapore production after her stint in the original London production . The Dubai production features John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Hayden Tee as Javert , Patrice Tipoki as Fantine , Peter Polycarpou as Thénardier , Jodie Prenger as Madame Thénardier , Carrie Hope Fletcher as Éponine , Alistair Brammer as Enjolras , Emily Langridge as Cosette , and Paul Wilkins as Marius .", "35": "Concert productions ( edit ) 10th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert On 8 October 1995 , the show celebrated the tenth anniversary of the West End production with a concert at the Royal Albert Hall . This 10th Anniversary Concert was nearly `` complete '' , missing only a handful of scenes , including `` The Death of Gavroche '' , `` The Robbery '' and the confrontation between Marius and the Thénardiers at the wedding feast . Sir Cameron Mackintosh hand - selected the cast , which became known as the Les Misérables Dream Cast , assembled from around the world , and engaged the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . The concert concluded with seventeen Valjeans from various international productions singing , `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' in their native languages . The concert cast included Colm Wilkinson as Jean Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Paul Monaghan as the Bishop of Digne , Ruthie Henshall as Fantine , Hannah Chick as Young Cosette , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Adam Searles as Gavroche , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Michael Ball as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Lea Salonga as Éponine , and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire . The concert was staged by Ken Caswell and conducted by David Charles Abell . 25th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert The 25th Anniversary Concert of the West End production was held at The O2 in North Greenwich , South East London , United Kingdom , on Sunday , 3 October 2010 at 1 : 30 pm and 7 : 00 pm .", "36": "It featured Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Lea Salonga as Fantine , Nick Jonas as Marius , Katie Hall as Cosette ( in place of Camilla Kerslake , who was unable to attend ) , Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier , Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Matt Lucas as Thénardier , Mia Jenkins as Young Cosette , Robert Madge as Gavroche and Earl Carpenter as the Bishop of Digne . Casts of the current London , international tour , original 1985 London , and several school productions took part , comprising an ensemble of three hundred performers and musicians . The concert was directed by Laurence Connor & James Powell and conducted by David Charles Abell . Other concert performances ( edit ) The musical has also been performed in concert at Cardiff Castle and several venues in southern England , produced by Earl Carpenter Concerts . A concert version starring Jeff Leyton was also performed at the Odyssey Arena , Belfast . In 1989 , a one - night concert performance was performed at SkyDome , Toronto , and the largest concert production attracted an audience of approximately 125,000 as part of the Australia Day celebrations in Sydney 's Domain Park . The Scandinavian concert tour , produced by Cameron Mackintosh in association with Noble Art , starred Danish musical icon Stig Rossen in the leading role and commemorated author Victor Hugo 's 200th birthday . Venues on the tour included the Stockholm Globe Arena , Oslo Spektrum , the Helsinki Hartwell Areena , and the Gothenburg Scandinavium , with audiences totalling over 150,000 for the complete tour . In November 2004 , to celebrate the centennial of the Entente Cordiale , the Queen invited the cast of Les Misérables in the West End to perform for French President Jacques Chirac at Windsor Castle . It was the first time the cast of a West End musical had performed at a Royal residence . The cast was the same as in the West End , supplemented by several guest singers and a choir of former performers . The part of Jean Valjean was played by Michael Ball -- the original 1985 London and 1995 Dream Cast Marius -- and the part of Javert was played by Michael McCarthy .", "37": "In February 2008 , Les Misérables was performed at the Bournemouth International Centre , England with a cast of West End stars accompanied by the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra . In August 2008 , a concert version , directed by Richard Jay - Alexander , was performed at the Hollywood Bowl . The cast included veteran Les Misérables star J. Mark McVey as Valjean , The Office star Melora Hardin as Fantine , Broadway star and Bowl veteran Brian Stokes Mitchell as Javert , Spring Awakening and Glee star Lea Michele as Éponine , Tony - winning Jersey Boys star John Lloyd Young as Marius , West End star Tom Lowe as Enjolras , Michael McCormick as Thénardier , Ruth Williamson as Madame Thénardier , Michele Maika as Cosette , Maddie Levy as Young Cosette , and Sage Ryan as Gavroche . In September 2008 , it was performed at the St John Loveridge Hall in Guernsey with a cast of West End performers -- the first time that it had been professionally performed on the Island where Victor Hugo wrote the novel . Former London Valjean Phil Cavill reprised his role alongside Les Misérables veteran Michael McCarthy as Javert . In March 2009 , the Guernsey production was remounted at Fort Regent in Jersey ; and in July 2009 , the musical was performed in concert at Osborne House on the Isle of Wight . International productions ( edit ) The show has been produced in forty - two countries and translated into twenty - one languages : English , French ( original and re-translated ) , German ( Austria and Germany ) , Spanish ( four versions : two from Spain , one version each from Argentina and Mexico ) , Japanese , Hebrew , Hungarian , Icelandic , Norwegian ( Bokmål and Nynorsk ) , Polish , Swedish ( in Sweden and in Finland ) , Dutch ( Netherlands and Belgium ) , Danish , Finnish , Brazilian Portuguese , Estonian , Czech , Mauritian Creole , Basque , Catalan and Korean . Including singles and promos , there have been over seventy official recordings from worldwide productions . The first full West End / Broadway production in Europe ( mainland ) was set up in Oslo , Norway at Det Norske Teatret and opened on 17 March 1988 .", "38": "The production was in Norwegian and starred Norwegian singer / actor Øystein Wiik as Jean Valjean , Paul Åge Johannessen as Javert , Øivind Blunck as Thénardier , Kari Gjærum as Fantine , Amund Enger as Enjolras and Guri Schanke as Éponine . The first Oslo production was hugely successful and some 10 % of Norway 's entire population saw the show in the first 6 months . Øystein Wiik went on to also star as Jean Valjean in the productions in Vienna and London in 1989 -- 1990 . Interestingly , the stage show , which had changed so significantly since its Parisian conception as a stadium concert in 1980 , was only finally translated back into the language of Victor Hugo for its French World Première in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , in 1991 . This production , which in fact boasted a cast that presented five shows a week in French and three a week in English , was a great success . It gave the producers a clear indication that Les Misérables was finally ready to go `` home '' , to Paris , later that same year . Regional productions ( edit ) This section contains information of unclear or questionable importance or relevance to the article 's subject matter . Please help improve this section by clarifying or removing superfluous information . If importance can not be established , the section is likely to be moved to another article , pseudo-redirected , or removed . Find sources : `` Les Misérables '' musical -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( February 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In September 2008 , a mini-tour produced by Atlanta 's Theater of the Stars played Eisenhower Hall at the United States Military Academy , in West Point , New York ; the Filene Center at the Wolf Trap National Park for the Performing Arts in Vienna , Virginia ; Kansas City Starlight Theatre ; and the Fox Theater in Atlanta . The show featured a new set of original pictures painted by Victor Hugo himself . Robert Evan played Valjean , returning to the role he played in the mid-nineties on Broadway . Also featured were Nikki Rene Daniels as Fantine and Robert Hunt as Javert , both reprising their roles from the Broadway revival . Fred Hanson directed the production .", "39": "The creative team included Matt Kinley as Scenic Designer , Ken Billington as Lighting Designer , Peter Fitzgerald and Erich Bechtel as Sound Designers , Zachary Borovay as Projection Designer , and Dan Riddle as Musical Director and Conductor . In 2008 , the Signature Theatre in Arlington , Virginia staged a small venue `` black box '' version of the play . Signature received Mackintosh 's special permission for the production : `` One of the great pleasures of being involved with the creation of Les Misérables is seeing this marvelous musical being done in a completely different and original way . Having seen many shows brilliantly reimagined at Signature I have no doubt that Eric and his team will come up with a revolutionary new take on Les Miz unlike anything anyone has seen before . Viva la différence ! '' The production officially opened on 14 December 2008 ( after previews from 2 December ) , and ran through 22 February 2009 ( extended from 25 January 2009 ) . A 2014 production at the Dallas Theater Center modernized the staging in a way rarely attempted in productions of this play , set visually in the modern - day United States rather than 1830s France . The concept was thought to be refreshing as a change from typical production styles and effective as a commentary on modern inequality . Though , much controversy surrounded their unauthorized depart from the authors ' libretto and score . In Panama , Les Misérables was staged in 2014 in Spanish at the famed National Theatre of Panama for a short , sold out run , directed by Aaron Zebede . School edition ( edit ) The school edition cuts a considerable amount of material from the original show . It is divided into thirty scenes and , although no `` critical '' scenes or songs have been removed , it runs 25 -- 30 minutes shorter than the `` official '' version making the total running time about ​ 2 ⁄ hours . A few subtle changes of vocal pitch have been made : `` What Have I Done ? '' , Valjean 's Soliloquy , `` Stars '' by Javert , `` A Little Fall of Rain '' by Éponine and Marius , `` Turning '' , and `` Castle on a Cloud '' lose a verse each . During `` Fantine 's Arrest '' Bamatabois loses two verses .", "40": "The song `` Fantine 's Death / Confrontation '' is edited , and the counterpoint duel between Javert and Valjean is lost , as well as a verse by Fantine . `` Dog Eats Dog '' by Thénardier is heavily truncated . `` Beggars at the Feast '' , is shortened , with Thénardier losing a verse , and the song before it , `` Wedding Chorale '' , is excluded entirely although the rest of the wedding remains in place . Also , the drinker 's introduction to `` Master of the House '' is cut completely . Film adaptation ( edit ) For the most recent film adaptation , see Les Misérables ( 2012 film ) . Although numerous films of the Les Misérables story have been made , no film adaptation of the stage musical was produced for many years . A film adaptation was in development at several times since the late 1980s . Alan Parker was reported to be connected to an adaptation at an early stage . In 1992 Mackintosh announced planning for a film to be directed by Bruce Beresford and co-produced by TriStar Pictures , but the project was later abandoned . The 2010 DVD / Blu - ray release of Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert included an announcement of revised plans for a film adaptation which was later confirmed by Mackintosh . Tom Hooper signed on in March 2011 to direct the Mackintosh - produced film from a screenplay by William Nicholson . In June 2011 , Working Title Films and Mackintosh announced that the film would begin principal photography in early 2012 for a tentative December release date . The film was given its general US release on Christmas Day 2012 . Principal cast members include Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean , Russell Crowe as Javert , Anne Hathaway as Fantine , Amanda Seyfried as Cosette , Eddie Redmayne as Marius Pontmercy , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Aaron Tveit as Enjolras , and Sacha Baron Cohen and Helena Bonham Carter as the Thénardiers . Other notable actors who played roles in the film include Bertie Carvel as Bamatabois , Colm Wilkinson as the Bishop of Digne and Frances Ruffelle as a prostitute .", "41": "Cast recordings ( edit ) English ( edit ) The following recordings of Les Misérables are available in English : the Original London Cast , the Original Broadway Cast , the Complete Symphonic Recording , the 10th Anniversary London Concert , The 25th Anniversary UK Tour Cast and The 25th Anniversary London Concert . Original London cast recording ( edit ) The Original London Cast recording was the first English language album of the musical . Recorded in 1985 , when the show premiered , it is closest to the original French concept album . For example , `` Stars '' appears before `` Look Down '' and shortly after , the original version of `` Little People '' plays , which was later incorporated into the revealing of Javert . It also features a song entitled `` I Saw Him Once '' , sung by Cosette , which was later incorporated into the first part of `` In My Life '' . The album has sold 887,000 copies in the US . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Roger Allam as Javert , Patti LuPone as Fantine , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Susan Jane Tanner as Mme . Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Ian Tucker as Gavroche , Michael Ball as Marius , David Burt as Enjolras , and Rebecca Caine as Cosette . Original Broadway cast recording ( edit ) The Original Broadway Cast recording was produced in 1987 . It included several changes to the songs that are still evident in today 's performances . As with its predecessor , it is incomplete , and leaves out songs or parts that are more important narratively than musically ( e.g. , `` Fantine 's Arrest '' , `` The Runaway Cart '' , `` The Final Battle '' ) . The album has sold 1,596,000 copies in the US . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Terrence Mann as Javert , Randy Graff as Fantine , Leo Burmester as Thénardier , Jennifer Butt as Madame Thénardier , Frances Ruffelle as Éponine , Braden Danner as Gavroche , David Bryant as Marius , Judy Kuhn as Cosette , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , and Donna Vivino as Young Cosette .", "42": "Complete Symphonic recording ( edit ) Recorded in 1988 and released in 1989 , the Complete Symphonic Recording features the entire score . ( The Czech Revival Recording is the only other album , in any language , to feature the entire score ; on the other hand , the four 2003 Japanese recordings feature the entire score after the cuts first made on Broadway at the end of 2000 . ) Cameron Mackintosh 's original plan was to use the Australian cast , but the scope was expanded to create an international cast featuring performers from the major performances of the musical . The cast was recorded in three different places . The album , produced by David Caddick and conducted by Martin Koch , won the Best Musical Cast Show Album Grammy Award in 1991 . The cast includes Gary Morris as Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Debra Byrne as Fantine , Gay Soper as Mme . Thénardier , Barry James as Thénardier , Kaho Shimada as Éponine , Michael Ball as Marius , Anthony Warlow as Enjolras , and Tracy Shayne as Cosette . 10th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : The Dream Cast in Concert The 10th Anniversary recording was of a concert version of Les Misérables , performed at the Royal Albert Hall in October 1995 , featuring full orchestra and choir . All the parts were sung live , giving the performance a different mood from other recordings . The score was recorded consecutively without pauses or multiple recordings . The concert 's encores are also included . As with the original recordings , however , they differed from the stage versions by excluding some songs ( e.g. , those vital to plot such as `` Fantine 's Arrest '' and `` The Runaway Cart '' were kept , while unnecessary or complex songs , such as `` At the Barricade '' , were left out ) . The cast includes Colm Wilkinson as Valjean , Philip Quast as Javert , Ruthie Henshall as Fantine , Alun Armstrong as Thénardier , Jenny Galloway as Mme .", "43": "Thénardier , Lea Salonga as Éponine , Adam Searles as Gavroche , Hannah Chick as Young Cosette , Michael Ball as Marius , Michael Maguire as Enjolras , Judy Kuhn as Cosette and Anthony Crivello as Grantaire . Manchester highlights ( edit ) A five - track album featuring members of the UK national tour was released in 1992 and includes `` I Dreamed a Dream '' ( Ria Jones ) ; `` Stars '' ( Philip Quast ) ; `` On My Own '' ( Meredith Braun ) ; `` Bring Him Home '' ( Jeff Leyton ) ; and `` Empty Chairs at Empty Tables '' ( Mike Sterling ) . The version of `` Stars '' is the same as that on the Complete Symphonic Recording . 25th Anniversary UK tour cast ( edit ) Recorded live at the Palace Theatre in Manchester , this recording was released to commemorate 25 years of Les Misérables in English . This recording featured new arrangements and reinspired orchestrations , and included John Owen - Jones as Valjean , Earl Carpenter as Javert , Madalena Alberto as Fantine , Ashley Artus as M. Thénardier , Lynne Wilmot as Mme . Thénardier , Gareth Gates as Marius , Katie Hall as Cosette , Jon Robyns as Enjolras , and Rosalind James as Éponine . 25th Anniversary concert ( edit ) Main article : Les Misérables : 25th Anniversary Concert The 25th Anniversary Concert was recorded live at The O2 ( London ) on 3 October 2010 and is available on DVD in the UK while the Blu - ray was released worldwide . It was shown in select US theaters via NCM Fathom Events . The release for the DVD and Blu - ray in the United States was 22 February 2011 to promote the film adaptation . A CD single of the ' Valjean Quartet ' singing `` Bring Him Home '' was also recorded and released , with proceeds going to the charity `` Tickets For Troops '' .", "44": "The cast included Alfie Boe as Jean Valjean , Norm Lewis as Javert , Nick Jonas as Marius , Samantha Barks as Éponine , Katie Hall as Cosette , Ramin Karimloo as Enjolras , Hadley Fraser as Grantaire , Lea Salonga as Fantine , Matt Lucas as Monsieur Thénardier and Jenny Galloway as Madame Thénardier . Other languages ( edit ) There are also various non-English language cast albums of the musical . 1980 Original French concept album 1987 Original Israeli cast 1988 Original Hungarian cast 1988 Original Vienna cast 1990 Original Swedish cast 1991 Original Dutch cast 1991 Paris Revival cast 1992 Original Danish cast 1992 Original Czech cast 1993 Original Spanish cast 1994 Japanese `` blue '' cast 1994 Japanese `` red '' cast 1996 Original Duisburg cast 1996 Swedish Värmland cast 1998 Original Antwerp cast 2003 Japanese `` orange '' cast 2003 Japanese `` green '' cast 2003 Japanese `` light blue '' cast 2003 Japanese `` violet '' cast 2003 Czech revival cast 2008 Dutch revival cast 2008 Le Capitole de Québec cast 2010 Polish Revival cast 2010 Spanish 25th anniversary production cast 2011 Czech cast Awards and nominations ( edit ) Original West End production ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 1985 Laurence Olivier Award Best New Musical Nominated Best Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Alun Armstrong Nominated Best Actress in a Musical Patti LuPone Won 2012 Laurence Olivier Award Audience Award for Most Popular Show Won 2014 Laurence Olivier Award Audience Award for Most Popular Show Won Original Broadway production ( edit )", "45": "Year Award Category Nominee Result Tony Award Best Musical Won Best Book of a Musical Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg Won Best Original Score Claude - Michel Schönberg ( music ) and Herbert Kretzmer & Alain Boublil ( lyrics ) Won Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Terrence Mann Nominated Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical Michael Maguire Won Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical Frances Ruffelle Won Judy Kuhn Nominated Best Direction of a Musical Trevor Nunn and John Caird Won Best Scenic Design John Napier Won Best Costume Design Andreane Neofitou Nominated Best Lighting Design David Hersey Won Drama Desk Award Outstanding Musical Won Outstanding Actor in a Musical Colm Wilkinson Nominated Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical Michael Maguire Won Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical Judy Kuhn Nominated Outstanding Orchestrations John Cameron Won Outstanding Music Claude - Michel Schönberg Won Outstanding Set Design John Napier Won 2013 Toronto revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Dora Award Outstanding Production Nominated Outstanding Male Performance Ramin Karimloo Nominated Mark Uhre Nominated Aiden Glenn Nominated Outstanding Female Performance Melissa O'Neil Won Outstanding Direction Laurence Connor and James Powell Nominated Outstanding Scenic Design", "46": "Matt Kinley Nominated Outstanding Costume Design Andreane Neofitou and Christine Rowland Won Outstanding Lighting Design Paule Constable Nominated Outstanding Choreography James Dodgson Nominated Outstanding Ensemble Entire ensemble Nominated 2014 Broadway revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Tony Award Best Revival of a Musical Nominated Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical Ramin Karimloo Nominated Best Sound Design of a Musical Mick Potter Nominated Drama Desk Award Outstanding Revival of a Musical Nominated 2014 Australian revival ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result 2014 Green Room Awards Production Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Simon Gleeson Nominated Hayden Tee Won Direction James Powell and Laurence Connor Nominated Musical Direction Geoffrey Castles Nominated Design ( Lighting ) Paule Constable Nominated Design ( Sound ) Mick Potter Nominated Design ( Set and Costume ) Matt Kinley ( Set and Image Design ) Nominated 2015 Helpmann Awards Best Musical Won Best Male Actor in a Musical Simon Gleeson Won Hayden Tee Nominated Best Male Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Trevor Ashley Nominated Chris Durling Nominated Best Female Actor in a Musical Patrice Tipoki Nominated Best Female Actor in a Supporting Role in a Musical Kerrie Anne Greenland Won Best Direction of a Musical Laurence Connor and James Powell", "47": "Nominated Best Choreography in a Musical Michael Ashcroft and Geoffrey Garratt Nominated Best Lighting Design Paule Constable Won Best Scenic Design Matt Kinley Nominated Best Sound Design Mick Potter Won See also ( edit ) Musical Theatre portal Lists of musicals References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Miserables . New York : Arcade Publishing . p. 51 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 21 September 2010 ) . `` Twenty - five years on , they ask me if I was wrong about Les Misérables ... '' London : The Guardian Newspaper Online . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kehe , Jason . `` Theater Review : `` Les Misérables '' At The Ahmanson `` . USC Annenberg . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` The Fantasticks website '' . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Craig , Zoe ( 13 April 2011 ) . `` Top 10 Longest - Running London Theatre Shows '' . londonist.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Masters , Tim ( 1 October 2010 ) . `` Bon Anniversaire ! 25 Facts About Les Mis '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables on Broadway '' . Lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Elaine Page on Sunday -- 1300 -- 1500 '' . BBC Radio 2 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 .", "48": "Jump up ^ https://www.mtishows.com/les-miserables Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . Stage Agent . Archived from the original on 22 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kayes , Gillyanne ; Fisher , Jeremy ( 2002 ) . Successful Singing Auditions . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87830 - 163 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Cast and Creatives Les Misérables Official Website '' . Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1989 ) . The Complete Book of Les Misérables . Arcade Publishing . p. 50 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ Title unknown ( piano / vocal selections ) . Alain Boublil Music Ltd . ^ Jump up to : Vermette , Margaret ( 2006 ) . The Musical World of Boublil & Schönberg -- The Creators of Les Misérables , Miss Saigon , Martin Guerre , and The Pirate Queen . Hal Leonard Corporation . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55783 - 715 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Show History '' . Archived from the original on 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Walnut Street Theatre -- Les Misérables : Creation of the Musical '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dans l'attente des Misérables du Châtelet , souvenons nous de la création en 1980 '' ( in French ) . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables - The first one in PARIS ( 1980 ) - MES : Robert HOSSEIN - ( ABC_Arc : RLBaron ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 .", "49": "Jump up ^ `` Waifs and urchins around the world : Paris '' . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables -- NOW Magazine '' . nowtoronto.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Roger Allam Fan Site '' . Archived from the original on 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables '' . johncaird.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` London Theatre Guide , Show Listing : Les Misérables '' . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables 10,000 th Performance in West End '' . London Theatre Guide . 5 January 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 09 . Jump up ^ http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/london-shows/show/item76782/les-miserables/ Jump up ^ The Committee Office , House of Commons . `` House of Commons -- Culture , Media and Sport -- Minutes of Evidence '' . publications.parliament.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Richards , David ( 29 December 1986 ) . `` Les Misérables ; The Musical : Heavy on the Spectacular ; Beneath the Dazzle , Few Insights '' . The Washington Post . p . D1 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables '' . Internet Broadway Database . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Bennetts , Leslie ( 6 December 1986 ) . `` ' Les Misérables ' Ready For Its American Debut '' . The New York Times . p. 11 . Jump up ^ Behr , Edward ( 1993 ) . The Complete Book of Les Misérables . Arcade Publishing . p. 144 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55970 - 156 - 3 . Jump up ^ Kwiatkowski , Jane ( 23 March 2003 ) . `` Musical Chairs '' . The Buffalo News . p . F1 .", "50": "^ Jump up to : Cox , David ( 20 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Curtain Closes On Les Mis '' . The Scotsman . p. 7 . Jump up ^ Kuchwara , Michael ( 19 May 2003 ) . `` Broadway Says Au Revoir to ' Les Miz ' '' . Associated Press . Jump up ^ `` Long Runs on Broadway '' . Playbill. 22 December 2010 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Andress , Nigel ( 20 April 2000 ) . `` The Arts : Bloodless ' American Psycho ' on the Loose '' . Financial Times . Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben ( 10 November 2006 ) . `` Did n't We Just See This Revolution ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Sets 1 / 6 Closing Date '' . broadway.com. 29 October 2007 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/brand-new-les - misérables - coming - to - toronto - stage - 1.1385592 Jump up ^ Brand new Les Misérables coming to Toronto stage Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ LES MISERABLES , ONCE , ALADDIN & More Set for Mirvish 's 50th Season Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Toronto 's New Les Misérables , Starring Ramin Karimloo , Will Begin in September ; Complete Casting Announced Archived 6 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Toronto Production of Les Misérables , Starring Ramin Karimloo , Ends 2 Feb . Archived 19 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 02 .", "51": "Jump up ^ https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/2013/10/09/les_miserable_review.html Jump up ^ BWW Exclusive Interview : Ramin Karimloo on His Toronto Homecoming in LES MISERABLES in Fall of 2013 Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 13 . Jump up ^ Earl Carpenter joining Ramin Karimloo in LesMis Toronto Retrieved 2013 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Toronto 's New Les Miz Will Star Ramin Karimloo , Genevieve Leclerc , Samantha Hill , Lisa Horner , Cliff Saunders '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Rehearsals Begin for Ramin Karimloo - Led LES MISERABLES in Toronto ; Full Cast Announced Broadway World , Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables Will Return to Broadway 's Imperial Theatre ; Re-Imagined Revival Sets 2014 Dates Archived 8 June 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables to Storm the Barricade on Broadway Again in 2014 '' . Broadway.com . Jump up ^ Ramin Karimloo ( making his Broadway debut ) , Will Swenson , Caissie Levy and Nikki M. James Will Star in Broadway Return of Les Misérables Archived 23 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 28 . Jump up ^ Andy Mientus and Charlotte Maltby Will Make Broadway Debuts in 2014 Revival of Les Misérables Archived 11 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Playbill , Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 11 . Jump up ^ Breaking News : Samantha Hill to Take Over as Cosette for Broadway 's New LES MISERABLES broadwayworld.com , retrieved 2014 - 05 - 12 .", "52": "Jump up ^ Filipponi , Pietro ( 27 January 2014 ) , Young Cosette , Eponine & Gavroche Roles Cast in the New Broadway Production of LES MISÉRABLES , Gotham News , archived from the original on 6 July 2014 , retrieved 27 July 2014 Jump up ^ `` Bring Down the Barricades : Broadway 's Les Miserables Announces Date of Final Performance '' . Broadway.com . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Gans . `` Bring Down the Barricades : Broadway 's Les Miserables Announces Date of Final Performance '' . Playbill.com . Playbill.com . Retrieved 4 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Miserables - US Tour Schedule '' . BroadwayWorld.com . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved 16 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miz Tour 's Final Stop Announced ; Meet It In St. Louis '' . Playbill. 10 March 2006 . Archived from the original on 22 November 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on April 14th , 1992 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Manchester cast : Jeff Leyton ( Jean Valjean ) , Michael McCarthy ( Javert ) , Richard Burman ( Marius ) , Sarah Ryan ( Cosette ) , Meredith Braun ( Éponine ) , Daniel Coll ( Enjolras ) , Tony Timberlake ( Thénardier ) , Louise Plowright ( Mdme Thénardier ) ( 20 November 1992 ) . BBC Children in Need ( regional : North West ) ( One Day More ) ( Television ) . Manchester : Richard Burman : YouTube . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Schmidt , Michael ( 18 April 1992 ) . `` Les Miserables - review '' . Daily Telegraph .", "53": "access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Leyton , Jeff ( Jean Valjean ) ; Quast , Philip ( Javert ) ; Sterling , Mike ( Marius ) ; Braun , Meredith ( Éponine ) ; Jones , Ria ( Fantine ) ( 1992 ) . Highlights from Les Misérables , Manchester Company ( Media notes ) . First Night Records . ASIN B000026YOI . Barcode : 5014636503427 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on April 14th , 1992 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` What Happened on September 23rd , 1993 '' . onthisday.com . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Theatre Royal , Plymouth '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables programme : Plymouth . John Good Holbrook Ltd. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Birmingham Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Birmingham Hippodrome Theatre -- Les Miserables -- 1997 + Flyer '' . theatrememorabilia.co.uk . Theatre Memorabilia . co.uk . Archived from the original on 11 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Opera House , Manchester '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables programme : Manchester . John Good Holbrook Ltd. 1997 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Bristol Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Mayflower Theatre , Southampton '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 18 September 1998 ) .", "54": "`` It 's the business ! '' . Telegraph & Argus . Newsquest Media Group . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Greenhalf , Jim ( 10 August 1998 ) . `` Les Mis star summoned to the Palace '' . Telegraph & Argus . Newsquest Media Group . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Playhouse , Edinburgh '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( 24 September 1998 ) . `` Les Miserables , Playhouse , Edinburgh '' . Herald Scotland . Newsquest . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Liverpool Empire Theatre '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Paller , Rebecca ( 18 February 1998 ) . `` Wilkinson returns to Les Mis in Dublin , 1999 '' . Playbill . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth . `` Les Misérables : Les Misérables - May 15th , 1999 Dublin '' . whoisthatface.weebly.com . Whose Is That Face in the Shadows ? . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Sheffield Motorpoint Arena '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Sheffield Motorpoint Arena '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables '' . metroradioarena.co.uk . Metro Radio Arena . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lost LESMIS audios ... help please - musical exchange '' . musicalexchange . Musical Exchange . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Bristol Hippodrome '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 .", "55": "Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables : Opera House , Manchester '' . uktw.co.uk . UK Theatre Web . Retrieved 12 August 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Tour Dates and Venues '' . lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 25 October 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` ' LesMiserables ' tour '' . broadwayacrossamerica.com . Archived from the original on 24 December 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 02 . Jump up ^ Voris , Robert ( 25 June 2011 ) . `` ' Six boost road grosses '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Cast -- Les Misérables '' . lesmis.com.au . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables review ( Her Majesty 's Theatre , Melbourne ) Daily Review : film , stage and music reviews , interviews and more '' . dailyreview.crikey.com.au . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 2 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Opens Tonight in Perth ! '' . www.lesmis.com.au . Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables arrives in Sydney '' . www.lesmis.com.au . Cameron Mackintosh Overseas Limited . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Tongue , Cassie . `` Les Misérables is heading to Brisbane ! '' . aussietheatre.com . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Les Misérables Asian Tour Confirmed to Open in Manila in March 2016 '' . michaelcassel.com . Michael Cassel Group . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables Confirmed To Open in Singapore in May 2016 ! '' . www.michaelcasselgroup.com . Michael Cassel Group Pty Limited .", "56": "Retrieved 20 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Musical Phenomenon Les Miserables To Have GCC Premiere at Dubai Opera ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . 2016 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 -- via dubaiopera.com . Jump up ^ `` Cast Announced for Manila Production of LES MISÉRABLES '' . Les Misérables . Cameron Mackintosh ( Overseas ) Limited . 28 January 2016 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2016 . Retrieved 29 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh and Dubai Opera Announce Full Cast For The Legendary Production of `` Les Misérables '' at Dubai Opera From 10 November to 2 December 2016 ( Press Release ) '' ( PDF ) . 2016 - 08 - 13 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 20 -- via dubaiopera.com . Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures from LesMis.com '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Stage by Stage : Les Misérables ( 1988 ) - IMDb '' . imdb.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Hall Theatre 09 - 10 '' . Ikehall.com . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Theater of the Stars Announces Full ' Les Misérables ' Casting '' . broadwayworld.com. 11 August 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 23 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 14 September 2008 ) . `` Signature 's `` Black Box '' Les Miz Will Put Audience in Middle of the Action ; Cast Announced `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 16 October 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 14 December 2008 ) . `` Another Day , Another Destiny : ' Intimate ' Les Miz Opens in VA Dec. 14 '' . Playbill .", "57": "Archived from the original on 26 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 18 December 2008 ) . `` Intimate Les Miz Gets Good Reviews in DC and Extends '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 17 April 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 05 . Jump up ^ Lowry , Mark ( 10 July 2014 ) . `` Theater review : ' Les Miserables ' '' . DFW.com . Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Churnin , Nancy ( 6 July 2014 ) . `` In Dallas and Hong Kong : `` Do you hear the people sing ? '' `` . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ `` Aplausos a la puesta de ' Los miserables ' '' . La Prensa . Retrieved 23 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables School Edition '' . Music Theatre International . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Music Theatre International : Licensing Musical Theater Theatrical Performance Rights and Materials to Schools , Community and Professional Theatres since 1952 '' . mtishows.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 02 . Jump up ^ Schaefer , Stephen ( 18 October 1991 ) . `` Musical Chairs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh 's Production of Les Misérables Celebrates Its 2,000 th Performance on Thursday , March 5 and Its Fifth Anniversary '' ( Press release ) . lesmis.com. 12 February 1992 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Les Miserables Hits Hollywood '' . contactmusic.com. 2 October 2005 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 06 . Jump up ^ Les Misérables in Concert : The 25th Anniversary ( Blu - Ray ) . London , England : Universal Pictures .", "58": "29 November 2010 . Coming Soon -- Universal Pictures proudly announce the musical motion picture of Les Misérables : A Working Title - Cameron Mackintosh Film Jump up ^ `` Hooper to direct ' Les Miserables ' '' . The Times Of India . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Bamigboye , Baz ( 16 June 2011 ) . `` Miss Daisy hits the West End '' . The Daily Mail . London . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 September 2011 ) . `` Hugh Jackman Is Russell Crowe 's Quarry in Les Misérables Film '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 23 October 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Cameron Mackintosh Confirms Anne Hathaway for Les MIsérables Film '' . Broadway World . 17 October 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Carina Adly ( 3 January 2012 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Amanda Seyfried get ' Les Misérables ' gigs over Lea Michele '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on 5 August 2012 . Retrieved 16 August 2012 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( 1 November 2011 ) . `` Eddie Redmayne lands ' Les Misérables ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Dunn , Carrie ( 31 January 2012 ) . `` Breaking News : Samantha Barks To Play Eponine In Les Misérables Movie '' . Broadway World . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 9 February 2012 ) . `` Mistress of the House : Helena Bonham Carter Will Be Madame Thénardier in Les Miz Movie '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 13 November 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 .", "59": "Jump up ^ Jones , Kenneth ( 16 March 2012 ) . `` Sacha Baron Cohen , Daniel Evans , Linzi Hateley and More Confirmed for `` Les Miz '' Film `` . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Miz Film : It 's official ! Aaron Tveit is confirmed to join the cast ... '' lesmis.com . Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Paul Grein ( 9 January 2012 ) . `` Week Ending Jan. 6 , 2013 . Albums : Les Miz Takes Broadway To The Top '' . Yahoo Music ( Chart Watch ) . Jump up ^ `` Complete Symphonic Recording '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Les Misérables ( Relativity Complete Symphonic Recording ) '' . Answers.com . 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark ( 15 April 2012 ) . `` Matilda -- the Musical Sweeps Olivier Awards ; Benedict Cumberbatch , Jonny Lee Miller Are Also Winners '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` OLIVIERS 2014 : The Full List Of Winners And Nominees ! '' . Broadway World . 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alan Henry ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Ramin Karimloo Receives Toronto Dora Award Nomination ; LES MISERABLES Earns a Total of 11 Nominations '' . Broadway World . Jump up ^ Dora Awards 2014 : A List Of All The Winners ! broadwayworld , retrieved 2014 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ Cuthberson , Debbie ; Rugendyke , Louise . `` Helpmann Awards 2015 nominations : Opera Australia dominates as Les Miserables leads charge for musicals '' . Sydney Morning Herald .", "60": "Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominees '' . Helpmann Awards . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Les Miserables Reviews Box Office Theatre Ltd . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 12 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Les Misérables ( musical ) . Official website Les Misérables at the Internet Broadway Database An Archive of Performers from the Original Broadway Run of Les Misérables An Archive of Performers from the London Run of Les Misérables Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Musical The Wiz ( 1975 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) The Pirates of Penzance ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1983 ) Sunday in the Park with George ( 1984 ) The Mystery of Edwin Drood ( 1986 ) Les Miserables ( 1987 ) Into the Woods ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Show Boat ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) The Life ( 1997 ) Ragtime ( 1998 ) Parade ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) The Producers ( 2001 ) Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) Hairspray ( 2003 ) Wicked ( 2004 ) Spamalot ( 2005 ) The Drowsy Chaperone ( 2006 ) Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) Passing Strange ( 2008 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 )", "61": "Memphis ( 2010 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) Once ( 2012 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2013 ) A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) Hamilton ( 2015 ) Shuffle Along ( 2016 ) Come from Away ( 2017 ) Tony Award for Best Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) Annie ( 1977 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) Evita ( 1980 ) 42nd Street ( 1981 ) Nine ( 1982 ) Cats ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) Big River ( 1985 ) Drood ( 1986 ) Les Misérables ( 1987 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) City of Angels ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) Crazy for You ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) Passion ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) Rent ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) The Lion King ( 1998 ) Fosse ( 1999 ) Contact ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1949 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Original Score ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line by Marvin Hamlisch and Edward Kleban ( 1976 ) Annie by Charles Strouse and Martin Charnin ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Cy Coleman ,", "62": "Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Stephen Sondheim ( 1979 ) Evita by Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by John Kander and Fred Ebb ( 1981 ) Nine by Maury Yeston ( 1982 ) Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber and T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Jerry Herman ( 1984 ) Big River by Roger Miller ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Claude - Michel Schönberg , Herbert Kretzmer , and Alain Boublil ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by Stephen Sondheim ( 1988 ) City of Angels by Cy Coleman and David Zippel ( 1990 ) The Will Rogers Follies by Cy Coleman , Betty Comden , and Adolph Green ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by John Kander and Fred Ebb / The Who 's Tommy by Pete Townshend ( 1993 ) Passion by Stephen Sondheim ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Andrew Lloyd Webber , Don Black , and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Maury Yeston ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens ( 1998 ) Parade by Jason Robert Brown ( 1999 ) Aida by Elton John and Tim Rice ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1947 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical ( 1976 -- 2000 ) A Chorus Line by James Kirkwood Jr.", "63": "and Nicholas Dante ( 1976 ) Annie by Thomas Meehan ( 1977 ) On the Twentieth Century by Betty Comden and Adolph Green ( 1978 ) Sweeney Todd by Hugh Wheeler ( 1979 ) Evita by Tim Rice ( 1980 ) Woman of the Year by Peter Stone ( 1981 ) Dreamgirls by Tom Eyen ( 1982 ) Cats by T.S. Eliot ( 1983 ) La Cage aux Folles by Harvey Fierstein ( 1984 ) Big River by William Hauptman ( 1985 ) Drood by Rupert Holmes ( 1986 ) Les Misérables by Alain Boublil and Claude - Michel Schönberg ( 1987 ) Into the Woods by James Lapine ( 1988 ) no award ( 1989 ) City of Angels by Larry Gelbart ( 1990 ) The Secret Garden by Marsha Norman ( 1991 ) Falsettos by William Finn and James Lapine ( 1992 ) Kiss of the Spider Woman by Terrence McNally ( 1993 ) Passion by James Lapine ( 1994 ) Sunset Boulevard by Don Black and Christopher Hampton ( 1995 ) Rent by Jonathan Larson ( 1996 ) Titanic by Peter Stone ( 1997 ) Ragtime by Terrence McNally ( 1998 ) Parade by Alfred Uhry ( 1999 ) James Joyce 's The Dead by Richard Nelson ( 2000 ) Complete list ( 1950 -- 1975 ) ( 1976 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2025 ) Musicals by Boublil and Schönberg La Révolution Française ( 1973 ) Les Misérables ( 1980 ) Miss Saigon ( 1989 ) Martin Guerre ( 1996 ) The Pirate Queen ( 2006 ) Marguerite ( 2008 ) Les Misérables", "64": "by Victor Hugo Characters Jean Valjean Javert Fantine Cosette Marius Éponine Enjolras Gavroche Thénardiers Bishop Myriel Patron - Minette Friends of the ABC Film adaptations 1909 1917 1925 1934 1935 1948 1952 1958 1978 1982 1995 1998 2012 Concerts 1995 Other adaptations Musical Radio Les Misérables : Shōjo Cosette Jean Val Jean Beedala Patlu ( 1950 ) Ezhai Padum Padu ( 1950 ) Kundan ( 1955 ) Duppathuge Dukka ( 1956 ) Beedala Patlu ( 1972 ) Television adaptations 1974 telenovela 2000 miniseries 2014 telenovela Songs and soundtracks Songs from Les Misérables `` Do You Hear the People Sing ? '' `` I Dreamed a Dream '' `` On My Own '' `` One Day More '' `` Suddenly '' Les Misérables : Highlights from the Motion Picture Soundtrack Related Fantine ( 1886 painting ) Laurence Olivier Audience Award for Most Popular Show The Phantom of the Opera ( 2002 ) Wicked ( 2010 ) We Will Rock You ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2013 ) Les Misérables ( 2014 ) Wicked ( 2015 ) The Phantom of the Opera ( 2016 ) Helpmann Award for Best Musical The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) Mamma Mia !", "65": "( 2002 ) Cabaret ( 2003 ) The Lion King ( 2004 ) The Producers ( 2005 ) The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) Keating ! ( 2007 ) Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) Wicked ( 2009 ) Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) The King and I ( 2014 ) Les Misérables ( 2015 ) Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) GND : 300216564 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "66": "php?title= Les_Misérables_ ( musical ) &oldid = 821421846 '' Categories : Musicals by Claude - Michel Schönberg 1980 musicals Works based on Les Misérables Plays set in the 19th century Plays set in France Broadway musicals West End musicals Musicals based on novels Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals Sung - through musicals Tony Award for Best Musical Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from November 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from November 2012 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Pages with timeline metadata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Magyar مصرى Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 January 2018 , at 11 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Stephen Curry - wikipedia Stephen Curry Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the basketball player . For other uses , see Stephen Curry ( disambiguation ) . Stephen Curry Curry in 2016 No.", "1": "30 -- Golden State Warriors Position Point guard League NBA ( 1988 - 03 - 14 ) March 14 , 1988 ( age 29 ) Akron , Ohio Nationality American Listed height 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) Listed weight 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Career information High school Charlotte Christian ( Charlotte , North Carolina ) College Davidson ( 2006 -- 2009 ) NBA draft 2009 / Round : 1 / Pick : 7th overall Selected by the Golden State Warriors Playing career 2009 -- present Career history 2009 -- present Golden State Warriors Career highlights and awards 2 × NBA champion ( 2015 , 2017 ) 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player ( 2015 , 2016 ) 5 × NBA All - Star ( 2014 -- 2018 ) 2 × All - NBA First Team ( 2015 , 2016 ) 2 × All - NBA Second Team ( 2014 , 2017 ) NBA scoring champion ( 2016 ) NBA steals leader ( 2016 ) 50 -- 40 -- 90 club ( 2016 ) NBA Three - Point Contest champion ( 2015 ) NBA Sportsmanship Award ( 2011 ) NBA All - Rookie First Team ( 2010 ) AP Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 , 2009 ) Stats at NBA.com Stats at Basketball-Reference.com Medals ( hide ) Men 's basketball Representing United States FIBA World Cup 2010 Turkey National team 2014 Spain National team Wardell Stephen Curry II ( / ˈstɛfən / STEF - ən ; born March 14 , 1988 ) is an American professional basketball player for the Golden State Warriors of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Many players and analysts have called him the greatest shooter in NBA history .", "2": "In 2014 -- 15 , Curry won the NBA Most Valuable Player Award and led the Warriors to their first championship since 1975 . The following season , he became the first player in NBA history to be elected MVP by a unanimous vote and to lead the league in scoring while shooting above 50 -- 40 -- 90 . That same year , the Warriors broke the record for the most wins in an NBA season en route to reaching the 2016 NBA Finals . Curry helped the Warriors return to the NBA Finals for a third straight year in 2017 , where he won his second NBA championship . Curry is the son of former NBA player Dell Curry and older brother of current NBA player Seth Curry . He played college basketball for Davidson . There , he was twice named Southern Conference Player of the Year and set the all - time scoring record for both Davidson and the Southern Conference . During his sophomore year , he also set the single - season NCAA record for three - pointers made . During the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry set the NBA record for three - pointers made in a regular season with 272 . He surpassed that record in 2015 with 286 , and again in 2016 with 402 . During the 2013 -- 14 season , he and teammate Klay Thompson were nicknamed the Splash Brothers en route to setting the NBA record for combined three - pointers in a season with 484 , a record they broke the following season ( 525 ) and again in the 2015 -- 16 season ( 678 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 College career 2.1 Freshman season 2.2 Sophomore season 2.3 Junior season 2.4 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) 3.1. 1 Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) 3.1. 2 Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) 3.1. 3 Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) 3.1. 4 NBA Championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.1. 5 Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) 3.1.", "3": "6 Second NBA Championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) 3.1. 7 2017 -- 18 season 4 National team career 5 Player profile 6 Personal life 6.1 Charity 6.2 Public image 6.3 Business interests 6.4 Golf 7 NBA career statistics 7.1 Regular season 7.2 Playoffs 8 Awards and honors 8.1 NBA 8.2 College 8.2. 1 NCAA records 8.2. 2 Davidson College records 8.3 Other 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Early life Stephen Curry is the son of Sonya ( Adams ) and Dell Curry . He was born in Akron , Ohio while his father was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . He grew up in Charlotte , North Carolina , where his father spent most of his NBA career with the Charlotte Hornets . Dell often took Curry and his younger brother Seth to his games , where they would shoot with the Hornets during warm - ups . The family briefly relocated to Toronto , where Dell finished out his career as a member of the Raptors . During this time , Curry played for the Queensway Christian College boys ' basketball team , leading them to an undefeated season . He was also a member of Toronto 5 -- 0 , a club team that plays across Ontario , pitting him against fellow future NBA players Cory Joseph and Kelly Olynyk . Curry led the team to a 33 -- 4 record , en route to winning the provincial championship . Following Dell 's retirement , the family moved back to Charlotte and Curry enrolled at Charlotte Christian School , where he was named all - conference , all - state , and led his team to three conference titles and three state playoff appearances . Because of his father 's storied career at Virginia Tech , Curry wanted to play college basketball for the Hokies , but was only offered a walk - on spot due in part to his slender 160 - pound frame . He ultimately chose to attend Davidson College , who had aggressively recruited him from the tenth grade .", "4": "US college sports recruiting information for high school athletes Name Hometown High school / college Height Weight Commit date Stephen Curry PG Charlotte , North Carolina Charlotte Christian 6 ft 2 in ( 1.88 m ) 163 lb ( 74 kg ) Sep 18 , 2005 Recruiting star ratings : Scout : Rivals : 247Sports : N / A Overall recruiting rankings : Scout : 36 ( PG ) Note : In many cases , Scout , Rivals , 247Sports , and ESPN may conflict in their listings of height and weight . In these cases , the average was taken . ESPN grades are on a 100 - point scale . Sources : `` 2006 Davidson Basketball Commitment List '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Davidson College Basketball Team Recruiting Prospects '' . Scout.com . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2013 . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` Scout.com Team Recruiting Rankings '' . Scout.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . `` 2006 Team Ranking '' . Rivals.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2013 . College career Freshman season Before Curry even played in his first game for the Wildcats , head coach Bob McKillop praised him at a Davidson alumni event , `` Wait ' til you see Steph Curry . He is something special . '' In his first collegiate game , against Eastern Michigan , Curry finished with 15 points but committed 13 turnovers . In the next game , against Michigan , he scored 32 points , dished out 4 assists , and grabbed 9 rebounds . Curry finished the season leading the Southern Conference in scoring with 21.5 points per game . He was second in the nation among freshmen in scoring , behind only Kevin Durant of Texas . Curry 's scoring ability helped the Wildcats to a 29 -- 5 overall record and a Southern Conference regular season title . On March 2 , 2007 , in the Southern Conference tournament semi-finals against Furman , Curry made his 113th three - pointer of the year , breaking Keydren Clark 's NCAA freshman season record for 3 - point field goals .", "5": "Curry eclipsed the school freshman scoring record with his 502nd point against Chattanooga on February 6 , 2007 . On March 15 , 2007 , Davidson marched into the NCAA tournament as a 13 seed set to play Maryland ; despite Curry 's game - high 30 points , Davidson lost 82 -- 70 . At the end of his freshman season , Curry was named Southern Conference Freshman of the Year , SoCon Tournament MVP , and selected to the SoCon All - tournament team , All - freshman team , and first team All - SoCon . He was also honorable mention in Sports Illustrated 's All - Mid-Major . After the season ended , he was selected for the USA team to appear at the 2007 FIBA U19 World Championships in which he averaged 9.4 points , 3.8 rebounds , and 2.2 assists in 19.4 minutes , helping team USA to a silver medal finish . Sophomore season Curry at the 2008 NCAA Tournament In his sophomore season in 2007 -- 08 , Curry had grown to his adult height of 6 ft 3 in ( 1.91 m ) and again led the Southern Conference in scoring , averaging 25.5 points per game while adding 4.7 rebounds per game and 2.8 assists per game . He led the Wildcats to a 26 -- 6 regular season record , and a 20 -- 0 conference record . As a result of Curry 's exceptional play , Davidson earned its third straight NCAA Tournament bid . On March 21 , 2008 , Davidson matched up with seventh - seeded Gonzaga . Gonzaga led by 11 points early in the second half but Curry went on to score 30 points in the half to push Davidson to their first NCAA Tournament win since 1969 , 82 -- 76 . Curry ended the game with 40 points while also going 8 - for - 10 from 3 - point range . On March 23 , Davidson played second seeded Georgetown in the second round of the NCAA Tournament . Georgetown , ranked eighth nationally , entered the game as a heavy favorite after an appearance in the Final Four in 2007 .", "6": "Curry managed just five points in the first half of the game as Davidson trailed by as many as 17 points , but his 25 second - half points led Davidson to a 74 -- 70 comeback victory . On March 28 , 2008 , Curry led Davidson to another win , against third - seeded Wisconsin . Curry scored 33 points as Davidson won 73 -- 56 to advance to the Elite 8 . Curry joined Clyde Lovellette , Jerry Chambers , and Glenn Robinson as the only college players to score over 30 points in their first four career NCAA tournament games . Curry also tied Darrin Fitzgerald of Butler for the single - season record for most three - pointers with 158 . On March 30 , 2008 , he set the record , against the top - seeded Kansas Jayhawks , with his 159th three - pointer of the season . Curry scored 25 points in the game but Davidson lost 57 -- 59 , and the Jayhawks went on to win the championship . Curry finished the season averaging 25.9 points , 2.9 assists , and 2.1 steals per game . He was named to the Associated Press ' All - America Second Team on March 31 , 2008 . He also was named the Most Outstanding Player of the Midwest Region of the 2008 NCAA Men 's Division I Basketball Championship Tournament , becoming the first player from a team not making the Final Four to do so since Juwan Howard of Michigan in 1994 . Curry was nominated for an ESPY in the Breakthrough Player of the Year category . Junior season After Davidson 's loss against Kansas in the NCAA Regional Finals , Curry announced that he would return for his junior year . He stated that he wanted to develop as a point guard , his likely position in the NBA . On November 18 , 2008 , Curry scored a career - high 44 points in Davidson 's 82 -- 78 loss to Oklahoma . He extended a career - long streak by scoring at least 25 points for the seventh straight game . On November 21 , Curry registered a career - high 13 assists , to go along with 30 points , in Davidson 's 97 -- 70 win over Winthrop .", "7": "On November 25 , against Loyola , Curry was held scoreless as Loyola constantly double - teamed him . It was Curry 's only scoreless collegiate game and just his second without double - digit points . He finished 0 - for - 3 from the field as Davidson won the game 78 -- 48 . In Davidson 's next game ( 11 days later ) , Curry matched his career - high of 44 in a 72 -- 67 win over North Carolina State . Curry surpassed the 2000 - point mark for his career on January 3 , 2009 , as he scored 21 points against Samford . On February 14 , 2009 , Curry rolled his ankle in the second half of a win over Furman . The injury caused Curry to miss the February 18 game against The Citadel , the first and only game he missed in his college career . On February 28 , 2009 , Curry became Davidson 's all - time leading scorer with 34 points in a 99 -- 56 win against Georgia Southern . That gave Curry 2,488 points for his career , surpassing previous school leader John Gerdy . Davidson won the 2008 -- 09 Southern Conference regular season championship for the south division , finishing 18 -- 2 in the conference . In the 2009 Southern Conference Tournament , Davidson played Appalachian State in the quarterfinals and won 84 -- 68 . Curry scored 43 points , which is the third most points in Southern Conference tournament history . In the semifinals , against the College of Charleston , Curry had 20 points but Davidson lost 52 -- 59 . Despite lobbying from Davidson head coach Bob McKillop and Charleston coach Bobby Cremins , the Wildcats failed to get an NCAA tournament bid . Instead , they received the sixth seed in the 2009 NIT . Davidson played the third seed , South Carolina , on the road in the first round . Curry scored 32 points as the Wildcats beat the Gamecocks 70 -- 63 . Davidson then fell 68 -- 80 to the Saint Mary 's Gaels in the second round . Curry registered 26 points , 9 rebounds , and 5 assists in what was his final game for the Wildcats .", "8": "In his final season at Davidson , Curry averaged 28.6 points , 5.6 assists , and 2.5 steals . He was the NCAA scoring leader and was named a consensus first team All - American . Curry opted out of his senior year at Davidson , but he stated that he still planned to earn his degree . College statistics Regular Season Averages Season Team PTS REB AST STL BLK FG % 3P % FT % MIN TO 2006 -- 07 Davidson Wildcats 34 21.5 4.6 2.8 1.8 0.2 . 463 . 408 . 855 30.9 2.8 2007 -- 08 Davidson Wildcats 36 25.9 4.6 2.9 2.1 0.4 . 483 . 439 . 894 33.1 2.6 2008 -- 09 Davidson Wildcats 34 28.6 4.4 5.6 2.5 0.2 . 454 . 387 . 876 33.7 3.7 Career 104 25.3 4.5 3.7 2.1 0.3 . 467 . 412 . 876 32.6 3.0 Professional career Golden State Warriors ( 2009 -- present ) Early seasons ( 2009 -- 11 ) Curry defends against Allen Iverson in 2009 . Curry was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2009 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors . His rookie contract was worth $12.7 million over four years . In his first career game , he scored 14 points and distributed 7 assists . With final season averages of 17.5 points , 5.9 assists , and 1.9 steals per game , he finished second in NBA Rookie of the Year voting to the Sacramento Kings ' Tyreke Evans , and was named to the NBA All - Rookie First Team .", "9": "At the 2011 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry won the NBA All - Star Weekend Skills Challenge . He finished the season with averages of 18.6 points , 5.8 assists , and 1.5 steals per game and shot a franchise - and league - best 93.4 percent from the free throw line . He was also the recipient of the NBA Sportsmanship Award . Injury - riddled year ( 2011 -- 12 ) Curry taking a jump shot in March 2011 . Holding numerous three - point shooting records and having one of the quickest releases in the NBA , Curry is often considered one of the greatest shooters of all time . In May 2011 , Curry had surgery on his right ankle to repair torn ligaments that were caused by multiple sprains from the previous season . The ankle healed in time for the start of the 2011 -- 12 campaign , but he sprained it again during the preseason and on January 4 in a game against the San Antonio Spurs . On February 22 , he strained a tendon in his right foot in a game against the Phoenix Suns . In April , he had another surgery . In total , Curry appeared in only 26 regular season games and his scoring average dipped to 14.7 points per game . Getting back on track ( 2012 -- 14 ) Prior to the start of the 2012 -- 13 season , Curry agreed to a four - year , $44 million rookie scale contract extension with the Warriors . At the time , many basketball writers considered the move risky for Golden State because of Curry 's injury history . Over the course of the year , Curry and backcourt teammate Klay Thompson gained a reputation for their perimeter scoring , earning them the nickname `` The Splash Brothers '' . On February 27 , Curry scored a career - high 54 points in a game against the New York Knicks , setting a franchise record for three - pointers made in a game with 11 and falling just one shy of tying the NBA record . In the final game of the season , he set a new league record for three - pointers made in a single season . His final averages were 22.9 points and 6.9 assists per game .", "10": "The Warriors finished the year with 47 wins , earning them the sixth seed in the Western Conference and a matchup with the Denver Nuggets in the first round of the playoffs . Golden State defeated the Nuggets in six games to advance to the second round , where Curry scored 44 points in a Game 1 loss to the Spurs . The Warriors eventually lost the series in six games . In December of the 2013 -- 14 season , Curry eclipsed Jason Richardson as the franchise 's leader in career three - pointers . In February , he made his first All - Star appearance , starting for the West . Behind averages of 24 points and 8.5 assists per game , he was selected to his first All - NBA Team . Seeded sixth for the second consecutive year , the Warriors drew the Los Angeles Clippers to begin the postseason . In Game 4 , Curry scored 33 points , including a then playoff career - high seven three - pointers , in a winning effort . Golden State went on to lose the series in seven games . NBA championship and MVP ( 2014 -- 15 ) Curry about to pass while being guarded by John Wall and Nenê of the Washington Wizards . Curry averaged 7.7 assists per game during the 2014 -- 15 NBA regular season , good enough for sixth best in the league . Prior to the start of the 2014 -- 15 season , the Warriors hired former NBA player and general manager Steve Kerr as their new head coach . Kerr implemented significant changes to Golden State 's schemes , including playing at a faster pace and giving Curry more freedom to shoot , helping the team evolve into a title contender . On February 4 , Curry scored a season - high 51 points in a win over the Dallas Mavericks . He was the leading vote - getter for the All - Star Game and won the Three - Point Contest on All - Star Saturday night . On April 9 , he broke his own league record for three - pointers made in a season during a game against the Portland Trail Blazers . The Warriors finished the year with 67 wins and Curry was voted the NBA Most Valuable Player after posting averages of 23.8 points , 7.7 assists and 2 steals per game . Over the course of the season , he sat out 17 fourth quarters due to Golden State 's wide margins of victory .", "11": "In Game 5 of the Conference Semifinals against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry became the first player in league history to register six three - pointers and six steals in a game . In Game 6 , he made a playoff career - high eight three - pointers en route to a series - clinching victory . In Game 3 of the Conference Finals against the Houston Rockets , he broke the NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single postseason . The Warriors went on to defeat the Rockets to earn a Finals matchup with the Cleveland Cavaliers , where Curry struggled to start the series , converting on only 22 percent of his field goals in Game 2 . In Game 5 , he scored 37 points , and in Game 6 , Golden State closed out the series to win their first championship in 40 years . For the Finals , Curry averaged 26 points and 6.3 assists per game . Unanimous MVP ( 2015 -- 16 ) Curry against the Washington Wizards in 2016 On October 27 , 2015 , Curry scored 40 points ( including a career - high 24 points in the first quarter ) in the Warriors ' season opening win over the New Orleans Pelicans , the most points scored by a reigning MVP in an opener since 1972 when Kareem Abdul - Jabbar scored 41 for the Milwaukee Bucks . In addition , Curry started his seventh straight season opener , joining Jeff Mullins , and Chris Mullin as the only Warriors ' players since 1962 to do so . Two games later on October 31 , also against the Pelicans , Curry scored 53 points on 17 - of - 27 shooting to lead the Warriors to a 134 -- 120 win . Curry became the first player since Michael Jordan in 1989 -- 90 to score 118 points in the first three games of a season . On November 24 , he scored 24 points in a win over the Los Angeles Lakers , as the Warriors set the record for best start in NBA history at 16 -- 0 . The Warriors improved to 24 -- 0 on December 11 with a double overtime win over the Boston Celtics , before finally having their streak broken the following day against the Milwaukee Bucks .", "12": "On December 28 , Curry recorded his sixth career triple - double with 23 points , a career - high 14 rebounds and 10 assists in a 122 -- 103 win over the Sacramento Kings . During the game against the Kings , Curry was guarded by his brother Seth for the first time in their NBA careers . On January 22 , he recorded his second triple - double of the season and seventh of his career with 39 points , 12 assists and 10 rebounds in a 122 -- 110 win over the Indiana Pacers . He made eight three - pointers in the game to reach 200 for the season , becoming the first player in NBA history to make 200 three - pointers in four straight seasons . On February 3 , he made 11 three - pointers ( including seven in the first quarter ) and scored 51 points ( including a career - high 36 points in the first half ) to lead the Warriors past the Washington Wizards 134 -- 121 . His 51 points tied Gilbert Arenas and Michael Jordan for the Verizon Center record . During the 2016 NBA All - Star Weekend , Curry competed in his third straight All - Star game for the West , and competed in the Three - Point Shootout , where he lost in the final round to teammate Klay Thompson . At 48 -- 4 , the Warriors entered the All - Star break with the best record through 52 games in NBA history , one win better than the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls and 1966 -- 67 Philadelphia 76ers . On February 25 , Curry made 10 three - pointers and scored 51 points to lead the Warriors past the Orlando Magic 130 -- 114 . Curry topped 50 points for the third time in 2015 -- 16 , the first player to do it that many times since LeBron James and Dwyane Wade did so in 2008 -- 09 . Curry also surpassed Kyle Korver 's mark of 127 straight games with a three - pointer . In the following game two days later , the Warriors defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder in overtime thanks to a Curry three - pointer with 0.6 seconds remaining . Curry finished with 46 points as his winning shot was his 12th three - pointer , tying the NBA single - game record ( with Kobe Bryant and Donyell Marshall ) .", "13": "He also broke his own NBA record for threes in a season , leaving the new mark at 288 . On March 7 , in a win over the Orlando Magic , Curry scored 41 points and became the first player in NBA history to make 300 three - pointers in a season . On April 1 , Curry missed a three - pointer to tie the game against the Boston Celtics with 5.3 seconds left , as the Warriors suffered their first home defeat since January 27 , 2015 , losing 109 -- 106 to the Celtics to snap an NBA - record 54 - game winning streak in the regular season at Oracle Arena . On April 7 , Curry scored 27 points to help the Warriors become the second team in NBA history to win 70 games in a season with a 112 -- 101 win over the San Antonio Spurs . In the Warriors ' regular season finale on April 13 against the Memphis Grizzlies , Curry achieved another shooting milestone , becoming the first player to make 400 three - pointers in a season by knocking down 10 from long range on his way to 46 points and 402 total three - pointers . With a 125 -- 104 win over the Grizzlies , the Warriors became the first 73 - win team in NBA history , surpassing the 1995 -- 96 Chicago Bulls ' 72 -- 10 record to finish the 2015 -- 16 season with just nine losses . With the conclusion of the regular season , Curry became the seventh player in NBA history to join the 50 -- 40 -- 90 club , representing the shooting percentages from the field (. 504 ) , beyond the arc (. 454 ) , and the free - throw line (. 908 ) . As the No. 1 seed in the Western Conference , the Warriors faced the eighth - seeded Rockets in the first round of the playoffs . In a Game 1 win , Curry scored 24 first - half points before an ankle injury ruled him out for the rest of the game . He subsequently missed Games 2 and 3 of the series , which the Warriors split for a 2 -- 1 lead . Curry returned in Game 4 , but sprained his right knee on the final play of the second quarter . He did not play in the second half , but the Warriors won 121 -- 94 .", "14": "He was diagnosed with a sprained right medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) and was ruled out for two weeks . Without Curry , the Warriors defeated the Rockets in Game 5 to move on to the second round , where they faced the Portland Trail Blazers . Curry missed the first three games of the series , as the Warriors led 2 -- 1 after Game 3 . Curry returned to action in Game 4 , coming off the bench to record 40 points , 9 rebounds and 8 assists in a 132 -- 125 overtime win . Seventeen of those points came in the extra period , an NBA record for points scored by an individual in overtime . A day after returning from injury , Curry was named the league 's first ever unanimous MVP , becoming the 11th player in NBA history to win the award in consecutive seasons and the first guard to do so since Steve Nash in 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 . Curry led the Warriors to a 4 -- 1 victory over the Trail Blazers , as they moved on to the Western Conference Finals to face the Oklahoma City Thunder . After going down 3 -- 1 , he helped the Warriors rally to win the series 4 -- 3 and advance to their second straight NBA Finals . In the Finals , Curry 's play relative to his regular season performance remained inconsistent , as it had been since he returned from injury against Portland . Still , he broke Danny Green 's record of 27 three - pointers made in a Finals . However , the Warriors , despite being up 3 -- 1 in the series , were defeated by the Cleveland Cavaliers in seven games and became the first team in NBA Finals history to lose a series after leading 3 -- 1 . In the Game 7 loss , Curry scored 17 points on 6 - of - 19 shooting . Second NBA championship ( 2016 -- 17 ) Curry shooting over Marcin Gortat in February 2017 After dropping their season opener at home to the San Antonio Spurs on October 25 , the Warriors levelled their record at 1 -- 1 with a 122 -- 114 win over the New Orleans Pelicans three days later .", "15": "Curry hit four three - pointers against the Pelicans to reach 1,600 for his career , becoming the 19th player to do so , as well as the fastest to reach the mark . On November 4 , 2016 , Curry 's NBA - record streak of 157 straight games with at least one made three - pointer was snapped during the Warriors ' 117 -- 97 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers after he went 0 - of - 10 from three - point range . He had hit a three - pointer in every regular - season game since November 11 , 2014 . Three days later , he hit 13 three - pointers against New Orleans , setting an NBA record for most three - pointers made in a regular - season game . Curry shot 16 - of - 26 overall against the Pelicans for his first 40 - point game of the season , finishing with 46 in a 116 -- 106 win . On December 11 , Curry hit two three - pointers against the Minnesota Timberwolves to pass Steve Nash for 17th on the NBA 's career three - pointers list . With 14 points against the Dallas Mavericks on December 30 , Curry ( 11,903 ) passed Purvis Short ( 11,894 ) for seventh place on the Warriors ' all - time scoring list . In a loss to the Memphis Grizzlies on January 6 , 2017 , Curry had his second 40 - point game of the season and reached the 12,000 - point threshold , becoming the seventh player in Warriors history to score 12,000 career points . Three days later , Curry was named Western Conference Player of the Week for games played Monday , January 2 through Sunday , January 8 . It marked his eighth career Player of the Week honor , more than any other player in franchise history . On January 19 , Curry was named a starter on the Western Conference All - Star team for the 2017 NBA All - Star Game . On January 28 , he scored 25 of his 43 points in the third quarter of the Warriors ' 144 -- 98 win over the Los Angeles Clippers . He also had nine three - pointers against the Clippers . On February 1 , he hit 11 three - pointers and scored 39 points in a 126 -- 111 win over the Charlotte Hornets .", "16": "The following day , he was named Co-Western Conference Player of the Month for January alongside teammate Kevin Durant and hit his 200th three - pointer of the season in the Warriors ' 133 -- 120 win over the Clippers , making him the first player in NBA history to have 200 or more three - pointers in five consecutive seasons . On March 5 , he scored 31 points and moved into the top 10 on the NBA 's career three - point list in a 112 -- 105 win over the New York Knicks . Curry hit five three - pointers , passing Chauncey Billups for 10th place , and added eight rebounds and six assists . On April 2 , Curry hit nine three - pointers and scored 42 points in a 139 -- 115 win over the Washington Wizards . Three days later , he had another 42 - point effort in a 120 -- 111 win over the Phoenix Suns , helping the Warriors clinch the best record in the Western Conference for the third straight season . On April 24 , Curry scored 37 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their first - round playoff series against the Portland Trail Blazers and advance to the conference semifinals . On May 8 , he scored 30 points in Game 4 to help the Warriors sweep their second - round playoff series against the Utah Jazz and advance to the Western Conference Finals . In Game 1 of the Western Conference Finals against the Spurs on May 14 , Curry scored 40 points and hit a tying 3 - pointer with 1 : 48 remaining to help the Warriors rally from a 25 - point deficit to win 113 -- 111 ; the Warriors overcame their largest halftime deficit ever in the postseason at 20 points . In a 120 -- 108 Game 3 win , Curry scored 21 points and became the franchise leader in postseason points , passing Rick Barry . They went up 3 -- 0 in the series , becoming the third team in NBA history to win their first 11 playoff games . His 36 points in Game 4 led to a 129 -- 115 victory that saw the Warriors advance to the NBA Finals for a third straight year while becoming the first team in league history to start the playoffs 12 -- 0 .", "17": "In Game 2 of the 2017 NBA Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers , Curry recorded his first career postseason triple - double with 32 points , 11 assists and 10 rebounds to help the Warriors go up 2 -- 0 in the series with a 132 -- 113 win . Curry helped the Warriors clinch the series and the championship in Game 5 with 34 points , 10 assists and six rebounds , as Golden State claimed its second title in three years . 2017 -- 18 season On July 1 , 2017 , Curry agreed to a five - year , $201 million extension with the Warriors , becoming the first NBA player to sign a supermax contract worth over $200 million . He officially signed the contract on July 25 . On October 21 , in the Warriors ' third game of the season , Curry was ejected after throwing his mouthpiece in the direction of a referee . The Warriors lost the game 111 -- 101 to the Memphis Grizzlies , and Curry received a $50,000 fine , the maximum amount the NBA can fine players for . On November 19 , he had season highs with 39 points and 11 rebounds in a 118 -- 111 win over the Brooklyn Nets . He also had seven assists , committed seven turnovers , and fouled out of the game with three minutes to go in the fourth quarter . On December 1 , he scored 23 points and passed Jason Kidd for eighth place on the career three - pointers made list in a 133 -- 112 win over the Orlando Magic . On December 4 , in a 125 -- 115 win over the New Orleans Pelicans , Curry hit five three - pointers to become the fastest NBA player to achieve the milestone of 2,000 career three - pointers , achieving that mark in just 597 games , 227 less than the previous fastest player to achieve that mark , Ray Allen . In that same game , Curry twisted his right ankle , the same ankle that had previously been surgically repaired , and was forced to exit the game early . Though x-rays of the injury turned out negative , and an MRI found no structural damage , Curry was ruled out for at least two weeks .", "18": "He returned to action on December 30 after missing 11 games , scoring 38 points with a season - high 10 3 - pointers in a 141 -- 128 win over the Memphis Grizzlies . Curry shot 13 for 17 and 10 of 13 from deep in 26 minutes for his ninth 30 - point game of the season . It also marked Curry 's ninth career game with 10 or more 3s , the most by any player in NBA history . On January 6 , in a 121 -- 105 win over the Los Angeles Clippers , Curry scored a season - high 45 points without playing the fourth quarter . National team career Curry at the 2014 USA World Basketball Festival in August 2014 Curry 's first experience with the United States national team came at the 2007 FIBA Under - 19 World Championship , where he helped Team USA capture the silver medal . In 2010 , he was selected to the senior squad , playing limited minutes at the 2010 FIBA World Championship ( known later as FIBA Basketball World Cup ) as the United States won the gold medal in an undefeated tournament . In 2014 , he took on a larger role with the team , helping them to another undefeated tournament at the 2014 World Cup and scoring 10 points in the final game . On June 6 , 2016 , Curry withdrew from consideration for the 2016 Olympics in Brazil , citing ankle and knee ailments as the major reason behind the decision . Player Profile Standing at 6 feet 3 inches tall ( 1.91 m ) and weighing 190 pounds ( 86 kg ) , Curry plays almost exclusively at the point guard position and has career averages of 22.9 points , 6.8 assists , 4.4 rebounds , and 1.8 steals per game . He has been selected to four All - NBA Teams and voted league MVP twice . Curry is considered to be an important leader within the Warriors organization ; he is known for his humility and work ethic . Curry is said to have played a significant role in the recruitment of former MVP Kevin Durant to the Warriors . Curry is known for his elite shooting ability ; he is able to score in great volume from underneath the rim all the way to near half - court .", "19": "He is considered by many to be among the greatest scorers in NBA history . Using an unorthodox jump shot , he is able to get the ball out of his hands in under half a second by releasing it on the way up , adding extra arc to his shot and making it difficult to block . In addition to his quick release , he puts extra pressure on defenses with his long range , leading the NBA in field goals made from beyond 28 feet in 2016 . As of December 2017 , he ranks fourth in NBA history in career three - point field goal percentage and holds four of the top five seasons in terms of total three - pointers made . He is also the fastest player in league history to make 2,000 career three - pointers , doing so in 227 fewer games than the previous record - holder . In an article for FiveThirtyEight , Benjamin Morris emphasized Curry 's importance in the NBA 's increasing use of the three - point shot , writing , `` Curry is perhaps the figurehead in the NBA 's Three - Point Revolution . '' Some experts have commented that Curry 's elite scoring ability creates a `` gravity '' effect , forcing opposing defenders to double - team him even when he does n't have the ball , which creates mismatches that his teammates are able to exploit . Curry is also known as a clutch scorer , often shooting at his best in high - pressure moments , and taking game - winning shots . Curry is an exceptional free throw shooter , with a career free throw average of over 90 % through December 2017 , the third highest in NBA history . He is currently the Warriors ' all - time free - throw leader , and led the NBA in free throw shooting average in the 2014 -- 15 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . Though capable stealing the ball , having led the league in steals for the 2015 -- 16 season , Curry is not considered to be an elite defender , and his teammates frequently take the more difficult defensive assignments . Personal life Curry with President Barack Obama during a visit to the White House in 2015 to launch the President 's initiative on malaria On July 30 , 2011 , Curry married longtime girlfriend and Toronto native Ayesha Alexander in Charlotte . Together , they have two daughters , Riley ( b . 2012 ) and Ryan ( b . 2015 ) .", "20": "They currently reside in Alamo , California . Curry 's younger brother , Seth , is also a professional basketball player , and his younger sister , Sydel , plays volleyball at Elon University . Curry has been outspoken about his Christian faith . Curry spoke about his faith during his MVP speech by saying , `` People should know who I represent and why I am who I am , and that 's because of my Lord and Savior . '' He also said the reason that he pounds his chest and points up is that he has a `` heart for God '' and as a reminder that he plays for God . On some of his `` Curry One '' basketball shoes , there is a lace loop scripted `` 4 : 13 '' . It is a reference to the Bible verse Philippians 4 : 13 , which reads `` I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me '' . Curry has a tattoo of First Corinthians , 13 : 8 in Hebrew on his wrist ( `` Love never fails ... '' ) . Curry is also an investor in Active Faith , a Christian sports apparel brand . During the 1992 All - Star Weekend , Curry 's father entrusted him to Biserka Petrović , mother of future Hall of Fame player Dražen Petrović , while Dell competed in the Three - Point Contest . Following the 2015 NBA Finals , Curry gave Biserka one of his Finals - worn jerseys , which will reportedly be added to the collection of the Dražen Petrović Memorial Center , a museum to the late player in the Croatian capital of Zagreb . On September 22 , 2017 , Curry tweeted that he did not want to visit the White House . The next day , President Donald Trump tweeted that since Curry was `` hesitating '' he was no longer welcome at the White House . Charity In 2012 , Curry started donating three insecticide - treated mosquito nets for every three - pointer he made to the United Nations Foundation 's Nothing But Nets campaign to combat malaria . He was first introduced to the malaria cause by Davidson teammate Bryant Barr when they were both in school . Curry visited the White House in 2015 and delivered a five - minute speech to dignitaries as part of President Barack Obama 's launch of his President 's Malaria Initiative strategy for 2015 -- 2020 .", "21": "In 2015 , Curry wore sneakers that had Deah Shaddy Barakat 's name on them ( one of the victims of the 2015 Chapel Hill shooting ) . According to his sister Suzanne , Deah Barakat was known for his `` love for basketball and anything Steph Curry . '' Deah 's number for his intramural basketball team at North Carolina State University was Curry 's No. 30 and he posed for a photo that was similar to one that Curry did for GQ . Curry said that Barakat 's family `` did a great job of reaching out to me and making me aware of the details of his life and personality ( ... ) It was really kind of a cool deal to be able to use the platform yesterday to honor Deah and his family ( ... ) I 'm going to send them the shoes I wore yesterday . And hopefully they know that I 've been thinking about them . '' Also in 2015 , after winning the MVP award following his impressive season , Curry donated his prize vehicle -- a 2016 Kia Sorento -- to the East Oakland Youth Development Center , a local non-profit organization located in the backyard of Oracle Arena . Public image Curry is currently one of the most successful players in the NBA , and he has also become an international celebrity , on par with four - time MVP LeBron James . His flashy play and penchant for coming up big in the clutch have made him a fan favorite , and his smaller physique is said to have made his success seem more attainable for younger fans of the NBA . Curry 's jersey was the top seller in the NBA for the 2015 -- 16 and 2016 -- 17 NBA seasons . ESPN has ranked Curry among the most famous international athletes , while Forbes has ranked him among the world 's highest - paid celebrities for his endorsements . Business interests Curry is widely known for his partnership with Under Armour , where he is considered to be the `` face of their footwear line '' . Originally signed to Nike , Curry joined with Under Armour in the 2013 offseason . As Curry became MVP and one of the most popular athletes in the world , sales of his shoes have become a major factor for the brand , with stock prices rising and falling based on the success of the Curry shoe line .", "22": "On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced that Curry had signed an exclusive autograph contract with Steiner Sports Memorabilia . The full product line will include : hand - signed official basketballs and jerseys , autographed photographs of epic moments , flashy framed signs and wall - art , game - used memorabilia , and limited - edition pieces . Golf Curry is an avid golfer ; he played golf in high school , and frequently plays golf with teammate Andre Iguodala . A 5 - handicap golfer , Curry participates in celebrity golf tournaments , and has played golf alongside Barack Obama . In August 2017 , Curry competed in the Ellie Mae Classic on an unrestricted sponsor exemption . Though he missed the first cut , he scored 4 - over-74 for both days he participated , surpassing most expectations for an amateur competing in the pro event . NBA career statistics Legend GP Games played GS Games started MPG Minutes per game FG % Field goal percentage 3P % 3 - point field goal percentage FT % Free throw percentage RPG Rebounds per game APG Assists per game SPG Steals per game BPG Blocks per game PPG Points per game Bold Career high † Denotes seasons in which Curry won an NBA championship * Led the league Regular season Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2009 -- 10 Golden State 80 77 36.2 . 462 . 437 . 885 4.5 5.9 1.9 . 2 17.5 2010 -- 11 Golden State 74 74 33.6 . 480 . 442 . 934 * 3.9 5.8 1.5 . 3 18.6 2011 -- 12 Golden State 26 23 28.2 . 490 . 455 . 809 3.4 5.3 1.5 .", "23": "3 14.7 2012 -- 13 Golden State 78 78 38.2 . 451 . 453 . 900 4.0 6.9 1.6 . 2 22.9 2013 -- 14 Golden State 78 78 36.5 . 471 . 424 . 885 4.3 8.5 1.6 . 2 24.0 2014 -- 15 † Golden State 80 80 32.7 . 487 . 443 . 914 * 4.3 7.7 2.0 . 2 23.8 2015 -- 16 Golden State 79 79 34.2 . 504 . 454 . 908 * 5.4 6.7 2.1 * . 2 30.1 * 2016 -- 17 † Golden State 79 79 33.4 . 468 . 411 . 898 4.5 6.6 1.8 . 2 25.3 Career 574 568 34.7 . 476 . 438 . 901 4.4 6.8 1.8 . 2 22.8 All - Star 27.2 . 437 . 355 1.000 5.2 7.0 1.7 . 0 16.0 Playoffs Year Team GP GS MPG FG % 3P % FT % RPG APG SPG BPG PPG 2013 Golden State 12 12 41.4 . 434 . 396 . 921 3.8 8.1 1.7 .", "24": "2 23.4 2014 Golden State 7 7 42.3 . 440 . 386 . 881 3.6 8.4 1.7 . 1 23.0 2015 † Golden State 21 21 39.3 . 456 . 422 . 835 5.0 6.4 1.9 . 1 28.3 2016 Golden State 18 17 34.3 . 438 . 404 . 916 5.5 5.2 1.4 . 3 25.1 2017 † Golden State 17 17 35.3 . 484 . 419 . 904 6.2 6.7 2.0 . 2 28.1 Career 75 74 37.8 . 453 . 410 . 885 5.1 6.6 1.7 . 2 26.2 Awards and honors Curry during his first MVP season in 2014 -- 15 . Main article : List of career achievements by Stephen Curry NBA 2 × NBA champion : 2015 , 2017 2 × NBA Most Valuable Player : 2015 , 2016 5 × NBA All - Star : 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 , 2018 2 × All - NBA First Team : 2015 , 2016 2 × All - NBA Second Team : 2014 , 2017 NBA scoring leader : 2016 5 × NBA three - point field goals leader : 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 3 × NBA free - throw percentage leader : 2011 , 2015 ,", "25": "2016 NBA steals leader : 2016 NBA Skills Challenge champion : 2011 NBA regular season record for made three - pointers ( 402 ) NBA record for most consecutive regular season games with a made three - pointer ( 157 ) NBA record for most consecutive playoff games with a made three - pointer ( 75 ) NBA record for most three - pointers made in a single playoffs ( 98 -- tied with Klay Thompson ) NBA record for most three - pointers made in a game ( 13 ) NBA record for most points scored in an overtime period ( 17 ) Warriors franchise leader in three - point field goals made College 2 × SoCon Player of the Year ( 2008 -- 2009 ) Consensus first - team All - American ( 2009 ) Consensus second - team All - American ( 2008 ) 2 × First - team All - SoCon ( 2008 -- 2009 ) 2 × SoCon Conference Tournament Most Outstanding Player ( 2007 -- 2008 ) 3 × SoCon first - team All - Tournament ( 2007 -- 2009 ) SoCon Freshman of the Year ( 2007 ) SoCon All - Freshmen Team ( 2007 ) NCAA records NCAA Division I scoring leader ( 2009 ) Single - season NCAA 3 - point field goals ( 162 , 2007 -- 08 ) Single - season NCAA freshman 3 - point field goals ( 122 , 2006 -- 07 ) Davidson College records All - time leading scorer in Davidson College history ( 2,635 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 3 - point field - goals made ( 414 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 30 - point games ( 30 ) All - time Davidson College leader in 40 - point games ( 6 ) Single - season Davidson College points ( 974 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College steals ( 86 , 2008 -- 09 ) Single - season Davidson College freshman points ( 730 ,", "26": "2006 -- 07 ) Other Jefferson Award for Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports ( 2011 ) ESPY Award for Best Male Athlete and Best NBA Player ( 2015 ) BET Award for Sportsman of the Year ( 2015 ) AP Male Athlete of the Year ( 2015 ) 2016 ESPY Award Nominee for Best Record - Breaking Performance See also National Basketball Association portal List of NBA season leaders in three - point field goals List of National Basketball Association career 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association career playoff 3 - point scoring leaders List of National Basketball Association annual free throw percentage leaders List of NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders NBA regular season records Notes Jump up ^ In 2015 -- 16 , James Harden had the highest point total ( 2,376 ) but was second in scoring average ( 29.0 ) . References Jump up ^ `` Is Steph Curry The Best Shooter Ever ? Yes , Say Many of NBA 's All - Time Marksmen '' . Bleacherreport.com . June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Foltin , Lindsey ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` LeBron - Curry Finals inspires unique ' Akron Born ' promotion for local business '' . FoxSports.com . Fox Sports Interactive Media , LLC . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved June 8 , 2016 . But not many realize that it 's also the birthplace of two - time NBA MVP Stephen Curry , who was born at Akron City Hospital in 1988 when his father , Dell Curry , was a member of the Cleveland Cavaliers . Jump up ^ Williams , Travis ( June 14 , 2015 ) . `` Curry rooted in storied New River Valley family tree '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved April 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dell Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephan Curry , Golden State Warriors '' . Fellowship of Christian Athletes . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2014 .", "27": "Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Grade 8 season at tiny Toronto school remembered '' . Toronto Star . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Northern Touch : Steph Curry 's Toronto connection '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved February 27 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Curry 's path to NBA stardom forged in Toronto '' . Sportsnet.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canada 's quest for elite basketball status begins in Toronto '' . The Globe and Mail . Retrieved January 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wong , Alex ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` When Stephen Curry was Canadian : Warriors ' MVP dominated Toronto 's 8th - grade scene '' . SportingNews.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Kansas will have to deal with Stephen Curry to get to Final Four '' . Kansas City Star . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Forde , Pat . `` How Stephen Curry went from ignored college recruit to possible NBA MVP '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Marlen ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Davidson duo key to Wildcats ' chances for rare tourney win '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` And Then There Were Two : Championship Set for Saturday -- SoConSports.com -- Official Web Site of The Southern Conference '' . Soconsports.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Basketball : February 2007 '' . Davidsonbasketball.blogspot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ HSBC Arena , Buffalo , New York ( March 15 , 2007 ) . `` No. 4 seed Maryland survives against upstart Davidson '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 .", "28": "CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` No. 10 seed Davidson clinches Sweet 16 berth after upset of Hoyas '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ RBC Center , Raleigh , North Carolina ( March 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's reliable stroke good for 40 as Davidson advances to second round '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 28 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's sweet touch continues as Davidson eludes Wisconsin '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Sophomore sensation Curry returning to Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shrugs off the glory in Davidson 's Elite run '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ford Field , Detroit , Michigan ( March 30 , 2008 ) . `` Goliath slays Davidson , Curry as Kansas holds on '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- For first time in six decades , no seniors on AP All - America team -- Men 's College Basketball '' . Sports.espn.go.com . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hui , Ray . `` Stephen Curry : First Most Outstanding Player From Losing Team Since Juwan Howard -- FanHouse -- AOL Sports Blog '' . Sports.aol.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 .", "29": "Jump up ^ `` Davidson College Athletics -- Stephen Curry Named Top 30 Candidate for Naismith Trophy '' . Davidsonwildcats.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Lloyd Noble Center , Norman , Oklahoma ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` Curry 's career - high 44 points not enough as Griffin - led Oklahoma tops Davidson '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 21 , 2008 ) . `` Curry , Lovedale have double - doubles as No. 21 Davidson routs Winthrop '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( November 25 , 2008 ) . `` Curry held scoreless on just three shots , but Davidson still blows out Loyola '' . Sports.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Belk Arena , Davidson , North Carolina ( January 3 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson 76 , Samford 55 '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Citadel beats Curry-less Davidson 64 -- 46 '' . sandiegouniontribune.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved January 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets mark , Davidson routs Ga Southern 99 -- 56 '' . Associated Press . Retrieved September 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 -- 09 Davidson Wildcats Schedule and Results College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Southern Conference Standings -- College Basketball -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ CBSSports.com wire reports .", "30": "`` Southern : Davidson 's Curry drops 43 on Appalachian State -- NCAA Division I Mens Basketball -- CBSSports.com News , Scores , Stats , Schedule and RPI Rankings '' . Cbssports.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson sent packing by College of Charleston in Southern semis -- USATODAY.com '' . Usatoday30.usatoday.com . March 9 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Davidson Wildcats -- South Carolina Gamecocks Box Scores , Game Results & Summary -- USATODAY.com '' . Content.usatoday.com . March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Bryan ( Correspondent ) ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson : An NIT Miracle '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McKeon Pavilion , Moraga , California ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Davidson Wildcats vs. Saint Mary 's Gaels -- Recap -- March 23 , 2009 -- ESPN '' . Scores.espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Stats College Basketball at '' . Sports-reference.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Davidson entering NBA draft -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. April 23 , 2009 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry NBA Stats '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( July 8 , 2009 ) . `` Curry signs deal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Osler , Scott ( October 28 , 2009 ) . `` Curry 's debut is solid , but not off the charts '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Kings ' Evans takes home T - Mobile Rookie of Year award '' . NBA Official Website . Retrieved January 2 , 2016 .", "31": "Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry takes the 2011 Taco Bell Skills Challenge '' . NBA.com . February 20 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Season Leaders '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Wins 2010 -- 11 NBA Sportsmanship Award '' . NBA.com . May 5 , 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Shootaround : Get Your Brooms Ready '' . Grantland.com . May 25 , 2015 . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Stephen Curry sidelined by ankle injury again -- San Jose Mercury News '' . Mercurynews.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors to miss rest of preseason -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Oracle Arena , Oakland , California ( December 25 , 2011 ) . `` Los Angeles Clippers vs. Golden State Warriors -- Recap -- December 25 , 2011 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ AT&T Center , San Antonio , Texas ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. San Antonio Spurs -- Recap -- January 04 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ US Airways Center , Phoenix , Arizona ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Golden State Warriors vs. Phoenix Suns -- Recap -- February 22 , 2012 -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com .", "32": "Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Thompson , Marcus . `` Warriors , Stephen Curry Agree to 4 Year , $44 Million Extension '' . Inside the Warriors . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry lands $44 M contract extension '' . Yahoo ! Sports . October 31 , 2012 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Jason . `` Three Years Ago , Here 's What Basketball Writers Were Saying About Stephen Curry 's Ankle and His Future with the Warriors '' . The Big Lead . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Spears , Marc J. `` Origin of Stephen Curry 's and Klay Thompson 's ' Splash Brothers ' nickname '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors at Knicks '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry scores 54 points , but Knicks prevail , 109 -- 105 , over Warriors '' . NJ.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry of Golden State Warriors sets new 3 - point season record -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Correspondent ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` What the Experts Are Saying About Golden State Warriors ' Postseason Chances '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved April 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Manu Ginobili , Spurs rally past Warriors in 2OT despite Steph Curry 's 44 '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry sets franchise record for 3 - pointers '' . CSN Bay Area . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry starts in first All - Star Game ; LeBron top vote - getter '' .", "33": "NBA.com . January 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 NBA Playoffs Summary '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Clippers at Warriors '' . NBA.com . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ 2014 -- 15 NBA Leaders . Retrieved May 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lowe , Zach . `` Simply Golden : How the Warriors Became the Total Package '' . Grantland . Retrieved January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Devine , Dan . `` Warriors ' Steve Kerr caps remarkable rookie season with NBA championship '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 51 , Warriors rally from 22 down to stun Mavs '' . NBA.com . February 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Curry leading vote - getter , surpassing LeBron , for 2015 All - Star Game '' . NBA.com . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry wins 3 - point crown '' . ESPN . February 15 , 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Antonio ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Curry breaks 3 - point record , Warriors beat Blazers 116 -- 105 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sam , Amick . `` Why Stephen Curry is the NBA 's MVP '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Lights Out in Game 5 Win vs Grizzlies ( VIDEO ) '' . SLAMonline . May 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( May 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry 's 62 - foot buzzer - beater propels Warriors over Grizzlies , into West finals '' .", "34": "Yahoo ! Sports . Yahoo Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Golden State rout Houston 115 -- 80 to take 3 -- 0 lead '' . NBA.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry sets record for most threes in playoffs , passing Reggie Miller '' . nbcsports.com . May 23 , 2015 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's shot goes missing for Warriors in Game 2 loss '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 NBA Finals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hopkins , Christopher Dean . `` Golden State Warriors Bring Home Their First NBA Title In 40 Years '' . NPR . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` NBA MVP Curry scores 40 points , Warriors win opener '' . NBA.com . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's big 3rd quarter leads Warriors past Pelicans 134 -- 120 '' . NBA.com . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors make NBA history as first team to start season 16 -- 0 '' . NBA.com . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved November 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's over : Bucks hand Warriors 1st loss , win 108 -- 95 '' . NBA.com . December 12 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors past Kings 122 -- 103 '' . NBA.com . December 28 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's triple - double leads Warriors to win in Kerr 's return '' . NBA.com .", "35": "January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry lights up Wizards for Warriors ' 8th straight win '' . NBA.com . February 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry flirts with triple - double , Warriors top Suns 112 -- 104 '' . NBA.com . February 10 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry has 51 , hits 3 - pointer in record 128th straight game '' . NBA.com . February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Ties Single - Game Record for Made 3 - Pointers '' . YouTube.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hits winning 3 , sets record as Warriors beat Thunder '' . NBA.com . February 27 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry is first player to make 300 3s in a single season '' . NBA.com . March 7 , 2016 . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' home winning streak ends at 54 in loss to Celtics '' . NBA.com. April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors become 2nd NBA team to win 70 , beat Spurs 112 -- 101 '' . NBA.com. April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots Warriors to 73rd win , breaking Bulls ' mark '' . NBA.com. April 13 , 2016 . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kurtenbach , Dieter ( April 13 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry just finished the greatest individual regular season in NBA history '' . FoxSports.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 .", "36": "Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry leads Warriors past Rockets in playoff opener '' . NBA.com. April 16 , 2016 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Harden 's late shot lifts Rockets over Warriors 97 -- 96 '' . NBA.com. April 21 , 2016 . Retrieved April 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry hurts knee but Warriors beat Rockets 121 -- 94 in Game 4 '' . NBA.com. April 24 , 2016 . Retrieved April 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry out at least 2 weeks with MCL sprain '' . ESPN.com. April 25 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Richman , Mike ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry returns to MVP form as Golden State Warriors beat Trail Blazers in Game 4 '' . OregonLive.com . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry returns with 40 points in 132 -- 125 OT win over Blazers '' . NBA.com . May 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named Unanimous Winner of 2015 -- 16 Kia NBA Most Valuable Player Award '' . NBA.com . May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Curry and record - setting Warriors headed back to NBA Finals '' . NBA.com . May 30 , 2016 . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( June 16 , 2016 ) . `` For Warriors ' Stephen Curry , Staying Power Is Pushed to the Limits '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Feldman , Dan ( June 17 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry sets record for 3 - pointers in a Finals '' . NBCSports.com . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2016 .", "37": "Jump up ^ `` James and Cavaliers win thrilling NBA Finals Game 7 , 93 -- 89 '' . NBA.com . June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved June 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Durant helps Warriors bounce back , beat Pelicans 122 -- 114 '' . ESPN.com . October 28 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lakers stun Warriors 117 -- 97 , end Steph 's 3 - point streak '' . ESPN.com . November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweet shot : Stephen Curry hits NBA - record 13 3 - pointers '' . ESPN.com . November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Klay Thompson sparks Warriors ' rally in 4th against Wolves '' . ESPN.com . December 11 , 2016 . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant gets 1st triple - double with Warriors in win over Mavs '' . ESPN.com . December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry Named Western Conference Player of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmy Butler , Stephen Curry named Players of the Week '' . NBA.com . January 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant and four first - time starters highlight starting lineups for NBA All - Star 2017 '' . NBA.com . January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 43 , halfcourt shot help Warriors top Clippers 144 - 98 '' . ESPN.com . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's 3 - point clinic leads Warriors past Hornets '' . ESPN.com .", "38": "February 1 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thomas , Curry and Durant named players of month for January '' . NBA.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors beat Clippers 133 - 120 for 9th straight win over LA '' . ESPN.com . February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry ends slump with 31 , Warriors beat Knicks 112 - 105 '' . ESPN.com . March 5 , 2017 . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shines against Wizards , Warriors win 11th straight '' . ESPN.com. April 2 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Win over Suns gives Warriors NBA 's best record for third straight season '' . ESPN.com. April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors move on with a sweep of the Trail Blazers '' . ESPN.com. April 24 , 2017 . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 30 lead Warriors to sweep after 121 - 95 win over Jazz '' . ESPN.com . May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors rally for 113 - 111 win after Spurs lose Leonard '' . ESPN.com . May 14 , 2017 . Retrieved May 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant powers Warriors to take 3 - 0 lead against Spurs '' . ESPN.com . May 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry 's 36 points leads Warriors to sweep Spurs , 129 - 115 '' . ESPN.com . May 22 , 2017 . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry , Durant lead Warriors to 2 - 0 lead with 132 - 113 rout '' . ESPN.com .", "39": "June 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Durant , Stephen Curry lead Warriors to NBA title '' . ESPN.com . June 12 , 2017 . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Re-Sign Curry , Durant , Iguodala , Livingston , Pachulia and West to Contracts '' . NBA.com . July 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Durant , Curry ejected late in Warriors ' defeat '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA hands Stephen Curry $50,000 fine for mouthpiece incident '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores 39 , Warriors hold off Nets 118 - 111 '' . ESPN.com . November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson has 27 points , Warriors rout Magic 133 - 112 '' . ESPN.com . December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen Curry becomes fastest to reach 2,000 3 - pointers made '' . NBA.com . December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Medina , Mark ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry on ankle injury : `` I 'll be back '' `` . MercuryNews.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Injury Update '' . NBA.com . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry makes season - best 10 3 - pointers in return from injury '' . ESPN.com .", "40": "December 30 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Curry scores season - high 45 points , Warriors beat Clippers '' . ESPN.com . January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` USA Basketball : Stephen Curry '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Team USA Profile -- 2010 FIBA World Championship '' . 2010 Turkey FIBA Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` USA Fires Its Way To FIBA World Cup Gold Medal , 129 -- 92 Win Over Serbia '' . USA Basketball Official Website . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Neuharth - Keusch , AJ ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stephen Curry withdraws from consideration for Team USA at 2016 Olympics '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry embraces leadership role with Warriors '' . The Mercury News . 2013 - 09 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Thompson : How Stephen Curry got his groove back after NBA Finals devastation '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Report : Curry fine with not being face of Warriors '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry is extending his range to 10 feet behind the 3 - point line '' . For The Win. 2015 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pantorno , Joe . `` Fred Hoiberg Says Stephen Curry Might Be ' Best Shooter of All Time ' '' . bleacher report . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dewey , Todd . `` NBA legends say Stephen Curry is the best shooter of all time '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal .", "41": "Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Littmann , Chris . `` Kevin Durant calls Stephen Curry ' best shooter ever to play ' '' . Sporting News . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bird says he , Curry , Mullin among NBA 's greatest shooters ever '' . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Fleming , David . `` Sports ' perfect 0.4 seconds '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` In 2015 -- 16 , in the regular season , shot distance between 28 and 43 feet , sorted by descending Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goal Pct '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball Reference . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Miron , Danny . `` The Statistical Case For Steph Curry As Best Shooter of All - Time '' . Sports Quotient . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Morris , Benjamin ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry Is The Revolution '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Strauss : How Stephen Curry wrecks defenses without the ball '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Finals 2017 : How Stephen Curry 's gravity puts Cavs in impossible positions '' . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry has become lethal in the biggest moments , and it has taken his game to another level '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Fromal , Adam . `` Stephen Curry Is NBA Clutch King and These Are His Imitators at Every Position '' . Bleacher Report .", "42": "Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Career Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Career Leaders - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Year - by - Year Leaders and Records for Free Throw Pct - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors Guard Stephen Curry Married His College Sweetheart Ayesha Alexander '' . jocksandstilettojill.com . August 3 , 2011 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Oh Canada ! '' . ayeshacurry.com . July 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fans draw for Stephen Curry 's daughter '' . ESPN . August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Golden State Warriors ' Steph Curry 's wife announces birth of baby girl '' . Retrieved July 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Touring the many homes of Stephen Curry -- Curbed SF Retrieved November 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Seth Curry to transfer to Duke '' . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2009 . Retrieved April 2 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Sydel Alicia Curry '' . Elon University . 2015 . Retrieved June 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Curry : In His Own Words '' . fca.org . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Interview Prodigal Magazine '' . Prodigalmagazine.com . February 16 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2016 . Retrieved September 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borkett - Jones , Lucinda .", "43": "`` NBA MVP Stephen Curry 's acceptance speech : ' I 'm God 's humble servant ' '' . Christianitytoday.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Under Armour Stephen Curry One Basketball Shoes US '' . Jump up ^ Thomasos , Christine . `` Stephen Curry 's New Basketball Sneaker Features Bible Verse '' . The Christian Post . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schultz , E.J. `` Under Armour Has High Hopes for Stephen Curry Shoe Launch in Battle Against Nike '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved June 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's mother : Trip to Israel ' transformed ' my life '' . The Jerusalem Post JPost.com . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Athletes Wearing Active Faith '' . Jump up ^ `` Lin 's rise sparks Active Faith 's success '' . Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry sent Dražen Petrović 's mother one of his NBA Finals jerseys '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved June 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Benjamin ( 2017 - 09 - 23 ) . `` Trump 's Comments on N.F.L. and Stephen Curry Draw Intense Reaction '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ Leung , Diamond ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry meets President Obama '' . San Jose Mercury News . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Smith , Gayle ( February 26 , 2015 ) . `` Putting an End to a Preventable Scourge '' . WhiteHouse.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Leung , Diamond ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Stephen Curry to honor North Carolina shooting victim '' . San Jose Mercury . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Jhaveri , Hemal ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry plans to give special sneakers to family of Chapel Hill victim '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 14 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry Talks About Honoring A North Carolina Shooting Victim '' . The Post Game Network . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Simmons , Rusty ( February 16 , 2015 ) . `` Curry is All - Star everyman , and everyone wants a piece of him '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wang , Alan ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Steph Curry donates MVP prize to East Oakland children 's charity '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` One tweet that shows how quickly Steph Curry became a star '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` As Warriors rise , so does Stephen Curry 's stardom '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Kruse , Michael . `` Meet Steph Curry , the NBA 's Most Beloved Megastar '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Brian ( 2015 - 04 - 24 ) . `` The Rise and Rise ( and Rise ) of Stephen Curry : The Wildly Miraculous and Quietly Inevitable Success of Golden State 's Point Guard '' . Grantland . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ release , Official . `` Stephen Curry leads NBA 's most popular jersey list for second consecutive season '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Greenburg , Zack O'Malley . `` Full List : The World 's Highest - Paid Celebrities 2017 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 .", "45": "Jump up ^ `` How do Warriors stars rank in ESPN 's 100 most famous athletes ? '' . The Mercury News . 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wattles , Jackie ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Under Armour is upping its game with Steph Curry '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` TrueHoop Presents : You wo n't believe how Nike lost Steph '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Gensler , Lauren . `` Under Armour Sales Jump 30 % As Stephen Curry Shoes Prove A Slam Dunk '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Waning interest in Steph Curry shoes ? Under Armour stock slumps '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Signs Exclusive Collectibles Deal With Steiner Sports Memorabilia '' . steinersports.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Kawakami : Round of golf therapeutic for Curry , Iguodala '' . The Mercury News . 2015 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry -- the NBA 's best golfer -- reveals his favorite golf holes '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry 's Family Thinks He Has Potential To Be A Professional Golfer '' . ThePostGame. 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Staff , NBA.com . `` Stephen Curry finishes fourth at celebrity golf tournament , wins lake - jump bet with dad '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Pandian , Ananth ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` LOOK : Steph Curry spotted golfing with President Obama in Martha 's Vineyard '' . CBSSports.com .", "46": "Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry to compete in Web.com Tour golf event '' . NBA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Curry shoots 74 again at Web.com , misses cut '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NBA & ABA Single Season Playoff Leaders and Records for 3 - Pt Field Goals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Sports - Reference . Retrieved June 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen Curry Named To Dream Team of Public Service THE OFFICIAL SITE OF THE GOLDEN STATE WARRIORS '' . www.nba.com . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ESPYs 2015 : Full Winners List '' . Variety.com . July 15 , 2015 . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BET Award for Sportsman of the Year '' . BET.com . Retrieved July 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors ' Stephen Curry named AP male athlete of the year '' . theglobeandmail.com . December 27 , 2015 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` List of 2016 ESPYS Nominees '' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stephen Curry .", "47": "Career statistics and player information from NBA.com , or Basketball-Reference.com Stephen Curry at davidsonwildcats.com Golden State Warriors current roster 0 McCaw 1 McGee 2 Bell 3 West 4 Cook ( TW ) 5 Looney 6 Young 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 18 Casspi 23 Green 25 Boucher ( TW ) 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant Head coach : Kerr Assistant coaches : Adams Brown DeMarco Collins Fraser Green Links to related articles Southern Conference Men 's Basketball Player of the Year 1952 : Groat 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Hundley 1958 : Flora 1959 : West 1960 : West 1961 : Je.", "48": "Cohen 1962 : Thorn 1963 : Hetzel 1964 : Hetzel 1965 : Hetzel 1966 : Snyder 1967 : Moates 1968 : Williams 1969 : Maloy 1970 : Maloy 1971 : Gregory & Jasper 1972 : Hunt 1973 : Stewart 1974 : Mayes 1975 : Mayes 1976 : McKeever 1977 : Carter 1978 : Carter 1979 : Moore 1980 : Moore 1981 : Payton 1982 : White 1983 : Mikell 1984 : Truesdale 1985 : Truesdale 1986 : Elmore 1987 : Elmore 1988 : Henderson 1989 : Taft 1990 : Jennings & Taft 1991 : Jennings 1992 : Boyd & Nelson 1993 : T. Brooks 1994 : Copeland & King 1995 : King 1996 : McCollum 1997 : Taylor 1998 : Phillips & Vincent 1999 : Webber 2000 : Patterson 2001 : Lumpkin 2002 : Childress & Conley 2003 : Wheless 2004 : Wadood 2005 : Winters 2006 : Nesbitt 2007 : Hines 2008 : Curry 2009 : Curry 2010 : Dahlman & Sims 2011 : Goudelock 2012 : D. Brooks & Ja. Cohen 2013 : Ja. Cohen 2014 : D.", "49": "Brooks 2015 : Cochran 2016 : Croone 2017 : Sibley NCAA Division I men 's basketball season scoring leaders Unofficial 1936 : Luisetti 1937 : Luisetti 1938 : Jaworski 1939 : Jaworski 1940 : Modzelewski 1941 : Modzelewski 1942 : Modzelewski 1943 : Senesky 1944 : Calverley 1945 : Mikan 1946 : Mikan 1947 : Lacy Official 1948 : Wier 1949 : Lavelli 1950 : Arizin 1951 : Mlkvy 1952 : Lovellette 1953 : Selvy 1954 : Selvy 1955 : Floyd 1956 : Floyd 1957 : Wallace 1958 : Robertson 1959 : Robertson 1960 : Robertson 1961 : Burgess 1962 : McGill 1963 : Werkman 1964 : Komives 1965 : Barry 1966 : Schellhase 1967 : Walker 1968 : Maravich 1969 : Maravich 1970 : Maravich 1971 : Neumann 1972 : Lamar 1973 : Averitt 1974 : Fogle 1975 : McCurdy 1976 : Rogers 1977 : F. Williams 1978 : F.", "50": "Williams 1979 : Butler 1980 : Murphy 1981 : Fredrick 1982 : Kelly 1983 : Kelly 1984 : Jakubick 1985 : McDaniel 1986 : Bailey 1987 : Houston 1988 : Hawkins 1989 : Gathers 1990 : Kimble 1991 : Bradshaw 1992 : Roberts 1993 : Guy 1994 : Robinson 1995 : Thomas 1996 : Granger 1997 : Jones 1998 : Jones 1999 : Young 2000 : Alexander 2001 : McCollum 2002 : Conley 2003 : Douglas 2004 : Clark 2005 : Clark 2006 : Morrison 2007 : R. Williams 2008 : R. Williams 2009 : Curry 2010 : Coleman 2011 : Fredette 2012 : Hamilton 2013 : Green 2014 : McDermott 2015 : Harvey 2016 : Daniel 2017 : Keene 2008 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team D.J. Augustin Michael Beasley Chris Douglas - Roberts Tyler Hansbrough Kevin Love Second Team Stephen Curry Shan Foster Luke Harangody Roy Hibbert Chris Lofton D.J.", "51": "White 2009 NCAA Men 's Basketball Consensus All - Americans First Team DeJuan Blair Stephen Curry Blake Griffin Tyler Hansbrough James Harden Second Team Sherron Collins Luke Harangody Ty Lawson Jodie Meeks Jeff Teague Hasheem Thabeet 2009 NBA draft First round Blake Griffin Hasheem Thabeet James Harden Tyreke Evans Ricky Rubio Jonny Flynn Stephen Curry Jordan Hill DeMar DeRozan Brandon Jennings Terrence Williams Gerald Henderson Tyler Hansbrough Earl Clark Austin Daye James Johnson Jrue Holiday Ty Lawson Jeff Teague Eric Maynor Darren Collison Víctor Claver Omri Casspi Byron Mullens Rodrigue Beaubois Taj Gibson DeMarre Carroll Wayne Ellington Toney Douglas Christian Eyenga Second round Jeff Pendergraph Jermaine Taylor Dante Cunningham Sergio Llull DaJuan Summers Sam Young DeJuan Blair Jon Brockman Jonas Jerebko Derrick Brown Jodie Meeks Patrick Beverley Marcus Thornton Chase Budinger Nick Calathes Danny Green Henk Norel Taylor Griffin Sergiy Gladyr Goran Suton Jack McClinton A.J.", "52": "Price Nando de Colo Robert Vaden Patty Mills Ahmad Nivins Emir Preldžić Lester Hudson Chinemelu Elonu Robert Dozier NBA Sportsmanship Award 1996 : Dumars 1997 : Brandon 1998 : Johnson 1999 : Hawkins 2000 : Snow 2001 : Robinson 2002 : Smith 2003 : Allen 2004 : Brown 2005 : Hill 2006 : Brand 2007 : Deng 2008 : Hill 2009 : Billups 2010 : Hill 2011 : Curry 2012 : Kidd 2013 : Kidd 2014 : Conley 2015 : Korver 2016 : Conley 2017 : Walker NBA Most Valuable Player Award 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Cousy 1958 : Russell 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Russell 1962 : Russell 1963 : Russell 1964 : Robertson 1965 : Russell 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Chamberlain 1968 : Chamberlain 1969 : Unseld 1970 : Reed 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Cowens 1974 : Abdul - Jabbar 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : Abdul - Jabbar 1977 : Abdul - Jabbar 1978 : Walton 1979 : M. Malone 1980 : Abdul - Jabbar 1981 : Erving 1982 : M. Malone 1983 : M. Malone 1984 : Bird 1985 : Bird 1986 : Bird 1987 : Johnson 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Johnson 1990 : Johnson 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Barkley 1994 : Olajuwon 1995 : Robinson 1996 : Jordan 1997 : K. Malone 1998 : Jordan 1999 : K. Malone 2000", "53": ": O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Duncan 2003 : Duncan 2004 : Garnett 2005 : Nash 2006 : Nash 2007 : Nowitzki 2008 : Bryant 2009 : James 2010 : James 2011 : Rose 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook NBA All - Star Weekend Skills Challenge winners 2003 : Kidd 2004 : Davis 2005 : Nash 2006 : Wade 2007 : Wade 2008 : Williams 2009 : Rose 2010 : Nash 2011 : Curry 2012 : Parker 2013 : Lillard 2014 : Burke / Lillard 2015 : Beverley 2016 : Towns 2017 : Porziņģis Three - Point Contest winners 1986 : Bird 1987 : Bird 1988 : Bird 1989 : Ellis 1990 : Hodges 1991 : Hodges 1992 : Hodges 1993 : Price 1994 : Price 1995 : Rice 1996 : Legler 1997 : Kerr 1998 : Hornacek 2000 : Hornacek 2001 : Allen 2002 : Stojaković 2003 : Stojaković 2004 : Lenard 2005 : Richardson 2006 : Nowitzki 2007 : Kapono 2008 : Kapono 2009 : Cook 2010 : Pierce 2011 : Jones 2012 : Love", "54": "2013 : Irving 2014 : Belinelli 2015 : Curry 2016 : Thompson 2017 : Gordon Golden State Warriors 2014 -- 15 NBA champions 4 Rush 5 Speights 7 Holiday 9 Iguodala ( Finals MVP ) 10 Lee 11 Thompson 12 Bogut 19 Barbosa 20 McAdoo 23 Green 30 Curry 31 Ezeli 34 Livingston 40 Barnes Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Collins Fraser Gentry Walton Regular season Playoffs Golden State Warriors 2016 -- 17 NBA champions 0 McCaw 1 McGee 3 West 5 Looney 9 Iguodala 11 Thompson 15 Jones 20 McAdoo 21 Clark 22 Barnes 23 Green 27 Pachulia 30 Curry 34 Livingston 35 Durant ( Finals MVP ) Head coach Kerr Assistant coaches Adams Brown Collins Fraser Green Regular season Playoffs NBA season steals leaders 1974 : Steele 1975 : Barry 1976 : Watts 1977 : Buse 1978 : Lee 1979 : Carr 1980 : Richardson 1981 : Johnson 1982 : Johnson 1983 : Richardson 1984 : Green 1985 : Richardson 1986 : Robertson 1987 : Robertson 1988 : Jordan", "55": "1989 : Stockton 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Robertson 1992 : Stockton 1993 : Jordan 1994 : McMillan 1995 : Pippen 1996 : Payton 1997 : Blaylock 1998 : Blaylock 1999 : Gill 2000 : Jones 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : Iverson 2004 : Davis 2005 : Hughes 2006 : Wallace 2007 : Davis 2008 : Paul 2009 : Paul 2010 : Rondo 2011 : Paul 2012 : Paul 2013 : Paul 2014 : Paul 2015 : Leonard 2016 : Curry 2017 : Green NBA season scoring leaders 1947 : Fulks 1948 : Zaslofsky 1949 : Mikan 1950 : Mikan 1951 : Mikan 1952 : Arizin 1953 : Johnston 1954 : Johnston 1955 : Johnston 1956 : Pettit 1957 : Arizin 1958 : Yardley 1959 : Pettit 1960 : Chamberlain 1961 : Chamberlain 1962 : Chamberlain 1963 : Chamberlain 1964 : Chamberlain 1965 : Chamberlain 1966 : Chamberlain 1967 : Barry 1968 : Bing 1969 : Hayes 1970 : West 1971 : Alcindor 1972 : Abdul - Jabbar 1973 : Archibald 1974 : McAdoo 1975 : McAdoo 1976 : McAdoo 1977 : Maravich 1978 :", "56": "Gervin 1979 : Gervin 1980 : Gervin 1981 : Dantley 1982 : Gervin 1983 : English 1984 : Dantley 1985 : King 1986 : Wilkins 1987 : Jordan 1988 : Jordan 1989 : Jordan 1990 : Jordan 1991 : Jordan 1992 : Jordan 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Robinson 1995 : O'Neal 1996 : Jordan 1997 : Jordan 1998 : Jordan 1999 : Iverson 2000 : O'Neal 2001 : Iverson 2002 : Iverson 2003 : McGrady 2004 : McGrady 2005 : Iverson 2006 : Bryant 2007 : Bryant 2008 : James 2009 : Wade 2010 : Durant 2011 : Durant 2012 : Durant 2013 : Anthony 2014 : Durant 2015 : Westbrook 2016 : Curry 2017 : Westbrook United States squad -- 2010 FIBA World Championship -- Gold medal 4 Billups 5 Durant ( MVP ) 6 Rose 7 Westbrook 8 Gay 9 Iguodala 10 Granger 11 Curry 12 Gordon 13 Love 14 Odom 15 Chandler Coach : Krzyzewski United States squad -- 2014 FIBA Basketball World Cup -- Gold medal 4 Curry 5 Thompson 6 Rose 7 Faried 8 Gay 9 DeRozan 10 Irving ( MVP ) 11 Plumlee 12 Cousins", "57": "13 Harden 14 Davis 15 Drummond Coach : Krzyzewski Best Male Athlete ESPY Award winners 1993 : Jordan 1994 : Bonds 1995 : Young 1996 : Ripken Jr . 1997 : Johnson 1998 : Woods / Griffey Jr .", "58": "1999 : McGwire 2000 : Woods 2001 : Woods 2002 : Woods 2003 : Armstrong 2004 : Armstrong 2005 : Armstrong 2006 : Armstrong 2007 : Tomlinson 2008 : Woods 2009 : Phelps 2010 : Brees 2011 : Nowitzki 2012 : James 2013 : James 2014 : Durant 2015 : Curry 2016 : James 2017 : Westbrook Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J.", "59": "Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr .", "60": "1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve Hickok Belt winners 1950 : Phil Rizzuto 1951 : Allie Reynolds 1952 : Rocky Marciano 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Otto Graham 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Carmen Basilio 1958 : Bob Turley 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Jim Brown 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Joe Namath 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Brooks Robinson 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Steve Carlton 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Ken Stabler 1977 -- 2011 not awarded 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : Michael Phelps Jefferson Award for Public Service ( hide ) U.S. Senator John Heinz Award for Outstanding Public Service By An Elected or Appointed Official Henry A. Kissinger Elliot Richardson Peter W. Rodino , Jr .", "61": "Arthur F. Burns , Alan Greenspan , William E. Simon Michael Mansfield Hubert H. Humphrey Kenneth A. Gibson , William Donald Schaefer , Coleman A. Young Cyrus R. Vance Warren Christopher Howard H. Baker Paul A. Volcker William H. Webster James A. Baker , III George P. Shultz William J. Brennan C. Everett Koop Paul Nitze Colin Powell Dick Cheney Thurgood Marshall Carla Hills George J. Mitchell , Bob Michel Harry Blackmun Sam Nunn Robert Dole Robert Rubin Daniel Patrick Moynihan John Glenn Madeleine Albright Rudolph Giuliani Condoleezza Rice Sandra Day O'Connor Lee H. Hamilton , Thomas H. Kean John Lewis Richard M. Daley Joe Lieberman Edward Kennedy Michael R. Bloomberg , Cory A. Booker Ruth Bader Ginsburg David H. Petraeus Tom Coburn , Patrick Leahy Gabrielle Giffords Sonia Sotomayor Arne Duncan Deval Patrick ( hide ) S. Roger Horchow Award for Outstanding Public Service by A Private Citizen John W. Gardner Ralph Nader Katharine Graham John D. Rockefeller , III Art Buchwald Paul Mellon Howard Jarvis Norman Borlaug Walter Cronkite Bob Hope Kirk Douglas J. Peter Grace Lee Iacocca H. Ross Perot Irving Brown James W. Rouse Leo Cherne Jimmy Carter Robert C. Macauley Faye Wattleton James Burke Jim Brady , Sarah Brady Walter H. Annenberg Brian Lamb Nancy Brinker Oprah Winfrey Elizabeth Dole Elayne Bennett Ted Benna Lilly Tartikoff Anne Douglas Ken Burns Vartan Gregorian Michael Feinberg , David Levin Jeffrey Sachs Edward Jagen Greg Mortenson , Pamela Hawley Paul Farmer Bill Shore Harry Connick , Jr.", "62": ", Branford Marsalis Elie Wiesel Andrew Shue , Charles Best Jeff Skoll , Ivan Hageman Sean Parker Peter Diamandis , Sheila Johnson ( hide ) Outstanding Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged Cesar Chavez Thomas Szasz Leon Sullivan Theodore Hesburgh Howard Rusk Jerry Lewis Jesse Jackson Allard Lowenstein Marva Collins Claude Pepper Helen Hayes Maude E. Callen Betty Ford Eugene Lang Ginetta Sagan Bruce Ritter Kimi Gray Jaime Escalante Marian Wright Edelman Eunice Shriver Arthur Ashe Paul Newman , Joanne Woodward Barbara Bush Rosalynn Carter Oseola McCarty Thaddeus S. Lott , Sr . Millard Fuller Benjamin Carson Dorothy Height Bill Gates , Melinda Gates Mathilde Krim Fred L. Shuttlesworth Dave Pelzer I. King Jordan Geoffrey Canada Darell Hammond William E. Milliken Jim Gibbons Jerry M. Reinsdorf Richard Proudfit Dolores Huerta Pedro José Greer Adam Braun Kyle Zimmer ( hide ) Samuel S. Beard Award for Outstanding Public Service by An Individual 35 Years or Under Joseph A. Yablonski Maynard Jackson Emmett Tyrrell Vilma S. Martinez Max Cleland Bernard Powell Denis Hayes 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team David Stockman Henry Cisneros Jan Scruggs Sally Ride Trevor Ferrell Robert Hayes Steve Jobs Marlee Matlin Marc Buoniconti Anne Donahue Wendy Kopp Michael Brown , Alan Khazei Mary Taylor Wayne Meisel Stacey Bess Andrea Jaeger Michael Danziger Bobby Jindal Anthony Shriver Faith Hill Lance Armstrong Chad Pregracke Matthew Meyer Kirsten Lodal , Brian Kreiter Benjamin Shuldiner Peyton Manning Lindsay Hyde Ocean Robbins Jennifer Staple Tad Skylar Agoglia Brittany Bergquist , Robbie Bergquist Amber Lynn Coffman Dr. Neilesh Patel Jack Andraka Lauren Bush Lauren The Young American Soldier Patrisse Cullors , Alicia Garza ,", "63": "Opal Tometi ( hide ) Outstanding Public Service in Professional Sports Nnamdi Asomugha , Tyrus Thomas , Curtis Granderson , Stuart Holden , Dwight Howard , Dirk Nowitzki , Justin Tuck , Lauryn Williams , Venus Williams , Ryan Zimmerman Drew Brees , Tamika Catchings , Stephen Curry , Warrick Dunn , Brad Davis , Ernie Els , Ryan Hall , Paul Pierce , CC Sabathia , Brian Westbrook Jeremy Affeldt , Dereck Faulkner , Julie Foudy , Jeff Karstens , Jim Kelly , Charlie Kimball , Pat LaFontaine , Hannibal Naives , Jeff Saturday , Troy Vincent , Marty Lyons Mark Ein Mariano Rivera , James Thrash Fred Jackson Eric Decker Joe Torre ( hide ) Lifetime Achievement in Public Service Ray Chambers Marlo Thomas Craig Hatkoff , Jane Rosenthal , Robert De Niro The Robin Hood Foundation Tom Brokaw Billie Jean King Harry Belafonte ( hide ) Outstanding National or Global Service by a Young American 25 Years or Under Ellie Duke , Katherine Foronda , Ted Gonder , Dallas Jessup , Emma Lindle , Tristan Love , Jessie Mintz , Zoe Ridolfi - Starr , Joe Togani , Kelly Voigt Sicomac Elementary School Student Council , Sashin Choksh , Morgan Harley , Greg Nance , Nick Hebert , Patrick Ip , Talia Lemon , Sarah Nuss , Mordecai Scott , Jessica Singer , Tyrone Stevenson , Vanessa Strickland Lillian Pravda , Maria Keller Corinne Hindes , Katrine Krisebom , Kid President Sophia Sánchez - Maes Laurie Hernandez ( hide ) Outstanding Public Service by a Corporation Prudential , Starkey Laboratories Pfizer General Electric Weyerhaeuser Target Corporation Salesforce Warby Parker Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "64": "php?title=Stephen_Curry&oldid=822186465 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people 21st - century Christians African - American basketball players African - American Christians All - American college men 's basketball players Basketball players from North Carolina Basketball players from Ohio Charlotte Christian School alumni Davidson Wildcats men 's basketball players Golden State Warriors draft picks Golden State Warriors players Point guards Sportspeople from Akron , Ohio Sportspeople from Charlotte , North Carolina United States men 's national basketball team players People from Alamo , California Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 maint : Unfit url Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Македонски Malagasy Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Volapük 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 January 2018 , at 22 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "65": ", a non-profit organization . 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[ 23, 48, 25, 24, 54 ]

[ "Jakeem Grant", "John Ross" ]

{ "0": "40 - yard dash - wikipedia 40 - yard dash Jump to : navigation , search The 40 - yard dash is a sprint covering 40 yards ( 36.58 m ) . It is primarily run to evaluate the speed and acceleration of American football players by scouts , particularly for the NFL Draft but also for collegiate recruiting . A player 's recorded time can have a heavy impact on his prospects in college or professional football . This was traditionally only true for the `` skill '' positions such as running back , wide receiver , and defensive back , although now a fast 40 - yard dash time is considered important for almost every position . The 40 - yard dash is not an official race in track and field athletics and is not an IAAF - recognized event . The origin of timing football players for 40 yards comes from the average distance of a punt and the time it takes to reach that distance . Punts average around 40 yards in distance from the line of scrimmage , and the hangtime ( time of flight ) averages approximately 4.5 seconds . Therefore , if a coach knows that a player runs 40 yards in 4.5 seconds , he will be able to leave the line of scrimmage when a punt is kicked , and reach the point where the ball comes down just as it arrives . Contents ( hide ) 1 Timing method and track comparisons 2 Records 2.1 Records at the NFL Scouting Combine 3 Average time by position 4 References Timing method and track comparisons ( edit ) In terms of judging a person 's speed , the best method of timing is through lasers which start and stop the times when passed through . A laser start ( from a stationary position ) is more accurate for measuring pure speed as it does not register a runner 's reaction time . However , the method of timing a 40 - yard dash can affect the accuracy by as much 0.5 seconds ( with the manual stopwatch method ) . The National Football League ( NFL ) did not begin using partial electronic timing ( started by hand , stopped electronically ) at the NFL Scouting Combine until 1999 . For purposes of measurement at the Combine , the run is made along the lower sideline from the 40 yard - line to the end zone , which has built - in rundown space .", "1": "In track and field races , the runner must react to the starting gun , which takes approximately 0.24 seconds , based on FAT timing . A runner with a reaction time less than . 100 is subject to disqualification as that is deemed too fast of a reaction time . For electronically timed 40 - yard dashes , the runner is allowed to start when he wishes , and a timer hand - starts the clock . This aspect means that comparisons with track times are impossible given that a reaction time is not factored in . Furthermore , the use of hand - timing in the 40 - yard dash can considerably alter a runner 's time ; the methods are not comparable to the rigorous electronic timing used in track and field . Jacoby Ford , who ran a 4.28 s in the 2010 NFL Combine , had a collegiate best of 6.51 s in the 60 - meter dash ( outside the top - 40 of the all - time lists ) . This highlights the difficulties in comparing track running times to football 40 - yard times due to the different timing methods . Records ( edit ) Auburn 's Bo Jackson claims to have run a 40 - yard dash with a time of 4.13 s . A time of 4.18 run by Jackson within the same week added some support to the legitimacy of the times . Texas Tech 's Jakeem Grant was hand - timed by a New Orleans Saints scout as running a 4.10 in 2016 , potentially beating Jackson 's record . Deion Sanders ran a 4.27 - second 40 - yard dash in 1989 . In 2013 , Carlin Isles recorded a time of 4.22 at a Detroit Lions facility during a workout . In 2017 Olympic sprinter Christian Coleman ran a time of 4.12 seconds on turf in response to claims that NFL players are as fast as Usain Bolt . Records at the NFL Scouting Combine ( edit ) This is a list of the official 40 - yard dash results of 4.30 seconds or better recorded at the NFL Scouting combine since 1999 , the first year electronic timing was implemented at the NFL Scouting Combine .", "2": "Time Name Height Weight Position College Year Draft 4.22 John Ross 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Wide receiver Washington 2017 No. 9 overall by Cincinnati Bengals 4.24 Rondel Menendez 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Wide receiver Eastern Kentucky 1999 No. 247 overall by Atlanta Falcons 4.24 Chris Johnson 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Running back East Carolina 2008 No. 24 overall by Tennessee Titans 4.26 Jerome Mathis 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) Wide receiver Hampton 2005 No. 114 overall by Houston Texans 4.26 Dri Archer 5 ft 8 in ( 173 cm ) 173 lb ( 78 kg ) Running back Kent State 2014 No. 97 overall by Pittsburgh Steelers 4.27 Stanford Routt 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 193 lb ( 88 kg ) Cornerback Houston 2005 No. 38 overall by Oakland Raiders 4.27 Marquise Goodwin 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 181 lb ( 82 kg ) Wide receiver Texas 2013 No. 78 overall by Buffalo Bills 4.28 Champ Bailey 6 ft 0 in ( 183 cm ) 192 lb ( 87 kg ) Cornerback Georgia 1999 No. 7 overall by Washington Redskins 4.28 Jacoby Ford 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 190 lb ( 86 kg ) Wide receiver Clemson No. 108 overall by Oakland Raiders 4.28 Jalen Myrick 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 200 lb ( 91 kg ) Cornerback Minnesota 2017 No.", "3": "222 overall by Jacksonville Jaguars 4.28 J.J. Nelson 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 156 lb ( 71 kg ) Wide receiver UAB 2015 No. 159 overall by Arizona Cardinals 4.28 DeMarcus Van Dyke 6 ft 1 in ( 185 cm ) 187 lb ( 85 kg ) Cornerback Miami 2011 No. 81 overall by Oakland Raiders 4.29 Fabian Washington 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 188 lb ( 85 kg ) Cornerback Nebraska 2005 No. 23 overall by Oakland Raiders 4.29 Dominique Rodgers - Cromartie 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 184 lb ( 83 kg ) Cornerback Tennessee State 2008 No. 16 overall by the Arizona Cardinals 4.29 Josh Robinson 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 199 lb ( 90 kg ) Cornerback UCF 2012 No. 66 overall by Minnesota Vikings 4.30 Darrent Williams 5 ft 9 in ( 175 cm ) 176 lb ( 80 kg ) Cornerback Oklahoma State 2005 No. 56 overall by Denver Broncos 4.30 Tye Hill 5 ft 10 in ( 178 cm ) 185 lb ( 84 kg ) Cornerback Clemson 2006 No. 15 overall by St. Louis Rams 4.30 Yamon Figurs 5 ft 11 in ( 180 cm ) 174 lb ( 79 kg ) Wide receiver Kansas State 2007 No. 74 overall by Baltimore Ravens 4.30 Darrius Heyward - Bey 6 ft 2 in ( 188 cm ) 210 lb ( 95 kg ) Wide receiver Maryland 2009 No.", "4": "7 overall by Oakland Raiders Average time by position ( edit ) According to a five - year NFL combine report , wide receivers and cornerbacks had the fastest average times at 4.55 , followed by running backs at 4.59 . The following average times were measured between 2008 and 2012 at the NFL combine . Position Time Wide receiver 4.55 Cornerback 4.55 Running back 4.59 Safety 4.62 Outside linebacker 4.74 Tight end 4.77 Fullback 4.80 Inside linebacker 4.80 Quarterback 4.87 Defensive end 4.88 Defensive tackle 5.13 Center 5.30 Offensive tackle 5.32 Offensive guard 5.36 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ MacCambridge , Michael ( 2005 ) . America 's Game : The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Anchor Books . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 375 - 72506 - 7 . Intent on building a fast team , ( Paul Brown in the mid-1940s ) began timing players in the 40 - yard dash , rather than the 100 , reasoning that the 40 was a more meaningful measure of true football speed , about the distance a player would cover on a punt . Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0345545141 Jump up ^ http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1543670-how-are-40-yard-dash-times-recorded Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ 60 Metres - men - senior - indoor . IAAF . Retrieved on 2013 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Rothstein , Matthew ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Bo Jackson Talking About His 4.13 40 - Yard - Dash Is A Reminder Of How Superhuman He Was '' . Uproxx.com .", "5": "Jump up ^ Tanier , Mike ( July 16 , 2015 ) . `` NFL Urban Legends : Bo Jackson and the Too - Fast - to - Be-True 40 - Yard Dash '' . BleacherReport.com . Jump up ^ Based on Cooney , Frank ( 23 February 2008 ) . `` Combine 40 - yard times -- Nothing is official '' . The Sports Xchange . , plus updates . Jump up ^ Cooney , Frank ( 24 Feb 2008 ) . `` With 40 - yard dash times , nothing 's quite ' official ' '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Haislop , Tadd ( 11 March 2016 ) . `` Texas Tech 's Jakeem Grant clocked at 4.10 in 40 - yard dash '' . SportingNews . Retrieved 12 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Hessler , Warner ( 23 April 1989 ) . `` NFL General Managers Moan About Another Diluted Draft '' . Daily Press . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Detroit Lions sign rugby player Carlin Isles to practice squad '' . Daily News . New York . 26 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Olympic sprinter shows up John Ross '' . USA Today . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Performers 2006 - 2011 '' . 16 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooney , Frank ( 1 Mar 2011 ) . `` Officially , Van Dyke is combine 's fastest player '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` John Ross III runs 40 - yard dash in record 4.22 seconds at NFL Combine '' . Sportsnet . March 4 , 2017 . Retrieved March 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jalen Myrick Combine Profile '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NFL on Twitter '' . Twitter . February 21 , 2015 . Retrieved February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Darrius Heyward - Bey - WR - Maryland - 2009 NFL Combine Results '' .", "6": "NFL Combine Results . Jump up ^ Topher Doll ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` Some Clarification is in Order : Average Speed by Position '' . MileHighReport.com . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=40-yard_dash&oldid=820475565 '' Categories : National Football League Draft Sprint ( running ) Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from June 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français 日本 語 Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 22 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "a single, implicitly structured data item in a table" ]

{ "0": "Row ( database ) - wikipedia Row ( database ) Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the context of a relational database , a row -- also called a record or tuple -- represents a single , implicitly structured data item in a table . In simple terms , a database table can be thought of as consisting of rows and columns or fields . Each row in a table represents a set of related data , and every row in the table has the same structure . For example , in a table that represents companies , each row would represent a single company . Columns might represent things like company name , company street address , whether the company is publicly held , its VAT number , etc ... In a table that represents the association of employees with departments , each row would associate one employee with one department . In a less formal usage , e.g. for a database which is not formally relational , a record is equivalent to a row as described above , but is not usually referred to as a row . The implicit structure of a row , and the meaning of the data values in a row , requires that the row be understood as providing a succession of data values , one in each column of the table . The row is then interpreted as a relvar composed of a set of tuples , with each tuple consisting of the two items : the name of the relevant column and the value this row provides for that column . Each column expects a data value of a particular type . For example , one column might require a unique identifier , another might require text representing a person 's name , another might require an integer representing hourly pay in cents .", "1": "Does not appear Column 1 Column 2 Row ( Record ) 1 Row 1 , Column ( Field ) 1 Row 1 , Column 2 Row 2 Row 2 , Column 1 Row 2 , Column 2 Row 3 Row 3 , Column 1 Row 3 , Column 2 See also ( edit ) Column ( database ) Field ( computer science ) Record ( computer science ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` What is a database row ? '' Cory Janssen , Techopedia , retrieved 27 June 2014 Database management systems Types Object - oriented comparison Relational comparison Document - oriented Graph NoSQL NewSQL Concepts Database ACID Armstrong 's axioms CAP theorem CRUD Null Candidate key Foreign key Superkey Surrogate key Unique key Objects Relation table column row View Transaction Transaction log Trigger Index Stored procedure Cursor Partition Components Concurrency control Data dictionary JDBC XQJ ODBC Query language Query optimizer Query plan Functions Administration and automation Query optimization Replication Related topics Database models Database normalization Database storage Distributed database Federated database system Referential integrity Relational algebra Relational calculus Relational database Relational DBMS Relational model Object - relational database Transaction processing GND : 4011133 - 7 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Row_(database)&oldid=808954630 '' Categories : Database management systems Data modeling Relational model Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from December 2009 All articles lacking sources Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Українська 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 07 : 06 .", "2": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ 0, 1, 2 ]

[ "Lagaan (English: Taxation; also called Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India)" ]

{ "0": "Lagaan - Wikipedia Lagaan Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Indian film . For the anime , see Gurren Lagann . Lagaan : Once Upon a Time in India Theatrical release poster Hindi लगान Directed by Ashutosh Gowariker Produced by Aamir Khan Mansoor Khan Written by K.P. Saxena ( Hindi Dialogue ) Ashutosh Gowariker ( English Dialogue ) Screenplay by Ashutosh Gowariker Abbas Tyrewala Sanjay Daima Story by Ashutosh Gowariker Starring Aamir Khan Gracy Singh Rachel Shelley Paul Blackthorne Narrated by Amitabh Bachchan Music by A.R. Rahman Cinematography Anil Mehta Edited by Ballu Saluja Production company Aamir Khan Productions Distributed by Sony Entertainment Television ( India ) Release date 15 June 2001 ( 2001 - 06 - 15 ) ( United Kingdom & India ) Running time 224 minutes Country India Language Hindi English Awadhi Budget ₹ 250 million Box office est. ₹ 700 million Lagaan ( English : Taxation ; also called Lagaan : Once Upon a Time in India ) is a 2001 Indian epic sports - drama film , directed by Ashutosh Gowariker , produced by Aamir Khan and Mansoor Khan , and written by Gowariker and Abbas Tyrewala . Aamir Khan stars along with Gracy Singh , with British actors Rachel Shelley and Paul Blackthorne playing supporting roles . Made on a then - unprecedented budget of ₹ 250 million ( equivalent to ₹ 700 million or US $11 million in 2016 ) , the film was shot in an ancient village near Bhuj , India . The film is set in the Victorian period of India 's colonial British Raj . The story revolves around a small village whose inhabitants , burdened by high taxes , find themselves in an extraordinary situation as an arrogant officer challenges them to a game of cricket as a wager to avoid the taxes .", "1": "The narrative spins around this situation as the villagers face the arduous task of learning the alien game and playing for a result that will change their village 's destiny . Lagaan received critical acclaim and awards at international film festivals , as well as many Indian film awards . It became the third Indian film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film after Mother India ( 1957 ) and Salaam Bombay ! ( 1988 ) . It was one of the biggest box office hits of 2001 . In 2010 , the film was ranked No. 55 in Empire magazines `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema '' . In 2011 , it was listed in Time magazine 's special `` The All - TIME 25 Best Sports Movies '' . The film was screened retrospective as the Closing Film on August 18 , 2016 at the Independence Day Film Festival jointly presented by the Indian Directorate of Film Festivals and Ministry of Defense , commemorating 70th Indian Independence Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origins 3.2 Location , language and costumes 3.3 Filming 4 Release 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.2 Critical reception 5.3 Awards 6 Soundtrack 7 Home media 8 Merchandise 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Plot ( edit ) This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In the small town of Champaner ( in the state of Gujarat , western India ) during the height of the British Empire in India in 1893 , Captain Andrew Russell ( Paul Blackthorne ) , the commanding officer of the Champaner cantonment , has imposed high taxes ( `` Lagaan '' ) on people from the local villages that they are unable to pay due to a prolonged drought . Led by Bhuvan ( Aamir Khan ) , the villagers beg Raja Puran Singh ( Kulbhushan Kharbanda ) to help them .", "2": "He tells them that , much to his regret , he is bound by British law . After their visit to the Raja , the villagers witness a cricket match . Bhuvan mocks the game and gets into an argument with one of the British officers . Taking an instant dislike to Bhuvan , Russell offers to cancel the taxes of the whole province `` for three years '' if the villagers can beat his men in a game of cricket . If the villagers lose , however , they will have to pay three times their normal taxes . Bhuvan accepts this wager on behalf of the villages in the province , without their consent . When the other villagers learn about the bet , they are furious with Bhuvan . He argues that it is important for everyone to fight against British rule . Bhuvan begins to prepare the villagers for the match . He initially finds only five people willing to join the team . He is aided in his efforts by Russell 's sister Elizabeth ( Rachel Shelley ) who feels that her brother has mistreated the villagers . As she teaches them the rules of the game , she falls in love with Bhuvan , much to the anguish of Gauri ( Gracy Singh ) who is also in love with him . After Bhuvan reassures Gauri of his feelings for her , the woodcutter Lakha ( Yashpal Sharma ) becomes enraged as he is in love with Gauri . In an attempt to discredit Bhuvan , Lakha offers himself as a spy for Russell and joins the villagers ' team to destroy it . Eventually the villagers realise that winning equals freedom . As a few of them are insulted by the British , they join the team . Short one player , Bhuvan invites an untouchable , Kachra ( Aditya Lakhia ) , who can bowl spinners . The villagers , conditioned by long - term prejudice against Dalits , refuse to play if Kachra joins the team . Bhuvan chastises the villagers , shaming them into accepting Kachra . On the first day , Russell wins the toss and elects to bat , giving the British officers a strong start .", "3": "Bhuvan brings Kachra into the match only to find that Kachra has somehow lost his ability to spin the ball -- new cricket balls do not spin as well as worn - down ones ( which the team have been practising with ) . In addition , as part of his agreement with Russell , Lakha deliberately drops many catches . Later that evening , Elizabeth sees Lakha meeting with her brother . She races to the village and informs Bhuvan of Lakha 's deception . Rather than allow the villagers to kill him , Bhuvan offers Lakha the chance to redeem himself . The next day as part of his promise to Bhuvan , Lakha takes a diving one - handed catch . However , the British score almost 300 runs , losing only three wickets by the lunch break . Kachra is brought back to bowl and , bowling with a now - worn ball , takes a hat - trick , which sparks the collapse of the British batting side . The villagers soon start their innings . Bhuvan and Deva ( a Sikh , who has played cricket earlier when he was a British sepoy ) give their team a solid start . Deva misses out on his half - century when a straight - drive from Bhuvan ricochets off the bowler 's hand onto the stumps at the non-striker's end , where Deva is backing up too far . When Lakha comes on to bat , he is hit on the head by a bouncer and falls onto his stumps . Other batsmen get out rashly trying to score a boundary off each delivery . Ismail ( Raj Zutshi ) , a good batsman , retires hurt as he is hit on the leg . The villagers ' team ends the day with four batsmen out of action with barely a third of the required runs on board . In desperation , the village prays for success the next day . On the third and final day , Bhuvan passes his century , while most of the later wickets fall . Ismail returns to bat with the help of a runner and passes his half - century , reducing the required runs to an attainable total . The game comes down to the last over with Kachra on strike .", "4": "With one ball remaining and the team down five runs , Kachra knocks the ball a short distance , managing a single . However , the umpire signals no ball . Bhuvan returns to bat and swings extremely hard at the next ball , hitting the ball high in the air towards the boundary . Russell backpedals and catches it , gleefully believing that the British team has won -- until he realises that he has caught the ball beyond the boundary , giving six runs , and therefore victory , to Bhuvan 's team . Even as they celebrate the victory , the drought ends as a rainstorm erupts . Bhuvan 's defeat of the British team leads to the disbanding of the humiliated cantonment . In addition , Russell is forced to pay the taxes for the whole province and is transferred to Central Africa . After realising that Bhuvan loves Gauri , Elizabeth returns to London . Heartbroken , she remains unmarried for the rest of her life . It is revealed , during the epilogue , that Bhuvan went on to marry Gauri with great pomp and show . But despite the historic triumph , Bhuvan 's name was lost in the pages of history . Cast ( edit ) Aamir Khan as Bhuvan . Ashutosh first thought of having Shah Rukh Khan , Hrithik Roshan , Bobby Deol and Abhishek Bachchan for the role of Bhuvan . After Bachchan chose to enter cinema with J.P. Dutta 's Refugee ( 2000 ) , Aamir was approached with the idea . Gracy Singh as Gauri . Several actresses had offered to act in the film , but Aamir needed someone who matched the description of the character given in the script . After considering Rani Mukerji who did not have dates , Sonali Bendre , Nandita Das and Ameesha Patel for the role , Ashutosh selected Gracy Singh for the female lead because he was convinced that she was a good actress and dancer and resembled actress Vyjayanthimala . Singh , a newcomer , devoted all her time to the film . Rachel Shelley as Elizabeth Russell Paul Blackthorne as Captain Andrew Russell .", "5": "Since the script also demanded a British cast , Ashutosh and Aamir hired Danielle Roffe as one of the casting directors . After Danielle and Ashutosh screen - tested many , Shelley and Blackthorne were chosen for the prime roles . Overall , the film cast 15 foreign actors . Suhasini Mulay as Yashodamai , Bhuvan 's mother Kulbhushan Kharbanda as Raja Puran Singh Rajendra Gupta as Mukhiya Ji Raghubir Yadav as Bhura ( seamer ) , the poultry farmer . Yadav played the role of the legendary Haji Nasruddin in the teleplay Mullah Nasiruddin and has given many memorable performances such as Mungerilal Ke Haseen Sapne . Yadav was selected based on his performance in Earth ( 1998 ) . He had undergone an appendectomy operation in - between the filming schedule and returned to complete some of his scenes . Rajesh Vivek as Guran ( seamer ) , the fortune teller . Vivek was spotted by Ashutosh in the film Junoon ( 1978 ) . His liking for cricket helped him in his role . Raj Zutshi as Ismail ( batsman ) , the potter . Zutshi 's friendship with Aamir and association in several films brought him the role after the auditions . Pradeep Rawat as Deva Singh Sodhi ( all - rounder ) , a Sikh sepoy . Rawat 's association with Aamir in Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) brought him the role of Deva which was initially intended for Mukesh Rishi . Rawat claimed that it was the highest ever compensation he received in his career . Akhilendra Mishra as Arjan ( batsman ) , the blacksmith . He is insulted by Captain Russell , as he fixes horse - shoe on the Captain 's Horse and involuntarily hurts the animal . Captain who is enraged by the reprimand he received from his seniors for arranging a Cricket Match with the villagers for avoiding taxes , is furious to find his favourite animal hurt and he beats Arjan . After which Arjan joins the team of Bhuvan .", "6": "Mishra has acted as `` Ekku '' Kroor Singh in the Teleserial Chandrakanta and also in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh ( 2002 ) as Chandra Shekhar Azad alongside Ajay Devgn who performed the role of Bhagat Singh . Daya Shankar Pandey as Goli ( seamer ) , the man with the largest piece of land . Pandey , who preferred the role of Kachra , was known to Aamir and Ashutosh through previous films ( Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) , Baazi ( 1995 ) and Ghulam ( 1998 ) ) . Pandey credited Ashutosh for his acting in the film , saying that Ashutosh and he would discuss the required emotions and expressions before shooting . Shrivallabh Vyas as Ishwar ( wicket - keeper ) , the vaidya ( doctor ) in the village and Gauri 's father . Yashpal Sharma as Lakha ( batsman ) , the woodcutter . Sharma was chosen by Ashutosh after his portrayal in Samar ( 1999 ) . He said it was a good experience working with Aamir and Ashutosh during the film . Amin Hajee as Bagha ( batsman ) , the mute drummer . Hajee earlier worked in a film with Ashutosh . The friendly association brought Ashutosh to him with the script , which he liked , and thereafter he successfully auditioned for his role . His knowledge of mute people and some assistance from a music band helped him better prepare for his role . Ashutosh , who believed that Amin was like Sylvester Stallone , would refer to him as Stallone during filming . Aditya Lakhia as Kachra ( spinner ) , the untouchable . Lakhia 's association with Ashutosh in Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa ( 1993 ) and Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) brought him this role . He read the book Everybody Loves a Good Drought by P. Sainath to better understand and portray his character . Javed Khan as Ram Singh , Indian who works with British and helps Elizabeth in translating villagers language . A.K.", "7": "Hangal as Shambu Kaka John Rowe as Colonel Boyer David Gant as Major Warren Jeremy Child as Major Cotton Production ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Lagaan was inspired by a 1957 Indian film , Naya Daur , starring Dilip Kumar . Director Ashutosh Gowariker has stated that it was almost impossible to make Lagaan . Gowariker went to Aamir , who agreed to participate after hearing the detailed script . Even after securing Khan , Ashutosh had trouble finding a producer . Producers who showed interest in the script wanted budget cuts as well as script modifications . Eventually , Aamir agreed to Ashutosh 's suggestion that he 'd produce the film . Aamir corroborated this by saying that the faith he had in Ashutosh , the story and script of the film , and the opportunity of starting his own production company inspired him to produce Lagaan . He also said that by being a producer himself , he was able to give greater creative freedom to Ashutosh . He cited an example : `` If the director tells the producer that he wants 50 camels , the latter will probably say , ' Why not 25 ? Ca n't you manage with 25 camels ? ' Whereas , if he is telling me the same thing ... I will not waste time asking him questions because I am also creatively aware why he needs them . '' Jhamu Sughand co-produced the film because he liked the emotional and patriotic story . Location , language and costumes ( edit ) One of the first members to join the production team was Nitin Chandrakant Desai , the art director , with whom Ashutosh set out for extensive location hunt throughout India , to find the setting for the fictional town of Champaner , in late 1998 . After searching through Rajasthan , Nasik , UP , they zeroed in on an ancient village near Bhuj , located in Gujarat 's Kutch district , by May 1999 , where the film was primarily shot . The script demanded a dry location : an agricultural village where it had not rained in several years . To depict the 1890s era , the crew also required a village which lacked electricity , communication and automobiles .", "8": "Kutch faced the same problems at that time and hence the village of Kunariya , located a few miles away from Bhuj , was chosen . During the filming of Lagaan , it did not rain at all in the region . However , a week after the shoot finished , it rained heavily bringing relief to Bhuj , which had a lean monsoon the previous year . The typical old Kutch hamlet was built by the local people four months before the arrival of the crew . The 2001 Gujarat earthquake devastated this region and displaced many locals . The crew , including the English , contributed to their cause by donating ₹ 250,000 ( equivalent to ₹ 700,000 or US $11,000 in 2016 ) , with further contributions during the year . Avadhi , which is a dialect of Hindi , is primarily from a region in Uttar Pradesh . It was chosen to give the feel of the language spoken during that era . However , the language was diluted , and modern viewers can understand it . The dialogues , which were a combination of three dialects ( Avadhi , Bhojpuri and Braj Bhasha ) were penned by Hindi writer K.P. Saxena . Bhanu Athaiya , an Oscar winner for Gandhi , was the costume designer for the film . With a large number of extras , it was difficult for her to make enough costumes . She spent a lot of time researching to lend authenticity to the characters . Filming ( edit ) Pre-planning for a year , including ten months for production issues and two months for his character , was tiring for Aamir . As a first - time producer , he obtained a crew of about 300 people for six months . Due to the lack of comfortable hotels in Bhuj , he hired a newly constructed apartment and furnished it completely for the crew . Security was set up and a special housekeeping team was brought to take care of the crew 's needs . Most of the 19th century tools and equipment depicted in the film were lent to the crew by the local villagers . Initially , they did not want to part with their equipment , but after much coaxing , they gave in . They then travelled to different parts of the country to collect the musical instruments used in that day and era .", "9": "During the shooting , Ashutosh suffered from a slipped disc and had to rest for 30 days . During this period , he had his bed next to the monitor and continued with his work . The filming schedule spanned the winter and summer , commencing in early January and finishing in mid-June . This was physically challenging for many , with the temperatures ranging from 0 to 50 ° C ( 32 to 122 ° F ) . The actors had to drink frequently and sit in the shade . The schedule was strict . The day began at 6 am , changing into costumes and getting onto the actors ' bus , which took them to the sets in Kanuria . The actors , including Aamir , all travelled on the same bus . If anyone missed it , it was up to them to reach the sets . One day , Aamir was late and missed the actors ' bus . That day , his wife Reena , the executive producer , reprimanded him for being late . She told him he had to set an example for the rest of the crew . `` If he started coming late , how could she tell the others to come on time ? '' While on the sets , the actors were given call sheets with the day 's timetable such as breakfast , hair styling , make - up , costumes , etc . Release ( edit ) Before its worldwide release , Aamir Khan kept a promise to screen the film to the locals of Bhuj . Lagaan clashed with Sunny Deol 's Gadar : Ek Prem Katha at the box office . The film made it to the UK Top 10 after its commercial release . It was the first Indian film to have a nationwide release in China and had its dubbed version released in Italy . With favourable reviews from the French press , Lagaan premiered in Paris on 26 June 2002 and continued to have an unprecedented nine weeks of screening with over 45,000 people watching . It was released in the United States , France , Germany , Japan , Malaysia , Hong Kong , South Africa and the Middle East with respective vernacular subtitles . The film took a cumulative of $2.5 million at the international box - office and ₹ 380 million ( equivalent to ₹ 1.1 billion or US $17 million in 2016 ) at the domestic box - office .", "10": "In 2001 , Lagaan had a world premiere at the International Indian Film Academy Awards ( IIFA ) weekend in Sun City , South Africa . The Locarno International Film Festival authorities published the rules of cricket before the film was screened to a crowd which reportedly danced to its soundtrack in the aisles . Lagaan was shown four times due to public demand as against the usual norm of showcasing films once at the festival . It subsequently won the Prix du Public award at the festival . After the film 's publicity in Locarno , the director , Ashutosh Gowarikar said that distributors from Switzerland , Italy , France , Netherlands , North Africa , Finland and Germany were wanting to purchase the distribution rights . Special screenings were held in Russia , where people were keen to watch the film after its Oscar nomination . Apart from these screenings , it was shown at the Sundance Film Festival , Cairo International Film Festival , Stockholm International Film Festival , Helsinki Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The film grossed ₹ 65.97 crore worldwide . This made it the third highest - grossing Indian film of 2001 , behind Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham and Gadar : Ek Prem Katha . Domestically , Lagaan grossed ₹ 55.63 crore in India . Its domestic net income was ₹ 34.35 crore , equivalent to ₹ 179.63 crore ( US $28 million ) when adjusted for inflation . Its overseas gross was ₹ 10.8 crore ( US $ 2.2 million ) , the second highest for an Indian film in 2001 , behind only Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham . Lagaan 's overseas gross included £ 600,000 in the United Kingdom , US $910,000 in the United States and Canada , and US $180,000 in the Arab states of the Persian Gulf . Critical reception ( edit ) Lagaan was met with high critical acclaim . The film currently scores a 95 % `` Certified Fresh '' approval rating on review aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , based on 59 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 .", "11": "The site 's critical consensus is , `` Lagaan is lavish , rousing entertainment in the old - fashioned tradition of Hollywood musicals . '' Derek Elley of Variety suggested that it `` could be the trigger for Bollywood 's long - awaited crossover to non-ethnic markets '' . Somni Sengupta of The New York Times , described it as `` a carnivalesque genre packed with romance , swordplay and improbable song - and - dance routines '' Roger Ebert gave three and half out of four stars and said , `` Lagaan is an enormously entertaining movie , like nothing we 've ever seen before , and yet completely familiar ... At the same time , it 's a memory of the films we all grew up on , with clearly defined villains and heroes , a romantic triangle , and even a comic character who saves the day . Lagaan is a well - crafted , hugely entertaining epic that has the spice of a foreign culture . '' Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian described the film as `` a lavish epic , a gorgeous love story , and a rollicking adventure yarn . Larger than life and outrageously enjoyable , it 's got a dash of spaghetti western , a hint of Kurosawa , with a bracing shot of Kipling . '' Kuljinder Singh of the BBC stated that `` Lagaan is anything but standard Bollywood fodder , and is the first must - see of the Indian summer . A movie that will have you laughing and crying , but leaving with a smile . '' Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times argued that the film is `` an affectionate homage to a popular genre that raises it to the level of an art film with fully drawn characters , a serious underlying theme , and a sophisticated style and point of view . '' Sudish Kamath of The Hindu suggested that `` the movie is not just a story . It is an experience . An experience of watching something that puts life into you , that puts a cheer on your face , however depressed you might be . '' The Times of India wrote , `` Lagaan has all the attractions of big - sounding A.R. Rahman songs , excellent performances by Aamir Khan ... and a successful debut for pretty Gracy Singh . In addition , there is the celebrated David vs Goliath cricket match , which has audiences screaming and clapping . ''", "12": "Perhaps one of the most emphatic recommendations for the movie , coming 10 years later , is by John Nugent of the Trenton Independent , who wrote `` a masterpiece ... and what better way to learn a bit about India 's colonial experience ! History and great entertainment , all rolled in to one ( albeit long ) classic film . '' Lagaan was listed as number 14 on Channel 4 's `` 50 Films to See Before you Die '' and was the only Indian film to be listed . Awards ( edit ) Main article : List of accolades received by Lagaan Aamir Khan and Gowariker went to Los Angeles to generate publicity for the Academy Awards . Khan said , `` We just started showing it to whoever we could , even the hotel staff . '' About India 's official entry to the 2002 Oscars , The Daily Telegraph wrote , `` A Bollywood film that portrays the British in India as ruthless sadists and Mafia - style crooks has been chosen as Delhi 's official entry to the Academy Awards . '' It added that the film was expected to win the nomination . On 12 February 2002 , Lagaan was nominated for the best foreign language film at the Academy Award nominations ceremony . After the nomination , Khan reacted by saying , `` To see the name of the film and actually hear it being nominated was very satisfying '' . Post-nomination reactions poured in from several parts of the world . The USA Today wrote `` Hooray for Bollywood , and India 's Lagaan '' . With Sony Pictures Classics distributing the film and Oscar - winning director Baz Luhrmann praising it , Lagaan had a chance to win . The BBC commented that the nomination raised Bollywood hopes that Indian films would become more popular in the US . In India , the nomination was celebrated with news reports about a win bringing in `` a great boost for the Indian film industry '' and `` a Bharat Ratna for Aamir Khan and the status of a ' national film ' for Lagaan '' . When Lagaan lost the award to the Bosnian film No Man 's Land , there was disappointment in India . Khan said , `` Certainly we were disappointed . But the thing that really kept us in our spirits was that the entire country was behind us . ''", "13": "Filmmaker Mahesh Bhatt criticised the `` American film industry '' as `` insular and the foreign category awards were given just for the sake of it . '' Gowariker added that `` Americans must learn to like our films '' . The film won a number of national awards including eight National Film Awards , nine Filmfare Awards , nine Screen Awards and ten IIFA Awards . Apart from these major awards , it also won awards at other national and international ceremonies . Soundtrack ( edit ) Main article : Lagaan ( soundtrack ) Home media ( edit ) There were two releases for the DVD . The first , as a 2 - DVD set , was released on 27 May 2002 in limited regions . It contained subtitles in Arabic , English , Hebrew , Hindi , Turkish and several European languages . It is available in 16 : 9 Anamorphic widescreen , Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround , progressive 24 frame / s , widescreen and NTSC format . It carried an additional fifteen minutes of deleted scenes , filmographies and trailers . The second was released as anniversary edition three - disc DVD box after six years of the theatrical release . This also included Chale Chalo which was a documentary on the making of Lagaan , a curtain raiser on the making of the soundtrack , deleted scenes , trailers , along with other collectibles . After its release , it became the highest selling DVD in India beating Sholay ( 1975 ) . Merchandise ( edit ) In the anniversary DVD edition , a National Film Award - winning documentary , Chale Chalo -- the lunacy of film making , 11 collector cards , a collectible Lagaan coin embossed with the character of Bhuvan , a 35 mm CinemaScope filmstrip hand - cut from the film 's filmstrip were bundled with the film . A comic book , Lagaan : The Story , along with two colouring books , a mask book and a cricket board game were subsequently released to the commercial market . The comic book , available in English and Hindi , was targeted at children between the ages of six and 14 . At the book 's launch , Aamir Khan said that they were keen to turn the film into a comic strip during the pre-production phase itself .", "14": "In March 2002 , a book titled The Spirit of Lagaan -- The Extraordinary Story of the Creators of a Classic was published . It covers the making of the film , describing in detail the setbacks and obstacles that the crew faced while developing the film from concept to its release . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lagaan ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 1 January 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Aamir Khan causes traffic jam '' . The Tribune . 1 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 20 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide ( IND Rs ) '' . Archived from the original on 15 October 2013 . Retrieved 12 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Films of World Cinema '' . Empire . Archived from the original on 2 December 2011 . Retrieved 9 August 2011 . Jump up ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/pune-a-film-festival-that-celebrates-freedom2962539/ Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 9 September 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 29 . 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( 15 February 2002 ) .", "21": "`` Lagaan lives on '' . Business Line . Archived from the original on 10 August 2011 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gangadhar , V. ( 23 February 2002 ) . `` Lagaan 's ultimate test '' . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 18 January 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bosnian war film gets Oscar '' . CNN . 25 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 11 October 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Indians mourn Oscar miss '' . BBC News . 25 February 2002 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Americans must learn to like our films : Ashutosh '' . The Times of India . 15 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 13 January 2009 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` South takes the lion 's share ; Lagaan wins 8 national awards '' . The Hindu . 27 July 2002 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan walks away with eight Filmfare awards '' . Apunkachoice.com. 17 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan scoops Bollywood awards '' . BBC News . 6 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 23 November 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon : Lagaan ( 2001 ) DVD '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lagaan Special Anniversary Edition 3 - Disk DVD Set '' . Lagaan DVD . Archived from the original on 21 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan beats Sholay in DVD sales '' . The Financial Express .", "22": "21 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 13 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Fernandes , Vivek ( 9 February 2002 ) . `` Egmont unwraps Lagaan comic book , game for kids '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 4 December 2008 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lagaan nominated for Oscar '' . Agence France - Presse. 13 February 2002 . Archived from the original on 15 September 2007 . Retrieved 20 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Bhatkal , Satyajit ( March 2002 ) . The Spirit of Lagaan . Mumbai : Popular Prakshan . p. 243 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 003 - 2 . Further reading ( edit ) Bhatkal , Satyajit ( March 2002 ) . The spirit of Lagaan . Mumbai : Popular Prakshan . pp. 243 . ISBN 81 - 7991 - 003 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Official Website Lagaan on IMDb Lagaan at Bollywood Hungama Lagaan at Rotten Tomatoes Works of Ashutosh Gowariker Director Pehla Nasha ( 1993 ) Baazi ( 1995 ) Lagaan ( 2001 ) Swades ( 2004 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) What 's Your Raashee ? ( 2009 ) Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey ( 2010 ) Mohenjo Daro ( 2016 ) Producer Swades ( 2004 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2008 ) What 's Your Raashee ?", "23": "( 2009 ) Khelein Hum Jee Jaan Sey ( 2010 ) Everest ( 2014 ) Aamir Khan Actor Filmography ( 1973 -- present ) Producer Lagaan ( 2001 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) Jaane Tu ... Ya Jaane Na ( 2008 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Dhobi Ghat ( 2011 ) Delhi Belly ( 2011 ) Talaash : The Answer Lies Within ( 2012 ) Dangal ( 2016 ) Secret Superstar ( 2017 ) Director Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) TV show Satyamev Jayate ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Assistant director Manzil Manzil ( 1984 ) Zabardast ( 1985 ) Screenwriter Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1993 ) Ghajini ( 2008 ) Playback singer Ghulam ( 1998 ) Mela ( 2000 ) Mangal Pandey : The Rising ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2007 ) Dangal ( 2016 ) Related articles Awards Aamir Khan Productions A.R. Rahman Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Vande Mataram ( 1997 ) Jana Gana Mana ( 2000 ) Connections ( 2008 ) Raunaq ( 2014 ) Soundtracks Tamil Roja ( 1992 ) Kadhalan ( 1994 ) Bombay ( 1995 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Padayappa ( 1999 ) Alaipayuthey ( 2000 ) Kannathil Muthamittal ( 2002 ) Sivaji ( 2007 ) Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa ( 2010 )", "24": "Raavanan ( 2010 ) Enthiran ( 2010 ) Kadal ( 2012 ) Maryan ( 2013 ) Kochadaiiyaan ( 2014 ) Kaaviya Thalaivan ( 2014 ) Lingaa ( 2014 ) I ( 2015 ) O Kadhal Kanmani ( 2015 ) 24 ( 2016 ) Kaatru Veliyidai ( 2017 ) Mersal ( 2017 ) Bollywood Lagaan ( 2001 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Guru ( 2007 ) Delhi - 6 ( 2009 ) Blue ( 2009 ) Raavan ( 2010 ) Jhootha Hi Sahi ( 2010 ) Rockstar ( 2011 ) Ekk Deewana Tha ( 2012 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Raanjhanaa ( 2013 ) Highway ( 2014 ) Lekar Hum Deewana Dil ( 2014 ) Tamasha ( 2015 ) South Indian Yoddha ( 1992 ) Puli ( 2010 ) Ye Maaya Chesave ( 2010 ) Godfather ( 2012 ) International Bombay Dreams ( 2002 ) Water ( 2005 ) Lord of the Rings ( 2006 ) Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) Couples Retreat ( 2009 ) 127 Hours ( 2010 ) People like Us ( 2012 ) Million Dollar Arm ( 2014 ) The Hundred - Foot Journey ( 2014 ) Muhammad : The Messenger of God ( 2015 ) Viceroy 's House ( 2017 ) Live albums Classic Incantations ( 2012 ) Concert tours A.", "25": "R. Rahman Jai Ho Concert : The Journey Home World Tour ( 2010 ) Related articles SuperHeavy `` Jai Ho ! ( You Are My Destiny ) '' ( 2009 ) `` It 's My Birthday '' ( 2014 ) Book Portal National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) No Award ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) No Award ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 No Award ( 1981 ) No Award ( 1982 ) No Award ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) No Award ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. ( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye !", "26": "( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) IIFA Award for Best Film Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Chak De ! India ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi !", "27": "( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 ) Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... !", "28": "( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi ! ( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Indian submission for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film 1957 -- 1980 Mother India ( 1957 ) Madhumati ( 1958 ) The World of Apu ( 1959 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1962 ) Mahanagar ( 1963 ) Guide ( 1965 ) Amrapali ( 1966 ) Aakhri Khat ( 1967 ) Majhli Didi ( 1968 ) Deiva Magan ( 1969 ) Reshma Aur Shera ( 1971 ) Uphaar ( 1972 ) Saudagar ( 1973 ) Garm Hava ( 1974 ) Manthan ( 1977 ) The Chess Players ( 1978 ) Payal Ki Jhankaar ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 Saaransh ( 1984 ) Saagar ( 1985 ) Swati Mutyam ( 1986 ) Nayakan ( 1987 ) Salaam Bombay !", "29": "( 1988 ) Parinda ( 1989 ) Anjali ( 1990 ) Henna ( 1991 ) Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) Rudaali ( 1993 ) In Custody ( 1994 ) Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) Indian ( 1996 ) Guru ( 1997 ) Jeans ( 1998 ) Earth ( 1999 ) Hey Ram ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Shwaas ( 2004 ) Paheli ( 2005 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2006 ) Eklavya - The Royal Guard ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Harishchandrachi Factory ( 2009 ) Peepli Live ( 2010 ) Adaminte Makan Abu ( 2011 ) Barfi ! ( 2012 ) The Good Road ( 2013 ) Liar 's Dice ( 2014 ) Court ( 2015 ) Visaranai ( 2016 ) Newton ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lagaan&oldid=818196118 '' Categories : 2001 films 2000s Hindi - language films 2000s musical films 2000s romantic drama films Bhojpuri - language films Cricket films English - language Indian films Films about cricket in India Films directed by Ashutosh Gowariker Hindi film scores by A.R.", "30": "Rahman Films set in 1893 Films set in the British Raj Films set in Gujarat Films shot in Gujarat History of India on film Indian adventure films Indian films Indian musical films Indian drama films Urdu - language films Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from May 2014 Use dmy dates from May 2014 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from March 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2013 Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Magyar മലയാളം मराठी नेपाल भाषा Norsk Polski Português Русский کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 04 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "consistency", "purée generally lacks the additives common to a complete tomato sauce and does not have the thickness of paste", "consistency" ]

{ "0": "Tomato purée - wikipedia Tomato purée Jump to : navigation , search A spoonful of tomato purée Tomato purée is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes . The difference between tomato paste , tomato purée , and tomato sauce is consistency ; tomato puree has a thicker consistency and a deeper flavour than sauce . The definitions of tomato purée vary from country to country . In the U.S. , tomato purée is a processed food product , usually consisting of only tomatoes , but can also be found in the seasoned form . It differs from tomato sauce or tomato paste in consistency and content ; tomato purée generally lacks the additives common to a complete tomato sauce and does not have the thickness of paste . To prepare tomato purée , ripe tomatoes are washed and the leaves and stem are removed . Some processors remove the skin of the tomato as well . The fruit flesh is then mashed or mechanically chopped to the desired consistency . Tomato purée can be used in soups , stews , sauces , or any other dish where the tomato flavor is desired , but not the texture . It is less often used by professional chefs , who find it to have an overly cooked flavor compared to other forms of canned tomatoes . This is sometimes a non-issue , as in long - cooked dishes , but in quick sauces such as a marinara sauce it is undesirable . Tomato purée has approx 16 % solids content . Lower solids content is due to filtering , higher content is due to concentration of the product . A related product , passata di pomodoro , is a tomato purée that is sieved and not cooked . In this form , it is generally sold in bottles or aseptic packaging , and is most common in Europe . See also ( edit ) List of tomato dishes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bev Bennett ( 2011 ) . 30 - Minute Meals For Dummies . Tomato puree is a thick liquid made by cooking and straining tomatoes . Jump up ^ Barbara Ann Kipfer ( 2012 ) . The Culinarian : A Kitchen Desk Reference . p. 561 . The differences between tomato paste , tomato purée , and tomato sauce are texture and depth of flavor ( the thicker the consistency , the deeper the flavor ) . Jump up ^ Sudheer , K.P.", "1": "& V. Indira ( 2007 ) . Post Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. 7 . p. 163 . The product is very similar to tomato puree except that the solid concentration is more . Tomato paste is the product obtained by removal of peel and seeds from tomatoes , followed by concentration of juice by evaporation under vacuum . Jump up ^ President 's list of articles which may be designated or modified ... The United States International Trade Commission - 1990 - Numéro 6 - Page 2 `` Tomato paste , which is generally more concentrated than puree , is used as a substitute for fresh or canned tomatoes in the preparation of dishes such as spaghetti , pizza , and pork and beans , as well as for sauces and ketchup . Tomato puree ... '' External links ( edit ) Passata recipes and information at the BBC 's Food pages Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Tomato_purée&oldid = 836096349 '' Categories : Tomato products Talk About Wikipedia Български Dansk فارسی 한국어 Հայերեն Қазақша Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Русский Svenska 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 17 : 21 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "the mid-Atlantic Ridge", "a divergent tectonic plate boundary", "divergent tectonic plate boundary", "a divergent tectonic plate boundary", "divergent tectonic plate boundary" ]

{ "0": "Volcanology of Iceland - wikipedia Volcanology of Iceland Jump to : navigation , search The volcano system in Iceland that started activity on August 17 , 2014 , and ended on February 27 , 2015 , is Bárðarbunga . The volcano in Iceland that erupted in May 2011 is Grímsvötn . Active volcanic areas and systems in Iceland Volcanology of Iceland includes a high concentration of active volcanoes due to Iceland 's location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge , a divergent tectonic plate boundary , and also due to its location over a hot spot . The island has 30 active volcanic systems , of which 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in AD 874 . Of these 30 active volcanic systems , the most active / volatile is Grímsvötn . Over the past 500 years , Iceland 's volcanoes have erupted a third of the total global lava output . The most fatal volcanic eruption of Iceland 's history was the so - called Skaftáreldar ( fires of Skaftá ) in 1783 - 84 . The eruption was in the crater row Lakagígar ( craters of Laki ) southwest of Vatnajökull glacier . The craters are a part of a larger volcanic system with the subglacial Grímsvötn as a central volcano . Roughly a quarter of the Icelandic nation died because of the eruption . Most died not because of the lava flow or other direct effects of the eruption , but from indirect effects , including changes in climate and illnesses in livestock in the following years caused by the ash and poisonous gases from the eruption . The 1783 eruption in Lakagígar is thought to have erupted the largest quantity of lava from a single eruption in historic times . The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ( `` glacier of Eyjafjöll '' ) in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks ; however this volcano is minor in Icelandic terms . In the past , eruptions of Eyjafjallajökull have been followed by eruption of the larger volcano Katla , but after the 2010 eruption no signs of an imminent eruption of Katla were seen .", "1": "The eruption in May 2011 at Grímsvötn under the Vatnajökull glacier sent thousands of tonnes of ash into the sky in a few days , raising concerns of a repeat of the travel chaos seen across northern Europe . The craters of Grábrók Contents ( hide ) 1 Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 2 Structure of lava fields 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Bárðarbunga 2014 -- 2015 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 -- 2015 eruption of Bárðarbunga Bárðarbunga is a stratovolcano and is roughly 2,000 meters ( roughly 6,560 feet ) above sea level in central Iceland ( 64.63 ° N / - 17.53 ° W ) . This makes it the second highest mountain in Iceland The eruption series , Iceland 's largest eruption in 230 years , that started on August 17 , 2014 and lasted for 180 days , under the Bárðarbunga system started with an extremely heavy earthquake swarm followed by clusters of volcanic activity that went on for an extended period . This resulted in multiple lava fountain eruptions in Holuhraun . Lava flow was between 250 and 350 cubic meters per second and came from a dyke over 40 km long . An ice - filled subsidence bowl over 100 square kilometers in area and up to 65 meters deep formed as well . There was very limited ash output from this eruption unlike numerous glacial eruptions which are common in Iceland . The primary concern with this eruption was the large plumes of sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) in the atmosphere which adversely affected breathing conditions across Iceland , depending on wind direction . The volcanic cloud was also transported toward Western Europe in September 2014 . Structure of lava fields ( edit ) Pahoehoe lava fields in Iceland The smooth flowing basaltic lava pāhoehoe is in Iceland called helluhraun . It forms rather flat surfaces that are quite easy to pass . A lava field in Iceland On the other hand , there is less flowing lava , ʻaʻā , on Iceland called apalhraun .", "2": "The loose , broken , sharp , spiny surface of an ʻaʻā flow makes hiking difficult and slow . See also ( edit ) Lists of volcanoes Geography of Iceland List of volcanoes in Iceland Geothermal power in Iceland Surtsey Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Thordarson , Th ; Hoskuldsson , A ( 2008 ) . `` Postglacial Volcanism in Iceland '' . Jokull. 58 : 197 -- 228 . Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Magnus Tumi ; Larsen , G ; Hoskuldsson , A ; Gylfason , A.G. ( 2008 ) . `` Volcanic Hazards in Iceland '' . Jokull. 58 : 251 -- 268 . Jump up ^ Waugh , David ( 2002 ) . Geography : An Integrated Approach . United Kingdom : Nelson Thornes . p. 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 17 - 444706 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mark Sappenfield , `` Iceland 's Eyjafjallajökull volcano is nothing to ' Angry Sister ' Katla '' Christian Science Monitor , April 18 , 2010 ( accessed 24 November 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Bardarbunga '' . www.volcanodiscovery.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hudson , T.S. ; White , R.S. ; Greenfield , T. ; Ágústsdóttir , T. ; Brisbourne , A. ; Green , R.G. ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) . `` Deep crustal melt plumbing of Bárðarbunga volcano , Iceland '' . Geophysical Research Letters. 44 ( 17 ) : 2017GL074749 . doi : 10.1002 / 2017gl074749 . ISSN 1944 - 8007 .", "3": "Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Magnús T. ; Jónsdóttir , Kristín ; Hooper , Andrew ; Holohan , Eoghan P. ; Halldórsson , Sæmundur A. ; Ófeigsson , Benedikt G. ; Cesca , Simone ; Vogfjörd , Kristín S. ; Sigmundsson , Freysteinn ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano , Iceland , regulated by lateral magma outflow '' . Science . 353 ( 6296 ) : aaf8988 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf8988 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 27418515 . Jump up ^ `` Ljós norðan jökuls : Töldu annað gos hafið '' . http://www.ruv.is/ . RÚV . Retrieved 24 September 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ See e.g. http://earthice.hi.is/bardarbunga_2014 Institute of Earth Sciences , University of Iceland : Bardarbunga 2014 Jump up ^ See also Icelandic media RÚV : http://www.ruv.is/frett/seismic-activity-still-strong Received Sept. 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ Gudmundsson , Magnús T. ; Jónsdóttir , Kristín ; Hooper , Andrew ; Holohan , Eoghan P. ; Halldórsson , Sæmundur A. ; Ófeigsson , Benedikt G. ; Cesca , Simone ; Vogfjörd , Kristín S. ; Sigmundsson , Freysteinn ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) . `` Gradual caldera collapse at Bárdarbunga volcano , Iceland , regulated by lateral magma outflow '' . Science . 353 ( 6296 ) : aaf8988 . doi : 10.1126 / science. aaf8988 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . PMID 27418515 .", "4": "Jump up ^ Boichu , M. ; Chiapello , I. ; Brogniez , C. ; Péré , J. - C. ; Thieuleux , F. ; Torres , B. ; Blarel , L. ; Mortier , A. ; Podvin , T. ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Current challenges in modelling far - range air pollution induced by the 2014 -- 2015 Bárðarbunga fissure eruption ( Iceland ) '' . Atmos . Chem. Phys. 16 ( 17 ) : 10831 -- 10845 . doi : 10.5194 / acp - 16 - 10831 - 2016 . ISSN 1680 - 7324 . ^ Jump up to : Lidén , Eva ( 1994 ) . `` Geologi - så bildades Island '' . Kall ökensand och varma källor . En bok om Island ( in Swedish ) . Båstad : Föreningen Natur och Samhälle i Norden . pp. 8 -- 9 . ISBN 91 - 85586 - 07 - 2 .", "5": "External links ( edit ) Photos of the Grímsvötn ( 2004 ) and Eyjafjallajökull ( 2010 ) eruptions ( Fred Kamphues ) Map : active volcanoes of the world Icelandic Video Archive Volcano Discovery : Iceland ( hide ) Iceland articles History By topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Monarchy Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianisation Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars Great Recession Geography Cities and towns Climate Earthquakes Extremities Fjords Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Regions Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT history LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna ( currency ) Outvasion Renewable energy Stock Exchange Taxation Tourism Transportation Society Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Languages Religion Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Outline Index Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcanology_of_Iceland&oldid=809293829 '' Categories : Volcanism of Iceland Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Deutsch Español 日本 語 Português Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 07 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Kim Basinger", "Kim Basinger", "Kim Basinger", "Kim Basinger" ]

{ "0": "8 Mile ( film ) - wikipedia 8 Mile ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search 8 Mile Theatrical release poster Directed by Curtis Hanson Produced by Curtis Hanson Brian Grazer Jimmy Iovine Written by Scott Silver Starring Eminem Kim Basinger Brittany Murphy Mekhi Phifer Music by Eminem Cinematography Rodrigo Prieto Edited by Jay Rabinowitz Production company Imagine Entertainment Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date November 8 , 2002 ( 2002 - 11 - 08 ) Running time 110 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $41 million Box office $242.9 million 8 Mile is a 2002 American hip hop drama film written by Scott Silver , directed by Curtis Hanson , and starring Eminem , Mekhi Phifer , Brittany Murphy , Michael Shannon , and Kim Basinger . The film is based loosely on Eminem 's actual upbringing , and follows white rapper B - Rabbit ( Eminem ) and his attempt to launch a career in a genre dominated by African - Americans . The title is derived from 8 Mile Road , the highway between the predominantly black city of Detroit and Wayne County and the predominantly White Oakland County and Macomb County suburbs . It was filmed mostly on location . 8 Mile was a critical and commercial success . Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song for `` Lose Yourself . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Music 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical reception 4.3 Top lists 4.4 Awards and honors 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1995 in Detroit , Jimmy `` B - Rabbit '' Smith Jr. is a blue - collar worker from a poor family . He has moved back north of 8 Mile Road to the run - down trailer home in Warren , Michigan of his alcoholic mother Stephanie , his little sister Lily , and Stephanie 's abusive live - in boyfriend Greg . Although encouraged by his friends , Jimmy worries about his potential as a rapper .", "1": "He falters during a rap battle one night at a local venue , the Shelter , and he leaves the stage humiliated . Jimmy works at a car factory . When he asks for extra shifts , his supervisor laughs and dismisses his request on account of his habitual lateness . Jimmy befriends a woman named Alex . Over time , Jimmy begins to take more responsibility for the direction of his life . When he exhibits an improved attitude and performance at work , his supervisor grants him the extra shifts he requested . Stephanie receives a notice evicting her and the family as she can not pay rent . Despite Stephanie 's best attempts to keep the eviction notice a secret , Greg finds out about it . A fight ensues between him and Jimmy , and Greg leaves Stephanie for good . Jimmy 's friendship with Wink , a radio DJ with ties to a record label promoter , becomes strained after he discovers that Wink does promotional work for Jimmy 's rivals , a rap group known as the `` Leaders of the Free World . '' At one point , Jimmy and his friends get into a violent brawl with the Leaders , which is disrupted when Jimmy 's friend Cheddar Bob pulls out a gun and accidentally shoots himself in the leg ; he survives but is confined to crutches . At work one day when on lunch break , Jimmy witnesses a rap battle in which an employee insults a gay co-worker , Paul . Jimmy joins the battle and defends Paul . Alex is impressed by Jimmy 's actions ; they have sex in the factory . Wink arranges for Jimmy to meet with producers at a recording studio , but Jimmy finds Wink and Alex engaging in intercourse . Enraged , Jimmy attacks Wink as Alex tries to break up their altercation . In retaliation , Wink and the Leaders of the Free World assault Jimmy outside his mother 's trailer . The leader of the gang , Papa Doc , holds Jimmy at gunpoint , threatening to kill him before being dissuaded by Wink . Jimmy 's best friend and battle host , Future , pushes him to get revenge by competing against the Leaders of the Free World at the next rap battle . However , Jimmy 's late - night shift conflicts with the timing of the next battle tournament .", "2": "A goodbye visit from Alex , who is moving to New York , changes his mind about competing , and Paul agrees to cover his shift at work as a favor while Jimmy goes to the battle . In all rounds of the rap battle , Jimmy has to compete against one member of `` the Leaders . '' After winning the first two rounds , he has to challenge Papa Doc . He wins by exposing his opponent 's weaknesses as well as his own . With nothing to say in rebuttal , Papa Doc hands the microphone back to Future , embarrassed . After being congratulated by Alex and his friends , Jimmy is offered a position by Future , hosting battles at The Shelter . Jimmy declines , saying he has to get back to work and to find success his own way . Cast ( edit ) Eminem as Jimmy `` B - Rabbit '' Smith , Jr . Mekhi Phifer as Future , Jimmy 's closest friend and the rap battle host Brittany Murphy as Alex Latourno , Jimmy 's love interest Kim Basinger as Stephanie , Jimmy and Lily 's mother Anthony Mackie as Papa Doc Michael Shannon as Greg Buehl , Stephanie 's boyfriend Eugene Byrd as Wink Evan Jones as Cheddar Bob , Jimmy 's friend Omar Benson Miller as Sol George , Jimmy 's friend and Iz 's brother De'Angelo Wilson as DJ Iz , Jimmy 's friend and Sol 's brother Taryn Manning as Janeane , Jimmy 's ex-girlfriend Proof as Lil ' Tic Xzibit as Mike ( Male Lunch Truck Rapper ) Craig Chandler as Paul Obie Trice as Male parking lot rapper Chloe Greenfield as Lily , Jimmy 's sister John Singleton as Bouncer Miz Korona as Vanessa ( Female Lunch Truck Rapper ) Brandon T. Jackson ( uncredited ) as a Chin Tiki club - foe Music ( edit ) Main article : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile is the soundtrack to 8 Mile . Eminem features on five tracks from the album . It was released under the Shady / Interscope label and spawned Eminem 's first number 1 US single `` Lose Yourself '' . The album debuted at number one on the U.S.", "3": "Billboard 200 Albums Chart that year with over 702,000 copies sold and 507,000 sold in the second week also finishing the year as the fifth best - selling album of 2002 with US sales of 3.2 million , despite only two months of release . It also reached # 1 on the UK Compilations Chart and the Australian ARIAnet Albums Chart . It also spawned a follow up soundtrack , More Music from 8 Mile , consisting of songs that appear in 8 Mile that were current singles during the film 's time setting of 1995 . The album was also made in a clean edition removing most of the strong profanity and violent content . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) 8 Mile opened at # 1 with $51,240,555 in its opening weekend , the then second highest opening for an R - rated movie in the U.S. The film would go on to gross $116,750,901 domestically , and $126,124,177 overseas for a total of $242,875,078 worldwide . The film 's final domestic gross would hold the film at # 3 in Box Office Mojo 's `` Pop Star Debuts '' list , behind Austin Powers in Goldmember ( Beyoncé ) and The Bodyguard ( Whitney Houston ) . The 8 Mile DVD , which was released on March 18 , 2003 , generated $75 million in sales and rentals in its first week , making it the biggest DVD debut ever for an R - rated movie and putting it in the all - time Top 10 for first week home video sales for a movie . A VHS version was also released on the same date . Critical reception ( edit ) 8 Mile received positive reviews , with critics praising the music and Eminem 's performance . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports the film is `` Certified Fresh '' , with 76 % of 206 professional critics giving the film a positive review and a rating average of 7.0 out of 10 . The site 's consensus is that `` Even though the story is overly familiar , there 's enough here for an engaging ride . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 reviews from film critics , the film has rating score of 77 based on 38 reviews , which indicates `` generally favorable reviews '' .", "4": "CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend revealed the average grade cinemagoers gave 8 Mile was B+ on an A+ to F scale , with the core under - 21 demographics giving it an A . Roger Ebert gave the film 3 out of 4 stars . He said that we `` are hardly started in 8 Mile , and already we see that this movie stands aside from routine debut films by pop stars '' and that it is `` a faithful reflection of his myth '' . He said that Eminem , as an actor , is `` convincing without being too electric '' and `` survives the X-ray truth - telling of the movie camera '' In the At the Movies with Ebert and Roeper review , both Ebert and Richard Roeper gave the film a thumbs up ; Roeper said that Eminem has a `` winning screen presence '' and `` raw magic '' to him . He was happy with Rabbit 's `` tender side '' presented through his relationship with the `` adorable '' Greenfield as his sister , but felt that Basinger was `` really miscast '' . Roeper said : `` 8 Mile probably wo n't win converts to rap , but it should thrill Eminem fans . '' Peter Travers gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars . He said that 8 Mile `` is a real movie , not a fast - buck package to exploit the fan base of a rap nonentity '' that `` qualifies as a cinematic event by tapping into the roots of Eminem and the fury and feeling that inform his rap . '' He praised Hanson 's directing and the performances , and compared the final battle with Papa Doc to the fight between Rocky Balboa and Apollo Creed in Rocky .", "5": "Top lists ( edit ) 8 Mile has been named in various year - end and all - time top lists : 2nd -- Billboard ( Erika Ramirez ) : Top 10 Best Hip - Hop Movies Ever 7th -- The New York Observer ( Andrew Sarris ) : The 10 Best English - Language Films of 2002 9th -- Time ( Richard Schickel ) : Top 10 Movies of 2002 10th -- Rolling Stone ( Peter Travers ) : The Best Movies of 2002 N / A -- The Daily Californian : Best Films of 2002 Awards and honors ( edit ) In 2003 , Eminem won the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 75th Academy Awards , for his single `` Lose Yourself '' from the soundtrack of 8 Mile . Thus he became the first hip hop artist ever to win an Academy Award . He was not present at the ceremony , but musician Luis Resto accepted the award . The film has been nominated for 32 awards , winning 11 . ( show ) List of awards and nominations Year Award Result Recipient 2003 Academy Award Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem , Luis Resto and Jeff Bass Black Reel Awards Best Original Soundtrack Nominated 8 Mile BMI Film Award for Music Won Eminem Most Performed Song from a Film -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Critics Choice Award for Best Song -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem CNOMA Awards Best Make - Up Artist for a Feature Film Nominated Donald Mowat Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Most Promising Performer Nominated Eminem European Film Awards Screen International Award Nominated Curtis Hanson Golden Globe Award Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Golden Trailer Awards Best Music Nominated 8 Mile Best of Show Nominated 8 Mile Most Original Nominated 8 Mile Golden Reel Award Best Sound Editing in a Feature - Music - Musical Nominated Carlton Kaller Hollywood Makeup Artist and Hair Stylist Guild Awards Best Contemporary Makeup - Feature Nominated Donald Mowat , Ronnie Specter ,", "6": "Matiki Anoff MTV Movie Awards Best Movie Nominated 8 Mile Best Male Performance Won Eminem Breakthrough Male Performance Won Eminem Online Film Critics Society Awards Best Breakthrough Performance Nominated Eminem Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Satellite Awards Best Original Song -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama Nominated 8 Mile Choice Movie Actor : Drama Won Eminem Choice Movie : Male Breakout Star Won Eminem Choice Crossover Artist Nominated Eminem Choice Movie : Liplock Nominated Eminem and Brittany Murphy World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written for a Film -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem ASCAP Awards Most Performed Song from a Motion Picture -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Grammy Award Grammy Award for Record of the Year -- Lose Yourself Nominated Eminem Grammy Award for Song of the Year -- Lose Yourself Nominated Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto Grammy Award for Best Rap Song -- Lose Yourself Won Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance -- Lose Yourself Won Eminem Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media -- Lose Yourself Nominated Jeff Bass , Eminem & Luis Resto The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists : 2004 : AFI 's 100 Years . 100 Songs : `` Lose Yourself '' -- # 93 2006 : AFI 's 100 Years . 100 Cheers -- Nominated References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : 8 Mile at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Eminem . '' Encyclopedia of Popular Music , 4th ed . Ed . Colin Larkin . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . Web . 27 Sep. 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem movie tops at US box office '' . RTÉ. 2002 - 11 - 12 .", "7": "Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 06 . Jump up ^ Hettrick , Scott ( 2003 - 03 - 24 ) . `` ' 8 Mile ' DVD 's going far '' . Variety . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Stars in ' 8 MILE ' Coming to DVD and VHS March 18 , 2003 '' . PR Newswire. 2003 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office Prophets : Box Office Report for November 8 - 10 , 2002 '' . Box Office Prophets . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://apps.tvplex.go.com/ebertandthemovies/audioplayer.cgi?file=021111_8_mile Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Top 10 Best Hip - Hop Movies Ever '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sarris , Andrew ( January 13 , 2003 ) . `` The Best Films of 2002 , And a Few Honorable Mentions '' . The New York Observer . The New York Observer , LLC . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Schickel , Richard ( December 12 , 2002 ) . `` Top 10 Everything 2002 : Movies ( Schickel ) '' . Time . Time Inc . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 .", "8": "Jump up ^ Travers , Peter ( December 26 , 2002 ) . `` The Best and Worst Movies of 2002 '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media , LLC . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Best Films of 2002 '' . The Daily Californian . Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company , Inc . January 21 , 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 75th Academy Awards ( 2003 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2003 ) '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 26 . Jump up ^ Bozza 2003 , p. 174 Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile '' . IMDB. 8 November 2002 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 -- via IMDb . Jump up ^ `` The 60th Annual Golden Globe Awards ( 2003 ) '' . GoldenGlobes.com . HFPA. 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Winners and Nominees for the 4th Annual Golden Trailer Awards '' . GoldenTrailer.com. 2003 . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2014 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 MTV Movie Awards '' . MTV . Viacom Media Networks . 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Past Winners '' . GRAMMY.com . National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences . 2003 . Retrieved February 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs '' ( PDF ) . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Cheers Nominees '' ( PDF ) .", "9": "Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Detroit portal Film portal 2000s portal Hip hop portal Eminem portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : 8 Mile Official website 8 Mile on IMDb 8 Mile at AllMovie 8 Mile at Box Office Mojo 8 Mile at Rotten Tomatoes 8 Mile at Metacritic Films directed by Curtis Hanson Sweet Kill ( 1973 ) The Little Dragons ( 1979 ) Losin ' It ( 1983 ) The Children of Times Square ( 1986 ) The Bedroom Window ( 1987 ) Bad Influence ( 1990 ) The Hand That Rocks the Cradle ( 1992 ) The River Wild ( 1994 ) L.A. Confidential ( 1997 ) Wonder Boys ( 2000 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) In Her Shoes ( 2005 ) Lucky You ( 2007 ) Too Big to Fail ( 2011 ) Chasing Mavericks ( 2012 ) Brian Grazer Films produced Night Shift ( 1982 ) Splash ( 1984 ) Real Genius ( 1985 ) Spies Like Us ( 1985 ) Armed and Dangerous ( 1986 ) Like Father Like Son ( 1987 ) Parenthood ( 1989 ) Kindergarten Cop ( 1990 ) Closet Land ( 1991 ) My Girl ( 1991 ) Far and Away ( 1992 ) Housesitter ( 1992 ) Boomerang ( 1992 ) For Love or Money ( 1993 ) My Girl 2 ( 1994 ) Greedy ( 1994 ) The Paper ( 1994 ) The Cowboy Way ( 1994 ) Apollo 13 ( 1995 ) Sgt .", "10": "Bilko ( 1996 ) Fear ( 1996 ) The Nutty Professor ( 1996 ) The Chamber ( 1996 ) Ransom ( 1996 ) Liar Liar ( 1997 ) Inventing the Abbotts ( 1997 ) Mercury Rising ( 1998 ) Psycho ( 1998 ) Edtv ( 1999 ) Life ( 1999 ) Bowfinger ( 1999 ) Beyond the Mat ( 2000 ) Nutty Professor II : The Klumps ( 2000 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) A Beautiful Mind ( 2001 ) Undercover Brother ( 2002 ) Blue Crush ( 2002 ) 8 Mile ( 2002 ) Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) The Cat in the Hat ( 2003 ) The Missing ( 2003 ) Friday Night Lights ( 2004 ) Inside Deep Throat ( 2005 ) Cinderella Man ( 2005 ) Flightplan ( 2005 ) Fun with Dick and Jane ( 2005 ) Inside Man ( 2006 ) The Da Vinci Code ( 2006 ) American Gangster ( 2007 ) Changeling ( 2008 ) Frost / Nixon ( 2008 ) Angels & Demons ( 2009 ) Robin Hood ( 2010 ) The Dilemma ( 2011 ) Restless ( 2011 ) Cowboys & Aliens ( 2011 ) J.", "11": "Edgar ( 2011 ) Tower Heist ( 2011 ) Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) Rush ( 2013 ) In the Heart of the Sea ( 2015 ) Inferno ( 2016 ) Lowriders ( 2016 ) American Made ( 2017 ) TV series created Shadow Chasers Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby ,", "12": "It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B.", "13": "Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance .", "14": "What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You ( Disney song ) '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem ,", "15": "Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "16": "php?title=8_Mile_(film)&oldid=838520894 '' Categories : 2002 films English - language films 2000s drama films 2000s musical films American films American coming - of - age films American musical drama films Films produced by Brian Grazer Films directed by Curtis Hanson Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award Films about dysfunctional families Films about music and musicians Films about race and ethnicity Films shot in Michigan Films set in the 1990s Films set in 1995 Films set in Detroit Hip hop films Hood films Imagine Entertainment films Universal Pictures films African - American films Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kurdî Кыргызча Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 28 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 15 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 16, 9, 10, 15, 14, 11, 1, 12, 8, 13, 2, 0, 7, 4, 5, 6, 3 ]

[ 2, 16, 9, 10, 15 ]

[ "Chairman", "Chairman" ]

{ "0": "Member of the Legislative Assembly ( India ) - wikipedia Member of the Legislative Assembly ( India ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A Member of Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district ( constituency ) to the Legislature of a State in the Indian system of government . Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every Member of Parliament ( MP ) that it has in the Lok Sabha . There are also Members in two unicameral legislatures in Union Territories : the Delhi Legislative Assembly and Puducherry Legislative Assembly . Contents ( hide ) 1 State legislature 2 Qualification 3 Term 4 Powers 5 MLA party memberships as of 2 September 2017 6 Presiding officers 7 See also 8 References State Legislature ( edit ) In states where there are 45769 houses there is a Legislative Council and a Legislative Assembly . In such a case , the Legislative Council is the Upper House , while Legislative Assembly is the Lower House of the State Legislature . The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament , shall not hold any office of profit , and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances . ( Article 158 of Indian constitution ) . The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60 . The biggest state , Uttar Pradesh , has 403 members in its Assembly . States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even lesser number of members in the Legislative Assembly . Puducherry has 3032564 members . Mizoram and Goa have only 40 members each . Sikkim has 32 . All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected on the basis of adult franchise , and one member is elected from one constituency . Just as the President has the power to nominate two Anglo Indians to the Lok Sabha , similarly , the Governor has the power to nominate one member from the Anglo Indian community as he / she deems fit , if he / she is of the opinion that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly .", "1": "Qualification ( edit ) The qualifications to become a member of the state Legislature are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament . A person should be i ) a citizen of India ii ) not less than 25 years of age to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years as per Article 54 of Indian Constitution to be a member of the Legislative Council . No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state , unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state . Those who can not become members of Parliament also can not become members of the state legislature . The member is elected by the people of that particular constituency and represents those people in the legislative assembly and debates on issues related to his or her constituency . The MLA 's position is like an MP , but the difference is only that MLA is in the state level and the MP is in the national level . Term ( edit ) The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years . However , it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor on the request of the Chief Minister . The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency , but not more than six months at a time . In the state of Jammu and Kashmir the tenure of the Legislative Assembly is six years . The Legislative Council is the Upper House in the State . Just like the Rajya Sabha it is a permanent House . The members of the state 's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination . The term of each member is six years , and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years . The upper house of a state assembly , unlike the Upper house of the Parliament , can be abolished by the lower house , if it passes a specific law bill , which states to dissolve the upper house , and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law . Only Andhra Pradesh , Bihar , Jammu and Kashmir , Karnataka , Maharashtra , Telangana , and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence . All other states have abolished the upper house by the above - mentioned method , as the upper house causes unnecessary problems and issues . Powers ( edit ) The most important function of the legislature is law making .", "2": "The State Legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament can not legislate . Some of these items are police , prisons , irrigation , agriculture , local governments , public health , pilgrimages , and burial grounds . Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education , marriage and divorce , forests , and the protection of wild animals and birds . As regards money bills , the position is the same . Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly . The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes in it within 14 days . These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly . The state legislature , besides making laws , has one electoral power , in electing the President of India . Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process . Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of state legislatures . Thus the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment of the Constitution . MLA party memberships as of 2 September 2017 ( edit ) State name Total INC BJP Leftists Socialist NDA Others Ind . Vacant Andhra Pradesh 175 TDP 103 YSRCP 66 , Navodayam Party 1 Arunachal Pradesh 60 47 PPA 9 Assam 126 25 61 AGP 14 , BPF 12 AIUDF 13 Bihar 243 27 53 CPI - ML 3 RJD 80 JDU 71 , LJP 2 , RLSP 2 , HAM 1 Chhattisgarh 90 39 49 BSP 1 Goa 40 16 14 MGP 3 ,", "3": "GFP 3 NCP 1 Gujarat 182 43 120 JDU 1 NCP 2 15 Haryana 90 17 47 INLD 19 SAD 1 BSP 1 5 Himachal Pradesh 68 36 27 5 Jammu & Kashmir 87 12 25 CPM 1 PDP 28 , JKPC 2 NC 15 , PDF 1 Jharkhand 81 7 43 CPI - ML 1 , MCC 1 JMM 19 , JBSP 1 AJSU 4 JVM ( P ) 2 , BSP 1 , JP 1 , NSM 1 Karnataka 224 124 44 JDS 40 BSRC 3 , KJP 2 , KMP 1 , SKP 1 9 Kerala 140 22 CPM 58 , CPI 19 , CMP ( KSC ) 1 , RSP ( L ) 1 , C ( S ) 1 , NSC 1 , KCB 1 JDS 3 IUML 18 , KCM 6 , KCJ 1 , NCP 2 , 5 Madhya Pradesh 230 56 165 BSP 4 Maharashtra 288 42 122 PWPI 3 , CPM 1 SP 1 SS 63 , RSP 1 NCP 41 , BVA 3 , AIMIM 2 , BBM 1 7 Manipur 60 19 31 NPF 4 NPP 4 , LJP 1 Meghalaya 60 30 UDP 8 , HSPDP 4 , NPP 2 NCP 2 , NESDP 1 13 Mizoram 40 34 MNF 5 MPC 1 Nagaland 60 NPF 46 , JDU 1 NCP 1 8 Odisha 147 16 10 CPM 1 BJD 117 ,", "4": "SKD 1 Punjab 117 77 SAD 15 AAP 20 , LIP 2 Rajasthan 200 24 161 NPP 4 BSP 2 , NUZP 2 7 Sikkim 32 SDF 29 SKM 2 Tamil Nadu 234 8 AIADMK 135 DMK 89 , IUML 1 Telangana 119 13 5 CPM 1 TDP 3 TRS 90 , AIMIM 7 Tripura 60 6 CPM 50 , CPI 1 Uttar Pradesh 403 7 311 SP 47 , RLD 1 , ADS 9 , SBSP 4 BSP 19 , NISHAD 1 Uttarakhand 70 11 57 West Bengal 294 42 CPM 26 , RSP 3 , AIFB 2 , CPI 1 GJM 3 AITC 211 Delhi 70 AAP 63 Puducherry 30 15 AINRC 8 , AIADMK 4 DMK 2 Total 4120 766 1417 177 329 609 707 92 23 Presiding officers ( edit ) Similar to the Presiding officers of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha , the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council also have Presiding Officers . The Legislative Assembly has a Speaker and a Deputy Speaker and the Legislative Council has a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman . They are elected from among the members of the House . See also ( edit ) Election Commission of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Indian Government Structure at State Level '' . KKHSOU .", "5": "Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(India)&oldid=805594524 '' Categories : State lower houses in India State legislatures of India Members of the state Legislative Assemblies of India Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം ଓଡ଼ିଆ தமிழ் తెలుగు اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2017 , at 11 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 5, 4, 3, 1, 0, 2 ]

[ 4, 5, 3, 1, 0, 2 ]

[ "November 8, 1968", "November 8, 1968", "late 1968", "November 8, 1968" ]

{ "0": "Son of a Preacher Man - wikipedia Son of a Preacher Man Jump to : navigation , search For the John Rich album , see Son of a Preacher Man ( album ) . `` Son of a Preacher Man '' Single by Dusty Springfield from the album Dusty in Memphis B - side `` Just a Little Lovin ' '' Released November 8 , 1968 Format 7 '' Recorded American Studios , Memphis , Tennessee : September 1968 Genre Blue - eyed soul , R&B Length 2 : 29 Label Atlantic ( US ) , Philips ( Canada ) Songwriter ( s ) John Hurley , Ronnie Wilkins Producer ( s ) Jerry Wexler , Arif Mardin , Jeff Barry , Tom Dowd Dusty Springfield singles chronology `` Do n't Forget About Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1968 ) `` Willie & Laura Mae Jones '' ( 1969 ) `` Do n't Forget About Me '' ( 1969 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 1969 ) `` Willie & Laura Mae Jones '' ( 1969 ) Dusty in Memphis track listing `` So Much Love '' ( 2 ) `` Son of a Preacher Man '' ( 3 ) `` I Do n't Want to Hear It Anymore '' ( 4 ) Audio sample file help `` Son of a Preacher Man '' is a song written and composed by John Hurley and Ronnie Wilkins and recorded by British singer Dusty Springfield in September 1968 for the album Dusty in Memphis . Springfield 's version was produced by Jerry Wexler , Tom Dowd and Arif Mardin for her first album for the Atlantic Records label and became an international hit reaching No. 10 in the United States and No. 9 in her native Great Britain when it was released in late 1968 . The album Dusty in Memphis was released in stereo , though its singles were remixed and released in mono . `` Son of a Preacher Man '' was to be the last Top Ten chart hit for Springfield for almost 20 years , till she teamed up with Pet Shop Boys for the single `` What Have I Done to Deserve This ? ''", "1": "in 1987 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Legacy 3 Other recorded versions 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Origins ( edit ) In 1967 , while working at Muscle Shoals , Alabama , songwriters John Hurley and Ronnie Wilkins , who had recently had a hit with `` Love of the Common People , '' were asked by Jerry Wexler to write a song for Aretha Franklin . Remembering the fact that Franklin 's father was a preacher , as Wilkins 's grandfather had been , Hurley and Wilkins quickly came up with the song `` Son of a Preacher Man . '' Wexler liked the song and recorded it with Aretha Franklin , but then decided that it did not fit with her other songs and passed the song on to Dusty Springfield for her album Dusty in Memphis . The song was recorded by Franklin 's older sister Erma , who included it on her 1969 Brunswick album Soul Sister . Not till after hearing Springfield 's version did Franklin reconsider ; when she did release the song herself , including it on her 1970 album , This Girl 's in Love with You , her version charted only as a less popular a-side of the b - side hit single `` Call Me . '' Legacy ( edit ) The writers of Rolling Stone magazine placed Dusty Springfield 's recording at No. 77 among The 100 Best Singles of the Last 25 Years in 1987 . The record was placed at No. 43 of the Greatest Singles of All Time by the writers of New Musical Express in 2002 . In 2004 , the song made the Rolling Stone list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time at No. 240 . In 1994 , the song was featured in a scene of the film Pulp Fiction . The film 's soundtrack reached No. 21 on the Billboard 200 and went platinum ( 100,000 units ) in Canada alone . `` Son of a Preacher Man '' helped to sell over two million units of the album and to help it reach number six on the charts according to SoundScan .", "2": "Quentin Tarantino has been quoted , on the `` Collectors Edition '' DVD of Pulp Fiction , as saying that he probably would not have filmed the scene in which the song is featured had he not been able to use it . The song is also featured in the film Enron : The Smartest Guys in the Room , during scenes depicting Kenneth Lay , ex-Enron CEO and son of a Baptist minister , and on an episode of Hindsight . In the 2008 television episode of the American series The Office titled `` Baby Shower , '' ( Jan Levinson ) ) , played by Melora Hardin , is filmed singing `` Son of a Preacher Man '' as a lullaby to her newborn daughter Astrid . Later in the same episode , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) describes the bizarre scene to his fiancee , Pam Beesley ( Jenna Fischer ) , noting that the song is about `` losing your virginity next to a church . '' Samples from `` Son of a Preacher Man '' were used on Cypress Hill 's `` Hits from the Bong '' on their album Black Sunday . Melissa Manchester has paid tribute to Dusty Springfield by performing the song live in recent years . The song is also featured in the 2016 video game Mafia III . Other recorded versions ( edit ) Eva Cassidy released her version on her 1996 album Live at Blues Alley . Nancy Sinatra released her version on her 1969 album Nancy . Country singer Peggy Little released a cover version in 1969 that peaked at # 40 on the Billboard country charts . Sylvia Vrethammar had a 1969 single release of `` Son of a Preacher Man '' rendered in Swedish as `` En lärling på våran gård '' which entered the Svensktoppen . In 2012 , Pugh Rogefeldt recorded a variation of this version entitled `` Fröken i våran klass '' for the TV Show Så mycket bättre . French singer Nicoletta recorded a French rendering entitled `` Le Grand Amour '' for her 1969 EP Quand On A Que L'Amour . A German version entitled `` Der Junge von Nebenan '' was recorded by German singer Katja Ebstein for her second album Mein Leben ist wie ein Lied in 1970 .", "3": "American R&B / soul trio Honey Cone recorded the song for their 1970 debut album Take Me with You . Other early versions of the song appeared on albums by Skeeter Davis , Erma Franklin , Bobbie Gentry , Jan Howard , Ketty Lester , Liza Minnelli , Irene Reid , Mavis Staples , Tina Turner , Nancy Wilson , and Judy Mowatt & The Gaylettes . Also Czech vocalist Věra Špinarová ( cs ) had a 1969 single release with a cover of the original English - language version . Tanya Tucker recorded a version in 1975 on her album Tanya Tucker . Canadian country music band Farmer 's Daughter took an upbeat version of the song to # 35 on the RPM Country Tracks charts in 1995 . A live version by Joan Osborne appears on her 1996 album Early Recordings . Cam Clarke recorded the song in 1999 , giving it a gay interpretation . Australian - born country singer Sherrié Austin also released a version that reached # 46 on the U.S. Billboard country charts in 2004 . There is a version in Swiss German called `` där Sohn vom Pfarrär '' recorded in 1994 by Sina from Switzerland . The song has also been recorded by Katey Sagal for an episode of the television show Sons of Anarchy . Hank Marvin included the song on his 2000 album Marvin at the Movies . The song has also been recorded by Hanne Boel ( album Black Wolf / 1988 ) , Phoebe Cates ( album Paradise / 1982 ) , Sarah Connor ( album Soulicious / 2007 ) , Barbara Dex ( album Strong / 1998 ) , Jessica Simpson ( performed on the Early Show ) , Joss Stone , and Jackie Thomas ( album Jackie Thomas / 2013 ) . The Finnish rendering `` Salapoliisin Tytär '' was recorded by Jouko Ja Kosti ( fi ) for their 1971 self - titled album . Canadian singer Jann Arden recorded the song on her 2007 album Uncover Me . Liza Minnelli performed the song as part of her 1972 filmed concert Liza with a Z . Hollie Cavanagh performed and recorded a version of the song on Season 11 of American Idol in 2012 .", "4": "She received general praise for her rendition and progressed to the Top 6 . Dolly Parton recorded the song in 1996 during sessions for her Treasures album , though the song was ultimately not included on the final album , and remained unreleased . Parton has performed the song live a few times on television shows , and included it in her set list during her 2011 Better Day World Tour Tom Goss made a gay - themed version of the song in 2015 telling the story of two young , gay teens struggling to understand their sexuality and feelings for one another while operating within the confines of an evangelical church . See also ( edit ) Preacher 's kid References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` I Hate Country Music , But Not Country Songs - The Nashville work of Hurley , Putman & Wilkins '' , Soul-source.co.uk . Retrieved 14 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` The RS 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . RollingStone.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Billboard ; 1 / 28 / 95 , Vol. 107 Issue 4 , p62 , 1 / 2p Jump up ^ Billboard , 00062510 , 4 / 20 / 96 , Vol. 108 , Issue 16 Jump up ^ Christian Science Monitor , 08827729 , 9 / 8 / 97 , Vol. 89 , Issue 198 Jump up ^ The Office ( 1 ) , Season 5 Episode 3 , aired Thursday , October 16 . 2008 Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie . `` Mafia 3 's Excellent Soundtrack Revealed , Contains These 100 - Plus Songs '' . Gamespot . Gamespot . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Svensk mediedatabas '' . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Svensktoppen '' . 1969 . Retrieved 11 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` RPM Country Tracks '' . RPM. 10 April 1995 . Retrieved 3 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2008 ) . Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008 .", "5": "Record Research , Inc. p. 36 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 177 - 2 . Jump up ^ Nichols , James Michael ( 14 March 2016 ) . `` ' Son Of A Preacher Man ' Gets Reimagined As Heartbreaking Gay Romance - A powerful , somber take on the Dusty Springfield classic '' . Huffington Post , Queer Voices . Retrieved 14 April 2016 . External links ( edit ) Son of a Preacher Man at allmusic.com Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Farmer 's Daughter Studio albums Girls Will Be Girls Makin ' Hay This Is the Life Compilation albums The Best of Farmer 's Daughter Notable singles `` Son of a Preacher Man '' `` Cornfields or Cadillacs '' `` Now That I 'm On My Own '' `` You Said '' `` Blue Horizon '' `` Let It Ride '' `` Walkin ' in the Sunshine '' Sherrié Austin Studio albums Words ( 1997 ) Love in the Real World ( 1999 ) Followin ' a Feelin ' ( 2001 ) Streets of Heaven ( 2003 ) Circus Girl ( 2011 ) Singles `` Streets of Heaven '' Deni Hines Studio albums Imagination ( 1996 ) Water for Chocolate ( 2006 ) The Other Woman ( 2007 ) The Soul Sessions ( 2014 ) Remix and compilation albums Remix Your Imagination ( 1997 ) A Delicious Collection / The Definitive Collection ( 2002 ) / ( 2004 ) Singles `` It 's Alright '' `` Imagination '' `` I Like the Way '' `` I 'm Not in Love '' `` Pull Up to the Bumper '' `` Son of a Preacher Man '' `` I Only Have Eyes for You '' `` Takin ' It to the Streets '' `` Love Is in Control ( Finger on the Trigger ) '' Featured singles `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' `` That Word ( L.O.V.E. ) '' `` It 's Not Over `` Stomp ! ''", "6": "Related articles Rockmelons Marcia Hines Kirk Pengilly Ben Steel Mushroom Records Mao 's Last Dancer ( film ) `` Not Enough Time '' ( INXS song ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Son_of_a_Preacher_Man&oldid=820916594 '' Categories : 1968 singles Skeeter Davis songs Aretha Franklin songs Liza Minnelli songs Dusty Springfield songs Farmer 's Daughter songs Sherrié Austin songs Song recordings produced by Arif Mardin Song recordings produced by Jerry Wexler Song recordings produced by Tom Dowd Atlantic Records singles Philips Records singles 1968 songs Sylvia Vrethammar songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands Norsk Polski Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018 , at 10 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 6, 4, 3, 0, 2, 5, 1 ]

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[ "1560s", "As early as 1671", "1830", "1804" ]

{ "0": "History of rail transport in Great Britain - wikipedia History of rail transport in Great Britain Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of the history of rail transport by country series . Rail Passengers in Great Britain from 1829 - 2016 Class 87 electric locomotive and Mark 3 coaches franchised by Virgin Trains . The railway system of Great Britain , the principal territory of the United Kingdom , is the oldest in the world . It was started with the building of local isolated wooden wagonways starting in 1560s . The system was later built as a patchwork of local rail links operated by small private railway companies in late 18th century . These isolated links developed during the railway boom of the 1840s into a national network , although still run by dozens of competing companies . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , these amalgamated or were bought by competitors until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see railway mania ) . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the government resisted calls for the nationalisation of the network . In 1923 , almost all the remaining companies were grouped into the `` big four '' , the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . From the start of 1948 , the `` big four '' were nationalised to form British Railways . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Declining passenger numbers and financial losses in the late 1950s and early 1960s prompted the closure of many branch and main lines , and small stations , under the Beeching Axe . Passenger services experienced a renaissance with the introduction of high - speed inter-city trains in the 1970s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in rail subsidies and above - inflation increases in fares and the service became more cost - effective . Railway operations were privatised during 1994 - 1997 .", "1": "Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , whilst passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright . Since privatisation , passenger levels have since increased to their highest ever level , but whether this is due to privatisation is disputed . The Hatfield accident set in motion the series of events that resulted in the ultimate collapse of Railtrack and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . Contents ( hide ) 1 Before 1830 : The pioneers 2 1830 -- 1922 : Early development 3 1923 -- 1947 : The Big Four 4 1948 -- 1994 : British Rail 5 1995 onwards : Post-privatisation 6 See also 7 References 8 Sources 8.1 General 8.2 Pre-1830 8.3 1830 -- 1922 8.4 1923 -- 1947 8.5 1948 -- 1994 Before 1830 : the pioneers ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 A wagonway was used by German miners at Caldbeck , Cumbria , England , perhaps from the 1560s . A wagonway was built at Prescot , near Liverpool , sometime around 1600 , possibly as early as 1594 . Owned by Philip Layton , the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about half a mile away . Another wagonway was Sir Francis Willoughby 's Wollaton Wagonway in Nottinghamshire built between 1603 and 1604 to carry coal . As early as 1671 railed roads were in use in Durham to ease the conveyance of coal ; the first of these was the Tanfield Wagonway . Many of these tramroads or wagon ways were built in the 17th and 18th centuries . They used simply straight and parallel rails of timber on which carts with simple flanged iron wheels were drawn by horses , enabling several wagons to be moved simultaneously .", "2": "Although the idea of wooden - railed wagonways originated in Germany in the 16th century , the first use of steam locomotives was in Britain . Its earliest `` railways '' were straight and were constructed from parallel rails of timber on which ran horse - drawn carts . These were succeeded in 1793 when Benjamin Outram constructed a mile - long tramway with L - shaped cast iron rails . These rails became obsolete when William Jessop began to manufacture cast iron rails without guiding ledges - the wheels of the carts had flanges instead . Cast iron is brittle and so the rails tended to break easily . Consequently , in 1820 , John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling wrought iron rails , which were used from then onwards . The first passenger service was at Oystermouth in 1807 The first passenger - carrying public railway was opened by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway at Oystermouth in 1807 , using horse - drawn carriages on an existing tramline . In 1804 , Richard Trevithick designed and built the first ( unnamed ) steam locomotive to run on smooth rails . Salamanca of 1812 The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Salamanca , built in 1812 by John Blenkinsop and Matthew Murray for the 4 ft ( 1,219 mm ) gauge Middleton Railway . Salamanca was a rack and pinion locomotive , with cog wheels driven by two cylinders embedded into the top of the centre - flue boiler . In 1813 , William Hedley and Timothy Hackworth designed a locomotive ( Puffing Billy ) for use on the tramway between Stockton and Darlington . Puffing Billy featured piston rods extending upwards to pivoting beams , connected in turn by rods to a crankshaft beneath the frames which , in turn , drove the gears attached to the wheels . This meant that the wheels were coupled , allowing better traction . A year later , George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive Blücher , which was the first locomotive to use single - flanged wheels . That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821 .", "3": "While traffic was originally intended to be horse - drawn , Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage . The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway . The 25 - mile ( 40 km ) long route opened on 27 September 1825 and , with the aid of Stephenson 's Locomotion No 1 , was the first locomotive - hauled public railway in the world . 1830 -- 1922 : early Development ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 In 1830 the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened . This set the pattern for modern railways . It was the world 's first inter-city passenger railway and the first to have ' scheduled ' services , terminal stations and services as we know them today . The railways carried freight and passengers with also the world 's first goods terminal station at the Park Lane railway goods station at Liverpool 's south docks , accessed by the 1.26 mile Wapping Tunnel . In 1836 , at the Liverpool end the line was extended to Lime Street Station in Liverpool 's city centre via a 1.1 mile long tunnel . Many of the first public railways were built as local rail links operated by small private railway companies . With increasing rapidity , more and more lines were built , often with scant regard for their potential for traffic . The 1840s were by far the biggest decade for railway growth . In 1840 , when the decade began , railway lines in Britain were few and scattered but , within ten years , a virtually complete network had been laid down and the vast majority of towns and villages had a rail connection and sometimes two or three . Over the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries , most of the pioneering independent railway companies amalgamated or were bought by competitors , until only a handful of larger companies remained ( see Railway Mania ) . The period also saw a steady increase in government involvement , especially in safety matters . The 1840 `` Act for Regulating Railways '' empowered the Board of Trade to appoint railway inspectors . The Railway Inspectorate was established in 1840 , to enquire into the causes of accidents and recommend ways of avoiding them .", "4": "As early as 1844 , a bill had been put before Parliament suggesting the state purchase of the railways ; this was not adopted . It did , however , lead to the introduction of minimum standards for the construction of carriages and the compulsory provision of 3rd class accommodation for passengers - so - called `` Parliamentary trains '' . The entire network was brought under government control during the First World War and a number of advantages of amalgamation and planning were revealed . However , the Conservative members of the wartime coalition government resisted calls for the formal nationalisation of the railways ( first proposed by William Ewart Gladstone as early as the 1840s ) in 1921 . 1923 -- 1947 : the Big Four ( edit ) Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 On 1 January 1923 , almost all the railway companies were grouped into the Big Four : the Great Western Railway , the London and North Eastern Railway , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway and the Southern Railway companies . A number of other lines , already operating as joint railways , remained separate from the Big Four ; these included the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway . The `` Big Four '' were joint - stock public companies and they continued to run the railway system until 31 December 1947 . The LNER Class A4 streamlined loco hauled express trains of the 1930s offered a high - speed alternative to road transport The competition from road transport during the 1920s and 1930s greatly reduced the revenue available to the railways , even though the needs for maintenance on the network had never been higher , as investment had been deferred over the past decade . Rail companies accused the government of favouring road haulage through the construction of roads subsidised by the taxpayer , while restricting the rail industry 's ability to use flexible pricing because it was held to nationally agreed rate cards . The government response was to commission several inconclusive reports ; the Salter Report of 1933 finally recommended that road transport should be taxed directly to fund the roads and increased Vehicle Excise Duty and fuel duties were introduced . It also noted that many small lines would never be likely to compete with road haulage .", "5": "Although these road pricing changes helped their survival , the railways entered a period of slow decline , owing to a lack of investment and changes in transport policy and lifestyles . During the Second World War , the companies ' managements joined together , effectively operating as one company . Assisting the country 's ' war effort ' put a severe strain on the railways ' resources and a substantial maintenance backlog developed . After 1945 , for both practical and ideological reasons , the government decided to bring the rail service into the public sector . 1948 -- 1994 : British rail ( edit ) The network recommended by `` Beeching II '' plans Main article : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 From the start of 1948 , the railways were nationalised to form British Railways ( latterly `` British Rail '' ) under the control of the British Transport Commission . Though there were few initial changes to the service , usage increased and the network became profitable . Regeneration of track and stations was completed by 1954 . Rail revenue fell and , in 1955 , the network again ceased to be profitable . The mid-1950s saw the hasty introduction of diesel and electric rolling stock to replace steam in a modernisation plan costing many millions of pounds but the expected transfer back from road to rail did not occur and losses began to mount . This failure to make the railways more profitable through investment led governments of all political persuasions to restrict rail investment to a drip feed and seek economies through cutbacks . The desire for profitability led to a major reduction in the network during the mid-1960s . Dr. Richard Beeching was given the task by the government of re-organising the railways ( `` the Beeching Axe '' ) . This policy resulted in many branch lines and secondary routes being closed because they were deemed uneconomic . The closure of stations serving rural communities removed much feeder traffic from main line passenger services . The closure of many freight depots that had been used by larger industries such as coal and iron led to much freight transferring to road haulage . The closures were extremely unpopular with the general public at that time and remain so today . Passenger levels decreased steadily from the late fifties to late seventies .", "6": "Passenger services then experienced a renaissance with the introduction of the high - speed Intercity 125 trains in the late 1970s and early 1980s . The 1980s saw severe cuts in government funding and above - inflation increases in fares , but the service became more cost - effective . Following sectorisation of British Rail , InterCity became profitable . InterCity became one of Britain 's top 150 companies operating city centre to city centre travel across the nation from Aberdeen and Inverness in the north to Poole and Penzance in the south . Between 1994 and 1997 , British Rail was privatised . Ownership of the track and infrastructure passed to Railtrack , passenger operations were franchised to individual private sector operators ( originally there were 25 franchises ) and the freight services sold outright ( six companies were set up , but five of these were sold to the same buyer ) . The Conservative government under John Major said that privatisation would see an improvement in passenger services . Passenger levels have since increased strongly . 1995 onwards : post-privatisation ( edit ) Main articles : History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date and Impact of the privatisation of British Rail Rail modal share 1952 - 2015 The Great Western Railway 's London terminus at Paddington Since privatisation , numbers of passengers have grown rapidly ; by 2010 the railways were carrying more passengers than at any time since the 1920s. and by 2014 passenger numbers had expanded to their highest level ever , more than doubling in the 20 years since privatisation . Train fares cost more than under British Rail . The railways have become significantly safer since privatisation and are now the safest in Europe . However , the public image of rail travel was damaged by some prominent accidents shortly after privatisation . These included the Southall rail crash ( where a train with faulty automatic train protection equipment went through a red light ) , the Ladbroke Grove rail crash ( also caused by a train going through a red light ) and the Hatfield accident ( caused by a rail fragmenting due to the development of microscopic cracks ) . Following the Hatfield accident , the rail infrastructure company Railtrack imposed over 1,200 emergency speed restrictions across its network and instigated an extremely costly nationwide track replacement programme .", "7": "The consequential severe operational disruption to the national network and the company 's spiralling costs set in motion the series of events which resulted in the ultimate collapse of the company and its replacement with Network Rail , a state - owned , not - for - dividend company . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Railways of Great Britain . History of rail transport Rail transport in Great Britain Rail freight in Great Britain List of early British railway companies History of rail transport in Ireland British postal system List of railway lines in Great Britain List of closed railway lines in Great Britain British narrow gauge railways British industrial narrow gauge railways Railway electrification in Great Britain British electric multiple units British railcars and diesel multiple units History by era History of rail transport in Great Britain to 1830 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1830 -- 1922 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1923 -- 1947 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1948 -- 1994 History of rail transport in Great Britain 1995 to date References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Allison , Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith , An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck in G. Boyes ( ed . ) , Early Railways 4 : Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008 ( Six Martlets , Sudbury , 2010 ) , pp. 52 -- 69 . Jump up ^ Jones , Mark ( 2012 ) . Lancashire Railways -- The History of Steam . Newbury : Countryside Books . p. 5 . ISBN 978 1 84674 298 9 . Jump up ^ Hylton , Stuart ( 2007 ) . The Grand Experiment : the Birth of the Railway Age 1820 - 1845 . Ian Allan Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 3172 - X . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 12 . Jump up ^ Robert Kirkby ; Richard Shelton ; et al. ( October 1990 ) . Engineering in History . New York : Dover Publications Inc . pp. 274 -- 275 .", "8": "ISBN 0 - 486 - 26412 - 2 . Jump up ^ Hamilton Ellis ( 1968 ) . The Pictorial Encyclopaedia of Railways . The Hamlyn Publishing Group . p. 20 . Jump up ^ `` Puffing Billy '' . Spartacus Educational . Archived from the original on 15 November 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` History of the locomotives '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Jump up ^ 1840 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ Hall , Stanley ( 28 September 1990 ) . Railway Detectives : The 150 - year Saga of the Railway Inspectorate . Shepperton : Ian Allan Ltd . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1929 - 0 . Jump up ^ 1844 Railway Regulation Act , originally published by HMSO ; link is to The Railways Archive Jump up ^ HM Government ( 1921 ) . `` Railways Act 1921 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by HMSO ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1947 ) . `` Transport Act 1947 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives . Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 1 : Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ British Transport Commission ( 1963 ) . `` The Reshaping of British Railways - Part 2 : Maps '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) .", "9": "Retrieved 25 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Did Dr Beeching get it wrong with his railway cuts 50 years ago ? '' . Jump up ^ The UK Department for Transport Archived 17 October 2004 at the Wayback Machine . ( DfT ) , specifically Table 6.1 from Transport Statistics Great Britain 2006 Archived 8 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ( 4MB PDF file ) Jump up ^ Marsden , Colin J. ( 1983 ) . British Rail 1983 Motive Power : Combined Volume . London : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 1284 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` The fall and rise of Britain 's railways '' . Rail Staff News . 19 December 2013 . Retrieved 11 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Her Majesty 's Government ( 1903 ) . `` Railways Act 1993 '' . The Railways Archive . ( originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` EWS Railway - Company History '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 26 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The UK Office of Rail Regulation Archived 9 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( ORR ) , specifically Section 1.2 from National Rail Trends 2006 - 2007 Q1 Archived 7 November 2008 at the UK Government Web Archive ( PDF file ) Jump up ^ `` Department for Transport Statistics : Passenger transport : by mode , annual from 1952 '' . Jump up ^ `` Growth of 6.9 % in 2010 takes demand for rail travel to new high levels '' . Association of Train Operating Companies . February 2011 . Archived from the original on 25 February 2015 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Train fares cost 0.6 % more than under British Rail '' . Daily Telegraph . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 7 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Britain 's railways now safest in Europe '' .", "10": "Jump up ^ Professor John Uff ( QC FREng ) ( 2000 ) . `` Investigation The Southall Rail Accident Inquiry Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 1 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ The Rt Hon Lord Cullen ( PC ) ( 2001 ) . `` The Ladbroke Grove Rail Inquiry : Part 2 Report '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ Railway Safety ; Standards Board ( 2004 ) . `` Hatfield Report and Recommendations '' . The Railways Archive . ( Originally published by Her Majesty 's Stationery Office ) . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Network Rail - Our History '' . Network Rail website . Retrieved 30 November 2006 . Sources ( edit ) General ( edit ) Simmons , Jack ; Biddle , Gordon ( eds . ) . The Oxford Companion to British Railway History : From 1603 to the 1990s ( 2nd ed. ( 1999 ) ed . ) . White , H.P. ( 1986 ) . Forgotten Railways . Newton Abbot , Devon : David St. John Thomas . ISBN 0 - 946537 - 13 - 5 . Westwood , John . Illustrated History of the Railroads . Brompton Books . Pre-1830 ( edit ) Hadfield , Charles. ; Skempton , A.W. ( January 1979 ) . William Jessop , Engineer . Newton Abbot : M. & M. Baldwin . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 7603 - 9 . Schofield , R.B. ( October 2000 ) .", "11": "Benjamin Outram , 1764 - 1805 : An Engineering Biography . Cardiff : Merton Priory Press . ISBN 1 - 898937 - 42 - 7 . Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . `` The History of the Railway in Britain '' . Historic Herefordshire Online . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Old Times - History of the Locomotive '' . Archived from the original on 5 December 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . Dendy Marshall , C.F. ( 1929 ) . `` The Rainhill Locomotive Trials of 1829 '' . Transactions of the Newcomen Society . 9 . Dowd , Steven ( May 1999 ) . `` The Liverpool & Manchester Railway '' . Journal of the International Bond & Share Society . Archived from the original on 8 October 2006 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . `` The Broad Gauge Story '' . Journal of the Monmouthshire Railway Society . Summer 1985 . Retrieved 24 November 2006 . 1830 -- 1922 ( edit ) McKenna , Frank . `` Victorian Railway Workers , '' History Workshop ( spring 1975 ) # 1 pp. 26 -- 73 in JSTOR Ransom , P.J.G. ( July 1989 ) . The Victorian Railway and How It Evolved . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 434 - 98083 - 8 . Science Museum ( November 1972 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 1 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290153 - 0 . Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1980 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 2 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290309 - 6 .", "12": "Christine Heap ; John Van Riemsdijk ( November 1985 ) . The Pre-grouping Railways : Their Development and Individual Characters : Part 3 . London : The Stationery Office Books . ISBN 0 - 11 - 290432 - 7 . ( No Author ) ( 1980 ) . British Railways Pre-Grouping Atlas and Gazetteer ( 5th ed . ) . Shepperton : Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0320 - 3 . 1923 -- 1947 ( edit ) R. Tourret ( November 2003 ) . GWR Engineering Work , 1928 - 1938 . Tourret Publishing , . ISBN 0 - 905878 - 08 - 6 . O.S. Nock ( 1967 ) . History of the Great Western Railway Volume Three 1923 - 48 . Ian Allan . ISBN 0 - 7110 - 0304 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 1 : The First Years , 1923 - 1930 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385087 - 1 . Nock , O.S. ( 1982 ) . A History of the LMS . Vol. 2 : The Record Breaking ' Thirties , 1931 - 1939 . George Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 385093 - 6 . 1948 -- 1994 ( edit ) Henshaw , David ( 1994 ) . The Great Railway Conspiracy : The Fall and Rise of Britain 's Railways Since the 1950s ( 2nd ed . ) . Hawes , North Yorkshire : Leading Edge Press . ISBN 0 - 948135 - 48 - 4 . Gourvish , Terry ( 2002 ) . British Rail : 1974 - 97 : From Integration to Privatisation . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926909 - 2 . `` British Railways Board history '' . The National Archives .", "13": "Archived from the original on 14 October 2006 . Retrieved 25 November 2006 . History of rail transport in Great Britain pre-1830 The pioneers 1830 -- 1922 Early development 1923 -- 1947 The Big Four 1948 -- 1994 British Rail 1995 to date Post-privatisation History of rail transport in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_Great_Britain&oldid=815515728 '' Categories : Rail transport in Great Britain History of rail transport in Great Britain Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template other archives All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2010 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 08 : 57 . 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[ 11, 13, 2, 12, 0 ]

[ "1939" ]

{ "0": "British Empire in World war II - wikipedia British Empire in World war II Jump to : navigation , search This article is incomplete . This is because numerous grammatical errors , incomplete information , lack of citations . Please help to improve it , or discuss the issue on the talk page . ( April 2018 ) Propaganda poster promoting the joint war effort of the British Empire and Commonwealth , 1939 . British Empire Campaigns of World War II Campaigns fought exclusively or largely by British Empire forces Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Occupation of Faroe Islands Balkan Campaign Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete Battle of the Mediterranean Siege of Malta Malta Convoys Western Europe British Expeditionary Force Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Evacuation of Gibraltar Invasion of Normandy Clearing the Channel Coast Liberation of Belgium Liberation of Netherlands Africa East Africa Campaign Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland North African Campaign Italian invasion of Egypt Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Occupation of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Far East Defence of Hong Kong Malayan Campaign Fall of Singapore India Japanese conquest of Burma Invasion of India Recapture of Burma Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean strike Middle East Invasion of Iraq Invasion of Southern Iran Invasion of Lebanon Invasion of Syria Americas Battle of the Atlantic Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force When the United Kingdom declared war on Nazi Germany at the outset of World War II it controlled to varying degrees numerous crown colonies , protectorates and the Indian Empire . It also maintained unique political ties to four semi-independent Dominions -- Australia , Canada , South Africa , and New Zealand -- as part of the Commonwealth .", "1": "In 1939 the British Commonwealth was a global superpower , with direct or de facto political and economic control of 25 % of the world 's population , and 30 % of its land mass . The contribution of the British Empire and Commonwealth in terms of manpower and materiel was critical to the Allied war effort . From September 1939 to mid-1942 Britain led Allied efforts in almost every global military theatre . Commonwealth forces ( United Kingdom , Colonial , Imperial and Dominion ) , totalling close to 15 million serving men and women , fought the German , Italian , Japanese and other Axis armies , air forces and navies across Europe , Africa , Asia , and in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic , Indian , Pacific and Arctic Oceans . Commonwealth forces fought in Britain , and across Northwestern Europe in the effort to slow or stop the Axis advance . Commonwealth airforces fought the Luftwaffe to a standstill over Britain , and its armies fought and destroyed Italian forces in North and East Africa and occupied several overseas colonies of German - occupied European nations . Following successful engagements against Axis forces , Commonwealth troops invaded and occupied Libya , Italian Somaliland , Eritrea , Ethiopia , Iran , Iraq , Syria , Lebanon , Iceland , the Faroe Islands , and Madagascar . The Commonwealth defeated , held back or slowed the Axis powers for three years while mobilizing their globally integrated economy , military , and industrial infrastructure to build what became , by 1942 , the most extensive military apparatus of the war . These efforts came at the cost of 150,000 military deaths , 400,000 wounded , 100,000 prisoners , over 300,000 civilian deaths , and the loss of 70 major warships , 39 submarines , 3,500 aircraft , 1,100 tanks and 65,000 vehicles . During this period the Commonwealth built an enormous military and industrial capacity . Britain became the nucleus of the Allied war effort in Europe , and hosted governments in exile in London to rally support in occupied Europe for the Allied effort . Canada delivered almost $4 billion in direct financial aid to the United Kingdom , and Australia and New Zealand began shifting to domestic production to provide material aid to US forces in the Pacific . Following the US entry into the war in December 1941 , the Commonwealth and United States coordinated their military efforts and resources globally .", "2": "As the scale of the US military involvement and industrial production increased , the US undertook command of many theatres , relieving Commonwealth forces for duty elsewhere , and expanding the scope and intensity of Allied military efforts . However , it also proved difficult to co-ordinate the defence of far - flung colonies and Commonwealth countries from simultaneous attacks by the Axis Powers . In part this was exacerbated by disagreements over priorities and objectives , as well as the deployment and control of joint forces . The governments of Britain and Australia , in particular , turned to the United States for support . Although the British Empire and the Commonwealth countries all emerged from the war as victors , and the conquered territories were returned to British rule , the costs of the war and the nationalist fervour that it had stoked became a catalyst for the decolonisation which took place in the following decades . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pre-war plans for defence 2 Declaration of war against Germany 3 Empire and Commonwealth contribution 3.1 Finances 4 Crisis in the Mediterranean 5 Fall of Singapore 6 India 7 Victory 8 Aftermath 9 Military histories of the British Empire , Colonies and Dominions 10 See also 10.1 Homefront 10.2 Major military formations and units 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 Further reading 13.1 Army 13.2 Royal Navy 13.3 Air war 14 External links Prewar plans for defence ( edit ) From 1923 , defence of British colonies and protectorates in East Asia was centred on the `` Singapore strategy '' . This made the assumption that Britain could send a fleet to its naval base in Singapore within two or three days of a Japanese attack , while relying on France to provide assistance in Asia via its colony in Indochina and , in the event of war with Italy , to help defend British territories in the Mediterranean . Pre-war planners did not anticipate the fall of France : Nazi occupation , the loss of control over the Channel , and the employment of French Atlantic ports as forward bases for U-boats directly threatened Britain itself , forcing a significant reassessment of naval defence priorities . During the 1930s , a triple threat emerged for the British Commonwealth in the form of right - wing , militaristic governments in Germany , Italy and Japan .", "3": "Germany threatened Britain itself , while Italy and Japan 's imperial ambitions looked set to clash with the British imperial presence in the Mediterranean and East Asia respectively . However , there were differences of opinion within the UK and the Dominions as to which posed the most serious threat , and whether any attack would come from more than one power at the same time . Declaration of war against Germany ( edit ) Sir Robert Menzies broadcasting to Australia the news of the outbreak of war , 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France declared war on Germany . Britain 's declaration of war automatically committed India , the Crown colonies , and the protectorates , but the 1931 Statute of Westminster had granted autonomy to the Dominions so each decided their course separately . Australian Prime Minister Robert Menzies immediately joined the British declaration on 3 September , believing that it applied to all subjects of the Empire and Commonwealth . New Zealand followed suit simultaneously , at 9.30 pm on 3 September ( local time ) , after Peter Fraser consulted the Cabinet ; although as Chamberlain 's broadcast was drowned by static , the Cabinet ( led by Fraser as Prime Minister Mickey Savage was terminally ill ) delayed until the Admiralty announced to the fleet a state of war , then backdated the declaration to 9.30 pm . South Africa took three days to make its decision ( on 6 September ) , as the Prime Minister General J.B.M. Hertzog favoured neutrality but was defeated by the pro-war vote in the Union Parliament , led by General Jan Smuts , who then replaced Hertzog . Canadian Prime Minister Mackenzie King declared support for Britain on the day of the British declaration , but also stated that it was for Parliament to make the formal declaration , which it did so one week later on 10 September . The Irish Free State , which had been a dominion until 1937 , remained neutral Empire and Commonwealth contribution ( edit ) British Empire and Commonwealth forms of government and production c 1940 Kenya Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve 1945 While the war was initially intended to be limited , resources were mobilized quickly , and the first shots were fired almost immediately .", "4": "Just hours after the Australian declaration of war , a gun at Fort Queenscliff fired across the bows of a ship as it attempted to leave Melbourne without required clearances . On 10 October 1939 , an aircraft of No. 10 Squadron RAAF based in England became the first Commonwealth air force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to Tunisia . The first Canadian convoy of 15 ships bearing war goods departed Halifax just six days after the nation declared war , with two destroyers HMCS St. Laurent and HMCS Saguenay . A further 26 convoys of 527 ships sailed from Canada in the first four months of the war , and by 1 January 1940 Canada had landed an entire division in Britain . On 13 June 1940 Canadian troops deployed to France in an attempt to secure the southern flank of the British Expeditionary Force in Belgium . As the fall of France grew imminent , Britain looked to Canada to rapidly provide additional troops to strategic locations in North America , the Atlantic and Caribbean . Following the Canadian destroyer already on station from 1939 , Canada provided troops from May 1940 to assist in the defence of the British Caribbean colonies , with several companies serving throughout the war in Bermuda , Jamaica , the Bahamas and British Guiana . Canadian troops were also sent to the defence of the colony of Newfoundland , on Canada 's east coast , the closest point in North America to Germany . Fearing the loss of a land link to the British Isles , Canada was also requested to also occupy Iceland , which it did from June 1940 to the spring of 1941 , following the initial British invasion . From mid-June 1940 , following the rapid German invasions and occupations of Poland , Denmark , Norway , France , Belgium , Luxembourg and the Netherlands , the British Commonwealth was the main opponent of Germany and the Axis , until the entry into the war of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . During this period Australia , India , New Zealand and South Africa provided dozens of ships and several divisions for the defence of the Mediterranean , Greece , Crete , Lebanon and Egypt , where British troops were outnumbered four to one by the Italian armies in Libya and Ethiopia . Canada delivered a further 2nd Canadian Infantry Division , pilots for two air squadrons , and several warships to Britain to face a possible invasion from the continent .", "5": "In December 1941 , Japan launched , in quick succession , attacks on British Malaya , the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor , and Hong Kong . Substantial financial support was provided by Canada to the UK and Commonwealth dominions , in the form of over $4 billion in aid through the Billion Dollar Gift and Mutual Aid and the War Appropriation Act . Over the course of the war over 1.6 million Canadians served in uniform ( out of a prewar population of 11 million ) , in almost every theatre of the war , and by war 's end the country had the third - largest navy and fourth - largest air force in the world . By the end of the war , almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces ( out of a population of under 7 million ) , whose military units fought primarily in Europe , North Africa , and the South West Pacific . The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan ( also known as the `` Empire Air Training Scheme '' ) was established by the governments of Australia , Canada , New Zealand and the UK resulting in : joint training at flight schools in Canada , Southern Rhodesia , Australia and New Zealand ; formation of new squadrons of the Dominion air forces , known as `` Article XV squadrons '' for service as part of Royal Air Force operational commands , and ; in practice , the pooling of RAF and Dominion air force personnel , for posting to both RAF and Article XV squadrons . Finances ( edit ) Britain borrowed everywhere it could and made heavy purchases of munitions and supplies in India and Canada during the war , as well as other parts of the Empire and neutral countries . Canada also made gifts . Britain 's sterling balances around the world amounted to ₤ 3.4 billion in 1945 or the equivalent of about $ US 200 billion in 2016 dollars . However , Britain treated this as a long - term loan with no interest and no specified repayment date . Just when the money would be made available by London was an issue , for the British treasury was nearly empty by 1945 . Crisis in the Mediterranean ( edit ) Second Officer Kalyan Sen and Chief Officer Margaret L Cooper , Women 's Royal Indian Naval Service , 1945 In June 1940 , France surrendered to invading German forces , and Italy joined the war on the Axis side , causing a reversal of the Singapore strategy .", "6": "Winston Churchill , who had replaced Neville Chamberlain as British Prime Minister the previous month ( see Norway debate ) , ordered that the Middle East and the Mediterranean were of a higher priority than the Far East to defend . Australia and New Zealand were told by telegram that they should turn to the United States for help in defending their homeland should Japan attack : Without the assistance of France we should not have sufficient forces to meet the combined German and Italian navies in European waters and the Japanese fleet in the Far East . In the circumstances envisaged , it is most improbable that we could send adequate reinforcements to the Far East . We should therefore have to rely on the United States of America to safeguard our interests there . Commonwealth forces played a major role in North and East Africa following Italy 's entry to the war , participating in the invasion of Italian Libya and Somaliland , but were forced to retreat after Churchill diverted resources to Greece and Crete . Fall of Singapore ( edit ) Main article : Fall of Singapore The Battle of Singapore was fought in the South - East Asian theatre of World War II when the Empire of Japan invaded the Allied stronghold of Singapore . Singapore was the major British military base in South East Asia and nicknamed the `` Gibraltar of the East '' . The fighting in Singapore lasted from 31 January 1942 to 15 February 1942 . It resulted in the fall of Singapore to the Japanese , and the largest surrender of British - led military personnel in history . About 80,000 British , Australian and Indian troops became prisoners of war , joining 50,000 taken by the Japanese in the Malayan campaign . Britain 's Prime Minister Winston Churchill called the ignominious fall of Singapore to the Japanese the `` worst disaster '' and `` largest capitulation '' in British history . India ( edit ) Further information : British Raj Serious tension erupted over American support for independence for India , a proposition Churchill vehemently rejected . For years Roosevelt had encouraged Britain 's disengagement from India . The American position was based on principled opposition to colonialism . The politically active Indian population was deeply divided . One element was so insistent on the explosion of the British , that it sided with Germany and Japan , and formed the Indian National Army ( INA ) from Indian prisoners of war . It fought as part of the Japanese invasion of Burma and eastern India .", "7": "There was a large pacifist element , which rallied to Gandhi 's call for abstention from the war ; he said that violence in every form was evil . There was a high level of religious tension between the Hindu majority and the Muslims minority . For the first time the Muslim community became politically active , giving strong support for the British war effort . Over 2 million Indians volunteered for military service , including a large Muslim contingent . The British were sensitive to demands of the Muslim League , led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah , since it needed Muslim soldiers in India and Muslim support all across the Middle East . London used the religious tensions in India as a justification to continue its rule , saying it was needed to prevent religious massacres of the sort that did happen in 1947 . The imperialist element in Britain was strongly represented in the Conservative party ; Churchill himself had long been its leading spokesman . On the other hand , Attlee and the Labour Party favoured independence and had close ties to the Congress Party . The British cabinet sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India with a specific peace plan offering India the promise of dominion status after the war . Congress demanded independence immediately and the Cripps mission failed . Roosevelt gave support to Congress , sending his representative Louis Johnson to help negotiate some sort of independence . Churchill was outraged , refused to cooperate with Roosevelt on the issue , and threatened to resign as prime minister of Roosevelt pushed too hard . Roosevelt pulled back . In 1942 when the Congress Party launched a Quit India Movement of non-violent civil disobedience , the Raj police immediately arrested tens of thousands of activists ( including Gandhi , holding them for the duration . Meanwhile , wartime disruptions caused severe food shortages in eastern India ; hundreds of thousands died of starvation . To this day a large Indian element blames Churchill for the Bengal famine of 1943 . In terms of the war effort , India became a major base for American supplies sent to India , and Lend Lease operations boosted the local economy . The 2 million Indian soldiers were a major factor in British success in the Middle East . Muslim support for the British war effort proved decisive in the British decision to partition the Raj , forming of the new state of Pakistan . Victory ( edit ) Main articles : Victory in Europe Day and Victory over Japan Day The front page of The Montreal Daily Star announcing the German surrender .", "8": "May 7 , 1945 On 8 May 1945 , the World War II Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of Adolf Hitler 's Third Reich . The formal surrender of the occupying German forces in the Channel Islands was not until 9 May 1945 . On 30 April Hitler committed suicide during the Battle of Berlin , and so the surrender of Germany was authorized by his replacement , President of Germany Karl Dönitz . The act of military surrender was signed on 7 May in Reims , France , and ratified on 8 May in Berlin , Germany . In the afternoon of 15 August 1945 , the Surrender of Japan occurred , effectively ending World War II . On this day the initial announcement of Japan 's surrender was made in Japan , and because of time zone differences it was announced in the United States , Western Europe , the Americas , the Pacific Islands , and Australia / New Zealand on 14 August 1945 . The signing of the surrender document occurred on 2 September 1945 . Aftermath ( edit ) By the end of the war in August 1945 , British Commonwealth forces were responsible for the civil and / or military administration of a number of non-Commonwealth territories , occupied during the war , including Eritrea , Libya , Madagascar , Iran , Iraq , Lebanon , Italian Somaliland , Syria , Thailand and portions of Germany , Austria and Japan . Most of these military administrations were handed over to old European colonial authorities or to new local authorities soon after the end of the hostilities . Commonwealth forces administered occupation zones in Japan , Germany and Austria until 1955 . World War II confirmed that Britain was no longer the great power it had once been , and that it had been surpassed by the United States on the world stage . Canada , Australia and New Zealand moved within the orbit of the United States . The image of imperial strength in Asia had been shattered by the Japanese attacks , and British prestige there was irreversibly damaged . The price for India 's entry to the war had been effectively a guarantee for independence , which came within two years of the end of the war , relieving Britain of its most populous and valuable colony .", "9": "The deployment of 150,000 Africans overseas from British colonies , and the stationing of white troops in Africa itself led to revised perceptions of the Empire in Africa . Military histories of the British Empire , colonies and Dominions ( edit ) The contributions from individual colonies , protectorates and dominions to the war effort were extensive and global . Further information about their involvement can be found in the military histories of the individual colonies and dominions listed below . United Kingdom Aden Ascension Australia Barbados Basutoland Bechuanaland Bermuda British Cameroons British Guiana British Honduras British Leeward Islands British Malaya British Solomon Islands British Somaliland British Windward Islands Protectorate of Brunei Burma Canada Cayman Islands Ceylon Cyprus Dominica Egypt Falkland Islands Fiji Gambia Gibraltar Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gold Coast Grenada Guernsey Hong Kong India Jamaica Jersey Kenya Malta Mandatory Palestine Mauritius Nauru Nepal Newfoundland New Guinea New Hebrides New Zealand Nigeria Norfolk Island North Borneo Northern Rhodesia Nyasaland Papua St Helena Saint Lucia Saint Vincent Sarawak Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore South Africa South West Africa Southern Rhodesia Straits Settlements Sudan Tanganyika Tonga Protectorate Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Uganda Protectorate Western Samoa Zanzibar British Military Administration ( Borneo ) British Military Administration ( Eritrea ) British Military Administration of Italian Somaliland British Military Administration ( Libya ) British Military Administration ( Malaya ) British Military Administration ( Somalia ) See also ( edit ) British Empire portal World War II portal Homefront ( edit ) Australian home front during the Second World War Christmas", "10": "Island Mutiny and Battle Gibraltar evacuation in the Second World War British home front during the Second World War Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Japanese occupation of British Borneo Japanese occupation of Burma Japanese occupation of Hong Kong Japanese occupation of Malaya Japanese occupation of Nauru Japanese occupation of Singapore German occupation of the Channel Islands Major military formations and units ( edit ) List of British Empire corps of the Second World War List of British Empire divisions in the Second World War List of British Empire brigades of the Second World War East Africa Command Far East Command India Command Malaya Command Middle East Command Persia and Iraq Command West Africa Command Pacific Fleet Eastern Fleet Home Fleet Mediterranean Fleet Reserve Fleet Bomber Command Ferry Command Fighter Command RAF Squadrons British Commonwealth Air Training Plan British Commonwealth Occupation Force References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ireland was also technically a dominion but operated largely as a republic and remained neutral during the war ) Jump up ^ The term was popularised during World War I and became official after the Balfour Declaration in 1926 . W. David McIntyre , 1999 , `` The Commonwealth '' ; in Robin Winks ( ed . ) , The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume V : Historiography , Oxford University Press , p. 558 . Jump up ^ History of the Second World War ( 104 volumes ) , Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , London 1949 to 1993 Jump up ^ Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Jump up ^ Edgerton , David ( 2011 ) Jump up ^ Louis , p. 315 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 284 Jump up ^ Brown , pp. 307 -- 9 Jump up ^ McKernan ( 1983 ) . p. 4 . Jump up ^ Stephens ( 2006 ) . pp. 76 -- 79 . Jump up ^ Byers , A.R. , ed. ( 1986 ) . The Canadians at War 1939 -- 45 .", "11": "Westmount , QC : The Readers ' Digest Association . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88850 - 145 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hague , 2000 Jump up ^ Byers , p. 26 Jump up ^ Stacey 1970 Jump up ^ McIntyre pp. 336 -- 7 Jump up ^ Grey ( 2008 ) . pp. 156 -- 164 . Jump up ^ Brown , p. 310 Jump up ^ See `` Pounds Sterling to Dollars : Historical Conversion of Currency '' Jump up ^ Marcelo de Paiva Abreu , `` India as a creditor : sterling balances , 1940 - 1953 . '' ( Department of Economics , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , 2015 ) online Jump up ^ Louis , p. 335 Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 339 Jump up ^ Brown , p. 317 Jump up ^ McIntyre p. 337 Jump up ^ Smith , Colin ( 2006 ) . Singapore Burning : Heroism and Surrender in World War II . Penguin Group . ISBN 0 - 14 - 101036 - 3 . Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 1986 ) . The Hinge of Fate , Volume 4 . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , p. 81 . ISBN 0395410584 Jump up ^ William Roger Louis , Imperialism at Bay : The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire , 1941 - 1945 ( 1978 ) . Jump up ^ Andrew N. Buchanan , `` The War Crisis and the Decolonization of India , December 1941 -- September 1942 : A Political and Military Dilemma . '' Global War Studies 8 # 2 ( 2011 ) : 5 - 31 . Jump up ^ Kenton J. Clymer , `` Franklin D. Roosevelt , Louis Johnson , India , and Anticolonialism : Another Look . '' Pacific Historical Review 57 # 3 ( 1988 ) : 261 - 284 .", "12": "online Jump up ^ Yasmin Khan , The Raj at War : A People 's History of India 's Second World War ( 2016 ) Jump up ^ Arthur Herman ( 2008 ) . Gandhi & Churchill : The Epic Rivalry That Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age . pp. 472 -- 539 . Jump up ^ John Hickman , `` Orwellian Rectification : Popular Churchill Biographies and the 1943 Bengal Famine . '' Studies in History 24 # 2 ( 2008 ) : 235 - 243 . Jump up ^ Eric S. Rubin , `` America , Britain , and Swaraj : Anglo - American Relations and Indian Independence , 1939 -- 1945 , '' India Review '' ( Jan -- March 2011 ) 10 # 1 pp 40 -- 80 Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 341 Jump up ^ McIntyre , p. 342 Bibliography ( edit ) Brown , Judith ( 1998 ) . The Twentieth Century , The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 924679 - 3 . Bryce , Robert Broughton ( 2005 ) . Canada and the cost of World War II . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7735 - 2938 - 0 . Butler , J.R.M. et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 Chartrand , René ; Ronald Volstad ( 2001 ) . Canadian Forces in World War II . Osprey Publishing .", "13": "ISBN 1 - 84176 - 302 - 0 Copp , J. T ; Richard Nielsen ( 1995 ) . No price too high : Canadians and the Second World War . McGraw - Hill Ryerson . ISBN 0 - 07 - 552713 - 8 . Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages Hague , Arnold : The allied convoy system 1939 -- 1945 : its organization , defence and operation . St. Catharines , Ontario : Vanwell , 2000 . Jackson , Ashley ( 2006 ) . The British Empire and the Second World War . London : Hambledon Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1852854171 . Louis , Wm . Roger ( 2006 ) . Ends of British Imperialism : The Scramble for Empire , Suez and Decolonization . I.B. Tauris . ISBN 1 - 84511 - 347 - 0 . McIntyre , W. Donald ( 1977 ) . The Commonwealth of Nations . University of Minnesota Press . ISBN 0 - 8166 - 0792 - 3 . Morton , Desmond ( 1999 ) . A military history of Canada ( 4th ed . ) . Toronto : McClelland and Stewart . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 6514 - 0 . Mulvey , Paul . The British Empire in World War II . Academic.edu . Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) Stacey , C P. ( 1970 ) Arms , Men and Governments : The War Policies of Canada , 1939 -- 1945 Queen 's Printer , Ottawa ( Downloadable PDF ) ISBN D2 - 5569 Stewart , Andrew ( 2008 ) . Empire Lost : Britain , the Dominions and the Second World War . London : Continuum . ISBN 978 - 1847252449 . Further reading ( edit ) Butler , J.R.M.", "14": "et al. Grand Strategy ( 6 vol 1956 -- 60 ) , official overview of the British war effort ; Volume 1 : Rearmament Policy ; Volume 2 : September 1939 -- June 1941 ; Volume 3 , Part 1 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 3 , Part 2 : June 1941 -- August 1942 ; Volume 4 : September 1942 -- August 1943 ; Volume 5 : August 1943 -- September 1944 ; Volume 6 : October 1944 -- August 1945 Churchill , Winston . The Second World War ( 6 vol 1947 -- 51 ) , classic personal history with many documents Edgerton , David . Britain 's War Machine : Weapons , Resources , and Experts in the Second World War ( Oxford University Press ; 2011 ) 445 pages Harrison , Mark Medicine and Victory : British Military Medicine in the Second World War ( 2004 ) . ISBN 0 - 19 - 926859 - 2 Hastings , Max . Winston 's War : Churchill , 1940 -- 1945 ( 2010 ) Khan , Yasmin . The Raj at War : A People 's History of India 's Second World War ( 2015 ) Raghavan , Srinath . India 's War : World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia ( 2016 ) Roberts , Andrew . Masters and Commanders -- How Roosevelt , Churchill , Marshall and Alanbrooke Won the War in the West ( 2008 ) Army ( edit ) Allport , Alan . Browned Off and Bloody - Minded : The British Soldier Goes to War , 1939 -- 1945 ( Yale UP , 2015 ) Atkinson , Rick . The Day of Battle : The War in Sicily and Italy , 1943 -- 1944 ( 2008 ) excerpt and text search Buckley , John . British Armour in the Normandy Campaign 1944 ( 2004 ) D'Este , Carlo . Decision in Normandy : The Unwritten Story of Montgomery and the Allied Campaign ( 1983 ) . ISBN 0 - 00 - 217056 - 6 . Ellis , L.F.", "15": "The War in France and Flanders , 1939 -- 1940 ( HMSO , 1953 ) online Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 1 : Battle of Normandy ( HMSO , 1962 ) Ellis , L.F. Victory in the West , Volume 2 : Defeat of Germany ( HMSO , 1968 ) Fraser , David . And We Shall Shock Them : The British Army in World War II ( 1988 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 42637 - 1 Graham , Dominick . Tug of War : The Battle for Italy 1943 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) Hamilton , Nigel . Monty : The Making of a General : 1887 -- 1942 ( 1981 ) ; Master of the Battlefield : Monty 's War Years 1942 -- 1944 ( 1984 ) ; Monty : The Field - Marshal 1944 -- 1976 ( 1986 ) . Lamb , Richard . War In Italy , 1943 -- 1945 : A Brutal Story ( 1996 ) Thompson , Julian . The Imperial War Museum Book of the War in Burma 1942 -- 1945 ( 2004 ) Sebag - Montefiore , Hugh . Dunkirk : Fight to the Last Man ( 2008 ) Royal Navy ( edit ) Barnett , Corelli . Engage the Enemy More Closely : The Royal Navy in the Second World War ( 1991 ) Marder , Arthur . Old Friends , New Enemies : The Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy , vol. 2 : The Pacific War , 1942 -- 1945 with Mark Jacobsen and John Horsfield ( 1990 ) Roskill , S.W. The White Ensign : British Navy at War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1960 ) . summary Roskill , S.W.", "16": "War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 1 : The Defensive London : HMSO , 1954 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 2 : The Period of Balance , 1956 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 1 , 1960 ; War at Sea 1939 -- 1945 , Volume 3 : The Offensive , Part 2 , 1961 . online vol 1 ; online vol 2 Air war ( edit ) Bungay , Stephen . The Most Dangerous Enemy : The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain ( 2nd ed. 2010 ) Collier , Basil . Defence of the United Kingdom ( HMSO , 1957 ) online Fisher , David E , A Summer Bright and Terrible : Winston Churchill , Lord Dowding , Radar , and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain ( 2005 ) excerpt online Hastings , Max . Bomber Command ( 1979 ) Hansen , Randall . Fire and Fury : The Allied Bombing of Germany , 1942 -- 1945 ( 2009 ) Hough , Richard and Denis Richards . The Battle of Britain ( 1989 ) 480 pp Messenger , Charles , `` Bomber '' Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1984 ) , defends Harris Overy , Richard . The Battle of Britain : The Myth and the Reality ( 2001 ) 192 pages excerpt and text search Richards , Dennis , et al. Royal Air Force , 1939 -- 1945 : The Fight at Odds -- Vol. 1 ( HMSO 1953 ) , official history vol 1 online edition vol 2 online edition ; vol 3 online edition Shores , Christopher F. Air War for Burma : The Allied Air Forces Fight Back in South - East Asia 1942 -- 1945 ( 2005 ) Terraine , John . A Time for Courage : The Royal Air Force in the European War , 1939 -- 1945 ( 1985 ) Verrier , Anthony .", "17": "The Bomber Offensive ( 1969 ) , British Webster , Charles and Noble Frankland , The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany , 1939 -- 1945 ( HMSO , 1961 ) , 4 vol . Important official British history Wood , Derek , and Derek D. Dempster . The Narrow Margin : The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930 -- 40 ( 1975 ) online edition External links ( edit ) Checklist of official histories Britain in World War II British Empire battles of the Second World War Africa East Africa Conquest of British Somaliland Capture of Italian Somaliland Recapture of British Somaliland Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia North Africa First Battle of El Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein Italian invasion of Egypt Operation Compass Run for Tunis Siege of Giarabub Siege of Tobruk Capture of Tobruk Operation Brevity Operation Skorpion Operation Sonnenblume Occupation of Libya Southern Africa Battle of Madagascar West Africa Battle of Dakar Operation Postmaster Europe Arctic Battle of the Barents Sea Evacuation of Norway Occupation of Iceland Evacuation of Spitsbergen Faroe Islands Occupation Balkans Reinforcement of Greece Battle of Crete ( Rethymno Thermopylae Vevi ) Mediterranean Convoy AN 14 Attack on Mers - el - Kébir Battle of Calabria Campobasso Convoy Battle of Cape Bon Battle of Cape Matapan Battle of Cape Passero Battle of Cape Spada Battle of Cape Spartivento Cigno Convoy Duisburg Convoy Espero Convoy Battle of the Ligurian Sea Battle of Skerki Bank Battle of the Strait of Otranto ( 1940 )", "18": "Battle of Taranto Tarigo Convoy Battle off Zuwarah Operation Abstention Operation Agreement Operation Albumen Operation Excess Operation Grog Raid on Alexandria Raid on Souda Bay Siege of Malta Malta Convoys Western Europe Battle of the Heligoland Bight BEF Dunkirk evacuation Battle of Britain The Blitz Dieppe Raid Channel Dash Operation Gisela Operation Steinbock Operation Diver Evacuation of Gibraltar Juno Beach Gold Beach Sword Beach Clearing the Channel Coast Battle of the Scheldt Operation Blackcock Battle of the Reichswald St Nazaire Raid Liberation of Belgium Liberation of the Netherlands Far East Hong Kong Battle of Kowloon and New Territories Battle of Hong Kong Island Malay Japanese invasion of Malaya Battle of Jitra Defence of Johore Singapore Fall of Singapore Burma Japanese conquest of Burma Arakan Campaign 1942 -- 43 Recapture of Burma India Invasion of India Operation U-Go Battle of Imphal Battle of Kohima Indian Ocean Indian Ocean disaster Indian Ocean retreat Cocos Islands mutiny Indian Ocean raid Battle of Ceylon Evacuation of British Somaliland Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands Indian Ocean raid ( 1944 ) Indian Ocean strike Battle of the Malacca Strait Bombing of Sumatra Bombardment of Andaman Islands Bombardment of Northern Malay Middle East Iraq Invasion of Iraq Battle of Fallujah Siege of Habbaniya Battle of Basra Capture of Baghdad Iran Invasion of Khuzestan Invasion of Central Iran Syria -- Lebanon Invasion of Lebanon Capture of Beirut Invasion of Syria", "19": "Capture of Damascus Americas Atlantic Battle of the River Plate Battle of the Gulf of St.", "20": "Lawrence Battle of the Denmark Strait Newfoundland Escort Force Mid-Ocean Escort Force Western Local Escort Force Western Approaches Escort Force History of World War II by region and country Africa Belgian Congo British Somaliland Egypt French West Africa French Somaliland Gold Coast Kenya Liberia Nyasaland Madagascar South Africa Southern Rhodesia Tunisia North America Canada Cuba El Salvador Greenland Mexico Newfoundland Panama United States Arizona Nevada New Mexico Puerto Rico South America Argentina Brazil British Guiana Colombia Latin America Uruguay Venezuela Asia Burma Ceylon China Manchuria Dutch East Indies Hong Kong India Indochina Iran Iraq Japan Malaya Mongolia Nepal Philippines Sarawak , Brunei , Labuan , and British North Borneo Singapore Thailand Turkey Europe Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Estonia Finland France Basque Country Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Soviet Union Azerbaijan Belarus Ukraine Spain Galicia Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom British Empire Channel Islands Gibraltar Vatican City Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Empire_in_World_War_II&oldid=836947070 '' Categories : British Empire in World War II History of the Commonwealth of Nations Military of the Commonwealth of Nations History of the British Empire World War II national military histories 1939 in the British Empire 1940s in the British Empire World War II by country Imperialism Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2018 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Use British English from August 2011 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017 Articles with inconsistent citation formats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 20 : 14 .", "21": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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[ 1, 3, 4, 13, 5 ]

[ "When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution", "the concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility" ]

{ "0": "Precipitation ( Chemistry ) - Wikipedia Precipitation ( Chemistry ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical phenomenon . For other uses , see Precipitation ( disambiguation ) . `` Precipitate '' redirects here . For other uses , see Precipitate ( disambiguation ) . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may lack focus or may be about more than one topic . Please help improve this article , possibly by splitting the article and / or by introducing a disambiguation page , or discuss this issue on the talk page . ( August 2017 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Chemical Precipitation Precipitation is the creation of a solid from a solution . When the reaction occurs in a liquid solution , the solid formed is called the ' precipitate ' . The chemical that causes the solid to form is called the ' precipitant ' . Without sufficient force of gravity ( settling ) to bring the solid particles together , the precipitate remains in suspension . After sedimentation , especially when using a centrifuge to press it into a compact mass , the precipitate may be referred to as a ' pellet ' . Precipitation can be used as a medium . The precipitate - free liquid remaining above the solid is called the ' supernate ' or ' supernatant ' . Powders derived from precipitation have also historically been known as ' flowers ' . When the solid appears in the form of cellulose fibers which have been through chemical processing , the process is often referred to as regeneration . Sometimes the formation of a precipitate indicates the occurrence of a chemical reaction . If silver nitrate solution is poured into a solution of sodium chloride , a chemical reaction occurs forming a white precipitate of silver chloride . When potassium iodide solution reacts with lead ( II ) nitrate solution , a yellow precipitate of lead ( II ) iodide is formed .", "1": "Precipitation may occur if the concentration of a compound exceeds its solubility ( such as when mixing solvents or changing their temperature ) . Precipitation may occur rapidly from a supersaturated solution . In solids , precipitation occurs if the concentration of one solid is above the solubility limit in the host solid , due to e.g. rapid quenching or ion implantation , and the temperature is high enough that diffusion can lead to segregation into precipitates . Precipitation in solids is routinely used to synthesize nanoclusters . An important stage of the precipitation process is the onset of nucleation . The creation of a hypothetical solid particle includes the formation of an interface , which requires some energy based on the relative surface energy of the solid and the solution . If this energy is not available , and no suitable nucleation surface is available , supersaturation occurs . Contents ( hide ) 1 Applications 2 Representation using chemical equations 3 Precipitate colors 4 Anion / cation analysis 5 Digestion 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Applications ( edit ) Crystals of meso - tetratolylporphyrin from a reflux of propanoic acid precipitate on cooling Copper from a wire is displaced by silver in a silver nitrate solution it is dipped into , and solid silver precipitates out . Precipitation reactions can be used for making pigments , removing salts from water in water treatment , and in classical qualitative inorganic analysis . Precipitation is also useful to isolate the products of a reaction during workup . Ideally , the product of the reaction is insoluble in the reaction solvent . Thus , it precipitates as it is formed , preferably forming pure crystals . An example of this would be the synthesis of porphyrins in refluxing propionic acid . By cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature , crystals of the porphyrin precipitate , and are collected by filtration : Precipitation may also occur when an antisolvent ( a solvent in which the product is insoluble ) is added , drastically reducing the solubility of the desired product . Thereafter , the precipitate may easily be separated by filtration , decanting , or centrifugation .", "2": "An example would be the synthesis of chromic tetraphenylporphyrin chloride : water is added to the DMF reaction solution , and the product precipitates . Precipitation is also useful in purifying products : crude bmim - Cl is taken up in acetonitrile , and dropped into ethyl acetate , where it precipitates . Another important application of an antisolvent is in ethanol precipitation of DNA . In metallurgy , precipitation from a solid solution is also a useful way to strengthen alloys ; this process is known as solid solution strengthening . Representation using chemical equations ( edit ) See also : solubility product An example of a precipitation reaction : Aqueous silver nitrate ( AgNO ) is added to a solution containing potassium chloride ( KCl ) , the precipitation of a white solid , silver chloride ( AgCl ) , is observed . ( Zumdahl , 2005 ) AgNO 3 + KCl ⟶ AgCl ↓ + KNO 3 ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( AgNO3 ) + KCl - > AgCl ( v ) + KNO3 ) ) ) The silver chloride ( AgCl ) has formed a solid , which is observed as a precipitate . This reaction can be written emphasizing the dissociated ions in a combined solution . This is known as the ionic equation . Ag + + NO 3 − + K + + Cl − ⟶ AgCl ↓ + K + + NO 3 − ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( Ag+ ) + ( NO3 ^ ( - ) ) + ( K+ ) + ( Cl ^ ( - ) ) - > AgCl ( v ) + ( K+ ) + NO3 ^ ( - ) ) ) ) A final way to represent a precipitate reaction is known as a net ionic reaction . In this case , any spectator ions ( those that do not contribute to the reaction ) are left out of the formula completely .", "3": "This simplifies the above equations to the following : Ag + + Cl − ⟶ AgCl ↓ ( \\ displaystyle ( \\ ce ( ( Ag+ ) + Cl ^ - - > AgCl ( v ) ) ) ) Precipitate colors ( edit ) Green and reddish brown stains on a limestone core sample , respectively corresponding to precipitates of oxides / hydroxides of Fe and Fe . Many compounds containing metal ions produce precipitates with distinctive colors . The following are typical colors for various metals . However , many of these compounds can produce colors very different from those listed . Gold black Chromium Deep green , murky green , orange , purple , yellow , brown Cobalt Pink Copper Blue Iron ( II ) Green Iron ( III ) Reddish brown Manganese Pale pink Nickel Green Lead Yellow Other compounds generally form white precipitates . Anion / cation analysis ( edit ) See also : Qualitative inorganic analysis Precipitate formation is useful in the detection of the type of cation in a salt . To do this , an alkali first reacts with the unknown salt to produce a precipitate that is the hydroxide of the unknown salt . To identify the cation , the color of the precipitate and its solubility in excess are noted . Similar processes are often used in sequence -- for example , a barium nitrate solution will react with sulfate ions to form a solid barium sulfate precipitate , indicating that it is likely that sulfate ions are present . Digestion ( edit ) Digestion , or precipitate ageing , happens when a freshly formed precipitate is left , usually at a higher temperature , in the solution from which it precipitates . It results in cleaner and bigger particles . The physico - chemical process underlying digestion is called Ostwald ripening . See also ( edit ) Coprecipitation Salting in Salting out Effervescence References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Dhara , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Formation , Dynamics , and Characterization of Nanostructures by Ion Beam Irradiation '' . Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences . 32 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 50 .", "4": "Bibcode : 2007CRSSM ... 32 ... 1D . doi : 10.1080 / 10408430601187624 . Jump up ^ A.D. Adler ; F.R. Longo ; J.D. Finarelli ; J. Goldmacher ; J. Assour ; L. Korsakoff ( 1967 ) . `` A simplified synthesis for meso - tetraphenylporphine '' . J. Org . Chem. 32 ( 2 ) : 476 -- 476 . doi : 10.1021 / jo01288a053 . Jump up ^ Alan D. Adler ; Frederick R. Longo ; Frank Kampas ; Jean Kim ( 1970 ) . `` On the preparation of metalloporphyrins '' . Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry . 32 ( 7 ) : 2443 . doi : 10.1016 / 0022 - 1902 ( 70 ) 80535 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dupont , J. , Consorti , C. , Suarez , P. , de Souza , R. ( 2004 ) . `` Preparation of 1 - Butyl - 3 - methyl imidazolium - based Room Temperature Ionic Liquids '' . Organic Syntheses . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ; Collective Volume , 10 , p. 184 Further reading ( edit ) Zumdahl , Steven S. ( 2005 ) . Chemical Principles ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 37206 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Solid precipitation .", "5": "Precipitation reactions of certain cations Digestion Instruments A Thesis on pattern formation in precipitation reactions NDL : 00573050 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Precipitation_(chemistry)&oldid=832430207 '' Categories : Liquid - solid separation Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Wikipedia articles lacking focus from August 2017 All Wikipedia articles lacking focus Articles needing additional references from February 2008 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego हिन्दी Ido Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 March 2018 , at 23 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Meg Tilly", "Meg Tilly", "Meg Tilly", "Meg Tilly", "Meg Tilly" ]

{ "0": "War Machine ( film ) - wikipedia War Machine ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search War Machine Film poster Directed by David Michôd Produced by Brad Pitt Dede Gardner Jeremy Kleiner Ted Sarandos Ian Bryce Written by David Michôd Based on The Operators by Michael Hastings Starring Brad Pitt Emory Cohen RJ Cyler Topher Grace Anthony Michael Hall Anthony Hayes John Magaro Scoot McNairy Will Poulter Alan Ruck Lakeith Stanfield Josh Stewart Meg Tilly Tilda Swinton Ben Kingsley Tim Downie Music by Nick Cave Warren Ellis Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Peter Sciberras Production company Plan B Entertainment New Regency RatPac Entertainment Blue - Tongue Films Distributed by Netflix Release date May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) ( High Street Phoenix ) May 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 26 ) ( United States ) Running time 122 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $60 million War Machine is a 2017 American satirical war film directed and written by David Michôd , based on the nonfiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings . It is a fictionalized version of the events in the book based on United States Army General Stanley McChrystal . The film stars Brad Pitt , Anthony Michael Hall , Anthony Hayes , Topher Grace , Will Poulter , Tilda Swinton and Ben Kingsley . It was released on Netflix on May 26 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Filming 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Critical response 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) In the summer of 2009 , four - star General Glen McMahon ( Brad Pitt ) , having won renown for his effective leadership in Iraq , is sent to Afghanistan to prepare an assessment so that the government can end the ongoing war . He is given wide latitudes to write it , on the sole condition that he not request more troops .", "1": "McMahon and his staff , particularly his right hand man Major General Greg Pulver ( Anthony Michael Hall ) , are united in their belief that the war can be won , and decide to recommend that President Obama authorize a surge of 40,000 additional troops to secure Helmand province in order to stabilize the country . However , the Secretary of State ( Sian Thomas ) informs McMahon that his report will not be reviewed until after the upcoming presidential election . Captain Badi Basim ( Aymen Hamdouchi ) , a member of the Afghan National Army , joins McMahon 's staff as a `` representative '' of the Afghan people . He arrives , however , in civilian clothes as he would rather not wear his uniform , which he has in a bag , outside the compound near his home as he walked . Meanwhile , McMahon is informed that , due to alleged irregularities in the counting of votes , a runoff election will have to be held , delaying the review of the assessment further . Fed up , McMahon secretly leaks the assessment to the Washington Post and organizes an interview with 60 Minutes , during which he reveals that , in the last seventy days , he has only been granted one meeting with the President . In response , the government announces that they will send 30,000 troops to Afghanistan , and that all U.S. and coalition forces in the country will leave in 18 months . To gather the remaining 10,000 troops needed for his strategy to work , McMahon and his men head to Paris to negotiate with the other coalition nations . In Paris , McMahon learns that the President is passing through , and wishes to meet with him . The ambassador to Afghanistan ( Alan Ruck ) warns McMahon that he needs to understand his position : if he continues to anger the President , he will be fired for insubordination . The President , however , merely shakes his hand as he climbs aboard Air Force One due to time constraints , and McMahon and his staff attend a dinner in McMahon 's honor , accompanied by Rolling Stone writer Sean Cullen ( Scoot McNairy ) , who intends to write a feature story about his performance for an upcoming issue . The next day , during their anniversary dinner , McMahon 's wife Jeanie confronts him about how much time he 's spending fighting abroad instead of being with his family back home .", "2": "While on route to Berlin with McMahon 's staff to continue negotiations , Cullen observes their behavior and concludes that they are arrogant and seem to care little about the growing public perception that the war is costly and wasteful . At a conference to discuss his strategy , McMahon is confronted by a German official ( Tilda Swinton ) who is skeptical of his approach and suggests that McMahon 's plans would only lead to more losses . Nevertheless , both the Germans and the French agree to furnish the troops needed for his planned offensive , codenamed `` Operation Moshtarak '' , to begin , with Afghan President Hamid Karzai 's ( Ben Kingsley ) approval . The operation launches , but soon runs into trouble when several civilians are accidentally killed against McMahon 's instructions . When he holds a public meeting to explain the incident , the crowd grows hostile and demands that he and his troops leave . Worse , McMahon learns that Cullen 's article has been published , and paints a negative picture of him and his staff as openly speaking against the President and mishandling the war effort . Knowing that he will be fired for his actions , McMahon returns to Washington and later takes a job as a civilian consultant . In the aftermath , Cullen ponders the consequences of his article , noting that he wished the fall of McMahon would finally convince the government to stop invading foreign countries and end the war in Afghanistan . Instead , however , the government simply assigns a new general to replace McMahon : General Bob White ( Russell Crowe ) . Cast ( edit ) McMahon 's Entourage Brad Pitt as General Glen McMahon , a character based on General Stanley McChrystal . He is portrayed as an accomplished general with degrees from West Point and Yale brought in to bring a resolution to the conflict in Afghanistan . Anthony Hayes as Lieutenant Commander Pete Duckman , a Navy SEAL and member of McMahon 's staff , possibly based on Navy SEAL David Silverman . Emory Cohen as Sgt . Willy Dunne , General McMahon 's body man . RJ Cyler as USAF Tech Sgt . Andy Moon , information technology support assistant . Daniel Betts as USN Rear Admiral Simon Ball , McMahon 's Senior Public Affairs Officer . Topher Grace as Matt Little , a former lobbyist turned McMahon 's civilian media adviser .", "3": "Anthony Michael Hall as Major General Greg Pulver , ISAF Director of Intelligence , loosely based on Lt. General Michael Flynn . John Magaro as Colonel Cory Staggart , an Army Ranger and General McMahon 's executive officer . Aymen Hamdouchi as Captain Badi Basim , a scholarly Afghan National Army officer who becomes General McMahon 's aide - de-camp . Scoot McNairy as Sean Cullen , a cynical journalist for Rolling Stone who accompanies McMahon and his staff and acts as narrator throughout the film , loosely based on author Michael Hastings . Meg Tilly as Jeanie McMahon , McMahon 's wife . U.S. Diplomats Sian Thomas as United States Secretary of State Edith May , based on Hillary Rodham Clinton Alan Ruck as Pat McKinnon , United States Ambassador to Afghanistan , loosely based on Karl Eikenberry . Nicholas Jones as Dick Waddle , loosely based on Special Representative for Afghanistan and Pakistan Richard Holbrooke . Griffin Dunne as Ray Canucci , a United States Department of State senior official . Politicians Ben Kingsley as President Hamid Karzai Reggie Brown as President Barack Obama Tilda Swinton as a German politician Combat Marines Will Poulter as Sgt . Ricky Ortega , a Marine Corps infantry squad leader . Lakeith Stanfield as Cpl . Billy Cole , a disillusioned Marine and member of Ortega 's squad . Josh Stewart as Captain Dick North , a Marine Corps officer . Other Rufus Wright as British Army Lt. Col. Frank Groom Georgina Rylance as Lydia Cunningham , 60 Minutes journalist . Russell Crowe as General Bob White ( uncredited ) , General Glen McMahon 's replacement similar to David Petraeus . Production ( edit ) On April 27 , 2012 , it was announced that New Regency and Plan B Entertainment had acquired the film adaptation rights to the 2011 best seller non-fiction book The Operators by Michael Hastings . On April 14 , 2014 , David Michôd was hired to write and direct the film based on the war in Afghanistan .", "4": "Brad Pitt was attached to star as General Stanley McChrystal and produce the film along with his Plan B partners Dede Gardner and Jeremy Kleiner , while the film would be financed by New Regency and RatPac Entertainment . On June 8 , 2015 , Netflix acquired the distribution rights to the film which was re-titled War Machine , while Ian Bryce also came on board to produce the film along with others . On June 17 , The Hollywood Reporter revealed that there had been a budget issue between New Regency and RatPac with producers of Plan B , and thus Netflix had stepped in to buy the distribution rights for $60 million . On August 4 , 2015 , Emory Cohen was cast in the film to play a member of Gen. McChrystal 's staff . On August 10 , 2015 , Topher Grace joined the film to play Gen. Stanley McChrystal 's civilian press adviser . On August 11 , 2015 , John Magaro signed on to play Cory Burger , a special ops soldier and close advisor to General McMahon . On August 14 , 2015 , Scoot McNairy joined the cast of the film . On August 19 , 2015 , Anthony Michael Hall was added to the cast to play General Hank Pulver , loosely based on General Mike Flynn . On August 20 , 2015 , Keith Stanfield signed on to the film . The same day , Will Poulter also joined the cast for an unspecified role . On August 25 , Anthony Hayes joined the film . On October 23 , 2015 , TheWrap revealed that RJ Cyler had also joined the film . Alan Ruck was spotted filming . Meg Tilly was also spotted but her casting was not then officially confirmed . It was later reported Ben Kingsley and Tilda Swinton had been cast . Filming ( edit ) Principal photography on the film began in mid-October 2015 in London . Later on October 19 , filming began in Abu Dhabi , the city was transformed into Kabul , streets into a military fortress , an old building as an American Embassy in Kabul , and a street as a Palestinian border crossing . Filming also took place at the Abu Dhabi International Airport in November . Some scenes were also filmed at the Dunsfold Aerodrome in Surrey , England .", "5": "In mid-November 2015 , while final scenes were being shot , actors were spotted filming in Ras al - Khaimah and the city 's old neighborhood was transformed into Pakistani villages and a military base - camp . Release ( edit ) The film was released on Netflix on May 26 , 2017 . Marketing ( edit ) Brad Pitt visited Mumbai to promote the film and attended a special screening at PVR High Street Phoenix on May 24 , 2017 . He also met Indian superstar Shah Rukh Khan to promote War Machine . Critical response ( edit ) On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 54 % based on 73 reviews , and an average rating of 5.8 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` War Machine 's uneven execution keeps its fact - based story from cleanly hitting its targets , but those flaws are frequently offset by sharp wit and solid acting . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating , the film has a 56 out of 100 score , based on 30 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 17 , 2015 ) . `` Whoa : Netflix Actually Paid $60 M for Brad Pitt 's Politically Charged Military Satire '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McGinley , Michael ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Brad Pitt Talks Divorce , Quitting Drinking , and Becoming a Better Man '' . GQ . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt prepares for battle in shahid's.com ' War Machine ' trailer '' . CNET . Jump up ^ Grow , Kory ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` See Brad Pitt Play Runaway General in ' War Machine ' Trailer '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crothers , Jennifer ( 31 March 2017 ) . `` The trailer for Brad Pitt 's Netflix film War Machine is here '' . The Mirror . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 .", "6": "Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Brad Pitt Looks Like a Ken Doll on the Set of Upcoming Netflix Drama ' War Machine ' -- See the Pics ! '' . etonline.com . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( April 14 , 2014 ) . `` New Regency Taps Brad Pitt , David Michod To Tell Gen. Stanley McChrystal Afghan Story ' The Operators ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mancini , Vince . `` Brad Pitt And David Michôd 's ' War Machine ' Is An Absurd , Tragicomic Home Run '' . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( August 25 , 2015 ) . `` ' Animal Kingdom ' Actor Anthony Hayes Joins ' War Machine ' With Brad Pitt ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Joey King Will Be ' Going In Style ' ; Emory Cohen Enlists In Netflix 's ' War Machine ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( October 23 , 2015 ) . `` ' Power Rangers ' Movie Adds ' Me and Earl and the Dying Girl ' Star RJ Cyler as Blue Ranger '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( August 10 , 2015 ) . `` Topher Grace Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix Black Comedy ' War Machine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Busch , Anita ( August 19 , 2015 ) . `` Anthony Michael Hall Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix 's ' War Machine ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : A. Lincoln , Ross ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` John Magaro Joins ' War Machine ' ; Jason Fuchs Moves To ' La La Land ' '' . Deadline.com .", "7": "Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Fleming Jr , Mike ( August 14 , 2015 ) . `` Scoot McNairy Joins Brad Pitt In Netflix 's ' War Machine ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Evry , Max ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Brad Pitt in Set Photos from Netflix 's War Machine '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ben Kingsley teaches Patricia Clarkson how to drive in new dramedy '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved May 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McNary , Dave ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Will Poulter Joins Brad Pitt in Netflix 's ' War Machine ' '' . Variety . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Sneider , Jeff ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' Straight Outta Compton 's Keith Stanfield Joins Brad Pitt 's Netflix Movie ' War Machine ' ( Exclusive ) '' . thewrap.com . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Drew ( 26 May 2017 ) . `` Director David Michôd on Why Netflix 's ' War Machine ' Could Never Be Made at a Studio '' . Movie Fone . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( April 27 , 2012 ) . `` New Regency , Plan B dial ' Operators ' '' . Variety . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Game Changer ! Netflix Lands ' War Machine ' , Brad Pitt 's Next Star Vehicle '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brad Pitt pictured in full military gear as he heads to work to film scenes for movie War Machine at Dunsfold Aerodrome '' . The Daily Mail . November 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Netflix Acquires Charlie McDowell 's ' The Discovery ' Starring Rooney Mara , Robert Redford and Jason Segel '' . Netflix . June 13 , 2016 . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ FOX - Leonard , Boudicca ( October 17 , 2015 ) . `` Brad Pitt looks GREY - t as silver fox on London set of new film War Machine '' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silver fox Brad Pitt debuts dyed grey hairdo as he brings twins Knox and Vivienne along to the set of satirical comedy War Machine in London '' . The Daily Mail . October 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt Is the Ultimate Silver Fox on the Set of War Machine ( Move Over , Clooney ! ) '' . usmagazine.com . October 19 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Wade ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Brad Pitt 's Netflix original movie ' War Machine ' to start production in Abu Dhabi '' . upi.com . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Quiet Abu Dhabi street transforms into War Machine film set '' . thenational.ae . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` RAK becomes celebrity zone as Brad Pitt and Angelina Jolie fly down to the emirate '' . thenational.ae . November 14 , 2015 . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt prepares for battle in Netflix 's ' War Machine ' trailer '' . CNET . Jump up ^ `` Brad Pitt is in Mumbai to attend War Machine screening , to meet Shah Rukh Khan '' . The Indian Express . 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 25 May 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War Machine ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` War Machine reviews '' . Metacritic .", "9": "Retrieved August 15 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) War Machine on Netflix War Machine on IMDb War Machine at Rotten Tomatoes Films directed by David Michôd Ezra White , LL. B. ( 2006 ) Crossbow ( 2007 ) Netherland Dwarf ( 2008 ) Solo ( 2008 ) Inside the Square ( 2009 ) Animal Kingdom ( 2010 ) The Rover ( 2014 ) War Machine ( 2017 ) Brad Pitt Films produced The Departed ( 2006 ) Running with Scissors ( 2006 ) A Mighty Heart ( 2007 ) The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford ( 2007 ) Kick - Ass ( 2010 ) Eat Pray Love ( 2010 ) The Tree of Life ( 2011 ) Moneyball ( 2011 ) Killing Them Softly ( 2012 ) World War Z ( 2013 ) Kick - Ass 2 ( 2013 ) 12 Years a Slave ( 2013 ) By the Sea ( 2015 ) The Big Short ( 2015 ) Moonlight ( 2016 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) War Machine ( 2017 ) Brad 's Status ( 2017 ) Backseat ( 2018 ) Beautiful Boy ( 2018 ) Ad Astra ( 2019 ) Related articles Awards Brad Pitt filmography Plan B Entertainment Rusty Ryan Douglas Pitt Netflix films and documentaries Current Documentaries The Zen of Bennett ( 2012 ) The Short Game ( 2013 ) The Square ( 2014 ) Mitt ( 2014 ) The Battered Bastards of Baseball ( 2014 ) Print the Legend ( 2014 ) E-Team ( 2014 ) Virunga ( 2014 ) Hot Girls Wanted ( 2015 ) What Happened , Miss Simone ?", "10": "( 2015 ) Tig ( 2015 ) Winter on Fire : Ukraine 's Fight for Freedom ( 2015 ) My Beautiful Broken Brain ( 2016 ) Extremis ( 2016 ) The White Helmets ( 2016 ) Audrie & Daisy ( 2016 ) Amanda Knox ( 2016 ) 13th ( 2016 ) Into the Inferno ( 2016 ) I 'll Sleep When I 'm Dead ( 2016 ) The Ivory Game ( 2016 ) Casting JonBenet ( 2017 ) Get Me Roger Stone ( 2017 ) Joshua : Teenager vs.", "11": "Superpower ( 2017 ) Icarus ( 2017 ) Gaga : Five Foot Two ( 2017 ) One of Us ( 2017 ) Jim & Andy : The Great Beyond ( 2017 ) Films Beasts of No Nation ( 2015 ) A Very Murray Christmas ( 2015 ) The Ridiculous 6 ( 2015 ) Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon : Sword of Destiny ( 2016 ) Pee - wee 's Big Holiday ( 2016 ) Hush ( 2016 ) Special Correspondents ( 2016 ) The Do - Over ( 2016 ) The Fundamentals of Caring ( 2016 ) Brahman Naman ( 2016 ) Rebirth ( 2016 ) Tallulah ( 2016 ) XOXO ( 2016 ) ARQ ( 2016 ) The Siege of Jadotville ( 2016 ) Mascots ( 2016 ) I Am the Pretty Thing That Lives in the House ( 2016 ) 7 Años ( 2016 ) True Memoirs of an International Assassin ( 2016 ) Mercy ( 2016 ) Spectral ( 2016 ) Barry ( 2016 ) Coin Heist ( 2017 ) Clinical ( 2017 ) Take the 10 ( 2017 ) iBoy ( 2017 ) Imperial Dreams ( 2017 ) Girlfriend 's Day ( 2017 ) I Do n't Feel at Home in This World Anymore ( 2017 ) Burning Sands ( 2017 ) Deidra & Laney Rob a Train ( 2017 ) The Most Hated Woman in America ( 2017 ) The Discovery ( 2017 ) Win It All ( 2017 ) Sandy Wexler ( 2017 ) Sand Castle ( 2017 ) Tramps ( 2017 ) Small Crimes ( 2017 ) Handsome : A Netflix Mystery Movie ( 2017 ) Blame !", "12": "( 2017 ) War Machine ( 2017 ) Shimmer Lake ( 2017 ) You Get Me ( 2017 ) Okja ( 2017 ) To the Bone ( 2017 ) The Incredible Jessica James ( 2017 ) Naked ( 2017 ) What Happened to Monday ( 2017 ) Death Note ( 2017 ) Little Evil ( 2017 ) First They Killed My Father ( 2017 ) Gerald 's Game ( 2017 ) Our Souls at Night ( 2017 ) The Meyerowitz Stories ( 2017 ) The Babysitter ( 2017 ) 1922 ( 2017 ) Wheelman ( 2017 ) The Killer ( 2017 ) A Christmas Prince ( 2017 ) Mudbound ( 2017 ) El Camino Christmas ( 2017 ) Christmas Inheritance ( 2017 ) Gore ( unreleased ) Bright ( 2017 ) Upcoming films The Polka King ( 2018 ) Godzilla : Planet of the Monsters ( 2018 ) The Open House ( 2018 ) Step Sisters ( 2018 ) A Futile and Stupid Gesture ( 2018 ) When We First Met ( 2018 ) Game Over , Man !", "13": "( 2018 ) Come Sunday ( 2018 ) 6 Balloons ( 2018 ) Benji ( 2018 ) Irreplaceable You ( 2018 ) Mute ( 2018 ) Outlaw King ( 2018 ) The Land of Steady Habits ( 2018 ) Private Life ( 2018 ) Roxanne Roxanne ( 2018 ) The Angel ( 2018 ) The Other Side of the Wind ( 2018 ) The Outsider ( 2018 ) The Week Of ( 2018 ) The Irishman ( 2019 ) Anastasia ( TBA ) Apostle ( TBA ) Brain on Fire ( TBA ) Dude ( TBA ) Happy Anniversary ( TBA ) Hold the Dark ( TBA ) Nappily Ever After ( TBA ) Set It Up ( TBA ) The Last Laugh ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_Machine_(film)&oldid=818439190 '' Categories : 2017 films English - language films Films directed by David Michod American films Films shot in London Films shot in Abu Dhabi Films set in Afghanistan Films based on non-fiction books Films based on military novels Films set in 2010 2010s satirical films War films based on actual events Drama films based on actual events Comedy films based on actual events American war films American comedy films 2010s war films Plan B Entertainment films Films produced by Brad Pitt War in Afghanistan ( 2001 -- 2014 ) films American political films Films about military personnel Films shot in Surrey Netflix original films Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 15 : 32 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply .", "14": "By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "the Executive Residence of the White House Complex", "in the Executive Residence of the White House Complex", "the Executive Residence of the White House Complex", "the Executive Residence of the White House Complex", "the Executive Residence of the White House Complex" ]

{ "0": "First Family of the United States - wikipedia First Family of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. First Family . For other uses , see First Family . The current U.S. First Family pictured during President Trump 's inauguration : Donald , Melania , Donald Jr. , Barron , Ivanka , Eric , and Tiffany Trump , with Chief Justice John Roberts administering the oath of office The First Family of the United States ( FFOTUS ) is the official title for the family of the President of the United States , who is both head of state and head of government of the United States . Members of the First Family consist of the President , the First Lady of the United States , and any of their children . However , other close relatives of the President and First Lady , such as parents , grandchildren , stepchildren , and in - laws , may be classified as members of the First Family if they reside in the Executive Residence of the White House Complex . In the United States , the term `` First Family '' in casual reference to the President 's immediate family , is most often used by the media and in particular , the White House press corps . Individually , each member of the First Family is designated a Secret Service codename by the United States Secret Service . Used by special agents , these code names uniquely identify members of the First Family for their ongoing protection as well as for the sake of brevity , clarity , and tradition . List ( edit ) Portrait Administration Years President and First Lady Children and family Notes Trump January 20 , 2017 -- present Donald and Melania Trump Donald Jr. , Ivanka , Eric , Tiffany , and Barron Donald Jr. , Ivanka and Eric are the President 's children from his first marriage to Ivana Trump , while Tiffany is his daughter from his second marriage to Marla Maples and Barron is his son from his third marriage to Melania Trump . Barron is the first Presidential son to live at the White House since John F. Kennedy Jr. in 1963 ; however from January to June 2017 he remained with his mother at Trump Tower so he could complete his school year at Manhattan 's Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School .", "1": "Melania Trump is the second First Lady to be foreign - born after Louisa Adams and the first to be a naturalized citizen . Obama January 20 , 2009 -- January 20 , 2017 Barack and Michelle Obama Malia and Sasha Marian Shields Robinson , mother to the First Lady and mother - in - law to the President , lived with the First Family in the Executive Residence at the White House Complex . They were the first African American family to live in the White House . G.W. Bush January 20 , 2001 -- January 20 , 2009 George W. and Laura Bush Barbara and Jenna Barbara and Jenna , fraternal twins , were also the nation 's First Granddaughters , from January 20 , 1989 to January 20 , 1993 . Barbara and Jenna were seven years old at the time of George H.W. Bush , their grandfather 's , inauguration and eleven years old when he left office . The twins were both First Daughters of Texas from 1995 , when they were thirteen , to 2001 , when they were nineteen . Barbara and Jenna did not live in the White house , as both attended college while their father was the President . Jenna married Henry Chase Hager at the Prairie Chapel Ranch in Crawford , Texas on May 10 , 2008 . Clinton January 20 , 1993 -- January 20 , 2001 Bill and Hillary Clinton and Chelsea The President and First Lady 's daughter Chelsea was born a First Daughter of Arkansas . Until she left the White House in 2001 , the two - year period between her father 's first and second terms as the Governor of Arkansas would be the only time when she did not have an unofficial title . Beginning on January 3 , 2001 , Hillary Rodham Clinton was both a United States Senator for the state of New York while simultaneously carrying out her formal duties as First Lady , a title which she lost 17 days later on January 20 , 2001 when President Clinton 's term in office expired . Hillary was also the first woman to be nominated by a major U.S. political party in the presidential election . G.H.W.", "2": "Bush January 20 , 1989 -- January 20 , 1993 George and Barbara Bush George W. , Jeb , Neil , Marvin , and Dorothy The President and First Lady 's eldest daughter , Robin , died of leukemia in 1953 . Arguably , other members of the First Family included , First Mother / Grandmother , Dorothy Wear Walker Bush ( died in 1992 ) , First Grandsons George , Jebby , Pierce , and Samuel LeBlond ; and First Granddaughters Barbara , Jenna , Noelle , Lauren , Ashley , and Ellie LeBlond Reagan January 20 , 1981 -- January 20 , 1989 Ronald and Nancy Reagan Maureen , Michael , Patti , and Ron Maureen and Michael were two of the President 's children from his first marriage to Hollywood actress Jane Wyman while Patti and Ron were the President 's two youngest children from his second marriage to Nancy Reagan . Carter January 20 , 1977 -- January 20 , 1981 Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter John , James Earl Carter III , Donnel , and Amy The President and First Lady 's three sons John , James , and Donnel were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1977 . Their daughter Amy was the first true child to live in the White House since the Kennedy children lived there between 1961 and 1963 . Ford August 9 , 1974 -- January 20 , 1977 Gerald and Betty Ford Susan , Michael , Jack , and Steven The President and First Lady 's daughter Susan was a teenage high school student during her time in the White House . Their three sons Michael , Jack , and Steven were all grown adults when the First Family moved into the Executive Residence in 1974 . Nixon January 20 , 1969 -- August 9 , 1974 Richard and Pat Nixon Tricia and Julie One of the most thrilling occurrences during the President 's administration was the marriage of his daughter Tricia to Edward Cox , who were wed in a fairytale ceremony in the Rose Garden of the White House on June 12 , 1971 . The President and First Lady 's other daughter , Julie Nixon Eisenhower , married David Eisenhower , a grandson of Dwight D. Eisenhower . L.B.", "3": "Johnson November 22 , 1963 -- January 20 , 1969 Lyndon and Lady Bird Johnson Lynda Bird , and Luci The President and First Lady 's oldest daughter Lynda married Charles S. Robb , a former Governor of Virginia and two - term senator from the Commonwealth of Virginia , in the East Room at the White House on December 9 , 1967 . Kennedy January 20 , 1961 -- November 22 , 1963 John and Jacqueline Kennedy Caroline , John Jr. , and Patrick The President and First Lady 's first - born daughter , Arabella , was delivered as a stillborn in 1956 . The First Lady gave birth prematurely to a second son , Patrick Bouvier Kennedy , on August 7 , 1963 . The child died two days later due to hyaline membrane disease . In 1999 , John Jr. died in a plane crash , leaving his sister Caroline as the only surviving child of the President and First Lady . Eisenhower January 20 , 1953 -- January 20 , 1961 Dwight and Mamie Eisenhower and John President and Mrs. Eisenhower posed for this portrait on their 39th wedding anniversary at their farm in Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . The President and First Lady 's eldest son , Doud , died of scarlet fever in 1921 . The President 's only surviving son , John Eisenhower served various roles as an Assistant Staff Secretary in the West Wing , on the Army 's General Staff , and in the White House as assistant to General Andrew Goodpaster . Truman April 12 , 1945 -- January 20 , 1953 Harry and Bess Truman and Margaret Between the years 1948 and 1952 , the First Family resided at Blair House , the official guest quarters of foreign heads of state and government located near Lafayette Park , while the White House underwent a complete interior restoration . F.D. Roosevelt March 4 , 1933 -- April 12 , 1945 Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Anna , James , Elliott , Franklin Jr. , and John In 1937 , the President 's oldest son James moved into the Executive Residence and served as an advisor and private secretary in the West Wing .", "4": "At the President 's request , his daughter Anna moved into the Executive Residence in 1944 to serve as an assistant to the President and as White House hostess during the First Lady 's frequent absences . A fifth son , Franklin Delano Roosevelt , Jr . ( III ) , was born on March 18 , 1909 and died approximately eight months later on November 7 , 1909 . Hoover March 4 , 1929 -- March 4 , 1933 Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover Herbert Jr. , and Allan Coolidge August 2 , 1923 -- March 4 , 1929 Calvin and Grace Coolidge John and Calvin Jr . The President and First Lady 's younger son , Calvin Jr. , died during the President 's 1924 election campaign . Their son John who lived until 2000 , married the daughter of Connecticut governor John H. Trumbull . Harding March 4 , 1921 -- August 2 , 1923 Warren and Florence Harding The President never had children with his wife but had an illegitimate daughter , Elizabeth Ann Blaesing , with another woman , Nan Britton . In a previous marriage , the First Lady had a son named Marshall Eugene DeWolfe who died from complications of alcoholism and tuberculosis on January 1 , 1915 , at the age of 34 . Wilson March 4 , 1913 -- March 4 , 1921 Woodrow Wilson and Ellen Wilson ( d. 1914 ) , Edith Wilson ( m. 1915 ) Margaret , Jessie , and Eleanor On November 25 , 1913 , the second oldest daughter Jessie married Francis Bowes Sayre at the White House . On January 17 , 1915 , Jessie gave birth to a son , Francis B. Sayre , Jr. , at the White House . On May 7 , 1914 , the youngest daughter Eleanor married her father 's Secretary of the Treasury , William Gibbs McAdoo . There were two First Ladies during the Wilson Administration . The President 's first wife , Ellen , died at the White House on August 6 , 1914 due to complications of Bright 's disease . The following year , the President married his second wife , Edith .", "5": "At the time of her mother 's death in 1914 , the oldest daughter Margaret served the role as First Lady until her father remarried in 1915 . Taft March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 William Howard and Helen Taft Robert , Helen , and Charles II After the First Lady suffered a stroke in 1909 , daughter Helen moved into the Executive Residence and helped her mother to regain body movement and speech . The President and First Lady 's daughter , Helen , also served as official hostess for many White House functions while the First Lady was disabled . The youngest son , Charles , was only 12 years old when he moved into the Executive Residence , upon his father 's election as President . T. Roosevelt September 14 , 1901 -- March 4 , 1909 Theodore and Edith Roosevelt Theodore Jr. , Kermit , Ethel , Archie , and Quentin In 1906 , the President 's oldest daughter , Alice Roosevelt Longworth , married Nicholas Longworth at the White House . Alice was another child from the President 's previous marriage to his first wife , Alice Hathaway Lee Roosevelt , who died in 1884 due to childbirth complications and the disease known as Bright 's disease . The President 's fifth cousin , Franklin D. Roosevelt , would become the 32nd President of the United States in 1933 . McKinley March 4 , 1897 -- September 14 , 1901 William and Ida McKinley Cleveland March 4 , 1893 -- March 4 , 1897 Grover and Frances Cleveland Ruth , Esther and Marion Esther Cleveland was born in 1893 , she was the first and only child of a president to be born in the White House . B. Harrison March 4 , 1889 -- March 4 , 1893 Benjamin and Caroline Harrison Russell and Mary Cleveland March 4 , 1885 -- March 4 , 1889 Grover and Frances Cleveland ( m. 1886 ) Frances Cleveland was the youngest of the first ladies . She and Cleveland married on June 2 , 1886 , when she was 21 years old .", "6": "When she and Cleveland departed the White House , she told the staff ' take careof everything as we would like to see it just the way it is when we return , four years from today ' . Arthur September 19 , 1881 -- March 4 , 1885 Chester A. Arthur Chester II and Ellen Garfield March 4 , 1881 -- September 19 , 1881 James and Lucretia Garfield Harry , James , Mary , Irvin , and Abram Hayes March 4 , 1877 -- March 4 , 1881 Rutherford and Lucy Hayes Birchard , Webb , Rutherford , Fanny , and Scott Grant March 4 , 1869 -- March 4 , 1877 Ulysses and Julia Grant Jesse , Ulysses Jr. , Nellie , and Frederick The Grant family was the last slave holding family to live in the White House . Grant owned a slave during the Civil War but freed the slave soon after . A. Johnson April 15 , 1865 -- March 4 , 1869 Andrew and Eliza Johnson Martha , Mary , Robert , and Andrew Jr . Lincoln March 4 , 1861 -- April 15 , 1865 Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln Robert Todd , Willie , and Tad In 1862 , Willie , after riding his pony in bad weather , became ill . His condition fluctuated from day to day . The most likely cause of the illness was typhoid fever , contracted from contaminated drinking water . Gradually Willie weakened . Finally on February 20 , 1862 , the young boy died . The President and First Lady 's second son , Edward , died earlier in 1850 , most likely from a wasting disease called medullary thyroid cancer as part of the genetic cancer syndrome - multiple endocrine neoplasia , type 2B - that his father and two of his brothers may have shared . In 1871 , their son Tad died at the age of 18 due to tuberculosis . Of the President and First Lady 's four children , only Robert lived into adulthood ; he died in 1926 . Throughout the President 's term in office , the First Lady suffered from severe headaches .", "7": "Dealing with the death of her son Willie in 1862 , as well as the deaths of siblings killed in the American Civil War , difficult bouts of mourning , especially after Willie 's death , led to protracted depression . During her years at the White House , the First Lady suffered a severe head injury in a carriage accident , thought to be an assassination attempt aimed at the President , who was not with her at the time . In addition to depression , the First Lady suffered from irrational , sometimes public outbursts . Buchanan March 4 , 1857 -- March 4 , 1861 James Buchanan The President never married or had children . The President 's niece , Harriet Lane , acted as First Lady and served as hostess at White House functions . Pierce March 4 , 1853 -- March 4 , 1857 Franklin and Jane Pierce Pierce 's son Benjamin was killed in a train wreck two months before Pierce 's inauguration . Jane Pierce arrived at the White house months later and spent most of their tenure in her room , writing letters to her dead son . Fillmore July 9 , 1850 -- March 4 , 1853 Millard and Abigail Fillmore Millard , and Mary During the presidential inauguration for her husband 's successor Franklin Pierce in 1853 , the First Lady caught a cold and the next day came down with a fever . Abigail Fillmore developed pneumonia and died weeks later , on March 30 , 1853 . Throughout much of the President 's term in office and due to the First Lady 's illness , their daughter Mary was hostess at many White House functions from 1850 to 1853 . Taylor March 4 , 1849 -- July 9 , 1850 Zachary and Margaret Taylor Ann , Betty , and Richard As a semi-invalid , the First Lady became a recluse and remained in seclusion on the second floor of the Executive Residence , leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth . They were the last family to own slaves in the White House from 1849 to 1850 . Polk March 4 , 1845 -- March 4 , 1849 James and Sarah Polk The President and First Lady never had children .", "8": "Tyler April 4 , 1841 -- March 4 , 1845 John and Letitia Tyler ( d. 1842 ) , Julia Tyler ( m. 1844 ) Mary , Robert , John , Letitia , Elizabeth , Alice , and Tazewell During the President 's term in office , there were two First Ladies . In 1839 , Letitia , suffered a paralytic stroke that left her an invalid . As First Lady , she remained in the upstairs living quarters of the White House only coming downstairs just once , to attend the wedding of her daughter Elizabeth in January 1842 . On the evening of September 10 , 1842 , the First Lady died peacefully . At the time of her death , she was 51 years old , making her the youngest First Lady to die . John and Letita Tyler 's children were the following : Mary Tyler - Jones , Robert Tyler ( who served as the President 's private secretary at the White House ) , John Tyler III , Letitia Tyler - Semple , Elizabeth Tyler - Waller ( marrying William N. Waller at a White House wedding in 1842 ) , Alice Tyler - Denison , and Tazewell Tyler . The second First Lady was Julia , who at age 24 , married the President at the age of 54 on June 26 , 1844 . John and Julia 's children were the following : David Gardiner Tyler , John `` Alex '' Alexander Tyler , Julia Gardiner Tyler - Spencer , Lachlan Gardiner Tyler , Lyon Gardiner Tyler , Robert `` Fitz '' Fitzwalter Tyler , and Pearl Tyler - Ellis . Two of his grandchildren are still alive . W.H. Harrison March 4 , 1841 -- April 4 , 1841 William Henry and Anna Harrison The President and First Lady had ten children . After taking the Oath of Office in March 1841 , the President died just 32 days later of complications of a cold , making William Henry Harrison 's term the shortest in United States presidential history to date . Van Buren March 4 , 1837 -- March 4 , 1841 Martin Van Buren and Angelica Singleton ( Daughter - in - law ) Abraham , John , Martin , and Smith During the President 's term , there was no First Lady .", "9": "The President 's wife died from tuberculosis much earlier in 1819 . Their oldest son Abraham had a wife , Angelica Singleton Van Buren ( a cousin of Dolley Madison ) , who assumed the duties being hostess at White House functions . Jackson March 4 , 1829 -- March 4 , 1837 Andrew Jackson Andrew Jr. , Daniel , Andrew , Andrew , Eliza , and Edward Jackson 's wife Rachel died shortly after he was elected president . Their niece , Emily Donelson and the President 's daughter - in - law Sarah Yorke Jackson served at his hostess at the White house . J.Q. Adams March 4 , 1825 -- March 4 , 1829 John Quincy and Louisa Adams George , John , and Charles Francis The President was the oldest son of the 2nd President of the United States , John Adams and his wife , Abigail Adams . The President and First Lady 's son , George led a troubled life of alcoholism , womanizing , and depression who finally succumbed to an apparent suicide during the President 's final year in office in 1829 . Louisa Adams was the first foreign - born First Lady . Monroe March 4 , 1817 -- March 4 , 1825 James and Elizabeth Monroe Eliza and Maria During the President 's term in office , his oldest daughter Eliza often substituted as official White House hostess for her ailing mother , the First Lady . Appearing as a haughty and often pompous socialite , Eliza soon alienated most of Washington society for her refusal to call on wives of the diplomatic corps , as was the custom . She caused another uproar when she closed her sister 's wedding to all but family and friends . The second daughter named Maria was only a child when her father was elected president . When she finished school in Philadelphia , she moved into the Executive Residence in 1819 . On March 9 , 1820 , she married her first cousin , Samuel L. Gouverneur , in the first wedding ever performed at the White House . The President and First Lady 's only son , James , died much earlier in childhood .", "10": "Madison March 4 , 1809 -- March 4 , 1817 James and Dolley Madison and John Prior to becoming First Lady and marrying the President , Dolley Madison was a widow who had two children , John Payne Todd and William Temple Todd , from a previous marriage to Quaker lawyer John Todd . Her husband and youngest son both suddenly died when yellow fever struck Philadelphia in 1793 . The following year , she accepted Madison 's proposal of marriage . Madison adopted her oldest son John . Perhaps Dolley Madison 's most courageous act as First Lady was when she removed and saved several priceless valuables , objets d'art , china , silverware , and the famous Lansdowne portrait of George Washington painted by Gilbert Stuart prior to British Redcoats burning down the White House during the War of 1812 . Jefferson March 4 , 1801 -- March 4 , 1809 Thomas Jefferson and Martha Randolph ( Daughter ) Mary There was no First Lady during the Presidency as Jefferson 's former wife , Martha Wayles Skelton Jefferson , died shortly after giving birth to their sixth child in 1782 . In the conspicuous absence of First Lady , James Madison 's wife , Dolley Madison , often served in the capacity as a White House hostess . Out of all six children of the Jefferson 's , only Martha and Mary would survive into early adulthood . J. Adams March 4 , 1797 -- March 4 , 1801 John and Abigail Adams Nabby , John Quincy , Charles and Thomas The First Family during the Adams administration was the first to reside in the newly constructed White House ( then known as the President 's House ) designed by Irish architect James Hoban . In 1797 , the President appointed his oldest son , John Quincy , as Minister to Prussia . In 1800 , the President and First Lady 's second oldest son Charles , died due to complications of alcoholism . Following in his father 's footsteps , John Quincy would eventually be elected to the Presidency in 1824 and take the oath of office the next year .", "11": "Washington April 30 , 1789 -- March 4 , 1797 George and Martha Washington Nelly and George Since the Federal City was not completed when the President was inaugurated in 1789 , the capital of the United States was first located in New York City between the years 1785 and 1790 , later uprooting the Federal Government and moving it temporarily to the city of Philadelphia between the years 1790 and 1800 . Because of this , the First Family never lived in the unfinished White House . Between April 1789 and February 1790 , the First Family resided at the Alexander Macomb mansion at 39 -- 41 Broadway Avenue in New York City . In Philadelphia , Robert Morris 's mansion at 190 High Street was rented for the First Family to reside at . During his lifetime , the President never had children . However , he adopted the First Lady 's two children , Jack and Patsy , from a previous marriage to Daniel Parke Custis . Likewise , the President also raised the First Lady 's two youngest grandchildren , Nelly and George .", "12": "See also ( edit ) Adams family Bush family Clinton family Harrison family Kennedy family Lincoln family Obama family Trump family Roosevelt family Taft family United States presidential family political lines Adams Harrison Lincoln Roosevelt Taft Kennedy Bush Clinton Obama Trump Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States List of Presidents List of Vice Presidents Presidents Age Autobiographies Birth Burial places Death Historical rankings Lifespan timeline Number living Time in office Portraits Professional careers Approval rating Assassination attempts and plots Campaign slogans Control of Congress Doctrines Inaugurations International trips Judicial appointments Libraries Military rank Military service Other offices held Pardons Previous experience Vetoes Personal life Coats of arms Deaths in office Education Facial hair Firsts Multilingualism Net worth Nicknames Pets Home state Previous occupation Religious affiliation Residences Slave owners Vice Presidents Age Coats of arms Education Number living Other offices held Place of primary affiliation Religious affiliation Tie - breaking votes Time in office Succession Acting President Designated survivor Line of succession Elections Electoral College margin Popular vote margin Summary Winner lost popular vote Candidates Democrat Republican Third party Green Libertarian Progressive National Republican / Whig African American Female Received at least one electoral vote Height Lost their home state Families First Families First Ladies Second Ladies Children Namesakes , honors Memorial sites U.S. postage stamp appearances Educational institution names Currency appearances U.S. county names U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection In fiction Presidents actors Vice Presidents actors Candidates Line of succession US Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haberman , Maggie ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` Melania and Barron Trump Wo n't Immediately Move to White House '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 21 , 2016 .", "13": "^ Jump up to : Bush Family Tree - Wall Street Journal ^ Jump up to : 10 things you may not know about the Roosevelts - History.com ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Family_of_the_United_States&oldid=815143514 '' Categories : First Families of the United States First Ladies of the United States Children of Presidents of the United States Political families of the United States Talk About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Čeština فارسی 한국어 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 13 December 2017 , at 00 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Walter Pauk", "Walter Pauk", "Walter Pauk, an education professor at Cornell University", "Walter Pauk", "Walter Pauk" ]

{ "0": "Cornell notes - wikipedia Cornell notes Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cornell Notes system ( also Cornell note - taking system , Cornell method , or Cornell way ) is a note - taking system devised in the 1940s by Walter Pauk , an education professor at Cornell University . Pauk advocated its use in his best - selling book How to Study in College . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview of method 2 Studies on effectiveness 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Overview of method ( edit ) The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes . The student divides the paper into two columns : the note - taking column ( usually on the right ) is twice the size of the questions / key word column ( on the left ) . The student should leave five to seven lines , or about two in ( 5 cm ) , at the bottom of the page . Notes from a lecture or teaching are written in the note - taking column ; notes usually consist of the main ideas of the text or lecture , and long ideas are paraphrased . Long sentences are avoided ; symbols or abbreviations are used instead . To assist with future reviews , relevant questions ( which should be recorded as soon as possible so that the lecture and questions will be fresh in the student 's mind ) or key words are written in the key word column . These notes can be taken from any source of information , such as fiction books , DVDs , lectures , text books , etc . Within 24 hours of taking the notes , the student must revise and write questions and then write a brief summary in the bottom five to seven lines of the page . This helps to increase understanding of the topic . When studying for either a test or quiz , the student has a concise but detailed and relevant record of previous classes . When reviewing the material , the student can cover the note - taking ( right ) column while attempting to answer the questions / keywords in the key word or cue ( left ) column . The student is encouraged to reflect on the material and review the notes regularly .", "1": "Studies on effectiveness ( edit ) A study published in 2010 by Wichita State University compared two note taking methods in a secondary English classroom , and found that Cornell Note taking may be of added benefit in cases where students are required to synthesize and apply learned knowledge , while the guided notes method appeared to be better for basic recall . Cornell format is one of the most frequently suggested note taking format by university websites for student support . However , Cornell notes might be less effective than taking regular notes for certain subjects . Another study published in the summer of 2013 found that `` Students who were taught CN ( Cornell notes ) did take better notes than those who were not , but they did not have higher achievement results . '' The study also stated that `` Through analysis of assessment scores , I found no significant difference between the intervention and base classes on achievement . '' See also ( edit ) Note - taking References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Herr , Norman ; Joens , Ross J.Q. ( 2008 ) ( 1962 ) , The Sourcebook for Teaching Science , Grades 6 - 12 : Strategies , Activities , and Instructional Resources ( 10 ed . ) , Cengage Learning , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 8446 - 5 Jump up ^ `` How to take notes as a law student - Becoming A Lawyer '' . Becoming A Lawyer. 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Wong , Linda ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Essential Study Skills ( 8 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 288 . ISBN 1285430093 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Keil . A Comparison of Two Note Taking Methods in a Secondary English Classroom Proceedings : 4th Annual Symposium : Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects ( 79 ) Conference proceedings held at the Eugene Hughes Metropolitan Complex , Wichita State University , April 25 , 2008 . Symposium Chair : David M. Eichhorn Jump up ^ http://hilt.harvard.edu/files/hilt/files/notetaking_0.pdf Jump up ^ `` How to take notes as a law student - Becoming A Lawyer '' . Becoming A Lawyer.", "2": "2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Broe , Duane ( Summer 2013 ) . `` The Effects of Teaching Cornell Notes on Student Achievement '' ( PDF ) . http://www.minotstateu.edu/# . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . External link in website = ( help ) External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Note Taking Explanation of the Cornell note - taking system by Cornell Generate custom PDF Cornell Notetaking pages Mac . Pages Template pdf template file to print Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornell_Notes&oldid=816023818 '' Categories : Note - taking Cornell University Hidden categories : CS1 errors : external links Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی 한국어 Magyar Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 19 : 21 . 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[ "Lana Del Rey", "Lana Del Rey" ]

{ "0": "Young and Beautiful ( Lana Del Rey song ) - wikipedia Young and Beautiful ( Lana Del Rey song ) Jump to : navigation , search `` Young and Beautiful '' Single by Lana Del Rey from the album The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film Released April 23 , 2013 Format Digital download Length 3 : 56 Label Interscope Polydor Water Tower Songwriter ( s ) Lana Del Rey Rick Nowels Producer ( s ) Rick Nowels , Al Shux ( original version ) Dan Heath ( DH orchestral version ) Lana Del Rey singles chronology `` Dark Paradise '' ( 2013 ) `` Young and Beautiful '' ( 2013 ) `` Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Dark Paradise '' ( 2013 ) `` Young and Beautiful '' ( 2013 ) `` Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) Music video `` Young and Beautiful '' on YouTube `` Young and Beautiful '' is a song by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey used for the soundtrack to the drama film The Great Gatsby ( 2013 ) . It was released on April 23 , 2013 through Interscope Records as the lead single from the soundtrack . `` Young and Beautiful '' was written by Del Rey and Rick Nowels , who also produced the song . The music video features an orchestral version of the song , produced by Dan Heath , which is included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack . Contemporary music critics lauded the single , calling it `` haunting '' and `` somber '' . Lyrically , `` Young and Beautiful '' follows a young lover 's apprehension about whether love can last . A music video , directed by Chris Sweeney and filmed by Sophie Muller , was released on May 10 , 2013 . The song was used in commercials to promote the new season of the MTV reality show Catfish . `` Young and Beautiful '' reached the top ten in Australia where it was later certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) .", "1": "In May 2013 , the song broke into the Billboard Hot 100 ; it peaked at 22 on the chart , making it Del Rey 's highest peak since `` Video Games '' peaked at 91 in 2012 . Shortly after , the song also peaked at 3 on the Hot Rock Songs chart . Del Rey and Nowels received accolades for their songwriting from various music and film awards , including nominations for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards , and Best Song at the 19th Critics ' Choice Awards . They eventually won the Best Original Song at the 18th Satellite Awards . On January 26 , 2014 , `` Young and Beautiful '' was announced as number 7 on the annual Triple J 's Hottest 100 in Australia . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Personnel 7 Cedric Gervais remix 8 Charts and certifications 8.1 Weekly charts 8.1. 1 Original version 8.1. 2 Cedric Gervais Remix 8.2 Year - end charts 8.3 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) Working with the film 's director , co-writer , and co-producer Baz Luhrmann , Del Rey penned the original song `` Young and Beautiful '' for the soundtrack of the 2013 film adaptation of the novel The Great Gatsby , written from the perspective of Daisy Buchanan . In an interview with Catalunya Ràdio ; Del Rey said she had three new songs for her third extended play , Paradise : `` I Sing the Body Electric '' , `` In the Land of Gods and Monsters '' and `` Will You Still Love Me When I 'm No Longer Young and Beautiful . '' Del Rey sang the chorus of `` Young and Beautiful '' during the Catalunya Ràdio broadcast . Baz Luhrmann later gave an interview which contained a Skype chat with Del Rey , where Luhrmann said `` we are very lucky that the song found a film '' , implying the song had already been penned prior to the film .", "2": "Luhrmann changed some of the lyrics in the beginning of the second verse from the demo version of `` Will You Still Love Me '' to fit with the film . It clearly was always intended for Paradise , which did get picked up by various media . The song was released to contemporary hit radio as a single and was used as the film 's kickoff single . A snippet of the track appeared in the official trailer for the film and played during the scene where the characters portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio and Carey Mulligan express their romantic feelings for one another . Composition ( edit ) `` Young and Beautiful '' In this 30 second sample of the ballad , `` Young and Beautiful '' , the lyrics , `` Will you still love me when I 'm no longer young and beautiful ? '' that embody the refrain can be heard . Problems playing this file ? See media help . With the lyrics `` Will you still love me when I 'm no longer young and beautiful ? '' , Del Rey adds a hint of desperation which parallels the idiosyncrasies faced by the characters in F. Scott Fitzgerald 's classic novel The Great Gatsby . Del Rey 's dreamy vocals are draped over sedated strings and canned percussion . The soft and dreary vocals , falling in line with Del Rey 's retro affectation , fits the atmosphere of the 1920s when the novel is set . The lyrics rotate around the themes of pleasing a lover , nostalgia , and the gloom of aging . The Cedric Gervais remix of the song was released on October 11 , 2013 . Music Video ( edit ) The music video for `` Young and Beautiful '' was set to be released on April 22 , 2013 , but was officially released on 10 May 2013 . Directed by Chris Sweeney , the video 's production was helmed by Adam Smith and Jacob Swan - Hyam , with Sophie Muller shooting the footage . Flanked by a full - string orchestra , Del Rey sings Dan Heath 's Orchestral version of her song in 1920s art deco fashion . She is shown singing the song in a dark room with glittery diamond - tears on her cheek which look like tattoos . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine described the video as `` somber '' and the singer 's look as `` especially demure '' .", "3": "Lipshutz concluded that `` the clip ends without ever reaching any kind of conclusion -- much like the rhetorical question ' Will you still love me when I 'm no longer young and beautiful ? ' at the heart of the song . '' Spin 's Marc Hogan described it as `` elegantly conceived , but succeed ( s ) only as much as the music does '' . An edit of the video set to the Cedric Gervais remix was published on 27 September 2013 . Critical reception ( edit ) The song was met with widespread acclaim from critics . Hip hop magazine Rap - Up called the single `` haunting '' , while MTV called it `` somber - sounding '' . Jason Lipshutz of Billboard called the ballad , `` typically lush '' , paralleling the single with Del Rey 's previous hits , `` Video Games '' and `` Born to Die '' . Canadian journal National Post said `` Young and Beautiful '' picks up where `` Video Games '' left off , stating the song was relevant to the book because of `` ... its obsession with decay and the fleeting nature of the good life certainly resonate . '' The journal continued to call it an `` artifact '' of Del Rey 's consistently dark tone , adding that by the second play - through `` its bald directness becomes its appeal . '' MTV commented that the track `` falls very much in - line with what Lana Del Rey 's fans have come to expect '' from Del Rey . Jeff Benjamin of Fuse said the track featured `` a big , sweeping ballad with piano , violins and Lana 's warbly delivery . '' He added that `` if the single takes off , perhaps the songbird can finally scrub her image clean of that ' Girl that totally f - cked ( sic ) up her Saturday Night Live debut ' tag . '' Rolling Stone 's Jody Rosen recognized `` Young and Beautiful '' as the album 's centerpiece , calling it `` inert '' and `` a drag '' despite its symmetry with the album 's entire theme . Finding the track restrained in comparison to her earlier work , August Brown , writing for The Los Angeles Times , called the single `` clean '' and `` classy '' . `` Young and Beautiful '' was given a positive review by Stereogum 's Tom Breihan , although he disapproved of the vapidity of the line : `` make me wan na party '' .", "4": "The song was nominated for Best Song Written for Visual Media at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards . Commercial performance ( edit ) Debuting at number 89 on the United States ' Billboard Hot 100 , `` Young and Beautiful '' became Del Rey 's second highest mark on that chart since her breakthrough single `` Video Games '' charted at 91 in 2012 . With 48,000 units in first - week sales , the song also entered the Hot Digital Songs chart at 36 . In its third week on the chart , the song rose to number 19 . In June , `` Young And Beautiful '' peaked at number 3 with 121,000 units sold , becoming her first top ten on that chart . Since its release , the song has sold over a million copies in the United States . The single was sampled by Flo Rida 's artist iRome on his Radio hit `` Homicide '' where Del Rey 's vocals are heard throughout the song . `` Young And Beautiful '' became one of her best - selling singles in the United States , nearly on par with `` Video Games '' , which is certified for 500,000 download and streaming units . Later that year , `` Young and Beautiful '' was nominated for Best Original Song at the World Soundtrack Awards 2013 . It won the Best Original Song at the 18th Satellite Awards . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from the soundtrack 's liner notes .", "5": "Original version Lana Del Rey -- vocals , composition Rick Nowels -- production , piano , keyboards , orchestration , composition Patrick Warren -- strings , tubular bells , dulcitone , electric guitar , pump musette , piano Craig Armstrong -- orchestral arrangement Perry Montague - Mason -- orchestra leader Devrim Karaoglu -- bass Kieron Menzies -- recording , programming Al Shux -- drum programming Dan Heath -- orchestral drum programming Jon Ingoldsby -- additional engineering Jordan Stilwell -- additional engineering Trevor Yasuda -- additional engineering Chris Barrett -- assistant engineering John Prestage -- assistant engineering Geoff Foster -- orchestra recording Robert Orton -- mixing David Greenaway -- orchestra conductor Isobel Griffiths -- orchestra contractor Charlotte Matthews -- assistant orchestra contractor `` DH orchestral version '' Lana Del Rey -- vocals , composition Dan Heath -- producer Rick Nowels -- composition Kieron Menzies -- vocals recording Songa Lee -- violin Kathleen Sloan -- violin Robert Orton -- mixing Trevor Yasuda -- engineering Chris Barrett -- engineering John Prestage -- engineering Cedric Gervais remix ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Young and Beautiful ( Remix ) '' Single by Lana Del Rey vs.", "6": "Cedric Gervais Released October 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 29 ) Format Digital download Length 3 : 47 Label Spinnin ' Songwriter ( s ) Lana Del Rey Rick Nowels Producer ( s ) Cedric Gervais Lana Del Rey singles chronology `` Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Young and Beautiful ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( 2014 ) `` Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Young and Beautiful ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) `` Once Upon a Dream '' ( 2014 ) Cedric Gervais singles chronology `` Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) Summertime Sadness ( Remix ) 2013 `` Young and Beautiful ( Remix ) '' ( 2013 ) Young and Beautiful ( Remix ) 2013 `` Adore You ( Remix ) '' ( 2014 ) Adore You ( Remix ) 2014 Music video `` Young & Beautiful ( Remix ) '' on YouTube In October 2013 , a remix by Cedric Gervais was commissioned for the record label Universal Germany . It was sent to Italian contemporary hit radio by Universal Music on January 10 , 2014 .", "7": "Charts and certifications ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Original version ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 -- 14 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 8 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 57 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 34 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) 33 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 45 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 44 France ( SNEP ) 31 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 50 Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 9 Iceland ( RÚV ) 30 Ireland ( IRMA ) 16 Israel ( Media Forest ) 7 Italy ( FIMI ) 8 Lebanon ( The Official Lebanese Top 20 ) 16 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 79 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 23 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 12 Russia Airplay ( Tophit ) Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 21 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 53 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 24 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 31 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 23 US Billboard Hot 100 22 US Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Heatseeker Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 41 Cedric Gervais Remix ( edit ) Chart ( 2014 ) Peak position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 38 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2013 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 196 Chart ( 2014 ) Position Italy ( FIMI ) 63 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 4 × Platinum 280,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Gold 7,", "8": "500 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Germany April 22 , 2013 Digital download Polydor Interscope United States April 23 , 2013 Water Tower Interscope Italy April 26 , 2013 Contemporary hit radio Universal United States May 21 , 2013 Interscope References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Countdown '' . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' soundtrack to feature Jay - Z , Lana del Rey , The xx and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ( Note : This article asserts Baz Luhrmann co-wrote the song , but he is not credited as such in either the soundtrack 's liner notes or the film 's credits . ) Jump up ^ `` Lana del Rey , una de les estrelles del Sónar 2012 , entrevistada a ' El matí ' '' . 16 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann talks about working with Lana Del Rey for The Great Gatsby '' . YouTube . June 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Gatsby ' soundtrack to feature Jay - Z , Lana del Rey , The xx and more '' . Los Angeles Times . Eddy Hartenstein . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Is Lana Del Rey 's Oscar campaign being sabotaged ? '' . The Guardian . 19 Dec 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jay - Z Calls on Beyoncé , André 3000 , Fergie , & Lana Del Rey for ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack '' . Rap - Up . Devin Lazerine . Retrieved 6 April 2013 .", "9": "^ Jump up to : Markman , Rob ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Boasts Big Names Jay - Z , Beyonce And Lana Del Rey : Fourteen - song soundtrack also includes the likes of Florence and the Machine , will.i.am and Gotye . '' MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 6 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey 's ' Great Gatsby ' Track ' Young & Beautiful ' Hits The Web '' . Billboard . New York : Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 29 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Kevin P. ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey 's ' Young And Beautiful ' From ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Online '' . MTV . Viacom . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Orr , Gillian ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Lana del Ray does doom , gloom and va - va voom for The Great Gatsby with new song ' Young and Beautiful ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Makarechi , Kia ( 4 April 2013 ) . `` ' Great Gatsby ' Soundtrack Tracklist Includes Jay - Z , Beyonce , Andre 3000 , Florence , The XX & More '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved 7 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Corner , Lewis ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey premieres ' Young and Beautiful ' music video - watch '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey - Young and Beautiful '' . YouTube . LanaDelReyVEVO . Retrieved 10 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lipshutz , Jason ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey is ' Young and Beautiful ' and Sad in New Video '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 11 May 2013 .", "10": "^ Jump up to : Hogan , Marc ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Serenades an Orchestra in ' Young and Beautiful ' Video '' . SPIN . Spin Media . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lana Del Rey , Chris Sweeney ( 27 September 2013 ) . Lana Del Rey vs Cedric Gervais - Young & Beautiful ( Remix ) ( Official Music Video ) ( Music video ) . ^ Jump up to : Berry , David ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` First Impressions : Lana Del Rey 's Young & Beautiful picks up where Video Games left off '' . National Post . Postmedia Network . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( April 22 , 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey Releases ' Great Gatsby ' Single `` Young & Beautiful '' `` . Fuse . The Madison Square Garden Company . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jody ( 3 May 2013 ) . `` Review : The Great Gatsby : Music From Baz Luhrmann 's Film '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media LLC . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Brown , August ( 10 May 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey cuts video for ' Gatsby 's ' single ' Young and Beautiful ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Breihan , Tom ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Lana Del Rey -- `` Young & Beautiful '' `` . Stereogum . SPIN Media . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( 5 May 2013 ) . `` Weekly Chart Notes : Steve Martin , Edie Brickell Blast Back ; Lana Del Rey Debuts ; Mariah Carey , Nicki Minaj Get Hot ( 100 ) - Headed '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Grein , Paul ( November 27 , 2013 ) .", "11": "`` Chart Watch : Lorde Wins A Squeaker '' . Chart Watch . Retrieved November 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lamb , Bill . `` Lana Del Rey 's `` Young and Beautiful '' Crashes the iTunes Top 10 With the Release Of The Great Gatsby Film `` . About.com . IAC . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lana Del Rey -- Video Games '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` RIAA Adds Digital Streams To Historic Gold & Platinum Awards '' . Recording Industry Association of America . May 9 , 2013 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . `` New `` combined '' digital single award `` . Recording Industry Association of America . May 2013 . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Congratulates the Nominees of the 2013 World Soundtrack Awards '' . BMI. 20 August 2013 . Retrieved 20 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Current Nominees '' . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ The Great Gatsby : Music from Baz Luhrmann 's Film ( booklet ) . Interscope Records . 2013 . Jump up ^ LANA DEL REY - Young and Beautiful ( Cedric Gervais Remix ) ( Polydor ) Radio Date 10 / 01 / 2014 Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved 8 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved 29 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 .", "12": "Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved 4 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201645 into search . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Lana del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` Digital Singles Charts - Greece '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History '' . RÚV . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 21 , 2013 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful Media Forest '' . Israeli Airplay Chart . Media Forest . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . Top Digital Download . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 - Lana Del Rey '' . The official lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved 4 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 .", "13": "Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Official Russia Top 100 Airplay Chart '' ( in Russian ) . Tophit . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201324 into search . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' Canciones Top 50 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 23 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Young and Beautiful - Lana Del Rey - Song Information - Rock Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved 24 November 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/306420/lana-del-rey/chart?f=887 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Discography : Lana Del Rey '' . dutcharts.nl . NZ : RIANZ. 2014 . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.ukchartsplus.co.uk/UKChartsPlusEOY2013.pdf Jump up ^ `` FIMI - Classifiche Annuali 2014 `` TOP OF THE MUSIC '' FIMI - GfK : un anno di musica italiana '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2014 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart - 24 February 2014 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2014 . Retrieved February 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Lana Del Rey -- Young and Beautiful '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Young and Beautiful in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Lana Del Ray -- Young and Beautiful '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Young and Beautiful '' . Amazon.de . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Young And Beautiful : Lana Del Rey : Official Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lana Del Rey -- Young & Beautiful ( Universal ) '' ( in Italian ) . Radio Airplay SRL . Retrieved February 6 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Music Group . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2013 .", "15": "External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics ( hide ) Lana Del Rey songs Discography Videography Lana Del Ray `` Kill Kill '' `` Yayo '' Born to Die `` Born to Die '' `` Off to the Races '' `` Blue Jeans '' `` Video Games '' `` Diet Mountain Dew '' `` National Anthem '' `` Dark Paradise '' `` Carmen '' `` Summertime Sadness '' Paradise `` Ride '' `` Cola '' `` Blue Velvet '' `` Gods & Monsters '' `` Yayo '' `` Bel Air '' `` Burning Desire '' Ultraviolence `` Cruel World '' `` Ultraviolence '' `` Shades of Cool '' `` Brooklyn Baby '' `` West Coast '' `` Old Money '' `` Black Beauty '' Honeymoon `` Honeymoon '' `` Music to Watch Boys To '' `` Terrence Loves You '' `` High by the Beach '' `` Freak '' `` Art Deco '' `` Salvatore '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' Lust for Life `` Love '' `` Lust for Life '' `` Summer Bummer '' `` Coachella -- Woodstock in My Mind '' Other songs `` Serial Killer '' `` Ghetto Baby '' `` Young and Beautiful '' `` Once Upon a Dream '' `` Big Eyes '' `` Prisoner '' `` Riverside '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Young_and_Beautiful_(Lana_Del_Rey_song)&oldid=834404404 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2013 singles 2013 songs Interscope Records singles Lana Del Rey songs Music videos directed by Sophie Muller Pop ballads Song recordings produced by Rick Nowels Songs written for films Songs written by Lana Del Rey Songs written by Rick Nowels The Great Gatsby Song recordings produced by Al Shux Torch songs Hidden categories : CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Articles with hAudio microformats", "16": "All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 Articles needing additional references from July 2014 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Irish Singlechart usages for Israelairplay Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano 日本 語 Polski Português Русский 4", "17": "more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 15 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 11, 9, 12, 15, 13, 10, 8, 5, 14, 3, 6, 0, 4, 2, 1, 7, 17, 16 ]

[ 11, 9, 12, 15, 13 ]

[ "semi-automatic, but not fully automatic, firearms" ]

{ "0": "Gun laws in Switzerland - wikipedia Gun laws in Switzerland Jump to : navigation , search Shooter with SIG 550 ordnance rifle at a Swiss firing range ( 2007 photograph ) Gun laws by country Overview Australia Brazil Canada China Czech Republic European Union Finland France Germany Honduras Italy Ireland Jamaica Kuwait Mexico New Zealand Norway Pakistan Philippines South Africa Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom United States USSR Firearms legislation in Switzerland comes from a long tradition of shooting ( tirs ) as a formative element of national identity in the post-Napoleonic Restoration of the Confederacy , and the long - standing practice of a militia organization of the Swiss Army in which soldiers ' service rifles are stored privately at home . In addition to this , many cantons ( notably the alpine cantons of Grisons and Valais ) have strong traditions of hunting , accounting for a large but unknown number of privately held hunting rifles . The applicable federal legislations are SR 514.54 Federal Law on Weapons , Weapon Equipment and Ammunition ( German : Waffengesetz , WG , French : Loi sur les armes , LArm , Italian : Legge sulle armi , LArm ) of 20 June 1997 ( current edition of 1 . July 2016 , revised 01.01. 1999 ) , and SR 514.541 Ordinance on Weapons , Armament Accessories and Ammunition ( German : Waffenverordnung , WV , French : Ordonnance sur les armes , OArm , Italian : Ordinanza sulle armi , OArm ) of 2 July 2008 ( current edition of 1 . July 2016 , revised 12.12. 2008 ) . The Weapons Law recognises a qualified `` right to acquire , possess and carry arms '' . The legislation is considered liberal and allows the free purchase of semi-automatic , but not fully automatic , firearms by Swiss citizens and foreigners with permanent residence . Permits for concealed carrying in public are issued only extremely restrictively . Contents ( hide ) 1 Number of guns in circulation 2 Regulation 2.1 Acquisition 2.1. 1 Buying guns 2.1.", "1": "2 Buying ammunition 2.2 Carrying guns 2.2. 1 Conditions for obtaining a Carrying Permit 2.3 Transporting guns 2.4 EU Gun Ban 3 Army - issued arms and ammunition collection 3.1 Recreational shooting 4 Gun culture in Switzerland 5 Firearm - related deaths 6 See also 7 Notes and references 7.1 Notes 7.2 References 8 External links Number of guns in circulation ( edit ) Switzerland thus has a relatively high gun ownership rate . There are no official statistics , and estimates vary considerably . The Small Arms Survey of 2016 placed Swiss gun ownership per capita at 24.45 % . In 2016 , the defence ministry estimated that 2 million privately owned guns are in circulation , which given a population of 8.3 million corresponds to a gun ownership rate of around 24 guns per 100 residents . This is roughly a quarter of the rate in the United States , and lower than that in the neighbouring countries of Germany , and Austria , but about the double of Italy and France . Traditionally liberal Swiss gun legislation has , however , been somewhat tightened in 2008 , when Switzerland has complied with European Firearms Directive . Throughout the modern political history of Switzerland , there have been advocates for tighter gun control . The most recent suggestion for tighter gun control was rejected in a popular referendum in February 2011 . Regulation ( edit ) Switzerland 's Weapons Law ( WG , LArm ) and Weapons Act ( WV , OArm ) has been revised to accede to the Schengen Treaty effective 12 December 2008 . The Act on Personal Military Equipement ( VPAA , OEPM ) governs the handling of military equipement , and in particular the handling of personal weapons by military personnel .", "2": "The law is applied to the following weapons : Firearms , such as pistols , revolvers , rifles , pump guns ( German : Vorderschaftrepetierer ) , lever - action rifles , self - loading guns ( shotguns and rifles ) Air and CO2 guns with a muzzle energy of at least 7.5 joules , or if there is risk of confusion with a firearm Imitation , blank firing guns ( German : Schreckschuss ) and soft - air guns when there is risk of confusion with a firearm Butterfly knives , throwing knives , switchblade or automatic knives with total length greater than 12 cm and blade length greater than 5 cm Daggers with a symmetrical blade less than 30 cm Devices that are intended to hurt people such as batons ( German : Schlagrute ) , throwing star , brass knuckles , slings with armrest Electric shock devices and spray products with irritants in Annex 2 weapons ordinance ( WV / OArm ) , except for pepper spray A `` shooting society '' somewhere in Switzerland ; people come to such ranges to complete mandatory training with service arms , or to shoot for sport and competition . Generally prohibited arms are : Automatic firearms such as machine guns , etc . Automatic knives when the blade more than 5 cm and total length of more than 12 cm Butterfly knives when the blade more than 5 cm and total length of more than 12 cm Throwing knives ; regardless of the shape and size Symmetrical daggers where blade length is less than 30 cm Brass knuckles Shock rods or stun guns Throwing Stars Buttstock - equipped slingshots German : Schleudern mit Armstütze Tasers Hidden firearms that imitate an object of utility , such as shooting phones Acquisition ( edit ) Buying guns ( edit ) In order to purchase most weapons , the purchaser must obtain a weapon acquisition permit ( art . 8 WG / LArm ) . Swiss citizens and foreigners with a C permit over the age of 18 who are not psychiatrically disqualified nor identified as posing security problems , and who have a clean criminal record can request such a permit . Foreigners with the following citizenship are explicitly excluded from the right to possess weapons : Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Turkey , Sri Lanka , Algeria and Albania .", "3": "The following information must be provided to the cantonal weapon bureau together with the weapon application form : valid official identification or passport copy residence address criminal record copy not older than 3 months For each transfer of a weapon or an essential weapon component without weapons acquisition permit ( art . 10 WG / LArm ) , a written contract must be concluded . Each Party shall keep them at least ten years . The contract must include the following information ( art . 11 WG / LArm ) : Family name , first name , birth date , residence address and signature of the person who sells the weapon or essential weapon component Family name , first name , birth date , residence address and signature of the person who purchases the weapon or an essential weapon component Kind of weapon , manufacturer or producer , label , caliber , weapon number , and date and place of transfer Type and number of official identification of the person who acquires the weapon or the essential weapon component and an indication of the processing of personal data in connection with the contract in accordance with the privacy policy of the Federation or the cantons , if firearms are transmitted This information must be sent within 30 days to the cantonal weapon registration bureau , where the weapon holders are registered ( art . 9 WG / LArm ) . Some weapons do not need a weapon acquisition permit ( art . 10 WG / LArm ) : Single - shot and multi-barreled hunting rifles and replicas of single - shot muzzle loaders By the Federal Council designated hand bolt - action rifles , which are commonly used in off - duty and sporting gunnery recognized by the military law of 3 February 1952 and shooting clubs for hunting purposes in Switzerland Single - shot rabbit slayer Compressed air and CO2 weapons that develop a muzzle energy of at least 7.5 joules , or may be confused because of their appearance with real firearms Buying ammunition ( edit ) Ready ammunition of the Swiss Army . Soldiers equipped with the Sig 550 assault rifle used to be issued 50 rounds of ammunition in a sealed can , to be opened only upon alert and for use while en route to join their unit . This practice was stopped in 2007 . In order to purchase ammunition the buyer must follow the same legal rules that apply to buying guns .", "4": "The buyer can only buy ammunition for guns that he / she legally owns and must provide the following information to the seller ( art . 15 , 16 WG / LArm ; art . 24 WV / OArm ) : valid official identification or passport ( and must be older than 18 and who are not psychiatrically disqualified nor identified as posing security problems , and must not be a citizen of the following countries ( art . 12 WV / OArm ) : Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Turkey , Sri Lanka , Algeria and Albania ) residence address criminal record copy not older than 3 months weapon acquisition permit not older than 2 years , or a weapon carrying permit not older than 5 years This also applies for weapons which do not require a weapon acquisition permit ( see above , excluding the weapon acquisition permit , of course ) . This information must be sent within 30 days to the cantonal weapon registration bureau , where the weapon holder is registered . The same applies to black powder and modern black powder substitutes for use in firing historical rifles . A Swiss 100 gram black powder container . The possession of the following munition is generally prohibited : Ammunition with armor - piercing bullets Ammunition with projectiles containing an explosive or incendiary device Ammunition with one or more floors to the release of substances which damage the health of people in the long run Ammunition , missiles and missile launchers for military explosive Ammunition with projectiles for transmitting electric shocks Ammunition for handguns with deformation effect Carrying guns ( edit ) To carry a firearm in public or outdoors ( and for a militia member to carry a firearm other than his issued weapons while off - duty ) , a person must have a gun carrying permit ( German : Waffentragbewilligung , French : permis de port d'armes , Italian : permesso di porto di armi ; art . 27 WG / LArm ) , which in most cases is issued only to private citizens working in occupations such as security . It is , however , quite common to see a person in military service to be en route with his rifle , albeit unloaded . The issue of such exceptional permits are extremely selective . However , it is permissible to carry firearms in public or outdoors if the holder ( art .", "5": "27 § 4 WG / LArm ) : Has a valid hunting license and is carrying the firearm for hunting Is participating in a demonstration and is carrying the firearm in reference to a historical event Is participating in a shooting competition for air - soft guns , provided that the competition has a secure perimeter Is an airport security officer for an authorized country , a border patrol officer , or a game warden , who is carrying the firearm in the course of their employment Furthermore , any licensed holder of a gun may transport an unloaded firearm for special situations ( see # Transporting guns ) . Conditions for obtaining a carrying permit ( edit ) There are three conditions ( art . 27 § 2 WG / LArm ) : fulfilling the conditions for a buying permit ( see section above ) stating plausibly the need to carry firearms to protect oneself , other people , or real property from a specified danger passing an examination proving both weapon handling skills and knowledge regarding lawful use of the weapon The carrying permit remains valid for a term of five years ( unless otherwise surrendered or revoked ) , and applies only to the type of firearm for which the permit was issued . Additional constraints may be invoked to modify any specific permit . ( art . 27 § 3 WG / LArm ) Transporting guns ( edit ) Guns may be transported in public as long as an appropriate justification is present . This means to transport a gun in public , the following requirements apply ( art . 28 WG / LArm ) : The ammunition must be separated from the gun , no ammunition in a magazine The transport needs to be as direct as possible and needs a valid purpose : For courses or exercises hosted by marksmanship , hunting or military organisations To an army warehouse and back To show the gun to a friend or a possible buyer To and from a holder of a valid arms trade permit To and from a specific event , e.g. gun shows During change of residence EU gun ban ( edit ) Main article : Amending Directive ( EU ) 2017 / 853 A 2017 amendment to the EU Firearms Directive , known as the `` EU Gun Ban '' , introduces new restrictions on firearms possession and acquisition , especially on semi-automatic firearms , personal defense weapons , magazine capacity , blank firing guns and historical firearms .", "6": "The restrictions must be introduced into the Swiss legal system by August 2018 due to its membership of the Schengen area . The Directive also includes an exemption covering a specific Swiss issue -- it allows possession to a target shooter of one firearm used during the mandatory military period after leaving the army , provided it was converted to semi-automatic only ( art . 6 ( 6 ) of the Amendment Directive ) . This part of the Directive specifically was however challenged by the Czech Republic in front of the European Court of Justice due to its discriminatory nature . The Czech Republic seeks nullification of the `` Swiss exemption '' as well as of other parts of the Directive . Civil rights organizations plan to hold a referendum to reject the recent EU directive . According to Swiss People 's Party vice-president Christoph Blocher , Switzerland should consider abandoning EU 's borderless Schengen Area if the Swiss people reject the proposed measures in a referendum . Army - issued arms and ammunition collection ( edit ) The Swiss army has long been a militia trained and structured to rapidly respond against foreign aggression . Swiss males grow up expecting to undergo basic military training , usually at age 20 in the recruit school , the basic - training camp , after which Swiss men remain part of the `` militia '' in reserve capacity until age 30 ( age 34 for officers ) . Prior to 2007 members of the Swiss Militia were supplied with 50 - rounds of ammunition for their military weapon in a sealed ammo box that was regularly audited by the government . This was so that , in the case of an emergency , the militia could respond quickly . A `` shooting society '' somewhere in Switzerland ; people come to such ranges to complete mandatory training with service arms , or to shoot for sport and competition . In December 2007 , the Swiss Federal Council decided that the distribution of ammunition to soldiers would stop and that previously issued ammo would be returned . By March 2011 , more than 99 % of the ammo has been received . Only 2,000 specialist militia members ( who protect airports and other sites of particular sensitivity ) are permitted to keep their military - issued ammunition at home . The rest of the militia get their ammunition from their military armory in the event of an emergency . When their period of service has ended , militia men have the choice of keeping their personal weapon and other selected items of their equipment .", "7": "However , keeping the weapon after end of service requires a weapon acquisition permit ( art . 11 - 15 VPAA / OEPM ) . The government sponsors training with rifles and shooting in competitions for interested adolescents , both male and female . The sale of ammunition -- including Gw Pat. 90 rounds for army - issue assault rifles -- is subsidized by the Swiss government and made available at the many Federal Council licensed shooting ranges . That ammunition sold at ranges must be immediately used there under supervision ( art . 16 WG / LArm ) . The Swiss Army maintains tightened adherence to high standards of lawful military conduct . In 2005 , for example , when the Swiss prosecuted recruits who had reenacted the torture scenes of Abu Ghraib , one of the charges was improper use of service weapons . Recreational shooting ( edit ) Recreational shooting is widespread in Switzerland . Practice with guns is a popular form of recreation , and is encouraged by the government , particularly for the members of the militia . Prior to the turn of the century , about 200,000 people used to attend the annual Feldschiessen , which is the largest rifle shooting competition in the world . In 2012 they counted 130,000 participants . For the 2015 Federal Shooting ( Eidg . Schützenfest ) 37,000 shooters are registered . In addition , there are several private shooting ranges which rent guns . Gun culture in Switzerland ( edit ) See also : Global gun cultures § Switzerland Switzerland has a strong gun culture compared to other countries in the world . Groups like ProTell lobby for the preservation of Switzerland 's gun rights . Additionally , the Schweizerischer Schützenverein , a Swiss shooting association , organizes the Eidgenössische Schützenfeste , in intervals of five years . Firearm - related deaths ( edit ) The vast majority of firearm - related deaths in Switzerland are suicides . The suicide method of shooting oneself with a firearm accounted for 21.5 % of suicides in Switzerland in the period of 2001 -- 2012 ( with significant gender imbalance : 29.7 % of male suicides vs. 3.0 % of female suicides ) . By contrast , gun crime is comparatively limited .", "8": "In 2016 , there were 187 attempted and 45 completed homicides , for a homicide rate of 0.50 per 100,000 population . Of the recorded homicides ( attempted or completed ) , 20.3 % were committed with a gun ( 47 cases , compared to an average of 41 cases in the period of 2009 -- 2015 ) . In addition , there were 7 cases of bodily harm and 233 cases of robbery committed with firearms . There were 16 completed homicides with a firearm in 2016 . Of these , 14 were committed with a handgun , one with a long gun and one case marked `` other / unspecified '' . None of the involved weapons were ordinance weapons issued by the Swiss Armed Forces . Similarly , out of 31 attempted homicides with firearms , 25 were committed with handguns , two with long guns and four `` other / unspecified '' , with no use of ordinance weapons on record . For the period of 2009 -- 2016 , on average 16.5 out of 49.4 completed homicides were committed with a firearm , 13.8 with handguns , 1.9 with long guns and 0.9 `` other / unspecified '' ; an average 0.75 cases per year ( 6 cases in eight years ) involved ordinance weapons . See also ( edit ) Number of guns per capita by country Gun politics Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Art . 3 Recht auf Waffenerwerb , Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen : Das Recht auf Waffenerwerb , Waffenbesitz und Waffentragen ist im Rahmen dieses Gesetzes gewährleistet . '' ( The right to acquire , possess and carry arms is guaranteed in the framework of this law . ) ^ Jump up to : The law of 1997 ( SR 514.54 ) made explicit provision for the Federal Council to restrict gun ownership by nationality ( art . 7 WG / LArm ) . SR 514.541 art . 12 , passed in 2008 , amended in 2014 , explicitly prohibits the purchase or ownership of weapons to nationals of eight states : Serbia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Kosovo , Macedonia , Turkey , Sri Lanka , Algeria and Albania .", "9": "Jump up ^ SR 514.54 art . 27 § 4 . No carry permit is necessary for hunting rifles carried by registered hunters with a hunting licence in the context of hunting or game - keeping , and historical firearms carried in the context of re-enactment or memorial events . Justifiable transport of unloaded firearms is regulated in art . 28 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Julie Hartley - Moore , `` The Song of Gryon : Political Ritual , Local Identity , and the Consolidation of Nationalism in Multiethnic Switzerland '' , Journal of American Folklore 120.476 ( 2007 ) 204 -- 229 , citing Kohn Hans Kohn , Nationalism and Liberty : The Swiss Example . London : George Allen and Unwin , 1956 , p. 78 . ^ Jump up to : `` SR 514.54 Bundesgesetz über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition ( Waffengesetz WG ) '' ( official site ) ( in German , Italian , and French ) . Berne , Switzerland : The Swiss Federal Council . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` SR 514.541 Verordnung über Waffen , Waffenzubehör und Munition ( Waffenverordnung WV ) '' ( official site ) ( in German , Italian , and French ) . Berne , Switzerland : The Swiss Federal Council . 1 July 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/02/swiss-guns/553448/ ^ Jump up to : `` Guns in Switzerland : Facts , Figures and Firearm Law '' . Gunpolicy.org . Sydney , Australia : University of Sydney School of Public Health . 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dacey , Jessica ( 1 April 2016 ) . `` A surge in gun permits '' . Swissinfo . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.loc.gov/law/help/firearms-control/switzerland.php Jump up ^ `` De-Quilling the Porcupine : Swiss Mull Tighter Gun Laws '' .", "10": "Der Spiegel . Hamburg , Germany . 2 May 2007 . Retrieved 12 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland rejects tighter gun controls '' . BBC News . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 ... `` Abstimmungen -- Indikatoren : Eidgenössische Volksabstimmung vom 13 . Februar 2011 -- Volksinitiative `` Für den Schutz vor Waffengewalt '' '' ( official site ) . Neuchâtel , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ) . 13 February 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` SR 514.10 Verordnung über die persönliche Ausrüstung der Armeeangehörigen ( VPAA ) '' ( in German , French , and Italian ) . The Swiss Federal Council . 5 December 2003 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Soldiers can keep guns at home but not ammo '' . SWI Swissinfo.ch , a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting Corporation ( SBC ) . 27 September 2007 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Finland seeks exception from EU gun ban '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` EU Gun Ban : Intervention Suisse à Bruxelles '' . ASEAA . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Trilog schließt die Verhandlungen zum `` EU - Gun ban '' `` . Firearms United . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Gun lobby stirs to life in Europe '' . Politico . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Position of the European Parliament adopted at first reading on 14 March 2017 with a view to the adoption of Directive ( EU ) 2017 / ... of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Council Directive 91 / 477 / EEC on control of the acquisition and possession of weapons '' ( Parliamentary decision ) .", "11": "Strasbourg : European Parliament . 14 March 2017 . P8_TC1 - COD ( 2015 ) 0269 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Czechs take legal action over EU rules on gun control '' . Ministry of Interior of the Czech Republic . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 30 . Jump up ^ https://www.finger-weg-vom-schweizer-waffenrecht.ch/2017/04/offener-brief-an-den-bundesrat-nationalrat-staenderat/ Jump up ^ https://www.nzz.ch/schweiz/waffenrecht-schiessen-schweizer-schuetzen-schengen-ab-ld.1085409 Jump up ^ `` Swiss tell EU : Hands off veterans ' assault rifles '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` SR 514.101 Verordnung des VBS über die persönliche Ausrüstung der Armeeangehörigen ( VPAA - VBS ) vom 9 . Dezember 2003 ( Stand am 1 . Januar 2015 ) : art . 7 Taschenmunition Ziff 1 '' ( official site ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Berne , Switzerland : The Swiss Federal Council . 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Taschenmunition fast vollständig eingezogen '' . Neue Zürcher Zeitung ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland . 2 May 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Patrick Marbach ( 15 August 2005 ) . `` Schweizer Rekruten spielen Irak - Folterer '' . 20 Minuten ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Feldschiessen '' . Lebendige Traditionen . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Giannis Mavris ( 4 July 2015 ) .", "12": "`` Familienausflug mit dem Sturmgewehr '' . Neuste Zürcher Zeitung ( NZZ ) ( in German ) . Zurich , Switzerland . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 06 . Jump up ^ Bachmann , Helena ( December 20 , 2012 ) . `` The Swiss Difference : A Gun Culture That Works '' . TIME . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nelson , Soraya Sarhaddi ( March 19 , 2013 ) . `` What 's Worked , And What Has n't , In Gun - Loving Switzerland '' . NPR . Retrieved March 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Elvira Keller - Guglielmetti , Esther Walter , eds. ( April 2015 ) . `` Epidemiologie von Suiziden , Suizidversuchen und assistierten Suiziden in der Schweiz , April 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Federal Office of Public Health . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik ( PKS ) -- Jahresbericht 2016 '' ( PDF ) ( official federal site ) ( in French , German , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( SFO ) . 23 March 2015 . pp. 13 , 36 -- 38 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 303 - 19065 - 4 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Tötungsdelikt : Aufklärung und Vorjahresvergleich ( vollendet und versucht ) nach Tatmittel , Beschuldigte und Geschädigte 2016 27 March 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ordonnance fédérale sur les armes , les accessoires d'armes et les munitions Swiss federal application law on weapons , weapon accessories and ammunition .", "13": "Swiss Portal for hunting and fishing proTELL website Firearms Training Company with Swiss Protell membership A well organized pro-army and pro-gun rights association in Southern Switzerland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Switzerland&oldid=836482111 '' Categories : Firearm laws Politics of Switzerland Swiss society Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use dmy dates from September 2011 Articles containing German - language text Articles containing French - language text Articles containing Italian - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Magyar Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 April 2018 , at 01 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 8, 7, 4, 10, 5, 9, 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 11, 13 ]

[ 2, 8, 7, 4, 10 ]

[ "1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945", "1 September 1939", "2 September 1945", "September 1939 – 2 September 1945 (", "1939", "1945" ]

{ "0": "World War II - wikipedia World War II Jump to : navigation , search `` The Second World War '' , `` WWII '' , and `` WW2 '' redirect here . For other uses , see The Second World War ( disambiguation ) and WWII ( disambiguation ) . World War II ( clockwise from top left ) Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing Australian 25 - pounder guns during the First Battle of El Alamein German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front in December 1943 American naval force in the Lingayen Gulf Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Instrument of Surrender Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad Date 1 September 1939 -- 2 September 1945 ( 1939 - 09 - 01 -- 1945 - 09 - 02 ) ( 7003219300000000000 ♠ 6 years and 1 day ) Location Europe , Pacific , Atlantic , South - East Asia , China , Middle East , Mediterranean , North Africa and Horn of Africa , briefly North and South America Result Allied victory Collapse of Nazi Germany Fall of Japanese and Italian Empires Dissolution of the League of Nations Creation of the United Nations Emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as superpowers Beginning of the Cold War ( more . ) Participants Allied Powers Axis Powers Commanders and leaders Main Allied leaders Joseph Stalin Franklin D. Roosevelt Winston Churchill Chiang Kai - shek Main Axis leaders Adolf Hitler Hirohito Benito Mussolini Casualties and losses Military dead : Over 16,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 45,000,000 Total dead : Over 61,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) . further details Military dead : Over 8,000,000 Civilian dead : Over 4,000,000 Total dead : Over 12,000,000 ( 1937 -- 45 ) .", "1": "further details Campaigns of World War II Europe Poland Phoney War Winter War Denmark & Norway France & Benelux Britain Balkans Eastern Front Finland Western Front ( 1944 -- 45 ) Pacific War China Pacific Ocean South - East Asia South West Pacific Japan Manchuria ( 1945 ) Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa Horn of Africa Mediterranean Sea Adriatic Malta Yugoslavia Iraq Syria -- Lebanon Iran Italy Dodecanese Southern France Other campaigns Atlantic Arctic Strategic bombing America French West Africa Madagascar Contemporaneous wars Chinese Civil War USSR -- Japan Border Wars French -- Thai Ecuadorian -- Peruvian War Ili Rebellion Events leading to World War II Treaty of Versailles 1919 Treaty of Trianon 1920 Treaty of Rapallo 1920 March on Rome 1922 Corfu incident 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr 1923 -- 1925 Pacification of Libya 1923 -- 1932 Dawes Plan 1924 Locarno Treaties 1925 Chinese Civil War 1927 -- 1936 Young Plan 1929 Great Depression 1929 -- 1941 Japanese invasion of Manchuria 1931 Nazis rise to power in Germany 1933 Franco - Soviet - Czech Pact 1935 Second Italo - Ethiopian War 1935 -- 36 Remilitarization of the Rhineland 1936 Spanish Civil War 1936 -- 39 Anti-Comintern Pact 1936 Second Sino - Japanese War 1937 Anschluss Mar. 1938 Munich crisis Sep. 1938 German occupation of Czechoslovakia Mar. 1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania Mar. 1939 British guarantee to Poland Mar. 1939 Invasion of Albania Apr. 1939 Pact of Steel May 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Aug. 1939 Battle of Britain May . 1940 Invasion of the Soviet Union Jun.", "2": "1941 Attack on Pearl Harbor Dec. 1941 World War II Alphabetical indices N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0 -- 9 Navigation Campaigns Countries Equipment Lists Outline Timeline Portal Category Bibliography World War II ( often abbreviated to WWII or WW2 ) , also known as the Second World War , was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945 , although related conflicts began earlier . It involved the vast majority of the world 's countries -- including all of the great powers -- eventually forming two opposing military alliances : the Allies and the Axis . It was the most widespread war in history , and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries . In a state of total war , the major participants threw their entire economic , industrial , and scientific capabilities behind the war effort , erasing the distinction between civilian and military resources . World War II was the deadliest conflict in human history , marked by 50 million to 85 million fatalities , most of which were civilians in the Soviet Union and China . It included massacres , the deliberate genocide of the Holocaust , strategic bombing , starvation , disease and the first use of nuclear weapons in history . The Empire of Japan aimed to dominate Asia and the Pacific and was already at war with the Republic of China in 1937 , but the world war is generally said to have begun on 1 September 1939 with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany and subsequent declarations of war on Germany by France and the United Kingdom . From late 1939 to early 1941 , in a series of campaigns and treaties , Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe , and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan . Under the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours , Poland , Finland , Romania and the Baltic states . The war continued primarily between the European Axis powers and the coalition of the United Kingdom and the British Commonwealth , with campaigns including the North Africa and East Africa campaigns , the aerial Battle of Britain , the Blitz bombing campaign , and the Balkan Campaign , as well as the long - running Battle of the Atlantic .", "3": "On 22 June 1941 , the European Axis powers launched an invasion of the Soviet Union , opening the largest land theatre of war in history , which trapped the major part of the Axis military forces into a war of attrition . In December 1941 , Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean , and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific . The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway , and Germany and Italy were defeated in North Africa and then , decisively , at Stalingrad in the Soviet Union . In 1943 , with a series of German defeats on the Eastern Front , the Allied invasion of Sicily and the Allied invasion of Italy which brought about Italian surrender , and Allied victories in the Pacific , the Axis lost the initiative and undertook strategic retreat on all fronts . In 1944 , the Western Allies invaded German - occupied France , while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies . During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma , while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy and captured key Western Pacific islands . The war in Europe concluded with an invasion of Germany by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union , culminating in the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops , the suicide of Adolf Hitler and the subsequent German unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945 . Following the Potsdam Declaration by the Allies on 26 July 1945 and the refusal of Japan to surrender under its terms , the United States dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August respectively . With an invasion of the Japanese archipelago imminent , the possibility of additional atomic bombings and the Soviet invasion of Manchuria , Japan formally surrendered on 2 September 1945 . Thus ended the war in Asia , cementing the total victory of the Allies . World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world . The United Nations ( UN ) was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts . The victorious great powers -- China , France , the Soviet Union , the United Kingdom , and the United States -- became the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council .", "4": "The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers , setting the stage for the Cold War , which lasted for the next 46 years . Meanwhile , the influence of European great powers waned , while the decolonisation of Africa and Asia began . Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery . Political integration , especially in Europe , emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities and to create a common identity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chronology 2 Background 2.1 Europe 2.2 Asia 3 Pre-war events 3.1 Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) 3.2 Spanish Civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) 3.3 Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) 3.4 Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts 3.5 European occupations and agreements 4 Course of the war 4.1 War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) 4.2 Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.3 Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) 4.4 Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) 4.5 War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) 4.6 Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 1 Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6. 2 Eastern Front ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.6.", "5": "3 Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) 4.7 Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) 4.8 Allies close in ( 1944 ) 4.9 Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 6.1 Casualties and war crimes 6.2 Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour 6.3 Occupation 6.4 Home fronts and production 6.5 Advances in technology and warfare 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Chronology See also : Timeline of World War II Timelines of World War II Chronological Prelude ( in Asia in Europe ) 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 By topic Diplomacy Engagements Operations Battle of Europe air operations Eastern Front Manhattan Project United Kingdom home front The start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939 , beginning with the German invasion of Poland ; Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later . The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino - Japanese War on 7 July 1937 , or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931 . Others follow the British historian A.J.P. Taylor , who held that the Sino - Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and the two wars merged in 1941 . This article uses the conventional dating . Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935 . The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939 . The exact date of the war 's end is also not universally agreed upon .", "6": "It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945 ( V-J Day ) , rather than the formal surrender of Japan ( 2 September 1945 ) . A peace treaty with Japan was signed in 1951 . A treaty regarding Germany 's future allowed the reunification of East and West Germany to take place in 1990 and resolved other post-World War II issues . Background Main article : Causes of World War II Europe World War I had radically altered the political European map , with the defeat of the Central Powers -- including Austria - Hungary , Germany , Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire -- and the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in Russia , which eventually led to the founding of the Soviet Union . Meanwhile , the victorious Allies of World War I , such as France , Belgium , Italy , Romania and Greece , gained territory , and new nation - states were created out of the collapse of Austria - Hungary and the Ottoman and Russian Empires . The League of Nations assembly , held in Geneva , Switzerland , 1930 To prevent a future world war , the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference . The organisation 's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security , military and naval disarmament , and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration . Despite strong pacifist sentiment after World War I , its aftermath still caused irredentist and revanchist nationalism in several European states . These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial , colonial , and financial losses incurred by the Treaty of Versailles . Under the treaty , Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all of its overseas possessions , while German annexation of other states was prohibited , reparations were imposed , and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country 's armed forces . The German Empire was dissolved in the German Revolution of 1918 -- 1919 , and a democratic government , later known as the Weimar Republic , was created . The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the right and left . Italy , as an Entente ally , had made some post-war territorial gains ; however , Italian nationalists were angered that the promises made by Britain and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement .", "7": "From 1922 to 1925 , the Fascist movement led by Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist , totalitarian , and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy , repressed socialist , left - wing and liberal forces , and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power , promising the creation of a `` New Roman Empire '' . Adolf Hitler at a German National Socialist political rally in Weimar , October 1930 Adolf Hitler , after an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government in 1923 , eventually became the Chancellor of Germany in 1933 . He abolished democracy , espousing a radical , racially motivated revision of the world order , and soon began a massive rearmament campaign . Meanwhile , France , to secure its alliance , allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia , which Italy desired as a colonial possession . The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the Territory of the Saar Basin was legally reunited with Germany and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles , accelerated his rearmament programme , and introduced conscription . To contain Germany , the United Kingdom , France and Italy formed the Stresa Front in April 1935 ; however , that June , the United Kingdom made an independent naval agreement with Germany , easing prior restrictions . The Soviet Union , concerned by Germany 's goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe , drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France . Before taking effect though , the Franco - Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations , which rendered it essentially toothless . The United States , concerned with events in Europe and Asia , passed the Neutrality Act in August of the same year . Hitler defied the Versailles and Locarno treaties by remilitarising the Rhineland in March 1936 , encountering little opposition . In October 1936 , Germany and Italy formed the Rome -- Berlin Axis . A month later , Germany and Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact , which Italy would join in the following year . Asia The Kuomintang ( KMT ) party in China launched a unification campaign against regional warlords and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s , but was soon embroiled in a civil war against its former Chinese Communist Party allies and new regional warlords .", "8": "In 1931 , an increasingly militaristic Empire of Japan , which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country 's right to rule Asia , used the Mukden Incident as a pretext to launch an invasion of Manchuria and establish the puppet state of Manchukuo . Too weak to resist Japan , China appealed to the League of Nations for help . Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being condemned for its incursion into Manchuria . The two nations then fought several battles , in Shanghai , Rehe and Hebei , until the Tanggu Truce was signed in 1933 . Thereafter , Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in Manchuria , and Chahar and Suiyuan . After the 1936 Xi'an Incident , the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire to present a united front to oppose Japan . Pre-war events Italian invasion of Ethiopia ( 1935 ) Main article : Second Italo - Ethiopian War The Second Italo -- Abyssinian War was a brief colonial war that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936 . The war began with the invasion of the Ethiopian Empire ( also known as Abyssinia ) by the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy ( Regno d'Italia ) , which was launched from Italian Somaliland and Eritrea . The war resulted in the military occupation of Ethiopia and its annexation into the newly created colony of Italian East Africa ( Africa Orientale Italiana , or AOI ) ; in addition it exposed the weakness of the League of Nations as a force to preserve peace . Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations , but the League did nothing when the former clearly violated the League 's Article X . Germany was the only major European nation to support the invasion . Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany 's goal of absorbing Austria . Spanish civil War ( 1936 -- 39 ) Main article : Spanish Civil War The bombing of Guernica in 1937 , during the Spanish Civil War , sparked Europe - wide fears that the next war would be based on bombing of cities with very high civilian casualties When civil war broke out in Spain , Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the Nationalist rebels , led by General Francisco Franco .", "9": "The Soviet Union supported the existing government , the Spanish Republic . Over 30,000 foreign volunteers , known as the International Brigades , also fought against the Nationalists . Both Germany and the USSR used this proxy war as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics . The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939 ; Franco , now dictator , remained officially neutral during World War II but generally favoured the Axis . His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of volunteers to fight on the Eastern Front . Japanese invasion of China ( 1937 ) Main article : Second Sino - Japanese War Japanese Imperial Army soldiers during the Battle of Shanghai , 1937 In July 1937 , Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of Peking after instigating the Marco Polo Bridge Incident , which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China . The Soviets quickly signed a non-aggression pact with China to lend materiel support , effectively ending China 's prior co-operation with Germany . From September to November , the Japanese attacked Taiyuan , as well as engaging the Kuomintang Army around Xinkou and Communist forces in Pingxingguan . Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek deployed his best army to defend Shanghai , but , after three months of fighting , Shanghai fell . The Japanese continued to push the Chinese forces back , capturing the capital Nanking in December 1937 . After the fall of Nanking , tens of thousands if not hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were murdered by the Japanese . In March 1938 , Nationalist Chinese forces won their first major victory at Taierzhuang but then the city of Xuzhou was taken by Japanese in May . In June 1938 , Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by flooding the Yellow River ; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at Wuhan , but the city was taken by October . Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve ; instead the Chinese government relocated inland to Chongqing and continued the war .", "10": "Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts Red Army artillery unit during the Battle of Lake Khasan , 1938 Main article : Soviet -- Japanese border conflicts In the mid-to - late 1930s , Japanese forces in Manchukuo had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and the Mongolian People 's Republic . The Japanese doctrine of Hokushin - ron , which emphasised Japan 's expansion northward , was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time . With the Japanese defeat at Khalkin Gol in 1939 , the ongoing Second Sino - Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets , this policy would prove difficult to maintain . Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a Neutrality Pact in April 1941 , and Japan adopted the doctrine of Nanshin - ron , promoted by the Navy , which took its focus southward , eventually leading to its war with the United States and the Western Allies . European occupations and agreements Further information : Anschluss , Appeasement , Munich Agreement , German occupation of Czechoslovakia , and Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact Chamberlain , Daladier , Hitler , Mussolini , and Ciano pictured just before signing the Munich Agreement , 29 September 1938 In Europe , Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive . In March 1938 , Germany annexed Austria , again provoking little response from other European powers . Encouraged , Hitler began pressing German claims on the Sudetenland , an area of Czechoslovakia with a predominantly ethnic German population ; and soon Britain and France followed the counsel of British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain and conceded this territory to Germany in the Munich Agreement , which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government , in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands . Soon afterwards , Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland annexed Czechoslovakia 's Zaolzie region . Although all of Germany 's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement , privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation . In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish `` war - mongers '' and in January 1939 secretly ordered a major build - up of the German navy to challenge British naval supremacy .", "11": "In March 1939 , Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and a pro-German client state , the Slovak Republic . Hitler also delivered an ultimatum to Lithuania , forcing the concession of the Klaipėda Region . Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the Free City of Danzig , Britain and France guaranteed their support for Polish independence ; when Italy conquered Albania in April 1939 , the same guarantee was extended to Romania and Greece . Shortly after the Franco - British pledge to Poland , Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the Pact of Steel . Hitler accused Britain and Poland of trying to `` encircle '' Germany and renounced the Anglo - German Naval Agreement and the German -- Polish Non-Aggression Pact . German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop ( right ) and the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin , after signing the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , 23 August 1939 In August 1939 , Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression treaty with a secret protocol . The parties gave each other rights to `` spheres of influence '' ( western Poland and Lithuania for Germany ; eastern Poland , Finland , Estonia , Latvia and Bessarabia for the USSR ) . It also raised the question of continuing Polish independence . The agreement was crucial to Hitler because it assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two - front war , as it had in World War I , after it defeated Poland . The situation reached a general crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border . In a private meeting with the Italian foreign minister , Count Ciano , Hitler asserted that Poland was a `` doubtful neutral '' that needed to either yield to his demands or be `` liquidated '' to prevent it from drawing off German troops in the future `` unavoidable '' war with the Western democracies . He did not believe Britain or France would intervene in the conflict . On 23 August Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August , but upon hearing that Britain had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality , he decided to delay it .", "12": "In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war , Germany made demands on Poland , which only served as a pretext to worsen relations . On 29 August , Hitler demanded that a Polish plenipotentiary immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of Danzig , and to allow a plebiscite in the Polish Corridor in which the German minority would vote on secession . The Poles refused to comply with the German demands and on the night of 30 -- 31 August in a violent meeting with the British ambassador Neville Henderson , Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected . Course of the War Further information : Diplomatic history of World War II War breaks out in Europe ( 1939 -- 40 ) Main articles : Invasion of Poland , Phoney War , Occupation of Poland ( 1939 -- 45 ) , Nazi crimes against the Polish nation , Soviet invasion of Poland , and Soviet repressions of Polish citizens ( 1939 -- 1946 ) Soldiers of the German Wehrmacht tearing down the border crossing between Poland and the Free City of Danzig after the invasion , September 1939 On 1 September 1939 , Germany invaded Poland under the false pretext that the Poles had carried out a series of sabotage operations against German targets near the border . Two days later , on 3 September , after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored , Britain and France , followed by the fully independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth -- Australia ( 3 September ) , Canada ( 10 September ) , New Zealand ( 3 September ) , and South Africa ( 6 September ) -- declared war on Germany . However , initially the alliance provided limited direct military support to Poland , consisting of a cautious , half - hearted French probe into the Saarland . The Western Allies also began a naval blockade of Germany , which aimed to damage the country 's economy and war effort . Germany responded by ordering U-boat warfare against Allied merchant and warships , which was to later escalate into the Battle of the Atlantic . German tanks near the city of Bydgoszcz , during the Invasion of Poland September , 1939 On 17 September 1939 , after signing a cease - fire with Japan , the Soviets invaded Poland from the east .", "13": "The Polish army was defeated and Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on 27 September with final pockets of resistance surrendering on 6 October . Poland 's territory was divided between Germany and the Soviet Union , with Lithuania and Slovakia also receiving small shares . After the defeat of Poland 's armed forces , the Polish resistance established an Underground State and a partisan Home Army . About 100,000 Polish military personnel were evacuated to Romania and the Baltic countries ; many of these soldiers later fought against the Germans in other theatres of the war . Poland 's Enigma codebreakers were also evacuated to France . On 6 October , Hitler made a public peace overture to Britain and France , but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union . Chamberlain rejected this on 12 October , saying `` Past experience has shown that no reliance can be placed upon the promises of the present German Government . '' After this rejection Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France , but bad weather forced repeated postponements until the spring of 1940 . German and Soviet army officers pictured shaking hands -- after Nazi Germany and Soviet Union annexed new territories in Eastern Europe , 1939 After signing the German -- Soviet Treaty of Friendship , Cooperation and Demarcation , the Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries -- Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania -- to allow it to station Soviet troops in their countries under pacts of `` mutual assistance '' . Finland rejected territorial demands , prompting a Soviet invasion in November 1939 . The resulting Winter War ended in March 1940 with Finnish concessions . Britain and France , treating the Soviet attack on Finland as tantamount to its entering the war on the side of the Germans , responded to the Soviet invasion by supporting the USSR 's expulsion from the League of Nations . In June 1940 , the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania , and the disputed Romanian regions of Bessarabia , Northern Bukovina and Hertza . Meanwhile , Nazi - Soviet political rapprochement and economic co-operation gradually stalled , and both states began preparations for war .", "14": "Western Europe ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Western Front ( World War II ) Map of the French Maginot Line In April 1940 , Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to protect shipments of iron ore from Sweden , which the Allies were attempting to cut off by unilaterally mining neutral Norwegian waters . Denmark capitulated after a few hours , and despite Allied support , during which the important harbour of Narvik temporarily was recaptured from the Germans , Norway was conquered within two months . British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of the British Prime Minister , Neville Chamberlain , with Winston Churchill on 10 May 1940 . Germany launched an offensive against France and , adhering to the Manstein Plan also attacked the neutral nations of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg on 10 May 1940 . That same day British forces landed in Iceland and the Faroes to preempt a possible German invasion of the islands . The U.S. , in close co-operation with the Danish envoy to Washington D.C. , agreed to protect Greenland , laying the political framework for the formal establishment of bases in April 1941 . The Netherlands and Belgium were overrun using blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks , respectively . The French - fortified Maginot Line and the main body of the Allied forces which had moved into Belgium were circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded Ardennes region , mistakenly perceived by Allied planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles . As a result , the bulk of the Allied armies found themselves trapped in an encirclement and were beaten . The majority were taken prisoner , whilst over 300,000 , mostly British and French , were evacuated from the continent at Dunkirk by early June , although abandoning almost all of their equipment . On 10 June , Italy invaded France , declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom . Paris fell to the Germans on 14 June and eight days later France signed an armistice with Germany and was soon divided into German and Italian occupation zones , and an unoccupied rump state under the Vichy Regime , which , though officially neutral , was generally aligned with Germany . France kept its fleet but the British feared the Germans would seize it , so on 3 July , the British attacked it .", "15": "View of London after the German Blitz , 29 December 1940 The Battle of Britain began in early July with Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours . On 19 July , Hitler again publicly offered to end the war , saying he had no desire to destroy the British Empire . The United Kingdom rejected this ultimatum . The main German air superiority campaign started in August but failed to defeat RAF Fighter Command , and a proposed invasion was postponed indefinitely on 17 September . The German strategic bombing offensive intensified as night attacks on London and other cities in the Blitz , but largely failed to disrupt the British war effort . German Luftwaffe , Heinkel He 111 bombers during the Battle of Britain Using newly captured French ports , the German Navy enjoyed success against an over-extended Royal Navy , using U-boats against British shipping in the Atlantic . The British scored a significant victory on 27 May 1941 by sinking the German battleship Bismarck . Perhaps most importantly , during the Battle of Britain the Royal Air Force had successfully resisted the Luftwaffe 's assault , and the German bombing campaign largely ended in May 1941 . Throughout this period , the neutral United States took measures to assist China and the Western Allies . In November 1939 , the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow `` cash and carry '' purchases by the Allies . In 1940 , following the German capture of Paris , the size of the United States Navy was significantly increased . In September , the United States further agreed to a trade of American destroyers for British bases . Still , a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941 . Although Roosevelt had promised to keep the United States out of the war , he nevertheless took concrete steps to prepare for war . In December 1940 he accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out negotiations as useless , calling for the US to become an `` arsenal of democracy '' and promoted the passage of Lend - Lease aid to support the British war effort . In January 1941 secret high level staff talks with the British began for the purposes of determining how to defeat Germany should the US enter the war .", "16": "They decided on a number of offensive policies , including an air offensive , the `` early elimination '' of Italy , raids , support of resistance groups , and the capture of positions to launch an offensive against Germany . At the end of September 1940 , the Tripartite Pact united Japan , Italy and Germany to formalise the Axis Powers . The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country , with the exception of the Soviet Union , not in the war which attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three . The Axis expanded in November 1940 when Hungary , Slovakia and Romania joined the Tripartite Pact . Romania would make a major contribution ( as did Hungary ) to the Axis war against the USSR , partially to recapture territory ceded to the USSR , partially to pursue its leader Ion Antonescu 's desire to combat communism . Mediterranean ( 1940 -- 41 ) Main article : Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II Soldiers of the British Commonwealth forces from the Australian Army 's 9th Division during the Siege of Tobruk ; North African Campaign , August 1941 Italy began operations in the Mediterranean , initiating a siege of Malta in June , conquering British Somaliland in August , and making an incursion into British - held Egypt in September 1940 . In October 1940 , Italy started the Greco - Italian War because of Mussolini 's jealousy of Hitler 's success but within days was repulsed with few territorial gains and a stalemate soon occurred . The United Kingdom responded to Greek requests for assistance by sending troops to Crete and providing air support to Greece . Hitler decided that when the weather improved he would take action against Greece to assist the Italians and prevent the British from gaining a foothold in the Balkans , to strike against the British naval dominance of the Mediterranean , and to secure his hold on Romanian oil . In December 1940 , British Commonwealth forces began counter-offensives against Italian forces in Egypt and Italian East Africa . The offensive in North Africa was highly successful and by early February 1941 Italy had lost control of eastern Libya and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner .", "17": "The Italian Navy also suffered significant defeats , with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission by a carrier attack at Taranto , and neutralising several more warships at the Battle of Cape Matapan . Captured German Afrika Korps soldiers , December 1941 The Germans soon intervened to assist Italy . Hitler sent German forces to Libya in February , and by the end of March the Axis had launched an offensive which drove back the Commonwealth forces which had been weakened to support Greece . In under a month , Commonwealth forces were pushed back into Egypt with the exception of the besieged port of Tobruk that fell later . The Commonwealth attempted to dislodge Axis forces in May and again in June , but failed on both occasions . By late March 1941 , following Bulgaria 's signing of the Tripartite Pact , the Germans were in position to intervene in Greece . Plans were changed , however , because of developments in neighbouring Yugoslavia . The Yugoslav government had signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 March , only to be overthrown two days later by a British - encouraged coup . Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile and immediately decided to eliminate it . On 6 April Germany simultaneously invaded both Yugoslavia and Greece , making rapid progress and forcing both nations to surrender within the month . The British were driven from the Balkans after Germany conquered the Greek island of Crete by the end of May . Although the Axis victory was swift , bitter partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the Axis occupation of Yugoslavia , which continued until the end of the war . The Allies did have some successes during this time . In the Middle East , Commonwealth forces first quashed an uprising in Iraq which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy - controlled Syria , then , with the assistance of the Free French , invaded Syria and Lebanon to prevent further such occurrences .", "18": "Axis attack on the USSR ( 1941 ) Main articles : Eastern Front ( World War II ) , Operation Barbarossa , Einsatzgruppen , World War II casualties of the Soviet Union , and German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war European theatre of World War II animation map , 1939 -- 1945 -- Red : Western Allies and Soviet Union after 1941 ; Green : Soviet Union before 1941 ; Blue : Axis Powers With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable , Germany , Japan , and the Soviet Union made preparations . With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource - rich European possessions in Southeast Asia , the two powers signed the Soviet -- Japanese Neutrality Pact in April 1941 . By contrast , the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union , massing forces on the Soviet border . Hitler believed that Britain 's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later . He therefore decided to try to strengthen Germany 's relations with the Soviets , or failing that , to attack and eliminate them as a factor . In November 1940 , negotiations took place to determine if the Soviet Union would join the Tripartite Pact . The Soviets showed some interest , but asked for concessions from Finland , Bulgaria , Turkey , and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable . On 18 December 1940 , Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union . German soldiers during the invasion of the Soviet Union by the Axis powers , 1941 On 22 June 1941 , Germany , supported by Italy and Romania , invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa , with Germany accusing the Soviets of plotting against them . They were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary . The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the Baltic region , Moscow and Ukraine , with the ultimate goal of ending the 1941 campaign near the Arkhangelsk - Astrakhan line , from the Caspian to the White Seas . Hitler 's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power , exterminate Communism , generate Lebensraum ( `` living space '' ) by dispossessing the native population and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany 's remaining rivals .", "19": "Although the Red Army was preparing for strategic counter-offensives before the war , Barbarossa forced the Soviet supreme command to adopt a strategic defence . During the summer , the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory , inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel . By the middle of August , however , the German Army High Command decided to suspend the offensive of a considerably depleted Army Group Centre , and to divert the 2nd Panzer Group to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad . The Kiev offensive was overwhelmingly successful , resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies , and made possible further advance into Crimea and industrially developed Eastern Ukraine ( the First Battle of Kharkov ) . Soviet civilians in Leningrad leaving destroyed houses , after a German bombardment of the city ; Battle of Leningrad , 10 December 1942 The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the Eastern Front prompted Britain to reconsider its grand strategy . In July , the UK and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance against Germany The British and Soviets invaded neutral Iran to secure the Persian Corridor and Iran 's oil fields . In August , the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the Atlantic Charter . By October Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved , with only the sieges of Leningrad and Sevastopol continuing . A major offensive against Moscow was renewed ; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow , where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend their offensive . Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces , but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives : two key cities remained in Soviet hands , the Soviet capability to resist was not broken , and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential . The blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended . By early December , freshly mobilised reserves allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops .", "20": "This , as well as intelligence data which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese Kwantung Army , allowed the Soviets to begin a massive counter-offensive that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100 -- 250 kilometres ( 62 -- 155 mi ) west . War breaks out in the Pacific ( 1941 ) Main article : Pacific War In 1939 , the United States had renounced its trade treaty with Japan ; and , beginning with an aviation gasoline ban in July 1940 , Japan became subject to increasing economic pressure . During this time , Japan launched its first attack against Changsha , a strategically important Chinese city , but was repulsed by late September . Despite several offensives by both sides , the war between China and Japan was stalemated by 1940 . To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes , and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers , Japan invaded and occupied northern Indochina . Afterwards , the United States embargoed iron , steel and mechanical parts against Japan . Other sanctions soon followed . Chinese nationalist forces launched a large - scale counter-offensive in early 1940 . In August , Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China ; in retaliation , Japan instituted harsh measures in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists . Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces culminated in armed clashes in January 1941 , effectively ending their co-operation . In March , the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during Battle of Shanggao . In September , Japan attempted to take the city of Changsha again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces . Mitsubishi A6M2 `` Zero '' fighters on the Imperial Japanese Navy aircraft carrier Shōkaku , just before the attack on Pearl Harbor German successes in Europe encouraged Japan to increase pressure on European governments in Southeast Asia . The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan some oil supplies from the Dutch East Indies , but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941 . In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina , thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East .", "21": "The United States , United Kingdom and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo . At the same time , Japan was planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East , intending to capitalize off the German invasion in the west , but abandoned the operation after the sanctions . Since early 1941 the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China . During these negotiations Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the Americans as inadequate . At the same time the US , Britain , and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories , in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them . Roosevelt reinforced the Philippines ( an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946 ) and warned Japan that the US would react to Japanese attacks against any `` neighboring countries '' . USS Arizona during the Japanese surprise air attack on the American pacific fleet , 7 December 1941 Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American - British - Dutch sanctions , Japan prepared for war . On 20 November a new government under Hideki Tojo presented an interim proposal as its final offer . It called for the end of American aid to China and for the supply of oil and other resources to Japan . In exchange Japan promised not to launch any attacks in Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina . The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers . That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China , or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force ; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option , and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war . Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific ; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war . To prevent American intervention while securing the perimeter it was further planned to neutralise the United States Pacific Fleet and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset .", "22": "On 7 December 1941 ( 8 December in Asian time zones ) , Japan attacked British and American holdings with near - simultaneous offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific . These included an attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor , the Philippines , landings in Thailand and Malaya and the battle of Hong Kong . These attacks led the United States , Britain , China , Australia and several other states to formally declare war on Japan , whereas the Soviet Union , being heavily involved in large - scale hostilities with European Axis countries , maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan . Germany , followed by the other Axis states , declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan , citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt . Axis advance stalls ( 1942 -- 43 ) Seated at the Casablanca Conference ; US President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British PM Winston Churchill , January 1943 On 1 January 1942 , the Allied Big Four -- the Soviet Union , China , Britain and the United States -- and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the Declaration by United Nations , thereby affirming the Atlantic Charter , and agreeing to not to sign a separate peace with the Axis powers . During 1942 , Allied officials debated on the appropriate grand strategy to pursue . All agreed that defeating Germany was the primary objective . The Americans favoured a straightforward , large - scale attack on Germany through France . The Soviets were also demanding a second front . The British , on the other hand , argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength , leading to increasing demoralisation , and bolster resistance forces . Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign . An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour without using large - scale armies . Eventually , the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa . At the Casablanca Conference in early 1943 , the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration by the United Nations , and demanded the unconditional surrender of their enemies . The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes .", "23": "Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war , in May 1943 , the Americans extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland and to invade France in 1944 . Pacific ( 1942 -- 43 ) Map of Japanese military advances , until mid-1942 By the end of April 1942 , Japan and its ally Thailand had almost fully conquered Burma , Malaya , the Dutch East Indies , Singapore , and Rabaul , inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners . Despite stubborn resistance by Filipino and US forces , the Philippine Commonwealth was eventually captured in May 1942 , forcing its government into exile . On 16 April , in Burma , 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the Battle of Yenangyaung and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division . Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea , Java Sea and Indian Ocean , and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin , Australia . In January 1942 , the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese victory at Changsha . These easy victories over unprepared US and European opponents left Japan overconfident , as well as overextended . In early May 1942 , Japan initiated operations to capture Port Moresby by amphibious assault and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia . The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force , centred on two American fleet carriers , fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the Battle of the Coral Sea . Japan 's next plan , motivated by the earlier Doolittle Raid , was to seize Midway Atoll and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated ; as a diversion , Japan would also send forces to occupy the Aleutian Islands in Alaska . In mid-May , Japan started the Zhejiang - Jiangxi Campaign in China , with the goal of inflicting retribution on the Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups .", "24": "In early June , Japan put its operations into action but the Americans , having broken Japanese naval codes in late May , were fully aware of plans and order of battle , and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive victory at Midway over the Imperial Japanese Navy . US Marines during the Guadalcanal Campaign , in the Pacific theatre , 1942 With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle , Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture Port Moresby by an overland campaign in the Territory of Papua . The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern Solomon Islands , primarily Guadalcanal , as a first step towards capturing Rabaul , the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia . Both plans started in July , but by mid-September , the Battle for Guadalcanal took priority for the Japanese , and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the northern part of the island , where they faced Australian and United States troops in the Battle of Buna - Gona . Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal . By the start of 1943 , the Japanese were defeated on the island and withdrew their troops . In Burma , Commonwealth forces mounted two operations . The first , an offensive into the Arakan region in late 1942 , went disastrously , forcing a retreat back to India by May 1943 . The second was the insertion of irregular forces behind Japanese front - lines in February which , by the end of April , had achieved mixed results . Eastern front ( 1942 -- 43 ) Red Army soldiers on the counterattack , during the Battle of Stalingrad , February 1943 Despite considerable losses , in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in central and southern Russia , keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year . In May the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the Kerch Peninsula and at Kharkov , and then launched their main summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942 , to seize the oil fields of the Caucasus and occupy Kuban steppe , while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front .", "25": "The Germans split Army Group South into two groups : Army Group A advanced to the lower Don River and struck south - east to the Caucasus , while Army Group B headed towards the Volga River . The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga . By mid-November , the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting when the Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive , starting with an encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad and an assault on the Rzhev salient near Moscow , though the latter failed disastrously . By early February 1943 , the German Army had taken tremendous losses ; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender , and the front - line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive . In mid-February , after the Soviet push had tapered off , the Germans launched another attack on Kharkov , creating a salient in their front line around the Soviet city of Kursk . Western Europe / Atlantic & Mediterranean ( 1942 -- 43 ) American 8th Air Force Boeing B - 17 Flying Fortress bombing raid on the Focke - Wulf factory in Germany , 9 October 1943 Exploiting poor American naval command decisions , the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast . By November 1941 , Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive , Operation Crusader , in North Africa , and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made . In North Africa , the Germans launched an offensive in January , pushing the British back to positions at the Gazala Line by early February , followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives . Concerns the Japanese might use bases in Vichy - held Madagascar caused the British to invade the island in early May 1942 . An Axis offensive in Libya forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were stopped at El Alamein . On the Continent , raids of Allied commandos on strategic targets , culminating in the disastrous Dieppe Raid , demonstrated the Western Allies ' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation , equipment , and operational security .", "26": "In August 1942 , the Allies succeeded in repelling a second attack against El Alamein and , at a high cost , managed to deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta . A few months later , the Allies commenced an attack of their own in Egypt , dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya . This attack was followed up shortly after by Anglo - American landings in French North Africa , which resulted in the region joining the Allies . Hitler responded to the French colony 's defection by ordering the occupation of Vichy France ; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice , they managed to scuttle their fleet to prevent its capture by German forces . The now pincered Axis forces in Africa withdrew into Tunisia , which was conquered by the Allies in May 1943 . In early 1943 the British and Americans began the Combined Bomber Offensive , a strategic bombing campaign against Germany . The goals were to disrupt the German war economy , reduce German morale , and `` de-house '' the civilian population . Allies gain momentum ( 1943 -- 44 ) US Navy SBD - 5 scout plane flies patrol over USS Washington and USS Lexington during the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign , 1943 After the Guadalcanal Campaign , the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific . In May 1943 , Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians . Soon after , the U.S. , with support from Australian and New Zealand forces , began major operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands , and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands . By the end of March 1944 , the Allies had completed both of these objectives , and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands . In April , the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea . In the Soviet Union , both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in central Russia . On 4 July 1943 , Germany attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge .", "27": "Within a week , German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets ' deeply echeloned and well - constructed defences and , for the first time in the war , Hitler cancelled the operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success . This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies ' invasion of Sicily launched on 9 July which , combined with previous Italian failures , resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month . Also , in July 1943 the British firebombed Hamburg killing over 40,000 people . Red Army troops , in a counter-offensive on German positions , at the Battle of Kursk , 1943 On 12 July 1943 , the Soviets launched their own counter-offensives , thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east . The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority , giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front . The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified Panther -- Wotan line , but the Soviets broke through it at Smolensk and by the Lower Dnieper Offensives . On 3 September 1943 , the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland , following Italy 's armistice with the Allies . Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders , seizing military control of Italian areas , and creating a series of defensive lines . German special forces then rescued Mussolini , who then soon established a new client state in German - occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic , causing an Italian civil war . The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November . The Allied leaders of the Asian and Pacific Theatre : Generalissimo Chiang Kai - shek , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Winston Churchill meeting at the Cairo Conference , 25 November 1943 German operations in the Atlantic also suffered . By May 1943 , as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective , the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign . In November 1943 , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met with Chiang Kai - shek in Cairo and then with Joseph Stalin in Tehran .", "28": "The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the Burma Campaign , while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany 's defeat . Ruins of the Benedictine monastery , during the Battle of Monte Cassino ; Italian Campaign , May 1944 From November 1943 , during the seven - week Battle of Changde , the Chinese forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition , while awaiting Allied relief . In January 1944 , the Allies launched a series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino and tried to outflank it with landings at Anzio . By the end of January , a major Soviet offensive expelled German forces from the Leningrad region , ending the longest and most lethal siege in history . The following Soviet offensive was halted on the pre-war Estonian border by the German Army Group North aided by Estonians hoping to re-establish national independence . This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the Baltic Sea region . By late May 1944 , the Soviets had liberated Crimea , largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine , and made incursions into Romania , which were repulsed by the Axis troops . The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and , at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat , on 4 June , Rome was captured . The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia . In March 1944 , the Japanese launched the first of two invasions , an operation against British positions in Assam , India , and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at Imphal and Kohima . In May 1944 , British forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma , and Chinese forces that had invaded northern Burma in late 1943 besieged Japanese troops in Myitkyina . The second Japanese invasion of China aimed to destroy China 's main fighting forces , secure railways between Japanese - held territory and capture Allied airfields . By June , the Japanese had conquered the province of Henan and begun a new attack on Changsha in the Hunan province .", "29": "Allies close in ( 1944 ) American troops approaching Omaha Beach , during the Invasion of Normandy on D - Day , 6 June 1944 On 6 June 1944 ( known as D - Day ) , after three years of Soviet pressure , the Western Allies invaded northern France . After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy , they also attacked southern France . These landings were successful , and led to the defeat of the German Army units in France . Paris was liberated by the local resistance assisted by the Free French Forces , both led by General Charles de Gaulle , on 25 August and the Western Allies continued to push back German forces in western Europe during the latter part of the year . An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by a major airborne operation in the Netherlands failed . After that , the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany , but failed to cross the Ruhr river in a large offensive . In Italy , Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line . German SS soldiers from the Dirlewanger Brigade , tasked with suppressing the Warsaw Uprising against Nazi occupation , August 1944 On 22 June , the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ( `` Operation Bagration '' ) that destroyed the German Army Group Centre almost completely . Soon after that another Soviet strategic offensive forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland . The Soviet advance prompted resistance forces in Poland to initiate several uprisings against the German occupation . However , the largest of these in Warsaw , where German soldiers massacred 200,000 civilians , and a national uprising in Slovakia , did not receive Soviet support and were subsequently suppressed by the Germans . The Red Army 's strategic offensive in eastern Romania cut off and destroyed the considerable German troops there and triggered a successful coup d'état in Romania and in Bulgaria , followed by those countries ' shift to the Allied side . In September 1944 , Soviet troops advanced into Yugoslavia and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups E and F in Greece , Albania and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off . By this point , the Communist - led Partisans under Marshal Josip Broz Tito , who had led an increasingly successful guerrilla campaign against the occupation since 1941 , controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south .", "30": "In northern Serbia , the Red Army , with limited support from Bulgarian forces , assisted the Partisans in a joint liberation of the capital city of Belgrade on 20 October . A few days later , the Soviets launched a massive assault against German - occupied Hungary that lasted until the fall of Budapest in February 1945 . Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans , bitter Finnish resistance to the Soviet offensive in the Karelian Isthmus denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a Soviet - Finnish armistice on relatively mild conditions , although Finland was forced to fight their former allies . General Douglas MacArthur lands at Leyte , during the Battle of Leyte , 20 October 1944 By the start of July 1944 , Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam , pushing the Japanese back to the Chindwin River while the Chinese captured Myitkyina . In September 1944 , Chinese force captured the Mount Song to reopen the Burma Road . In China , the Japanese had more successes , having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of Hengyang by early August . Soon after , they invaded the province of Guangxi , winning major engagements against Chinese forces at Guilin and Liuzhou by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December . In the Pacific , US forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter . In mid-June 1944 , they began their offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands , and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the Battle of the Philippine Sea . These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister , Hideki Tojo , and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands . In late October , American forces invaded the Filipino island of Leyte ; soon after , Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the Battle of Leyte Gulf , one of the largest naval battles in history .", "31": "Axis collapse , Allied victory ( 1944 -- 45 ) Yalta Conference held in February 1945 , with Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin On 16 December 1944 , Germany made a last attempt on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes and along the French -- German border to split the Western Allies , encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at Antwerp to prompt a political settlement . By January , the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled . In Italy , the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line . In mid-January 1945 , the Soviets and Poles attacked in Poland , pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany , and overran East Prussia . On 4 February , Soviet , British and US leaders met for the Yalta Conference . They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany , and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan . In February , the Soviets entered Silesia and Pomerania , while Western Allies entered western Germany and closed to the Rhine river . By March , the Western Allies crossed the Rhine north and south of the Ruhr , encircling the German Army Group B , while the Soviets advanced to Vienna . In early April , the Western Allies finally pushed forward in Italy and swept across western Germany capturing Hamburg and Nuremberg , while Soviet and Polish forces stormed Berlin in late April . American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river on 25 April . On 30 April 1945 , the Reichstag was captured , signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany . Several changes in leadership occurred during this period . On 12 April , President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by Harry S. Truman . Benito Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on 28 April . Two days later , Hitler committed suicide , and was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl Dönitz . The German Reichstag after its capture by the Allied forces , 3 June 1945 German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 April . Total and unconditional surrender was signed on 7 May , to be effective by the end of 8 May . German Army Group Centre resisted in Prague until 11 May .", "32": "In the Pacific theatre , American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines , clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945 . They landed on Luzon in January 1945 and recaptured Manila in March following a battle which reduced the city to ruins . Fighting continued on Luzon , Mindanao , and other islands of the Philippines until the end of the war . Meanwhile , the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) were destroying strategic and populated cities and towns in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale . On the night of 9 -- 10 March , USAAF B - 29 bombers struck Tokyo with thousands of incendiary bombs , which killed 100,000 civilians and destroyed 16 square miles ( 41 km ) within a few hours . Over the next five months , the USAAF firebombed a total of 67 Japanese cities , killing 393,000 civilians and destroying 65 % of built - up areas . In May 1945 , Australian troops landed in Borneo , overrunning the oilfields there . British , American , and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern Burma in March , and the British pushed on to reach Rangoon by 3 May . Chinese forces started to counterattack in Battle of West Hunan that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945 . American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan , taking Iwo Jima by March , and Okinawa by the end of June . At the same time , American submarines cut off Japanese imports , drastically reducing Japan 's ability to supply its overseas forces . Japanese foreign affairs minister Mamoru Shigemitsu signs the Japanese Instrument of Surrender on board USS Missouri , 2 September 1945 On 11 July , Allied leaders met in Potsdam , Germany . They confirmed earlier agreements about Germany , and reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of all Japanese forces by Japan , specifically stating that `` the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction '' . During this conference , the United Kingdom held its general election , and Clement Attlee replaced Churchill as Prime Minister . The Allies called for unconditional Japanese surrender in the Potsdam Declaration of 27 July , but the Japanese government rejected the call .", "33": "In early August , the USAAF dropped atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . The Allies justified the atomic bombings as a military necessity to avoid invading the Japanese home islands which would cost the lives of between 250,000 and 500,000 Allied servicemen and millions of Japanese troops and civilians . Between the two bombings , the Soviets , pursuant to the Yalta agreement , invaded Japanese - held Manchuria , and quickly defeated the Kwantung Army , which was the largest Japanese fighting force . The Red Army also captured Sakhalin Island and the Kuril Islands . On 15 August 1945 , Japan surrendered , with the surrender documents finally signed at Tokyo Bay on the deck of the American battleship USS Missouri on 2 September 1945 , ending the war . Aftermath Main articles : Aftermath of World War II and Consequences of Nazism Defendants at the Nuremberg trials , where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political , military , judicial and economic leadership of Nazi Germany for crimes against humanity The Allies established occupation administrations in Austria and Germany . The former became a neutral state , non-aligned with any political bloc . The latter was divided into western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the USSR , accordingly . A denazification programme in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals and the removal of ex-Nazis from power , although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society . Ruins of Warsaw in January 1945 , after the deliberate destruction of the city by the occupying German forces Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war ( 1937 ) territory . Among the eastern territories , Silesia , Neumark and most of Pomerania were taken over by Poland , East Prussia was divided between Poland and the USSR , followed by the expulsion of the 9 million Germans from these provinces , as well as the expulsion of 3 million Germans from the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia to Germany . By the 1950s , every fifth West German was a refugee from the east . The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line , from which 2 million Poles were expelled ; north - east Romania , parts of eastern Finland , and the three Baltic states were also incorporated into the USSR .", "34": "In an effort to maintain world peace , the Allies formed the United Nations , which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 , and adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 , as a common standard for all member nations . The great powers that were the victors of the war -- France , China , Britain , the Soviet Union and the United States -- became the permanent members of the UN 's Security Council . The five permanent members remain so to the present , although there have been two seat changes , between the Republic of China and the People 's Republic of China in 1971 , and between the Soviet Union and its successor state , the Russian Federation , following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 . The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over . Post-war Soviet territorial expansion resulted in Central and Eastern European border changes , the creation of a Communist Bloc and start of the Cold War Germany had been de facto divided , and two independent states , the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were created within the borders of Allied and Soviet occupation zones , accordingly . The rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Most eastern and central European countries fell into the Soviet sphere , which led to establishment of Communist - led regimes , with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities . As a result , East Germany , Poland , Hungary , Romania , Czechoslovakia , and Albania became Soviet satellite states . Communist Yugoslavia conducted a fully independent policy , causing tension with the USSR . Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances , the United States - led NATO and the Soviet - led Warsaw Pact ; the long period of political tensions and military competition between them , the Cold War , would be accompanied by an unprecedented arms race and proxy wars . In Asia , the United States led the occupation of Japan and administrated Japan 's former islands in the Western Pacific , while the Soviets annexed Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands . Korea , formerly under Japanese rule , was divided and occupied by the Soviet Union in the North and the US in the South between 1945 and 1948 .", "35": "Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948 , each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea , which led ultimately to the Korean War . David Ben - Gurion proclaiming the Israeli Declaration of Independence at the Independence Hall , 14 May 1948 In China , nationalist and communist forces resumed the civil war in June 1946 . Communist forces were victorious and established the People 's Republic of China on the mainland , while nationalist forces retreated to Taiwan in 1949 . In the Middle East , the Arab rejection of the United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine and the creation of Israel marked the escalation of the Arab -- Israeli conflict . While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their colonial empires , their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful , leading to decolonisation . The global economy suffered heavily from the war , although participating nations were affected differently . The US emerged much richer than any other nation ; it had a baby boom and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers and it dominated the world economy . The UK and US pursued a policy of industrial disarmament in Western Germany in the years 1945 -- 1948 . Because of international trade interdependencies this led to European economic stagnation and delayed European recovery for several years . Recovery began with the mid-1948 currency reform in Western Germany , and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the Marshall Plan ( 1948 -- 1951 ) both directly and indirectly caused . The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the German economic miracle . Italy also experienced an economic boom and the French economy rebounded . By contrast , the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin , and although it received a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance , more than any other European country , continued relative economic decline for decades . The Soviet Union , despite enormous human and material losses , also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era . Japan experienced incredibly rapid economic growth , becoming one of the most powerful economies in the world by the 1980s . China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952 .", "36": "Impact Casualties and War Crimes Main articles : World War II casualties and List of war crimes § 1939 -- 1945 : World War II World War II deaths Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary , because many deaths went unrecorded . Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war , including about 20 million military personnel and 40 million civilians . Many of the civilians died because of deliberate genocide , massacres , mass - bombings , disease , and starvation . The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people during the war , including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths . The largest portion of military dead were 5.7 million ethnic Russians , followed by 1.3 million ethnic Ukrainians . A quarter of the people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed . Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses , mostly on the Eastern Front and during the final battles in Germany . Of the total number of deaths in World War II , approximately 85 per cent -- mostly Soviet and Chinese -- were on the Allied side and 15 per cent were on the Axis side . Many of these deaths were caused by war crimes committed by German and Japanese forces in occupied territories . An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died either as a direct or as an indirect result of Nazi racist policies , including the Holocaust of around 6 million Jews , half of whom were Polish citizens , along with a further minimum 1.9 million ethnic Poles . Millions of other Slavs ( including Russians , Ukrainians and Belarusians ) , Roma , homosexuals , and other ethnic and minority groups were also killed . Hundreds of thousands ( varying estimates ) of ethnic Serbs , along with gypsies and Jews , were murdered by the Axis - aligned Croatian Ustaše in Yugoslavia , and retribution - related killings were committed just after the war ended . Chinese civilians being buried alive by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army , during the Nanking Massacre , December 1937 In Asia and the Pacific , between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians , mostly Chinese ( estimated at 7.5 million ) , were killed by the Japanese occupation forces . The best - known Japanese atrocity was the Nanking Massacre , in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered .", "37": "Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the Sankō Sakusen . General Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and Shantung . Axis forces employed biological and chemical weapons . The Imperial Japanese Army used a variety of such weapons during its invasion and occupation of China ( see Unit 731 ) and in early conflicts against the Soviets . Both the Germans and Japanese tested such weapons against civilians and , sometimes on prisoners of war . The Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre of 22,000 Polish officers , and the imprisonment or execution of thousands of political prisoners by the NKVD , in the Baltic states , and eastern Poland annexed by the Red Army . The mass - bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime . However , no positive or specific customary international humanitarian law with respect to aerial warfare existed before or during World War II . Genocide , concentration camps , and slave labour Main articles : Genocide , The Holocaust , Nazi concentration camps , Extermination camp , Forced labour under German rule during World War II , Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany , and Nazi human experimentation Schutzstaffel ( SS ) female camp guards remove prisoners ' bodies from lorries and carry them to a mass grave , inside the German Bergen - Belsen concentration camp , 1945 The German government led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party was responsible for the Holocaust , the killing of approximately 6 million Jews , as well as 2.7 million ethnic Poles , and 4 million others who were deemed `` unworthy of life '' ( including the disabled and mentally ill , Soviet prisoners of war , homosexuals , Freemasons , Jehovah 's Witnesses , and Romani ) as part of a programme of deliberate extermination . About 12 million , most of whom were Eastern Europeans , were employed in the German war economy as forced labourers . In addition to Nazi concentration camps , the Soviet gulags ( labour camps ) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland , Lithuania , Latvia , and Estonia , as well as German prisoners of war ( POWs ) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis . Sixty per cent of Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war . Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs .", "38": "Of those , 57 per cent died or were killed , a total of 3.6 million . Soviet ex-POWs and repatriated civilians were treated with great suspicion as potential Nazi collaborators , and some of them were sent to the Gulag upon being checked by the NKVD . Prisoner identity photograph taken by the German SS of a Polish girl deported as forced labour to Auschwitz , December 1942 Japanese prisoner - of - war camps , many of which were used as labour camps , also had high death rates . The International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 per cent ( for American POWs , 37 per cent ) , seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians . While 37,583 prisoners from the UK , 28,500 from the Netherlands , and 14,473 from the United States were released after the surrender of Japan , the number of Chinese released was only 56 . According to historian Zhifen Ju , at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the East Asia Development Board , or Kōain , for work in mines and war industries . After 1942 , the number reached 10 million . The US Library of Congress estimates that in Java , between 4 and 10 million rōmusha ( Japanese : `` manual labourers '' ) , were forced to work by the Japanese military . About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese - held areas in South East Asia , and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java . On 19 February 1942 , Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066 , interning about 100,000 Japanese living on the West Coast . Canada had a similar programme . In addition , 14,000 German and Italian citizens who had been assessed as being security risks were also interned . In accordance with the Allied agreement made at the Yalta Conference millions of POWs and civilians were used as forced labour by the Soviet Union . In Hungary 's case , Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955 .", "39": "Occupation Main articles : German - occupied Europe , Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II , Resistance during World War II , and Nazi plunder Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before their execution by German soldiers in Palmiry forest , 1940 In Europe , occupation came under two forms . In Western , Northern , and Central Europe ( France , Norway , Denmark , the Low Countries , and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichmarks ( 27.8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war , this figure does not include the sizeable plunder of industrial products , military equipment , raw materials and other goods . Thus , the income from occupied nations was over 40 per cent of the income Germany collected from taxation , a figure which increased to nearly 40 per cent of total German income as the war went on . Russian Academy of Sciences reported in 1995 civilian victims in the Soviet Union at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead , twenty percent of the 68 million persons in the occupied USSR In the East , the intended gains of Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front - lines and Soviet scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders . Unlike in the West , the Nazi racial policy encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the `` inferior people '' of Slavic descent ; most German advances were thus followed by mass executions . Although resistance groups formed in most occupied territories , they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943 . In Asia , Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere , essentially a Japanese hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples . Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in some territories , their excessive brutality turned local public opinion against them within weeks . During Japan 's initial conquest it captured 4,000,000 barrels ( 640,000 m ) of oil ( ~ 5.5 × 10 tonnes ) left behind by retreating Allied forces , and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels ( ~ 6.8 × 10 ^ t ) , 76 per cent of its 1940 output rate .", "40": "Home fronts and production Main articles : Military production during World War II and Home front during World War II Allied to Axis GDP ratio In Europe , before the outbreak of the war , the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics . In 1938 , the Western Allies ( United Kingdom , France , Poland and British Dominions ) had a 30 per cent larger population and a 30 per cent higher gross domestic product than the European Axis powers ( Germany and Italy ) ; if colonies are included , it then gives the Allies more than a 5 : 1 advantage in population and nearly 2 : 1 advantage in GDP . In Asia at the same time , China had roughly six times the population of Japan , but only an 89 per cent higher GDP ; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 per cent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included . The United States provided about two - thirds of all the ordnance used by the Allies in terms of warships , transports , warplanes , artillery , tanks , trucks , and ammunition . Though the Allies ' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan , they became the decisive factor by 1942 , after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies , as the war largely settled into one of attrition . While the Allies ' ability to out - produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources , other factors , such as Germany and Japan 's reluctance to employ women in the labour force , Allied strategic bombing , and Germany 's late shift to a war economy contributed significantly . Additionally , neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war , and were not equipped to do so . To improve their production , Germany and Japan used millions of slave labourers ; Germany used about 12 million people , mostly from Eastern Europe , while Japan used more than 18 million people in Far East Asia . Advances in Technology and Warfare Main article : Technology during World War II B - 29 Superfortress strategic bombers on the Boeing assembly line in Wichita , Kansas , 1944 Aircraft were used for reconnaissance , as fighters , bombers , and ground - support , and each role was advanced considerably .", "41": "Innovation included airlift ( the capability to quickly move limited high - priority supplies , equipment , and personnel ) ; and of strategic bombing ( the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy 's ability to wage war ) . Anti-aircraft weaponry also advanced , including defences such as radar and surface - to - air artillery , such as the German 88 mm gun . The use of the jet aircraft was pioneered and , though late introduction meant it had little impact , it led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide . Advances were made in nearly every aspect of naval warfare , most notably with aircraft carriers and submarines . Although aeronautical warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war , actions at Taranto , Pearl Harbor , and the Coral Sea established the carrier as the dominant capital ship in place of the battleship . In the Atlantic , escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys , increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the Mid-Atlantic gap . Carriers were also more economical than battleships because of the relatively low cost of aircraft and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured . Submarines , which had proved to be an effective weapon during the First World War , were anticipated by all sides to be important in the second . The British focused development on anti-submarine weaponry and tactics , such as sonar and convoys , while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability , with designs such as the Type VII submarine and wolfpack tactics . Gradually , improving Allied technologies such as the Leigh light , hedgehog , squid , and homing torpedoes proved victorious . A V - 2 rocket launched from a fixed site in Peenemünde , 21 June 1943 Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms . The tank , which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War , had evolved into the primary weapon . In the late 1930s , tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War I , and advances continued throughout the war with increases in speed , armour and firepower . At the start of the war , most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications . This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour , and German doctrine of avoiding tank - versus - tank combat .", "42": "This , along with Germany 's use of combined arms , were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France . Many means of destroying tanks , including indirect artillery , anti-tank guns ( both towed and self - propelled ) , mines , short - ranged infantry antitank weapons , and other tanks were used . Even with large - scale mechanisation , infantry remained the backbone of all forces , and throughout the war , most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I . Nuclear Gadget being raised to the top of the detonation `` shot tower '' , at Alamogordo Bombing Range ; Trinity nuclear test , New Mexico , July 1945 The portable machine gun spread , a notable example being the German MG34 , and various submachine guns which were suited to close combat in urban and jungle settings . The assault rifle , a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun , became the standard postwar infantry weapon for most armed forces . Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large codebooks for cryptography by designing ciphering machines , the most well known being the German Enigma machine . Development of SIGINT ( signals intelligence ) and cryptanalysis enabled the countering process of decryption . Notable examples were the Allied decryption of Japanese naval codes and British Ultra , a pioneering method for decoding Enigma benefiting from information given to Britain by the Polish Cipher Bureau , which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war . Another aspect of military intelligence was the use of deception , which the Allies used to great effect , such as in operations Mincemeat and Bodyguard . Other technological and engineering feats achieved during , or as a result of , the war include the world 's first programmable computers ( Z3 , Colossus , and ENIAC ) , guided missiles and modern rockets , the Manhattan Project 's development of nuclear weapons , operations research and the development of artificial harbours and oil pipelines under the English Channel .", "43": "See also Air warfare of World War II Bibliography of World War II Declarations of war during World War II Historiography of World War II Home front during World War II List of World War II battles List of Allied World War II conferences List of World War II documentary films List of World War II military operations Lists of World War II military equipment Women in World War II World War II in popular culture List of World War II films World War III Notes Jump up ^ While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended , this is the time span most frequently cited . Jump up ^ Upon his death in 1989 , Emperor Hirohito was posthumously proclaimed Emperor Shōwa . While either use is considered acceptable , his English name ( Hirohito ) is used here as it is this name by which he was known to most of the West during World War II . Citations Jump up ^ Gilbert 2001 , p. 291 . Jump up ^ James A. Tyner ( 3 March 2009 ) . War , Violence , and Population : Making the Body Count . The Guilford Press ; 1 edition . p. 49 . ISBN 1 - 6062 - 3038 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sommerville 2008 , p. 5 ( 2011 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` BBC - Tyne - Roots - Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . www.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Barrett & Shyu 2001 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Axelrod , Alan ( 2007 ) Encyclopedia of World War II , Volume 1 . Infobase Publishing . pp. 659 . ^ Jump up to : The UN Security Council , retrieved 15 May 2012 Jump up ^ Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council ; José Manuel Durão Barroso , President of the European Commission ( 10 December 2012 ) . `` From War to Peace : A European Tale '' . Nobel Lecture by the European Union . Retrieved 4 January 2014 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wells , Anne Sharp ( 2014 ) Historical Dictionary of World War II : The War against Germany and Italy . Rowman & Littlefield Publishing . pp. 7 . Jump up ^ Ferris , John ; Mawdsley , Evan ( 2015 ) . The Cambridge History of the Second World War , Volume I : Fighting the War . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Förster & Gessler 2005 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Ghuhl , Wernar ( 2007 ) Imperial Japan 's World War Two Transaction Publishers pg 7 , pg. 30 Jump up ^ Polmar , Norman ; Thomas B. Allen ( 1991 ) World War II : America at war , 1941 -- 1945 ISBN 978 - 0394585307 Jump up ^ Ben - Horin 1943 , p. 169 ; Taylor 1979 , p. 124 ; Yisreelit , Hevrah Mizrahit ( 1965 ) . Asian and African Studies , p. 191 . For 1941 see Taylor 1961 , p. vii ; Kellogg , William O ( 2003 ) . American History the Easy Way . Barron 's Educational Series . p. 236 ISBN 0 - 7641 - 1973 - 7 . There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same `` European Civil War '' or `` Second Thirty Years War '' : Canfora 2006 , p. 155 ; Prins 2002 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Masaya 1990 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` History of German - American Relations '' 1989 -- 1994 -- Reunification '' `` Two - plus - Four - Treaty '' : Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany , September 12 , 1990 `` . usa.usembassy.de . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Ingram 2006 , pp. 76 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 1999 , p.", "45": "149 . Jump up ^ Shaw 2000 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Brody 1999 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Zalampas 1989 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Mandelbaum 1988 , p. 96 ; Record 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Schmitz 2000 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Adamthwaite 1992 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Preston 1998 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Myers & Peattie 1987 , p. 458 . Jump up ^ Smith & Steadman 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Coogan 1993 : `` Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south , others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders , or surrender . A few commanders submitted , receiving high office in the puppet government , but others took up arms against the invader . The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies . '' Jump up ^ Busky 2002 , p. 10 . Jump up ^ Andrea L. Stanton ; Edward Ramsamy ; Peter J. Seybolt ( 2012 - 01 - 05 ) . Cultural Sociology of the Middle East , Asia , and Africa : An Encyclopedia . p. 308 . ISBN 9781412981767 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 06 . Jump up ^ Barker 1971 , pp. 131 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kitson 2001 , p. 231 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 271 . Jump up ^ Payne 2008 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , pp. 547 -- 51 . ^ Jump up to : Guo 2005 ^ Jump up to : Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 195 -- 200 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Spencer C. ( 23 December 2009 ) . `` A Global Chronology of Conflict : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East ( 6 volumes ) : From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East '' .", "46": "ABC - CLIO . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Yang Kuisong , `` On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan '' Jump up ^ Levene , Mark and Roberts , Penny . The Massacre in History . 1999 , page 223 - 4 Jump up ^ Totten , Samuel . Dictionary of Genocide. 2008 , 298 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 221 -- 230 . Jump up ^ Eastman 1986 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2009 , pp. 150 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Sella 1983 , pp. 651 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 342 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Stuart D. ( 28 August 2012 ) . `` The Forgotten Soviet - Japanese War of 1939 '' . The Diplomat . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Timothy Neeno . `` Nomonhan : The Second Russo - Japanese War '' . MilitaryHistoryOnline.com . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Collier & Pedley 2000 , p. 144 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , pp. 121 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 157 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , pp. 143 -- 4 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Lowe & Marzari 2002 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 234 . Jump up ^ Shore 2003 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 608 . Jump up ^ Minutes of the conference between the Fuehrer and the Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs , Count Ciano , in the presence of the Reich Foreign Minister of Obersalzberg on 12 August 1939 in Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression Volume IV Document No. 1871 - PS Jump up ^ `` The German Campaign In Poland ( 1939 ) '' .", "47": "Retrieved 29 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Danzig Crisis '' . ww2db.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1939 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 64 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 35 . Cienciala 2010 , p. 128 , observes that , while it is true that Poland was far away , making it difficult for the French and British to provide support , `` ( f ) ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland , but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen . The French , who committed to attack Germany in the west , had no intention of doing so . '' Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 32 ; Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 248 -- 9 ; Roskill 1954 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 80 , 83 . Jump up ^ Hempel 2005 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Zaloga 2002 , pp. 88 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Budiansky 2001 , pp. 120 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Nuremberg Documents C - 62 / GB86 , a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes : `` The attack ( on France ) is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible . '' Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , pp. 39 -- 40 . Jump up ^ Bullock 1990 , pp. 563 -- 4 , 566 , 568 -- 9 , 574 -- 5 ( 1983 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Blitzkrieg : From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk , L Deighton , Jonathan Cape , 1993 , p186 - 7 .", "48": "Deighton states that `` the offensive was postponed twenty - nine times before it finally took place . '' Jump up ^ Smith et al. 2002 , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Bilinsky 1999 , p. 9 . ^ Jump up to : Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 55 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Spring 1986 , p. 207 - 226 . Jump up ^ Hanhimäki 1997 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Ferguson 2006 , pp. 367 , 376 , 379 , 417 . Jump up ^ Snyder 2010 , p. 118ff . Jump up ^ Koch 1983 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 56 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 57 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Commager 2004 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Reynolds 2006 , p. 76 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 122 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 436 . The Americans later relieved the British , with marines arriving in Reykjavik on 7 July 1941 ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 721 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 59 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Regan 2004 , p. 152 . Jump up ^ Liddell Hart 1977 , p. 48 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , pp. 66 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Umbreit 1991 , p. 311 . Jump up ^ Brown 2004 , p. xxx . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 72 . ^ Jump up to : Murray 1983 , The Battle of Britain . ^ Jump up to : `` Major international events of 1940 , with explanation '' . Ibiblio.org .", "49": "Jump up ^ Goldstein 2004 , p. 35 . Aircraft played a highly important role in defeating the German U-boats ( Schofield 1981 , p. 122 ) . Jump up ^ Steury 1987 , p. 209 ; Zetterling & Tamelander 2009 , p. 282 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 108 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , pp. 328 -- 30 . Jump up ^ Maingot 1994 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Cantril 1940 , p. 390 . Jump up ^ Skinner Watson , Mark . `` Coordination With Britain '' . US Army in WWII -- Chief of Staff : Prewar Plans and Operations . Jump up ^ Bilhartz & Elliott 2007 , p. 179 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 877 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , pp. 745 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Clogg 2002 , p. 118 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 146 , 152 ; US Army 1986 , pp. 4 -- 6 Jump up ^ Jowett 2001 , pp. 9 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 106 . Jump up ^ Laurier 2001 , pp. 7 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Murray & Millett 2001 , pp. 263 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Macksey 1997 , pp. 61 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 229 . Jump up ^ Watson 2003 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Jackson 2006 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Garver 1988 , p. 114 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 195 . Jump up ^ Murray 1983 , p. 69 .", "50": "^ Jump up to : Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , pp. 267 -- 312 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Sella 1978 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2007 , pp. 66 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Steinberg 1995 . Jump up ^ Hauner 1978 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1995 . Jump up ^ Wilt 1981 . Jump up ^ Erickson 2003 , pp. 114 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Farrell 1993 . Jump up ^ Keeble 1990 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Kleinfeld 1983 . Jump up ^ Jukes 2001 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 : `` By 1 November ( the Wehrmacht ) had lost fully 20 % of its committed strength ( 686,000 men ) , up to 2 / 3 of its 1⁄2 - million motor vehicles , and 65 percent of its tanks . The German Army High Command ( OKH ) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full - strength divisions . '' Jump up ^ Reinhardt 1992 , p. 227 . Jump up ^ Milward 1964 . Jump up ^ Rotundo 1986 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Garthoff 1969 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 41 -- 2 ; Evans 2008 , pp.", "51": "213 -- 4 , notes that `` Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before ... Only Stalin 's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all - out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse . '' Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Overy & Wheatcroft 1999 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Morison 2002 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Joes 2004 , p. 224 . Jump up ^ Fairbank & Goldman 2006 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 30 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 -- July 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 45 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Anderson 1975 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Evans & Peattie 2012 , p. 456 . Jump up ^ Coox , Alvin ( 1985 ) . Nomonhan : Japan against Russia , 1939 . Stanford , California : Stanford University Press . pp. 1046 -- 1049 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 1835 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` The decision for War '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategy and Command : The First Two Years . pp. 113 -- 27 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Showdown With Japan Aug -- Dec 1941 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 63 -- 96 . Jump up ^ The United States Replies . Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack . Jump up ^ Painter 2012 , p. 26 : `` The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941 , forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure . '' Wood 2007 , p.", "52": "9 , listing various military and diplomatic developments , observes that `` the threat to Japan was not purely economic . '' Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 310 ; Dower 1986 , p. 5 , calls attention to the fact that `` the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure . Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia . It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations , taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects . '' Dower goes on to note that , before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt , many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , pp. 11 -- 2 . ^ Jump up to : Wohlstetter 1962 , pp. 341 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Dunn 1998 , p. 157 . According to May 1955 , p. 155 , Churchill stated : `` Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage , provided , but only provided , that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front . '' Jump up ^ Adolf Hitler 's Declaration of War against the United States in Wikisource . Jump up ^ Klooz , Marle ; Wiley , Evelyn ( 1944 ) , Events leading up to World War II -- Chronological History , 78th Congress , 2d Session -- House Document N. 541 , Director : Humphrey , Richard A. , Washington : US Government Printing Office , p. 310 ( 1941 ) . Jump up ^ Bosworth & Maiolo 2015 , pp. 313 -- 314 . Jump up ^ Mingst & Karns 2007 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ `` The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment . Dec 1941 -- Jan 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 97 -- 119 . Jump up ^ `` The Elimination of the Alternatives . Jul -- Aug 1942 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 266 -- 92 .", "53": "Jump up ^ `` Casablanca -- Beginning of an Era : January 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 18 -- 42 . Jump up ^ `` The Trident Conference -- New Patterns : May 1943 '' . US Army in WWII -- Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare . pp. 126 -- 45 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 247 -- 267 , 345 . Jump up ^ Lewis 1953 , p. 529 ( Table 11 ) . Jump up ^ Slim 1956 , pp. 71 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 1995 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Perez 1998 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Maddox 1992 , pp. 111 -- 2 . Jump up ^ Salecker 2001 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Schoppa 2011 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004 , p. 19 . Jump up ^ Ropp 2000 , p. 368 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 339 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Adrian ( 2003 ) . The Encyclopedia of Warfare : From Earliest Times to the Present Day . Globe Pequot . p. 259 . ISBN 1 - 59228 - 027 - 7 . Jump up ^ Swain 2001 , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Hane 2001 , p. 340 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Brayley 2002 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Read 2004 , p. 764 . Jump up ^ Davies 2006 , p. 100 ( 2008 ed . ) . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 239 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Black 2003 , p. 119 . Jump up ^ Beevor 1998 , pp. 383 -- 91 .", "54": "Jump up ^ Erickson 2001 , p. 142 . Jump up ^ Milner 1990 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 224 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Molinari 2007 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Mitcham 2007 , p. 31 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 380 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Rich 1992 , p. 178 . Jump up ^ Gordon 2004 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Neillands 2005 . Jump up ^ Keegan 1997 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Smith 2002 . Jump up ^ Thomas & Andrew 1998 , p. 8 . ^ Jump up to : Ross 1997 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Bonner & Bonner 2001 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Collier 2003 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` The Civilians '' United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report ( European War ) Jump up ^ Thompson & Randall 2008 , p. 164 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , p. 610 . Jump up ^ Rottman 2002 , p. 228 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1986 ; Glantz 1989 , pp. 149 -- 59 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Overy 1995 , pp. 119 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Bellamy 2007 , p. 595 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 35 . Jump up ^ Healy 1992 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , pp. 50 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , p. 45 Jump up ^ Mazower 2008 , p. 362 . Jump up ^ Hart , Hart & Hughes 2000 , p. 151 . Jump up ^ Blinkhorn 2006 , p. 52 .", "55": "Jump up ^ Read & Fisher 2002 , p. 129 . Jump up ^ Padfield 1998 , pp. 335 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1990 , pp. 211 , 235 , 267 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Iriye 1981 , p. 154 . Jump up ^ Mitter 2014 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Polley 2000 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 268 -- 74 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 161 . Jump up ^ Hsu & Chang 1971 , pp. 412 -- 416 , Map 38 Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , pp. 660 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 327 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2002 , pp. 367 -- 414 . Jump up ^ Chubarov 2001 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Holland 2008 , pp. 169 -- 84 ; Beevor 2012 , pp. 568 -- 73 . The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ( Mazower 2008 , pp. 500 -- 2 ) . The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at Civitella ( de Grazia & Paggi 1991 ; Belco 2010 ) , Fosse Ardeatine ( Portelli 2003 ) , and Sant'Anna di Stazzema ( Gordon 2012 , pp. 10 -- 1 ) , and is capped with the Marzabotto massacre . Jump up ^ Lightbody 2004 , p. 224 . ^ Jump up to : Zeiler 2004 , p. 60 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 555 -- 60 . Jump up ^ Ch'i 1992 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Coble 2003 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Rees 2008 , pp.", "56": "406 -- 7 : `` Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war . '' Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Badsey 1990 , p. 91 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Forrest , Evans & Gibbons 2012 , p. 191 Jump up ^ Zaloga 1996 , p. 7 : `` It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II . '' Jump up ^ Berend 1996 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation '' . US Library of Congress . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . The coup speeded the Red Army 's advance , and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania 's war against the Allies . Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup ; postwar Romanian historians , however , ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu 's overthrow Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Wiest & Barbier 2002 , pp. 65 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Wiktor , Christian L ( 1998 ) . Multilateral Treaty Calendar -- 1648 -- 1995 . Kluwer Law International . p. 426 . ISBN 90 - 411 - 0584 - 0 . Jump up ^ Newton 2004 . Jump up ^ Marston 2005 , p. 120 . Jump up ^ Article about War of Resistance `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 16 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Howard 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 54 . Jump up ^ Cook & Bewes 1997 , p. 305 .", "57": "^ Jump up to : Parker 2004 , pp. xiii -- xiv , 6 -- 8 , 68 -- 70 , 329 -- 330 Jump up ^ Glantz 2001 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , pp. 709 -- 22 . Jump up ^ Buchanan 2006 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Shepardson 1998 . Jump up ^ O'Reilly 2001 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Kershaw 2001 , p. 823 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , p. 737 . Jump up ^ Glantz 1998 , p. 24 . Jump up ^ Chant , Christopher ( 1986 ) . The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II . Routledge & Kegan Paul . p. 118 . ISBN 0 - 7102 - 0718 - 2 . Jump up ^ John Dower ( 2007 ) . `` Lessons from Iwo Jima '' . Perspectives. 45 ( 6 ) : 54 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Drea 2003 , p. 57 . Jump up ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Poirier , Michel Thomas ( 20 October 1999 ) . `` Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II '' . U.S. Navy . Archived from the original on 9 April 2008 . Retrieved 13 April 2008 . Jump up ^ Williams 2006 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , p. 201 . Jump up ^ Miscamble 2007 , pp. 203 -- 4 . Jump up ^ Charles F. Brower ( 16 October 2012 ) . Defeating Japan : The Joint Chiefs of Staff and Strategy in the Pacific War , 1943 -- 1945 . Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 133 -- 144 . Jump up ^ Glantz 2005 . Jump up ^ Pape 1993 . Jump up ^ Beevor 2012 , p. 776 .", "58": "Jump up ^ Frei 2002 , pp. 41 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 . Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe 1995 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 20 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Senn 2007 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Yoder 1997 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ `` History of the UN '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Waltz 2002 . The UDHR is viewable here ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ Kantowicz 2000 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 . Jump up ^ Trachtenberg 1999 , p. 33 . Jump up ^ Applebaum 2012 . Jump up ^ Naimark 2010 . Jump up ^ Swain 1992 . Jump up ^ Borstelmann 2005 , p. 318 . Jump up ^ Leffler & Westad 2010 . Jump up ^ Weinberg 2005 , p. 911 . Jump up ^ Stueck 2010 . Jump up ^ Lynch 2010 , pp. 12 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Roberts 1997 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Darwin 2007 , pp. 441 -- 3 , 464 -- 8 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 1006 ; Harrison 1998 , pp. 34 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 207 . Jump up ^ Petrov 1967 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , pp. 208 , 209 . Jump up ^ DeLong & Eichengreen 1993 , pp. 190 , 191 Jump up ^ Balabkins 1964 , p. 212 .", "59": "Jump up ^ Wolf 1993 , pp. 29 , 30 , 32 Jump up ^ Bull & Newell 2005 , pp. 20 , 21 Jump up ^ Ritchie 1992 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Minford 1993 , p. 117 . Jump up ^ Schain 2001 . Jump up ^ Emadi - Coffin 2002 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Smith 1993 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Neary 1992 , p. 49 . Jump up ^ Genzberger , Christine ( 1994 ) . China Business : The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China . Petaluma , California : World Trade Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 9631864 - 3 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Prof. Joseph V. `` World War II : Combatants and Casualties ( 1937 -- 1945 ) '' . Obee 's History Page . John Jay College of Criminal Justice . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Jump up ^ White , Matthew . `` Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm '' . Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century . Matthew White 's Homepage . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` World War II Fatalities '' . secondworldwar.co.uk . Retrieved 20 April 2007 . Jump up ^ Hosking 2006 , p. 242 Jump up ^ Ellman & Maksudov 1994 . Jump up ^ Smith 1994 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Herf 2003 . Jump up ^ friedrich , karsten . `` The Cruel Slaughter of Adolf Hitler '' . Lulu.com . Retrieved 27 August 2017 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology ( 2005 ) . `` Victims '' . A Teacher 's Guide to the Holocaust . University of South Florida . Retrieved 2 February 2008 .", "60": "^ Jump up to : Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 , pp. 45 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Timothy . `` Holocaust : The Ignored Reality '' . The New York Review of Books . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Polish Victims '' . www.ushmm.org . Retrieved 27 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others '' . BBC . April 2006 . Retrieved 4 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Evans 2008 , pp. 158 -- 60 , 234 -- 6 . Jump up ^ Dear & Foot 2001 , p. 290 . Jump up ^ Rummell , R.J. `` Statistics '' . Freedom , Democide , War . The University of Hawaii System . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Chang 1997 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. ? . Jump up ^ Gold , Hal ( 1996 ) . Unit 731 testimony . Tuttle . pp. 75 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8048 - 3565 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 320 . Jump up ^ Harris 2002 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ Lee 2002 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ `` Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW : new evidence '' . The Japan Times Online . 27 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 29 May 2012 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Kużniar - Plota , Małgorzata ( 30 November 2004 ) . `` Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre '' . Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation . 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Istoriya SSSR. , 1990 , No. 4 , ( in Russian ) . See also ( 2 ) ( online version ) , and Bacon 1992 ; Ellman 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines '' . American Experience : the Bataan Rescue . PBS Online . Archived from the original on 19 January 2010 . Retrieved 18 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Tanaka 1996 , pp. 2 -- 3 . Jump up ^ Bix 2000 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Ju , Zhifen ( June 2002 ) . `` Japan 's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war '' . Joint Study of the Sino - Japanese War : Minutes of the June 2002 Conference . Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 .", "62": "^ Jump up to : `` Indonesia : World War II and the Struggle For Independence , 1942 -- 50 ; The Japanese Occupation , 1942 -- 45 '' . Library of Congress . 1992 . Retrieved 9 February 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Manzanar National Historic Site '' . U.S. National Park Service . Retrieved 21 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Department of Labour of Canada ( 24 January 1947 ) . Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada , 1944 -- 1946 . Department of Labour . Office of the Prime Minister . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 405 - 11266 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy 2001 , pp. 749 -- 50 . Jump up ^ Davidson 1999 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Stark , Tamás . `` '' Malenki Robot '' -- Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union ( 1944 -- 1955 ) '' ( PDF ) . Minorities Research . Retrieved 22 January 2010 . Jump up ^ Liberman 1996 , p. 42 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Milward 1992 , p. 148 . Jump up ^ Barber & Harrison 2006 , p. 232 . Jump up ^ Hill 2005 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Christofferson & Christofferson 2006 , p. 156 Jump up ^ Radtke 1997 , p. 107 . ^ Jump up to : Rahn 2001 , p. 266 . ^ Jump up to : Harrison 1998 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , Destructive Creation : American Business and the Winning of World War II ( 2016 ) p. 2 . 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Semper Fi : The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines . New York : Main Street . p. 180 . ISBN 1 - 4027 - 3099 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sumner & Baker 2001 , p. 25 . Jump up ^ Hearn 2007 , p. 14 . Jump up ^ Gardiner & Brown 2004 , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ Burcher & Rydill 1995 , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 125 . Jump up ^ Dupuy , Trevor Nevitt ( 1982 ) . The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare . Jane 's Information Group . p. 231 . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0123 - 9 .", "64": "^ Jump up to : Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 108 . Jump up ^ Tucker & Roberts 2004 , p. 734 . ^ Jump up to : Cowley & Parker 2001 , p. 221 . Jump up ^ Sprague , Oliver ; Griffiths , Hugh ( 2006 ) . `` The AK - 47 : the worlds favourite killing machine '' ( PDF ) . controlarms.org . p. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 November 2009 . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 1160 - 9 . Douglas , R.M. ( 2012 ) . Orderly and Humane : The Expulsion of the Germans After the Second World War . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16660 - 6 . Ferraro , Kathleen J. ( 2008 ) . `` Reviews : Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during WWII by J. Robert Lilly '' . Contemporary Sociology. 37 ( 6 ) : 585 -- 586 . doi : 10.1177 / 009430610803700640 . JSTOR 20444365 . Graham , Helen ( 2005 ) . The Spanish Civil War : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford & New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 280377 - 8 . Hatfield , Kenneth K. ( 2003 ) . Heartland Heroes : Remembering World War II . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8262 - 1460 - 7 . Judt , Tony ; Snyder , Timothy ( 2012 ) . Thinking the Twentieth Century : Intellectuals and Politics in the Twentieth Century . London : William Heinemann . ISBN 978 - 0 - 434 - 01742 - 3 . Kelly , Nigel ; Rees , Rosemary ; Shuter , Jane ( 1998 ) . Twentieth Century World . London : Heinemann .", "98": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 435 - 30983 - 1 . Lilly , J. Robert ( 2007 ) . Taken by Force : Rape and American GIs in Europe during World War II . New York , NY : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 50647 - 3 . O'Hara , Vincent ( 2004 ) . The German Fleet at War , 1939 -- 1945 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 9781591146513 . Parker , R.A.C. ( April 1956 ) . `` The First Capitulation : France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936 '' . World Politics . 8 ( 3 ) : 355 -- 373 . doi : 10.2307 / 2008855 . JSTOR 2008855 . External links West Point Maps of the European War West Point Maps of the Asian - Pacific War Atlas of the World Battle Fronts ( July 1943 to August 1945 ) Records of World War II propaganda posters are held by Simon Fraser University 's Special Collections and Rare Books Books View or order collections of articles World War II Portals Access related topics World War II portal War portal History portal 1940s portal Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects Media from Commons News stories from Wikinews Definitions from Wiktionary Textbooks from Wikibooks Quotations from Wikiquote Source texts from Wikisource Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata World War II Asia and the Pacific China South - East Asia North and Central Pacific South - West Pacific Europe Western Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East North Africa East Africa Italy West Africa Atlantic North America South America Casualties", "99": "Military engagements Conferences Commanders Participants Allies ( leaders ) Australia Belgium Brazil Canada China Cuba Czechoslovakia Denmark Ethiopia France Free France ( from June 1940 ) Greece India Italy ( from September 1943 ) Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines ( Commonwealth ) Poland South Africa Southern Rhodesia Soviet Union United Kingdom United States Puerto Rico Yugoslavia Axis and Axis - 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[ "ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases", "it has ultimate (and largely discretionary) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law" ]

{ "0": "Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to : navigation , search `` SCOTUS '' redirects here . For other uses , see SCOTUS ( disambiguation ) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4 , 1789 ; 229 years ago ( 1789 - 03 - 04 ) Country United States Location Washington , D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Coordinates : 38 ° 53 ′ 26 '' N 77 ° 00 ′ 16 '' W  /  38.89056 ° N 77.00444 ° W  / 38.89056 ; - 77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No.", "1": "of positions 9 by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John Roberts Since September 29 , 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005 - 09 - 29 ) This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States ( sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS ) is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789 , it has ultimate ( and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases . In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction . The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government . According to federal statute , the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed , justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign , retire , or are removed after impeachment ( though no justice has ever been removed ) .", "2": "In modern discourse , the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote , and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously , decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote , thereby exposing the justices ' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories . The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington , D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2. 1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5.", "3": "1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789 . Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice '' to its members , who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge '' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution . The Court first convened on February 2 , 1790 , with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled . According to historian Fergus Bordewich , in its first session : `` ( T ) he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street , a few steps from Federal Hall . Symbolically , the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic , this birth of a new national institution whose future power , admittedly , still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans . Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office , Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts , James Wilson of Pennsylvania , and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen . Nothing did . They had no cases to consider . After a week of inactivity , they adjourned until September , and everyone went home . ''", "4": "The sixth member , James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12 , 1790 . Because the full Court had only six members , every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two - thirds ( voting four to two ) . However , Congress has always allowed less than the Court 's full membership to make decisions , starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789 . Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles : Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth ( 1789 -- 1801 ) , the Court heard few cases ; its first decision was West v. Barnes ( 1791 ) , a case involving a procedural issue . The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige , a situation not helped by the highest - profile case of the era , Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) , which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court 's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court ( 1801 -- 35 ) . Under Marshall , the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress , including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states ( prominently , Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ) . The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition , and instead issuing a single majority opinion . Also during Marshall 's tenure , although beyond the Court 's control , the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 -- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence .", "5": "From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles : Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court ( 1836 -- 64 ) made several important rulings , such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear , it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects . Nevertheless , it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts ( 1864 -- 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ) . Under the White and Taft Courts ( 1910 -- 30 ) , the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ) , grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ) , upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children 's Hospital ) . The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles : Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts ( 1930 -- 53 ) , the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ) . During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power , upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ) . Nevertheless , Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ) , and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend .", "6": "Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles : Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court ( 1953 -- 69 ) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd . ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ) . It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ) , limited the role of religion in public school ( most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ) , incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States -- prominently Mapp v. Ohio ( the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ) , -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ) . At the same time , however , the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories . The Burger Court ( 1969 -- 86 ) marked a conservative shift . It also expanded Griswold 's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ) , but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ) , and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ) , then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ) . Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles : Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in October 2005 The Rehnquist Court ( 1986 -- 2005 ) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution 's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ) .", "7": "It struck down single - sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ) , laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ) , and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ) , but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons - Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe 's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ) . The Court 's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial . The Roberts Court ( 2005 -- present ) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court . Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ) , civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ) , abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ) , climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ) , same - sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights , notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ) , Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ) . Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices . The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges '' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy , an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act , legally restoring the court 's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred . As the nation 's boundaries grew , Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits : seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866 , at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced , which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition . Consequently , one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867 . In 1869 , however , the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine , where it has since remained . President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937 .", "8": "His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement , up to a maximum bench of 15 justices . The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges , but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack '' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt 's New Deal . The plan , usually called the `` court - packing plan '' , failed in Congress . Nevertheless , the Court 's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941 , Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice . Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article : Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court ( April 2017 -- present ) . Front row ( left to right ) : Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row ( left to right ) : Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court . '' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views , although a justice 's decisions may end up being contrary to a president 's expectations . Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice , a president may nominate anyone to serve , subject to Senate confirmation . In modern times , the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups , which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group 's views . The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive , negative or neutral report . The committee 's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent . The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925 , who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955 . Once the committee reports out the nomination , the full Senate considers it .", "9": "Rejections are relatively uncommon ; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees , most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987 . Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination , prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate . President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee . It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas 's ethics . President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second . Unlike the Fortas filibuster , however , only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination , citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy , and the Republican majority 's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy . This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations . Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate . A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs , typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee ; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006 . The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination , which expires at the end of the session . For example , President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate ; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955 , and Harlan was confirmed two months later . Most recently , as previously noted , the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017 , and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination , the president must prepare and sign a commission , to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed , before the new justice can take office . The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date , not the confirmation or swearing - in date . Before 1981 , the approval process of justices was usually rapid .", "10": "From the Truman through Nixon administrations , justices were typically approved within one month . From the Reagan administration to the present , however , the process has taken much longer . Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past . According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days ( 2.2 months ) , while the median is 71 days ( or 2.3 months ) . Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess , a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies . Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session ( less than two years ) . The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving ; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments , only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed . No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court , and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts . In 1960 , after Eisenhower had made three such appointments , the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate '' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances . '' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress 's views in the hope of guiding executive action . The Supreme Court 's 2014 decision in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments ( including appointments to the Supreme Court ) , ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session ( or in recess ) . Writing for the Court , Justice Breyer stated , `` We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . '' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior '' ( unless appointed during a Senate recess ) . The term `` good behavior '' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives , unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress , resign , or retire .", "11": "Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804 ) , but he was acquitted in the Senate ( March 1805 ) . Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently ( for example , William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice , in 1953 and again in 1970 ; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969 ) , but they did not reach a vote in the House . No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury , but unable ( or unwilling ) to resign . Because justices have indefinite tenure , timing of vacancies can be unpredictable . Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession , as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell , Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other . Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations , such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor ( though Roberts ' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died ) . Despite the variability , all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice . William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office , though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term . Likewise , Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office , but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term . Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice . Somewhat similarly , presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice , but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office . No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment . Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century .", "12": "Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also : List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine Justices . The most recent justice to join the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31 , 2017 , and confirmed on April 7 , 2017 , by the U.S. Senate . Name Birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts , John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 , 1955 Buffalo , New York Bush , George W. George W. Bush 78 -- 22 50 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002005 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 , 2005 12 years , 6 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 2003 -- 2005 ) ; Principal Deputy Solicitor General ( 1989 -- 1993 ) ; Associate Counsel to the President ( 1982 -- 1986 ) William Rehnquist Kennedy , Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936 - 07 - 23 - 0000 July 23 , 1936 Sacramento , California Reagan , Ronald Ronald Reagan 97 -- 0 51 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 000000001988 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 , 1988 30 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ( 1975 -- 1988 ) ; Private practice ( 1963 -- 1975 ) Lewis Powell Thomas , Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948 - 06 - 23 - 0000 June 23 , 1948 Pin Point , Georgia Bush , George H.W. George H.W.", "13": "Bush 52 -- 48 43 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 000000001991 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 1991 26 years , 6 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit ( 1990 -- 1991 ) ; Chairman , Equal Employment Opportunity Commission ( 1982 -- 1990 ) ; Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth ( 1974 -- 1977 ) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg , Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933 - 03 - 15 - 0000 March 15 , 1933 Brooklyn , New York Clinton , Bill Bill Clinton 96 -- 3 60 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 000000001993 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 , 1993 24 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the D.C.", "14": "Circuit ( 1980 -- 1993 ) ; General Counsel , American Civil Liberties Union ( 1973 -- 1980 ) Byron White Breyer , Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 , 1938 San Francisco , California 87 -- 9 55 7001790000000000000 ♠ 79 000000001994 - 08 - 03 - 0000 August 3 , 1994 23 years , 8 months Chief Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ; Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ( 1980 -- 1990 ) Harry Blackmun Alito , Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950 - 04 - 01 - 0000 April 1 , 1950 Trenton , New Jersey George W. Bush 58 -- 42 55 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 000000002006 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2006 12 years , 2 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit ( 1990 -- 2006 ) ; U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey ( 1987 -- 1990 ) ; Deputy Assistant Attorney General ( 1985 -- 1987 ) ; Assistant to the Solicitor General ( 1981 -- 1985 ) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor , Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 , 1954 The Bronx , New York Obama , Barack Barack Obama 68 -- 31 55 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 000000002009 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 , 2009 8 years , 8 months Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit ( 1998 -- 2009 ) ; District Judge , District Court for the Southern District of New York ( 1992 -- 1998 ) David Souter Kagan ,", "15": "Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 , 1960 Manhattan , New York 63 -- 37 50 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 000000002010 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 2010 7 years , 8 months Solicitor General of the United States ( 2009 -- 2010 ) ; Dean of Harvard Law School ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ; Associate White House Counsel ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council ( 1995 -- 1999 ) ; John Paul Stevens Gorsuch , Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967 - 08 - 29 - 0000 August 29 , 1967 Denver , Colorado Trump , Donald Donald Trump 54 -- 45 49 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 , 2017 1 year Circuit Judge , Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit ( 2006 -- 2017 ) ; Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General ( 2005 -- 2006 ) ; Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article : Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices . Among the nine justices , there is one African - American ( Justice Thomas ) and one Hispanic ( Justice Sotomayor ) . Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent : Justice Alito 's parents were born in Italy , and Justice Ginsburg 's father was born in Russia . At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . The average age is 67 years and 4 months . Every current justice has an Ivy League background . Four justices are from the state of New York , two from California , one from New Jersey , one from Georgia , and one from Colorado . In the 19th century , every justice was a man of European descent ( usually Northern European ) , and almost always Protestant .", "16": "Concerns about diversity focused on geography , to represent all regions of the country , rather than religious , ethnic , or gender diversity . Most justices have been Protestants , including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836 , and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice , Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed , and in recent years the situation has reversed . The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices , and three Jewish justices . Racial , ethnic , and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century . Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967 . Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981 . Marshall was succeeded by African - American Clarence Thomas in 1991 . O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993 . After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice ; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court 's history . There have been six foreign - born justices in the Court 's history : James Wilson ( 1789 -- 1798 ) , born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell ( 1790 -- 1799 ) , born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson ( 1793 -- 1806 ) , born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer ( 1889 -- 1910 ) , born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland ( 1922 -- 1939 ) , born in Buckinghamshire , England ; and Felix Frankfurter ( 1939 -- 1962 ) , born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States : John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices , they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court , but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts , usually the United States Courts of Appeals .", "17": "Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice . In recent years , Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country , and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court . The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status ( rather than simply resign from the bench ) is governed by the same age and service criteria . In recent times , justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal , institutional , ideological , partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role . The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down . The desire to maximize the Court 's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time , when the Court is in recess , and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health . Finally , especially in recent decades , many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office , to ensure that a like - minded successor would be appointed .", "18": "Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of tenure John Paul Stevens 000000001920 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98 -- 0 55 7001980000000000000 ♠ 98 December 19 , 1975 June 29 , 2010 ( age 90 ) 34 years , 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930 - 03 - 26 - 0000 March 26 , 1930 El Paso , Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99 -- 0 51 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 September 25 , 1981 January 31 , 2006 ( age 75 ) 24 years , 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1939 Melrose , Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90 -- 9 51 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 000000001990 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1990 June 29 , 2009 ( age 69 ) 18 years , 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices ; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court , regardless of the length of his or her service . The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service . The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions , the justices sit according to seniority , with the Chief Justice in the center , and the Associate Justices on alternating sides , with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice 's immediate right , and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice .", "19": "Therefore , the current court sits as follows from left to right , from the perspective of those facing the Court : Kagan , Alito , Ginsburg , Kennedy ( most senior Associate Justice ) , Roberts ( Chief Justice ) , Thomas , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Gorsuch . In the official yearly Court photograph , justices are arranged similarly , with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg , Kennedy , Roberts , Thomas , Breyer ) , and the four most junior justices standing behind them , again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions ( Kagan , Alito , Sotomayor , Gorsuch ) . In the justices ' private conferences , current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice . The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone , such as answering the door of their conference room , serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk . Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice , from February 3 , 1812 , to September 1 , 1823 , for a total of 4,228 days . Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3 , 1994 , to January 31 , 2006 , for a total of 4,199 days . Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6 , 2010 , to April 10 , 2017 , for a total of 2,439 days . Salary ( edit ) Main article : Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017 , associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300 . Article III , Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices . Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire . Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees , but a justice 's pension , as with other federal courts judges , can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement .", "20": "Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also : Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power , justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties , as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches . Jurists are , however , informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives , moderates , or liberals . Such leanings , however , generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one . The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice . Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017 , the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents . It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas , Alito , and Gorsuch , appointed by Republican presidents , comprise the Court 's conservative wing . Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan , appointed by Democratic presidents , comprise the Court 's liberal wing . Justice Kennedy , appointed by Republican president Reagan , is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals '' , and up until Justice Scalia 's death , he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings . Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit . Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010 , that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions . '' He pointed out that in the 2009 term , almost half the cases were decided unanimously , and only about 20 % were decided by a 5 - to - 4 vote . Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal / conservative divide ( fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included ) . He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court .", "21": "Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal - defendant summary dismissals ( usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument ) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological . Likewise , Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress , show inadequate deference to the political process , and be disrespectful of precedent , also lacked merit : Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent ( even if long standing ) that he views as having been wrongly decided , and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation . According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog , in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011 , an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues ( 22 % ) were decided by a 5 -- 4 vote , with an average of 70 % of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines ( about 15 % of all opinions issued ) . Over that period , the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62 % of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines , which represents about 44 % of all the 5 -- 4 decisions . In the October 2010 term , the Court decided 86 cases , including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals ( where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case ) . Four were decided with unsigned opinions , two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted . Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases , 38 ( about 48 % , the highest percentage since the October 2005 term ) were decided unanimously ( 9 -- 0 or 8 -- 0 ) , and 16 decisions were made by a 5 -- 4 vote ( about 20 % , compared to 18 % in the October 2009 term , and 29 % in the October 2008 term ) .", "22": "However , in fourteen of the sixteen 5 -- 4 decisions , the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines ( with Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor , and Kagan on the liberal side , and Roberts , Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on the conservative , and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote '' ) . This represents 87 % of those 16 cases , the highest rate in the past 10 years . The conservative bloc , joined by Kennedy , formed the majority in 63 % of the 5 -- 4 decisions , the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts Court . In the October 2011 term , the Court decided 75 cases . Of these , 33 ( 44 % ) were decided unanimously , and 15 ( 20 % , the same percentage as in the previous term ) were decided by a vote of 5 -- 4 . Of the latter 15 , the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices ( Roberts , Scalia , Thomas and Alito ) five times and with the liberal justices ( Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan ) five times . In the October 2012 term , the Court decided 78 cases . Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions ( representing 49 % of the decisions ) were unanimous in judgement , with 24 decisions being completely unanimous ( a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it ) . This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years , since the October 2002 term ( when 51 % of the decisions handed down were unanimous ) . The Court split 5 -- 4 in 23 cases ( 29 % of the total ) ; of these , 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines , with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia , Thomas , and Alito on one side , Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan on the other , and Justice Kennedy holding the balance . Of these 16 cases , Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases , and with the liberals on 6 .", "23": "Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices , with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy , Thomas , Breyer and Alito in the majority , with Justices Scalia , Ginsburg , Sotomayor , and Kagan in the minority . The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan , who agreed on 72 of the 75 ( 96 % ) cases , in which both voted ; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito , who agreed only on 45 out of 77 ( 54 % ) cases , in which they both participated . Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5 -- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 ( 83 % ) cases , and in 71 of 78 ( 91 % ) cases during the term , in line with his position as the `` swing vote '' of the Court . Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s , the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article : United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1 , 1790 , at the Merchants ' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital , the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800 . After the government moved to Washington , D.C. , the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935 , when it moved into its own purpose - built home . The four - story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble . The building includes the courtroom , justices ' chambers , an extensive law library , various meeting spaces , and auxiliary services including a gymnasium . The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue , the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4 : 30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied .", "24": "There is a cafeteria , a gift shop , exhibits , and a half - hour informational film . When the Court is not in session , lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9 : 30 am to 3 : 30 pm and reservations are not necessary . When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments , which are held twice each morning ( and sometimes afternoons ) on Mondays , Tuesdays , and Wednesdays in two - week intervals from October through late April , with breaks during December and February . Visitors are seated on a first - come first - served basis . One estimate is there are about 250 seats available . The number of open seats varies from case to case ; for important cases , some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night . From mid-May until the end of June , the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am , and these 15 to 30 - minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis . Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions . Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court 's appellate jurisdiction . The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states , but may decline to hear such cases . It also possesses original , but not exclusive , jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors , other public ministers , consuls , or vice consuls of foreign states are parties ; all controversies between the United States and a State ; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens . '' In 1906 , the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court 's history . The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal .", "25": "Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob -- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded -- and hung from a bridge , after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson 's body reading : `` To Justice Harlan . Come get your nigger now . '' The local sheriff , John Shipp , cited the Supreme Court 's intervention as the rationale for the lynching . The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices , who found nine individuals guilty of contempt , sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail . In all other cases , however , the Court has only appellate jurisdiction , including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts . It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely ; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal . In practice , the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states . The Court 's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal ( through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ) , the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ( through certiorari ) , the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands ( through certiorari ) , the District of Columbia Court of Appeals ( through certiorari ) , and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had '' ( through certiorari ) . In the last case , an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state 's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal . For example , a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if ( a ) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari , e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or ( b ) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court 's decision without discussing the merits of the case , since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions .", "26": "The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts , rather than just federal courts , was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court 's history , by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee ( 1816 ) and Cohens v. Virginia ( 1821 ) . The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions , although there are several devices that permit so - called `` collateral review '' of state cases . It has to be noted that this `` collateral review '' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system . Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases '' or `` controversies '' , the Supreme Court can not decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do . For example , in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 ( 1974 ) , the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit , and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered . However , the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot . If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review '' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result . In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , and other abortion cases , the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court . Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct , in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff 's need for relief . Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice '' from the Supreme Court . Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic , its meaning has changed through time .", "27": "Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit '' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges . This practice encountered opposition from many justices , who cited the difficulty of travel . Moreover , there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit . Circuit riding was abolished in 1891 . Today , the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that , under the Court 's rules , may be addressed by a single justice . These include applications for emergency stays ( including stays of execution in death - penalty cases ) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit , as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time . In the past , circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases , writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal . Ordinarily , a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted '' or `` denied '' or entering a standard form of order . However , the justice may elect to write an opinion -- referred to as an in - chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes . A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit , but over the past hundred years , this has rarely occurred . A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit . The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit , the Fourth Circuit ( which includes Maryland and Virginia , the states surrounding the District of Columbia ) , and since it was established , the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits .", "28": "As of June 27 , 2017 , the allotment of the justices among the circuits is : Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges : Chief Justice Roberts ( D.C. Circuit ) , Justice Breyer ( First Circuit ) , Justice Alito ( Third Circuit ) , and Justice Kennedy ( Ninth Circuit ) . Process ( edit ) Main article : Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October , and continues until June or early July of the following year . Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings '' and `` recesses . '' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings ; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses . Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert '' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case . '' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had '' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law . The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court . For example , criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual , as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted , and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona .", "29": "There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction , such as when two states have a dispute against each other , or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state . In such instances , a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly . Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas , and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court , and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval . Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact . Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves ; the public and the Justices ' clerks are excluded . The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari . If it is granted , the case proceeds to the briefing stage ; otherwise , the case ends . Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent , the respondent may , but is not required to , file a response to the cert petition . The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons '' , spelled out in the court 's Rule 10 . Such reasons include : Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law , or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court . When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals , lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split . '' If the court votes to deny a cert petition , as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it , it does so typically without comment .", "30": "A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case , and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case . To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year ( of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year , it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer ) , the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool . '' Currently , all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool . Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition , the case is set for oral argument . Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case , as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition . With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court , amici curiae , or `` friends of the court '' , may also file briefs . The Court holds two - week oral argument sessions each month from October through April . Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument ( the Court may choose to give more time , though this is rare ) , and during that time , the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions . The petitioner gives the first presentation , and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent 's arguments after the respondent has concluded . Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees . The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case . Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court , an attorney must first be admitted to the court 's bar . Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year . The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members . In reality , pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys . The rest join for a one - time fee of $200 , earning the court about $750,000 annually . Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups . The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court , wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys . Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume .", "31": "They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument . Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library . Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument , the case is submitted for decision . Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices . It is the Court 's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term . Within that Term , however , the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument . At the conclusion of oral argument , the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied , and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court 's opinion to a Justice on his or her side . Drafts of the Court 's opinion , as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case . Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that , through recusals or vacancies , the Court divides evenly on a case . If that occurs , then the decision of the court below is affirmed , but does not establish binding precedent . In effect , it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard , there must be a quorum of at least six justices . If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case can not be heard and determined in the next term , then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided . For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court , the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there . This has only occurred once in U.S. history , in the case of United States v. Alcoa ( 1945 ) . Published opinions ( edit ) The Court 's opinions are published in three stages . First , a slip opinion is made available on the Court 's web site and through other outlets .", "32": "Next , several opinions and lists of the court 's orders are bound together in paperback form , called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court 's opinions appears . About a year after the preliminary prints are issued , a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued . The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports -- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations -- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily . As of the beginning of October 2016 term , there are : 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October 2010 term , which ended on September 28 , 2011 . 16 volumes ' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form ( volumes 565 -- 580 ) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions , covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012 . This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up , as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion ( see , for example , Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion ; by a similar logic , Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases : Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ) . A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial , parallel reporters : Supreme Court Reporter , published by West ( now a part of Thomson Reuters ) , and United States Supreme Court Reports , Lawyers ' Edition ( simply known as Lawyers ' Edition ) , published by LexisNexis . In court documents , legal periodicals and other legal media , case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters ; for example , citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50 , 130 S. Ct.", "33": "876 , 175 L. Ed . 2d 753 ( 2010 ) , with `` S. Ct . '' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed . '' representing the Lawyers ' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article : Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases , in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year ) '' , where vol is the volume number , page is the page number on which the opinion begins , and year is the year in which the case was decided . Optionally , pin is used to `` pinpoint '' to a specific page number within the opinion . For instance , the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 ( 1973 ) , which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print , the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___ '' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution . The power of judicial review , in fact , is nowhere mentioned in it . Over the ensuing years , the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way . Nevertheless , the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well - established precedent . Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review ; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote : `` A Constitution is , in fact , and must be regarded by the judges , as a fundamental law . It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning , as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body .", "34": "If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two , that which has the superior obligation and validity ought , of course , to be preferred ; or , in other words , the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute . '' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts , part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is . His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements , but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary , as well as the other branches of government , to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution . Since the founding of the republic , there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism , self - government , self - determination and freedom of conscience . At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government . '' Indeed , federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior '' , and their pay may `` not be diminished '' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ) . Though subject to the process of impeachment , only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office . At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch , with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government . The Supreme Court , it is noted , can not directly enforce its rulings ; instead , it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments . One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832 , when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court 's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts , is supposed to have remarked , `` John Marshall has made his decision ; now let him enforce it ! '' ; however , this alleged quotation has been disputed .", "35": "Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently , many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court 's order in United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon , however , ultimately complied with the Supreme Court 's ruling . Supreme Court decisions can be ( and have been ) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment , which has happened on five occasions : Chisholm v. Georgia ( 1793 ) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment ( 1795 ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 ) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment ( 1865 ) and the Fourteenth Amendment ( 1868 ) Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. ( 1895 ) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment ( 1913 ) Minor v. Happersett ( 1875 ) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment ( 1920 ) Oregon v. Mitchell ( 1970 ) -- overturned by the Twenty - sixth Amendment ( 1971 ) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution , simple legislative action can reverse the decisions ( for example , in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007 ) . Also , the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration : lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations , as do law enforcement officials . In addition , the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms . Congress can increase the number of justices , giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments ( as in Roosevelt 's Court Packing Plan discussed above ) . Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases : this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three , where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions , and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make . ''", "36": "The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle ( 1869 ) , though it rejected Congress ' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein ( 1871 ) . On the other hand , through its power of judicial review , the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government ; for example , in United States v. Curtiss - Wright Export Corp. ( 1936 ) , Dames & Moore v. Regan ( 1981 ) , and notably in Goldwater v. Carter ( 1979 ) , ( where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate ) . The Court 's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority , as in Humphrey 's Executor v. United States ( 1935 ) , the Steel Seizure Case ( 1952 ) , and United States v. Nixon ( 1974 ) . Law clerks ( edit ) See also : Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them , prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks . The chief justice is allowed five clerks , but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year , and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four . Generally , law clerks serve a term of one to two years . The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882 . Oliver Wendell Holmes , Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks , rather than hiring a `` stenographer - secretary '' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates . The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African - American , William T. Coleman , Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools , especially Harvard , Yale , the University of Chicago , Columbia , and Stanford .", "37": "From 1882 to 1940 , 62 % of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School . Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board . By the mid-1970s , clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice . Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices : Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John Roberts for William Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked . Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals : John Roberts for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft . `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s '' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School . `` As law has moved closer to mere politics , political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts '' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said . David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government . `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives '' , Professor Garrow said .", "38": "`` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists . '' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study , this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law . '' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44 % of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing . Three - quarters said justices ' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views . Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues . Among them : Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology . An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers , including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s . An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade ( 1973 ) , which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy '' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous . Legal scholars , justices , and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision . The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently , Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti ( 1978 ) that the First Amendment applies to corporations . Lincoln warned , referring to the Dred Scott decision , that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court ... the people will have ceased to be their own rulers . '' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words : `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up . '' During different historical periods , the Court has leaned in different directions . Critics from both sides complain that activist - judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead .", "39": "Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland , and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism , including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon , and Ronald Reagan . Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote : `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow - moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . '' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism , `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like . '' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body . '' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights : the Dred Scott ( 1857 ) decision upheld slavery ; Plessy v Ferguson ( 1896 ) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London ( 2005 ) was criticized by prominent politicians , including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights . Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters '' by siding with Indiana 's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver 's licenses , especially poor and minority voters '' , according to one report . Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights . '' However , others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights , particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention . For example , Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule , and Justice Scalia criticized the Court 's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees , on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited '' to sovereign territory . Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism . George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance . '' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009 .", "40": "A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy '' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review '' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch . Warren E. Burger , before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power '' it is likely to `` self - indulge itself '' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis '' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts , especially the Supreme Court . '' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts ( and specifically the Supreme Court ) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches ; he argues that because the courts must wait , sometimes for years , for cases to navigate their way through the system , their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened . In contrast , the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example , can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request . Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power . While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then - proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments , others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers ' wishes . The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority . One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce , but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce ; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce . For example , the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act , thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin , Texas , despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines ; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005 .", "41": "Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress 's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself , may be exercised to its utmost extent , and acknowledges no limitations , other than are prescribed in the Constitution . '' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad . '' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today . Advocates of states ' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court , saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority . Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference , suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state , not federal , law . '' However , others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level . '' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view . According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover , like a closed ' cartel ' , only revealing itself through ' public events and printed releases , with nothing about its inner workings . ' The reviewer writes : `` few ( reporters ) dig deeply into court affairs . It all works very neatly ; the only ones hurt are the American people , who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives . '' Larry Sabato complains about the Court 's `` insularity . '' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61 % of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy '' , and 50 % of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised . In recent years , many justices have appeared on television , written books and made public statements to journalists . In a 2009 interview on C - SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic ( of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston ( of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open '' institution with only the justices ' private conferences inaccessible to others . In October 2010 , the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur .", "42": "Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena , and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government . The Bush v. Gore decision , in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively , particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions ; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent '' argued against the court wading into so - called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases '' . On the other hand , although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court , he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case , nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards . He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s , at least in part , to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts . Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote : `` The insularity of lifetime tenure , combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench , produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day . '' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity . James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag , with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times . '' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices , as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others . However , others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits , such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure . Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office . '' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel .", "43": "All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . '' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States Segal -- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions ( selection ) Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 , judicial review ) McCulloch v. Maryland ( 1819 , implied powers ) Gibbons v. Ogden ( 1824 , interstate commerce ) Dred Scott v. Sandford ( 1857 , slavery ) Plessy v. Ferguson ( 1896 , separate but equal treatment of races ) Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 , school segregation of races ) Engel v. Vitale ( 1962 , state - sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp ( 1963 , Bible readings and recitation of the Lord 's prayer in U.S.", "44": "public schools ) Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963 , right to an attorney ) Griswold v. Connecticut ( 1965 , privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona ( 1966 , rights of those detained by police ) In re Gault ( 1967 , rights of juvenile suspects ) Loving v. Virginia ( 1967 , interracial marriage ) Lemon v. Kurtzman ( 1971 , religious activities in public schools ) New York Times Co. v. United States ( 1971 , freedom of the press ) Eisenstadt v. Baird ( 1972 , privacy for unmarried people ) Roe v. Wade ( 1973 , abortion ) Miller v. California ( 1973 , obscenity ) United States v. Nixon ( 1974 , executive privilege ) Buckley v. Valeo ( 1976 , campaign finance ) Bowers v. Hardwick ( 1986 , sodomy ) Bush v. Gore ( 2000 , presidential election ) Lawrence v. Texas ( 2003 , sodomy , privacy ) District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 , gun rights ) Citizens United v. FEC ( 2010 , campaign finance ) United States v. Windsor ( 2013 , same - sex marriage ) Shelby County v. Holder ( 2013 , voting rights ) Obergefell v. Hodges ( 2015 , same - sex marriage ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson , Gary ; Seidman , Guy ( 2001 ) . `` When Did the Constitution Become Law ? '' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Safire , William , `` On language : POTUS and FLOTUS , '' New York Times , October 12 , 1997 . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States '' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Barnabas . Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 ( Aspen Law & Business , 1988 ) . Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) .", "45": "United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich , Fergus ( 2016 ) . The First Congress : How James Madison , George Washington , and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster . p. 195 . ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman , Jed . `` A Six - Three Rule : Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court '' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37 , p. 893 ( 2002 -- 03 ) . Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 ( Penguin 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Ashmore , Anne ( August 2006 ) . `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments , United States Reports volumes 2 -- 107 ( 1791 -- 82 ) '' ( PDF ) . Library , Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber ( editor ) ( 1998 ) . `` Seriatim : The Supreme Court Before John Marshall '' . New York University Press . ISBN 0 - 8147 - 3114 - 7 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 3 ) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning , John F. ( 2004 ) . `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts '' . Yale Law Journal . 113 ( 8 ) : 1663 -- 1750 . doi : 10.2307 / 4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps , Garrett ( October 24 , 2004 ) . `` Do n't Do It , Justices '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's prestige has been hard - won .", "46": "In the early 1800s , Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , ( 1796 ) , wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain . Jump up ^ Rosen , Jeffrey ( July 5 , 2009 ) . `` Black Robe Politics '' ( book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns ) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . From the beginning , Burns continues , the Court has established its `` supremacy '' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall 's `` brilliant political coup '' in Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) : asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws . Jump up ^ `` The People 's Vote : 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2003 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison , Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review , an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances '' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful ... A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void . Jump up ^ Sloan , Cliff ; McKean , David ( February 21 , 2009 ) . `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters '' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled , the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate . Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law : Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 27 , 1893 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs.", "47": "Hunter 's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question , in the highest court of a State , and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute ... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg , Stevens , Souter , Breyer ( December 13 , 2000 ) . `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court 's Fairfax 's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject 's successor in interest . That refusal led to the Court 's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 1 Wheat . 304 ( 1816 ) . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . February 3 , 1901 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter 's lessee , in which the court asserted its authority to overrule , within certain limits , the decisions of the highest State courts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Supreme Quiz '' . The Washington Post . October 2 , 2000 . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , Marshall 's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice . Since the mid-1940s , however , there 's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring '' and `` dissenting '' opinions . Jump up ^ Slater , Dan ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty : A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 .", "48": "The first Chief Justice , John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions -- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case . ( You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions ) . Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch . Jump up ^ Suddath , Claire ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` A Brief History Of Impeachment '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804 , when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct . As a judge , Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job . The Senate acquitted him on every count . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 10 , 1996 ) . `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings , Defending Judicial Independence '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase , who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III '' of the Constitution , Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes ; with Randall K. Miller ( 1989 ) . `` The Court vs. Congress : Prayer , Busing , and Abortion '' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . ( page 115 ) ... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts ' jurisdiction . Jump up ^ Ifill , Sherrilyn A. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Sotomayor 's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race , Gender Nonsense '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment .", "49": "Justice Taney 's coldly self - fulfilling statement in Dred Scott , that blacks had `` no rights which the white man ( was ) bound to respect '' , has ensured his place in history -- not as a brilliant jurist , but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons , Peter ( 2006 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court : The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States : Penguin Books . pp. 176 -- 177 . ISBN 0 - 14 - 303738 - 2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision , as we know , later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War ( p. 176 ) ... his opinion ( Taney 's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue ... ( p. 177 ) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract ? '' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts . October 31 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The term `` substantive due process '' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner -- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment . In the 1960s , long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases , substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy , the right to maintain intimate family relationships . Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161 '' . Cornell University Law School . 1908 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . No. 293 Argued : October 29 , 30 , 1907 -- - Decided : January 27 , 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer , David J. ; James W. Ely ( 1993 ) . The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington , Indiana : Indiana University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35159 - 3.", "50": "... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine , ' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection . Jump up ^ White , Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court , Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366 '' . Finally , as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation , as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people , can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment , we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement . Jump up ^ Siegan , Bernard H. ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court 's Constitution . Transaction Publishers . p. 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88738 - 671 - 8 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children 's Hospital , the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment . At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia . ( p. 146 ) Jump up ^ Biskupic , Joan ( March 29 , 2005 ) . `` Supreme Court gets makeover '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935 . Jump up ^ Justice Roberts ( September 21 , 2005 ) . `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts , Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins . Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers . Jump up ^ Lipsky , Seth ( October 22 , 2009 ) .", "51": "`` All the News That 's Fit to Subsidize '' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s , when subsidies were brought in for farmers . With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow -- even , Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case , Wickard v. Filburn ( 1942 ) , wheat grown on his modest farm . Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 14 , 2004 ) . `` What 's New in the Legal World ? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Some prominent states ' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn , a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress 's power to legislate in the public interest . Supporters of states ' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action ... Jump up ^ United Press International ( September 25 , 1971 ) . `` Justice Black Dies at 85 ; Served on Court 34 Years '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory , first stated in a lengthy , scholarly dissent in 1947 , that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states . Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education ( 1954 ) '' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17 , 1954 . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . On May 17 , 1954 , U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka , Kansas . State - sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional . This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal '' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement ... Jump up ^ `` Essay : In defense of privacy '' . Time . July 15 , 1966 .", "52": "Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year 's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut , which overthrew the state 's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy , and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy '' to be derived from the Constitution itself . Jump up ^ Gibbs , Nancy ( December 9 , 1991 ) . `` America 's Holy War '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale , the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools . `` It is no part of the business of government '' , ruled the court , `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite . '' Jump up ^ Mattox , William R. , Jr ; Trinko , Katrina ( August 17 , 2009 ) . `` Teach the Bible ? Of course '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed , must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp , decided in 1963 , the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion , when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education '' , was permissible under the First Amendment . Jump up ^ `` The Law : The Retroactivity Riddle '' . Time Magazine . June 18 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Last week , in a 7 to 2 decision , the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision -- Mapp v. Ohio ( 1961 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court : Now Comes the Sixth Amendment '' . Time . April 16 , 1965 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Sixth Amendment 's right to counsel ( Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963 ).", "53": "... the court said flatly in 1904 : ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts . '' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black , statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law . ' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese '' . The New York Times . January 31 , 1987 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision . That 's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer , and waived it . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz , The Coming of the Nixon Court : The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law ( University Press of Kansas ; 2016 ) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen ( January 22 , 2009 ) . `` Roe v. Wade : On Anniversary , Abortion Is out of the Spotlight '' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The shocker , however , came in 1973 , when the Court , by a vote of 7 to 2 , relied on Griswold 's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional , invalidating the laws of most states . Relying on a woman 's right to privacy ... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins , Quotas Lose '' . Time . July 10 , 1978 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle , the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise . It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden , but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities . It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action ' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 1998 .", "54": "Retrieved October 31 , 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo . The nation 's political system has suffered ever since from that decision , which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech . The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers . ^ Jump up to : Staff writer ( June 29 , 1972 ) . `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist 's Key Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional . Jump up ^ History of the Court , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( eds ) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press , 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation '' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19 , 2008 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Thirty - two years ago , Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind '' ruling by the Supreme Court . Gregg v. Georgia , in 1976 , overturned Furman v. Georgia , which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( January 8 , 2009 ) . `` The Chief Justice on the Spot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 4 , 2005 ) . `` William H. Rehnquist , Chief Justice of Supreme Court , Is Dead at 80 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher .", "55": "The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law , the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990 , that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 12 , 2005 ) . `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States ' Rights Legacy '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress 's reach under the Commerce Clause , Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5 - to - 4 majority in United States v. Morrison . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( March 22 , 2005 ) . `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . His ( Rehnquist 's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision , City of Boerne v. Flores , in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law , the Religious Freedom Restoration Act , exceeded Congress 's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states . Jump up ^ Amar , Vikram David ( July 27 , 2005 ) . `` Casing John Roberts '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA ( 1996 ) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts , Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress 's will and protect state prerogatives , even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 1 , 1999 ) . `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The argument in this case , Alden v. Maine , No. 98 - 436 , proceeded on several levels simultaneously . On the surface ... On a deeper level , the argument was a continuation of the Court 's struggle over an even more basic issue : the Government 's substantive authority over the states . Jump up ^ Lindenberger , Michael A . `` The Court 's Gay Rights Legacy '' .", "56": "Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men , whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex . And for the first time in their lives , thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals . Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule ' -- The ' Roe ' recital '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2009 . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . The court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe . That is the precedent of the court and settled , in terms of the holding of the court . Jump up ^ Kamiya , Gary ( July 4 , 2001 ) . `` Against the Law '' . Salon . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem . By stopping the recount , the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes , as defined by established Florida law , their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It can not be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer , Charles ( December 18 , 2000 ) . `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore ? '' . Time . Retrieved October 31 , 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court . Amid the chaos , somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks -- and stayed its willfulness . By , mind you , ... Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ; Baker , Peter ( September 30 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr.", "57": "was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States , enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come , even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine - member court . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( July 1 , 2007 ) . `` In Steps Big and Small , Supreme Court Moved Right '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court , sometimes muscularly so , sometimes more tentatively , its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small . Jump up ^ Savage , Charlie ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Respecting Precedent , or Settled Law , Unless It 's Not Settled '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late - term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion '' -- to be settled law . Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Robert ( October 1 , 2009 ) . `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia 's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self - defense . But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller ... Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( April 18 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case , Baze v. Rees , was likewise low key and undramatic . Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( June 26 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape '' . The New York Times .", "58": "Retrieved November 1 , 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child , a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5 - to - 4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states . Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act ( 1789 ) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz , S. ( 2007 ) . `` The New Deal in Decline '' . Digital History . University of Houston . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2008 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak , George ( 2007 ) . `` February 5 , 1937 : FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan '' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices , Number of '' , in Hall , Ely Jr. , Grossman , and Wiecek ( editors ) , The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press 1992 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate . `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . In a statement Friday morning , Murray cited Republicans ' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama 's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland , a similarly well - qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump 's conduct in his first few months in office . ( ... ) And Murray added she 's `` deeply troubled '' by Gorsuch 's `` extreme conservative perspective on women 's health , '' citing his `` inability '' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade , the landmark abortion - legalization decision , and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby '' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth - control coverage .", "59": "Jump up ^ McCaskill , Claire ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch : Good for corporations , bad for working people '' . Medium . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . I can not support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations . He is evasive , but his body of work is n't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child , he has shown a stunning lack of humanity . And he has been an activist -- for example , writing a dissent on a case that had been settled , in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination . Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option ' to Clear Path for Gorsuch '' . The New York Times . After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump 's nominee , Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate : Supreme Court Nominations , Present - 1789 '' . United States Senate . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date , then the oldest one has precedence . Jump up ^ Balkin , Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process '' . Jurist . Archived from the original on December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much , Much Higher '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion , Barry J. ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Supreme Court Appointment Process : Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . `` Appendix Two '' .", "60": "Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . pp. 965 -- 971 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Evans v. Stephens , 387 F. 3d 1220 ( 11th Cir. 2004 ) , which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari , Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century '' 544 U.S. 942 ( 2005 ) ( Stevens , J. , concurring in denial of cert ) ( internal quotation marks deleted ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Louis ( September 5 , 2001 ) . `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges '' ( PDF ) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service . The Library of Congress . RL31112 : 16 . Retrieved August 6 , 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court , the nominee who may be involved , the litigants before the Court , nor indeed the people of the United States , and that such appointments , therefore , should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court 's business . Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37 , mainly along party lines ; Democrats supported the resolution 48 -- 4 , and Republicans opposed it 33 -- 0 . Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al '' ( PDF ) . pp. 34 , 35 . The Court continued , `` In our view , however , the pro forma sessions count as sessions , not as periods of recess . We hold that , for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause , the Senate is in session when it says it is , provided that , under its own rules , it retains the capacity to transact Senate business . The Senate met that standard here . ''", "61": "Later , the opinion states : `` For these reasons , we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate 's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session . But our deference to the Senate can not be absolute . When the Senate is without the capacity to act , under its own rules , it is not in session even if it so declares . '' Jump up ^ `` Obama Wo n't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week '' . NPR . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized : Can a federal judge be fired ? '' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2012 . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary : Impeachments of Federal Judges '' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel , Jacob M. ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali , Ambreen ( June 16 , 2010 ) . `` How Presidents Influence the Court '' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2010 . Retrieved June 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr , Matthew ( April 21 , 2014 ) . `` Sam Alito : A Civil Man '' . The American Spectator . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports . Jump up ^ DeMarco , Megan ( February 14 , 2008 ) . `` Growing up Italian in Jersey : Alito reflects on ethnic heritage '' . The Times . Trenton , New Jersey . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam , Malvina ( March 1 , 2009 ) . `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg '' . Jewish Women : A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women 's Archive .", "62": "Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic , but attends an Episcopalian church . It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant . Burke , Daniel ( March 22 , 2017 ) . `` What is Neil Gorsuch 's religion ? It 's complicated '' . CNN . Springer said she does n't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian . `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian , and likewise no evidence that he does not . '' Gorsuch 's younger brother , J.J. , said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form . He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent , but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years . '' Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 7 , 2010 ) . `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman , and 112th Justice , on the Supreme Court '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman , Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity ? ( May 1 , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. ( 2003 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 6th ed . ) . W.W. Norton & Company . p. 46 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court '' . adherents.com . January 31 , 2006 . Retrieved July 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal , Jeffrey A. ; Spaeth , Harold J. ( 2002 ) . The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ . Press . p. 183 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 78971 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Alvin . `` Roger B. Taney '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 .", "63": "He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court . ^ Jump up to : `` Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQ ) '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue , Ariane ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Clarence Thomas ' Supreme Court legacy '' . CNN . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Four Justices '' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2016 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson , Leaving the Bench ( University Press of Kansas 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 0946 - 6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse , Linda ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` An Invisible Chief Justice '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9 , 2010 . Had ( O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term , she told me after his death , she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies . ( ... ) Her reason for leaving was that her husband , suffering from Alzheimer 's disease , needed her care at home . Jump up ^ Ward , Artemus ( 2003 ) . Deciding to Leave : The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press . p. 358 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7914 - 5651 - 4 . One byproduct of the increased ( retirement benefit ) provisions ( in 1954 ) , however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president . The most recent departures have been partisan , some more blatantly than others , and have bolstered arguments to reform the process . A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. ( 1 ) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg , Ross M. ; Lindgren , James ( May 2010 ) .", "64": "`` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices '' . Demography. 47 ( 2 ) : 269 -- 298 . doi : 10.1353 / dem. 0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court , and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four - year presidential term , then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met . Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor : How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins , 2005 , p. 105 . Also Rookie on the Bench : The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman , Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no . 3 ( 2008 ) , pp. 282 -- 296 . Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice '' . Retrieved January 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation '' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court 's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If , as many expect , Alito forms a four - vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas , that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights , the death penalty and abortion -- as the court 's least predictable member . Jump up ^ Toobin , Jeffrey ( 2007 ) . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` End - of - Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog ( SCOTUSblog ) . June 30 , 2012 .", "65": "Justice Kennedy is , for the fourth consecutive Term , the Justice most likely to appear in the majority . Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog 's Stat Pack : Bhatia , Kedar ( June 30 , 2012 ) . `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo '' . Jump up ^ Mears , Bill ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch 's judicial record '' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid , predictable conservative philosophy , something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat . The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia 's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Tom ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong ( except here , maybe ) '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were : Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges ' prerogatives broadly , typically a `` conservative '' result . The majority consisted of the five junior Justices : Thomas , Ginsburg , Breyer , Alito , and Sotomayor . Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions , a `` liberal '' result , in an opinion by Thomas , joined by Stevens , Scalia , Breyer , and Sotomayor . Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts , Stevens , Thomas , and Sotomayor . Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term , the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito , and not the commonly perceived `` arch - conservatives '' Scalia and Thomas . ^ Jump up to : `` October 2011 Term , Five to Four Decisions '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available '' . SCOTUSblog .", "66": "June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010 '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . July 1 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five - to - Four cases '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term , Cases by votes split '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term , Strength of the Majority '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia , Kedar ( June 29 , 2013 ) . `` October Term 2012 summary memo '' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack '' ( PDF ) . SCOTUSblog . June 27 , 2013 . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 .", "67": "^ Jump up to : `` Plan Your Trip ( quote :) `` In mid-May , after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded , the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions . '' `` . US Senator John McCain . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Visiting the Court '' . Supreme Court of the United States . March 18 , 2010 . Retrieved March 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting - Capitol - Hill '' . docstoc . October 24 , 2009 . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( a ) Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado 's Marijuana Laws '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251 ( b ) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 ( Supreme Court of the United States 1906 ) . ^ Jump up to : Curriden , Mark ( June 2 , 2009 ) . `` A Supreme Case of Contempt '' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . On May 28 , ( U.S. Attorney General William ) Moody did something unprecedented , then and now . He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp , six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court . The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter ... May 24 , 1909 , stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court . On that day , the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history .", "68": "^ Jump up to : Hindley , Meredith ( November 2014 ) . `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court : The Strange Case of Ed Johnson '' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 ( 6 ) . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly . It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial . Jump up ^ Linder , Douglas . `` United States v. Shipp ( U.S. Supreme Court , 1909 ) '' . Famous Trials . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to : 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock , Steven ; Weinzierl , Sarah ( 2003 ) . `` Confronting a PCA : Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall '' ( PDF ) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII : 368 -- 369 , 387 -- 390 . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane , 489 U.S. 288 , 306 ( 1989 ) Jump up ^ Gutman , Jeffrey . `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys : 3.3 Mootness '' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James , Robert A. ( 1998 ) . `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials '' ( PDF ) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 ( 4 ) : 378 . Retrieved February 5 , 2013 .", "69": "Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 ( 1794 ) , in which the Court conducted a jury trial . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( October 21 , 2005 ) . `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( July 4 , 2006 ) . `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party '' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( September 25 , 2008 ) . `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom : The ' Cert . Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Gorsuch , in sign of independence , is out of Supreme Court 's clerical pool '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ For example , the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours , covering several issues ; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long ; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours ; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two - hour argument . Christy , Andrew ( November 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Obamacare ' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever '' . NPR . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . The longest modern - day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962 . Bobic , Igor ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years '' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer , Eric M. ; Zachary , Michael ( February 1997 ) . `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court '' . Volume LXXI , No. 2 .", "70": "Florida Bar Journal . p. 63 . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko , Jessica ( March 24 , 2013 ) . `` For lawyers , the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip '' . Florida Today . Melbourne , Florida . pp. 2A . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works ; Library Support '' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet , Mark , ed. ( 2008 ) I Dissent : Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia : Beacon Press , pp. 256 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8070 - 0036 - 6 Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert . `` Why Are n't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Benny . `` The 2016 Running of the Interns '' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall , Lynne ; Richards , Daniel L. ; Norman , George ( 1999 ) . Industrial Organization : Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati : South - Western College Publishing . pp. 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term , 2010 '' ( PDF ) . United States Reports . Washington D.C. : Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists '' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide '' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases : U.S. Supreme Court Decisions '' .", "71": "lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York City : Oxford University Press . pp. 117 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson , Wallace ( 1992 ) . `` Separation of Powers '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 775 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley ( 1873 ) , p. 106 ; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson ( 2001 ) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile , John R. ( 1992 ) . `` Court curbing '' . In Hall , Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press . p. 202 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Peppers , Todd C. ( 2006 ) . Courtiers of the Marble Palace : The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press . pp. 195 , 1 , 20 , 22 , and 22 -- 24 respectively . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5382 - 1 . Jump up ^ Weiden , David ; Ward , Artemus ( 2006 ) . Sorcerers ' Apprentices : 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 9404 - 3 . Jump up ^ Chace , James ( 2007 ) . Acheson : The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City : Simon & Schuster ( published 1998 ) . p. 44 .", "72": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 684 - 80843 - 7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to : Liptak , Adam ( September 7 , 2010 ) . `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices ' Clerks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson ; Harvey Rishikof ; I. Scott Messinger ; Michael Jo ( November 2009 ) . `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship : Its Rise , Fall , and Reincarnation ? '' ( PDF ) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 27 , 2010 . Retrieved September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki , The New York Times , June 7 , 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44 % in New Poll ^ Jump up to : See for example `` Judicial activism '' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall ; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root , Damon W. ( September 21 , 2009 ) . `` Lochner and Liberty '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , David . Only One Place of Redress : African Americans , Labor Regulations , and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 ( Duke University Press , 2001 ) : `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours . ' '' Jump up ^ Dorf , Michael and Morrison , Trevor . Constitutional Law , p. 18 ( Oxford University Press , 2010 ) . Jump up ^ Patrick , John . The Supreme Court of the United States : A Student Companion , p. 362 ( Oxford University Press , 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Steinfels , Peter ( May 22 , 2005 ) . `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change ' : Dogma '' .", "73": "The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis , Neil A. ( September 19 , 2002 ) . `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008 : The Issues : Abortion '' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan , Pat ( July 6 , 2005 ) . `` The judges war : an issue of power '' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954 , desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia , awakened the nation to the court 's new claim to power . Jump up ^ Clymer , Adam ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Barry Goldwater , Conservative and Individualist , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone , Geoffrey R. ( March 26 , 2012 ) . `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism '' ( PDF ) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois . 2012 ( 2 ) : 485 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Abraham ( March 4 , 1861 ) . `` First Inaugural Address '' . National Center . Archived from the original on October 9 , 2009 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 .", "74": "At the same time , the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court , the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers , having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal . Jump up ^ Will , George F. ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review , summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons , Peter . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . London : Penguin , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( January 31 , 2009 ) . `` To Nudge , Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Every judge who 's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell ... in 1971 ... has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington , Charles ( April 5 , 2005 ) . `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political ' Decisions '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Adam ( February 2 , 2006 ) . `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era 's Image '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage , David G. ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano ( February 17 , 2005 ) . `` No Defense '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall , Thomas B. ; Fletcher , Michael A. ( September 5 , 2005 ) .", "75": "`` Again , Right Voices Concern About Gonzales '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane , Charles ( March 20 , 2005 ) . `` Conservative 's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland ; Dave Meyer ; William J. Federer ; Alan Keyes ; Ed Meese ; Phyllis Schlafly ; Howard Phillips ; Alan E. Sears ; Ben DuPre ; Rev. Rick Scarborough ; David C. Gibbs III ; Mathew D. Staver ; Don Feder ; Herbert W. Titus ( 2005 ) . Judicial Tyranny : The New Kings of America . St. Louis , Missouri : Amerisearch Inc. p. 242 . ISBN 0 - 9753455 - 6 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Kakutani , Michiko ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` Appointees Who Really Govern America '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon ( July 6 , 2009 ) . `` The Supreme Court on Trial : James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench '' . Slate . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan , November 1988 , at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr . ( October 15 , 1987 ) . `` Reagan Points to a Critic , Who Points Out It Is n't So '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos ( September 11 , 2003 ) . `` Judge Bork : Judicial Activism Is Going Global '' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel , but a coup d'état nonetheless . ^ Jump up to : Naftali Bendavid ( July 13 , 2009 ) .", "76": "`` Franken : ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard , Geoffrey C. Jr. ( 1978 -- 79 ) . `` Supreme Court as a Legislature '' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev. : 1 . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ William Safire ( April 24 , 2005 ) . `` Dog Whistle '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers ( October 16 , 2005 ) . `` In Long Branch , No Olive Branches '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( January 15 , 2008 ) . `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal : Abandoning the Rights of Voters '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( July 13 , 2008 ) . `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong , Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent . He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will ( May 27 , 2009 ) . `` Identity Justice : Obama 's Conventional Choice '' . The Washington Post .", "77": "Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : James Taranto ( June 9 , 2009 ) . `` Speaking Ruth to Power '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward , Bob ; Scott Armstrong ( 1979 ) . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America : Simon & Schuster . p. 541 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to : Larry Sabato ( September 26 , 2007 ) . `` It 's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore ( November 1 , 2008 ) . `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough ? '' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins , Adam ( 2002 ) . `` In Defence of the Political Constitution '' . United Kingdom : 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 . Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison , James ( 1789 ) . `` The Federalist Papers / No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered '' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . the States will retain , under the proposed Constitution , a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( aka Publius ) ( 1789 ) . `` Federalist No. 28 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power ; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government ; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 25 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal ( 44 ( quote : 8th para ) ) . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 .", "78": "seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports , and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( February 16 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 56 ( quote : 6th para ) '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . In every State there have been made , and must continue to be made , regulations on this subject which will , in many cases , leave little more to be done by the federal legislature , than to review the different laws , and reduce them in one general act . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( December 14 , 1787 ) . `` The Federalist No. 22 ( quote : 4th para ) '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States , contrary to the true spirit of the Union , have , in different instances , given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others , and it is to be feared that examples of this nature , if not restrained by a national control , would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy . Jump up ^ Madison , James ( January 22 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation , which render the provision obscure and contradictory . The power is there restrained to Indians , not members of any of the States , and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar ( 1998 ) . `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction '' . The New York Times : Books . Retrieved October 24 , 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights , and federal officials -- especially federal courts -- as the special guardians of those rights . Jump up ^ Scott Gold ( June 14 , 2005 ) .", "79": "`` Justices Swat Down Texans ' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24 , 2012 . Purcell filed a $60 - million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999 , arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines . ' I 'm disappointed , ' Purcell said . ^ Jump up to : Robert B. Reich ( September 13 , 1987 ) . `` The Commerce Clause ; The Expanding Economic Vista '' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media ( January 10 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . I do n't think there 's any question at this point in our history that Congress ' power under the commerce clause is quite broad , and I think that reflects a number of things , including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen , Adam ( December 7 , 2003 ) . `` Editorial Observer ; Brandeis 's Views on States ' Rights , and Ice - Making , Have New Relevance '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . But Brandeis 's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law : that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia , Lino ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court 's activist tendencies '' . University of Texas School of Law . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob C. ( October 30 , 2009 ) . `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30 , 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment .", "80": "Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government . Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty . I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The nine - member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally wo n't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to : Margolick , David ( September 23 , 2007 ) . `` Meet the Supremes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court 's involvement in that case , its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half - baked and strained decision that resulted . Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy '' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro , Tony ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court '' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` C - SPAN Supreme Court Week '' . CSPAN . October 4 , 2009 . Retrieved October 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini ( April 24 , 2008 ) . `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage ( October 23 , 2008 ) . `` Roe vs. Wade ? Bush vs. Gore ? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions ? '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 .", "81": "UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle '' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly . ' Jump up ^ McConnell , Michael W. ( June 1 , 2001 ) . `` Two - and - a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore '' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( Senator Kohl ) ( July 14 , 2009 ) . `` Key Excerpt : Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute '' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen ( Opinion section ) ( March 21 , 2004 ) . `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden , With His Mind on Bush v. Gore '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority , made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives , interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before , and have not since . And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances , ' words that suggest a raw exercise of power , not legal analysis . Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara ( letter to the editor ) ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions ( January 13 , 2006 ) . `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito 's Nomination to the Supreme Court '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 ... Baker v. Carr , the reapportionment case . We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that ... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse ( September 10 , 2007 ) . `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure '' . The New York Times .", "82": "Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson , Sanford ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices should n't serve life terms '' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman , `` Reining in the Supreme Court : Are Term Limits the Answer ? '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 291 . Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices '' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington , eds. , Reforming the Court : Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006 ) , p. 415 . Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin , Models of Judicial Tenure : Reconsidering Life Limits , Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35 : 627 -- 663 . Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton ( June 14 , 1788 ) . `` The Federalist No. 78 '' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28 , 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office , this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution , and , in a great measure , as the citadel of the public justice and the public security . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity ( June 20 , 2014 ) . `` Justice Obscured : Supreme court justices earn quarter - million in cash on the side '' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to : Lipton , Eric ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman , Mark ; Markon , Jerry ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort '' . The Washington Post .", "83": "Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols. , Detroit ( etc . ) : Macmillan Reference USA , 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States ( 2013 ed . ) ( PDF ) . Biskupic , Joan and Elder Witt. ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1 - 56802 - 130 - 5 Hall , Kermit L. , ed. ( 1992 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 505835 - 6 . Hall , Kermit L. ; McGuire , Kevin T. , eds. ( 2005 ) . Institutions of American Democracy : The Judicial Branch . New York , New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 530917 - 1 . Harvard Law Review Assn. , ( 2000 ) . The Bluebook : A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. ( 18th ed. , 2005 . ISBN 978 - 600 - 01 - 4329 - 9 ) Irons , Peter . ( 1999 ) . A People 's History of the Supreme Court . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 87006 - 4 . Rehnquist , William . ( 1987 ) . The Supreme Court . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40943 - 2 . Skifos , Catherine Hetos. ( 1976 ). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home '' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. ( in 1990 , renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History ( ISSN 1059 - 4329 ) ) Warren , Charles . ( 1924 ) . The Supreme Court in United States History . ( 3 volumes ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Co .", "84": "Woodward , Bob and Armstrong , Scott . The Brethren : Inside the Supreme Court ( 1979 ) . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7402 - 9 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham , Henry J. ( 1992 ) . Justices and Presidents : A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 506557 - 3 . Beard , Charles A. ( 1912 ) . The Supreme Court and the Constitution . New York : Macmillan Company . Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006 . ISBN 0 - 486 - 44779 - 0 . Corley , Pamela C. ; Steigerwalt , Amy ; Ward , Artemus. ( 2013 ) . The Puzzle of Unanimity : Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 8472 - 6 . Cushman , Barry . ( 1998 ) . Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press . Cushman , Clare ( 2001 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : Illustrated Biographies , 1789 -- 1995 ( 2nd ed . ) . ( Supreme Court Historical Society , Congressional Quarterly Books ) . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Frank , John P. ( 1995 ) . Friedman , Leon ; Israel , Fred L. , eds . The Justices of the United States Supreme Court : Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56802 - 126 - 3 . Garner , Bryan A. ( 2004 ) . Black 's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed . Thomson West . ISBN 0 - 314 - 15199 - 0 . Greenburg , Jan Crawford , Jan. ( 2007 ) .", "85": "Supreme Conflict : The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court . New York : Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 101 - 1 . Martin , Fenton S. ; Goehlert , Robert U. ( 1990 ) . The U.S. Supreme Court : A Bibliography . Washington , D.C. : Congressional Quarterly Books . ISBN 0 - 87187 - 554 - 3 . McCloskey , Robert G. ( 2005 ) . The American Supreme Court . 4th ed . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 55682 - 4 . O'Brien , David M. ( 2008 ) . Storm Center : The Supreme Court in American Politics ( 8th ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 - 393 - 93218 - 4 . Spaeth , Harold J. ( 1979 ) . Supreme Court Policy Making : Explanation and Prediction ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman & Co Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 1012 - 7 . Toobin , Jeffrey . The Nine : Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 51640 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin and Finkelman , Paul . ( 2001 ) . A March of Liberty : A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols . New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 512637 - 8 & ISBN 0 - 19 - 512635 - 1 . Urofsky , Melvin I. ( 1994 ) . The Supreme Court Justices : A Biographical Dictionary . New York : Garland Publishing . p. 590 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 1176 - 1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 13 , 2008 .", "86": "External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Supreme Court of the United States Wikisource has original text related to this article : Supreme Court of the United States Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Supreme Court of the United States '' dated 2006 - 08 - 05 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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[ 1, 26, 29, 7, 78 ]

[ "Sarah Josepha Hale", "John Roulstone", "Sarah Josepha Hale, John Roulstone", "Sarah Josepha Hale" ]

{ "0": "Mary had a Little lamb - wikipedia Mary had a Little lamb Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the nursery rhyme . For other uses , see Mary Had a Little Lamb ( disambiguation ) . `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' Illustration by William Wallace Denslow Nursery rhyme Published May 24 , 1830 Songwriter ( s ) Sarah Josepha Hale , John Roulstone `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' is an English language nursery rhyme of nineteenth - century American origin . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 7622 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Text 3 Influence 4 Media 5 Uses of the music 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) The Redstone School ( 1798 ) , now in Sudbury , Massachusetts , is believed to be the schoolhouse mentioned in the nursery rhyme . The nursery rhyme was first published by the Boston publishing firm Marsh , Capen & Lyon , as an poem by Sarah Josepha Hale on May 24 , 1830 , and was possibly inspired by an actual incident . There are competing theories on the origin and inspiration of this poem . One holds that John Roulstone wrote the first four lines and that the final twelve lines , less childlike than the first , were composed by Sarah Josepha Hale ; others claim that Hale was responsible for the entire poem . As a young girl , Mary Sawyer ( later Mary Tyler ) kept a pet lamb that she took to school one day at the suggestion of her brother . A commotion naturally ensued . Mary recalled : `` Visiting school that morning was a young man by the name of John Roulstone , a nephew of the Reverend Lemuel Capen , who was then settled in Sterling . It was the custom then for students to prepare for college with ministers , and for this purpose Roulstone was studying with his uncle . The young man was very much pleased with the incident of the lamb ; and the next day he rode across the fields on horseback to the little old schoolhouse and handed me a slip of paper which had written upon it the three original stanzas of the poem ... '' Mary Sawyer 's house , located in Sterling , Massachusetts , was destroyed by arson on August 12 , 2007 .", "1": "A statue representing Mary 's Little Lamb stands in the town center . The Redstone School , which was built in 1798 , was purchased by Henry Ford and relocated to a churchyard on the property of Longfellow 's Wayside Inn in Sudbury , Massachusetts . Text ( edit ) In the 1830s , Lowell Mason set the nursery rhyme to a melody adding repetition in the verses , starting with `` Mary had a little lamb , little lamb , little lamb , Mary had a little lamb whose fleece was white as snow . Influence ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) William Wallace Denslow 's illustrations for Mary had a little lamb , from a 1901 edition of Mother Goose The rhyme was the first audio recorded by Thomas Edison on his newly invented phonograph in 1877 . It was the first instance of recorded verse . In 1927 , Edison reenacted the recording , which still survives . The earliest recording ( 1878 ) was retrieved by 3D imaging equipment in 2012 . Blues musicians Buddy Guy and Stevie Ray Vaughan both recorded the song : Guy composing his own bluesy version of the song for his album A Man and the Blues in 1968 and Vaughan covering Guy 's version in his 1983 debut album , Texas Flood , with both also infusing the first four lines of the nursery rhyme , `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' , into the song . In 1972 , Paul McCartney released a version of the song . Just as he had done with the 16th - century poem Golden Slumbers which was released on The Beatles ' Abbey Road LP in 1969 , he added his own melody to the lyrics . The single was a top 20 hit in Britain although both the choice for and the saccharine arrangement of `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' did much to erode his standing with leading rock journalists . McCartney played the song during Wings ' 1972 summer tour and it was included in the Spring 1973 James Paul McCartney television special .", "2": "It is commercially available on the 1993 CD issue of the Wings Wild Life LP . Media ( edit ) Note : This melody is the British version , which is slightly different from the American version . Mary Had a Little Lamb Male singing the first verses of `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Uses of the music ( edit ) The first Korean musical road , created using grooves cut into the ground and intended to help motorists stay alert and awake plays `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' and took four days to construct . It can be found close to Anyang , Gyeonggi , South Korea . See also ( edit ) Children 's literature portal Find more aboutMary Had a Little Lambat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity List of nursery rhymes References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Full text of Poems for our children : including Mary had a little lamb : designed for families , Sabbath schools , and infant schools : written to inculcate moral truths and virtuous sentiments Jump up ^ Mary Had A Little Lamb . Song Facts Jump up ^ Roulstone , John ; Mary ( Sawyer ) and her friends ( 1928 ) . The Story of Mary 's Little Lamb . Dearborn : Mr. & Mrs. Henry Ford . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Sterling fire called arson '' . Worcester Telegram & Gazette News . August 14 , 2007 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bronze of lamb . The 2 - foot - tall statue and historical marker are on the town common in Sterling , Massachusetts . Jump up ^ `` LOWELL MASON , `` Mary Lamb '' ( music ) in Juvenile Lyre , Or , Hymns and Songs , Religious , Moral , and Cheerful , Set to Appropriate Music , For the Use of Primary and Common Schools , Boston : Richardson , Lord & Holbrook ; Hartford , H. & F.J. Huntington , -- Richards `` . Forgotten Chapters of Boston 's Literary History .", "3": "Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Matthew Rubery , ed. ( 2011 ) . `` Introduction '' . Audiobooks , Literature , and Sound Studies . Routledge . pp. 1 -- 21 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 88352 - 8 . Jump up ^ Thomas Edison ( 30 November 1926 ) . `` Mary had a little lamb '' -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Grondahl , Paul ( 2012 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Hear the earliest known recording of voice , music '' . Timesunion.com . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' . Jump up ^ Choo , Joohee ; Lee , Rebecca ( 29 November 2007 ) . `` Singing Streets and Melody Roads '' . ABC News . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . ( hide ) Nursery rhymes ( list ) `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle ,", "4": "Little Star '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "5": "php?title=Mary_Had_a_Little_Lamb&oldid=813760915 '' Categories : Songs about animals Fictional sheep American nursery rhymes Songs about women Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית മലയാളം 日本 語 Português Русский Simple English 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 03 : 08 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 0, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 ]

[ 0, 1, 5, 3, 2, 4 ]

[ "approximately in the early 16th century" ]

{ "0": "Modern history - Wikipedia Modern history Jump to : navigation , search For timelines of modern history , see Timelines of modern history . Human history ↑ Prehistory Recorded history Ancient Earliest records Africa Americas East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Mediterranean Postclassical Africa Americas Central Asia East Asia South Asia Southeast Asia West Asia Europe Modern Early modern Late modern See also Contemporary Modernity Futurology ↓ Future Modern history , the modern period or the modern era , is the global historiographical approach to the timeframe after post-classical history . Modern history can be further broken down into periods : The early modern period began approximately in the early 16th century ; notable historical milestones included the European Renaissance , the Age of Discovery , and the Protestant Reformation . The late modern period began approximately in the mid-18th century ; notable historical milestones included the French Revolution , the American Revolution , the Industrial Revolution and the Great Divergence . It took all of human history up to 1804 for the world 's population to reach 1 billion ; the next billion came just over a century later , in 1927 . Contemporary history is the span of historic events from approximately 1945 that are immediately relevant to the present time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Study guide 1.1 Source text 1.2 Terminology and usage 1.2. 1 Pre-modern 1.2. 2 Modern 1.2. 3 Contemporary 2 Modern era 2.1 Significant developments 2.1. 1 Early 2.1. 2 Late 3 Early modern period 3.1 Asia 3.1. 1 China 3.1. 2 Japan 3.1. 3 India 3.1. 3.1 British and Dutch colonization 3.2 Europe 3.2. 1 Tsardom of Russia 3.2. 2 Reason and Enlightenment 3.2. 3 Scientific Revolution 3.2. 4 The French Revolutions 3.2. 4.1 National and Legislative Assembly 3.2.", "1": "4.2 The Directory and Napoleonic Era 3.2. 5 Italian unification 3.2. 6 End of the early modern period 3.3 North America 3.3. 1 Decolonization of North and South Americas 4 Late modern period 4.1 Timeline 4.2 Industrial revolutions 4.2. 1 Industrialization 4.2. 2 Revolution in manufacture and power 4.2. 3 Notable engineers 4.2. 4 Social effects and classes 4.2. 4.1 Mid-19th - century European revolts 4.2. 4.2 Industrial age reformism 4.2. 5 Imperial Russia 4.3 European dominance and the 19th century 4.3. 1 Imperialism and empires 4.3. 2 British Victorian era 4.3. 3 French governments and conflicts 4.3. 4 Slavery and abolition 4.3. 5 African colonization 4.3. 6 Meiji Japan 4.4 United States 4.4. 1 Antebellum expansion 4.4. 2 Civil War and Reconstruction 4.4. 3 The Gilded Age and legacy 4.5 Science and philosophy 4.5. 1 Notable persons 4.5. 2 Social Darwinism 4.5. 3 Marxist society 4.6 European decline and the 20th century 4.6. 1 Australian Constitution 4.6. 2 Eastern warlords 4.6. 3 World Wars era 4.6. 3.1 Start of the 20th century 4.6. 3.2 Edwardian Britain 4.6. 3.3 World War I 4.6. 3.4 Revolutions and war 4.6. 3.5 The 1920s and the Depression 4.6. 3.6 Nanjing period 4.6. 3.7 The League and crises 4.6.", "2": "3.8 Tripartite Pact 4.6. 3.9 World War II 4.6. 4 Post-1945 world 4.6. 4.1 American Peace 4.6. 4.2 Cold War era 4.6. 4.3 Latin America polarization 4.6. 4.4 Space Age 5 Education and schools 5.1 British education 5.2 Universities 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Study Guide ( edit ) Some events , while not without precedent , show a new way of perceiving the world . The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments . Source text ( edit ) Main articles : Historical method and Source text The fundamental difficulty of studying modern history is the fact that a plethora of it has been documented up to the present day . It is imperative to consider the reliability of the information obtained from these records . Further information : Historiography and Philosophy of history Terminology and usage ( edit ) Pre-modern ( edit ) In the pre-modern era , many people 's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity , be it that in a single God or in many gods . Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality , though . Religious officials , who often held positions of power , were the spiritual intermediaries to the common person . It was only through these intermediaries that the general masses had access to the divine . Tradition was sacred to ancient cultures and was unchanging and the social order of ceremony and morals in a culture could be strictly enforced . See also : Ancient history and Post-classical history Modern ( edit ) The term modern was coined in the 16th century to indicate present or recent times ( ultimately derived from the Latin adverb modo , meaning `` just now '' ) .", "3": "The European Renaissance ( about 1420 -- 1630 ) , which marked the transition between the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern times , started in Italy and was spurred in part by the rediscovery of classical art and literature , as well as the new perspectives gained from the Age of Discovery and the invention of the telescope and microscope , expanding the borders of thought and knowledge . In contrast to the pre-modern era , Western civilization made a gradual transition from pre-modernity to modernity when scientific methods were developed which led many to believe that the use of science would lead to all knowledge , thus throwing back the shroud of myth under which pre-modern peoples lived . New information about the world was discovered via empirical observation , versus the historic use of reason and innate knowledge . The term `` Early Modern '' was introduced in the English language in the 1930s . to distinguish the time between what we call Middle Ages and time of the late Enlightenment ( 1800 ) ( when the meaning of the term Modern Ages was developing its contemporary form ) . It is important to note that these terms stem from European history . In usage in other parts of the world , such as in Asia , and in Muslim countries , the terms are applied in a very different way , but often in the context with their contact with European culture in the Age of Discovery . Contemporary ( edit ) Main article : Contemporary history In the Contemporary era , there were various socio - technological trends . Regarding the 21st century and the late modern world , the Information Age and computers were forefront in use , not completely ubiquitous but often present in everyday life . The development of Eastern powers was of note , with China and India becoming more powerful . In the Eurasian theater , the European Union and Russian Federation were two forces recently developed . A concern for Western world , if not the whole world , was the late modern form of terrorism and the warfare that has resulted from the contemporary terrorist acts . Modern era ( edit ) Significant developments ( edit ) The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science , politics , warfare , and technology . It has also been an age of discovery and globalization . During this time , the European powers and later their colonies , began a political , economic , and cultural colonization of the rest of the world .", "4": "By the late 19th and 20th centuries , modernist art , politics , science and culture has come to dominate not only Western Europe and North America , but almost every civilized area on the globe , including movements thought of as opposed to the west and globalization . The modern era is closely associated with the development of individualism , capitalism , urbanization and a belief in the possibilities of technological and political progress . The brutal wars and other problems of this era , many of which come from the effects of rapid change , and the connected loss of strength of traditional religious and ethical norms , have led to many reactions against modern development . Optimism and belief in constant progress has been most recently criticized by postmodernism while the dominance of Western Europe and Anglo - America over other continents has been criticized by postcolonial theory . One common conception of modernity is the condition of Western history since the mid-15th century , or roughly the European development of movable type and the printing press . In this context the `` modern '' society is said to develop over many periods , and to be influenced by important events that represent breaks in the continuity . Early ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period The modern era includes the early period , called the early modern period , which lasted from c. 1500 to around c. 1800 ( most often 1815 ) . Particular facets of early modernity include : The Renaissance The Reformation and Counter Reformation . The Age of Discovery The Rise of capitalism The Golden Age of Piracy Important events in the early modern period include : The invention of the printing press The English Civil War The Seven Years ' War Modern Age characteristics The concept of the modern world as distinct from an ancient or medieval world rests on a sense that the modern world is not just another era in history , but rather the result of a new type of change . This is usually conceived of as progress driven by deliberate human efforts to better their situation . Advances in all areas of human activity -- politics , industry , society , economics , commerce , transport , communication , mechanization , automation , science , medicine , technology , and culture -- appear to have transformed an Old World into the Modern or New World . In each case , the identification of the old Revolutionary change can be used to demarcate the old and old - fashioned from the modern .", "5": "Portions of the Modern world altered its relationship with the Biblical value system , revalued the monarchical government system , and abolished the feudal economic system , with new democratic and liberal ideas in the areas of politics , science , psychology , sociology , and economics . This combination of epoch events totally changed thinking and thought in the early modern period , and so their dates serve as well as any to separate the old from the new modes . As an Age of Revolutions dawned , beginning with those revolts in America and France , political changes were then pushed forward in other countries partly as a result of upheavals of the Napoleonic Wars and their impact on thought and thinking , from concepts from nationalism to organizing armies . The early period ended in a time of political and economic change as a result of mechanization in society , the American Revolution , the first French Revolution ; other factors included the redrawing of the map of Europe by the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna and the peace established by Second Treaty of Paris which ended the Napoleonic Wars . Late ( edit ) As a result of the Industrial Revolution and the earlier political revolutions , the worldviews of Modernism emerged . The industrialization of many nations was initiated with the industrialization of Britain . Particular facets of the late modernity period include : Increasing role of science and technology Mass literacy and proliferation of mass media Spread of social movements Institution of representative democracy Individualism Industrialization Urbanization Total fertility rates and ecological collapses occurring at geometric rates ; Other important events in the development of the Late modern period include : The American Revolution The French Revolution The Revolutions of 1848 The Russian Revolution The First World War and the Second World War Our most recent era -- Modern Times -- begins with the end of these revolutions in the 19th century , and includes the World Wars era ( encompassing World War I and World War II ) and the emergence of socialist countries that led to the Cold War . The contemporary era follows shortly afterward with the explosion of research and increase of knowledge known as the Information Age in the latter 20th and the early 21st century . Today 's Postmodern era is seen in widespread digitality .", "6": "Early modern period ( edit ) Main article : Early modern period Waldseemüller map with joint sheets , 1507 Historians consider the early modern period to be approximately between 1500 and 1800 . It follows the Late Middle Ages period and is marked by the first European colonies , the rise of strong centralized governments , and the beginnings of recognizable nation - states that are the direct antecedents of today 's states . In Africa and the Ottoman Empire , the Muslim expansion took place in North and East Africa . In West Africa , various native nations existed . The Indian Empires and civilizations of Southeast Asia were a vital link in the spice trade . On the Indian subcontinent , the Great Mughal Empire existed . The archipelagic empires , the Sultanate of Malacca and later the Sultanate of Johor , controlled the southern areas . In Asia , various Chinese dynasties and Japanese shogunates controlled the Asian sphere . In Japan , the Edo period from 1600 to 1868 is also referred to as the early modern period . And in Korea , from the rising of Joseon Dynasty to the enthronement of King Gojong is referred to as the early modern period . In the Americas , Native Americans had built a large and varied civilization , including the Aztec Empire and alliance , the Inca civilization , the Mayan Empire and cities , and the Chibcha Confederation . In the west , the European kingdoms and movements were in a movement of reformation and expansion . Russia reached the Pacific coast in 1647 and consolidated its control over the Russian Far East in the 19th century . Later religious trends of the period saw the end of the expansion of Muslims and the Muslim world . Christians and Christendom saw the end of the Crusades and end of religious unity under the Roman Catholic Church . It was during this time that the Inquisitions and Protestant reformations took place . Colonial empires in 1800 During the early modern period , an age of discovery and trade was undertaken by the Western European nations . Portugal , Spain , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom and France went on a colonial expansion and took possession of lands and set up colonies in Africa , southern Asia , and North and South America . Turkey colonized Southeastern Europe , and parts of the West Asia and North Africa .", "7": "Russia took possession in Eastern Europe , Asia , and North America . Asia ( edit ) Main articles : Qing dynasty , Mughal Empire , Maratha Empire , and Tokugawa shogunate China ( edit ) In China , urbanization increased as the population grew and as the division of labor grew more complex . Large urban centers , such as Nanjing and Beijing , also contributed to the growth of private industry . In particular , small - scale industries grew up , often specializing in paper , silk , cotton , and porcelain goods . For the most part , however , relatively small urban centers with markets proliferated around the country . Town markets mainly traded food , with some necessary manufactures such as pins or oil . Despite the xenophobia and intellectual introspection characteristic of the increasingly popular new school of neo-Confucianism , China under the early Ming dynasty was not isolated . Foreign trade and other contacts with the outside world , particularly Japan , increased considerably . Chinese merchants explored all of the Indian Ocean , reaching East Africa with the treasure voyages of Zheng He . The Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1912 ) was founded after the fall of the Ming , the last Han Chinese dynasty , by the Manchus . The Manchus were formerly known as the Jurchens . When Beijing was captured by Li Zicheng 's peasant rebels in 1644 , the Chongzhen Emperor , the last Ming emperor , committed suicide . The Manchus then allied with former Ming general Wu Sangui and seized control of Beijing , which became the new capital of the Qing dynasty . The Manchus adopted the Confucian norms of traditional Chinese government in their rule of China proper . Schoppa , the editor of The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History argues , `` A date around 1780 as the beginning of modern China is thus closer to what we know today as historical ' reality ' . It also allows us to have a better baseline to understand the precipitous decline of the Chinese polity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries . '' Japan ( edit ) In pre-modern Japan following the Sengoku Period of `` warring states '' , central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi during the Azuchi -- Momoyama period .", "8": "After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 , central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu who completed this process and received the title of shogun in 1603 . Society in the Japanese `` Tokugawa period '' ( Edo society ) , unlike the shogunates before it , was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi . The daimyōs ( feudal lords ) were at the top , followed by the warrior - caste of samurai , with the farmers , artisans , and traders ranking below . In some parts of the country , particularly smaller regions , daimyōs and samurai were more or less identical , since daimyōs might be trained as samurai , and samurai might act as local lords . Otherwise , the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time . Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value . As a result , the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time . This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well - to - do peasants , ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions . None , however , proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers . India ( edit ) On the Indian subcontinent , the Mughal Empire ruled most of India in the early 18th century . The `` classic period '' ended with the death and defeat of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1707 by the rising Hindu Maratha Empire , although the dynasty continued for another 150 years . During this period , the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions . All the significant monuments of the Mughals , their most visible legacy , date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent , with brilliant literary , artistic , and architectural results . The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present - day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas , the prime ministers of the Maratha empire .", "9": "In 1761 , the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states . British and Dutch colonization ( edit ) The development of New Imperialism saw the conquest of nearly all eastern hemisphere territories by colonial powers . The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757 , after the Battle of Plassey , when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company , in 1765 , when the Company was granted the diwani , or the right to collect revenue , in Bengal and Bihar , or in 1772 , when the Company established a capital in Calcutta , appointed its first Governor - General , Warren Hastings , and became directly involved in governance . The Maratha states , following the Anglo - Maratha wars , eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo - Maratha War . The rule lasted until 1858 , when , after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858 , the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj . In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch . However , their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo - Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia . From the 1850s onwards , the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear . The Dutch East India Company ( 1800 ) and British East India Company ( 1858 ) were dissolved by their respective governments , who took over the direct administration of the colonies . Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule , although , Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers . Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia . While the colonial powers profited much from the region 's vast resources and large market , colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent . Europe ( edit ) Many major events caused Europe to change around the start of the 16th century , starting with the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 , the fall of Muslim Spain and the discovery of the Americas in 1492 , and Martin Luther 's Protestant Reformation in 1517 .", "10": "In England the modern period is often dated to the start of the Tudor period with the victory of Henry VII over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485 . Early modern European history is usually seen to span from the start of the 15th century , through the Age of Reason and the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries , until the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 18th century . Tsardom of Russia ( edit ) Main article : Tsardom of Russia Russia experienced territorial growth through the 17th century , which was the age of Cossacks . Cossacks were warriors organized into military communities , resembling pirates and pioneers of the New World . In 1648 , the peasants of Ukraine joined the Zaporozhian Cossacks in rebellion against Poland - Lithuania during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , because of the social and religious oppression they suffered under Polish rule . In 1654 the Ukrainian leader , Bohdan Khmelnytsky , offered to place Ukraine under the protection of the Russian Tsar , Aleksey I. Aleksey 's acceptance of this offer led to another Russo - Polish War ( 1654 -- 1667 ) . Finally , Ukraine was split along the river Dnieper , leaving the western part ( or Right - bank Ukraine ) under Polish rule and eastern part ( Left - bank Ukraine and Kiev ) under Russian . Later , in 1670 -- 71 the Don Cossacks led by Stenka Razin initiated a major uprising in the Volga region , but the Tsar 's troops were successful in defeating the rebels . In the east , the rapid Russian exploration and colonisation of the huge territories of Siberia was led mostly by Cossacks hunting for valuable furs and ivory . Russian explorers pushed eastward primarily along the Siberian river routes , and by the mid-17th century there were Russian settlements in the Eastern Siberia , on the Chukchi Peninsula , along the Amur River , and on the Pacific coast . In 1648 the Bering Strait between Asia and North America was passed for the first time by Fedot Popov and Semyon Dezhnyov .", "11": "Reason and Enlightenment ( edit ) Further information : Great Divergence Traditionally , the European intellectual transformation of and after the Renaissance bridged the Middle Ages and the Modern era . The Age of Reason in the Western world is generally regarded as being the start of modern philosophy , and a departure from the medieval approach , especially Scholasticism . Early 17th - century philosophy is often called the Age of Rationalism and is considered to succeed Renaissance philosophy and precede the Age of Enlightenment , but some consider it as the earliest part of the Enlightenment era in philosophy , extending that era to two centuries . The 18th century saw the beginning of secularization in Europe , rising to notability in the wake of the French Revolution . The Age of Enlightenment is a time in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the 18th century in which reason was advocated as the primary source and legitimacy for authority . Enlightenment gained momentum more or less simultaneously in many parts of Europe and America . Developing during the Enlightenment era , Renaissance humanism as an intellectual movement spread across Europe . The basic training of the humanist was to speak well and write ( typically , in the form of a letter ) . The term umanista comes from the latter part of the 15th century . The people were associated with the studia humanitatis , a novel curriculum that was competing with the quadrivium and scholastic logic . Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts , and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries ; and humanists were involved in the sciences , philosophies , arts and poetry of classical antiquity . They self - consciously imitated classical Latin and deprecated the use of medieval Latin . By analogy with the perceived decline of Latin , they applied the principle of ad fontes , or back to the sources , across broad areas of learning . The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française . The opposing two sides were , the Ancients ( Anciens ) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns ( Modernes ) , who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV .", "12": "Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes ( 1688 ) , in which he took the Modern side , pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge . Scientific Revolution ( edit ) Main article : Scientific Revolution The Scientific Revolution was a period when European ideas in classical physics , astronomy , biology , human anatomy , chemistry , and other classical sciences were rejected and led to doctrines supplanting those that had prevailed from Ancient Greece to the Middle Ages which would lead to a transition to modern science . This period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas across physics , astronomy , and biology , in institutions supporting scientific investigation , and in the more widely held picture of the universe . Individuals started to question all manners of things and it was this questioning that led to the Scientific Revolution , which in turn formed the foundations of contemporary sciences and the establishment of several modern scientific fields . See also : History of electromagnetism and Science in the Age of Enlightenment The French revolutions ( edit ) Main article : French Revolution Toward the middle and latter stages of the Age of Revolution , the French political and social revolutions and radical change saw the French governmental structure , previously an absolute monarchy with feudal privileges for the aristocracy and Catholic clergy transform , changing to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and inalienable rights . The first revolution led to government by the National Assembly , the second by the Legislative Assembly , and the third by the Directory . The changes were accompanied by violent turmoil which included the trial and execution of the king , vast bloodshed and repression during the Reign of Terror , and warfare involving every other major European power . Subsequent events that can be traced to the Revolution include the Napoleonic Wars , two separate restorations of the monarchy , and two additional revolutions as modern France took shape . In the following century , France would be governed at one point or another as a republic , constitutional monarchy , and two different empires . National and Legislative Assembly ( edit ) Main articles : National Assembly ( French Revolution ) and Legislative Assembly ( France ) During the French Revolution , the National Assembly , which existed from June 17 to July 9 of 1789 , was a transitional body between the Estates - General and the National Constituent Assembly . The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1 , 1791 to September 1792 .", "13": "It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law - making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention . The Directory and Napoleonic era ( edit ) Main articles : French Directory and Napoleonic Era The Executive Directory was a body of five Directors that held executive power in France following the Convention and preceding the Consulate . The period of this regime ( 2 November 1795 until 10 November 1799 ) , commonly known as the Directory ( or Directoire ) era , constitutes the second to last stage of the French Revolution . Napoleon , before seizing the title of Emperor , was elected as First Consul of the Consulate of France . The campaigns of French Emperor and General Napoleon Bonaparte characterized the Napoleonic Era . Born on Corsica as the French invaded , and dying suspiciously on the tiny British Island of St. Helena , this brilliant commander , controlled a French Empire that , at its height , ruled a large portion of Europe directly from Paris , while many of his friends and family ruled countries such as Spain , Poland , several parts of Italy and many other Kingdoms Republics and dependencies . The Napoleonic Era changed the face of Europe forever , and old Empires and Kingdoms fell apart as a result of the mighty and `` Glorious '' surge of Republicanism . Italian unification ( edit ) Italian unification was the political and social movement that annexed different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of Italy in the 19th century . There is a lack of consensus on the exact dates for the beginning and the end of this period , but many scholars agree that the process began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , and approximately ended with the Franco - Prussian War in 1871 , though the last città irredente did not join the Kingdom of Italy until after World War I . End of the early modern period ( edit ) Toward the end of the early modern period , Europe was dominated by the evolving system of mercantile capitalism in its trade and the New Economy . European states and politics had the characteristic of Absolutism . The French power and English revolutions dominated the political scene . There eventually evolved an international balance of power that held at bay a great conflagration until years later .", "14": "The end date of the early modern period is usually associated with the Industrial Revolution , which began in Britain in about 1750 . Another significant date is 1789 , the beginning of the French Revolution , which drastically transformed the state of European politics and ushered in the Prince Edward Era and modern Europe . North America ( edit ) The French and Indian Wars were a series of conflicts in North America that represented the actions there that accompanied the European dynastic wars . In Quebec , the wars are generally referred to as the Intercolonial Wars . While some conflicts involved Spanish and Dutch forces , all pitted Great Britain , its colonies and American Indian allies on one side and France , its colonies and Indian allies on the other . The expanding French and British colonies were contending for control of the western , or interior , territories . Whenever the European countries went to war , there were actions within and by these colonies although the dates of the conflict did not necessarily exactly coincide with those of the larger conflicts . John Trumbull 's Declaration of Independence , showing the five - man committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia Beginning the Age of Revolution , the American Revolution and the ensuing political upheaval during the last half of the 18th century saw the Thirteen Colonies of North America overthrow the governance of the Parliament of Great Britain , and then reject the British monarchy itself to become the sovereign United States of America . In this period the colonies first rejected the authority of the Parliament to govern them without representation , and formed self - governing independent states . The Second Continental Congress then joined together against the British to defend that self - governance in the armed conflict from 1775 to 1783 known as the American Revolutionary War ( also called American War of Independence ) . The American Revolution began with fighting at Lexington and Concord . On July 4 , 1776 , they issued the Declaration of Independence , which proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and their formation of a cooperative union . In June 1776 , Benjamin Franklin was appointed a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence . Although he was temporarily disabled by gout and unable to attend most meetings of the Committee , Franklin made several small changes to the draft sent to him by Thomas Jefferson .", "15": "The rebellious states defeated Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War , the first successful colonial war of independence . While the states had already rejected the governance of Parliament , through the Declaration the new United States now rejected the legitimacy of the monarchy to demand allegiance . The war raged for seven years , with effective American victory , followed by formal British abandonment of any claim to the United States with the Treaty of Paris . North America 1797 The Philadelphia Convention set up the current United States ; the United States Constitution ratification the following year made the states part of a single republic with a limited central government . The Bill of Rights , comprising ten constitutional amendments guaranteeing many fundamental civil rights and freedoms , was ratified in 1791 . Decolonization of North and South Americas ( edit ) Main articles : Decolonization of the Americas and Spanish American wars of independence The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule . Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early - to - mid-19th centuries . The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rule in Spanish America that took place during the early 19th century , from 1808 until 1829 , directly related to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain . The conflict started with short - lived governing juntas established in Chuquisaca and Quito opposing the composition of the Supreme Central Junta of Seville . Decolonization of the Americas Countries in the Americas by date of independence . Note that the United States did not complete its continental territorial expansion until 1867 Development of Spanish American Independence Map of territories that became independent during those wars ( blue ) . When the Central Junta fell to the French , numerous new Juntas appeared all across the Americas , eventually resulting in a chain of newly independent countries stretching from Argentina and Chile in the south , to Mexico in the north . After the death of the king Ferdinand VII , in 1833 , only Cuba and Puerto Rico remained under Spanish rule , until the Spanish -- American War in 1898 . Unlike the Spanish , the Portuguese did not divide their colonial territory in America .", "16": "The captaincies they created were subdued to a centralized administration in Salvador ( later relocated to Rio de Janeiro ) which reported directly to the Portuguese Crown until its independence in 1822 , becoming the Empire of Brazil . See also : Latin American wars of independence and Timeline of the Spanish American wars of independence Late modern period ( edit ) Timeline ( edit ) Main article : Timeline of late modern history Dates are approximate range ( based upon influence ) , consult particular article for details Modern Age Other Industrial revolutions ( edit ) Main articles : Industrial Revolution and Second Industrial Revolution A Watt steam engine . The development of the steam engine started the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain . The steam engine was created to pump water from coal mines , enabling them to be deepened beyond groundwater levels . The date of the Industrial Revolution is not exact . Eric Hobsbawm held that it ' broke out ' in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s , while T.S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830 ( in effect the reigns of George III , The Regency , and George IV ) . The great changes of centuries before the 19th were more connected with ideas , religion or military conquest , and technological advance had only made small changes in the material wealth of ordinary people . The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850 , when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam - powered ships and railways , and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation . The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution ; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution . From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two . Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical , electrical , petroleum , and steel industries . Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships , the development of the airplane , the practical commercialization of the automobile , mass production of consumer goods , the perfection of canning , mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques , and the invention of the telephone . Industrialization ( edit ) Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one .", "17": "It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process , where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation , particularly with the development of large - scale energy and metallurgy production . It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing . Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change , where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature . Revolution in manufacture and power ( edit ) An economy based on manual labour was replaced by one dominated by industry and the manufacture of machinery . It began with the mechanization of the textile industries and the development of iron - making techniques , and trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals , improved roads , and then railways . The introduction of steam power ( fuelled primarily by coal ) and powered machinery ( mainly in textile manufacturing ) underpinned the dramatic increases in production capacity . The development of all - metal machine tools in the first two decades of the 19th century facilitated the manufacture of more production machines for manufacturing in other industries . The modern petroleum industry started in 1846 with the discovery of the process of refining kerosene from coal by Nova Scotian Abraham Pineo Gesner . Ignacy Łukasiewicz improved Gesner 's method to develop a means of refining kerosene from the more readily available `` rock oil '' ( `` petr - oleum '' ) seeps in 1852 and the first rock oil mine was built in Bóbrka , near Krosno in Galicia in the following year . In 1854 , Benjamin Silliman , a science professor at Yale University in New Haven , was the first to fractionate petroleum by distillation . These discoveries rapidly spread around the world . Notable engineers ( edit ) Engineering achievements of the revolution ranged from electrification to developments in materials science . The advancements made a great contribution to the quality of life . In the first revolution , Lewis Paul was the original inventor of roller spinning , the basis of the water frame for spinning cotton in a cotton mill . Matthew Boulton and James Watt 's improvements to the steam engine were fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both the Kingdom of Great Britain and the world . Nikola Tesla sits in front of the spiral coil of his high - frequency transformer at East Houston Street , New York .", "18": "In the latter part of the second revolution , Thomas Alva Edison developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world and is often credited with the creation of the first industrial research laboratory . In 1882 , Edison switched on the world 's first large - scale electrical supply network that provided 110 volts direct current to fifty - nine customers in lower Manhattan . Also toward the end of the second industrial revolution , Nikola Tesla made many contributions in the field of electricity and magnetism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Social effects and classes ( edit ) The Industrial Revolutions were major technological , socioeconomic , and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world . The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century , eventually affecting the majority of the world . The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution , when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle . It has been argued that GDP per capita was much more stable and progressed at a much slower rate until the industrial revolution and the emergence of the modern capitalist economy , and that it has since increased rapidly in capitalist countries . Mid-19th - century European revolts ( edit ) The European Revolutions of 1848 , known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution , were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent . Described as a revolutionary wave , the period of unrest began in France and then , further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848 , soon spread to the rest of Europe . Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down , there was a significant amount of violence in many areas , with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed . While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed , the long - term reverberations of the events were far - reaching . Industrial Age reformism ( edit ) Industrial age reform movements began the gradual change of society rather than with episodes of rapid fundamental changes . The reformists ' ideas were often grounded in liberalism , although they also possessed aspects of utopian , socialist or religious concepts . The Radical movement campaigned for electoral reform , a reform of the Poor Laws , free trade , educational reform , postal reform , prison reform , and public sanitation .", "19": "Following the Enlightenment 's ideas , the reformers looked to the Scientific Revolution and industrial progress to solve the social problems which arose with the Industrial Revolution . Newton 's natural philosophy combined a mathematics of axiomatic proof with the mechanics of physical observation , yielding a coherent system of verifiable predictions and replacing a previous reliance on revelation and inspired truth . Applied to public life , this approach yielded several successful campaigns for changes in social policy . Imperial Russia ( edit ) Main article : Russian Empire Under Peter I ( the Great ) , Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power . Ruling from 1682 to 1725 , Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War , forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria ( two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles ) , as well as Estland and Livland , securing Russia 's access to the sea and sea trade . On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg , later known as Russia 's Window to Europe . Peter the Great 's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia . Catherine II ( the Great ) , who ruled in 1762 -- 96 , extended Russian political control over the Polish - Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland , pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe . In the south , after successful Russo - Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire , Catherine advanced Russia 's boundary to the Black Sea , defeating the Crimean khanate . European dominance and the 19th century ( edit ) Main articles : 19th century and International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) `` The World 's Sovereigns '' , 1889 . Historians define the 19th century historical era as stretching from 1815 ( the Congress of Vienna ) to 1914 ( the outbreak of the First World War ) ; alternatively , Eric Hobsbawm defined the `` Long Nineteenth Century '' as spanning the years 1789 to 1914 . Imperialism and empires ( edit ) Main article : Imperialism In the 1800s and early 1900s , once great and powerful Empires such as Spain , Ottoman Turkey , the Mughal Empire , and the Kingdom of Portugal began to break apart .", "20": "Spain , which was at one time unrivaled in Europe , had been declining for a long time when it was crippled by Napoleon Bonaparte 's invasion . Sensing the time was right , Spain 's vast colonies in South America began a series of rebellions that ended with almost all of the Spanish territories gaining their independence . The once mighty Ottoman Empire was wracked with a series of revolutions , resulting with the Ottoman 's only holding a small region that surrounded the capital , Istanbul . The Mughal empire , which was descended from the Mongol Khanate , was bested by the upcoming Maratha Confederacy . All was going well for the Marathas until the British took an interest in the riches of India and the British ended up ruling not just the boundaries of Modern India , but also Pakistan , Burma , Nepal , Bangladesh and some Southern Regions of Afghanistan . The King of Portugal 's vast territory of Brazil reformed into the independent Empire of Brazil . With the defeat of Napoleonic France , Britain became undoubtedly the most powerful country in the world , and by the end of the First World War controlled a Quarter of the world 's population and a third of its surface . However , the power of the British Empire did not end on land , since it had the greatest navy on the planet . Electricity , steel , and petroleum enabled Germany to become a great international power that raced to create empires of its own . The Meiji Restoration was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan 's political and social structure that was taking a firm hold at the beginning of the Meiji Era which coincided the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and made Imperial Japan a great power . Russia and Qing Dynasty China failed to keep pace with the other world powers which led to massive social unrest in both empires . The Qing Dynasty 's military power weakened during the 19th century , and faced with international pressure , massive rebellions and defeats in wars , the dynasty declined after the mid-19th century . European powers controlled parts of Oceania , with French New Caledonia from 1853 and French Polynesia from 1889 ; the Germans established colonies in New Guinea in 1884 , and Samoa in 1900 . The United States expanded into the Pacific with Hawaii becoming a U.S.", "21": "territory from 1898 . Disagreements between the US , Germany and UK over Samoa led to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 . See also : Chronology of colonialism British Victorian era ( edit ) Main articles : British Empire and Victorian era National flag of the United Kingdom . The Victorian era of the United Kingdom was the period of Queen Victoria 's reign from June 1837 to January 1901 . This was a long period of prosperity for the British people , as profits gained from the overseas British Empire , as well as from industrial improvements at home , allowed a large , educated middle class to develop . Some scholars would extend the beginning of the period -- as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political games that have come to be associated with the Victorians -- back five years to the passage of the Reform Act 1832 . The British Empire in 1897 , marked in the traditional colour for imperial British dominions on maps In Britain 's `` imperial century '' , victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious international rival , other than Russia in central Asia . Unchallenged at sea , Britain adopted the role of global policeman , a state of affairs later known as the Pax Britannica , and a foreign policy of `` splendid isolation '' . Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies , Britain 's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many nominally independent countries , such as China , Argentina and Siam , which has been generally characterized as `` informal empire '' . Of note during this time was the Anglo - Zulu War , which was fought in 1879 between the British Empire and the Zulu Empire . British imperial strength was underpinned by the steamship and the telegraph , new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century , allowing it to control and defend the Empire . By 1902 , the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables , the so - called All Red Line . Growing until 1922 , around 13,000,000 square miles ( 34,000,000 km ) of territory and roughly 458 million people were added to the British Empire . The British established colonies in Australia in 1788 , New Zealand in 1840 and Fiji in 1872 , with much of Oceania becoming part of the British Empire .", "22": "French governments and conflicts ( edit ) The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814 . The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne . The ensuing period is called the Restoration , following French usage , and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics . The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis - Philippe starting with the July Revolution ( or Three Glorious Days ) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848 . The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870 , between the Second Republic and the Third Republic , in France . Napoleon III and Bismarck after the Battle of Sedan The Franco - Prussian War was a conflict between France and Prussia , while Prussia was backed up by the North German Confederation , of which it was a member , and the South German states of Baden , Württemberg and Bavaria . The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia . It also marked the downfall of Napoleon III and the end of the Second French Empire , which was replaced by the Third Republic . As part of the settlement , almost all of the territory of Alsace - Lorraine was taken by Prussia to become a part of Germany , which it would retain until the end of World War I . The French Third Republic was the republican government of France between the end of the Second French Empire following the defeat of Louis - Napoléon in the Franco - Prussian war in 1870 and the Vichy Regime after the invasion of France by the German Third Reich in 1940 . The Third Republic endured seventy years , making it the most long - lasting regime in France since the collapse of the Ancien Régime in the French Revolution of 1789 . Slavery and abolition ( edit ) Main article : Abolitionism Slavery was greatly reduced around the world in the 19th century . Following a successful slave revolt in Haiti , Britain forced the Barbary pirates to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans , banned slavery throughout its domain , and charged its navy with ending the global slave trade .", "23": "Slavery was then abolished in Russia , America , and Brazil . African colonization ( edit ) Following the abolition of the slave trade in 1807 and propelled by economic exploitation , the Scramble for Africa was initiated formally at the Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884 -- 1885 . The Berlin Conference attempted to avoid war among the European powers by allowing the European rival countries to carve up the continent of Africa into national colonies . Africans were not consulted . The major European powers laid claim to the areas of Africa where they could exhibit a sphere of influence over the area . These claims did not have to have any substantial land holdings or treaties to be legitimate . The European power that demonstrated its control over a territory accepted the mandate to rule that region as a national colony . The European nation that held the claim developed and benefited from their colony 's commercial interests without having to fear rival European competition . With the colonial claim came the underlying assumption that the European power that exerted control would use its mandate to offer protection and provide welfare for its colonial peoples , however , this principle remained more theory than practice . There were many documented instances of material and moral conditions deteriorating for native Africans in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries under European colonial rule , to the point where the colonial experience for them has been described as `` hell on earth . '' At the time of the Berlin Conference , Africa contained one - fifth of the world 's population living in one - quarter of the world 's land area . However , from Europe 's perspective , they were dividing an unknown continent . European countries established a few coastal colonies in Africa by the mid-nineteenth century , which included Cape Colony ( Great Britain ) , Angola ( Portugal ) , and Algeria ( France ) , but until the late nineteenth century Europe largely traded with free African states without feeling the need for territorial possession . Until the 1880s most of Africa remained uncharted , with western maps from the period generally showing blank spaces for the continent 's interior . From the 1880s to 1914 , the European powers expanded their control across the African continent , competing with each other for Africa 's land and resources . Great Britain controlled various colonial holdings in East Africa that spanned the length of the African continent from Egypt in the north to South Africa .", "24": "The French gained major ground in West Africa , and the Portuguese held colonies in southern Africa . Germany , Italy , and Spain established a small number of colonies at various points throughout the continent , which included German East Africa ( Tanganyika ) and German Southwest Africa for Germany , Eritrea and Libya for Italy , and the Canary Islands and Rio de Oro in northwestern Africa for Spain . Finally , for King Leopold ( ruled from 1865 to 1909 ) , there was the large `` piece of that great African cake '' known as the Congo , which , unfortunately for the native Congolese , became his personal fiefdom to do with as he pleased in Central Africa . By 1914 , almost the entire continent was under European control . Liberia , which was settled by freed American slaves in the 1820s , and Abyssinia ( Ethiopia ) in eastern Africa were the last remaining independent African states . Meiji Japan ( edit ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . In particular , the 1960s are mentioned in a paragraph about an era that ended in the early 1900s ... ( July 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Around the end of the 19th century and into the 20th century , the Meiji era was marked by the reign of the Meiji Emperor . During this time , Japan started its modernization and rose to world power status . This era name means `` Enlightened Rule '' . In Japan , the Meiji Restoration started in the 1860s , marking the rapid modernization by the Japanese themselves along European lines . Much research has focused on the issues of discontinuity versus continuity with the previous Tokugawa Period . In the 1960s younger Japanese scholars led by Irokawa Daikichi , reacted against the bureaucratic superstate , and began searching for the historic role of the common people . They avoided the elite , and focused not on political events but on social forces and attitudes . They rejected both Marxism and modernization theory as alien and confining . They stressed the importance of popular energies in the development of modern Japan . They enlarged history by using the methods of social history . It was not until the beginning of the Meiji Era that the Japanese government began taking modernization seriously .", "25": "Japan expanded its military production base by opening arsenals in various locations . The hyobusho ( war office ) was replaced with a War Department and a Naval Department . The samurai class suffered great disappointment the following years . Laws were instituted that required every able - bodied male Japanese citizen , regardless of class , to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves . This action , the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyōs , initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike . The peasant class interpreted the term for military service , ketsu - eki ( `` blood tax '' ) literally , and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary . The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military . The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers . Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto , and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks . After the death of the Meiji Emperor , the Taishō Emperor took the throne , thus beginning the Taishō period . A key foreign observer of the remarkable and rapid changes in Japanese society in this period was Ernest Mason Satow . Representative Western scholars include George Akita , William Beasley , James B. Crowley , John W. Dower , Peter Duus , Carol Gluck , Norman Herbert , John W. Hall , Mikiso Hane , Akira Iriye , Marius Jansen , Edwin O. Reischauer , George B. Sansom , Bernard Silberman , Richard Storry , Karel van Wolfram , and Ezra Vogel . United States ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) Further information : Territorial evolution of North America since 1763 See also : Colonial history of the United States and American Indian Wars See also : 19th - century North American Natives Antebellum expansion ( edit ) American westward expansion is idealized in Emanuel Leutze 's famous painting Westward the Course of Empire Takes its Way ( 1861 ) .", "26": "See also : American frontier and Territorial changes of the United States The Antebellum Age was a period of increasing division in the country based on the growth of slavery in the American South and in the western territories of Kansas and Nebraska that eventually lead to the Civil War in 1861 . The Antebellum Period is often considered to have begun with the Kansas -- Nebraska Act of 1854 , although it may have begun as early as 1812 . This period is also significant because it marked the transition of American manufacturing to the industrial revolution . `` Manifest destiny '' was the belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent , from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean . During this time , the United States expanded to the Pacific Ocean -- `` from sea to shining sea '' -- largely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today . Civil War and Reconstruction ( edit ) Main articles : American Civil War and Reconstruction era of the United States The American Civil War came when seven ( later eleven ) Southern slave states declared their secession from the U.S. and formed the Confederate States of America ( the Confederacy ) . Led by Jefferson Davis , they fought against the U.S. federal government ( the Union ) under President Abraham Lincoln , which was supported by all the free states and the five border slave states in the north . Northern leaders agreed that victory would require more than the end of fighting . Secession and Confederate nationalism had to be totally repudiated and all forms of slavery or quasi-slavery had to be eliminated . Lincoln proved effective in mobilizing support for the war goals , raising large armies and supplying them , avoiding foreign interference , and making the end of slavery a war goal . The Confederacy had a larger area than it could defend , and it failed to keep its ports open and its rivers clear . The North kept up the pressure as the South could barely feed and clothe its soldiers . Its soldiers , especially those in the East under the command of General Robert E. Lee proved highly resourceful until they finally were overwhelmed by Generals Ulysses S. Grant and William T. Sherman in 1864 -- 65 , The Reconstruction Era ( 1863 -- 77 ) began with the Emancipation proclamation in 1863 , and included freedom , full citizenship and the vote for the Southern blacks .", "27": "It was followed by a reaction that left the blacks in a second class status legally , politically , socially and economically until the 1960s . The Gilded Age and legacy ( edit ) Main article : Gilded Age During the Gilded Age , there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America 's upper - class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era , in the late 19th century . The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion . The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories , and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the `` robber barons '' . An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller , who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry . Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices , later widely criticized , Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition . The creation of a modern industrial economy took place . With the creation of a transportation and communication infrastructure , the corporation became the dominant form of business organization and a managerial revolution transformed business operations . In 1890 , Congress passed the Sherman Antitrust Act -- the source of all American anti-monopoly laws . The law forbade every contract , scheme , deal , or conspiracy to restrain trade , though the phrase `` restraint of trade '' remained subjective . By the beginning of the 20th century , per capita income and industrial production in the United States exceeded that of any other country except Britain . Long hours and hazardous working conditions led many workers to attempt to form labor unions despite strong opposition from industrialists and the courts . But the courts did protect the marketplace , declaring the Standard Oil group to be an `` unreasonable '' monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1911 . It ordered Standard to break up into 34 independent companies with different boards of directors . Science and philosophy ( edit ) Replacing the classical physics in use since the end of the scientific revolution , modern physics arose in the early 20th century with the advent of quantum physics , substituting mathematical studies for experimental studies and examining equations to build a theoretical structure . The old quantum theory was a collection of results which predate modern quantum mechanics , but were never complete or self - consistent .", "28": "The collection of heuristic prescriptions for quantum mechanics were the first corrections to classical mechanics . Outside the realm of quantum physics , the various aether theories in classical physics , which supposed a `` fifth element '' such as the Luminiferous aether , were nullified by the Michelson - Morley experiment -- an attempt to detect the motion of earth through the aether . In biology , Darwinism gained acceptance , promoting the concept of adaptation in the theory of natural selection . The fields of geology , astronomy and psychology also made strides and gained new insights . In medicine , there were advances in medical theory and treatments . Xinhai Revolution in Shanghai ; Chen Qimei organized Shanghainese civilians to start the uprising and was successful . The picture above is Nanjing Road after the uprising , hung with the Five Races Under One Union Flags then used by the revolutionaries . The assertions of Chinese philosophy began to integrate concepts of Western philosophy , as steps toward modernization . By the time of the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 , there were many calls , such as the May Fourth Movement , to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China . There were attempts to incorporate democracy , republicanism , and industrialism into Chinese philosophy , notably by Sun Yat - Sen ( Sūn yì xiān , in one Mandarin form of the name ) at the beginning of the 20th century . Mao Zedong ( Máo zé dōng ) added Marxist - Leninist thought . When the Communist Party of China took over power , previous schools of thought , excepting notably Legalism , were denounced as backward , and later even purged during the Cultural Revolution . Starting one - hundred years before the 20th century , the enlightenment spiritual philosophy was challenged in various quarters around the 1900s . Developed from earlier secular traditions , modern Humanist ethical philosophies affirmed the dignity and worth of all people , based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal human qualities , particularly rationality , without resorting to the supernatural or alleged divine authority from religious texts . For liberal humanists such as Rousseau and Kant , the universal law of reason guided the way toward total emancipation from any kind of tyranny .", "29": "These ideas were challenged , for example by the young Karl Marx , who criticized the project of political emancipation ( embodied in the form of human rights ) , asserting it to be symptomatic of the very dehumanization it was supposed to oppose . For Friedrich Nietzsche , humanism was nothing more than a secular version of theism . In his Genealogy of Morals , he argues that human rights exist as a means for the weak to collectively constrain the strong . On this view , such rights do not facilitate emancipation of life , but rather deny it . In the 20th century , the notion that human beings are rationally autonomous was challenged by the concept that humans were driven by unconscious irrational desires . Notable persons ( edit ) Sigmund Freud is renowned for his redefinition of sexual desire as the primary motivational energy of human life , as well as his therapeutic techniques , including the use of free association , his theory of transference in the therapeutic relationship , and the interpretation of dreams as sources of insight into unconscious desires . Albert Einstein is known for his theories of special relativity and general relativity . He also made important contributions to statistical mechanics , especially his mathematical treatment of Brownian motion , his resolution of the paradox of specific heats , and his connection of fluctuations and dissipation . Despite his reservations about its interpretation , Einstein also made contributions to quantum mechanics and , indirectly , quantum field theory , primarily through his theoretical studies of the photon . Social Darwinism ( edit ) At the end of the 19th century , Social Darwinism was promoted and included the various ideologies based on a concept that competition among all individuals , groups , nations , or ideas was a `` natural '' framework for social evolution in human societies . In this view , society 's advancement is dependent on the `` survival of the fittest '' , the term was in fact coined by Herbert Spencer and referred to in `` The Gospel of Wealth '' written by Andrew Carnegie . Marxist society ( edit ) The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx summarized his approach to history and politics in the opening line of the first chapter of The Communist Manifesto ( 1848 ) . He wrote : The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles .", "30": "The Manifesto went through a number of editions from 1872 to 1890 ; notable new prefaces were written by Marx and Engels for the 1872 German edition , the 1882 Russian edition , the 1883 German edition , and the 1888 English edition . In general , Marxism identified five ( and one transitional ) successive stages of development in Western Europe . Primitive Communism : as seen in cooperative tribal societies . Slave Society : which develops when the tribe becomes a city - state . Aristocracy is born . Feudalism : aristocracy is the ruling class . Merchants develop into capitalists . Capitalism : capitalists are the ruling class , who create and employ the true working class . Dictatorship of the proletariat : workers gain class consciousness , overthrow the capitalists and take control over the state . Communism : a classless and stateless society . European decline and the 20th century ( edit ) Main article : 20th century Major political developments saw the former British Empire lose most of its remaining political power over commonwealth countries . The Trans - Siberian Railway , crossing Asia by train , was complete by 1916 . Other events include the Israeli -- Palestinian conflict , two world wars , and the Cold War . Australian Constitution ( edit ) In 1901 , the Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self - governing colonies of New South Wales , Queensland , South Australia , Tasmania , Victoria and Western Australia formed one nation . They kept the systems of government that they had developed as separate colonies but also would have a federal government that was responsible for matters concerning the whole nation . When the Constitution of Australia came into force , the colonies collectively became states of the Commonwealth of Australia . Eastern warlords ( edit ) The last days of the Qing Dynasty were marked by civil unrest and foreign invasions . Responding to these civil failures and discontent , the Qing Imperial Court did attempt to reform the government in various ways , such as the decision to draft a constitution in 1906 , the establishment of provincial legislatures in 1909 , and the preparation for a national parliament in 1910 . However , many of these measures were opposed by the conservatives of the Qing Court , and many reformers were either imprisoned or executed outright .", "31": "The failures of the Imperial Court to enact such reforming measures of political liberalization and modernization caused the reformists to steer toward the road of revolution . In 1912 , the Republic of China was established and Sun Yat - sen was inaugurated in Nanjing as the first Provisional President . But power in Beijing already had passed to Yuan Shikai , who had effective control of the Beiyang Army , the most powerful military force in China at the time . To prevent civil war and possible foreign intervention from undermining the infant republic , leaders agreed to Army 's demand that China be united under a Beijing government . On March 10 , in Beijing , Shikai was sworn in as the second Provisional President of the Republic of China . After the early 20th century revolutions , shifting alliances of China 's regional warlords waged war for control of the Beijing government . Despite the fact that various warlords gained control of the government in Beijing during the warlord era , this did not constitute a new era of control or governance , because other warlords did not acknowledge the transitory governments in this period and were a law unto themselves . These military - dominated governments were collectively known as the Beiyang government . The warlord era ended around 1927 . World wars era ( edit ) See also : Timeline of World War I and Timeline of World War II Start of the 20th century ( edit ) Four years into the 20th century saw the Russo - Japanese War with the Battle of Port Arthur establishing the Empire of Japan as a world power . The Russians were in constant pursuit of a warm water port on the Pacific Ocean , for their navy as well as for maritime trade . The Manchurian Campaign of the Russian Empire was fought against the Japanese over Manchuria and Korea . The major theatres of operations were Southern Manchuria , specifically the area around the Liaodong Peninsula and Mukden , and the seas around Korea , Japan , and the Yellow Sea . The resulting campaigns , in which the fledgling Japanese military consistently attained victory over the Russian forces arrayed against them , were unexpected by world observers . These victories , as time transpired , would dramatically transform the distribution of power in East Asia , resulting in a reassessment of Japan 's recent entry onto the world stage .", "32": "The embarrassing string of defeats increased Russian popular dissatisfaction with the inefficient and corrupt Tsarist government . The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a wave of mass political unrest through vast areas of the Russian Empire . Some of it was directed against the government , while some was undirected . It included terrorism , worker strikes , peasant unrests , and military mutinies . It led to the establishment of the limited constitutional monarchy , the establishment of State Duma of the Russian Empire , and the multi-party system . In China , the Qing Dynasty was overthrown following the Xinhai Revolution . The Xinhai Revolution began with the Wuchang Uprising on October 10 , 1911 and ended with the abdication of Emperor Puyi on February 12 , 1912 . The primary parties to the conflict were the Imperial forces of the Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) , and the revolutionary forces of the Chinese Revolutionary Alliance ( Tongmenghui ) . Edwardian Britain ( edit ) The Edwardian era in the United Kingdom is the period spanning the reign of King Edward VII up to the end of the First World War , including the years surrounding the sinking of the RMS Titanic . In the early years of the period , the Second Boer War in South Africa split the country into anti - and pro-war factions . The imperial policies of the Conservatives eventually proved unpopular and in the general election of 1906 the Liberals won a huge landslide . The Liberal government was unable to proceed with all of its radical programme without the support of the House of Lords , which was largely Conservative . Conflict between the two Houses of Parliament over the People 's Budget led to a reduction in the power of the peers in 1910 . The general election in January that year returned a hung parliament with the balance of power held by Labour and Irish Nationalist members . World War I ( edit ) Main article : World War I The causes of World War I included many factors , including the conflicts and antagonisms of the four decades leading up to the war . The Triple Entente was the name given to the loose alignment between the United Kingdom , France , and Russia after the signing of the Anglo - Russian Entente in 1907 .", "33": "The alignment of the three powers , supplemented by various agreements with Japan , the United States , and Spain , constituted a powerful counterweight to the Triple Alliance of Germany , Austria - Hungary , and Italy , the third having concluded an additional secret agreement with France effectively nullifying her Alliance commitments . Militarism , alliances , imperialism , and nationalism played major roles in the conflict . The immediate origins of the war lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July Crisis of 1914 , the spark ( or casus belli ) for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria . However , the crisis did not exist in a void ; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high . The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870 . An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern - day Turkey , Syria and Iraq . The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I . Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began , it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War . Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans . Austria - Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties . The Balkan Wars were two wars in South - eastern Europe in 1912 -- 1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria , Montenegro , Greece , and Serbia ) first captured Ottoman - held remaining part of Thessaly , Macedonia , Epirus , Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils , with incorporation of Romania this time . Various periods of World War I ; 1914.07. 28 ( Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria - Hungary ) , 1914.08. 01 ( Germany declares war on Russia ) , 1914.08. 03 ( Germany declares war on Russia 's ally France ) , 1914.08.", "34": "04 ( Britain declares war on Germany ) , 1914.12 ( British and German Christmas truce ) , 1915.12 ( French and German Christmas truce ) , 1916.12 ( Battle of Magdhaba ) , 1917.12 ( British troops take Jerusalem from the Ottoman Empire ) , and 1918.11. 11 ( World War I ends : Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies ) . Allies and Central Powers in the First World War Allied powers and areas Central powers and colonies or occupied territory Neutral countries The First World War began in 1914 and lasted to the final Armistice in 1918 . The Allied Powers , led by the British Empire , France , Russia until March 1918 , Japan and the United States after 1917 , defeated the Central Powers , led by the German Empire , Austro - Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire . The war caused the disintegration of four empires -- the Austro - Hungarian , German , Ottoman , and Russian ones -- as well as radical change in the European and West Asian maps . The Allied powers before 1917 are referred to as the Triple Entente , and the Central Powers are referred to as the Triple Alliance . Much of the fighting in World War I took place along the Western Front , within a system of opposing manned trenches and fortifications ( separated by a `` No man 's land '' ) running from the North Sea to the border of Switzerland . On the Eastern Front , the vast eastern plains and limited rail network prevented a trench warfare stalemate from developing , although the scale of the conflict was just as large . Hostilities also occurred on and under the sea and -- for the first time -- from the air . More than 9 million soldiers died on the various battlefields , and nearly that many more in the participating countries ' home fronts on account of food shortages and genocide committed under the cover of various civil wars and internal conflicts . Notably , more people died of the worldwide influenza outbreak at the end of the war and shortly after than died in the hostilities . The unsanitary conditions engendered by the war , severe overcrowding in barracks , wartime propaganda interfering with public health warnings , and migration of so many soldiers around the world helped the outbreak become a pandemic .", "35": "Ultimately , World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars , which was modified by the mid-19th century 's nationalistic revolutions . The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II approximately 20 years later . More immediate to the time , the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire was a political event that redrew the political boundaries of West Asia . The huge conglomeration of territories and peoples formerly ruled by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire was divided into several new nations . The partitioning brought the creation of the modern Arab world and the Republic of Turkey . The League of Nations granted France mandates over Syria and Lebanon and granted the United Kingdom mandates over Mesopotamia and Palestine ( which was later divided into two regions : Palestine and Transjordan ) . Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became parts of what are today Saudi Arabia and Yemen . Revolutions and War ( edit ) Main articles : Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War National flag of the Soviet Union . The Russian Revolution is the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917 , which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union . Following the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia , the Russian Provisional Government was established . In October 1917 , a red faction revolution occurred in which the Red Guard , armed groups of workers and deserting soldiers directed by the Bolshevik Party , seized control of Saint Petersburg ( then known as Petrograd ) and began an immediate armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire . Another action in 1917 that is of note was the armistice signed between Russia and the Central Powers at Brest - Litovsk . As a condition for peace , the treaty by the Central Powers conceded huge portions of the former Russian Empire to Imperial Germany and the Ottoman Empire , greatly upsetting nationalists and conservatives . The Bolsheviks made peace with the German Empire and the Central Powers , as they had promised the Russian people prior to the Revolution . Vladimir Lenin 's decision has been attributed to his sponsorship by the foreign office of Wilhelm II , German Emperor , offered by the latter in hopes that with a revolution , Russia would withdraw from World War I . This suspicion was bolstered by the German Foreign Ministry 's sponsorship of Lenin 's return to Petrograd .", "36": "The Western Allies expressed their dismay at the Bolsheviks , upset at : the withdrawal of Russia from the war effort , worried about a possible Russo - German alliance , and galvanized by the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good their threats to assume no responsibility for , and so default on , Imperial Russia 's massive foreign loans . In addition , there was a concern , shared by many Central Powers as well , that the socialist revolutionary ideas would spread to the West . Hence , many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites , including the provision of troops and supplies . Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be `` strangled in its cradle '' . The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed and the Soviets under the domination of the Bolshevik party assumed power , first in Petrograd ( St. Petersburg ) and then in other places . In the wake of the October Revolution , the old Russian Imperial Army had been demobilized ; the volunteer - based Red Guard was the Bolsheviks ' main military force , augmented by an armed military component of the Cheka , the Bolshevik state security apparatus . There was an instituted mandatory conscription of the rural peasantry into the Red Army . Opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units was overcome by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance . Former Tsarist officers were utilized as `` military specialists '' ( voenspetsy ) , taking their families hostage in order to ensure loyalty . At the start of the war , three - fourths of the Red Army officer corps was composed of former Tsarist officers . By its end , 83 % of all Red Army divisional and corps commanders were ex-Tsarist soldiers . The principal fighting occurred between the Bolshevik Red Army and the forces of the White Army . Many foreign armies warred against the Red Army , notably the Allied Forces , yet many volunteer foreigners fought in both sides of the Russian Civil War . Other nationalist and regional political groups also participated in the war , including the Ukrainian nationalist Green Army , the Ukrainian anarchist Black Army and Black Guards , and warlords such as Ungern von Sternberg . The most intense fighting took place from 1918 to 1920 .", "37": "Major military operations ended on 25 October 1922 when the Red Army occupied Vladivostok , previously held by the Provisional Priamur Government . The last enclave of the White Forces was the Ayano - Maysky District on the Pacific coast . The majority of the fighting ended in 1920 with the defeat of General Pyotr Wrangel in the Crimea , but a notable resistance in certain areas continued until 1923 ( e.g. , Kronstadt Uprising , Tambov Rebellion , Basmachi Revolt , and the final resistance of the White movement in the Far East ) . In 1917 , China declared war on Germany in the hope of recovering its lost province , then under Japanese control . The New Culture Movement occupied the period from 1917 to 1923 . Chinese representatives refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles , due to intense pressure from the student protesters and public opinion alike . The May Fourth Movement helped to rekindle the then - fading cause of republican revolution . In 1917 Sun Yat - sen had become commander - in - chief of a rival military government in Guangzhou in collaboration with southern warlords . Sun 's efforts to obtain aid from the Western democracies were ignored , however , and in 1920 he turned to the Soviet Union , which had recently achieved its own revolution . The Soviets sought to befriend the Chinese revolutionists by offering scathing attacks on Western imperialism . But for political expediency , the Soviet leadership initiated a dual policy of support for both Sun and the newly established Chinese Communist Party ( CCP ) . The flag of the Kuomintang , one canton of the flag of the Republic of China . The policy of working with the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai - shek had been recommended by the Dutch Communist Henk Sneevliet , chosen in 1923 to be the Comintern representative in China due to his revolutionary experience in the Dutch Indies , where he had a major role in founding the Partai Komunis Indonesia ( PKI ) -- and who felt that the Chinese party was too small and weak to undertake a major effort on its own ( see Henk Sneevliet 's work for the Comintern ) . In early 1927 , the Kuomintang - CCP rivalry led to a split in the revolutionary ranks .", "38": "The CCP and the left wing of the Kuomintang had decided to move the seat of the Nationalist government from Guangzhou to Wuhan . But Chiang Kai - shek , whose Northern Expedition was proving successful , set his forces to destroying the Shanghai CCP apparatus and established an anti-Communist government at Nanjing in April 1927 . The 1920s and the Depression ( edit ) Main articles : Interwar period , Roaring Twenties , and Great Depression The interwar period was the period between the end of the First World War and the beginning of the Second World War . This period was marked by turmoil in much of the world , as Europe struggled to recover from the devastation of the First World War . In North America , especially the first half of this period , people experienced considerable prosperity in the Roaring Twenties . The social and societal upheaval known as the Roaring Twenties began in North America and spread to Europe in the aftermath of World War I . The Roaring Twenties , often called `` The Jazz Age '' , saw an exposition of social , artistic , and cultural dynamism . ' Normalcy ' returned to politics , jazz music blossomed , the flapper redefined modern womanhood , Art Deco peaked . The spirit of the Roaring Twenties was marked by a general feeling of discontinuity associated with modernity , a break with traditions . Everything seemed to be feasible through modern technology . New technologies , especially automobiles , movies and radio proliferated ' modernity ' to a large part of the population . The 1920s saw the general favor of practicality , in architecture as well as in daily life . The 1920s was further distinguished by several inventions and discoveries , extensive industrial growth and the rise in consumer demand and aspirations , and significant changes in lifestyle . Europe between 1920 and 1938 . Europe spent these years rebuilding and coming to terms with the vast human cost of the conflict . The economy of the United States became increasingly intertwined with that of Europe . In Germany , the Weimar Republic gave way to episodes of political and economic turmoil , which culminated with the German hyperinflation of 1923 and the failed Beer Hall Putsch of that same year .", "39": "When Germany could no longer afford war payments , Wall Street invested heavily in European debts to keep the European economy afloat as a large consumer market for American mass - produced goods . By the middle of the decade , economic development soared in Europe , and the Roaring Twenties broke out in Germany , Britain and France , the second half of the decade becoming known as the `` Golden Twenties '' . In France and francophone Canada , they were also called the `` années folles '' ( `` Crazy Years '' ) . Worldwide prosperity changed dramatically with the onset of the Great Depression in 1929 . The Wall Street Crash of 1929 served to punctuate the end of the previous era , as The Great Depression set in . The Great Depression was a worldwide economic downturn starting in most places in 1929 and ending at different times in the 1930s or early 1940s for different countries . It was the largest and most important economic depression in the 20th century , and is used in the 21st century as an example of how far the world 's economy can fall . The depression had devastating effects in virtually every country , rich or poor . International trade plunged by half to two - thirds , as did personal income , tax revenue , prices and profits . Cities all around the world were hit hard , especially those dependent on heavy industry . Construction was virtually halted in many countries . Farming and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by roughly 60 percent . Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs , areas dependent on primary sector industries suffered the most . The Great Depression ended at different times in different countries with the effect lasting into the next era . America 's Great Depression ended in 1941 with America 's entry into World War II . The majority of countries set up relief programs , and most underwent some sort of political upheaval , pushing them to the left or right . In some world states , the desperate citizens turned toward nationalist demagogues -- the most infamous being Adolf Hitler -- setting the stage for the next era of war . The convulsion brought on by the worldwide depression resulted in the rise of Nazism . In Asia , Japan became an ever more assertive power , especially with regards to China .", "40": "Nanjing period ( edit ) Main article : Nanjing decade With Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , Chinese industry and military was improved just prior to the war against Japan . The `` Nanjing Decade '' of 1928 -- 37 was one of consolidation and accomplishment under the leadership of the Nationalists , with a mixed but generally positive record in the economy , social progress , development of democracy , and cultural creativity . Some of the harsh aspects of foreign concessions and privileges in China were moderated through diplomacy . See also : Sino - German cooperation until 1941 , National Resources Commission , and Chinese Civil War The League and crises ( edit ) The interwar period was also marked by a radical change in the international order , away from the balance of power that had dominated pre -- World War I Europe . One main institution that was meant to bring stability was the League of Nations , which was created after the First World War with the intention of maintaining world security and peace and encouraging economic growth between member countries . The League was undermined by the bellicosity of Nazi Germany , Imperial Japan , the Soviet Union , and Mussolini 's Italy , and by the non-participation of the United States , leading many to question its effectiveness and legitimacy . A series of international crises strained the League to its limits , the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935 / 36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia , one of the only free African nations at that time . The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy , but to no avail . The incident highlighted French and British weakness , exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally . The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini 's Italy towards alliance with Hitler 's Germany anyway . The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles . This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War . Few Chinese had any illusions about Japanese designs on China .", "41": "Hungry for raw materials and pressed by a growing population , Japan initiated the seizure of Manchuria in September 1931 and established ex-Qing emperor Puyi as head of the puppet state of Manchukuo in 1932 . During the Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) , the loss of Manchuria , and its vast potential for industrial development and war industries , was a blow to the Kuomintang economy . The League of Nations , established at the end of World War I , was unable to act in the face of the Japanese defiance . After 1940 , conflicts between the Kuomintang and Communists became more frequent in the areas not under Japanese control . The Communists expanded their influence wherever opportunities presented themselves through mass organizations , administrative reforms , and the land - and tax - reform measures favoring the peasants -- while the Kuomintang attempted to neutralize the spread of Communist influence . Tripartite Pact ( edit ) The Second Sino - Japanese War had seen tensions rise between Imperial Japan and the United States ; events such as the Panay incident and the Nanking Massacre turned American public opinion against Japan . With the occupation of French Indochina in the years of 1940 -- 41 , and with the continuing war in China , the United States placed embargoes on Japan of strategic materials such as scrap metal and oil , which were vitally needed for the war effort . The Japanese were faced with the option of either withdrawing from China and losing face or seizing and securing new sources of raw materials in the resource - rich , European - controlled colonies of South East Asia -- specifically British Malaya and the Dutch East Indies ( modern - day Indonesia ) . In 1940 , Imperial Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy . World War II ( edit ) Main article : World War II National flag of the Third Reich ( Nazi Germany ) . The Second World War was a global military conflict that took place in 1939 -- 1945 . It was the largest and deadliest war in history , culminating in the Holocaust and ending with the dropping of the atom bomb . Even though Japan had been fighting in China since 1937 , the conventional view is that the war began on September 1 , 1939 , when Nazi Germany invaded Poland , the Drang nach Osten .", "42": "Within two days the United Kingdom and France declared war on Germany , even though the fighting was confined to Poland . Pursuant to a then - secret provision of its non-aggression Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , the Soviet Union joined with Germany on September 17 , 1939 , to conquer Poland and to divide Eastern Europe . The Allies were initially made up of Poland , the United Kingdom , France , Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , as well as British Commonwealth countries which were controlled directly by the UK , such as the Indian Empire . All of these countries declared war on Germany in September 1939 . Following the lull in fighting , known as the `` Phoney War '' , Germany invaded western Europe in May 1940 . Six weeks later , France , in the mean time attacked by Italy as well , surrendered to Germany , which then tried unsuccessfully to conquer Britain . On September 27 , Germany , Italy , and Japan signed a mutual defense agreement , the Tripartite Pact , and were known as the Axis Powers . Ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy . Nine months later , on June 22 , 1941 , Germany launched a massive invasion of the Soviet Union , which promptly joined the Allies . Germany was now engaged in fighting a war on two fronts . This proved to be a mistake by Germany -- Germany had not successfully carried out the invasion of Britain and the war turned against the Axis . On December 7 , 1941 , Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor , bringing it too into the war on the Allied side . China also joined the Allies , as eventually did most of the rest of the world . China was in turmoil at the time , and attacked Japanese armies through guerilla - type warfare . By the beginning of 1942 , the major combatants were aligned as follows : the British Commonwealth , the United States , and the Soviet Union were fighting Germany and Italy ; and the British Commonwealth , China , and the United States were fighting Japan . The United Kingdom , the United States , the Soviet Union and China were referred as a `` trusteeship of the powerful '' during the World War II and were recognized as the Allied `` Big Four '' in Declaration by United Nations These four countries were considered as the `` Four Policemen '' or `` Four Sheriffs '' of the Allies power and primary victors of World War II .", "43": "From then through August 1945 , battles raged across all of Europe , in the North Atlantic Ocean , across North Africa , throughout Southeast Asia , throughout China , across the Pacific Ocean and in the air over Japan . Italy surrendered in September 1943 and was split into a northern Germany - occupied puppet state and an Allies - friendly state in the South ; Germany surrendered in May 1945 . Following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , Japan surrendered , marking the end of the war on September 2 , 1945 . It is possible that around 62 million people died in the war ; estimates vary greatly . About 60 % of all casualties were civilians , who died as a result of disease , starvation , genocide ( in particular , the Holocaust ) , and aerial bombing . The former Soviet Union and China suffered the most casualties . Estimates place deaths in the Soviet Union at around 23 million , while China suffered about 10 million . No country lost a greater portion of its population than Poland : approximately 5.6 million , or 16 % , of its pre-war population of 34.8 million died . Flag of the Italian Empire . The Holocaust ( which roughly means `` burnt whole '' ) was the deliberate and systematic murder of millions of Jews and other `` unwanted '' during World War II by the Nazi regime in Germany . Several differing views exist regarding whether it was intended to occur from the war 's beginning , or if the plans for it came about later . Regardless , persecution of Jews extended well before the war even started , such as in the Kristallnacht ( Night of Broken Glass ) . The Nazis used propaganda to great effect to stir up anti-Semitic feelings within ordinary Germans . After World War II , Europe was informally split into Western and Soviet spheres of influence . Western Europe later aligned as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and Eastern Europe as the Warsaw Pact . There was a shift in power from Western Europe and the British Empire to the two new superpowers , the United States and the Soviet Union . These two rivals would later face off in the Cold War . In Asia , the defeat of Japan led to its democratization . China 's civil war continued through and after the war , resulting eventually in the establishment of the People 's Republic of China . The former colonies of the European powers began their road to independence .", "44": "Post-1945 world ( edit ) The Blue Marble , a photograph of Earth as seen from Apollo 17 . The second half of the 20th century saw an increase of interest in both space exploration and the environmental movement . The mid-20th century is distinguished from most of human history in that its most significant changes were directly or indirectly economic and technological in nature . Economic development was the force behind vast changes in everyday life , to a degree which was unprecedented in human history . Over the course of the 20th century , the world 's per - capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five , much more than all earlier centuries combined ( including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution ) . Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth , as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century , such as improved medicine ( causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades ) and communications technologies , were not available at any price at its beginning . However , the gulf between the world 's rich and poor grew wider , and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide . Still , advancing technology and medicine has had a great impact even in the Global South . Large - scale industry and more centralized media made brutal dictatorships possible on an unprecedented scale in the middle of the century , leading to wars that were also unprecedented . However , the increased communications contributed to democratization . Technological developments included the development of airplanes and space exploration , nuclear technology , advancement in genetics , and the dawning of the Information Age . American peace ( edit ) Main article : Pax Americana National flag of the United States . Pax Americana is an appellation applied to the historical concept of relative liberal peace in the Western world , resulting from the preponderance of power enjoyed by the United States of America starting around the start of the 20th century . Although the term finds its primary utility in the latter half of the 20th century , it has been used in various places and eras . Its modern connotations concern the peace established after the end of World War II in 1945 . For more details on this topic , see American Century .", "45": "Cold War era ( edit ) Main article : Cold War The Cold War began in the mid-1940s and lasted into the early 1990s . Throughout this period , the conflict was expressed through military coalitions , espionage , weapons development , invasions , propaganda , and competitive technological development . The conflict included costly defense spending , a massive conventional and nuclear arms race , and numerous proxy wars ; the two superpowers never fought one another directly . Borders of NATO ( blue ) and Warsaw Pact ( red ) states during the Cold war era . The Soviet Union created the Eastern Bloc of countries that it occupied , annexing some as Soviet Socialist Republics and maintaining others as satellite states that would later form the Warsaw Pact . The United States and various western European countries began a policy of `` containment '' of communism and forged myriad alliances to this end , including NATO . Several of these western countries also coordinated efforts regarding the rebuilding of western Europe , including western Germany , which the Soviets opposed . In other regions of the world , such as Latin America and Southeast Asia , the Soviet Union fostered communist revolutionary movements , which the United States and many of its allies opposed and , in some cases , attempted to `` roll back '' . Many countries were prompted to align themselves with the nations that would later form either NATO or the Warsaw Pact , though other movements would also emerge . The Cold War saw periods of both heightened tension and relative calm . International crises arose , such as the Berlin Blockade ( 1948 -- 1949 ) , the Korean War ( 1950 -- 1953 ) , the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , the Vietnam War ( 1955 -- 1975 ) , the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 1962 ) , the Soviet war in Afghanistan ( 1979 -- 1989 ) and NATO exercises in November 1983 . There were also periods of reduced tension as both sides sought détente . Direct military attacks on adversaries were deterred by the potential for mutual assured destruction using deliverable nuclear weapons . European trade blocs as of the late 1980s . EEC member states are marked in blue , EFTA -- green , and Comecon -- red . East and West in 1980 , as defined by the Cold War . The Cold War had divided Europe politically into East and West , with the Iron Curtain splitting Central Europe .", "46": "The Cold War drew to a close in the late 1980s and the early 1990s . The United States under President Ronald Reagan increased diplomatic , military , and economic pressure on the Soviet Union , which was already suffering from severe economic stagnation . In the second half of the 1980s , newly appointed Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev introduced the perestroika and glasnost reforms . The Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 , leaving the United States as the dominant military power , though Russia retained much of the massive Soviet nuclear arsenal . Latin America polarization ( edit ) In Latin America in the 1970s , leftists acquired a significant political influence which prompted the right - wing , ecclesiastical authorities and a large portion of the individual country 's upper class to support coups d'état to avoid what they perceived as a communist threat . This was further fueled by Cuban and United States intervention which led to a political polarization . Most South American countries were in some periods ruled by military dictatorships that were supported by the United States of America . In the 1970s , the regimes of the Southern Cone collaborated in Operation Condor killing many leftist dissidents , including some urban guerrillas . However , by the early 1990s all countries had restored their democracies . Space Age ( edit ) This high - resolution image of the Hubble Ultra Deep Field includes galaxies of various ages , sizes , shapes , and colors . The smallest , reddest galaxies , are some of the most distant galaxies to have been imaged by an optical telescope The Space Age is a period encompassing the activities related to the Space Race , space exploration , space technology , and the cultural developments influenced by these events . The Space Age began with the development of several technologies that culminated with the launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union in October 1957 . This was the world 's first artificial satellite , orbiting the Earth in 98.1 minutes and weighing in at 83 kg . The launch of Sputnik 1 ushered a new era of political , scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age . The Space Age was characterized by rapid development of new technology in a close race mostly between the United States and the Soviet Union .", "47": "The Space Age brought the first human spaceflight during the Vostok programme and reached its peak with the Apollo program which captured the imagination of much of the world 's population . The landing of Apollo 11 was an event watched by over 500 million people around the world and is widely recognized as one of the defining moments of the 20th century . Since then and with the end of the space race due to the dissolution of the Soviet Union , public attention has largely moved to other areas . Education and schools ( edit ) The humanities are academic disciplines which study the human condition , using methods that are primarily analytic , critical , or speculative , as distinguished from the mainly empirical approaches of the natural and social sciences . Although many of the subjects of modern history coincide with that of standard history , the subject is taught independently by various systems of education in the world . British education ( edit ) Students can choose the subject at university . The material covered includes from the mid-18th century , to analysis of the present day . Virtually all colleges and sixth forms that do teach modern history do it alongside standard history ; very few teach the subject exclusively . Universities ( edit ) At the University of Oxford ' Modern History ' has a somewhat different meaning . The contrast is not with the Middle Ages but with Antiquity . The earliest period that can be studied in the Final Honour School of Modern History begins in 285 . See also ( edit ) Timeline of world map changes History of modern literature Modernism framework : Premodernity , Modernism , Postmodernism References ( edit ) General information Books Earle , Edward Mead . An Outline of Modern History ; A Syllabus with Map Studies . New York : Macmillan Co , 1921 . Grosvenor , Edwin A. Contemporary History of the World . New York and Boston : T.Y. Crowell & Co , 1899 . Taylor , William Cooke , Charles Duke Yonge , and G.W. Cox . The Student 's Manual of Modern History ; Containing the Rise and Progress of the Principal European Nations , Their Political History , and the Changes in Their Social Condition ; with a History of the Colonies Founded by Europeans . 1880 . Bryant , Arthur ( 1950 ) . The Age of Elegance.", "48": "2 . New York and Boston . p. 54 . OCLC 14763324 . Websites Internet Modern History Sourcebook , fordham.edu Footnotes Jump up ^ Intrinsic to the English language , `` modern '' denotes ( in reference to history ) a period that is opposed to either ancient or medieval ; modern history is the history of the world since the end of the Middle Ages . Jump up ^ `` The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia '' . Jump up ^ Dunan , Marcel . Larousse Encyclopedia of Modern History , From 1500 to the Present Day . New York : Harper & Row , 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Bartleby.com : Great Books Online -- Quotes , Poems , Novels , Classics and hundreds more '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` World Population to Hit Milestone With Birth of 7 Billionth Person '' . PBS.org . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Tirosh - Samuelson , H. ( 2003 ) . Happiness in premodern Judaism : Virtue , knowledge , and well - being . Monographs of the Hebrew Union College , no . 29 . Cincinnati , Ohio : Hebrew Union College Press . Jump up ^ Nation , civil society and social movements : essays in political sociology by T.K. Oommen . Page 236 . Jump up ^ Premodern Japan : a historical survey by Mikiso Hane Jump up ^ Griffin , D.R. ( 1990 ) . Sacred interconnections : Postmodern spirituality , political economy , and art . SUNY series in constructive postmodern thought . Albany : State University of New York Press . Jump up ^ Maine , H.S. , & Dwight , T.W. ( 1888 ) . Ancient law : Its connection with the early history of society and its relation to modern ideas . New York : H. Holt and Co . Jump up ^ Boylan , P. ( 1922 ) . Thoth , the Hermes of Egypt : A study of some aspects of theological thought in ancient Egypt . London : H. Milford , Oxford university press Jump up ^ Fordyce , J.", "49": "( 1888 ) . The new social order . London : Kegan Paul , Trench & Co . Jump up ^ `` Lectures on the Early History of Institutions '' . Jump up ^ `` Modern '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Baird , F.E. , & Kaufmann , W.A. ( 2008 ) . Philosophic classics : From Plato to Derrida . Upper Saddle River , N.J : Pearson / Prentice Hall . Jump up ^ New Dictionary of the History of ideas , Volume 5 , Detroit 2005 . Modernism and Modern Jump up ^ `` Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts : Late Medieval and Early Modern Medicine '' . ^ Jump up to : National , cultural , and ethnic identities : harmony beyond conflict by Jaroslav Hroch , David Hollan Jump up ^ Capitalism and modernity : the great debate by Jack Goody Jump up ^ Progress and its discontents American Academy of Arts and Sciences . `` Technology and politics . '' Western Center Jump up ^ A companion to the philosophy of technology by Jan - Kyrre Berg Olsen , Stig Andur Pedersen , Vincent F. Hendricks Jump up ^ Marx , Durkheim , Weber : formations of modern social thought by Kenneth L. Morrison . Page 294 . Jump up ^ William Schweiker , The Blackwell companion to religious ethics . 2005 . Page 454 . ( cf. , `` In modernity , however , much of economic activity and theory seemed to be entirely cut off from religious and ethical norms , at least in traditional terms . Many see modern economic developments as entirely secular . ''", "50": ") Jump up ^ Early European History by Henry Kitchell Webster Jump up ^ The European Reformations by Carter Lindberg Jump up ^ The new Cambridge modern history : Companion volume by Peter Burke Jump up ^ Plains Indian History and Culture : Essays on Continuity and Change by John C. Ewers Jump up ^ Weber , irrationality , and social order by Alan Sica ^ Jump up to : Contemporary history of the world by Edwin Augustus Grosvenor ^ Jump up to : A summary of modern history by Jules Michelet , Mary Charlotte Mair Simpson Jump up ^ Crawley , C.W. ( 1965 ) . The new Cambridge modern history . Volume 9. , War and peace in an age of upheaval , 1793 -- 1830 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ Goldman , E.O. , & Eliason , L.C. ( 2003 ) . The diffusion of military technology and ideas . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Jump up ^ Boot , M. ( 2006 ) . War made new : Technology , warfare , and the course of history , 1500 to today . New York : Gotham Books . Jump up ^ Bloy , Marjie ( 30 April 2002 ) . `` The Congress of Vienna , 1 November 1814 -- 8 June 1815 '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hazen , Charles Downer ( 1910 ) . Europe since 1815 . American historical series , H. Holt and Company . Jump up ^ Duruy , V. , & Grosvenor , E.A. ( 1894 ) . History of modern times : From the fall of Constantinople to the French revolution . New York : H. Holt and company . Jump up ^ Johnson , P. ( 2001 ) . Modern times : The world from the twenties to the nineties . New York : HarperPerennial . Jump up ^ Martín Lister , New media : a critical introduction . Psychology Press , 2003 . Page 14 Jump up ^ Taylor , Alan ( 2001 ) . American Colonies . New York : Penguin Books .", "51": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 200210 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Ottoman Empire '' . Britannica Online Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ R. Keith Schoppa ( 2000 ) . The Columbia Guide to Modern Chinese History . Columbia University Press . p. 15 . Jump up ^ or early - modern Jump up ^ `` Manas : History and Politics , Mughals '' . Jump up ^ `` Mughal Empire ( 1500s , 1600s ) '' . bbc.co.uk . London : BBC . Section 5 : Aurangzeb . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Bose & Jalal 2003 , p. 76 Jump up ^ Brown 1994 , p. 46 , Peers 2006 , p. 30 Jump up ^ Metcalf & Metcalf , p. 56 Jump up ^ `` Official , India '' . World Digital Library . 1890 -- 1923 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ Commercial agriculture , mining and an export based economy developed rapidly during this period . Jump up ^ Helen Miller , Aubrey Newman . Early modern British history , 1485 -- 1760 : a select bibliography , Historical Association , 1970 Jump up ^ Early Modern Period ( 1485 -- 1800 ) , Sites Organized by Period , Rutgers University Libraries Jump up ^ For example , Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds offered an explanation of the heliocentric model of the Universe . Jump up ^ Paul Oskar Kristeller , Humanism , pp. 113 - 4 , in Charles B. Schmitt , Quentin Skinner ( editors ) , The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy ( 1990 ) . Jump up ^ Watt steam engine image : located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of the UPM ( Madrid ) Jump up ^ Eric Hobsbawm , The Age of Revolution : Europe 1789 -- 1848 , Weidenfeld and Nicholson Ltd . ISBN 0 - 349 - 10484 - 0 Jump up ^ Joseph E Inikori .", "52": "Africans and the Industrial Revolution in England , Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 01079 - 9 . Jump up ^ Business and Economics . Leading Issues in Economic Development , Oxford University Press US . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511589 - 9 . Jump up ^ Russell Brown , Lester . Eco-Economy , James & James , Earthscan . ISBN 1 - 85383 - 904 - 3 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis essay Archived 2007 - 11 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . retrieved March 11 , 2006 Jump up ^ Cayley , E.S. ( 1856 ) . The European revolutions of 1848 . London : Smith , Elder & Co . Vol . I and II . Jump up ^ Harding , S.B. , & Hart , A.B. ( 1918 ) . New medieval and modern history . New York : American book company . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 9 , ch. 1 . AST . ISBN 5 - 17 - 002142 - 9 . Retrieved 27 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Solovyov , S. ( 2001 ) . History of Russia from the Earliest Times . 15 , ch. 1 . AST . Jump up ^ For more , see Pax Britannica . Jump up ^ Edwards , B.T. ( 2004 ) . Informal empire : Mexico and Central America in Victorian culture . Minneapolis , Minn : Univ. of Minnesota Press Jump up ^ Maddison , Angus ( 2001 ) . The World Economy : A Millennial Perspective . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . ISBN 92 - 64 - 18654 - 9 . pp. 98 , 242 . Jump up ^ Ferguson , Niall ( 2004 ) . Colossus : The Price of America 's Empire . Penguin . ISBN 1 - 59420 - 013 - 0 . p.", "53": "15 Jump up ^ John Merriman , A History of Modern Europe , Volume Two : From the French Revolution to the Present , Third Edition ( New York : W.W. Norton & Company , 2010 ) , pp. 819 -- 859 Jump up ^ Kenneth B. Pyle , `` Profound Forces in the Making of Modern Japan , '' Journal of Japanese Studies ( 2006 ) 32 # 2 pp 393 - 418 in Project MUSE Jump up ^ Carol Gluck , `` The People in History : Recent Trends in Japanese Historiography , '' Journal of Asian Studies . ( 1978 ) 38 # 1 pp 25 - 50 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ George Akita , `` Trends in Modern Japanese Political History : The ' Positivist ' '' , Monumenta Nipponica ( 1992 ) 37 # 4 pp 497 - 522 Jump up ^ John Whitney Hall , `` Japanese History : New Dimensions of Approach and Understanding '' ( 2nd ed. 1966 Jump up ^ Jean - Pierre Lehmann and Sue Henny , eds . Themes and Theories in Modern Japanese History ( 2013 ) Jump up ^ See generally Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States , 221 U.S. 1 ( 1911 ) . Jump up ^ F.K Richtmyer , E.H Kennard , T. Lauristen ( 1955 ) . `` Introduction '' . Introduction to Modern Physics ( 5th edition ed . ) . New York : McGraw - Hill Book Company . p. 1 . LCCN 55 - 6862 . Jump up ^ The concepts derived are at times abstractions from nature for baselines or reference states . These can be unattainable in practice , such as free space ( electromagnetism ) and practical absolute zero temperature ( ed . Special negative temperatures values are `` colder '' than the zero points of those scales but still warmer than absolute zero ) . ^ Jump up to : ter Haar , D. ( 1967 ) . The Old Quantum Theory . Pergamon Press . p. 206 . Jump up ^ Matrix mechanics and wave mechanics supplanted other studies to end the era of the old - quantum theory .", "54": "Jump up ^ a substance in early physics considered to be the medium through which light propagates . Jump up ^ The Chinese Enlightenment . By Vera Schwarcz . p4 . Jump up ^ Ralph Adams Cram . `` The Second Coming of Art '' . The Atlantic Monthly , Volume 119 . Philip Gengembre Hubert . p193 Jump up ^ Enlightenment Contested . By Jonathan I. Israel . p765 Jump up ^ Modern Christian Thought : The twentieth century , Volume 2 . By James C. Livingston , Francis Schüssler Fiorenza . p2 . Jump up ^ `` Herman Dooyeweerd '' . Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy . By Routledge ( COR ) , Luciano Floridi , Edward Craig . p113 . See also : D.H. Th . Vollenhoven . Jump up ^ Counter-Enlightenments : From the Eighteenth Century to the Present . By Graeme Garrard . Routledge , 2004 . p13 ... Jump up ^ See also : Counter-Enlightenment , Max Weber , and Émile Durkheim . Jump up ^ Known as continental philosophy . Jump up ^ Compact Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . 2007 . humanism n . 1 a rationalistic system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters . 2 a Renaissance cultural movement that turned away from medieval scholastic - ism and revived interest in ancient Greek and Roman thought . Typically , abridgments of this definition omit all senses except # 1 , such as in the Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , Collins Essential English Dictionary , and Webster 's Concise Dictionary . New York : RHR Press . 2001 . p. 177 . Jump up ^ Collins Concise Dictionary . HarperCollins ( published 1990 ) . 1999 . The rejection of religion in favour of a belief in the advancement of humanity by its own efforts . Jump up ^ In the 1888 English edition of the Communist Manifest , Friedrich Engels added a footnote with the commentary : `` That is , all written history . In 1847 , the prehistory of society , the social organization existing previous to recorded history , was all but unknown .", "55": "Since then Haxthausen discovered common ownership of land In Russia , Maurer concluded it to be the social foundation from which all Teutonic races started in history , and by and by village communities were found to be , or to have been , the primitive form of society everywhere from India to Ireland . The Inner organization of this primitive Communistic society was laid bare , In its typical form , by Morgan 's work on the true nature of the gens and Its relation to the tribe . With the dissolution of these primaeval communities society begins to be differentiated into separate and finally antagonistic classes . I have attempte to retrace this process of dissolution in `` Der Ursprung der Familie , des Privateigenthums und des Staats '' `` , from Marx , Karl , Friedrich Engels , Leon Trotsky , and Karl Marx . The Communist Manifesto and Its Relevance for Today . Chippendale , N.S.W. : Resistance Books , 1998 . p. 46 , see also Cornelius Castoriadis , Political and Social Writings . Minneapolis : University of Minnesota Press , 1993 . p. 204 Jump up ^ Marx makes no claim to have produced a master key to history . Historical materialism is not `` an historico - philosophic theory of the marche generale imposed by fate upon every people , whatever the historic circumstances in which it finds itself '' . ( Marx , Karl , Letter to editor of the Russian paper Otetchestvennye Zapiskym , 1877 ) His ideas , he explains , are based on a concrete study of the actual conditions that pertained in Europe . Jump up ^ Most notably by dividing the British crown into several sovereignties by the Statute of Westminster , the patriation of constitutions by the Canada Act 1982 and the Australia Act 1986 , and by the independence of countries such as India , Pakistan , South Africa , and Ireland , along with the 1997 return of Hong Kong to the People 's Republic of China . Jump up ^ Joseph , W.A. ( 2010 ) . Politics in China : An introduction . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Page 423 . Jump up ^ Russian Constitution of 1906 Jump up ^ ( Jastrow 1917 ) Jump up ^ Barry , John M.", "56": "( 2004 ) . The Great Influenza : The Epic Story of the Greatest Plague in History . Viking Penguin . ISBN 0 - 670 - 89473 - 7 . Jump up ^ Roderic H. Davison ; Review `` From Paris to Sèvres : The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919 -- 1920 . by Paul C. Helmreich '' in Slavic Review , Vol. 34 , No. 1 ( March , 1975 ) , pp. 186 - 187 Jump up ^ Evan Mawdsley ( 2008 ) The Russian Civil War : 42 Jump up ^ the legal notion of Odious debt had not yet been formulated Jump up ^ Cover Story : Churchill 's Greatness . Archived 2006 - 10 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Interview with Jeffrey Wallin . ( The Churchill Centre ) Jump up ^ Read , Christopher , From Tsar to Soviets , Oxford University Press ( 1996 ) , p. 237 : By 1920 , 77 % of the Red Army 's enlisted ranks were composed of peasant conscripts . Jump up ^ Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 : Typically , men of conscriptible age ( 17 - 40 ) in a village would vanish when Red Army draft units approached . The taking of hostages and a few exemplary executions usually brought the men back . Jump up ^ Overy , R.J. , The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : By the end of the civil war , one - third of all Red Army officers were ex-Tsarist voenspetsy . ^ Jump up to : Williams , Beryl , The Russian Revolution 1917 -- 1921 , Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ( 1987 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 631 - 15083 - 1 Jump up ^ Overy , R.J.", "57": ", The Dictators : Hitler 's Germany and Stalin 's Russia , W.W. Norton & Company ( 2004 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 02030 - 4 , p. 446 : Jump up ^ Hakim , Joy ( 1995 ) . War , Peace , and All That Jazz . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 41 -- 46 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509514 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Great Depression '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ Charles Duhigg , `` Depression , You Say ? Check Those Safety Nets '' , New York Times , March 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ `` Commodity Data '' . US Bureau of Labor Statistics . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Cochrane , Willard W. ( 1958 ) . `` Farm Prices , Myth and Reality '' : 15 . Jump up ^ `` World Economic Survey 1932 -- 33 '' . League of Nations : 43 . Jump up ^ Great Depression and World War II . The Library of Congress . Jump up ^ What Ended the Great Depression of 1929 ? . Source : The Federal Reserve Board web site , `` Remarks by Governor Ben Bernanke at the H. Parket Willis Lecture in Economic Policy '' , March 2 , 2004 , FDR Library Web Site . Jump up ^ Doenecke , Justus D. ; Stoler , Mark A. ( 2005 ) . Debating Franklin D. Roosevelt 's foreign policies , 1933 -- 1945 . Rowman & Littlefield . Jump up ^ Hoopes , Townsend , and Douglas Brinkley . FDR and the Creation of the U.N. ( Yale University Press , 1997 ) Jump up ^ Gaddis , John Lewis ( 1972 ) . The United States and the Origins of the Cold War , 1941 -- 1947 . Columbia University Press . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 12239 - 9 .", "58": "Jump up ^ J. Bradford DeLong , Cornucopia : Increasing Wealth in the Twentieth Century . 2000 . Jump up ^ Morrison , Wayne . Theoretical criminology : from modernity to post-modernism . Page 53 . Jump up ^ Millennium Ecosystem Assessment ( Program ) . Ecosystems and Human Well - Being . The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment series . Washington , D.C. : Island Press , 2005 . Page 12 Jump up ^ Victor Flores Olea . `` Editoriales -- El Universal -- 10 de abril 2006 : Operacion Condor '' . El Universal ( in Spanish ) . Mexico . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` University of Oxford History Faculty > Website Tools > Page not Found ( 404 Error ) '' . Further reading ( edit ) 21st - century sources Boyd , Andrew , Joshua Comenetz . An atlas of world affairs . Routledge , 2007 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39169 - 5 Black , Edwin . Internal Combustion : How Corporations and Governments Addicted the World to Oil and Derailed the Alternatives . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2006 . Briggs , Asa , and Peter Burke . A Social History of the Media : From Gutenberg to the Internet . Cambridge : Polity , 2002 . Barzun , Jacques . From Dawn to Decadence : 500 Years of Western Cultural Life : 1500 to the Present . New York : HarperCollins , 2001 . 20th - century sources Burke , Peter . A Social History of Knowledge : From Gutenberg to Diderot . Cambridge , UK : Polity , 2000 . CBS News . People of the century . Simon and Schuster , 1999 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 87093 - 2 Wang , Ke - wen . Modern China : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 .", "59": "ISBN 0 - 8153 - 0720 - 9 Huffman , James L. Modern Japan : an encyclopedia of history , culture , and nationalism . Taylor & Francis , 1998 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2525 - 8 Schlesinger , Arthur M. New Viewpoints in American History . New York : Macmillan , 1922 . Nock , Albert Jay . The Myth of a Guilty Nation . B.W. Huebsch , Incorporated , 1922 . Bakeless , John Edwin . The Economic Causes of Modern War ; A Study of the Period : 1878 -- 1918 . New York : Printed for the Department of political science of Williams college , by Moffat , Yard and Co , 1921 Day , Clive . A History of Commerce . New York ( etc . ) : Longmans , Green , and Co , 1921 . Moore , Edward Caldwell . The Spread of Christianity in the Modern World . Chicago , Ill : University of Chicago Press , 1919 . Muir , Ramsay . The Expansion of Europe ; The Culmination of Modern History . Boston : Houghton Mifflin Company , 1917 . Palat , Madhavan K. , Social Identities in Revolutionary Russia , ed . ( Macmillan , Palgrave , UK , and St Martin 's Press , New York , 2001 ) . Palat , Madhavan K. , History of Civilizations of Central Asia , ed. , vol. 6 , Towards the Contemporary Period : From The Mid-Nineteenth Century To The End Of The Twentieth Century , UNESCO , Paris 2005 . Robinson , James Harvey , and Charles Austin Beard . Readings in Modern European History ; A Collection of Extracts from the Sources Chosen with the Purpose of Illustrating Some of the Chief Phases of Development of Europe During the Last Two Hundred Years . Boston : Ginn & Co , 1908 . External links ( edit ) General Vistorica -- Timelines of European modern history Journal of Contemporary History . SAGE Publications . ISSN 1461 - 7250 ( Print ISSN 0022 - 0094 ) Contemporary History Institute ( CHI ) .", "60": "ohiou.edu ( ed. , Analyzes the contemporary period in world affairs -- the period from World War II to the present -- from an interdisciplinary historical perspective . ) China and Europe , 1500 -- 2000 and Beyond : What is Modern ? . Columbia University Videos The French Revolution : Crash Course World History # 29 -- YouTube Haitian Revolutions : Crash Course World History # 30 -- YouTube Latin American Revolutions : Crash Course World History # 31 -- YouTube Coal , Steam , and The Industrial Revolution : Crash Course World History # 32 -- YouTube Capitalism and Socialism : Crash Course World History # 33 -- YouTube Samurai , Daimyo , Matthew Perry , and Nationalism : Crash Course World History # 34 -- YouTube Imperialism : Crash Course World History # 35 -- YouTube Archdukes , Cynicism , and World War I : Crash Course World History # 36 -- YouTube Communists , Nationalists , and China 's Revolutions : Crash Course World History # 37 -- YouTube World War II : Crash Course World History # 38 -- YouTube USA vs USSR Fight ! The Cold War : Crash Course World History # 39 -- YouTube Decolonization and Nationalism Triumphant : Crash Course World History # 40 -- YouTube ( hide ) Big History Themes and subjects Chronology of the universe Cosmic evolution Deep time Time scales Goldilocks principle Modernity Eight thresholds 1 : Creation - Big Bang and cosmogony 2 : Stars - creation of stars 3 : Elements - creation of chemical elements inside dying stars 4 : Planets - formation of planets 5 : Life - abiogenesis and evolution of life 6 : Humans - development of Homo sapiens Paleolithic era 7 : Agriculture - Agricultural Revolution 8 : Modernity - modern era Web - based education Big History Project Crash Course Big History ChronoZoom Notable people Walter Alvarez Eric Chaisson David Christian Bill Gates Carl Sagan Graeme Snooks Cynthia Stokes Brown Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "61": "php?title=Modern_history&oldid=807203428 '' Categories : Modern history Historical eras Historiography Postmodern theory Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with minor POV problems Articles with minor POV problems from July 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 Articles which contain graphical timelines Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Boarisch Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Esperanto فارسی 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska עברית ქართული Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Magyar Nederlands Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Plattdüütsch Română Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Võro Winaray Zazaki 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 15 : 28 . 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[ 0, 6, 3, 51, 10 ]

[ "special economic zones", "special economic zones" ]

{ "0": "Maquiladora - wikipedia Maquiladora Jump to : navigation , search A maquila in Mexico In Mexico , a maquiladora ( Spanish pronunciation : ( makilaˈðoɾa ) ) or maquila ( IPA : ( maˈkila ) ) is a manufacturing operation , where factories import certain material and equipment on a duty - free and tariff - free basis for assembly , processing , or manufacturing and then export the assembled , processed and / or manufactured products , sometimes back to the raw materials ' country of origin . They are an example of special economic zones as seen in many countries . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Growth and development 3 Working conditions 4 Gender composition of workforce 5 Environmental effects 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 8.1 Books 8.2 Journal articles 8.3 Government / NGO reports 8.4 News 8.5 Music 8.6 Video 9 External links History ( edit ) In 1964 , the Bracero Program , which allowed Mexican agricultural workers to work legally in the U.S. on a seasonal basis , came to an end . Less than a year after the end of the Bracero Program , the Mexican Government launched the Border Industrialization Program ( BIP ) or the Maquiladora Program , to solve the problem of rising unemployment along the border . The maquiladoras became attractive to US firms due to the availability of cheap labor , devaluations of the peso and favorable changes in US customs laws . In 1985 , maquiladoras overtook tourism as the largest source of foreign exchange , and since 1996 they have been the second largest industry in Mexico behind the petroleum industry . Following the 1994 North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) , the growth of maquila plants skyrocketed . During the five years before NAFTA , the maquila employment had grown at a rate of 47 % ; this figure increased to 86 % in the next five years . The number of factories also increased dramatically . In the five years preceding NAFTA , 564 new plants opened ; in the five years following , 1460 plants opened . However , the maquiladora growth is largely attributable to growth in US demand , and devaluation of the peso and not NAFTA itself .", "1": "In the 1970s , most maquiladoras were located around the Mexico -- United States border . By 1994 , these were spread in the interior parts of the country , although the majority of the plants were still near the border . Recent research indicates that the maquiladora industry affects U.S. border city employment in service sectors . Although the maquiladora industry suffered due to the early 2000s recession , maquiladoras constituted 54 % of the US - Mexico trade in 2004 , and by 2005 , the maquiladora exports accounted for half of Mexico 's exports . The industry had become an important source of foreign direct investment and foreign exchange for Mexico . In the 2000s , the maquila industry faced competition due to rise of other countries with availability of cheap labor , including Malaysia , India , and Pakistan . The biggest threat came from China 's Special Economic Areas . Growth and Development ( edit ) During the later half of the sixties , maquiladora industries rapidly expanded geographically and economically and by 1985 , had become Mexico 's second largest source of income from exports , behind oil . Since 1973 , maquiladoras have also accounted for nearly half of Mexico 's export assembly . Between 1995 and 2000 , exports of assembled products in Mexico tripled , and the rate of the industry 's growth amounted to about one new factory per day . By the late twentieth century , the industry accounted for 25 percent of Mexico 's gross domestic product , and 17 percent of total Mexican employment . Since globalization and physical restructuring have contributed to the competition and advent of low - cost offshore assembly in places such as China , and countries in Central America , maquiladoras in Mexico have been on the decline since 2000 : According to federal sources , approximately 529 maquiladoras shut down and investment in assembly plants decreased by 8.2 percent in 2002 after the imposition of countervailing duties on Chinese products , not available in North America , that were part of the electronics supply chain . Despite the decline , over 3,000 maquiladoras still exist along the 2,000 mile - long United States -- Mexico border , providing employment for approximately one million workers , and importing more than $51 billion in supplies into Mexico .", "2": "Research indicates that maquiladoras ' post-NAFTA growth is connected to changes in Mexican wages relative to those in Asia and in the United States , and to fluctuations in U.S. industrial production . As of 2006 , maquiladoras still accounted for 45 percent of Mexico 's exports . Maquiladoras , in general , are best represented among operations that are particularly assembly intensive . Working conditions ( edit ) See also : Sweatshop One of the main goals of the Border Industrialization Program was to attract foreign investment . Mexican blue - collar labor is kept cheap and competitive with other major export countries by devaluations in the peso , often corresponding with the end of presidential terms . Mexicans work for approximately one - sixth of the U.S. hourly rate . Young women are often preferred over older women , as younger women are capable of working longer hours . Although Mexican labor law is much more stringent than American labor laws ( e.g. the requirement that workers be paid three months severance after as much time on the job , should they be let go without cause ) , women are sometimes subjected to unsafe and unsanitary working conditions . Poverty is a key factor that motivates women , in particular , to work in maquiladoras . The minimum wage set by the Mexican government is barely enough to help sustain a family . The minimum wage `` buys only about a quarter of the basic necessities that are essential for a typical worker 's family '' . Maquilas pay at much higher than the minimum wage in most markets since there is a lot of competition for the best workers , and workers will not work without transportation and other bonuses . The 2015 Minimum wage is 70.1 pesos per day in Tijuana ( minimum wages vary by zone and worker classification ) or about $0.55 per hour at the current exchange rate of 16 pesos per dollar , while most entry level positions in maquilas pay closer to $2 per hour including bonuses and 25 % Social Security and housing and retirement . Gender composition of workforce ( edit ) Mexico possesses a strong system of labor laws , yet enforcement of these laws within the maquiladora industry is often lax. ⁠ ⁠ While most people who were employed under the original Bracero Program were men , the majority of maquiladora employees are young women .", "3": "Environmental effects ( edit ) Both the United States and Mexican governments claim to be committed to environmental protection , yet environmental policies have not always been enforced. ⁠ ⁠ However , maquilas are required to be certified and to provide an environmental impact statement . In Mexico , most maquiladoras are global players that use international standards for waste treatment and disposal that exceed Mexican requirements and that require any waste generated to be re-exported . Although the La Paz Agreement signed by Mexico and the United States in 1983 requires hazardous waste created by United States corporations to be transported back to the United States for disposal , the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) reports that only 91 of the 600 maquiladoras located along the Texas - Mexico border have returned hazardous waste to the United States since 1987 . This is likely due to the fact that most maquiladoras are factories that perform sewing and assembly of consumer products and many of the materials that are considered hazardous are incorporated into those products . Maquiladoras offer showers and sanitary facilities to workers that often lack running water , thus reducing waste . The United States Geological Survey , the state of California , and the Imperial County Health Department -- among others -- have all asserted that the New River , which flows from Mexicali , Baja California , Mexico near the Mexico -- United States border into California 's Salton Sea , is `` ... the dirtiest river in America . '' The EPA 's US -- Mexico Border 2012 Program has an extensive plan to help with environmental issues along that border . See also ( edit ) Mexico portal Dominican Republic - Central America Free Trade Agreement Economy of Mexico Free Trade Area of the Americas Free Trade Globalization Colonia ( Mexico ) Latin American economy Maquila Decree Maquila Solidarity Network References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Also referred to as a `` twin plant '' , or `` in - bond '' industry . Jump up ^ Ferrante - Wallace , Joan ( 2006 ) . Sociology : a global perspective . p. 38 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 4950 - 0561 - 2 . OCLC 61232264 . Jump up ^ Louie , Miriam C.Y. ( 2001 ) . Sweatshop warriors : immigrant women workers take on the global factory .", "4": "South End Press . p. 69 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89608 - 638 - 8 . Jump up ^ Larudee , Mehrene . `` Causes of Growth and Decline in Mexico 's Apparel Sector . '' International Review of Applied Economics , Vol 21 , September 2007 . pp539 - 559 . Jump up ^ Truett , Lila and Truett , Dale . `` NAFTA and the Maquiladoras : Boon or Bane . '' Contemporary Economic Policy , Vol 25 , July 2007 . pp374 - 386 ^ Jump up to : Vietor , Richard H.K. and Veytsman , Alexander . `` American Outsourcing . '' Harvard Business School Case Study No. 9 - 705 - 037 , rev . February 2 , 2007 ( Boston , MA : HBS Publishing , 2005 ) , p. 6 . `` The devaluation of the peso in 1994 , which overnight reduced all peso - denominated manufacturing costs including energy and labor , improving the profitability of the maquiladoras , explains the growth spurt more than the changes in duties that were the result of NAFTA . US tariffs were already low , and Mexican duties were already not charged to maquiladoras . '' Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , The Impact of the Maquiladora Industry on U.S. Border Cities , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Stoddard , Ellwyn R. Maquila : Assembly Plants in Northern Alaska . p. 2 . ^ Jump up to : Shorris , Earl . The Life and Times of Mexico . p. 531 Jump up ^ Hausman , Angela and Diana L Haytko . Cross-border Supply Chain Relationships : Interpretive Research of Maquiladora Realized Strategies . p. 25 . Jump up ^ Villalobos , J Rene , et al. Inbound for Mexico . p. 38 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas , Did NAFTA Really Cause Mexico 's High Maquiladora Growth ? , July 2001 Jump up ^ Gruben , William C. and Sherry L. Kiser . The Border Economy : NAFTA and Maquiladoras : Is the Growth Connected ?", "5": "Jump up ^ The Human Race : Escaping From History . Employee turnover is also relatively high , p. 52 . Jump up ^ Aguilar , Delia D. , Lacsamana , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . Women and Globalization . New York : Humanity Books . p. 130 . ISBN 1591021626 . Jump up ^ Kopinak , Kathryn ( 1995 ) . `` Gender as a Vehicle for the Subordination of Women Maquiladora Workers in Mexico '' . Latin American Perspectives. 22 : 36 . doi : 10.1177 / 0094582x9502200103 . Jump up ^ Minimum wage , Zeta , December 31 , 2014 . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . Jump up ^ How to start , cost of business , Tijuana EDC . Retrieved 22 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kamel , Rachel ; Hoffman , Anya ( 1999 ) . The maquiladora reader : cross-border organizing since NAFTA . Philadelphia , PA : American Friends Service Committee . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9100 - 8235 - 8 . OCLC 647067991 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 05 . Master and use copy . Digital master created according to Benchmark for Faithful Digital Reproductions of Monographs and Serials , Version 1 . Digital Library Federation , December 2002 . Jump up ^ Kelly , Mary E. Free Trade : The Politics of Toxic Waste . p. 48 Jump up ^ `` New River Pollution in Mexico , A Historical Overview '' ( PDF ) . Regional Water Quality Control Board . December 1 , 1998 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Sklair , Leslie . Assembling For Development : The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States . p. 94 . Jump up ^ US - Mexico Border 2012 Program Archived 2008 - 05 - 03 at the Wayback Machine .", "6": "Further reading ( edit ) Books ( edit ) Baklanoff , Eric N. ( 2008 ) . `` Yucatan : Mexico 's other maquiladora frontier '' . In Baklanoff , Eric N. ; Moseley , Edward H. Yucatán in an era of globalization . University of Alabama Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8173 - 5476 - 3 . Broughton , Chad ( 2015 ) . Boom , Bust , Exodus : The Rust Belt , the Maquilas , and a Tale of Two Cities . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0199765614 . Shorris , Earl ( 2006 ) . The Life and Times of Mexico . W.W. Norton and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32767 - 0 . Sklair , Leslie ( 2011 ) . Assembling for Development : The Maquila Industry in Mexico and the United States . Taylor & Francis . Journal articles ( edit ) Brown , Garrett D. `` Protecting Workers ' Health and Safety in the Globalizing Economy through International Trade Treaties '' . International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health . Apr - Jun 2005 . Choi , Dae Won and Martin Kenney . `` The Globalization of Korean Industry : Korean Maquiladoras in Mexico . '' ( Archive ) Frontera Norte , January -- July 1997 . Volume 5 , No. 7 . p. 5 - 22 . Article in English , abstract available in Spanish . Clapp , Jennifer . Piles of Poisons : Despite NAFTA 's Green Promises , Hazardous Waste Problems are Deepening in Mexico . Alternatives Journal , Vol. 28 , Iss. 2 . Waterloo : Spring 2002 . Hampton , Elaine . Globalization Legacy : A View of U.S. Factory Involvement in Mexican Education . Multicultural Education . Summer 2004 . Hausman , Angela and Diana L. Haytko . Cross-Border Supply Chain Relationships : Interpretive Research of Maquiladora Realized Strategies . The Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing , Vol 18 , Iss. 6 / 7 .", "7": "Santa Barbara : 2003 Moffatt , Allison . Murder , Mystery and Mistreatment in Mexican Maquiladoras . Women & Environments International Magazines 66 ( 2006 ) : 19 . Villalobos , J. Rene , et al. , Inbound for Mexico . Industrial Engineer . Norcross : April 2004 . Vol. 36 , Iss. 4 . Government / ngo reports ( edit ) Gruben , William C. and Sherry L. Kiser . The Border Economy : NAFTA and Maquiladoras : Is the Growth Connected ? Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas . June 2001 . Human Rights Watch . No Guarantees : Sex Discrimination in Mexico 's Maquiladora Sector . The Maquiladora Reader . Philadelphia : Mexico - U.S. Border Program , 1999 . News ( edit ) Article on worker - run maquiladora in El Salvador Music ( edit ) Maquiladora - Radiohead Video ( edit ) Campbell , Monica . Maquiladoras : Rethinking NAFTA . PBS , 2002 . The Human Race : Escaping From History . dir . Josh Freed . Green Lion Productions Inc. , videocassette , 1994 . Maquilapolis Documentary External links ( edit ) Maquiladora Slavery , . June 1 , 2009 Look up maquiladora in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Maquiladora . CorpWatch , Maquiladoras at a Glance . June 30 , 1999 .", "8": "International Museum of Women Feature on Maquiladoras ( hide ) Mexico articles History Pre-Columbian era Colonial era War of Independence First Mexican Empire First Mexican Republic Centralist Republic Texas Revolution Pastry War Mexican -- American War Second Mexican Republic La Reforma French intervention Second Mexican Empire Porfiriato Mexican Revolution Cristero War Maximato Institutional Revolutionary Party Mexican miracle Chiapas conflict Mexican Drug War Geography Borders Cities Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Forests Islands Metropolitan areas Mountains Protected Natural Areas Rivers States Territorial evolution Time Volcanos Water resources Wettest - known tropical cyclones Politics Administrative divisions Congress Senate Chamber of Deputies Constitution Elections Federal government Foreign relations Human rights Intersex LGBT Law Law enforcement Military Political parties President Cabinet Supreme Court State legislatures Economy Agriculture Automotive market Central bank Companies Economic history Energy Irrigation Labor law North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) Oil Pension system Peso ( currency ) Petroleum Science and technology States by GDP States by unemployment Stock exchange Telecommunications Tourism Transportation Water scarcity Society Corruption Crime Demographics Education Health Immigration Nationality law People Poverty Religion States by HDI Water supply and sanitation Welfare Women Culture Architecture Art Visual arts Cinema Cuisine Flags Folklore Handcrafts and folk art Languages Literature Monuments Music National symbols Public holidays Radio Sports Television World Heritage Sites Outline Index Book Portal Jump up ^ http://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=westfall Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "9": "php?title=Maquiladora&oldid=810470186 '' Categories : Economy of Mexico Economy of the United States International trade Mexico -- United States relations Spanish words and phrases Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Languages Català Čeština Deutsch Español Euskara Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 13 : 07 . 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[ 6, 4, 1, 3, 7, 8, 5, 9, 2, 0 ]

[ 0, 6, 4, 1, 3 ]

[ "a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia", "a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia", "a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia", "the churches of Galatia", "a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia" ]

{ "0": "Epistle to the Galatians - wikipedia Epistle to the Galatians Jump to : navigation , search Part of a series of articles on Paul in the Bible Pauline literature ( show ) Romans I Corinthians II Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians I Thessalonians II Thessalonians Pastoral epistles I Timothy II Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews Authorship ( show ) Paul the Apostle Related literature ( show ) Lost epistles Apocalypse of Paul Coptic Apocalypse of Paul Corinthians to Paul Acts of Paul Paul and Thecla Peter and Paul Prayer of Paul See also ( show ) Apostle ( Christian ) Pauline Christianity Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts The Epistle to the Galatians , often shortened to Galatians , is the ninth book of the New Testament . It is a letter from Paul the Apostle to a number of Early Christian communities in Galatia . Scholars have suggested that this is either the Roman province of Galatia in southern Anatolia , or a large region defined by an ethnic group of Celtic people in central Anatolia . Paul is principally concerned with the controversy surrounding Gentile Christians and the Mosaic Law during the Apostolic Age . Paul argues that the Gentile Galatians do not need to adhere to the tenets of the Mosaic Law , particularly circumcision , by contextualizing the role of the law in light of the revelation of Christ . Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity , the development of Christian theology , and the study of the apostle Paul . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 1.1 Authenticity 1.2 Galatia 1.2. 1 North Galatian view 1.2.", "1": "2 South Galatian view 1.2. 3 Earliest epistle 2 Outline 3 Contents 4 Significance 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) No original of the letter is known to survive . The earliest reasonably complete version available to scholars today , named P , dates to approximately the year 200 AD , approximately 150 years after the original was presumably drafted . This papyrus is fragmented in a few areas , causing some of the original text carefully preserved over the years to be missing , `` however , through careful research relating to paper construction , handwriting development , and the established principles of textual criticism , scholars can be rather certain about where these errors and changes appeared and what the original text probably said . '' Some scholars date the original composition to c. 50 -- 60 AD . Other scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s . Authenticity ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Pauline Epistles Biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul 's writing . The main arguments in favor of the authenticity of Galatians include its style and themes , which are common to the core letters of the Pauline corpus . Moreover , Paul 's possible description of the Council of Jerusalem ( Gal. 2 : 1 -- 10 ) gives a different point of view from the description in Acts 15 : 2 -- 29 , if it is , in fact , describing the Jerusalem Council . The central dispute in the letter concerns the question of how Gentiles could convert to Christianity , which shows that this letter was written at a very early stage in church history , when the vast majority of Christians were Jewish or Jewish proselytes , which historians refer to as the Jewish Christians . Another indicator that the letter is early is that there is no hint in the letter of a developed organization within the Christian community at large . This puts it during the lifetime of Paul himself . Nevertheless , a small number of scholars have questioned Paul 's authorship of Galatians , such as Bruno Bauer , Abraham Loman , C.H. Weisse and Frank R. McGuire .", "2": "Galatia ( edit ) Paul 's letter is addressed `` to the churches of Galatia '' ( Galatians 1 : 2 ) , but the location of these churches is a matter of debate . A minority of scholars have argued that the `` Galatia '' is an ethnic reference to a Celtic people living in northern Asia Minor , but most agree that it is a geographical reference to the Roman province in central Asia Minor , which had been settled by immigrant Celts in the 270s BC and retained Gaulish features of culture and language in Paul 's day . Acts of the Apostles records Paul traveling to the `` region of Galatia and Phrygia '' , which lies immediately west of Galatia . Some claim the New Testament says that the churches of Galatia ( Antioch of Pisidia , Iconium , Lystra and Derbe ) were founded by Paul himself ( Acts 16 : 6 ; Galatians. 1 : 8 ; 4 : 13 ; 4 : 19 ) . They seem to have been composed mainly of converts from paganism ( Galatians 4 : 8 ) . After Paul 's departure , the churches were led astray from Paul 's trust / faith - centered teachings by individuals proposing `` another gospel '' ( which centered on salvation through the Mosaic law , so - called legalism ) , whom Paul saw as preaching a `` different gospel '' from what Paul had taught ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 9 ) . The Galatians appear to have been receptive to the teaching of these newcomers , and the epistle is Paul 's response to what he sees as their willingness to turn from his teaching . The identity of these `` opponents '' is disputed . However , the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians , who taught that in order for converts to belong to the People of God , they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law , ( i.e. Judaizers ) . The letter indicates controversy concerning circumcision , Sabbath observance , and the Mosaic Covenant . It would appear , from Paul 's response , that they cited the example of Abraham , who was circumcised as a mark of receiving the covenant blessings ( Genesis 17 ) .", "3": "They certainly appear to have questioned Paul 's authority as an apostle , perhaps appealing to the greater authority of the Jerusalem church governed by James ( brother of Jesus ) . North Galatian view ( edit ) The North Galatian view holds that the epistle was written very soon after Paul 's second visit to Galatia ( Acts 18 : 23 ) . In this view , the visit to Jerusalem , mentioned in Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 , is identical with that of Acts 15 , which is spoken of as a thing of the past . Consequently , the epistle seems to have been written after the Council of Jerusalem . The similarity between this epistle and the epistle to the Romans has led to the conclusion that they were both written at roughly the same time , during Paul 's stay in Macedonia in roughly 56 -- 57 . This third date takes the word `` quickly '' in Gal. 1 : 6 literally . John P. Meier suggests that Galatians was `` written in the middle or late 50s , only a few years after the Antiochene incident he narrates '' . Eminent Biblical scholar Helmut Koester also subscribes to the `` North Galatian Hypothesis '' . Koester points out that the cities of Galatia in the north consist of Ankyra , Pessinus , and Gordium ( of the Gordian Knot fame of Alexander the Great ) . South Galatian view ( edit ) The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before or shortly after the First Jerusalem Council , probably on his way to it , and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus ( he would have traveled a short distance , since Tarsus is in Cilicia ) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian , or during his first missionary journey , when he traveled throughout southern Galatia . If it was written to the believers in South Galatia , it would likely have been written in 49 . Earliest epistle ( edit ) A third theory is that Galatians 2 : 1 -- 10 describes Paul and Barnabas ' visit to Jerusalem described in Acts 11 : 30 and 12 : 25 .", "4": "This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened , possibly making it the earliest of Paul 's epistles . According to this theory , the revelation mentioned ( Gal 2 : 2 ) corresponds with the prophecy of Agabus ( Acts 11 : 27 -- 28 ) . This view holds that the private speaking about the gospel shared among the Gentiles precludes the Acts 15 visit , but fits perfectly with Acts 11 . It further holds that continuing to remember the poor ( Gal. 2 : 10 ) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit , but not Acts 15 . In addition , the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist , since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians . Finally , this view doubts Paul 's confrontation of Peter ( Gal. 2 : 11 ) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15 . If this view is correct , the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47 , depending on other difficult to date events , such as Paul 's conversion . Kirsopp Lake found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council ( Acts 15 ) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11 : 30 / 12 : 25 , as this view holds . Defenders of the view do not think it unlikely an issue of such magnitude would need to be discussed more than once . Renowned New Testament scholar J.B. Lightfoot also objected to this view since it `` clearly implies that his ( Paul 's ) Apostolic office and labours were well known and recognized before this conference . '' Defenders of this view , such as Ronald Fung , disagree with both parts of Lightfoot 's statement , insisting a ) Paul received his `` Apostolic Office '' at his conversion ( Gal. 1 : 15 -- 17 ; Ac. 9 ) . Fung holds , then , that Paul 's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus ( Acts 9 : 20 ) . While accepting that Paul 's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Gal.", "5": "2 / Acts 11 : 30 , Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory . Outline ( edit ) Valentin de Boulogne 's depiction of `` Saint Paul Writing His Epistles '' , 16th century ( Blaffer Foundation Collection , Houston , Texas ) . Lightfoot notes with respect to verse 6 : 11 that at this point `` the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand '' . The citation here is based on the content of the gospel . Alternative outlines have been introduced based on the rhetorical form of the letter .", "6": "Galatians Salutation ( 1 : 1 -- 5 ) No other gospel : Paul expresses displeasure that the community has turned from the gospel ( 1 : 6 -- 10 ) The past of Paul , including his life in Judaism ( 1 : 13 -- 14 ) , his `` apocalypse '' from God , often understood as the Conversion of Paul ( 1 : 15 -- 16 ) , and his early ministry ( 1 : 17 -- 24 ) a meeting with the `` pillar apostles '' in Jerusalem , possibly the Council of Jerusalem reported in Acts 15 ( 2 : 1 -- 10 ) The Paul / Cephas Incident at Antioch , where Cephas backed down from his previous table fellowship with Gentiles ( 2 : 11 -- 14 ) Paul 's speech expressing that Jews , like Gentiles , are declared righteous by faith ( 2 : 15 -- 21 ) A Consideration of Law or Faith ( 3 : 1 -- 14 ) Law and Promise ( 3 : 15 -- 20 ) Slaves and Sons ( 3 : 21 -- 4 : 7 ) Sons of God ( 3 : 26 ) Concern for the Galatians ( 4 : 8 -- 20 ) Allegorical Interpretation of Hagar and Sarah ( 4 : 21 -- 5 : 1 ) Christian Freedom ( 5 : 1 -- 15 ) Love thy neighbour ( 5 : 14 ) Fruit of the Spirit ( 5 : 16 -- 26 ) The Law of Christ ( 6 : 1 -- 10 ) Final Warning and Benediction ( 6 : 11 -- 18 ) Contents ( edit ) See also : Biblical law in Christianity This epistle addresses the question of whether the Gentiles in Galatia were obligated to follow Mosaic Law to be part of the Christ community . After an introductory address ( Galatians 1 : 1 -- 10 ) , the apostle discusses the subjects which had occasioned the epistle . In the first two chapters , Paul discusses his life before Christ and his early ministry , including interactions with other apostles in Jerusalem .", "7": "This is the most extended discussion of Paul 's past that we find in the Pauline letters ( cf . Philippians 3 : 1 -- 7 ) . Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul 's defense of his apostolic authority ( 1 : 11 -- 19 ; 2 : 1 -- 14 ) . Others , however , see Paul 's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians ' own situation . Chapter 3 exhorts the Galatian believers to stand fast in the faith as it is in Jesus . Paul engages in an exegetical argument , drawing upon the figure of Abraham and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision . Paul explains that the law was introduced as a temporary measure , one that is no longer efficacious now that the seed of Abraham , Christ , has come . Chapter 4 then concludes with a summary of the topics discussed and with the benediction , followed by 5 : 1 -- 6 : 10 teaching about the right use of their Christian freedom . In the conclusion of the epistle , Paul wrote , `` See with what large letters I am writing to you with my own hand . '' ( Galatians 6 : 11 , ESV ) Regarding this conclusion , Lightfoot , in his Commentary on the epistle , says : `` At this point the apostle takes the pen from his amanuensis , and the concluding paragraph is written with his own hand . From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his hand - writing may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . '' Alternatively , some commentators have postulated that Paul 's thorn in the flesh was poor eyesight , which caused him to write in characteristically large letters .", "8": "Galatians also contains a catalogue of vices and virtues , a popular formulation of ancient Christian ethics . Probably the most famous single statement made in the Epistle , by Paul , is in chapter 3 , verse 28 : `` There is neither Jew nor Gentile , neither slave nor free , nor is there male and female , for you are all one in Christ Jesus . '' The debate surrounding that verse is legend and the two schools of thought are ( 1 ) this only applies to the spiritual standing of people in the eyes of God , it does not implicate social distinctions and gender roles on earth ; and ( 2 ) this is not just about our spiritual standing but is also very much about how we relate to each other and treat each other in the here and now . Position ( 1 ) emphasises the immediate context of the verse and notes that it is embedded in a discussion about justification : our relationship with God . Position ( 2 ) reminds its critics that the `` whole letter context '' is very much about how people got on in the here and now together , and in fact the discussion about justification came out of an actual example of people treating other people differently ( 2 : 11ff ) . Significance ( edit ) As Canadian religious historian , Barrie Wilson , points out in How Jesus Became Christian , Paul 's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law ( Torah ) . In so doing Paul clearly takes his Christ movement out of the orbit of Judaism and into an entirely different milieu . Paul 's stance constitutes a major contrast to the position of James , brother of Jesus , whose group in Jerusalem adhered to the observance of Torah . Many scholars question whether Paul 's view dovetails with Jesus ' own teachings concerning the Law . See also ( edit ) Paul the Apostle and Judaism Prayer of St. John Gabriel Perboyre to Jesus Textual variants in the Epistle to the Galatians References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Betz , H.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Galatians , Epistle to the '' . Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary . Jump up ^ Riches , John ( 2008 ) . Galatians Through the Centuries . West Sussex , UK : Wiley - Blackwell .", "9": "Jump up ^ Ehrman , Bart ( 2005 ) Misquoting Jesus : The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why , Harper SanFrancisco . ISBN 0 - 06 - 073817 - 0 . p. 60 . Jump up ^ Metzger , Bruce M. , A Textual Commentary on the New Testament , 2nd ed. , United Bible Societies , 1994 . 1 -- 16 . ISBN 3 - 438 - 06010 - 8 Jump up ^ `` Early Christian Writings '' . Jump up ^ M. Coogan , ed . The New Oxford Annotated Bible ( Oxford University Press : New York , 2001 ) , 309 NT . ^ Jump up to : Holladay , Carl R. ( 2005 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press . pp. 463 -- 66 . Jump up ^ Longenecker , Richard ( 1990 ) . Galatians . Zondervan . p. lviii . Jump up ^ Acts 16 : 6 and Acts 18 : 23 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 , Acts 20 : 2 -- 3 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 . Jump up ^ Brown , Raymond E. and Meier , John P. Antioch & Rome : New Testament Cradles of Catholic Christianity ( Paulist Press : New York , 1983 ) 113 . Jump up ^ Koester , Helmut , Introduction to the New Testament , Volume 2 ( Walter de Gruyter & Co. : Berlin , 2000 ) 114 . ( Jump up ^ Acts 9 : 30 Jump up ^ Craig Evans , The Bible Knowledge Background Commentary ( Colorado Springs , CO : Victor 2004 ) , 2 : 462 . Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 16 -- 22 .", "10": "See also New Testament Study Helps : Galatians Theology WebSite Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 . Jump up ^ Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 . Jump up ^ Kirsopp Lake , The Beginnings of Christianity , vol 5 . ed F.J. Foakes - Jackson and K. Lake ( London : 1920 -- 33 ) , 201 . Jump up ^ I.H. Marshall , The Acts of the Apostles ( Tyndale New Testament Commentaries ; Grand Rapids , 1980 ) , 205 . ^ Jump up to : Ronald Y.K. Fung , The Epistle to the Galatians ( Grand Rapids , MI : Eerdman 's Press , 1988 ) , 19 Jump up ^ Lightfoot continues , `` From the time when letters began to be forged in his name ( 2 Thessalonians 2 : 2 ; 2 Thessalonians 3 : 17 ) it seems to have been his practice to close with a few words in his own handwriting , as a precaution against such forgeries ... In the present case he writes a whole paragraph , summing up the main lessons of the epistle in terse , eager , disjointed sentences . He writes it , too , in large , bold characters ( Gr . pelikois grammasin ) , that his handwriting may reflect the energy and determination of his soul . '' Joseph Barber Lightfoot , Commentary on the Epistle to the Galatians . Jump up ^ Betz , H.D. ( 1993 ) . `` Paul '' . Yale Anchor Bible Dictionary . Jump up ^ Holladay , Carl R. ( 2005 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament . Nashville , TN : Abingdon Press . pp. 466 -- 67 . Jump up ^ John M.G.", "11": "Barclay , `` Paul 's Story : Theology as Testimony , '' in Narrative Dynamics in Paul ( Louisville London : Westminster John Knox , 2002 ) , 133 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Lightfoot , J.B. 1865 . St. Paul 's Epistle to the Galatians . Cambridge : Macmillan . pp. 211 -- 12 Jump up ^ Galatians , Tyndale New Testament Commentary , revised edition , p. 233 . Jump up ^ Pate , C. Marvin ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . The Reverse of the Curse : Paul , Wisdom , and the Law . Mohr Siebeck . ISBN 9783161472862 . Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher , `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women , or of limited application ? '' Expository Times . ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77 . March 2012 . Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ For an overview of the two theories see Jim Reiher , `` Galatians 3 : 28 : liberating for women , or Asof limited application ? '' Expository Times . ( 123.6 ) pp. 272 -- 77 . March 2012 . Reiher comes down on the side of position ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Barrie Wilson . How Jesus Became Christian . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2008 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` Galatians , Epistle to the '' . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Galatians Wikiquote has quotations related to : Epistle to the Galatians Online translations of the Epistle to Galatians : Bible Gateway 35 languages / 50 versions at GospelCom.", "12": "net Unbound Bible 100 + languages / versions at Biola University Galatians -- King James Bible Online Bible at GospelHall.org Galatians public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Related articles : A Brief Introduction to Galatians Galatians , Paul ,", "13": "The Torah - Law & Legalism John Chrysostom 's Commentary on Galatians An alternative commentary on Galatians A Secular Site on Galatians Jewish messianic Commentary on Galatians ( Jerusalem ) Epistle to the Galatians Pauline Epistle Preceded by Second Corinthians New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by Ephesians Epistle to the Galatians Bible Galatians 1 5 6 Bible portal Places Antioch Arabia Cilicia Damascus Galatia Jerusalem Judea Syria Persons Abraham Barnabas Hagar Isaac James Jesus Christ John Paul Peter / Cephas Sarah Titus Phrases Fruit of the Holy Spirit Incident at Antioch Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Second Epistle to the Corinthians ( chapter 13 ) Epistle to the Ephesians ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 ,", "14": "and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book VIAF : 177784291 GND : 4075945 - 3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epistle_to_the_Galatians&oldid=818720366 '' Categories : Epistle to the Galatians Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Pages with numeric Bible version references All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from October 2013 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Easton 's Bible Dictionary Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers", "15": "Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans ܐܪܡܝܐ Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kaszëbsczi Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski", "16": "Português Română Runa Simi Русский Gagana Samoa Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 January 2018 , at 05 : 13 . 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[ 2, 6, 0, 3, 8, 4, 7, 1, 9, 12, 13, 14, 11, 10, 5, 15, 16 ]

[ 2, 6, 0, 3, 8 ]

[ "pop ballad", "Traditional pop", "jazz", "pop ballad", "a pop ballad", "pop ballad" ]

{ "0": "What a Wonderful World - wikipedia What a Wonderful World Jump to : navigation , search For the Sam Cooke song , see Wonderful World ( Sam Cooke song ) . For other uses , see Wonderful World ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` What a Wonderful World '' Single by Louis Armstrong from the album What a Wonderful World B - side `` Cabaret '' Released October 18 , 1967 Format 7 '' Recorded August 16 , 1967 Genre Traditional pop jazz Length 2 : 21 Label ABC 10982 , HMV Songwriter ( s ) Bob Thiele ( as George Douglas ) George David Weiss Producer ( s ) Bob Thiele Louis Armstrong singles chronology `` Mi va de cantare '' ( 1967 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 1967 ) `` Hello Brother '' ( 1968 ) `` Mi va de cantare '' ( 1967 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' ( 1967 ) `` Hello Brother '' ( 1968 ) `` What a Wonderful World '' is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele ( as `` George Douglas '' ) and George David Weiss . It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single , which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom . Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world ( Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer / performer ) . Armstrong 's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 . The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group , Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Charts and certifications 2.1 Peak positions 2.2 Certifications 3 Notable versions 4 Appearances in film and television 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Sources 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification .", "1": "Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song was initially offered to Tony Bennett , who turned it down . Thereafter , it was offered to Louis Armstrong . George Weiss recounts in the book Off the Record : Songwriters on Songwriting by Graham Nash that he wrote the song specifically for Louis Armstrong . Weiss was inspired by Armstrong 's ability to bring people of different races together . The song was not initially a hit in the United States , where it sold fewer than 1,000 copies because ABC Records head Larry Newton did not like the song and therefore did not promote it , but was a major success in the United Kingdom , reaching number one on the UK Singles Chart . In the United States , the song hit No. 116 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Chart . It was also the biggest - selling single of 1968 in the UK where it was among the last pop singles issued by HMV Records before becoming an exclusive classical music label . The song made Louis Armstrong the oldest male to top the UK Singles Chart , at sixty - six years and ten months old . Armstrong 's record was broken in 2009 when a remake of `` Islands in the Stream '' recorded for Comic Relief -- which included the 68 - year - old Tom Jones -- reached number one in that chart . Tony Bennett did go on to record `` What A Wonderful World '' several times , as in 2003 with k.d. lang , paying homage to Bennett 's friend , Armstrong . ABC Records ' European distributor EMI forced ABC to issue a What a Wonderful World album in 1968 ( catalogue number ABCS - 650 ) . It did not chart in the United States , due to ABC not promoting it , but charted in the UK where it was issued by Stateside Records with catalogue number SSL 10247 and peaked on the British chart at No. 37 . The song gradually became something of a standard and reached a new level of popularity .", "2": "In 1978 , Armstrong 's 1967 recording was featured in the closing scenes of the first series of BBC radio 's cult hit , The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy , and was repeated for BBC 's 1981 TV adaptation of the series . In 1988 , Armstrong 's recording appeared in the film Good Morning , Vietnam ( despite the film being set in 1965 -- two years before it was recorded ) and was re-released as a single , hitting No. 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1988 . The single charted at number one for the fortnight ending June 27 , 1988 on the Australian chart . It is also the closing song for the 1995 movie 12 Monkeys . In 2001 , rappers Ghostface Killah , Raekwon and The Alchemist released `` The Forest , '' a song that begins with three lines of lyric adapted from `` What a Wonderful World '' , altered to become `` an invitation to get high '' on marijuana . The rappers and their record company , Sony Music Entertainment , were sued by the owners of `` What a Wonderful World , '' Abilene Music . The suit was thrown out of court after Judge Gerard E. Lynch determined that the altered lyric was indisputably a parody , transforming the uplifting original message to a new one with a darker nature . By April 2014 , Louis Armstrong 's 1967 recording had sold 2,173,000 downloads in the United States after it was released digitally . Charts and certifications ( edit ) Peak positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1967 / 68 ) Peak position Australia 29 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 6 Denmark Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 15 Netherlands ( MediaMarkt ) 14 New Zealand 15 Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 U.K. Singles Chart U.S. Billboard Hot 100 116 U.S.", "3": "Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 12 Chart ( 1976 ) Peak position Italy ( FIMI ) 11 Chart ( 1988 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 7 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders ) Canada ( RPM Magazine ) 13 Ireland 30 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 Netherlands ( MediaMarkt ) New Zealand 8 Poland 22 U.S. ( Billboard ) 32 U.S. Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 U.S. ( Radio & Records ) 37 U.S. ( Cashbox ) 37 U.S. ( Rock on the Net - ARC Weekly Top 40 ) 28 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Italy ( FIMI ) Gold Notable versions ( edit ) 1967 : Louis Armstrong , million selling original version 1989 : Roy Clark , on his album of the same name ( peaked at No. 73 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart ) 1992 : Nick Cave , single sung with Shane MacGowan , in 2005 also published on the album B - Sides & Rarities 1993 : Israel Kamakawiwo'ole , Hawaiian ukulele version ( medley with `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' ) on the album Facing Future ( sold over 2.5 million copies in the U.S. and Canada alone ) 1999 : Anne Murray , on her platinum release of the same name , which also spawned a book and video ( the album reached No. 1 on the US CCM chart , No. 4 on the US Country chart , and No. 38 on the top 200 ) 2002 : Joey Ramone 's posthumous version was used for the ending credits of Michael Moore 's film Bowling for Columbine 2002 : Da Vinci 's Notebook ended their album Brontosaurus with an a cappella version 2003 : Sarah Brightman .", "4": "Harem album 2004 : Céline Dion recorded the song for her album Miracle 2004 : Rod Stewart recorded a version of the song with Stevie Wonder for Stewart 's album Stardust : The Great American Songbook , Volume III ( released in the United States as the lead single from the album and by early 2005 reached No. 13 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart 2007 : Foxygen covered the song on their self - produced first album Jurrassic Exxplosion Phillipic 2007 : Katie Melua , singing with Eva Cassidy 's version to raise money for the Red Cross ( reached No. 1 in the UK chart in December 2007 ) 2008 : Ministry , along with other cover songs on their album Cover Up 2009 : The Clarks 's version was recorded for their album Restless Days . This version was also featured on The Simpsons 's Season 27 premiere , Every Man 's Dream . And it 's also used after every Home win for the Pittsburgh Penguins at PPG Paints Arena 2010 : Ziggy Marley 's version on The Disney Reggae Club 2012 : Pat Byrne reached No. 3 in the Irish Singles Chart after appearing on The Voice of Ireland 2012 : Playing For Change , the music charity , recorded this song featuring Grandpa Elliott 2015 : Tiago Iorc 's version was recorded to be used as the opening theme of the Brazilian telenovela Sete Vidas 2013 : Renée Geyer on her album Swing ( 2013 ) 2016 : Tally Koren 's version was recorded to be used in her album `` A Love Song for You '' Appearances in film and television ( edit ) This media section uses IMDb for verification . IMDb may not be a reliable source for film and television information and is generally only cited as an external link . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . Please help by replacing IMDb with third - party reliable sources .", "5": "( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Film ( edit ) Title Performer Year Source Arjun Reddy ( Telugu Movie ) Background Music 2017 Geostorm ( trailer ) Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2017 Range 15 Louis Armstrong 2016 Finding Dory Louis Armstrong 2016 Un gallo con muchos huevos Louis Armstrong 2015 Mein Salzburg Louis Armstrong 2015 Back to the Sea Louis Armstrong 2012 Journey 2 : The Mysterious Island ( a little different version of the song ) Dwayne Johnson 2012 1 and 2 New Year 's Eve Louis Armstrong 2011 Head Over Heels Louis Armstrong Harold and Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay Louis Armstrong 2008 Madagascar Louis Armstrong 2005 Swing Girls Louis Armstrong Freaky Friday Joey Ramone 2003 Bowling for Columbine Louis Armstrong 2002 Meet Joe Black Louis Armstrong 1998 Madeline Louis Armstrong 1998 Wrestling with Alligators Louis Armstrong 1998 12 Monkeys Louis Armstrong 1995 The Kennedy Years ( JFK Remembered ) Louis Armstrong Ciao , Professore ! Louis Armstrong Good Morning , Vietnam Louis Armstrong Chicken Little ( teaser trailer only ) Louis Armstrong 2005 The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( trailer only ) Louis Armstrong 2005 Television ( edit ) Series Episode Performer Year Source The OA Champion Sharon Van Etten & Juggernaut Kid 2016 MythBusters The Reunion Special Louis Armstrong 2016 Childhood 's End # 1.", "6": "1 Joseph William Morgan 2015 The Simpsons Every Man 's Dream The Clarks 2015 Strictly Come Dancing Week 9 Results Louis Armstrong 2014 Inspector George Gently The Lost Child Louis Armstrong 2012 The Mentalist Blinking Red Light Louis Armstrong 2011 An Idiot Abroad Karl Comes Home Louis Armstrong So You Think You Can Dance ( Canada ) Top 8 Perform Louis Armstrong 2009 The Simpsons The Good , the Sad and the Drugly Louis Armstrong 2009 20 to 1 Greatest Songs of All Time Louis Armstrong 2006 Life on Mars # 1.6 Louis Armstrong 2006 House , MD DNR Louis Armstrong 2005 Hinter Gittern Fahrte aufgenommen Louis Armstrong Racheengel Louis Armstrong 2001 Lust & Suhne Louis Armstrong 2001 Hahn im Korb Louis Armstrong 1999 Die Lugners # 1.9 Louis Armstrong 2003 # 1.3 Louis Armstrong 2003 Dawson 's Creek Hopeless Louis Armstrong 2001 Gilmore Girls Rory 's Birthday Parties Louis Armstrong 2000 The King of Queens Head First Louis Armstrong 1998 Cybill Cybill Discovers the Meaning of Life Louis Armstrong 1995 Vamp Louis Armstrong 1991 Florida Lady Lauf dem Leben nicht davon Louis Armstrong Twin Peaks # 2.7 Louis Armstrong 1990 The Green Man Louis Armstrong 1990 Moonlighting A Womb with a View Louis Armstrong The Hitch Hikers Guide to the Galaxy # 1.6 Louis Armstrong 1981 The Muppet Show Don Knotts ( # 2.1 ) Rowlf ( Jim Henson ) 1977 Sources ( edit ) Internet Movie Database Jim Henson 's Red Book References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Rice , Jo ( 1982 ) . The Guinness Book of 500 Number One Hits ( 1st ed . )", "7": ". Enfield , Middlesex : Guinness Superlatives Ltd. p. 117 . ISBN 0 - 85112 - 250 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` What A Wonderful World '' . The Pop History Dig . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Sundance Channel : Video : : SPECTACLE : Season 1 - Episode 5 ( clip ) '' . SundanceChannel.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Black , Johnny ( 2006 ) . Singles : Six Decades of Hot Hits & Classic Cuts . Thunder Bay Press . p. 97 . ISBN 978 - 1592236510 . Jump up ^ `` 45 Discography for HMV Records - UK - POP series 1001 - 1617 '' . Globaldogproductions.info . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ABC - Paramount Album Discography , Part 6 '' . Bsnpubs.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Chang , Samantha ( November 1 , 2003 ) . `` Court : Ghostface Rap Was ' Fair Use ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 115 ( 44 ) : 22 . ISSN 0006 - 2510 . Jump up ^ Kohn , Al ; Kohn , Bob ( 2010 ) . Kohn on music licensing ( 4 ed . ) . Aspen Publishers . pp. 1647 -- 1648 . ISBN 0735590907 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( April 16 , 2014 ) . `` Chart Watch : `` Happy '' tops 4M `` . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo ! . Jump up ^ `` Go - Set Australian Charts '' . Go - Set . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 .", "8": "Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ultratop.be -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danske Hitlister.dk '' . Danske Hitlister.dk . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` MediaMarkt Top 40 '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hit Parade Italia - Indice per Interprete : S '' ( in Italian ) . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What A Wonderful World -- LOUIS ARMSTRONG '' ( in Dutch ) . Top 30 . Archived from the original on 9 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2014 . Hoogste notering in de top 30 : 1 Jump up ^ `` Rock on the Net '' . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Louis Armstrong -- What a Wonderful World '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2013 ) .", "9": "Hot Country Songs 1944 -- 2012 . Record Research , Inc. p. 78 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89820 - 203 - 8 . Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( 2010 - 09 - 24 ) . `` Chart Watch Extra : Songs From The Last Century '' . Nielsen Business Media . Yahoo ! Music . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Rod Stewart - Chart history '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Playing For Change '' . Jump up ^ `` Abertura de Sete Vidas traz pequenas cenas que remetem a nossa memória afetiva '' . Globo.com. 2015 - 03 - 09 . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Louis Armstrong '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` 5 / 25 / 1977 -- ' Don Knotts ( MS ) ' '' . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 30 . External links ( edit ) How political is What A Wonderful World ?", "10": "BBC News article about history and meaning of song Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Barrueco & Balles Music play What a Wonderful World Preceded by `` Congratulations '' by Cliff Richard UK number one single Louis Armstrong version 24 April 1968 ( for 4 weeks ) Succeeded by `` Young Girl '' by Gary Puckett & The Union Gap Preceded by `` Bleeding Love '' by Leona Lewis UK Singles Chart number - one single ( Katie Melua & Eva Cassidy version ) December 16 , 2007 - December 22 , 2007 Succeeded by `` When You Believe '' by Leon Jackson Louis Armstrong Biography Recordings Films , broadcasts , and literature Awards Civil Rights proponent Top Ten singles Muskrat Ramble ( 1926 ) Hotter than That West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1929 ) Chinatown , My Chinatown ( 1932 ) You Can Depend on Me All of Me Love , You Funny Thing Sweethearts on Parade Body and Soul ( 1932 ) Hobo , You Ca n't Ride This Train ( 1933 ) I 'm in the Mood for Love / You Are My Lucky Star ( 1935 ) Public Melody Number One ( 1937 ) When the Saints Go Marching In ( 1939 ) You Wo n't Be Satisfied ( Until You Break My Heart ) ( 1946 ) When We Are Dancing ( 1951 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1968 ) Albums Satchmo at Pasadena ( 1951 ) Louis Armstrong Plays W.C. Handy ( 1955 ) Louis Armstrong at the Crescendo , Vol. 1 ( 1955 ) Louis and the Angels ( 1957 ) Hello , Dolly !", "11": "( 1964 ) Struttin ' ( 1996 ) Bing & Satchmo The Complete Ella Fitzgerald & Louis Armstrong on Verve The Great Summit Hot Fives & Sevens Louis and the Good Book Satchmo In Style With Ella Fitzgerald Armstrong - Fitzgerald history Ella and Louis ( 1956 ) Ella and Louis Again ( 1957 ) Porgy and Bess ( 1957 ) With Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington : The Great Summit / Complete Sessions ( 1961 ) Other collaborations Louis Armstrong Meets Oscar Peterson ( 1957 ) The Real Ambassadors ( 1961 ) Songs Willie the Weeper West End Blues ( 1928 ) Ai n't Misbehavin ' When the Saints Go Marching In Mack the Knife ( 1956 ) Autumn in New York On My Way ( 1959 ) Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby ( 1959 ) Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) What a Wonderful World ( 1967 ) We Have All the Time in the World ( 1969 ) Alexander 's Ragtime Band April in Paris Back Home Again in Indiana Basin Street Blues Big Butter and Egg Man Blue Turning Grey Over You Blueberry Hill C'est si bon Ca n't We Be Friends ? Cheek to Cheek Cold , Cold Heart Cool Yule Dippermouth Blues Do You Know What It Means to Miss New Orleans ? Dream a Little Dream of Me East of the Sun ( and West of the Moon ) El Choclo Everybody Loves My Baby Frankie and Johnny Georgia on My Mind Get Together Gone Fishin ' The Gypsy in My Soul Heebie Jeebies Hello , Dolly !", "12": "Hey Lawdy Mama High Society Calypso I Get Ideas I Wonder I 've Got the World on a String It 's Been a Long , Long Time Jeepers Creepers A Kiss to Build a Dream On ( Up A ) Lazy River Let 's Call the Whole Thing Off Let 's Do It , Let 's Fall in Love Moon River Moonlight in Vermont Muggles Muskrat Ramble Nobody Knows the Trouble I 've Seen Now You Has Jazz On a Little Bamboo Bridge On My Way On the Sunny Side of the Street Pennies from Heaven Potato Head Blues Red Sails in the Sunset Rockin ' Chair Saint Louis Blues Shine Skokiaan Sometimes I Feel Like a Motherless Child St. James Infirmary Blues Standing on the Corner ( Blue Yodel No.", "13": "9 ) Stardust Stars Fell on Alabama Takes Two to Tango That Lucky Old Sun That 's My Desire There Must Be Somebody Else They All Laughed Uncle Satchmo 's Lullaby La Vie en rose When It 's Sleepy Time Down South When You 're Smiling Willow Weep for Me Winter Wonderland Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah Compilation albums Louis Armstrong Hot Five and Hot Seven Sessions ( 1925 -- 28 ) Related Louis Armstrong House Louis Armstrong Stadium Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport Discography Jazz Portal Anne Murray Studio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey , Wheat and Laughter Straight , Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny 's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Keeping In Touch Together There 's a Hippo in My Tub Let 's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I 'll Always Love You Somebody 's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin ' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin ' I 'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets : Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes Anne Murray Christmas The Season Will Never Grow Old Best of the Season My Christmas Favorites What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray 's Christmas Album Icon : Christmas Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray 's Greatest Hits Country Hits Songs of the Heart Love Songs Greatest Hits Volume II From Springhill to the World The Very Best of Anne Murray 15 of the Best Her Greatest Hits and Finest Performances Now & Forever The Best ... So Far An Intimate Evening with Anne Murray Ultimate Collection All of Me 10 Great Songs : Inspirational Classics Icon No.", "14": "1 singles `` Snowbird '' `` Sing High , Sing Low '' `` A Stranger in My Place '' `` It Takes Time '' `` Talk It Over in the Morning '' `` I Say a Little Prayer / By the Time I Get to Phoenix '' `` Cotton Jenny '' `` Danny 's Song '' `` What About Me '' `` A Love Song '' `` He Thinks I Still Care '' `` Son of a Rotten Gambler '' `` You Wo n't See Me '' `` You Needed Me '' `` I Just Fall in Love Again '' `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' `` Broken Hearted Me '' `` Daydream Believer '' `` Lucky Me '' `` I 'm Happy Just to Dance with You '' `` Could I Have This Dance '' `` Blessed Are the Believers '' `` We Do n't Have to Hold Out '' `` It 's All I Can Do '' `` Another Sleepless Night '' `` Hey ! Baby '' `` Somebody 's Always Saying Goodbye '' `` A Little Good News '' `` Just Another Woman in Love '' `` Nobody Loves Me Like You Do '' ( with Dave Loggins ) `` Time Do n't Run Out on Me '' `` Now and Forever ( You and Me ) '' Other songs `` Thirsty Boots '' `` Put Your Hand in the Hand '' `` Night Owl '' `` Robbie 's Song for Jesus '' `` Everything 's Been Changed '' `` Send a Little Love My Way '' `` Just One Look '' `` Day Tripper '' `` Uproar '' `` Sunday Sunrise '' `` The Call '' `` Golden Oldie '' `` Things '' `` Walk Right Back '' `` That 's Not the Way ( It 's S'posed to Be ) '' `` I Do n't Think I 'm Ready for You '' `` Who 's Leaving Who '' `` Are You Still in Love with Me '' `` Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak '' `` Perfect Strangers '' `` If I Ever Fall in Love Again '' ( with Kenny Rogers ) `` Feed This Fire '' `` Bluebird '' ``", "15": "I Can See Arkansas '' `` Make Love to Me '' `` The Wayward Wind '' `` Born to Be with You '' `` Over You '' `` That 's What My Love Is For '' `` That 's the Way It Goes '' `` What a Wonderful World '' Related articles Discography Capitol Records `` Tears Are Not Enough '' Book : Anne Murray Katie Melua Studio albums Call Off the Search Piece by Piece Pictures The House Secret Symphony Ketevan In Winter Compilation albums The Katie Melua Collection Live albums Live at the O2 Arena Singles `` The Closest Thing to Crazy '' `` Call Off the Search '' `` Crawling up a Hill '' `` Nine Million Bicycles '' `` I Cried for You '' / `` Just Like Heaven '' `` Spider 's Web '' `` It 's Only Pain '' `` Shy Boy '' `` If You Were a Sailboat '' `` Mary Pickford '' `` If the Lights Go Out '' `` Toy Collection '' `` Two Bare Feet '' `` The Flood '' `` A Happy Place '' `` To Kill You with a Kiss '' `` Gold in them Hills '' `` The Bit That I Do n't Get '' `` Better Than a Dream '' `` Moonshine '' `` The Walls of the World '' `` Forgetting All My Troubles '' `` I Will Be There '' Other singles `` What a Wonderful World '' ( with Eva Cassidy ) Related Discography Dramatico CeCe Peniston Discography Awards Studio albums Finally Thought ' Ya Knew Good News in Hard Times", "16": "I 'm Movin ' On Remix albums Finally / We Got a Love Thang : Remix Collection Remix Collection Compilations The Best Of Essential The Millennium Collection : The Best Of EPs CeCe Peniston Singles `` Finally '' `` We Got a Love Thang '' `` Keep On Walkin ' '' `` Crazy Love '' `` Inside That I Cried '' `` I 'm in the Mood '' `` I 'm Not Over You '' `` Keep Givin ' Me Your Love '' `` Hit by Love '' `` Movin ' On '' `` Before I Lay ( You Drive Me Crazy ) '' `` Somebody Else 's Guy '' `` I Like It '' `` Nobody Else '' `` He Loves Me 2 '' `` Lifetime to Love '' `` My Boo '' `` Reminiscin '' `` For My Baby '' `` Eternal Lover '' `` Deeper Love '' `` You Are the Universe '' `` I 'm Feelin ' U '' `` Above Horizons '' `` Nothing Can Stop Me '' Download `` Shame Shame Shame '' `` Still I '' `` In Love with a DJ '' `` Stoopid ! ''", "17": "`` Celebrate '' `` You 've Never Seen '' `` All My Love '' `` Get to Steppin '' `` Let 's Go All Night '' `` Without You '' `` Love Do n't Take Over '' `` Sick '' Promotional singles `` Hitmix '' `` Searchin ' '' `` House Party '' `` I Know You Want Me '' `` I Ca n't Go for That '' Other songs `` How I Got Over '' `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' `` Precious Memories '' `` Oh Happy Day '' `` Christmas Song '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Runnin ' Away '' Related Divas of Disco Book Israel Kamakawiwoʻole Studio albums Ka ' Ano'i ( 1990 ) Facing Future ( 1993 ) E Ala E ( 1995 ) N Dis Life ( 1996 ) Compilation albums Alone in IZ World ( 2001 ) Wonderful World ( 2009 ) Songs `` Over the Rainbow '' `` What a Wonderful World '' `` Kaleohano '' `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow / What a Wonderful World '' Related Mākaha Sons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "18": "php?title=What_a_Wonderful_World&oldid=822330910 '' Categories : Songs about happiness 1967 singles 1968 singles 2000 singles Songs written by George David Weiss Louis Armstrong songs Anne Murray songs Eva Cassidy songs Roy Clark songs UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Pop ballads 1960s ballads 1967 songs ABC Records singles His Master 's Voice singles Songs from animated films Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles needing additional references from November 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Articles lacking reliable references from February 2016 All articles lacking reliable references Articles sourced by IMDb from February 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Alemannisch Чӑвашла Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Livvinkarjala 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 19 : 27 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 12, 11, 14, 4, 13, 18, 0, 9, 8, 10, 15, 3, 17, 2, 5, 7, 16, 6, 1 ]

[ 0, 12, 11, 14, 4, 13 ]

[ "Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre", "Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram", "1998" ]

{ "0": "List of medical colleges in Kerala - wikipedia List of medical colleges in Kerala Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of government , private , and self - financing medical institutions in Kerala . Contents ( hide ) 1 Medical colleges 1.1 Government medical colleges 1.2 Private self - financing 2 Government dental colleges 2.1 Government - sponsored self - financing 2.2 Private self - financing 3 Ayurveda colleges 3.1 Government Ayurveda colleges 3.2 Government - aided 3.3 Private self - financing 4 Unani Medical College 5 Homeopathic colleges 5.1 Government homeopathic medical colleges 5.2 Government - aided 6 Siddha medical colleges 6.1 Self - financing Siddha medical colleges 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Medical colleges ( edit ) Government medical colleges ( edit ) Kasaragod Kannur Wayanad Calicut Malappuram Thrissur Palakkad Ernakulam Idukki Kottayam Alappuzha Pathanamthitta Kollam Trivandrum Location of Govt Medical Colleges. 12 functioning ( green ).", "1": "2 planned ( blue ) College Name District Estd Year Remarks Government Medical College , Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 1951 1st Medical College in Kerala Government Medical College , Kozhikode Kozhikode 1957 Government Medical College , Kottayam Kottayam 1962 Government TD Medical College , Alappuzha Alappuzha 1963 Government Medical College , Thrissur Thrissur 1981 Government Medical College , Ernakulam Ernakulam 1999 Government Medical College , Manjeri , Malappuram Malappuram 2013 Government Medical College , Palakkad Palakkad 2014 Government Medical College , Painav , Idukki Idukki 2014 Waiting for MCI approval Government Medical College , Kollam Kollam 2016 Government Medical College , Konni , Pathanamthitta Pathanamthitta 2016 Academy of Medical Sciences , Pariyaram , Kannur ( KNM ) Kannur 1995 Government Medical College , Madakkimala , Wayanad Wayanad Planned Government Medical College , Kasaragod Kasaragod Planned Kerala govt has plans to take over Pariyaram medical college . Private self - financing ( edit ) College Name District Estd Year Al Azhar Medical College , Thodupuzha Idukki 2014 Amala Institute of Medical Sciences , Amala Nagar , Thrissur Thrissur 2003 Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre , Ponnekara , Kochi Ernakulam 1998 Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences & Research , Meeyyannoor , Kollam Kollam 2008 Believers Church Medical College Hospital , Kuttapuzha , Kerala Pathanamthitta 2016 DM Wayanad Institute of Medical sciences , Meppadi , Wayanad Wayanad 2013 Dr. Somervell Memorial CSI Medical College , Karakonam ,", "2": "Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 2002 Jubilee Mission Medical College and Research Institute , Thrissur Thrissur 2003 Kannur Medical College , Kannur Kannur 2006 Karuna Medical College , Vilayodi , Palakkad Palakkad 2006 Kerala Medical College , Cherupplasery , Palakkad Palakkad 2016 KMCT Medical College , Mukkam , Kozhikode Kozhikode 2008 Malabar Medical College , Kozhikode Kozhikode 2008 Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church Medical Mission , Hospital Kolenchery Ernakulam 2002 MES Academy of Medical Sciences Malappuram 2002 Mount Zion Medical College , Pathanamthitta 2012 PK Das Institute of Medical Sciences , Vaniyamkulam , Palakkad Palakkad 2014 Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre , Thiruvalla , Pathanamthitta Pathanamthitta 2002 Sree Gokulam Medical College & Research Foundation , Venjaramoodu , Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 2005 Sree Narayana Institute of Medical Sciences , North Paravur , Ernakulam District Ernakulam 2009 SUT Medical College , Vattappara , Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram 2006 Travancore Medical College Hospital , Kollam Kollam 2009 SR Medical College Hospital , Varkala Thiruvananthapuram 2016 Government dental colleges ( edit ) Government Dental College , Thiruvananthapuram Government Dental College , Kottayam Government Dental College , Kozhikode Government - sponsored self - financing ( edit ) Malabar Dental College and Research Centre , Edappal , Malappuram Pariyaram Dental College , Pariyaram , Kannur ( KND ) Private self - financing ( edit ) Al - Azhar Dental College ,", "3": "Thodupuzha , Kerala Annoor Dental College , Puthuppady , Muvattupuzha via , Ernakulam Azeezia College of Dental Sciences and Research , Meeyyannoor , Kollam Century International Institute of Dental Science & Research Centre , Poinachi , Kasargod Dental College , Maypallycutty , Alleppey Educare Institute of Dental Sciences , Kiliyamannil campus , Chattiparamba , Malappuram Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences , Kothamangalam Kannur Dental College , Anjarakandy , Mamba , Kannur Kayamkulam Dental College , Kayamkulam KMCT Dental College , Mampetta , Manassery , Mukkom , Kozhikode Mar Baselios Dental College , Kothamangalam , Ernakulam MES Dental College , Perinthalmanna , Palachode , Malappuram Noorul Islam College of Dental Science , Neyyattinkara , Thiruvananthapuram PMS College of Dental Sciences and Research Centre , Vattappara , Thiruvananthapuram PSM College of Dental Science and Research , Akkikavu , Thrissur Pushpagiri College of Dental Sciences , Thiruvalla , Pathanamthitta Royal Dental College , Iron Hills , Chalissery PO , Palakkad Sri Sankara Dental College , Akathumuri , Varkala , Thiruvananthapuram St. Gregorios Dental College , Chelad PO , Kothamangalm , Ernakulam Ayurveda colleges ( edit ) Government Ayurveda colleges ( edit ) Government Ayurveda College , GPO , Thiruvananthapuram Government Ayurveda College , Dhanwanthari Nagar , Tripunithura , Ernakulam Government Ayurveda Medical College Kannur , Medical College PO , Pariyaram , Kannur Government - aided ( edit ) Vaidyaretnam Ayurveda College , Thaikkattussery P.O.", "4": ", Ollur , Thrissur VPSV Ayurveda College , Edarikode PO , Kottakkal , Malappuram Private self - financing ( edit ) Pankajakasthuri Ayurveda Medical College , Kattakada PO , Thiruvananthapuram Amrita Ayurveda Medical College , Kollam Ahalia Ayurveda Medical College , Elippara , Kozhipara , Palakkkad KMCT Ayurveda Medical College , Manasseri PO , Mukkom , Kozhikode Mannam Ayurveda Co-operative Medical College , Pandalam , Pathanamthitta Nangelil Ayurveda Medical College , Nellikuzhy PO , Kothamangalam , Ernakulam PN Panicker Souhruda Ayurveda Medical College , Parakalai PO , Anandhashram via , Kasargode PNNM Ayurveda Medical College , Cheruthuruthy PO , Shoranur , Thrissur Parassinikkadavu Ayurveda Medical College , Parassinikadavu PO , Kannur Santhigiri Ayurveda Medical College , Olassery PO , Kodumbu Via , Palakkad Sree Narayana Institute of Ayurvedic Studies & Research , Karimpinpuzha PO , Puthur , Kollam Sreedhareeyam Ayurvedic Research & Development Institute , Koothattukulam , Ernakulam Vishnu Ayurveda College , Govt .", "5": "Press PO , Shornur , Palakkad Unani Medical College ( edit ) Markaz Unani Medical College & Hospital Kaithappoyil , Thamarassery , Calicut , Kerala Homeopathic colleges ( edit ) Government homeopathic medical colleges ( edit ) Government Homeopathic Medical College , Iranimuttam , Manacaud PO , Thiruvananthapuram ( TVH ) Government Homeopathic Medical College , Karaparamba PO , Kozhikode Government - aided ( edit ) Sree Vidhyadhiraja Homeopathic Medical College , Nemom , Thiruvananthapuram ( NEH ) Athurasramam NSS Homeopathic Medical College , Sachivothamapuram PO , Kottayam ( KTH ) Dr. Padiyar Memorial Homeopathic Medical College , Chottanikkara PO , Ernakulam ( EKH ) Siddha medical colleges ( edit ) Self - financing Siddha medical colleges ( edit ) Santhigiri Siddha Medical College , Santhigiri PO , Pothencode Via , Thiruvananthapuram See also ( edit ) KEAM List of engineering colleges in Kerala List of institutions of higher education in Kerala References ( edit ) MBBS course offered colleges BDS course offered colleges BAMS course offered colleges BHMS course offered colleges BSMS course offered colleges Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/State-Government-Yet-to-Act-on-Pariyaram-Medical-College-Takeover/2015/07/06/article2904784.ece Jump up ^ Educare Institute of Dental Sciences External links ( edit ) Official website of CEE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_medical_colleges_in_Kerala&oldid=819564977 '' Categories : Medical colleges in Kerala Lists of medical colleges in India Lists of universities and colleges in Kerala Talk Contents About Wikipedia മലയാളം Edit links This page was last edited on 10 January 2018 , at 02 : 13 . 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[ "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" ]

{ "0": "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge - wikipedia Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Jump to : navigation , search Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Theatrical release poster Directed by Aditya Chopra Produced by Yash Chopra Screenplay by Aditya Chopra Story by Aditya Chopra Starring Shah Rukh Khan Kajol Music by Jatin Lalit Cinematography Manmohan Singh Edited by Keshav Naidu Production company Yash Raj Films Release date 20 October 1995 ( 1995 - 10 - 20 ) Running time 189 minutes Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 40 million Box office est . ₹ 1.03 billion Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( English : The Big - Hearted Will Take Away the Bride ) , also known by the initialism DDLJ , is an Indian romance film , directed by Aditya Chopra ( in his directorial debut ) , produced by his father Yash Chopra , and written by Javed Siddiqui with Aditya Chopra . Released on 20 October 1995 , the film stars Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol . The plot revolves around Raj and Simran , two young non-resident Indians , who fall in love during a vacation through Europe with their friends . Raj tries to win over Simran 's family so the couple can marry , but Simran 's father has long since promised her hand to his friend 's son . The film was shot in India , London and Switzerland , from September 1994 to August 1995 . Earning ₹ 1.06 billion ( valued at about US $32,766,000 in 1995 ) in India and ₹ 160 million ( valued at about US $4,946,000 in 1995 ) overseas , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge became the highest grossing Bollywood film of the year , and one of the most successful Indian films of all time . It won 10 Filmfare Awards , the most for a single film at that time , and won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment .", "1": "Its soundtrack album became one of the most popular of the 1990s . Many critics praised the film , which connected with different segments of society by simultaneously promoting strong family values and the following of one 's own heart . Its success led other film makers to target the non-resident Indian audience , which was deemed more lucrative for them . It spawned many imitations of its story and style , and homages to specific scenes . Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was one of only three Hindi films in the reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die , and was placed twelfth on the British Film Institute 's list of top Indian films of all time . It is the longest - running film in the history of Indian cinema . As of 2018 , over 20 years after its first release , it is still being shown at the Maratha Mandir theatre in Mumbai . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Origin and scripting 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Themes 5 Music 6 Release 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reception 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy 7.1 Historic box office run 7.2 Influence 7.3 Impact 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Plot ( edit ) Raj Malhotra ( Shah Rukh Khan ) and Simran Singh ( Kajol ) are non-resident Indians living in London . Simran was raised by her strict and conservative father , Baldev Singh ( Amrish Puri ) , while Raj 's father ( Anupam Kher ) was very liberal . Simran always dreams of meeting her ideal man . Her mother Lajjo ( Farida Jalal ) warns her against this , saying dreams are good but one should not blindly believe they come true . One day , Baldev receives a letter from his friend Ajit ( Satish Shah ) , who lives in Punjab . Ajit wants to keep a promise he and Baldev made to each other 20 years ago -- to have Simran marry his son Kuljeet ( Parmeet Sethi ) .", "2": "Simran is disappointed -- she does not want to marry someone whom she has never met . One evening , Raj enters Baldev 's shop after closing time to buy beer . Baldev refuses and Raj grabs a case of beer , throws the money on the counter and runs away . Baldev , infuriated , calls Raj a disgrace to India . Meanwhile , Raj 's father has agreed to his request to go on a train trip across Europe with his friends , and Simran 's friends have invited her to go on the same trip . Simran asks her father to let her see the world before her marriage , and he reluctantly agrees . On the trip , Raj and Simran meet . Raj constantly flirts with Simran , much to her irritation . The two miss their train to Zurich and are separated from their friends . They start to travel with one another and become friends . Raj falls in love with Simran on the journey ; when they part ways in London , Simran realises she is in love with him too . Simran tells her mother about the boy she met ; Baldev overhears the conversation and becomes furious with Simran . He says the family will move to India the next day . Meanwhile , Raj tells his father about Simran and that she will soon be getting married . When Raj says he believes Simran loves him too , his father encourages him to go after her . In India , Baldev is reunited with his relatives and his friend Ajit . Simran and her younger sister Chutki take an instant dislike to Simran 's fiancé Kuljeet because of his arrogance . Simran can not forget Raj and is miserable about having to marry Kuljeet . Her mother tells her to forget Raj because she knows Baldev will never accept their relationship . The next morning , Simran is reunited with Raj when he arrives outside of the house where she is staying . She begs him to run away with her . Raj refuses and says he will only marry Simran with her father 's consent . Raj befriends Kuljeet and is quickly accepted by both families . Later , Raj 's father arrives in India and also becomes friends with Simran 's and Kuljeets 's families . Eventually Lajjo and Chutki discover that Raj is the boy Simran fell in love with in Europe .", "3": "Lajjo also tells Raj and Simran to run away , but he still refuses . Baldev recognises Raj from the beer incident , but eventually accepts him . However , after he discovers a photograph of Raj and Simran together in Europe , he insults and slaps Raj and tells him to leave . As Raj and his father are waiting at the railway station , Kuljeet , who is angry on hearing of Raj 's love for Simran , arrives with his friends and attack them . Eventually Baldev and Ajit arrive and stop the fight . Raj boards the departing train with his father . Simran then arrives with her mother and sister ; she tries to join Raj on the train but Baldev stops her . Simran begs him to let her go , saying she can not live without Raj . Baldev realises nobody loves his daughter more than Raj does . He lets her go , and she runs and catches the train as it departs . Cast ( edit ) Credits adapted from British Film Institute . Shah Rukh Khan as Raj Malhotra Kajol as Simran Singh Amrish Puri as Baldev Singh Chaudhary , Simran 's father Farida Jalal as Lajwanti `` Lajjo '' Singh , Simran 's mother Satish Shah as Ajit Singh , Baldev 's friend in India Achala Sachdev as Simran 's grandmother Himani Shivpuri as Kammo Kaur , Simran 's aunt Pooja Ruparel as Rajeshwari `` Chutki '' Singh , Simran 's sister Anupam Kher as Dharamvir Malhotra , Raj 's father Parmeet Sethi as Kuljeet Singh , Ajit 's son Mandira Bedi as Preeti Singh , Ajit 's daughter Anaita Shroff Adajania as Sheena , Simran 's friend Karan Johar and Arjun Sablok as Raj 's friends Production ( edit ) Origin and scripting ( edit ) Aditya Chopra assisted his father , director and producer Yash Chopra , during the making of Chandni ( 1989 ) , Lamhe ( 1991 ) and Darr ( 1993 ) .", "4": "During this time , Aditya wrote several of his own scripts , including one he assumed would be his first film , but eventually became his second , Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) . For three years , he worked on the story that would become Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge before approaching his father to direct it . Yash did not want to , and tried to persuade Aditya to do it himself . As they were discussing ideas for the script , Aditya conceived the notion that Raj would seek permission for marriage from Simran 's stern father , rather than eloping with her . He then became excited about the possibility of directing the film himself . After his mother , the playback singer Pamela Chopra , agreed that the idea was sound , he decided to make this his directorial debut . Aditya wanted to make a wholesome film that people could watch repeatedly . He wanted to diverge from the typical plot line of the time , in which lovers run away when their parents object , and show that if their love was strong enough , the parents would eventually understand . In May 1994 , Aditya read the first draft of the script to several members of the Yash Raj Films production team assigned to work with him , including a cinematographer , an art director and a dialogue writer . They were not impressed , but Aditya held fast to his ideas . He was given total editorial control by his father , the producer , and made the film according to his own tastes and sensibilities . Aditya struggled with both the dialogue writer Javed Siddiqui and the song lyricist Anand Bakshi to develop words that were `` young - sounding '' . There were personal clashes over writing credits on the final script . Pamela 's friend Honey Irani believed she deserved a writing credit that she did not receive , and Siddiqui believed Aditya did not deserve partial credit for the dialogue . After Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , neither of them ever worked with Yash Raj Films again . After approving the script , Yash was consulted about the songs , but mostly left the creative process to his son , and has firmly denied that he was a ghost director on the project . He did not shoot a single frame , and did not even view some portions of the film until it was nearly completed .", "5": "Casting ( edit ) Aditya originally wanted the film to be about a relationship between an Indian and an American . He wanted Tom Cruise for the role of Raj but was dissuaded by Yash , who did not want to use a foreign star . They decided their characters would be non-resident Indians ( NRIs ) . Aditya approached Shah Rukh Khan to play the role of Raj . Shah Rukh was initially not interested because of the romantic nature of the role , having had success playing villainous roles . Aditya then asked Saif Ali Khan to play the lead role because he was having problems persuading Shah Rukh to do it . Saif declined for unknown reasons , as did Aamir Khan , causing Aditya to continue pursuing Shah Rukh . Aditya and Shah Rukh had four meetings over several weeks ; he finally persuaded Shah Rukh by telling him he could never be a superstar unless he became `` every woman 's dream man , and every mother 's dream son '' . Since then , Shah Rukh has expressed his gratitude to Aditya for helping to make him a star with this film . Shah Rukh said that fellow actor Salman Khan also encouraged him to do the role , saying that he thought the film would be very successful . Shah Rukh has also noted the similarities in the film 's script to his own relationship with Gauri Khan before their marriage . Kajol was the first choice to play Simran , to which she quickly agreed ; she was a good friend of Aditya . She and Shah Rukh had previously worked together in the successful films Baazigar ( 1993 ) and Karan Arjun ( 1995 ) . Kajol said her character was very difficult for her to relate to , whereas Shah Rukh said Raj 's personality was very similar to his own . Aditya chose the name Raj for the character , and the mandolin that he played , based on his admiration for the actor Raj Kapoor . After a successful screen test , Parmeet Sethi was chosen over Armaan Kohli for the role of Kuljeet Singh .", "6": "In addition to his assistant director Sameer Sharma , Aditya asked for two additional assistants , his brother Uday Chopra and his friend Karan Johar . Johar also played a small role in the film as Raj 's friend . Sharmishta Roy was the film 's art director and Manish Malhotra was its costume designer . While Malhotra had many new ideas , Aditya wanted to keep the clothing style simple ; he did not want it to distract from the story . Despite this , Malhotra was responsible for the idea of Simran wearing a green dress in the song `` Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna '' , an unusual colour for a Punjabi bride . Filming ( edit ) The Church of Saint Grat in Montbovon , one of the filming locations in Switzerland Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was filmed in several 5 - , 10 - and 20 - day schedules between September 1994 and August 1995 . The first sequence filmed was for the song `` Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko '' with Kajol and Shah Rukh in Switzerland . The European journey scenes and songs were mainly filmed in Saanen , Montbovon and Gstaad , Switzerland . Other scenes were shot in England , at locations including Trafalgar Square , King 's Cross railway station and Angel Underground station . Film 's cinematographer Manmohan Singh , a regular collaborator with Chopra , shot the song `` Tujhe Dekha To '' , including the iconic mustard fields scenes with Shah Rukh and Kajol in the mustard fields in Gurgaon on the outskirts of the National Capital Region Delhi . Saroj Khan was the choreographer throughout most of the production , but after several disputes between her and Aditya , she was replaced by Farah Khan near the end of the shoot . After the film 's eventual success , Saroj apologised to Aditya for underestimating him , but she never worked with him again . Farah choreographed the song `` Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane '' , during which Aditya did not tell Kajol that Shah Rukh was going to drop her , as he wanted to capture her genuine reaction .", "7": "The film 's title was suggested by actress Kirron Kher ; it came from the song `` Le Jayenge Le Jayenge '' , in the film Chor Machaye Shor ( 1974 ) . The Raj character sings parts of this song during the story , and it recurs at the end . Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is believed to be the only Bollywood film with a `` Title suggested by '' credit . The film has since become universally known by the acronym DDLJ . Towards the end of the principal photography , Shah Rukh had to split his time between this film and Trimurti ( 1995 ) , spending half of his day on each film . In early August 1995 , when filming on Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was not yet finished , a release date in October around the time of the Diwali festival was decided upon . Composers Jatin and Lalit Pandit were given only 10 days to complete the background score , and the first copies were printed on 30 September . After filming was complete , Aditya decided to make a Hollywood - style documentary of the film - making process , which had not been done before in India . Karan Johar and Uday were put in charge because they had already been recording some of the process . On 18 October , two days before the film 's release , the 30 - minute special Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , The Making was broadcast on television by Doordarshan . Themes ( edit ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge repeats the usual conservative agenda of family , courtship and marriage , but it proposes that Indian family values are portable assets that can be upheld regardless of country of residence . To prove this , Raj , an NRI who was brought up in London , is portrayed as the story 's `` good guy '' , whereas Kuljeet , raised in India , is portrayed as the villain . This is a reversal of the roles in typical Indian films , which usually portray Indians as being morally superior to Westerners . Here , NRIs are validated as potential model Indians citizens . The story aims to capture the struggle between traditional family values and the modern value of individualism .", "8": "Although Raj and Simran want to be together regardless of her father 's plans for her , Raj tries to win over his girlfriend 's father rather than simply eloping with her . In this and other Indian stories , family values are ultimately considered more important than the romantic plot . Moral values and rules of conduct take precedence over individual desires . The film implies that `` Indianness '' can be defined by the importance of family life ; whether at home or abroad , it is the Indian family system that is recognised as the social institution that most defines Indian identity . In Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge , the purity / sanctity of women is being related that of the nation . In the scene after Raj and Simran spend the night together , and Simran is concerned that something happened , Raj tells her : `` You think I am beyond values , but I am a Hindustani , and I know what a Hindustani girl 's izzat ( honour ) is worth . Trust me , nothing happened last night . '' This speaks to the Indian diaspora and their need to try and sustain their value system , and the man 's responsibility to protect the Indian woman 's sexual purity . In The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films , Ranjani Mazumdar says the film has a running theme of unfulfilled desires , which is exemplified by Raj 's father telling him to enjoy life because his own was a struggle , and Simran 's mother telling her to run away with Raj because she was unable to live her own dreams . Scott Jordan Harris , writing for Roger Ebert 's website , says the film 's popularity lies in its ability to effectively convey two opposing themes appealing to different portions of society . He said , `` It argues that we should follow our hearts and chase happiness wherever it leads , regardless of the obstacles in our paths , while simultaneously suggesting we should respect the ways of our elders , particularly our parents , and do nothing that challenges their will '' . Rachel Dwyer said the film was important for presenting marriage as an understanding between parents and children . While fighting the old tradition of the arranged marriage , it still encouraged the importance of seeking parental consent , even for a love marriage . According to Patricia Uberoi , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge reiterates the theme of Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... !", "9": "( 1994 ) in a self - conscious manner while also linking it explicitly to the fact that the protagonists tend to remind themselves and each other of what it means to be an Indian . Music ( edit ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Soundtrack album by Jatin Lalit Released 25 July 1995 Genre Feature Film Soundtrack Length 40 : 27 Label HMV , Saregama Producer Jatin Lalit The Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge soundtrack features seven songs composed by Jatin Lalit , a duo consisting of the brothers Jatin and Lalit Pandit . Anand Bakshi wrote the lyrics and Lata Mangeshkar , Asha Bhosle , Kumar Sanu , Abhijeet Bhattacharya and Udit Narayan performed the vocals . Jatin Lalit was considered for the job when singer Asha Bhosle contacted Yash Chopra after meeting the duo . It was their first collaboration with Yash Raj Films . They secured the job after singing `` Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna '' for Yash . In return , they ensured she sang one song , `` Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main '' . Pamela Chopra helped them select tunes and instruments to give some of the songs a Punjabi flavour . Bhasker Gupta , writing for AllMusic , said the soundtrack was the best of Jatin Lalit 's career , and that it `` marked the beginning of the fifth wave in Indian cinema ... '' . The soundtrack became the best - selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year , with 9 -- 12 million units sold according to HMV , although it is estimated the same number or more copies were pirated . More than 1 million of those sales occurred prior to the film 's release . In 2005 , the album was judged the top Hindi soundtrack of all time by voters on the BBC Asian Network website . Anand Bakshi won his third Filmfare Best Lyricist award after 14 years , having two nominations for this film . The wedding song `` Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna '' from the film became an all - time hit ; it is played at weddings across the South Asian diaspora . The following is the track listing . No .", "10": "Title Singers Length 1 . `` Ghar Aaja Pardesi '' Manpreet Kaur , Pamela Chopra 7 : 29 2 . `` Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko '' Lata Mangeshkar , Udit Narayan 5 : 49 3 . `` Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna '' Lata Mangeshkar , Udit Narayan 4 : 50 4 . `` Mere Khwabon Mein '' Lata Mangeshkar 4 : 30 5 . `` Ruk Ja O Dil Deewane '' Udit Narayan 5 : 14 6 . `` Tujhe Dekha To '' Lata Mangeshkar , Kumar Sanu 6 : 41 7 . `` Zara Sa Jhoom Loon Main '' Asha Bhosle , Abhijeet Bhattacharya 5 : 51 Release ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge opened on 20 October 1995 to sold - out shows worldwide . Every show in every theatre in Mumbai -- save one -- was completely full for the first week . The film was popular among both resident Indians and NRIs . At San Francisco 's 720 - seat Naz theatre , 1,000 people arrived for the first showing , and the theatre staff were forced to run another show late that night . In the UK , the film ran for over a year , and as of 2017 , the Maratha Mandir cinema hall in Mumbai has been showing it for more than 22 years . The film earned ₹ 1.06 billion ( valued at about US $32,766,000 in 1995 ) in India and ₹ 160 million ( valued at about US $4,946,000 in 1995 ) overseas ; it became the biggest Bollywood grosser of the year , and the second highest - grossing film of the 1990s behind Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! . It was the second Bollywood film to gross over ₹ 1 billion worldwide , and one of the biggest Bollywood earners of all time .", "11": "Adjusted for inflation , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge is among the highest - grossing Hindi films ever ; its domestic net income ( ₹ 533 million at the time ) is approximately ₹ 4.58 billion ( US $72 million ) when adjusted for inflation . As of 2009 , the film had generated over ₹ 60 million ( US $940,000 ) in revenues for the Maratha Mandir since its release . In later years , that theatre ran one matinee show per day at reduced ticket prices , which averaged about 50 % occupancy . Critical reception ( edit ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge received many favourable reviews . An initial review by weekly magazine Screen said of Aditya Chopra , `` A young master arrives '' . Tom Vick , reviewing the film for Allmovie , said , `` An immensely likeable movie , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge performs the rarely achieved feat of stretching a predictable plot over three hours and making every minute enjoyable . '' When the film toured the U.S. in 2004 as part of the Cinema India showcase , `` The Changing Face of Indian Cinema '' , Charles Taylor reviewed the film for Salon and said , `` It 's a flawed , contradictory movie -- aggressive and tender , stiff and graceful , clichéd and fresh , sophisticated and naive , traditional and modern . It 's also , I think , a classic . '' Writing for NDTV , Anupama Chopra said , `` Perhaps the innocence of Raj and Simran 's romance in which they can spend the night together without sex because Raj , the bratish NRI understands the importance of an Indian woman 's honor . Perhaps it 's the way in which the film artfully reaffirms the patriarchal status quo and works for all constituencies -- the NRI and the local viewer . Or perhaps it 's the magic of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol who created a template for modern love , which was hip and cool but resolutely Indian . '' She also called the film a milestone that shaped Hindi cinema through the 1990s , and one of her personal favourites . In 2004 , Meor Shariman of The Malay Mail called the film a `` must watch '' for Bollywood fans , and also for those seeking an introduction to Bollywood .", "12": "Raja Sen gave a reflective review for Rediff.com in 2005 , calling the film one of the best Hindi films made in the previous 20 years . He said `` Shah Rukh Khan gives a fabulous performance , redefining the Lover for the 1990s with great panache '' , and called Kajol a `` real - as - life actress bringing warmth and credulity '' to her role . Sen called the film well balanced and said only the fight scene and some mother - daughter dialogue can wear after multiple viewings . Omer M. Mozaffar , writing for Roger Ebert 's website in 2012 , likened the film to a Disney Princess story , saying , `` the young princess feeling trapped by the traditional patriarchy , seeking freedom through discovering the world , but finally finding it through silent , but inappropriate love . The Little Mermaid . Beauty ( of the Beast ) . Jasmine ( friends with Aladdin ) . Pocahontas . Aurora ( Sleeping Beauty ) . And here , Simran . '' Scott Jordan Harris , also writing for Roger Ebert in 2014 , called it `` one of the world 's favorite films '' , and said it plays as a masterful soap opera , with one of the best screen couples ever seen . Sogosurvey conducted an online survey in 2016 in which approximately 47 % of the people who participated voted Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge as Bollywood 's most evergreen love story . Accolades ( edit ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge was ranked among The Times of India 's list of the `` 10 Bollywood movies you must see before you die '' . It was one of three Hindi films in the film reference book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die , the others being Mother India ( 1957 ) and Deewaar ( 1975 ) . It was placed twelfth on the British Film Institute 's list of top Indian films of all time . It is one of the films on Box Office India 's list of `` Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema '' . The film won a National Film Award and 10 Filmfare Awards , setting the record at the time for the most Filmfare trophies .", "13": "Awards and nominations for Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Awards Nominee Result Ref ( s ) 43rd National Film Awards National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment Yash Chopra Aditya Chopra Won 41st Filmfare Awards Best Film Yash Chopra Won Best Director Aditya Chopra Best Actor Shah Rukh Khan Best Actress Kajol Best Supporting Actress Farida Jalal Best Performance in a Comic Role Anupam Kher Best Lyricist Anand Bakshi ( `` Tujhe Dekha To '' ) Best Screenplay Aditya Chopra Best Dialogue Aditya Chopra , Javed Siddiqui Best Male Playback Singer Udit Narayan ( `` Mehndi Laga Ke Rakhna '' ) Best Supporting Actor Amrish Puri Nominated Best Music Director Jatin Lalit Best Male Playback Singer Kumar Sanu ( `` Tujhe Dekha To '' ) Best Lyricist Anand Bakshi ( `` Ho Gaya Hai Tujhko To Pyar Sajna '' ) Screen Awards Best Film Yash Chopra Won Best Director Aditya Chopra Best Actor Shah Rukh Khan Legacy ( edit ) Historic Box Office run ( edit ) Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol celebrating 1000 weeks of continuous showing of Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge in 2014 In 2001 , Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge overtook Sholay ( 1975 ) , which had run for over five years at the Minerva theatre , as the longest - running film in Indian cinema history . It has been showing at the Maratha Mandir theatre ( which was famous for having shown Mughal - e-Azam ( 1960 ) for three years ) since its original release in 1995 . There are often people in the audience who have seen the film 50 or more times , but still clap , cheer , mouth the dialogues and sing along with the songs , raising comparisons with The Rocky Horror Picture Show ( 1975 ) , the longest running film in America .", "14": "When a theatre strike in early 2011 threatened the film 's uninterrupted run , the producer Yash Chopra contacted theatre owners to try and ensure the film would continue . He hoped the film would continue to run for at least 1,000 weeks , which it achieved in December 2014 . To commemorate the event , cast members including Shah Rukh Khan , Kajol , Anupam Kher , Farida Jalal , Mandira Bedi and Pooja Ruparel appeared on the television show Comedy Nights with Kapil . Shah Rukh Khan , Kajol and director Aditya Chopra also attended a live chat with fans and a black tie event at the theatre on 12 December . The same day , they launched a coffee table book written by Aditya Chopra about the making of the film . Also in December , Yash Raj Films announced the availability of a collection of commemorative , licensed merchandise from various suppliers to mark the event . The Maratha Mandir 's management ended the film 's run after 1,009 weeks on 19 February 2015 because of low attendance ( the last show was viewed by 210 people ) . However , after an outpouring of support from fans , and talks with the production company , they decided to reinstate the film . Influence ( edit ) Kajol and Shah Rukh Khan in the climactic train scene Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge spawned many imitators of its story and style , especially throughout the 1990s . According to the Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema , it and a handful of other films and young directors started a trend for `` designer '' films . The authors said that these were `` a carefully packaged and branded product in which every little visual and physical detail ... is of utmost importance '' . In Bollywood 's Top 20 : Superstars of Indian Cinema , Namrata Joshi said Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge `` reinvented Bollywood romances so decisively that we can neatly divide them into two eras -- before DDLJ and after DDLJ '' . Yash Raj Films was previously known for using locations outside India for item numbers in its films .", "15": "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge started the trend for films designed to appeal to the Indian diaspora , which have foreign locations as integral parts of the story . The characters are themselves diaspora and tend to be able to move with ease between India and the West . Some later films that followed this trend include Pardes ( 1997 ) , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) , Kal Ho Naa Ho ( 2003 ) , Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) , Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( 2006 ) . Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge became the first Hindi film blockbuster to feature NRIs as main characters . It helped to establish the diaspora market as a vital source of revenue for the industry ; that market was seen as a safer financial investment than the desi market . Several later films have paid homage to Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . The Karan Johar - produced Humpty Sharma Ki Dulhania ( 2014 ) was directly inspired by it . The films Jab We Met ( 2007 ) , Bodyguard ( 2011 ) , Chalo Dilli ( 2011 ) , Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani ( 2013 ) and Chennai Express ( 2013 ) include scenes similar to the climactic train sequence , wherein a woman is running to catch a moving train and is helped aboard by a man with his outstretched arm . The British film Slumdog Millionaire ( 2008 ) contained a similar train scene , and its final dance sequence was partially shot at the same railway station as the Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge finale . Impact ( edit ) Audiences appreciated the screen chemistry between Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol , who later worked together in several successful films including Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) , Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham ... ( 2001 ) , My Name Is Khan ( 2010 ) , and Dilwale ( 2015 ) , and are often referred to as Indian cinema 's most loved on - screen couple .", "16": "Shah Rukh Khan credits this film with making him a star , and says it `` changed the entire scene for romantic movies of the 90s '' . During an interview in 2002 , he said `` Whatever I 'll stand for as an actor , in the whole of my career , whenever it ends , it will start with and end at Dilwale '' . The actress Farida Jalal said the film gave her career a boost , saying she got many offers and `` could quote any price '' . It also helped the young careers of Pooja Ruparel , who received advertising offers , and of Sharmistha Roy . The British Film Institute ( BFI ) commissioned a book about Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . It was the first Hindi film chosen for a series of studies on international films , called `` BFI Modern Classics '' . The author was Anupama Chopra and the book was released in 2002 . It was reissued in paperback by Harper - Collins as Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : The Making of a Blockbuster in 2004 . After an unexpectedly long delay , the film was released on DVD by Yash Raj Films in 2002 . The release included The Making and 300 Weeks Celebration documentaries , Success Story ( highlights from the film 's premiere ) , clips from the 41st Filmfare Awards ceremony and other interviews . In 2006 , members of the film crew were honoured at a dinner event to celebrate the film 's 500th week since release . It was hosted by the Consulate General of Switzerland in Mumbai and by Switzerland Tourism . In 2010 , Yash Raj Films signed an agreement with Indian and Swiss tour companies to provide a tour package called `` YRF Enchanted Journey '' , to allow visitors to Switzerland to view filming locations used for famous Yash Raj films including Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge . In 2014 , Yash Raj Films released Aditya Chopra Relives ... Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir ) , an attractive but expensive book about the making of the film . In response to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi quoting the line `` May the force be with you '' from the American film franchise Star Wars during a visit to the U.S.", "17": ", President Barack Obama decided to quote a line from a Hindi film during his visit to India in January 2015 . He chose a line from this film , `` Senorita , bade bade deshon mein ... '' ( Miss , in large countries ... ) , and added `` you know what I mean '' . Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : The exchange rate in 1995 was 32.35 Indian rupees ( ₹ ) per 1 US dollar ( US $ ) . Jump up ^ Other sources claim that Saif was approached for the role before Shah Rukh , so this point is not entirely clear . Jump up ^ Uberoi states the theme to be that the lovers were willing to sacrifice their own feelings for their families . Jump up ^ The record has since been tied by Devdas ( 2002 ) , and broken by Black ( 2005 ) . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Box Office India . Archived from the original on 18 July 2016 . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Baker , Steven ( 12 January 2013 ) . `` Shah Rukh Khan , Kajol 's ' DDLJ ' completes 900 weeks '' . Digital Spy . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 10 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Average Exchange Rates '' . USForex . Archived from the original on 21 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2015 . Select Indian Rupee on the ' Compare ' pulldown , then click ' Retrieve Data ' Jump up ^ `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) BFI '' . British Film Institute . 2002 . Archived from the original on 1 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` About Aditya Chopra '' . Yash Raj Films .", "18": "Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 8 December 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Kulkarni , Ronjita ( 8 October 2003 ) . `` Shah Rukh did not want to do DDLJ '' . Rediff.com . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` I was keen to do DDLJ with newcomers '' . Filmfare. 10 December 2014 . pp. 3 -- 4 . Archived from the original on 30 May 2015 . Retrieved 5 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Chopra 2002 , pp. 31 -- 32 . ^ Jump up to : Chopra 2002 , p. 36 . ^ Jump up to : `` When I saw DDLJ I was in tears '' . 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Bibliography ( edit ) Chatterjee , Saibal ( 2003 ) . `` 1990 -- 2001 : Designer Cinema '' .", "29": "In Ramchandani , Indu . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . pp. 117 -- 134 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Chopra , Anupama ( 2002 ) . Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( `` The Brave - Hearted Will Take the Bride '' ) . British Film Institute , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85170 - 957 - 4 . Dengel - Janic , Ellen ; Eckstein , Lars ( 2008 ) . `` Bridehood Revisted : Disarming Concepts of Gender and Culture in Recent Asian British Film '' . In Eckstein , Lars ; Korte , Barbara ; Pirker , Eva Ulrike ; et al. Multi-Ethnic Britain 2000 + : New Perspectives in Literature , Film and the Arts . Rodopi . pp. 45 -- 64 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2497 - 7 . Dwyer , Rachel ( 2014 ) . Bollywood 's India : Hindi Cinema as a Guide to Contemporary India . Reaktion Books , London . ISBN 978 - 1 - 78023 - 304 - 8 . Ganti , Tejaswini ( 2004 ) . Bollywood : A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema . Psychology Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 28854 - 5 . Joshi , Namrata ( 2012 ) . `` Shahrukh Khan : Yuppie Prince of Liberalized India '' . In Patel , Bhaichand . Bollywood 's Top 20 : Superstars of Indian Cinema . Penguin Books , India . pp. 231 -- 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 08572 - 9 . Mazumdar , Ranjani ( 2014 ) . `` Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge / The Brave - Hearted Will Take Away the Bride '' . In Barrow , Sarah ; Haenni , Sabine ; White , John . The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films . Routledge , New York .", "30": "pp. 205 -- 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 317 - 68261 - 5 . Mehta , Rini Bhattacharya ( 2011 ) . `` Bollywood , Nation , Globalization : An Incomplete Introduction '' . In Mehta , Rini Bhattacharya ; Pandharipande , Rajeshwari V. Bollywood and Globalization : Indian Popular Cinema , Nation , and Diaspora . Anthem Press . pp. 1 -- 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85728 - 782 - 3 . Punathambekar , Aswin ( 2005 ) . `` Bollywood in the Indian - American Diaspora : Mediating a Transitive Logic of Cultural Citizenship '' ( PDF ) . International Journal of Cultural Studies . 8 ( 2 ) : 151 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 1367877905052415 . Ramchandani , Indu , ed. ( 2003 ) . `` Biographies '' . Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema . Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . pp. 515 -- 640 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7991 - 066 - 5 . Mukherjee , Madhuja ( 2012 ) ( 2011 ) . `` Mustard Fields , Exotic Tropes , and Travels through Meandering Pathways : Reframing the Yash Raj Trajectory '' . In Roy , Anjali Gera ; Huat , Chua Beng . Travels of Bollywood Cinema : From Bombay to LA . Oxford University Press . pp. 35 -- 54 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198075981.003. 0004 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 807598 - 1 . Sarrazin , Natalie ( 2008 ) . `` Songs from the Heart -- Musical Coding , Emotional Sentiment , and Traditional Sonic Identity in India 's Popular Film Music '' . In Kavoori , Anandam P. ; Punathambekar , Aswin . Global Bollywood . New York University Press . pp. 203 -- 19 .", "31": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 4798 - 8 . Uberoi , Patricia ( 1997 ) . `` The Diaspora Comes Home : Disciplining Desire in DDLJ '' . Contributions to Indian Sociology. 32 ( 2 ) : 305 -- 36 . doi : 10.1177 / 006996679803200208 . Virdi , Jyotika ( 2003 ) . The Cinematic ImagiNation : Indian Popular Films as Social History . Rutgers University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8135 - 3191 - 5 . Further reading ( edit ) Chopra , Aditya ; Kabir , Nasreen Munni ( 12 December 2014 ) . Aditya Chopra Relives ... ( Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge : As Told to Nasreen Munni Kabir ) . Yash Raj Films . ISBN 978 - 93 - 5196 - 188 - 8 . Sharpe , Jenny ( 2005 ) . `` Gender , Nation , and Globalization in Monsoon Wedding and Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge '' . Meridians : feminism , race , transnationalism. 6 ( 1 ) : 58 -- 81 . doi : 10.1353 / mer. 2005.0032 .", "32": "External links ( edit ) Film portal Bollywood portal 1990s portal India portal Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge Official Site Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge on IMDb Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge at the British Film Institute 's Film and TV Database Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge at the TCM Movie Database Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge at AllMovie Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge at Bollywood Hungama National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment 1974 -- 1980 Kora Kagaz ( 1974 ) Tapasya ( 1975 ) No Award ( 1976 ) Swami ( 1977 ) Ganadevata ( 1978 ) Sankarabharanam ( 1979 ) No Award ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 2000 No Award ( 1981 ) No Award ( 1982 ) No Award ( 1983 ) Kony ( 1984 ) No Award ( 1985 ) Samsaram Adhu Minsaram ( 1986 ) Pushpaka Vimana ( 1987 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1988 ) Chandni and Geethanjali ( 1989 ) Ghayal ( 1990 ) No Award ( 1991 ) Sargam ( 1992 ) Darr and Manichitrathazhu ( 1993 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun ... ! ( 1994 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Maachis ( 1996 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1998 ) Sarfarosh ( 1999 ) Vaanathaippola ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Lagaan ( Once Upon a Time in India ) ( 2001 ) Devdas ( 2002 ) Munna Bhai M.B.B.S.", "33": "( 2003 ) Autograph and Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2005 ) Lage Raho Munna Bhai ( 2006 ) Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Oye Lucky ! Lucky Oye ! ( 2008 ) 3 Idiots ( 2009 ) Dabangg ( 2010 ) Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai ( 2011 ) Vicky Donor and Ustad Hotel ( 2012 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2013 ) Mary Kom ( 2014 ) Bajrangi Bhaijaan ( 2015 ) Sathamanam Bhavati ( 2016 ) Filmfare Award for Best Film 1954 -- 1975 Do Bigha Zamin ( 1954 ) Boot Polish ( 1955 ) Jagriti ( 1956 ) Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje ( 1957 ) Mother India ( 1958 ) Madhumati ( 1959 ) Sujata ( 1960 ) Mughal - e-Azam ( 1961 ) Jis Desh Men Ganga Behti Hai ( 1962 ) Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam ( 1963 ) Bandini ( 1964 ) Dosti ( 1965 ) Himalay Ki Godmein ( 1966 ) Guide ( 1967 ) Upkar ( 1968 ) Brahmachari ( 1969 ) Aradhana ( 1970 ) Khilona ( 1971 ) Anand ( 1972 ) Be-Imaan ( 1973 ) Anuraag ( 1974 ) Rajnigandha ( 1975 ) 1976 -- 2000 Deewaar ( 1976 ) Mausam ( 1977 )", "34": "Bhumika ( 1978 ) Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki ( 1979 ) Junoon ( 1980 ) Khubsoorat ( 1981 ) Kalyug ( 1982 ) Shakti ( 1983 ) Ardh Satya ( 1984 ) Sparsh ( 1985 ) Ram Teri Ganga Maili ( 1986 ) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak ( 1989 ) Maine Pyar Kiya ( 1990 ) Ghayal ( 1991 ) Lamhe ( 1992 ) Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar ( 1993 ) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke ( 1994 ) Hum Aapke Hain Koun . ! ( 1995 ) Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1996 ) Raja Hindustani ( 1997 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1998 ) Kuch Kuch Hota Hai ( 1999 ) Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Kaho Naa ... Pyaar Hai ( 2001 ) Lagaan ( 2002 ) Devdas ( 2003 ) Koi ... Mil Gaya ( 2004 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2005 ) Black ( 2006 ) Rang De Basanti ( 2007 ) Taare Zameen Par ( 2008 ) Jodhaa Akbar ( 2009 ) 3 Idiots ( 2010 ) Dabangg ( 2011 ) Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2012 ) Barfi !", "35": "( 2013 ) Bhaag Milkha Bhaag ( 2014 ) Queen ( 2015 ) Bajirao Mastani ( 2016 ) Dangal ( 2017 ) Hindi Medium ( 2018 ) Yash Raj Films About Head Office Y - Films Yash Chopra Daag : A Poem of Love ( 1973 ) Kabhie Kabhie ( 1976 ) Kaala Patthar ( 1979 ) Silsila ( 1981 ) Mashaal ( 1984 ) Faasle ( 1985 ) Vijay ( 1988 ) Chandni ( 1989 ) Lamhe ( 1991 ) Darr ( 1993 ) Dil To Pagal Hai ( 1997 ) Veer - Zaara ( 2004 ) Jab Tak Hai Jaan ( 2012 ) Aditya Chopra Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge ( 1995 ) Mohabbatein ( 2000 ) Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi ( 2008 ) Befikre ( 2016 ) Kunal Kohli Mujhse Dosti Karoge ( 2002 ) Hum Tum ( 2004 ) Fanaa ( 2006 ) Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic ( 2008 ) Shaad Ali Saathiya ( 2002 ) Bunty Aur Babli ( 2005 ) Jhoom Barabar Jhoom ( 2007 ) Kill Dil ( 2014 ) Siddharth Anand Salaam Namaste ( 2005 ) Ta Ra Rum Pum ( 2007 ) Bachna Ae Haseeno ( 2008 ) Sanjay Gadhvi Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai ( 2002 ) Dhoom ( 2004 ) Dhoom 2 ( 2006 ) Shimit Amin Chak De ! India ( 2007 ) Rocket Singh : Salesman of the Year ( 2009 ) Jugal Hansraj Roadside Romeo ( 2008 ) Pyaar Impossible !", "36": "( 2010 ) Kabir Khan Kabul Express ( 2006 ) New York ( 2009 ) Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) Pradeep Sarkar Laaga Chunari Mein Daag ( 2007 ) Lafangey Parindey ( 2010 ) Mardaani ( 2014 ) Maneesh Sharma Band Baaja Baaraat ( 2010 ) Ladies vs Ricky Bahl ( 2011 ) Shuddh Desi Romance ( 2013 ) Fan ( 2016 ) Vijay Krishna Acharya Tashan ( 2008 ) Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) Thugs of Hindostan ( 2018 ) Ramesh Talwar Doosra Aadmi ( 1977 ) Sawaal ( 1982 ) Ali Abbas Zafar Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) Gunday ( 2014 ) Sultan ( 2016 ) Tiger Zinda Hai ( 2017 ) Habib Faisal Ishaqzaade ( 2012 ) Daawat - e-Ishq ( 2014 ) Qaidi Band ( 2017 ) Dibakar Banerjee Detective Byomkesh Bakshy ! ( 2015 ) Sandeep Aur Pinky Faraar ( 2018 ) Other Noorie ( 1979 ) Nakhuda ( 1981 ) Aaina ( 1993 ) Yeh Dillagi ( 1994 ) Neal ' n ' Nikki ( 2005 ) Aaja Nachle ( 2007 ) Dil Bole Hadippa !", "37": "( 2009 ) Badmaash Company ( 2010 ) Aurangzeb ( 2013 ) Aaha Kalyanam ( 2014 ) Bewakoofiyaan ( 2014 ) Dum Laga Ke Haisha ( 2015 ) Titli ( 2015 ) Meri Pyaari Bindu ( 2017 ) Hichki ( 2018 ) List of films released by Yash Raj Films VIAF : 179365796 GND : 4731496 - 5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "38": "php?title=Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge&oldid=821895764 '' Categories : 1995 films Hindi - language films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s romantic drama films Directorial debut films Films scored by Jatin -- Lalit Films about Indian weddings Films set in London Films shot in London Films shot in Switzerland 1990s Hindi - language films Indian films Indian romance films Yash Raj Films films Films set in India Hindi - language films dubbed in Telugu Love stories Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners Hidden categories : Subscription required using via Pages containing links to subscription - only content Featured articles Use British English from January 2013 Articles containing explicitly cited English - language text Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Use dmy dates from October 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca বাংলা Български Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Basa Jawa മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Polski Русский Simple English کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe اردو Vepsän kel ' Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 06 : 50 . 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[ "Sophocles", "c. 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC", "Sophocles", "Sophocles", "c. 497/6", "winter 406/5 BC", "Sophocles", "c. 497/6 – winter 406/5 BC" ]

{ "0": "Sophocles - wikipedia Sophocles Jump to : navigation , search For the screenwriting software , see Sophocles ( software ) . For the ships , see SS Sophocles ( 1900 ) and SS Sophocles ( 1921 ) . Sophocles 497 / 496 BC Colonus , Attica 406 / 405 BC ( aged 90 - 92 ) Athens Occupation Tragedian Information Genre Tragedy Notable work ( s ) Ajax Antigone Oedipus Rex Electra Oedipus at Colonus Sophocles ( / ˈsɒfəkliːz / ; Greek : Σοφοκλῆς , Sophoklēs , Ancient Greek : ( so. pho. klɛ̂ːs ) ; c. 497 / 6 -- winter 406 / 5 BC ) is one of three ancient Greek tragedians whose plays have survived . His first plays were written later than those of Aeschylus , and earlier than or contemporary with those of Euripides . Sophocles wrote over 120 plays during the course of his life , but only seven have survived in a complete form : Ajax , Antigone , The Women of Trachis , Oedipus Rex , Electra , Philoctetes and Oedipus at Colonus . For almost 50 years , Sophocles was the most celebrated playwright in the dramatic competitions of the city - state of Athens that took place during the religious festivals of the Lenaea and the Dionysia . He competed in 30 competitions , won 24 , and was never judged lower than second place . Aeschylus won 13 competitions , and was sometimes defeated by Sophocles , while Euripides won 4 competitions . The most famous tragedies of Sophocles feature Oedipus and also Antigone : they are generally known as the Theban plays , although each play was actually a part of a different tetralogy , the other members of which are now lost . Sophocles influenced the development of drama , most importantly by adding a third actor , thereby reducing the importance of the chorus in the presentation of the plot .", "1": "He also developed his characters to a greater extent than earlier playwrights such as Aeschylus . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 2 Works and legacy 2.1 Theban plays 2.1. 1 Subjects 2.1. 2 Composition and inconsistencies 2.2 Other plays 2.3 Fragmentary plays 2.4 Sophocles ' view of his own work 3 See also 4 Notes 5 References 6 External links Life ( edit ) A marble relief of a poet , perhaps Sophocles Sophocles , the son of Sophilus , was a wealthy member of the rural deme ( small community ) of Hippeios Colonus in Attica , which was to become a setting for one of his plays , and he was probably born there . Sophocles was born a few years before the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC : the exact year is unclear , although 497 / 6 is the most likely . Sophocles was born into a wealthy family ( his father was an armour manufacturer ) and was highly educated . Sophocles ' first artistic triumph was in 468 BC , when he took first prize in the Dionysia theatre competition over the reigning master of Athenian drama , Aeschylus . According to Plutarch , the victory came under unusual circumstances . Instead of following the usual custom of choosing judges by lot , the archon asked Cimon and the other strategoi present to decide the victor of the contest . Plutarch further contends that following this loss Aeschylus soon left for Sicily . Although Plutarch says that this was Sophocles ' first production , it is now thought that his first production was probably in 470 BC . Triptolemus was probably one of the plays that Sophocles presented at this festival . In 480 BC Sophocles was chosen to lead the paean ( a choral chant to a god ) , celebrating the Greek victory over the Persians at the Battle of Salamis . Early in his career , the politician Cimon might have been one of his patrons , although if he was , there was no ill will borne by Pericles , Cimon 's rival , when Cimon was ostracized in 461 BC .", "2": "In 443 / 2 he served as one of the Hellenotamiai , or treasurers of Athena , helping to manage the finances of the city during the political ascendancy of Pericles . According to the Vita Sophoclis , in 441 BC he was elected one of the ten generals , executive officials at Athens , as a junior colleague of Pericles , and he served in the Athenian campaign against Samos ; he was supposed to have been elected to this position as the result of his production of Antigone . In 420 BC , he welcomed and set up an altar for the image of Asclepius at his house , when the deity was introduced to Athens . For this , he was given the posthumous epithet Dexion ( receiver ) by the Athenians . He was also elected , in 413 BC , one of the commissioners ( probouloi ) who responded to the catastrophic destruction of the Athenian expeditionary force in Sicily during the Peloponnesian War . Sophocles died at the age of ninety or ninety - one in the winter of 406 / 5 BC , having seen within his lifetime both the Greek triumph in the Persian Wars and the bloodletting of the Peloponnesian War . As with many famous men in classical antiquity , his death inspired a number of apocryphal stories . The most famous is the suggestion that he died from the strain of trying to recite a long sentence from his Antigone without pausing to take a breath . Another account suggests he choked while eating grapes at the Anthesteria festival in Athens . A third holds that he died of happiness after winning his final victory at the City Dionysia . A few months later , a comic poet , in a play titled The Muses , wrote this eulogy : `` Blessed is Sophocles , who had a long life , was a man both happy and talented , and the writer of many good tragedies ; and he ended his life well without suffering any misfortune . '' According to some accounts , however , his own sons tried to have him declared incompetent near the end of his life ; he is said to have refuted their charge in court by reading from his as yet unproduced Oedipus at Colonus .", "3": "One of his sons , Iophon , and a grandson , also called Sophocles , also became playwrights . Several ancient sources mention Sophocles ' homosexuality or bisexuality . Athenaios reported that Sophocles loved boys like Euripides loved women . The poet Ion of Chios relates an anecdote involving Sophocles seducing a serving boy at a symposium , and Athenaios one in which Sophocles is tricked by a hustler . Works and legacy ( edit ) Portrait of the Greek actor Euiaon in Sophocles ' Andromeda , c. 430 BC . Among Sophocles ' earliest innovations was the addition of a third actor , which further reduced the role of the chorus and created greater opportunity for character development and conflict between characters . Aeschylus , who dominated Athenian playwriting during Sophocles ' early career , followed suit and adopted the third character into his own work towards the end of his life . Aristotle credits Sophocles with the introduction of skenographia , or scenery - painting . It was not until after the death of the old master Aeschylus in 456 BC that Sophocles became the pre-eminent playwright in Athens . Thereafter , Sophocles emerged victorious in dramatic competitions at 18 Dionysia and 6 Lenaia festivals . In addition to innovations in dramatic structure , Sophocles ' work is also known for its deeper development of characters than earlier playwrights . His reputation was such that foreign rulers invited him to attend their courts , although unlike Aeschylus who died in Sicily , or Euripides who spent time in Macedon , Sophocles never accepted any of these invitations . Aristotle used Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex in his Poetics ( c. 335 BC ) as an example of the highest achievement in tragedy , which suggests the high esteem in which his work was held by later Greeks . Only two of the seven surviving plays can be dated securely : Philoctetes ( 409 BC ) and Oedipus at Colonus ( 401 BC , staged after Sophocles ' death by his grandson ) . Of the others , Electra shows stylistic similarities to these two plays , which suggests that it was probably written in the latter part of his career .", "4": "Ajax , Antigone and The Trachiniae are generally thought to be among his early works , again based on stylistic elements , with Oedipus Rex coming in Sophocles ' middle period . Most of Sophocles ' plays show an undercurrent of early fatalism and the beginnings of Socratic logic as a mainstay for the long tradition of Greek tragedy . Theban plays ( edit ) The Theban plays consist of three plays : Oedipus Rex ( also called Oedipus Tyrannus or Oedipus the King ) , Oedipus at Colonus and Antigone . All three plays concern the fate of Thebes during and after the reign of King Oedipus . They have often been published under a single cover . Sophocles , however , wrote the three plays for separate festival competitions , many years apart . Not only are the Theban plays not a true trilogy ( three plays presented as a continuous narrative ) but they are not even an intentional series and contain some inconsistencies among them . He also wrote other plays having to do with Thebes , such as the Epigoni , of which only fragments have survived . Subjects ( edit ) Each of the plays relates to the tale of the mythological Oedipus , who killed his father and married his mother without knowledge that they were his parents . His family is fated to be doomed for three generations . In Oedipus Rex , Oedipus is the protagonist . Oedipus ' infanticide is planned by his parents , Laius and Jocasta , to avert him from fulfilling a prophecy ; in truth , the servant entrusted with the infanticide passes the infant on through a series of intermediaries to a childless couple , who adopt him not knowing his history . Oedipus eventually learns of the Delphic Oracle 's prophecy of him , that he would kill his father and marry his mother ; Oedipus attempts to flee his fate without harming those he knows as his parents ( at this point , he does not know that he is adopted ) . Oedipus meets a man at a crossroads accompanied by servants ; Oedipus and the man fight , and Oedipus kills the man ( who was his father , Laius , although neither knew at the time ) .", "5": "He becomes the ruler of Thebes after solving the riddle of the sphinx and in the process , marries the widowed queen , his mother Jocasta . Thus the stage is set for horror . When the truth comes out , following from another true but confusing prophecy from Delphi , Jocasta commits suicide , Oedipus blinds himself and leaves Thebes . At the end of the play , order is restored . This restoration is seen when Creon , brother of Jocasta , becomes king , and also when Oedipus , before going off to exile , asks Creon to take care of his children . Oedipus 's children will always bear the weight of shame and humiliation because of their father 's actions . In Oedipus at Colonus , the banished Oedipus and his daughter Antigone arrive at the town of Colonus where they encounter Theseus , King of Athens . Oedipus dies and strife begins between his sons Polyneices and Eteocles . In Antigone , the protagonist is Oedipus ' daughter , Antigone . She is faced with the choice of allowing her brother Polyneices ' body to remain unburied , outside the city walls , exposed to the ravages of wild animals , or to bury him and face death . The king of the land , Creon , has forbidden the burial of Polyneices for he was a traitor to the city . Antigone decides to bury his body and face the consequences of her actions . Creon sentences her to death . Eventually , Creon is convinced to free Antigone from her punishment , but his decision comes too late and Antigone commits suicide . Her suicide triggers the suicide of two others close to King Creon : his son , Haemon , who was to wed Antigone , and his wife , Eurydice , who commits suicide after losing her only surviving son . Composition and inconsistencies ( edit ) Oedipus at Colonus by Jean - Antoine - Théodore Giroust ( 1788 ) , Dallas Museum of Art The plays were written across thirty - six years of Sophocles ' career and were not composed in chronological order , but instead were written in the order Antigone , Oedipus Rex , and Oedipus at Colonus .", "6": "Nor were they composed as a trilogy -- a group of plays to be performed together , but are the remaining parts of three different groups of plays . As a result , there are some inconsistencies : notably , Creon is the undisputed king at the end of Oedipus Rex and , in consultation with Apollo , single - handedly makes the decision to expel Oedipus from Thebes . Creon is also instructed to look after Oedipus ' daughters Antigone and Ismene at the end of Oedipus Rex . By contrast , in the other plays there is some struggle with Oedipus ' sons Eteocles and Polynices in regard to the succession . In Oedipus at Colonus , Sophocles attempts to work these inconsistencies into a coherent whole : Ismene explains that , in light of their tainted family lineage , her brothers were at first willing to cede the throne to Creon . Nevertheless , they eventually decided to take charge of the monarchy , with each brother disputing the other 's right to succeed . In addition to being in a clearly more powerful position in Oedipus at Colonus , Eteocles and Polynices are also culpable : they consent ( l . 429 , Theodoridis , tr . ) to their father 's going to exile , which is one of his bitterest charges against them . Other plays ( edit ) In addition to the three Theban plays , there are four surviving plays by Sophocles : Ajax , The Women of Trachis , Electra , and Philoctetes , the last of which won first prize in 409 BC in which it competed . Ajax focuses on the proud hero of the Trojan War , Telamonian Ajax , who is driven to treachery and eventually suicide . Ajax becomes gravely upset when Achilles ' armor is presented to Odysseus instead of himself . Despite their enmity toward him , Odysseus persuades the kings Menelaus and Agamemnon to grant Ajax a proper burial . The Women of Trachis ( named for the Trachinian women who make up the chorus ) dramatizes Deianeira 's accidentally killing Heracles after he had completed his famous twelve labors .", "7": "Tricked into thinking it is a love charm , Deianeira applies poison to an article of Heracles ' clothing ; this poisoned robe causes Heracles to die an excruciating death . Upon learning the truth , Deianeira commits suicide . Electra corresponds roughly to the plot of Aeschylus ' Libation Bearers . It details how Electra and Orestes ' avenge their father Agamemnon 's murder by Clytemnestra and Aegisthus . Philoctetes retells the story of Philoctetes , an archer who had been abandoned on Lemnos by the rest of the Greek fleet while on the way to Troy . After learning that they can not win the Trojan War without Philoctetes ' bow , the Greeks send Odysseus and Neoptolemus to retrieve him ; due to the Greeks ' earlier treachery , however , Philoctetes refuses to rejoin the army . It is only Heracles ' deus ex machina appearance that persuades Philoctetes to go to Troy . Fragmentary plays ( edit ) Although the list of over 120 titles of plays associated with Sophocles are known and presented below , little is known of the precise dating of most of them . Philoctetes is known to have been written in 409 BC , and Oedipus at Colonus is known to have only been performed in 401 BC , posthumously , at the initiation of Sophocles ' grandson . The convention on writing plays for the Greek festivals was to submit them in tetralogies of three tragedies along with one satyr play . Along with the unknown dating of the vast majority of over 120 play titles , it is also largely unknown how the plays were grouped . It is , however , known that the three plays referred to in the modern era as the `` Theban plays '' were never performed together in Sophocles ' own lifetime , and are therefore not a trilogy ( which they are sometimes erroneously seen as ) . Fragments of Ichneutae ( Tracking Satyrs ) were discovered in Egypt in 1907 . These amount to about half of the play , making it the best preserved satyr play after Euripides ' Cyclops , which survives in its entirety .", "8": "Fragments of the Epigoni were discovered in April 2005 by classicists at Oxford University with the help of infrared technology previously used for satellite imaging . The tragedy tells the story of the second siege of Thebes . A number of other Sophoclean works have survived only in fragments , including : Aias Lokros ( Ajax the Locrian ) Aias Mastigophoros ( Ajax the Whip - Bearer ) Aigeus ( Aegeus ) Aigisthos ( Aegisthus ) Aikhmalôtides ( The Captive Women ) Aithiopes ( The Ethiopians ) , or Memnon Akhaiôn Syllogos ( The Gathering of the Achaeans ) Akhilleôs Erastai ( ( male ) Lovers of Achilles ) Akrisios Aleadae ( The Sons of Aleus ) Aletes Alexandros ( Alexander ) Alcmeôn Amphiaraus Amphitryôn Amycos Andromache Andromeda Antenoridai ( Sons of Antenor ) Athamas ( two versions produced ) Atreus ,", "9": "or Mykenaiai Camicoi Cassandra Cedaliôn Cerberus Chryseis Clytemnestra Colchides Côphoi ( Mute Ones ) Creusa Crisis ( Judgement ) Daedalus Danae Dionysiacus Dolopes Epigoni ( The Progeny ) Eriphyle Eris Eumelus Euryalus Eurypylus Eurysaces Helenes Apaitesis ( Helen 's Demand ) Helenes Gamos ( Helen 's Marriage ) Herakles Epi Tainaro ( Hercules At Taenarum ) Hermione Hipponous Hybris Hydrophoroi ( Water - Bearers ) Inachos Iobates Iokles Iôn Iphigenia Ixiôn Lacaenae ( Lacaenian Women ) Laocoôn Larisaioi Lemniai ( Lemnian Women ) Manteis ( The Prophets ) or Polyidus Meleagros Minôs Momus Mousai ( Muses ) Mysoi ( Mysians ) Nauplios Katapleon ( Nauplius ' Arrival ) Nauplios Pyrkaeus ( Nauplius ' Fires ) Nausicaa , or Plyntriai Niobe Odysseus Acanthoplex ( Odysseus Scourged with Thorns ) Odysseus Mainomenos ( Odysseus Gone Mad ) Oeneus Oenomaus Palamedes Pandora ,", "10": "or Sphyrokopoi ( Hammer - Strikers ) Pelias Peleus Phaiakes Phaedra Philoctetes In Troy Phineus ( two versions ) Phoenix Phrixus Phryges ( Phrygians ) Phthiôtides Poimenes ( The Shepherds ) Polyxene Priam Procris Rhizotomoi ( The Root - Cutters ) Salmoneus Sinon Sisyphus Skyrioi ( Scyrians ) Skythai ( Scythians ) Syndeipnoi ( The Diners , or , The Banqueters ) Tantalus Telephus Tereus Teukros ( Teucer ) Thamyras Theseus Thyestes Troilus Triptolemos Tympanistai ( Drummers ) Tyndareos Tyro Keiromene ( Tyro Shorn ) Tyro Anagnorizomene ( Tyro Rediscovered ) . Xoanephoroi ( Image - Bearers ) Sophocles ' view of his own work ( edit ) There is a passage of Plutarch 's tract De Profectibus in Virtute 7 in which Sophocles discusses his own growth as a writer . A likely source of this material for Plutarch was the Epidemiae of Ion of Chios , a book that recorded many conversations of Sophocles . This book is a likely candidate to have contained Sophocles ' discourse on his own development because Ion was a friend of Sophocles , and the book is known to have been used by Plutarch . Though some interpretations of Plutarch 's words suggest that Sophocles says that he imitated Aeschylus , the translation does not fit grammatically , nor does the interpretation that Sophocles said that he was making fun of Aeschylus ' works . C.M. Bowra argues for the following translation of the line : `` After practising to the full the bigness of Aeschylus , then the painful ingenuity of my own invention , now in the third stage I am changing to the kind of diction which is most expressive of character and best . ''", "11": "Here Sophocles says that he has completed a stage of Aeschylus ' work , meaning that he went through a phase of imitating Aeschylus ' style but is finished with that . Sophocles ' opinion of Aeschylus was mixed . He certainly respected him enough to imitate his work early on in his career , but he had reservations about Aeschylus ' style , and thus did not keep his imitation up . Sophocles ' first stage , in which he imitated Aeschylus , is marked by `` Aeschylean pomp in the language '' . Sophocles ' second stage was entirely his own . He introduced new ways of evoking feeling out of an audience , as in his Ajax , when Ajax is mocked by Athene , then the stage is emptied so that he may commit suicide alone . Sophocles mentions a third stage , distinct from the other two , in his discussion of his development . The third stage pays more heed to diction . His characters spoke in a way that was more natural to them and more expressive of their individual character feelings . See also ( edit ) Theatre of ancient Greece Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ; Roach , Peter , James Hartman and Jane Setter , eds . Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary . 17th edition . Cambridge UP , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Sommerstein ( 2002 ) , p. 41 . Jump up ^ The exact number is unknown , the Suda says he wrote 123 , another ancient source says 130 , but no exact number `` is possible '' , see Lloyd - Jones 2003 , p. 3 . Jump up ^ Suda ( ed . Finkel et al . ) : s.v. Σοφοκλῆς . Jump up ^ Sophocles at Encyclopædia Britannica ^ Jump up to : Freeman , p. 247 . ^ Jump up to : Sommerstein ( 2007 ) , p. xi . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Jones 1994 , p. 7 . Jump up ^ Freeman , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Life of Cimon 8 .", "12": "Plutarch is mistaken about Aeschylus ' death during this trip ; he went on to produce dramas in Athens for another decade . Jump up ^ McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of World Drama : An International Reference Work in 5 Volumes , Volume 1 , `` Sophocles '' . Jump up ^ Beer 2004 , p. 69 . Jump up ^ Clinton , Kevin `` The Epidauria and the Arrival of Asclepius in Athens '' , in Ancient Greek Cult Practice from the Epigraphical Evidence , edited by R. Hägg , Stockholm , 1994 . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Jones 1994 , pp. 12 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Schultz 1835 , pp. 150 -- 1 . Jump up ^ Lucas 1964 , p. 128 . Jump up ^ Cicero recounts this story in his De Senectute 7.22 . Jump up ^ Sommerstein ( 2002 ) , pp. 41 -- 42 . Jump up ^ Aristotle . Ars Poetica . Jump up ^ The first printed edition of the seven plays is by Aldus Manutius in Venice 1502 : Sophoclis tragaediae ( sic ) septem cum commentariis . Despite the addition ' cum commentariis ' in the title , the Aldine edition did not include the ancient scholia to Sophocles . These had to wait until 1518 when Janus Lascaris brought out the relevant edition in Rome . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Jones 1994 , pp. 8 - 9 . Jump up ^ Scullion , pp. 85 -- 86 , rejects attempts to date Antigone to shortly before 441 / 0 based on an anecdote that the play led to Sophocles ' election as general . On other grounds , he cautiously suggests c. 450 BC . ^ Jump up to : Sophocles , ed Grene and Lattimore , pp. 1 -- 2 .", "13": "Jump up ^ See for example : `` Sophocles : The Theban Plays '' , Penguin Books , 1947 ; Sophocles I : Oedipus the King , Oedipus at Colonus , Antigone , University of Chicago , 1991 ; Sophocles : The Theban Plays : Antigone / King Oidipous / Oidipous at Colonus , Focus Publishing / R. Pullins Company , 2002 ; Sophocles , The Oedipus Cycle : Oedipus Rex , Oedipus at Colonus , Antigone , Harvest Books , 2002 ; Sophocles , Works , Loeb Classical Library , Vol I. London , W. Heinemann ; New York , Macmillan , 1912 ( often reprinted ) - the 1994 Loeb , however , prints Sophocles in chronological order . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Matthew , `` Newly Readable Oxyrhynchus Papyri Reveal Works by Sophocles , Lucian , and Others '' , Theatermania , 18 April 2005 . Retrieved 9 July 2007 . Jump up ^ Sophocles . Oedipus the King . The Norton Anthology of Western Literature . Gen. ed . Peter Simon . 8th ed . Vol. 1 . New York : Norton , 1984 . 648 -- 52 . Print . ISBN 0 - 393 - 92572 - 2 Jump up ^ Freeman , pp. 247 -- 248 . Jump up ^ Lloyd - Jones 2003 , pp. 3 -- 9 . ^ Jump up to : Seaford , p. 1361 . Jump up ^ Bowra , p. 386 . Jump up ^ Bowra , p. 401 . Jump up ^ Bowra , p. 389 . Jump up ^ Bowra , p. 392 . Jump up ^ Bowra , p. 396 . Jump up ^ Bowra , pp. 385 -- 401 .", "14": "Library resources about Sophocles Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Sophocles Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries References ( edit ) Beer , Josh ( 2004 ) . Sophocles and the Tragedy of Athenian Democracy . Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28946 - 8 Bowra , C.M. ( 1940 ) . `` Sophocles on His Own Development '' . American Journal of Philology . The Johns Hopkins University Press . 61 ( 4 ) : 385 -- 401 . doi : 10.2307 / 291377 . JSTOR 291377 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Finkel , Raphael . `` Adler number : sigma , 815 '' . Suda on Line : Byzantine Lexicography . Retrieved 2007 - 03 - 14 . Freeman , Charles . ( 1999 ) . The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88515 - 0 Hubbard , Thomas K. ( 2003 ) . Homosexuality in Greece and Rome : A Sourcebook of Basic Documents . Johnson , Marguerite & Terry Ryan ( 2005 ) . Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature : A Sourcebook . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 17331 - 0 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 17331 - 5 Lloyd - Jones , Hugh ( ed . ) ( 1994 ) . Sophocles . Ajax . Electra . Oedipus Tyrannus . Harvard University Press . Lloyd - Jones , Hugh ( ed . ) ( 2003 ) . Sophocles . Fragments , Edited and translated by Hugh Lloyd - Jones , Loeb Classical Library No. 483 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 99532 - 1 . Online version at Harvard University Press . Lucas , Donald William ( 1964 ) . The Greek Tragic Poets .", "15": "W.W. Norton & Co . Minghella , Anthony ( 1987 ) . First episode of BBC 's Inspector Morse mentioned Sophocles as the `` murderer . '' Plato . Plato in Twelve Volumes , Vols. 5 & 6 translated by Paul Shorey . Cambridge , MA , Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. 1969 . Schultz , Ferdinand ( 1835 ) . De vita Sophoclis poetae commentatio . Phil . Diss. , Berlin . Scullion , Scott ( 2002 ) . Tragic dates , Classical Quarterly , new sequence 52 , pp. 81 -- 101 . Seaford , Richard A.S. ( 2003 ) . `` Satyric drama '' . In Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth . The Oxford Classical Dictionary ( revised 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 1361 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860641 - 9 . Smith , Philip ( 1867 ) . `` Sophocles '' . In William Smith . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. 3 . Boston : Little , Brown , and Company . pp. 865 -- 873 . Archived from the original on 2 February 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 19 . Sommerstein , Alan Herbert ( 2002 ) . Greek Drama and Dramatists . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26027 - 2 Sommerstein , Alan Herbert ( 2007 ) . `` General Introduction '' pp. xi - xxix in Sommerstein , A.H. , Fitzpatrick , D. and Tallboy , T. Sophocles : Selected Fragmentary Plays : Volume 1 . Aris and Phillips . ISBN 0 - 85668 - 766 - 9 Sophocles . Sophocles I : Oedipus the King , Oedipus at Colonus , Antigone . 2nd ed . Grene , David and Lattimore , Richard , eds . Chicago : University of Chicago , 1991 .", "16": "Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc . `` Macropaedia Knowledge In Depth . '' The New Encyclopædia Britannica Volume 20 . Chicago : Encyclopædia Britannica , Inc. , 2005 . 344 - 346 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sophocles Wikisource has original works written by or about : Sophocles Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sophocles . Sophocles at Encyclopædia Britannica Works by Sophocles at Project Gutenberg Works by Sophocles at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Sophocles at Internet Archive Works by Sophocles at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Works by Sophocles at the Perseus Digital Library ( Greek and English ) SORGLL : Sophocles , Electra 1126 - 1170 ; read by Rachel Kitzinger Plays by Sophocles Extant plays Ajax Antigone Women of Trachis Oedipus Rex Electra Philoctetes Oedipus at Colonus Fragmentary plays Amphiaraus Epigoni Ichneutae Odysseus Acanthoplex Tereus Triptolemos Ancient Greece Outline Timeline History Geography Periods Cycladic civilization Minoan civilization Mycenaean civilization Greek Dark Ages Archaic period Classical Greece Hellenistic Greece Roman Greece Geography Aegean Sea Aeolis Alexandria Antioch Cappadocia Crete Cyprus Doris Ephesus Epirus Hellespont Ionia Ionian Sea Macedonia", "17": "Magna Graecia Miletus Peloponnesus Pergamon Pontus Taurica Ancient Greek colonies City states Politics Military City states Argos Athens Byzantion Chalcis Corinth Eretria Kerkyra Larissa Megalopolis Megara Rhodes Samos Sparta Syracuse Thebes Politics Boeotarch Boule Koinon Proxeny Strategos Tagus Tyrant Amphictyonic League Athenian Agora Areopagus Ecclesia Graphē paranómōn Heliaia Ostracism Spartan Apella Ephor Gerousia Harmost Macedon Synedrion Koinon Military Wars Athenian military Antigonid Macedonian army Army of Macedon Ballista Cretan archers Hellenistic armies Hippeis Hoplite Hetairoi Macedonian phalanx Phalanx Peltast Pezhetairos Sarissa Sacred Band of Thebes Sciritae Seleucid army Spartan army Toxotai Xiphos Xyston People List of ancient Greeks Rulers Kings of Argos Archons of Athens Kings of Athens Kings of Commagene Diadochi Kings of Lydia Kings of Macedonia Kings of Paionia Attalid kings of Pergamon Kings", "18": "of Pontus Kings of Sparta Tyrants of Syracuse Philosophers Anaxagoras Anaximander Anaximenes Antisthenes Aristotle Democritus Diogenes of Sinope Empedocles Epicurus Gorgias Heraclitus Hypatia Leucippus Parmenides Plato Protagoras Pythagoras Socrates Thales Zeno Authors Aeschylus Aesop Alcaeus Archilochus Aristophanes Bacchylides Euripides Herodotus Hesiod Hipponax Homer Ibycus Lucian Menander Mimnermus Panyassis Philocles Pindar Plutarch Polybius Sappho Simonides Sophocles Stesichorus Theognis Thucydides Timocreon Tyrtaeus Xenophon Others Agesilaus II Agis II Alcibiades Alexander the Great Aratus Archimedes Aspasia Demosthenes Epaminondas Euclid Hipparchus Hippocrates Leonidas Lycurgus Lysander Milo of Croton Miltiades Pausanias Pericles Philip of Macedon Philopoemen Praxiteles Ptolemy Pyrrhus Solon Themistocles Groups Philosophers Playwrights Poets Tyrants By culture Ancient Greek tribes Thracian Greeks Ancient Macedonians Society Culture", "19": "Society Agriculture Calendar Clothing Coinage Cuisine Economy Education Festivals Funeral and burial practices Homosexuality Law Olympic Games Pederasty Philosophy Prostitution Religion Slavery Warfare Wedding customs Wine Arts and science Architecture Greek Revival architecture Astronomy Literature Mathematics Medicine Music Musical system Pottery Sculpture Technology Theatre Religion Funeral and burial practices Mythology mythological figures Temple Twelve Olympians Underworld Sacred places Eleusis Delphi Delos Dodona Mount Olympus Olympia Structures Athenian Treasury Lion Gate Long Walls Philippeion Theatre of Dionysus Tunnel of Eupalinos Temples Aphaea Artemis Athena Nike Erechtheion Hephaestus Hera , Olympia Parthenon Samothrace Zeus ,", "20": "Olympia Language Proto - Greek Mycenaean Homeric Dialects Aeolic Arcadocypriot Attic Doric Ionic Locrian Macedonian Pamphylian Koine Writing Linear A Linear B Cypriot syllabary Greek alphabet Greek numerals Attic numerals Lists Cities in Epirus People Place names Stoae Temples Theatres Portal VIAF : 101760867 LCCN : n79127755 ISNI : 0000 0003 5620 0944 GND : 118615688 SELIBR : 198091 SUDOC : 027143619 BNF : cb11925151n ( data ) MusicBrainz : 30ca43f6 - fd7b - 4d13 - 8017 - 9da6279fa048 NLA : 35512858 NDL : 00457180 NKC : jn19992017219 ICCU : IT \\ ICCU \\ CFIV \\ 001293 BNE : XX999398 SNAC : w6mt6jq0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophocles&oldid=821170914 '' Categories : Sophocles 400s BC deaths 490s BC births 5th - century BC Athenians 5th - century BC writers Ancient Greek dramatists and playwrights Ancient Greek poets Tragic poets Hidden categories : Articles containing Ancient Greek - language text Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Pages containing links to subscription - 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[ 0, 2, 1, 15, 3, 12, 13, 14, 20, 16, 11, 4, 10, 7, 6, 8, 9, 18, 5, 19, 17, 22, 23, 21 ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 15, 3 ]

[ "30–31 October 2000" ]

{ "0": "When I Look at the World - wikipedia When I Look at the World Jump to : navigation , search `` When I Look at the World '' Song by U2 from the album All That You Ca n't Leave Behind Released 30 -- 31 October 2000 Genre Rock Length 4 : 14 Label Island / Interscope Songwriter ( s ) U2 ( music ) , Bono and The Edge ( lyrics ) Producer ( s ) Brian Eno , Daniel Lanois All That You Ca n't Leave Behind track listing `` Peace on Earth '' ( 8 ) `` When I Look at the World '' ( 9 ) `` New York '' ( 10 ) `` When I Look at the World '' is the ninth track from U2 's 2000 album , All That You Ca n't Leave Behind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration 2 Live history 3 References 4 External links Inspiration ( edit ) The song is about a person 's faith being troubled by tragedy . It has been described by Bono as being told from `` the point of view of someone who is having a crisis of faith looking at someone who has built their house upon the rock . '' `` When I Look at the World '' has also been described as being about the commitment of Ali Hewson towards Chernobyl and the victims of the tragedy . Live history ( edit ) The guitar , drums , and bass were recorded during a short time span during the sessions for All That You Ca n't Leave Behind , and by the time the recording of the album was finished The Edge realized that the song had been recorded so quickly he could n't remember how to play it . Because of this , the song was one of only three from the album never played live in its entirety , the other two being `` Peace on Earth '' and `` Grace '' . `` When I Look at the World '' was snippeted during one performance of `` Bad '' on the Elevation Tour in Kansas City - this is the only recorded performance of the song by U2 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( ed ) , ( 2006 ) . U2 by U2 , page 300 . HarperCollins Publishers .", "1": "ISBN 0 - 00 - 719668 - 7 Jump up ^ Stokes , Niall , ( 2005 ) . U2 : Into The Heart - The Stories Behind Every Song , page 158 . Avalon Publishing Group Incorporated . ISBN 1 - 56025 - 765 - 2 Jump up ^ U2 Faqs.com , U2 album songs never played live Jump up ^ U2gigs.com , Performances of When I Look at the World External links ( edit ) U2.com - `` When I Look at the World '' lyrics Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics All That You Ca n't Leave Behind track listing `` Beautiful Day '' `` Stuck in a Moment You Ca n't Get Out Of '' `` Elevation '' `` Walk On '' `` Kite '' `` In a Little While '' `` Wild Honey '' `` Peace on Earth '' `` When I Look at the World '' `` New York '' `` Grace '' `` The Ground Beneath Her Feet '' Pop How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb U2 Bono The Edge Adam Clayton Larry Mullen Jr . Studio albums Boy October War The Unforgettable Fire The Joshua Tree Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby Zooropa Pop All That You Ca n't Leave Behind How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb No Line on the Horizon Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Compilations and EPs Three Wide Awake in America Please : PopHeart Live EP The Best of 1980 -- 1990 7 The Best of 1990 -- 2000 Exclusive The Complete U2 Live from Under the Brooklyn Bridge U218 Singles Wide Awake in Europe Other albums Under a Blood Red Sky Melon : Remixes for Propaganda Original Soundtracks 1 Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live from Mexico City Live from the Point Depot U2. Communication Zoo TV Live U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Live from Paris Medium ,", "2": "Rare & Remastered Artificial Horizon Duals U22 From the Ground Up : Edge 's Picks from U2360 ° Videos and films U2 Live at Red Rocks : Under a Blood Red Sky The Unforgettable Fire Collection Rattle and Hum Achtung Baby : The Videos , the Cameos , and a Whole Lot of Interference from Zoo TV Zoo TV : Live from Sydney PopMart : Live from Mexico City Elevation 2001 : Live from Boston U2 Go Home : Live from Slane Castle , Ireland Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago Vertigo 05 : Live from Milan U218 Videos Live from Paris U2 3D Linear U2360 ° at the Rose Bowl From the Sky Down Innocence + Experience : Live in Paris Tours and concerts U2 - 3 Tour Boy Tour October Tour War Tour The Unforgettable Fire Tour Live Aid A Conspiracy of Hope The Joshua Tree Tour Vaillancourt Fountain concert Lovetown Tour Zoo TV Tour PopMart Tour concert in Sarajevo Elevation Tour Super Bowl XXXVI halftime show Vertigo Tour U2 360 ° Tour Innocence + Experience Tour The Joshua Tree Tour 2017 Experience + Innocence Tour Additional personnel Steve Averill Anton Corbijn Brian Eno Dik Evans Dave Fanning Flood Gavin Friday Howie B Jimmy Iovine Daniel Lanois Steve Lillywhite Paul McGuinness Morleigh Steinberg Willie Williams Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Songs Covers of U2 songs The Million Dollar Hotel ( soundtrack ) Mother Records AHK - toong BAY - bi Covered `` Trash of the Titans '' U2 by U2 U2 Tower Book Portal WikiProject Timeline Singles Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=When_I_Look_at_the_World&oldid=788954509 '' Categories : U2 songs 2000 songs Song recordings produced by Brian Eno Songs written by Bono Songs written by the Edge Songs written by Adam Clayton Songs written by Larry Mullen Jr .", "3": "Song recordings produced by Daniel Lanois Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 4 July 2017 , at 13 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 1, 3, 2, 0 ]

[ 1, 3, 2, 0 ]

[ "Shenzi", "Banzai", "Ed", "Shenzi", "Banzai", "Ed", "Banzai", "Ed", "Shenzi" ]

{ "0": "List of the Lion King characters - wikipedia List of the Lion King characters Jump to : navigation , search hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( January 2016 ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The main characters in the first film . From left to right : Shenzi , Scar , Ed , Banzai , Rafiki , Mufasa , Simba , Sarabi , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa . Bottom right : Nala and Sarafina . Disney 's The Lion King franchise features an extensive cast of fictional characters created by Irene Mecchi , Jonathan Roberts and Linda Woolverton . The lead character of the series is Simba . During the course of the franchise , he grows up to take his father 's place as the King of the Pride Lands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Introduced in The Lion King ( 1994 ) 2.1 Simba 2.2 Nala 2.3 Timon and Pumbaa 2.4 Scar 2.5 Mufasa 2.6 Sarabi 2.7 Zazu 2.8 Rafiki 2.9 Shenzi , Banzai and Ed 2.10 Gopher 3 Introduced in Timon & Pumbaa ( 1995 -- 98 ) 3.1 Quint 3.2 Speedy the Snail 3.3 Fred 3.4 Boss Beaver 3.5 Irwin 3.6 Toucan Dan 3.7 Rabbit 3.8 Vulture Police 3.9 Cheetata and Cheetato 3.", "1": "10 The Three Natives 3.11 Smolder the Bear 3.12 Tatiana 3.13 Sharla 3.14 Ned the Elephant 3.15 Little Jimmy 3.16 Pimon and Tumbaa 4 Introduced in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) 4.1 Kiara 4.2 Kovu 4.3 Zira 4.4 Nuka 4.5 Vitani 5 Introduced in The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) 5.1 Ma 5.2 Uncle Max 6 Introduced in The Lion Guard ( 2015 -- present ) 6.1 Kion 6.2 Bunga 6.3 Fuli 6.4 Beshte 6.5 Ono 6.6 Zuri 6.7 Tiifu 6.8 Janja 's clan 6.9 Mzingo 6.10 Jasiri 6.11 Makini 6.12 Mtoto 6.13 Ma Tembo 6.14 Crocodiles 6.15 Reirei 's pack 6.16 Ushari 6.17 Basi 6.18 Leopards 6.19 Aardwolves 7 Introduced in The Lion King books 7.1 Kopa 7.2 Ahadi 7.3 Uru 7.4 Mohatu 7.5 Ni 7.6 Kula 7.7 Chumvi 7.8 Joka 7.9 Jelani 7.10 Kwaheri 7.11 Boma 7.12 Zuzu 8 References Summary ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table shows the principal characters and the actors who have portrayed them throughout the franchise . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film or TV series , or that the character 's presence in the film or TV series has not yet been announced . A indicates the singing voice of the role . A indicates a younger version of the role . A indicates the singing voice for a younger version the role .", "2": "A indicates a brief cameo appearance . Character Films Television series The Lion King The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar The Lion King Timon & Pumbaa The Lion Guard 1998 2015 2019 1995 -- 98 2015 -- present Simba Matthew Broderick Joseph Williams Jonathan Taylor Thomas Jason Weaver Matthew Broderick Cam Clarke Matthew Broderick Matt Weinberg Rob Lowe Donald Glover J.D. McCrary Cam Clarke Rob Lowe Nala Moira Kelly Sally Dworsky Niketa Calame Laura Williams Moira Kelly Gabrielle Union Beyoncé Shahadi Wright Joseph Gabrielle Union Timon Nathan Lane Kevin Schon Billy Eichner Nathan Lane ( 1995 ) Quinton Flynn ( 1995 ) Kevin Schon ( 1995 -- 98 ) Kevin Schon Pumbaa Ernie Sabella Seth Rogen Ernie Sabella Mufasa James Earl Jones James Earl Jones Gary Anthony Williams Rafiki Robert Guillaume Khary Payton John Kani Robert Guillaume Khary Payton Zazu Rowan Atkinson Edward Hibbert Jeff Bennett John Oliver Edward Hibbert Jeff Bennett Sarabi Madge Sinclair Alfre Woodard Scar Jeremy Irons Jim Cummings Chiwetel Ejiofor David Oyelowo Shenzi Whoopi Goldberg Whoopi Goldberg Florence Kasumba Tress MacNeille Banzai Cheech Marin Cheech Marin Keegan - Michael Key Rob Paulsen Ed Jim Cummings Jim Cummings Eric Andre", "3": "Jim Cummings Gopher Jim Cummings Jim Cummings Kiara Neve Campbell Liz Callaway Michelle Horn Charity Sanoy Eden Riegel Eden Riegel Kovu Jason Marsden Gene Miller Ryan O'Donohue Jason Marsden Nuka Andy Dick Andy Dick Vitani Jennifer Lien Lacey Chabert Crysta Macalush Lacey Chabert Zira Suzanne Pleshette Nika Futterman Ma Julie Kavner Uncle Max Jerry Stiller Kion Max Charles Max Charles Bunga Joshua Rush Joshua Rush Fuli Diamond White Diamond White Beshte Dusan Brown Dusan Brown Ono Atticus Shaffer Atticus Shaffer Zuri Madison Pettis Madison Pettis Tiifu Sarah Hyland Sarah Hyland Janja Andrew Kishino Andrew Kishino Cheezi Vargus Mason Vargus Mason Chungu Kevin Schon Kevin Schon Mzingo Greg Ellis Greg Ellis Big Baboon Ford Riley Dee Bradley Baker Quint Corey Burton Speedy the Snail Corey Burton Fred S.", "4": "Scott Bullock Boss Beaver Brad Garrett Irwin Charlie Adler Toucan Dan Jeff Bennett Cheetata Rob Paulsen Cheetato Jim Cummings * Smolder the Bear Jim Cummings The Three Natives Jeff Bennett Nne Beau Black Tano Dee Bradley Baker Jasiri Maia Mitchell Madoa Maisie Klompus Tunu Crimson Hart Wema Fiona Hart Makuu Blair Underwood Makini Landry Bender Basi Kevin Michael Richardson Laini Meghan Strange Mtoto Jason Felbinger Ma Tembo Lynette Dupree Kiburi Common Tamka Nolan North Nduli Jorge Diaz Reirei Ana Gasteyer Goigoi Phil LaMarr Dogo Jacob Guenther Ushari Christian Slater Makucha Steven Blum Badili Jack McBrayer Mapigano Jorge Diaz Mjomba Charlie Adler Ogopa Marieve Herington Haya Ogie Banks Notes : Jump up ^ Banzai was renamed `` Kamari '' for the 2019 film , but is the same character . Jump up ^ Ed was renamed `` Azizi '' for the 2019 film , but is the same character . Introduced in the Lion King ( 1994 ) ( edit ) Simba ( edit ) Main article : Simba Simba ( voiced by Matthew Broderick in the films , Jonathan Taylor Thomas as a cub in the original film , Cam Clarke in Timon & Pumbaa , Rob Lowe in The Lion Guard , and Donald Glover in the 2019 remake ) is the son of Mufasa and Sarabi , Scar 's nephew , Nala 's mate , and Kiara and Kion 's father . After defeating Scar , Simba take 's Mufasa 's place as King of Pride Rock before marrying Nala and having Kiara and Kion with her .", "5": "Nala ( edit ) Main article : Nala ( The Lion King ) Nala ( voiced by Moira Kelly in The Lion King , The Lion King ll : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , Gabrielle Union in The Lion Guard ) is the daughter of Sarafina , the best friend and later mate of Simba and Kiara and Kion 's mother . Although she is a prominent character in The Lion King , she makes minor appearances in Simba 's Pride , The Lion King 11⁄2 , and The Lion Guard . In the first film , she is portrayed as Simba 's childhood friend . After helping Simba enter the elephant graveyard , she has to be rescued by Mufasa when the hyenas attack them . Several years later , Nala encounters Simba as a young adult and develops a romance with him . After returning to Pride Rock , she helps Simba defeat Scar and take his rightful place as King of Pride Rock . In Simba 's Pride , Nala is depicted as slightly older , calmer and less overprotective than her mate . Timon and Pumbaa ( edit ) Main article : Timon and Pumbaa Timon and Pumbaa ( voiced by Nathan Lane and Ernie Sabella in the films and TV series , respectively ) are a meerkat and warthog duo . Although they are supporting characters in the first two films , they are featured as the main characters in The Lion King 11⁄2 as well as in the Timon & Pumbaa TV series . In the first film they become friends with Simba and teach him the basics of life in the jungle . After helping Simba stop Scar 's tyrannical reign , the two become Simba 's royal advisors , and as revealed in the TV series The Lion Guard , the adoptive uncles of the honey badger , Bunga . While Lane voiced Timon in early episodes of Timon & Pumbaa , for the majority of the series Timon is voiced by Kevin Schon or Quinton Flynn . Schon voices Timon in The Lion Guard .", "6": "Scar ( edit ) Main article : Scar ( The Lion King ) Scar ( voiced by Jeremy Irons in The Lion King , Jim Cummings in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and David Oyelowo in The Lion Guard ) is the main antagonist of The Lion King franchise , Simba 's paternal uncle and Mufasa 's younger brother . In The Lion King , after he commits a coup d'état by murdering Mufasa and exiling Simba , he becomes `` King of the Pride Lands '' . However , years later , Simba returns to Pride Rock and overthrows Scar to become King of the Pride Lands . The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar reveals that Scar was once the leader of the titular group and , like his great - nephew Kion , once possessed the Roar of the Elders . Scar lost the Roar after using it to destroy the other members of his Lion Guard , as the Roar is meant to be used for good , not evil . In season 2 of The Lion Guard , Kion unknowingly summons Scar back as a fiery spirit in a volcano after using the Roar in anger when Janja the hyena provokes him . Scar then conspires with the animals in the Outlands to take over the Pride Lands and defeat the new Lion Guard and Simba , who were initially unaware that Scar had returned . Later in the season , Kion and the guard find out that Scar has returned while they are in the Outlands getting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting . Mufasa ( edit ) Mufasa ( voiced by James Earl Jones in the films and Gary Anthony Williams in The Lion Guard ) is Scar 's older brother , Sarabi 's mate , Simba 's father and Kiara and Kion 's paternal grandfather who is introduced as the King of the Pride Lands . The name `` Mufasa '' means `` King '' in the Manazoto language . In The Lion King , he teaches Simba on what a king is supposed to be . However , Mufasa later dies after being thrown into a wildebeest stampede by Scar whilst rescuing Simba . He returns years later as a ghostly apparition in the clouds to help an older Simba return to the Pride Lands and remember who he is as King .", "7": "In The Lion Guard , Mufasa serves as a spirit guide to his grandson Kion . According to Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff , they knew that Jones ' voice was powerful and similar to the roar of a lion . Jones is scheduled to reprise his role in the upcoming live - action adaptation of the film directed by Jon Favreau . Sarabi ( edit ) `` Sarabi '' redirects here . For other uses , see Sarabi ( disambiguation ) . Sarabi ( voiced by Madge Sinclair ) is Mufasa 's mate , Simba 's mother and Kiara and Kion 's paternal grandmother . Her name means `` mirage '' in Swahili . In The Lion King , she serves as the Queen of Pride Rock . Years after Scar usurps the throne , Sarabi helps Simba fight against Scar and his hyenas . When Simba defeats Scar , Nala becomes Queen and Sarabi becomes the Queen Dowager . Zazu ( edit ) Zazu ( voiced by Rowan Atkinson in The Lion King , Edward Hibbert in Timon & Pumbaa , The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and The Lion King 11⁄2 , and Jeff Bennett in The Lion Guard ) is a red - billed hornbill and majordomo to Mufasa and later Simba . After Mufasa 's death , Zazu becomes a prisoner of Scar before Pumbaa breaks the bone cage releasing him when Simba returns to the Pride Lands . He eventually acts as a scout and advises Simba on royal protocol . In the musical , Zazu is a puppet controlled by an actor dressed in blue striped clothes and a bowler hat , much like a stereotypical butler . Zazu 's blue feathers have been replaced with white and the puppet is partially constructed from parachute silk with a slinky contained in the neck for ease in movement . Rafiki ( edit ) Rafiki ( voiced by Robert Guillaume in the films and Timon & Pumbaa and Khary Payton in The Lion Guard ) , whose name means `` friend '' in Swahili , is a mandrill with an unnaturally long tail . He lives in a baobab tree in the Pride Lands and performs shamanistic services for the lions of Pride Rock .", "8": "In The Lion King , Rafiki is introduced in the opening scene when he travels to Pride Rock to perform newborn Simba 's presentation ceremony . During the film , Rafiki sings a nonsense chant : `` Asante sana , squash banana , wewe nugu , mimi hapana . '' This is a Swahili playground rhyme which translates to `` Thank you very much ( squash banana ) , you 're a baboon and I 'm not ! '' Like `` hakuna matata '' ( no worries ) , the chant was heard by the filmmakers on their research trip to Kenya . Rafiki travels to the jungle where Simba lives with Timon and Pumbaa , and teaches him lessons about learning from the past : `` Yes , the past can hurt but , the way I see it you can either run from it , or learn from it '' . During the battle for Pride Rock , Rafiki saves Simba from a hyena . At the end of the film , Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . In the sequel The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , Rafiki is more closely involved with the affairs and politics of the prides and is often seen with the lions . Mufasa 's spirit persuades him to bring Simba 's daughter Kiara and Zira 's son Kovu together as a way of uniting the prides . Rafiki tries to make them fall in love by singing to them about a place called `` Upendi '' , which means `` love '' in Swahili . In the end , he blesses the union of Kovu and Kiara , and Kovu is welcomed into the pride . Rafiki appears briefly in The Lion King 11⁄2 , teaching Timon the philosophy of `` Hakuna Matata '' , talking to Timon 's mother about her son , and later convincing Timon to follow Simba to Pride Rock to confront Scar . In the musical , the character of Rafiki was significantly modified . Because director Julie Taymor felt that the story lacked a strong female character , Rafiki was changed into a female mandrill and sangoma . She acts as narrator throughout the story , at one point speaking to the audience in a click language for comic effect .", "9": "She sings the opening song `` Circle of Life '' , a keening song called `` Rafiki Mourns '' following Mufasa 's death , and a brief part in Nala 's song `` Shadowland '' , when she blesses Nala for her journey to find help . Instead of detecting Simba 's scent on dust , Rafiki hears Simba 's song `` Endless Night '' on the wind . Rafiki finds Simba and shows him that his father lives on in him through the song `` He Lives in You '' . She is present during the battle , fighting a hyena , and adorns Simba with the king 's mantle after his victory ; the play ends with her at the presentation of Simba and Nala 's newborn cub . Rafiki makes occasional appearances in the Timon and Pumbaa TV series and has his own segments called `` Rafiki Fables '' in the same show . He appears briefly in the Pride Lands world of Kingdom Hearts II . Rafiki serves as a recurring character in The Lion Guard , and takes on an apprentice named Makini in season 2 . Shenzi , Banzai and Ed ( edit ) Shenzi ( voiced by Whoopi Goldberg in the films and Tress MacNeille in Timon & Pumbaa and Kingdom Hearts II ) , Banzai ( voiced by Cheech Marin in the films and Kingdom Hearts II and Rob Paulsen in Timon & Pumbaa ) and Ed ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are the three spotted hyenas who make up Scar 's henchmen . After Scar promises them that they will have food , the hyenas trigger the wildebeest stampede and chase Simba out of Pride Rock . When Simba returns to Pride Rock , Shenzi and Banzai are defeated by Pumbaa . The three turn on Scar when the latter tries to blame them for Mufasa 's death and the ruin of the Pride Lands , and eat him alive during a thunderstorm . Gopher ( edit ) Gopher ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a gopher who works for Zazu as an informant . In the film he is seen warning Zazu that the hyenas have invaded the Pride Lands . His scene is expanded in the 2003 special edition .", "10": "He appears during the song The Morning Report and is spotted by Simba who tries to pounce him , but Gopher pops back inside the dirt . Gopher reappears , trying to get Mufasa 's attention , but Simba notices him again , to which the gopher hides back in the dirt . For the third time , Gopher reappears near a small rock , and Simba notices him again to try to pounce him , Gopher disappears to which Simba hits his head on the rock . The character is expanded in the television series . He acts as Zazu 's primary lieutenant , even sharing Zazu 's home within a large tree . He is seen reporting to Zazu on the movements of elephants . In one episode Gopher is temporarily given Zazu 's job after Zazu makes an error while counting the animal population . Cummings reprises his role for these episodes . Introduced in Timon & Pumbaa ( 1995 -- 98 ) ( edit ) Quint ( edit ) Quint ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is Timon and Pumbaa 's archenemy , a sneaky , muscular man with black hair , a pink nose , and a shaven face , and he has varying roles . His wears different clothes in each episode because of the different jobs he has , but he is often seen wearing a hat . He also has different first names that show what his jobs are ( in which they all happen to start with C ) . Quint is a con artist who tricks Timon into stealing a gold nugget Pumbaa found in the episode `` Yukon Con '' , a criminal who stole a suitcase that has $1,290,000 in the episode `` How to Beat the High Costa Rica '' , an evil clock inspector who wants to get revenge on a timekeeper in the episode `` Swiss Missed '' , a French chef who wants to make Speedy the Snail an escargot in the episode `` French Fried '' , etc . In the episode `` The Pain in Spain '' , two Quints are seen together , which may prove that there is more than one of him . In some episodes , Quint appears to be a respectable man with an honest job , but he still seems to annoy Timon and Pumbaa .", "11": "Notably in Season 2 , Quint 's face appears to be clean - shaven , except in the episode `` Klondike Con '' when he becomes a gold thief . Also , in the episode `` Escape From Newark '' , his nose is the same color as his body for the first time . Speedy the snail ( edit ) Speedy ( voiced by Corey Burton ) is a talking grayish / bluish snail with a shiny red shell and a yellow fedora . Timon and Pumbaa plan to eat him at first , but his ability to speak and sing and his bon viveur , good - humored attitude gets him to become friends with them . Timon gives him the name `` Speedy '' , because he thinks that it would be a brilliant incongruity . Speedy always finds himself in danger , such as becoming a French gourmet snail and an earring out of his shell , and it 's always up for Timon and Pumbaa to save him . In the episode `` The Man from J.U.N.G.L.E. '' , Speedy is revealed to be a superhero called Super Duper Hero X after Timon and Pumbaa were captured by his nemesis Chromosome Quint . Every episode featuring Speedy end with Timon and Pumbaa saying bye to Speedy when they return him home , a seagull capturing Speedy , and then Timon and Pumbaa trying to save him once again . Speedy 's voice was based on that of Bing Crosby . Speedy also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce '' . Fred ( edit ) Fred ( voiced by S. Scott Bullock ) is a meerkat who is Timon 's other best friend back at the meerkat colony . He is a practical joker , employing such gags as the hand buzzer , the squirting flower , and the whoopee cushion . He also loved Timon 's hyena jokes . When Fred visits Timon and Pumbaa , he pulls more practical jokes on the duo , such as impersonating Timon 's mother or impersonating a Billy Goat guard . Timon and Pumbaa , however , do n't find Fred 's jokes very funny and they often overpower him .", "12": "Aside from pulling practical jokes , Fred enjoys doing all sorts of activities , such as playing Turtle Tennis and Fishing for Flamingos . He also mentions that he and Timon have always gone Bowling for Buzzards . At the meerkat colony , Fred 's duty was to guard the Duke Meerkat 's castle , although on the day the Duke left the colony , he snuck away to get a snack and convinced Timon that it was now his chance to go on a date with Princess Tatiana . When the Duke banished Timon from the colony after a cobra kidnapped the princess , Fred 's new duty was to guard the back gate , which indicates that he has been demoted for failing to protect the castle . Fred appears in a total of four episodes : `` Tanzania Zany '' , `` Mombasa - In - Law '' , `` Once Upon a Timon '' , and `` Mind Over Matterhorn '' . Boss Beaver ( edit ) Boss Beaver ( voiced by Brad Garrett ) is an ill - tempered and cantankerous beaver with a white hard hat . His lifestyle is the exact opposite of Timon and Pumbaa 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle : Boss Beaver likes to work while Timon and Pumbaa like to relax . He owns a lumber mill and an amusement park called `` Boss Beaver 's Log Land '' . Boss Beaver also has three mottos : `` Makuta Hamaka '' , which means `` work real hard '' , `` safety first '' and `` you break it , you buy it . '' Boss Beaver 's favorite quote is `` I am Boss Beaver and the reason they call me Boss Beaver is that I am your boss and I am a beaver . Therefore , I am Boss Beaver . '' In the episode `` Amusement Bark '' , it is revealed that he has a mischievous son named Boy Beaver , who keeps breaking things at his amusement park and getting Timon blamed for it . Boss Beaver appears in a total of three episodes . He also makes a non-speaking cameo appearance in the episode `` Washington Applesauce . '' Irwin ( edit ) Irwin ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a clumsy , accident - prone penguin with a green scarf and a brown hat .", "13": "Timon and Pumbaa befriend him at a boat stop in Antarctica when they see that he has two extra tickets for the duo to get on the ship . When Irwin leaves his home with the duo , it is shown that he has obviously injured all of his penguin `` friends '' , as they are all seen wearing bandages . Timon dislikes Irwin 's clumsiness , and tries to get rid of him by tricking him into playing a game of Hide - and - Seek . Irwin accidentally causes the boat to sink and Timon and Pumbaa run into him on an island . Timon confronts the penguin and he tricks him into playing another game and Irwin accidentally causes the island to sink . Irwin meets Timon and Pumbaa again at a Hakuna Matata Megamall . Due to his clumsiness , Timon and Pumbaa try to avoid him by hiding in various stores . Irwin appears in two episodes of the series : `` Frantic Atlantic '' and `` Shopping Mauled . '' Toucan Dan ( edit ) Toucan Dan ( Jeff Bennett ) is a dangerously clever criminal mastermind lying toucan who wears a red fez . He is a convincing liar and impersonator and would also do anything to get someone in trouble . In his debut episode `` I Do n't Bolivia '' , he keeps tricking Timon into freeing him from his cage . Later in the episode , while Timon impersonates Toucan Dan in order to not be in trouble with the police , Toucan Dan impersonates Timon and this makes Pumbaa have to decide which one is the real Timon . Toucan Dan makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' . In that episode , he frames Timon and Pumbaa for stealing a train car full of beak polish and the police throw them in jail . Angry at Toucan Dan , Timon and Pumbaa escape to catch the toucan and make him tell the truth . Rabbit ( edit ) Rabbit ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a large and tall pink hare who appears to be very annoying , tiring . He made his debut in the episode `` Mojave Desserted '' .", "14": "In that episode , Timon and Pumbaa save his life when he was drowning in quicksand and he decides to repay the duo hand and foot . Annoyed by Rabbit , Timon and Pumbaa hatch a plan to put themselves in danger and have Rabbit save them and then leave them alone . Rabbit makes his second and final appearance in the episode `` Africa - Dabra ! , '' this time appearing as an unsympathetic and ruthless magician . After Timon pulls him out of a hat , he teams up with the meerkat to become part of his magic act , telling him that he has been looking for a partner for years . When he gets annoyed by Pumbaa ruining the magic acts , he breaks up Timon and Pumbaa 's friendship . When Pumbaa finds out that Timon would never truly said anything mean about him , he gets revenge on Rabbit by trapping him in a cage . Vulture police ( edit ) The Vulture Police ( voiced by Townsend Coleman and Brian Cummings ) are recurring characters in the Timon & Pumbaa series . They appear in a total of six episodes . They make their first appearance in the episode `` The Law of the Jungle , '' where they arrest Timon for using the Forbidden Stick to scratch his back and take him to a rhino judge who gives a number of test to see whether he 's innocent or guilty . In the episode `` Yosemite Remedy , '' Timon and Pumbaa go to the police after a criminal raccoon steals their suitcase full of valuables . When they handcuff the thief , he tells them that he did n't steal Timon and Pumbaa 's suitcase , he found it . The police let him go but later arrest him again when they find out that he really stole the duo 's suitcase . In the episode `` Alcatraz Mataz '' , the Vulture Police throw Timon and Pumbaa in jail after they were convinced by Toucan Dan that they stole the train car full of beak polish . After Timon and Pumbaa confront Toucan Dan , the police show up and realize that it was really Toucan Dan who stole the train car , so they arrest the toucan . However , they also throw Timon and Pumbaa back in jail since they escaped when they told them not to .", "15": "The Vulture Police make a brief appearance in the episode `` Wide Awake in Wonderland , '' in the meerkat and warthog version of Goldilocks and the Three Bears . Cheetata and Cheetato ( edit ) Cheetata ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) and Cheetato ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) are a pair of sophisticated twin cheetahs , reminiscent of Warner Bros ' Goofy Gophers , speaking in British accents and using similar phrases ( `` Indubitably , '' `` How very kind of you '' ) . In order to tell them apart , not only do they have different voices , they also have different personalities : Cheetata appears to be more eager and aggressive while Cheetato seems more likely to think things through . The cheetahs first appear in the episode `` Cooked Goose '' , where they are annoyed by Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed getting in the way of their wildebeest hunt , so they try sending them on various wild goose chases . They also appear in `` Gabon with the Wind , '' where they are convinced by Timon that he is going to catch Pumbaa for them , when he is actually going to find his friend so that they can both run away to safety . In the episode `` Boary Glory Days '' , Timon and Pumbaa use Cheetata and Cheetato to play a game of Predator Tag . While the cheetahs are chasing Timon and Pumbaa , the duo outsmarts the brothers by having them jump over a mud pool and fall into it . The three natives ( edit ) The Three Natives ( voiced by Jeff Bennett ) are a trio of tribes who are really university students . They have a leader ( also voiced by Jeff Bennett ) who is also a university student and who usually precedes what he says with `` Bungala , bungala . '' The natives first appear in `` Boara Boara '' . This episode shows that they used to have a warthog king of the island , which is unknown what might 've happened to him . Therefore , the natives might have not seen their king in a really long time . When Timon and Pumbaa visit the island , the natives mistake Pumbaa for their long - lost king and they make Timon his servant .", "16": "Everything goes well until they make Pumbaa relight the fire and realize that he 's an impostor when they see that he is unable to do so . The natives also appear in the episode `` New Guinea Pig , '' where Pumbaa decides to trade his tusks to them , and `` Beast of Eden '' , where they steal a golden magic tooth that belongs to a beast and Timon and Pumbaa have to retrieve it from them . They also make a brief appearance in the episode `` Mozam - Beaked '' when Timon and Pumbaa go to Bora Bora to throw a woodpecker into the volcano . Smolder the bear ( edit ) Smolder ( voiced by Jim Cummings ) is a grumpy , short - tempered , but nice grizzly bear , although he gets easily angered , such as when he is awoken from his nap or when someone gets his food order wrong . He also has a romantic interest in a beautiful supermodel named Leslie Lambeau ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) . He appears in seven episodes , from `` Slalom Problem '' to `` It Runs Good '' . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Smolder becomes cell mates with Little Jimmy , who gets even with Timon and Pumbaa by taking advantage of him by convincing him that the duo hurt him so that he could beat them up . Smolder starts to show compassion for Timon and Pumbaa in the episodes `` Ready , Aim , Fire '' and `` Stay Away from my Honey ! '' Tatiana ( edit ) Tatiana ( voiced by Tress MacNeille ) is the daughter of the Duke Meerkat and the princess of the meerkat colony . She only appears in one episode but she 's vital for Timon 's past . After Timon leaves his sentry duty post to prepare for his date with Tatiana , a king cobra enters the colony and kidnaps the princess , which makes everyone believe she 's dead and which causes Timon to get banished . After Timon and Pumbaa meet for the first time , they see that Tatiana is still alive and rescue her from a cobra . When Tatiana returns to the colony with Timon and Pumbaa , Timon is offered her hand in marriage .", "17": "When the Duke makes him choose between Tatiana or Pumbaa , he chooses to be Bestest Best friends with Pumbaa . Although `` Once Upon a Timon '' was meant to be Tatiana 's only appearance , there is a female meerkat who bears a striking resemblance to her in the episode `` Timon in Love '' . The only difference is that Tatiana has blond hair while the other meerkat has red hair and she 's not wearing a tiara . Sharla ( edit ) Sharla ( voiced by Lisa Ortiz ) is a female warthog who is the leader of Pumbaa 's former sounder as well as Pumbaa 's former girlfriend . While she only appears in one episode , she is vital for Pumbaa 's past . She and three other male warthogs of the sounder banished Pumbaa from the group due to his awful scent , which was appalling even by warthog standards . Years later , Sharla and the three warthogs carry around a big bag of bugs for the rainy season , but come across a flock of Guinea fowl , who are their natural enemies and nightmares . Due to the birds ' abilities to remove their furs in just a few seconds , the warthogs refuge in a hut and make a distress call , which Pumbaa answers . When Pumbaa reunites with his sounder , he has Timon come up with ideas on how they can get rid of the Guinea fowl . However , none of Timon 's ideas work , so Pumbaa suggests that he and Timon use the jeep so that they carry a fake bag of bugs ( which have firecrackers inside ) to distract the Guinea fowl while Sharla and the other warthogs leave the hut with the real bag of bugs . Although Sharla banished Pumbaa from the group , they still have romantic feelings for each other . When Pumbaa ( and Timon ) show up to the hut , they tell each other that they have never forgotten one another . Sharla tells Pumbaa that he should stay with the group , but Pumbaa decides to continue living his Hakuna Matata lifestyle with Timon , which the female warthog understands .", "18": "Ned the elephant ( edit ) Ned ( voiced by Frank Welker ) is a high and mighty elephant who thinks he 's wonderful at everything . He seems to enjoy teasing Timon and Pumbaa when they fail at proving their worth to him . In the episode `` Uganda be an Elephant '' , Timon states that Ned is the most popular guy in the jungle and Pumbaa decides to turn himself into an elephant in order to be popular as well . Although Ned is selfish and sarcastic , he gets a change of heart after Pumbaa rescues him and his hippo henchmen from falling off a cliff . In the episode `` Unlucky in Lesotho '' , it is revealed that Ned has a Good Luck Club , which lost most of its members due to Ned bringing an unlucky jar . Because he gets eaten by piranhas ( or tigerfish ) , Ned is never seen or heard from again after this episode . Little Jimmy ( edit ) Little Jimmy ( voiced by Joe Alaskey ) is a cute , yet dangerous bluebird . He is similar to Toucan Dan , with the fact that he is also a criminal mastermind and he can also be dishonest . He also has two voices : his fake cute , innocent voice to pass himself off as a hatchling and his criminal voice to show that he is truly an adult . Little Jimmy first appears in the episode `` Nest Best Thing , '' where he tricks Pumbaa into building a birdhouse for him , which is actually a hideout . The pigeon police show up and arrest Little Jimmy . In the episode `` Jailhouse Shock , '' Little Jimmy is cell mates with Smolder the Bear . In order to get revenge on Timon and Pumbaa for turning him in , he tricks Smolder into thinking that Timon and Pumbaa hurt him so that he could hurt them back . Pimon and Tumbaa ( edit ) Pimon ( voiced by Billy West ) and Tumbaa ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) are a buff meerkat and warthog duo who are evil counterparts of Timon and Pumbaa . They are shown to be bullies of the jungle , as they enjoy pushing Timon and Pumbaa around , giving them atomic wedgies , as well as being shown picking on a squirrel .", "19": "They also have their own philosophy : Kahuna Potato , which means that they will never leave Timon and Pumbaa ( or anyone ) alone . Pimon and Tumbaa make their first and only appearance in the episode `` Kahuna Potato '' . After Timon and Pumbaa successfully catch some bugs , the bullies steal their bag of bugs , give the two wedgies , and walk off with the bugs . Fed up of being picked on by the bullies , Timon decides that it is time for himself and Pumbaa to learn how to fight . Timon and Pumbaa go to Rafiki to have him teach them self - defense , which Rafiki suggests that they should snatch some bugs off his palm and he will teach them the secret to Kung - Fu . After Timon and Pumbaa learn Kung - Fu from Rafiki , they go confront Pimon and Tumbaa , who show them that they also know Kung - Fu . While the two groups fight each other , the bullies give Timon and Pumbaa more atomic wedgies , causing the two to give up until Rafiki appears and tells the two to use Hakuna Matata to fight . Listening to Rafiki 's advice , Timon and Pumbaa continue fighting Pimon and Tumbaa and they end up defeating the bullies . Later that night , Pimon and Tumbaa get their hairs shaved off and feed Timon and Pumbaa the bugs they stole from them . Introduced in the Lion King II : Simba 's Pride ( 1998 ) ( edit ) Kiara ( edit ) For the American singer , see Kiiara . Kiara in the 2016 series Kiara ( voiced by Neve Campbell as a young adult and Michelle Horn as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and Eden Riegel in The Lion Guard ) is the only daughter of Simba and Nala , Kion 's older sister and Kovu 's mate . She is a major character in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and The Lion Guard . Kiara is also a descendant of Mufasa and Sarabi , who are Simba 's parents and Sarafina , who is Nala 's mother .", "20": "Kiara is portrayed as a feisty , playful , and adventurous princess whom Simba easily fears for her safety . As a cub , Kiara befriends Kovu and rescues him from a group of nile crocodiles . As a young adult , Kiara is rescued by Kovu as part of Zira 's plan to avenge Scar 's death and the two lions eventually fall in love . When Kovu is exiled from the Pride Lands following Zira 's ambush on Simba , Kiara helps him return to the Pride Lands to reunite the Pridelanders and Outsiders . Afterwards , she becomes Kovu 's wife . Kovu ( edit ) Kovu ( voiced by Jason Marsden as a young adult and Ryan O'Donohue as a cub in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , and Marsden in The Lion Guard ) is the youngest child of Zira , Nuka and Vitani 's younger brother , Scar 's chosen heir and Kiara 's mate . Kovu means `` scar '' in Swahili , a reference to his character conception as Scar 's son , which was changed due to the implications of him and Kiara being first cousins once removed and falling in love . During his childhood , Zira trains Kovu to assassinate Simba and take his place as King of Pride Rock . As a young adult , Kovu rescues Kiara during a planned ambush and Simba reluctantly allows him to stay in the Pride Lands . While spending time with Kiara , Rafiki gets the two young lions to fall in love , and Kovu realizes he can not hurt Simba . However , after Simba is ambushed by the Outsiders and Nuka is killed , Kovu angrily disowns Scar and leaves the Outlands but is quickly exiled from the Pride Lands as a traitor . Kovu returns to Pride Rock and stops the fighting between the Outsiders and Pridelanders with the help of Kiara . Simba later reconciles with Kovu and allows him to become his eventual successor .", "21": "Zira ( edit ) Zira ( voiced by Suzanne Pleshette in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride and Nika Futterman in The Lion Guard ) , meaning `` hate '' in Swahili , is the mother of Nuka , Kovu and Vitani . She was Scar 's most loyal follower , and plots to avenge Scar 's death by forming the Outsiders . However , after taking advantage of Kovu 's friendship with Simba 's daughter Kiara , she devises a plan to assassinate Simba . Eventually , the Pridelanders and the Outsiders fight each other , but with Kiara and Kovu 's help , Vitani and the other Outsiders abandon Zira . Attempting to attack Simba , Zira is intercepted by Kiara and falls to her death despite the latter 's attempt to rescue her . Zira made an appearance in The Lion Guard ( which takes place in the middle of the film ) alongside Kovu , Nuka , Vitani and the rest of her pride in the episode `` Lions of the Outlands '' . It is revealed in this episode that Zira attacked Simba after he defeated Scar and denied Kovu 's position as the next king , resulting in the Outsiders ' exile . She tries to convince Simba 's son Kion that using the Roar of the Elders against her and the other Outsiders would cause him to lose it just as Scar did ( in reality , he lost it because he used it for evil ) , and to side with his fellow lions . However , Kion is eventually able to see through her deceptions and drives her and the others off with the Roar . Nuka ( edit ) Nuka ( voiced by Andy Dick ) is the eldest child of Zira and Kovu and Vitani 's older brother . His name means `` stink '' in Swahili . Jealous of Zira 's greater relationship with Kovu , Nuka often attempts to gain his mother 's approval . During the Outsiders ' ambush , Nuka attempts to kill Simba to prove himself to his mother , but is crushed to death .", "22": "Vitani ( edit ) Vitani ( voiced by Jennifer Lien as a young adult and Lacey Chabert as a cub ) , a Swahili portmanteau of the words `` Vita '' ( `` War '' ) , `` Ni '' ( `` I Am '' ) , and `` Shetani '' , is the middle child and only daughter of Zira and Kovu and Nuka 's sister . Although she has a prominent appearance in The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , she makes a cameo appearance in The Lion Guard . As a young adult , Vitani is Zira 's strongest lieutenant , supporting and acting on her mother 's violent plans . With Kovu and Kiara 's help , Vitani and the Outsiders turn on Zira and join the Pridelanders to stop the fighting between the two prides . She was originally named `` Shetani '' ( `` She - Demon '' in Swahili ) in early drafts of The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride , but this was softened to `` Vitani '' , which is a portmanteau that can be roughly translated to `` I Am War '' or , more commonly , `` Demon of War '' . Introduced in the Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2004 ) ( edit ) Ma ( edit ) Ma ( voiced by Julie Kavner ) is Timon 's mother . Generally encouraging and optimistic , she believes in Timon convinces Uncle Max to give him a job as a sentry or look - out . After Timon fails in his duty , she remains convinced that he can still find a place in the colony , but when he insists that he has to go , Ma supports him . Later , she gets worried about Timon after speaking to Rafiki and searches for him . They finally reunite at Pride Rock and Ma helps in the battle against the hyenas by digging a long tunnel to trap them . After Simba becomes king , the death of Scar and avenging Mufasa , Timon takes them and the entire meerkat colony to the jungle paradise he and Pumbaa discovered . She is mentioned by Timon in The Lion Guard episode `` Beware the Zimwi '' , where it is said that her cousin 's friend knew an ox that was eaten by the Zimwi .", "23": "Uncle Max ( edit ) Uncle Max ( voiced by Jerry Stiller ) is a prominent member of the meerkat colony and relative of Timon and Ma . He has grey head - fur and a very large nose . Max is a pessimist by nature and very paranoid , believing that a meerkat 's fate is to be `` food for other animals ! Feared by nothing and eaten by all ! '' Max reluctantly agrees to let Timon be a sentry for the colony and attempts to train him for the job , but is nearly eaten by the hyenas when they attack . He is glad to see Timon go but ends up going with Ma to find him . Max appears again towards the end of the film , where he and Ma encounter Timon and Pumbaa at Pride Rock , and helps Timon get rid of the hyenas by digging a tunnel . Max finally believes in Timon , and after Timon takes the meerkats to his jungle paradise , Max teaches the meerkats tai chi instead of how not to be eaten . Some of Max 's role was originally going to be filled by Timon 's father , who was considered for inclusion in the film but ultimately dropped . Introduced in the Lion Guard ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) Kion ( edit ) Kion ( voiced by Max Charles ) is the son of Simba and Nala , Kiara 's younger brother , Mufasa , Sarabi , Sarafina and Nala 's father 's grandson and Scar 's great - nephew . His name is derived from the Swahili word `` Kiongozi '' ( `` leader '' ) . His catchphrase is `` Hevi kabisa ! '' which means `` totally intense ! '' in the same tongue . In the series pilot The Lion Guard : Return of the Roar , Simba has Kion organize the titular guard along with Bunga , Beshte , Fuli , and Ono . As leader of the Lion Guard and second - born to the throne , Kion is gifted with a power called the Roar of the Elders which when used , causes the great lion spirits of the Pride Lands past to roar with him .", "24": "Kion has a strong sense of responsibility , and does not want to end up like his great - uncle Scar , who used the Roar for evil and lost it forever . Because of this , Kion is mindful not to use the Roar in anger . Sometimes though his emotions get the better of him , as when Nala was once cornered by hyenas causing him to Roar in anger at them . He also demonstrates a strong yet open sense of discernment , which warms him to scavengers like Jasiri the hyena and her clan . However , more cunning neighbors such as Zira of the Outsiders and Reirei 's jackal pack have used his trusting spirit to exert their will , only to be soundly subdued when Kion 's instincts come into play . By the end of the hour - long season 2 special The Rise of Scar , Kion travels to the Outlands to save Kiara , and unknowingly summons Scar back as a fiery spirit in the hyenas ' volcano after he uses the Roar in anger when Janja taunts him . Later in the season , Kion and guard find out that Scar has returned while they are in the Outlands getting volcanic ash needed to cure Simba from a scorpion sting . Upon returning to the Pride Lands , Kion acknowledges to his team that they have a tough fight ahead , but remains confident that they will be able to defeat Scar . Bunga ( edit ) Bunga in the 2016 series Bunga ( voiced by Joshua Rush ) is a young honey badger , Kion 's best friend and the bravest member of the Lion Guard . He is also the adoptive nephew of Timon and Pumbaa . Bunga is shown to be very adventurous and he rarely acts serious or even sits still , as he is always on the move , working off boundless energy and enthusiasm , and makes even the most dire of situations into a fantastic time . Though this makes him a great friend and playmate , it lands him into trouble more often than not . Not only is he willing to put himself in bodily harm , such as his stunt in leaping off Pride Rock , but he will face down predators such as the hyenas in order to save his friends . According to Kiara , Bunga is `` brave , bordering on stupid , '' but a valued member of the Lion Guard nonetheless .", "25": "His catchphrase is `` Zuka Zama , '' which means `` pop up , dive in '' in Swahili . His name means ' fool ' in the same tongue . Fuli ( edit ) Fuli ( voiced by Diamond White ) is a cheetah , one of Kion 's friends and the fastest member of the Lion Guard , as well as its only female member . She is quite prideful in her running abilities and shows extreme delight for being able to outpace a pursuer of any species . Despite being friends with Kion , she is somewhat resentful of the Lions for lording over the Pride Lands and was skeptical about Kion 's Roar of the Elders . Despite these negative traits , she was willing to join the Lion Guard with her friends to defend the Circle of Life when Janja and his clan invaded the Pride Lands . Her catchphrase is `` Huwezi , '' which means `` you ca n't ( catch me ) '' in Swahili . Her name means ' very fast ' in the same tongue . Beshte ( edit ) Beshte ( voiced by Dusan Brown ) is a hippo , one of Kion 's friends and the strongest member of the Lion Guard . Being one of the most popular animals of the Pridelands , Beshte is shown to be kind - hearted . His friendliness extends to everyone , as he acts like a big brother to the younger members of his herd , a friend to animals of all different species , and a protector of the Pride Lands at large . Beshte can also , however , be sensitive , being especially tactful when his friend Kion is unable to use the Roar of the Elders . For an animal so large and full of life , Beshte has an appropriately large heart and never fails to treat his friends with kindness . Beshte 's catchphrase is `` Twende Kiboko ! '' , which means `` let 's go , hippo ! '' in Swahili . He also exclaims `` Poa ! '' to express amazement or approval . His name means ' friend ' in the same tongue .", "26": "Ono ( edit ) Ono ( voiced by Atticus Shaffer ) is a cattle egret , one of Kion 's friends and the keenest of sight of the Lion Guard , as well as its only non-mammal member . He is one of the more easygoing members of the group , being friendly and group - oriented . He is used to spending time around other animals and is content to be part of The Lion Guard . Ono is also shown to be blunt , as he is able to lay out his feelings without sugar - coating . He is by far the most realistic member of the group , as he always thinks things through before jumping in . When it comes to his role on the Lion Guard , Ono is brave and has a knack for following the rules . He obeys Kion 's orders without question and proves himself to be plucky and thrifty , considerably useful when it comes to scouting out a situation . His principles are clear in his willingness to fight with his full heart for the Circle of Life , and he is a valued member of the Lion Guard for his intelligence and ability to see things from afar . Ono 's catchphrase is `` Hapana ! '' , which means `` oh no ! '' in Swahili . His name means `` passion '' in the same tongue . It also means `` good '' in Hawaiian . Zuri ( edit ) Zuri , voiced by Madison Pettis , meaning `` beautiful '' in Swahili , is a lioness cub and one of Kiara 's friends . She appears to be vain about her appearance , as she constantly sharpens her claws on trees in order to keep them shiny . Unlike her friends , Zuri is delicate and timid . She shows considerable anxiety and fear in the face of simple circumstances and harbors deep disgust for grubs . Tiifu ( edit ) Tiifu , voiced by Sarah Hyland , is a lioness cub , and a friend of Kiara 's . She is shown to be kind and patient , as seen when she comforts an overreacting Zuri . She is a great rule - follower and trusts the judgment of her friends , showing faith when she leaves Kiara to fetch help as Janja invades the Pride Lands .", "27": "Janja 's clan ( edit ) Janja in the 2016 series Nne in the 2016 series Janja 's clan is a small group of male spotted hyenas that live in the Outlands . Janja , voiced by Andrew Kishino , is the cunning and ruthless leader of the hyenas in the Outlands and one of the main antagonists . Cheezi , voiced by Vargus Mason , is an excitable hyena who is usually seen sticking his tongue out . He looks similar to Ed . Chungu , voiced by Kevin Schon , is a hyena that has a tough attitude and a slightly heavier build than Janja . Nne , voiced by Beau Black , is a sly and stout but smart spotted hyena . Tano , voiced by Dee Bradley Baker , is a devious and sloping but smart hyena . Mzingo ( edit ) Mzingo , voiced by Greg Ellis , is a white - backed vulture who is one of Janja 's majordomo of the Outlands . He is the leader of a flock of vultures that is allied with Janja 's clan . Jasiri ( edit ) Jasiri in the 2016 series Jasiri , voiced by Maia Mitchell , is a friendly female spotted hyena who makes her first appearance in the episode `` Never Judge a Hyena By Its Spots . '' She is open to making friends with lions . Bold and spunky , Jasiri is able to look past differences and focus on where different species have common ground . Unlike Janja and his clan , she dislikes selfishness and gluttony , and she respects the Circle of Life . She has blue eyes and mauve fur , unlike the other hyenas . Makini ( edit ) Makini , voiced by Landry Bender , is a young mandrill who is Rafiki 's new apprentice . She is free - spirited and loves to learn and look up to her mentor . However , she has trouble being calm and she is easy to deceive . Despite this , Makini takes pride in herself and her position , and is friendly and welcoming to everyone she meets . Mtoto ( edit ) Mtoto , voiced by Jason Felbinger , is an elephant calf who idolizes Beshte .", "28": "He appears to be innocent with little understanding of the world . His playful nature often gets him into trouble , though his intentions are usually good . Ma Tembo ( edit ) Ma Tembo , voiced by Lynette Dupree , is an adult elephant who attains leadership of her father Aminifu 's herd after his death . Much like her father , she is always game for a laugh . Even when Simba makes a mistake at her father 's funeral , she is gracious and kind , and makes light of the situation by dwelling on the good . She is similarly gracious to Nala and Kiara when they are the only members of their family to attend the elephant concert . Crocodiles ( edit ) There are a number of crocodiles who appear in The Lion Guard : Pua , voiced by Gerald C. Rivers , is a Nile crocodile who originally led the crocodile float , until he is defeated by Makuu in a `` mashindano '' battle for the position of alpha male . Upon defeat , Pua leaves the float . Makuu , voiced by Blair Underwood , is a young , sleek , and well - built Nile crocodile who leads the crocodile float that lives in The Pride Lands after defeating the previous leader Pua in battle . He is shown to be boastful and loves to bask in the attention of others . Unlike his predecessor , Makuu initially has no respect for tradition or the Circle of Life , and certainly not for authority ( except his own ) , seeing both Pua and Kion as weak and cowardly . He appears to only respond to strength and power , as he was awestruck by the Roar of the Elders and gave into Kion 's second demand to leave Big Springs while trying to save face . In Season 2 , Makuu has decided to become a better leader for his float , reforming from his trouble - making ways . Kiburi , voiced by Common , is a former member of Makuu 's float who , much like a less experienced Makuu , saw no reason why the crocodiles should have regard for the other animals of the Pride Lands . After the crocodiles were accidentally awakened from dry season Aestivation by the Lion Guard , Kiburi led most of the float in an effort to seize bodies of water .", "29": "He later challenged Makuu to a mashindano , having made an alliance with Ushari and a plan to eliminate Simba . Upon being defeated , he and his supporters were expelled from the Pride Lands , and became a part of Scar 's growing collective in the Outlands . Tamka , voiced by Nolan North , is a brutish crocodile loyal to Kiburi . Nduli , voiced by Jorge Diaz , is a crocodile loyal to Kiburi . Reirei 's pack ( edit ) Reirei 's pack is a pack of black - backed jackals who first appeared in the episode `` The Kupatana Celebration '' . They trick the Lion Guard into letting them into the Pride Lands so that they can devour all the animals . At Kupatana , the jackals attack the Pridelanders until they are defeated by the Lion Guard . Simba himself approaches the jackal pack and roars , sending them scurrying back into the Outlands . Reirei and Goigoi reappear in the episode `` Too Many Termites '' , where they attempt to eat a pack of aardwolves , but are stopped by the Lion Guard . They are the first canine villains to appear in the Lion Guard . Reirei , voiced by Ana Gasteyer , is a clever , scheming , and manipulative jackal who is the leader of his pack and wreaks havoc in the Pride Lands . Goigoi , voiced by Phil LaMarr , is a jackal who only thinks with his stomach and has the tendency to fall asleep . Dogo , voiced by Jacob Guenther , is one of Reirei and Goigoi 's sons who uses his innocent looks to his advantage to win the trust of others in order to take advantage of them . Kijana , voiced by Amber Hood , first appeared in the episode `` Babysitter Bunga '' and is Reirei and Goigoi 's daughter . Ushari ( edit ) Ushari , voiced by Christian Slater , is an Egyptian cobra who often conflicted with Bunga and would get disturbed whenever the Lion Guard was near him . In The Rise of Scar , Ushari finally gets fed up with the Lion Guard disturbing his peace and inadvertently finds out that Kion talks to Mufasa 's spirit .", "30": "With this knowledge he decides to join forces with Janja 's clan and ends up helping them orchestrate the events that allow them to summon Scar 's spirit so that he can guide them in defeating the Lion Guard . Basi ( edit ) Basi , voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson , is Beshte 's father and leader of his and his son 's pod . He is amicable and open , willing to engage in conversation and negotiate according to the customs of the Pride Lands . Even in the face of adversity , such as Makuu 's violent takeover of Big Springs , Basi maintains his temper and graciously offers the crocodile a chance to return once the fish have returned in plenty . Being so learned in the ways of the animals , Basi is knowledgeable and wise . Despite being an animal with a very different way of life , he understands the customs of the crocodiles and how this affects his pod 's everyday life . Unlike the inexperienced young Makuu , Basi grasps an understanding of the Circle of Life and how every animal must give and take in order to keep it in balance . Leopards ( edit ) Several African leopards appear in the series ; two are antagonists , while one is an ally of the Lion Guard : Makucha ( voiced by Steven Blum ) : an aggressive , powerful leopard who comes to the Pridelands in pursuit of the okapi Ajabu , and who proves to be quite an adversary to the Lion Guard due to his speed and strength . He becomes a leader of his leap . Badili ( voiced by Jack McBrayer ) : a friendly leopard who was initially too timid to stand up to Mapigano , who tried to take over his territory . Mapigano ( voiced by Jorge Diaz ) : a mean leopard who attempts to take over Badili 's territory until Badili gains confidence through training with the Lion Guard and drives him out . Aardwolves ( edit ) Mjomba ( voiced by Charlie Adler ) is a grumpy and impatient aardwolf . He has a hunched back , bushy black eyebrows , gray fur , and darker gray markings . His inner ears are pink , and his nose is black . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites .", "31": "Ogopa ( voiced by Marieve Herington ) is a bright and cheerful aardwolf . She has blue - gray fur and black markings , as well as a narrow muzzle and a black nose . Her yellow eyes are large and framed by a few eyelashes , and her inner ears are pink with a couple of hairs sprouting from each . Like the rest of the pack , she adores termites . She is easily frightened and has a tendency to jump to conclusions . She also tends to add afterthoughts after she states her opinion on a subject . Haya ( voiced by Ogie Banks ) is a nervous and shy aardwolf . He has dark gray fur with longer fur on his cheeks and black markings , and his inner ears are pink with a few hairs sprouting from them . His upper teeth protrude from his dark muzzle . Like the rest of the pack , he adores termites . Like Ogopa , he tends to add afterthoughts after stating his opinion . Introduced in the Lion King books ( edit ) Kopa ( edit ) Kopa is the son of Simba and Nala , appearing in the book series The Lion King : Six New Adventures , and is shown to look a lot like his father as a cub , except with a tuft of hair on top of his head . The book series was released before Simba 's Pride , therefore Kopa does not appear in the film . Ahadi ( edit ) Ahadi is the father of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandfather of Simba , the great - grandfather of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the king of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . He is shown to look a lot like Mufasa except with darker fur . Uru ( edit ) Uru is the mother of Mufasa and Taka ( Scar ) , the grandmother of Simba , the great - grandmother of Kopa , Kiara and Kion and the queen of the Pride Lands during the events of The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Tale of Two Brothers . She is absent from the book but is mentioned to have left to search for water to save the kingdom .", "32": "Mohatu ( edit ) Mohatu is the father of Ahadi or Uru , the grandfather of Mufasa and Scar , the great - grandfather of Simba , and King of the Pride Lands during the events of the story The Brightest Star . He went to find water for the animals of the land during a drought and helped the animals get on with each other . When he died , he became a star which was brighter than the others . He is shown to look a lot like a darker furred version of Mufasa , having facial features like Simba 's and was said to have been one of the greatest kings of the Pride Lands . Ni ( edit ) Ni is a character who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is a young lion who has left his pride to start his own and travels through the Pride Lands during Scar 's reign and saves Nala from hyenas before leaving after meeting the rest of the Pridelanders . Kula ( edit ) Kula is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . She is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders who lived during Scar 's reign . Chumvi ( edit ) Chumvi is a character in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Nala 's Dare . He is one of Nala 's friends and one of the cubs of the Pridelanders . Joka ( edit ) Joka is a giant python in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story A Snake in the Grass . He is extremely intelligent and is able to formulate complicated plans in a short amount of time . He has the power to twist his words into whatever he rightly wants and uses hypnotism to lure unsuspecting victims into believing his empty words . The name Joka translates as ' dragon ' in the Swahili tongue Jelani ( edit ) Jelani is Rafiki 's lazy cousin in The Lion King : Six New Adventures story Follow the Leader . Despite being considered leader of his troop , he is unconcerned about the suffering of his subjects , as he is often too concerned about his own welfare to lead them to a new home .", "33": "Kwaheri ( edit ) Kwaheri is Kopa 's monkey friend in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories Nala 's Dare and How True , Zazu ? He is social , talkative , and critical to his friends . He often flaunts his talents around Kopa to either spark a reaction or just be a show - off . Boma ( edit ) Boma is a cape buffalo who appears in The Lion King : Six New Adventures stories A Tale of Two Brothers and How True , Zazu ? . His grandparents were killed during an attack by army ants . He is the leader of the cape buffalo and he is aggressive , controlling , selfish , strong , and short - tempered . He is also somewhat seclusive and gruff , as he does n't seem to understand that there is a balance between species and refuses to share the last remaining water - hole during a draught , which can affect the whole of the Pride Lands . It is due to him that Taka got his scar after which he renamed himself to Scar . If challenged or insulted he becomes very angry . However he is mildly co-operative if not insulted or challenged . Taka tries to get Mufasa in trouble by telling him to talk with Boma to share the water - hole . Mufasa tries to reason with him to share the water - hole however he refuses . Scar then roars and tells him that he must obey or challenge Mufasa . He then chases after Mufasa who is rescued by Rafiki . Rafiki starts to grow tired while running but is picked up by Mufasa who then jumps across a ravine . Boma is unable to make the jumps and falls into it . Mufasa tells him that he does n't have to fight but he keeps hurling thret while saying that the other buffaloes can still harm Taka . Taka is then attacked by three buffaloes during which he receives his scar . Ahadi stops this attack with a large herd of animals and has an elephant push Boma out of the ravine . Zuzu ( edit ) Zuzu is Ahadi 's majordomo . She only appeared in A Tale of Two Brothers , though she was mentioned in How True , Zazu ? . She turned out to be Zazu 's mother .", "34": "Flirtatious and gossipy , Zuzu is a very maternal bird who never passes up the chance for some juicy gossip , much like her son , Zazu . Her talkative nature and nosy habits often make her a bit of an annoyance to the other animals , though Ahadi puts her personality to good use in order to get a better grip on the doings of his kingdom . Zuzu is also known for being loyal and brave , as she was willing to help Rafiki even though she did not fully understand the danger Mufasa was in . It said that she retired , and gave Zazu her place as the king 's majordomo . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lion King ' Remake Casts Donald Glover as Simba , James Earl Jones as Mufasa '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Wildlife Wednesdays : Zazu 's ' Cousin ' - Abyssinian Ground Hornbill Chick - a New Addition at Disney 's Animal Kingdom Lodge '' . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` What 's behind those wild ' Lion King ' masks ? '' . www.adn.com . Anchorage Daily News . Retrieved 22 March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lion King spinoff voice cast includes Rob Lowe , Gabrielle Union , James Earl Jones , and more - EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly 's EW.com .", "35": "( hide ) The Lion King Films The Lion King ( 1994 ) The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lion King 11⁄2 The Lion King ( 2019 ) Theater The Lion King Television or short films Timon & Pumbaa episodes Wild About Safety The Lion Guard episodes Characters Simba Timon and Pumbaa Nala Scar Music The Lion King `` Circle of Life '' `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' `` Be Prepared '' `` Hakuna Matata '' `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' The Lion King musical `` Endless Night '' `` The Madness of King Scar '' `` Shadowland '' Other Return to Pride Rock `` Love Will Find a Way '' Rhythm of the Pride Lands `` He Lives in You '' Video games The Lion King ( 1994 ) Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) Attractions Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable The Legend of the Lion King Festival of the Lion King The Lion King Celebration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_Lion_King_characters&oldid=837931212 '' Categories : The Lion King characters Lists of Disney animated film characters Kingdom Hearts characters Lists of fictional animals by work Lists of fictional animals in animation Hidden categories : Wikipedia introduction cleanup from January 2016 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from January 2016 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles needing additional references from September 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles with multiple maintenance issues Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Español Français Italiano עברית Simple English Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 22 : 09 .", "36": "Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 25, 36, 26, 9, 30, 3, 4, 32, 24, 7, 33, 31, 29, 28, 8, 20, 21, 19, 2, 27, 18, 23, 34, 22, 11, 15, 12, 1, 13, 16, 0, 6, 17, 35, 10, 14, 5 ]

[ 9, 25, 36, 26, 30, 3, 4 ]

[ "her castle" ]

{ "0": "White Witch - wikipedia White Witch Jump to : navigation , search `` Jadis '' redirects here . For other uses , see Jadis ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see White Witch ( disambiguation ) . This article is about Narnia character . For white magic witches , see white witch . Jadis , the White Witch Narnia character Jadis , the White Witch . Art by Leo and Diane Dillon . Race Humanoid ( Northern Witch ) -- ( rumoured by opponents to be half - Jinn , half Giant ) Nation Charn Gender Female Title Her Imperial Majesty , Jadis , Queen of Narnia , Chatelaine of Cair Paravel , Empress of the Lone Islands ( Former : Her Imperial Majesty Jadis , Empress of Charn ) Birthplace Charn Family Unnamed sister ( deceased ; killed by Jadis ) Major character in The Magician 's Nephew The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Portrayals in adaptations 1988 BBC television : Barbara Kellerman 2005 Walden / Disney film : Tilda Swinton 2008 Walden / Disney film : Tilda Swinton 2010 Walden / Fox film : Tilda Swinton Jadis is the main antagonist of The Magician 's Nephew and of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe in C.S. Lewis 's series , The Chronicles of Narnia . She is commonly referred to as the White Witch in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , as she is the Witch who froze Narnia in the Hundred Years Winter . Some recent editions of the books include brief notes , added by later editors , that describe the cast of characters . As Lewis scholar Peter Schakel points out , the description there of Jadis and the Queen of Underland ( the main antagonist of The Silver Chair ) `` states incorrectly that the Queen of Underland is an embodiment of Jadis '' . Beyond characterising the two as `` Northern Witches '' , Lewis 's text does not connect them . See Lady of the Green Kirtle for further discussion .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Character history 1.1 The Magician 's Nephew 1.2 The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe 1.3 References and comparisons in other Narnia books 2 Characteristics 3 Portrayals 3.1 Radio 3.2 Television 3.3 Theatrical film series 3.4 Literature 4 References 5 External links Character history ( edit ) Jadis was born on an unknown date long before the creation of Narnia . In The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe she is identified as a descendant of Adam 's first wife ( Lilith ) and the giants : `` But she 's no Daughter of Eve . She comes of your father Adam 's ... first wife , her they called Lilith . And she was one of the Jinn . That 's what she comes from on one side . And on the other she comes of the giants . No , no , there is n't a drop of real Human blood in the Witch . ( 8.35 ) '' ( This reference to Lilith is a tribute to the fantasy novel with this title by George MacDonald , a literary hero of C.S. Lewis . ) Jadis died in battle in Narnian year 1000 , meaning that she lived for well over 1,000 years . The Magician 's Nephew ( edit ) In The Magician 's Nephew , Jadis is introduced as the Queen of Charn , a city in an entirely different world from Narnia . She was the last of a long line of kings and queens , who began well but grew evil over many generations and conquered the entire world of Charn . Jadis , a powerful sorceress , fought a bloody war of rebellion against her sister . On the point of defeat , Jadis chose not to submit , but spoke instead the Deplorable Word that destroyed all life on Charn except her own . She then cast a spell of enchanted sleep upon herself to await someone who could rescue her from Charn . Many years later , a 12 - year - old Digory Kirke and his friend Polly Plummer arrive in the ruins of Charn through Digory 's uncle 's magic .", "2": "The children find the bell that Jadis left to break the spell . Despite Polly 's warning not to ring the bell , Digory does so . Jadis is awakened and by holding on to them is transported with them back to London in the year 1900 . She initially aims to conquer the world to which she is transported , but finds that her magic does not work there . Digory , seeking to correct his mistake , attempts to transport her back to Charn , but they end up instead in the world of Narnia at the moment of its creation by the lion Aslan . As Aslan approaches , she attacks him with the rod of iron she has torn by main strength from a London lamp post ; but when this has no effect , she flees . Jadis makes her way to the garden on a mountain west of Narnia , where she eats an apple that she believes will make her immortal and give her eternal life . However , this supposed immortality comes at a cost : her skin is bleached white , and the evil in her heart causes her eternal misery . She can not stand the sight of the tree that Aslan has Digory plant in Narnia from the fruit of the garden , and she thus stays to the north of Narnia , working to develop her magic . Meanwhile , the land of Narnia remains the domain of animals ( chosen animals are given the ability to speak , and become pillars of society ) and is not troubled by the Witch nor any other enemy for many hundred years . The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( edit ) In The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , set 1,000 Narnian years after the events of The Magician 's Nephew , Jadis has usurped power over Narnia after the tree that kept her at bay had died .", "3": "Now known as the White Witch , she is served by various races including Wolves ( who make up her secret police ) , Black Dwarves , Giants , Werewolves , Tree Spirits that are on her side , Ghouls , Boggles , Ogres , Minotaurs , Cruels , Hags , Spectres , People of the Toadstools , Incubi , Wraiths , Horrors , Efreets , Orknies , Sprites , Wooses , Ettins , Poisonous Plant Spirits , Evil Apes , Giant Bats , Vultures , and creatures that according to C.S. Lewis are `` so horrible that if I told you , your parents probably would n't let you read this book . '' Her magic is now powerful , and she has acquired a wand with which she can turn enemies to stone if they displease or attempt to challenge her in any way . She styles herself `` Her Imperial Majesty Jadis , Queen of Narnia , Chatelaine of Cair Paravel , Empress of the Lone Islands '' , and she casts Narnia into an endless winter with no Christmas . She fears a prophecy that four humans , two sons of Adam and two daughters of Eve , will cause her downfall , and orders all Narnians - including those who might oppose her - to bring any human they come across to her . By the time the Pevensie children arrive in Narnia , Jadis has ruled for 100 years . She first meets Edmund Pevensie , enchants him with magical Turkish delight , and tempts him to betray his siblings by offering to make him her heir and bring them to Narnia with him , although at this stage only Edmund and his sister Lucy have been in Narnia . The four Pevensie children all arrive in Narnia together soon afterwards , and Edmund strays to the Witch after he and the other children are taken in by Mr and Mrs Beaver . He had realised that the `` Queen of Narnia '' ( as she had introduced herself ) and the White Witch were one and the same after a conversation with Lucy , but was still determined to taste more Turkish Delight and remained convinced that the Witch would deliver her promise to make him heir to her throne . But with the approach of Aslan , her magical winter thaws , and Edmund is rescued after his treason .", "4": "He had been greeted with a hostile reception from the White Witch after arriving at her castle alone , and even more so after informing her that Aslan had come to Narnia . The harshness of the Witch 's winter had made Edmund realise that he had been wrong in thinking that her side was the right side to be on , and he realised the full extent of her evil when he witnessed her turning a party of creatures into stone after their revelation that Father Christmas had been in Narnia - much to the Witch 's horror after she had banished him . Jadis insists on her right as the first to rebel against Aslan to take the life of Edmund as a traitor . She accepts Aslan 's offer of his own life as substitute , knowing that without him the Pevensies can not stand against her - even with the support of Aslan 's army - although this pact is kept a secret from Aslan 's followers . At the Stone Table , she and her followers bind Aslan and humiliate him , and Jadis kills him with a stone knife . Susan and Lucy witness the killing from nearby bushes after following Aslan from their encampment . She is unaware , however , that due to a deeper magic from before Narnia 's founding , that Aslan 's life will be restored as he was an innocent , willing victim who had offered his life in a traitor 's stead . Aslan then reaches her castle and restores all her statues to life , and brings them as reinforcements to the battle at Beruna against the witch 's army . Her army is defeated , and Aslan himself kills Jadis , while most of her followers are killed and the remnants of her army flee and are eventually killed by Aslan 's followers , who now serve Narnia under their new rulers . References and comparisons in other Narnia books ( edit ) In Prince Caspian , 1,300 years after her death , Narnia has been conquered by the Telmarines , a human race who believe they have wiped out Narnia 's population of talking animals .", "5": "Since the fight to expel the Telmarines is going badly , a black dwarf ( Nikabrik ) , a hag , and a wer - wolf ( to use Lewis 's spelling ) plan to resurrect Jadis to fight against the Telmarines , as they consider her a lesser evil than the current ruler , King Miraz , whose ancestors had invaded Narnia and believed that they had wiped out the talking animals , and forbade any mention of their existence or the existence of Aslan . However , talking animals continued to live in hiding in isolated parts of Narnia , and are eventually discovered by Prince Caspian after he flees his Uncle Miraz 's castle . They join his side , but Nikabrik , the hag and the were - wolf will stop at nothing to oust Miraz , despite Caspian 's warnings that the Witch was `` a hundred times worse than Miraz himself '' - they are then killed in a melee which involves Caspian , his tutor Dr Cornelius , and the returning Peter and Edmund , who have been recalled to Narnia after Caspian blows Susan 's horn . On the orders of Aslan and the newly - crowned King Caspian , Narnia is now a land in which humans and talking animals are encouraged to integrate and have equal rights - although a small number of Telmarines accept Aslan 's offer of building a new life for themselves on Planet Earth , on the Pacific island where their pirate descendants had entered Narnia through a cave in the early 1940s . Jadis does not appear in The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , though the stone knife she used to kill Aslan at the Stone Table is found on Ramandu 's island by three of the Seven Great Lords of Narnia . Disagreeing on what course to take , one of them takes up the knife to use against the other two , whereupon all three fall into an enchanted sleep . The knife may be intended as an analogy to the Holy Lance , the spear used to pierce Jesus Christ , according to the Gospel of John . In The Silver Chair , 1,356 years after her death , Jadis is called one of the `` Northern Witches '' , along with the Lady of the Green Kirtle - a new enemy to the good animals and humans who now inhabit Narnia .", "6": "Glimfeather the Owl speculates that the Green Lady may be `` of the same crew '' as the White Witch . This has led to speculation by some readers that Jadis and the Lady of the Green Kirtle may be the same person . Lewis 's text does not support this ( See Lady of the Green Kirtle for further discussion ) . Lewis never clarifies the Green Lady 's origins , or what connection she has to the White Witch . The `` Green Lady '' had first entered Narnia in serpent form and killed the wife of King Caspian , and later re-emerged in human form to lure away Caspian 's son Rilian and place him under an enchantment in the underworld , only for Eustace Scrubb and Jill Pole to reach the underworld with their guide , Puddleglum the marshwiggle , and rescue Rilian - who kills the Green Lady before they make their return to Narnia . Characteristics ( edit ) An extraordinarily beautiful , tall and imposing woman , Jadis enchants Digory Kirke , Andrew Ketterley and Edmund Pevensie on first encounters . She is seven feet tall , as were all members of the Royal Family of Charn . After eating the fruit of eternal life , her skin becomes as white as paper . A natural - born sorceress and a cunning strategist , Jadis is arrogant and cruel , considering herself above all rules and viewing others as tools to be used or obstacles to be demolished . After she eats the Fruit of Everlasting Life , selfishly and against the written admonition on the gate , she discovers that her sense of inner power and life is amplified . Her callousness and sense of entitlement is most clearly demonstrated when she uses the Deplorable Word in Charn to vanquish her sister , even though the Word would eradicate all life in that world but her own . She prefers to destroy that entire world than submit to her sister 's authority , and shows afterward a remorseless pride in her actions . Though her magic disappears when she leaves Charn , she manages to build it up again in Narnia 's world , exercising both her previous experience and her privilege to witness a new world 's dawning , to become again a sorceress of formidable power .", "7": "In her own dominion , Charn , Jadis is extremely powerful ; but she finds her magic largely useless in other worlds . She eventually strengthens her powers and usurps the throne of Narnia , using her magic to cast the land into perpetual winter . Her most feared weapon is her wand , whose magic is capable of turning people into stone . The petrified remains of her enemies decorate the halls of her castle . Her other powers , which she immediately loses after entering another world , include the ability to disintegrate objects and individuals , read minds , control the minds of animals ( She does possibly retain or regain this power in Narnia ) and the terrifying power of the Deplorable Word - the latter of which wipes out every living thing on a planet except for the speaker . For the brief period of time that Jadis is on Earth , she is shown to have no magical power , but to retain her phenomenal strength . This is demonstrated when she battles with Metropolitan Police in London , wielding the cross-bar she wrenched from a lamp post . The same cross-bar was taken into the new world that would become Narnia , and grew into the full lamp post encountered by Lucy Pevensie many years later . Portrayals ( edit ) Radio ( edit ) The voice of Jadis was provided by Elizabeth Counsell in Focus on the Family 's radio drama versions of The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe and The Magician 's Nephew . Counsell also made a cameo appearance as a lamb in The Last Battle . In the BBC Radio productions of The Magician 's Nephew and The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Jadis was played by Rosemary Martin . Television ( edit ) Jadis , the White Witch , portrayed by Barbara Kellerman in the BBC miniseries The Chronicles of Narnia ( 1988 , season 1 ) . The White Witch was played by Elizabeth Wallace in the 1967 British TV series The Lion the Witch and the Wardrobe . In the sixth episode of The Young Ones , during a game of hide - and - seek , Vyvyan attempts to hide in a wardrobe . He ends up in Narnia , and meets the White Witch , portrayed by actress Justine Lord .", "8": "She approaches him much the same way as with Edmund in the book , but Vyvyan is uninterested , and tries to hide in an empty tree that leads back to the apartment , against her protests . American actress Beth Porter provided the voice of the White Witch for the 1979 animated television adaptation of The Lion , the Witch , and the Wardrobe ( for the British release , Sheila Hancock 's voice was dubbed in ) . In that version , Aslan lunges towards the White Witch and she disappears in a cloud of smoke upon her defeat . English actress Barbara Kellerman played the White Witch in the 1988 BBC miniseries The Chronicles of Narnia season 1 , The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe. ( Kellerman was retained as the hag in season 2 and the Lady of the Green Kirtle in season 3 , characters from the second and fourth Narnia novels ) . After her wand is broken , she runs up the ravine , only for Aslan to arrive with reinforcements and roar enough for the ground to shake and the White Witch to lose her balance and fall to her death . In the original novel , it is stated that Jadis is half - Djinn and half - giant . Theatrical film series ( edit ) Tilda Swinton as Jadis , the White Witch . Her collar is made from Aslan 's mane , taken during his sacrifice . In the 2005 Walt Disney Pictures feature film The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , she was portrayed by British actress Tilda Swinton . Swinton 's performance won particular acclaim among fans and critics . BBC film critic Stella Papamichael wrote : `` As the cold - hearted White Witch , Tilda Swinton sets the tempo for this bracing adventure . She is a pristine picture of evil , like the spectre of Nazism that forces the children out of London to the sanctuary of a country manor . '' Jadis is viewed as significantly more psychopathic and malevolent , possessing an instinctively violent streak and the expressed disregard for the lives of others - during the Battle of Beruna , she declares that no prisoners are to be taken simply since she has no interest in taking any . She is also hinted to have a cynical , dry sense of humour .", "9": "Tilda Swinton was nominated for an MTV Movie Award for Best Villain for her performance as the White Witch in The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe , but lost to Hayden Christensen for his performance as Anakin Skywalker / Darth Vader in Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith . Swinton reprised her role as the White Witch in the 2008 Disney Movie sequel The Chronicles of Narnia : Prince Caspian . In a departure from the novel , Nikabrik and his fellow conspirators manage to conjure an apparition of Jadis within a mystical wall of ice and attempt to offer her Caspian X as she needs a drop of blood from a son of Adam to fully resurrect herself . She tries to coax Caspian into offering her his blood and then from Peter , promising to lend her powers to their fight against King Miraz once she is made whole . However , Edmund shatters the ice before the Witch can obtain a drop of blood , and the apparition vanishes . Swinton reprised White Witch again in the 20th Century Fox film adaptation of The Voyage of the Dawn Treader , only as a manifestation of Dark Island preying on Edmund 's insecurities , a mental test that Edmund overcomes as he manages to kill the Dark Island 's sea serpent , a manifestation of his fear . Swinton expressed interest in returning the role once more in a film adaptation of The Magician 's Nephew . Literature ( edit ) Jadis appears in the Neil Gaiman short story `` The Problem of Susan '' which appeared in the collection `` Fragile Things '' . References ( edit ) Narnia portal Fictional characters portal Jump up ^ Peter J. Schakel , The Way into Narnia : A Reader 's Guide , William B. Eerdmans , Grand Rapids / Cambridge , 2005 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Ford , Paul ( 2005 ) . Companion to Narnia : Revised Edition . San Francisco : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 079127 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` The Chronicles Of Narnia : The Lion , The Witch And The Wardrobe ( 2005 ) '' . BBC . 2005 - 12 - 09 .", "10": "Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 17 . External links ( edit ) White Witch on IMDb ( hide ) The Chronicles of Narnia by C.S. Lewis The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe Prince Caspian The Voyage of the Dawn Treader The Silver Chair The Horse and His Boy The Magician 's Nephew The Last Battle Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Soundtrack Game Film Characters and creatures Aravis Aslan Mr. and Mrs. Beaver Bree Caspian Centaurs Coriakin Digory Drinian Edmund Emeth Eustace The Cabby and Nellie Hwin Jill Lady of the Green Kirtle Lucy Maugrim Miraz Peter Polly Puddleglum Rabadash Ramandu Ramandu 's daughter Reepicheep Rilian Seven Great Lords of Narnia Shasta / Cor Shift Susan Tash Telmarines Tirian Trumpkin Mr.", "11": "Tumnus White Witch Universe Narnia ( world ) Anvard Archenland Aslan 's Country Aslan 's How Cair Paravel Calormen Charn Lantern Waste Miraz 's Castle Narnia ( country ) Underland Wood between the Worlds Adaptations ITV TV serial Animated TV film BBC TV serial ( Season 1 3 ) Film series Cast list Music Accolades List of actors General Battles First Battle of Beruna Second Battle of Beruna Dawn Treader Deplorable Word Hundred - Year Winter Religion Tisroc Outline Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=White_Witch&oldid=819210326 '' Categories : The Chronicles of Narnia characters Female characters in literature Female characters in film Fictional characters introduced in 1950 Fictional characters with superhuman strength Fictional characters with ice or cold abilities Fictional characters who use magic Fictional dictators Fictional emperors and empresses Fictional half - giants Fictional kidnappers Fictional mass murderers Fictional queens Fictional telepaths Fictional warlords Fictional witches Fictional women soldiers and warriors Kings and Queens of Narnia Literary villains Witchcraft in written fiction Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Dansk Español فارسی Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 02 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 3, 4, 11, 2, 6, 5, 10, 8, 0, 7, 1, 9 ]

[ 4, 3, 11, 2, 6 ]

[ "Professor Eobard Thawne", "Thawne", "Professor Eobard Thawne" ]

{ "0": "Eobard Thawne - wikipedia Eobard Thawne Jump to : navigation , search Eobard Thawne Textless cover of Batman vol. 3 , # 22 ( July 2017 ) . Art by Jason Fabok . Publication information Publisher DC Comics First appearance The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) Created by John Broome Carmine Infantino In - story information Full name Eobard Thawne Team affiliations Secret Society of Super Villains Injustice League Black Lantern Corps The Rogues The Acolytes of Zoom Legion of Doom Notable aliases Professor Zoom , Reverse - Flash , Black Flash Abilities Genius - level intellect Skilled hand - to - hand combatant Negative Speed Force grants : Superhuman speed , agility , stamina , and reflexes Rapid cellular regeneration Time travel & chronokinesis Dimensional travel Intangibility Speed mirage creation Electrokinesis Sonic shockwave projection Vortex generation Memory and speed absorption Age alteration Immortality Eobard Thawne , otherwise known as Professor Zoom and the Reverse Flash , is a fictional supervillain appearing in comic books published by DC Comics . He is the archenemy of Barry Allen ( the second superhero to be called the Flash ) , a descendant of Malcolm Thawne , and a maternal forefather of Bart Allen , Thaddeus Thawne and Owen Mercer . He has been established as one of the fastest speedsters in the DC Universe . IGN ranked Professor Zoom as the 31st Greatest Comic Book Villain Of All Time in 2009 and # 2 on their Top 5 Flash Villains list in 2015 . Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher have portrayed the character on various television series set within The CW 's live - action Arrowverse .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin 2.2 The Flash : Rebirth 2.3 Blackest Night 2.4 Post-Infinite Crisis origin 2.5 Flashpoint 2.6 The New 52 2.7 DC Rebirth 3 Powers and abilities 4 Other versions 4.1 Impulse 5 In other media 5.1 Television 5.1. 1 Arrowverse 5.2 Film 5.3 Video games 5.3. 1 Injustice 5.4 Parodies 5.5 Merchandise 6 References 7 External links Publication history ( edit ) Created by John Broome and Carmine Infantino , Eobard Thawne made his debut in The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Cover of The Flash # 139 ( September 1963 ) , featuring Eobard Thawne 's debut as the Reverse - Flash . In Eobard Thawne 's first appearance , he found a time capsule in the 25th Century containing Barry Allen 's Flash costume , and was able to use a Tachyon device to amplify the suit 's speed energy , giving himself speedster abilities as long as he wore it . Reversing the colors of the costume , Thawne adopted the moniker of `` Professor Zoom '' , the `` Reverse - Flash '' , and went on a crime spree . However , the time capsule also contained an atomic bomb , the timer of which was activated upon being opened , thus beginning a countdown sequence to detonation . The Flash , who had traveled forward in time , found the device and brought it to an isolated area before it exploded , and subsequently destroyed Thawne 's costume . Blaming the Flash for his defeat , Thawne became obsessed with `` replacing '' Barry Allen and began traveling back in time to exact his revenge , using his knowledge of history to his advantage . When Barry 's wife , Iris West , rejected Thawne 's romantic pursuits , the latter apparently killed her by vibrating his hand through her skull .", "2": "Shortly after Barry had found love again , Thawne returned and threatened to kill Allen 's new fiancée , Fiona Webb , on their wedding day . Fearful that history was repeating itself , Allen inadvertently killed Thawne by breaking his neck . Post-Crisis and Zero Hour origin ( edit ) In a post-Crisis extended origin , the storyline `` The Return of Barry Allen '' in The Flash # 74 - 79 revealed that Eobard Thawne was once a scientist from the 25th Century who was obsessed with the Flash , even undergoing cosmetic surgery to resemble Barry Allen . After obtaining the Cosmic Treadmill from an antique shop , Thawne gained all of the Flash 's powers after replicating the electrochemical accident that created the hero , seeking to use the Treadmill to travel back in time and meet his idol . But due to a malfunction , Thawne arrived at the Flash Museum several years after Barry 's death , where he discovered that he was destined to become `` Professor Zoom '' , the `` Reverse - Flash '' , and die at the hands of his idol . As a result , the unstable Thawne convinced himself that he was Barry Allen , and subsequently attacked Central City for `` forgetting him '' . The current Flash , Wally West , ultimately tricked Thawne into returning to the 25th century with no memory of the incident . Despite this , Thawne still managed to bring the remains of his older self 's costume with him , cluing him further into his destiny . After the events of Zero Hour : Crisis in Time , it is revealed that Eobard 's ancestor , Malcolm Thawne , was Barry Allen 's long - lost twin brother , meaning that Barry is Eobard 's great uncle . The Flash : Rebirth ( edit ) Main article : The Flash : Rebirth In 2009 , Eobard Thawne was re-imagined as a major villain in the DC Universe by writer Geoff Johns in The Flash : Rebirth . His resurrection is foreshadowed to occur in a near - future event , after which he would be responsible for Barry Allen 's return and transformation into the Black Flash .", "3": "It is later revealed that because Thawne recreated the accident that gave Barry his powers , he was able to lure Barry out of the Speed Force during the Final Crisis and temporarily turn him into the Black Flash . When Thawne reappears , he murders the revived Johnny Quick , before proceeding to trap Barry and the revived Max Mercury inside the negative Speed Force . Thawne then attempts to kill Wally West 's children through their connection to the Speed Force in front of Linda Park - West , only to be stopped by Jay Garrick and Bart Allen . Thawne defeats Jay and prepares to kill Bart , but Barry , Max , Wally , Jesse Quick , and Impulse arrive to prevent the villain from doing so . In the ensuing fight , Thawne reveals that he is responsible for every tragedy that has occurred in Barry 's life , including the death of his mother . Thawne then decides to destroy everything the Flash holds dear by killing Barry 's wife , Iris , before they even met . As Barry chases after Thawne , Wally joins him in the time barrier . They reach him , and in doing so they become the lightning bolt that turns Barry into the Flash as they are able to stop Thawne from killing Iris . The Flashes push Thawne back through time , showing his past and future . They return to the present , where the Justice League , the Justice Society , and the Outsiders have built a device originally intended to disconnect Barry from the Speed Force when he was the Black Flash . Barry tosses Thawne in and Jay activates the device , severing his connection to the negative Speed Force . As the Flashes tie him up to stop him from running , back in the past Iris discovers Thawne 's weapon and keeps it . In the present , Zoom is imprisoned in the Iron Heights . Hunter Zolomon speaks to him , saying they can help each other be better . In Gorilla City , one of the apes warns that Professor Zoom has done something horrible to their jungles , something even they do not know . Blackest Night ( edit ) In the 2009 -- 2010 storyline `` Blackest Night '' , Eobard Thawne 's broken - necked corpse is reanimated as a member of the Black Lantern Corps .", "4": "The black power ring downloaded the corpse 's memories , resulting in it not knowing of Barry 's death and resurrection . Declaring itself the new Black Flash , the Black Lantern Zoom attacks Barry , who manages to elude it for the moment . When Black Lantern Rogues attack Iron Heights , they encounter the living Zoom , their rings strangely malfunctioning , and displaying a strange symbol . When the Black Lantern Zoom approaches his living counterpart , he stops moving , and is then frozen by Captain Cold 's `` cold grenade '' . In the final issue of the series , future Black Lantern Zoom is brought back to life by the white light of creation , and manages to escape . In the follow - up `` Brightest Day '' storyline , the present Professor Zoom is still imprisoned in Iron Heights . When Deadman activates the White Power Battery , the Entity speaks to the twelve heroes and villains resurrected at the climax of the `` Blackest Night '' and tells each of them of their mission that must be accomplished in order to restore ' life ' to the universe and prevent the Blackest Night from ever recurring . Zoom becomes the first to inadvertently fulfill his mission , which occurred in the events of The Flash : Rebirth when he freed Barry Allen from the Speed Force following his resurrection . The Entity proclaims Professor Zoom has completed his task , and his life is restored to him , later revealing that Zoom , having fulfilled his task , is now fully purged of all trace remnants of his Black Lantern ties -- both present and future . Professor Zoom is released from Iron Heights by Captain Boomerang , who had hoped to better understand his version of the Entity 's message . Zoom does not answer him directly , giving a cryptic response and eventually escaping as Captain Boomerang is confronted by the rest of the Rogues . Post-infinite Crisis origin ( edit ) Eobard Thawne uses his powers to completely rewrite his history ; he erases his younger brother from existence and kills his parents when they try to interfere with his research . Eobard later falls in love with a reporter who had been hired to interview him , and his future self wipes all of the reporter 's romantic interests from existence .", "5": "After finding out she did not return his affections , Eobard 's future self traumatized the reporter when she was a child , causing her to be mute and institutionalized for the rest of her life so that he never met her . He later had his younger self find the time capsule containing Barry Allen 's costume to make himself the 25th century Flash . As the altered Eobard Thawne runs past him , he sheds a tear for his past self , saying `` It wo n't last long . You will never find love . You will never be the Flash . Barry Allen destroyed my future . It 's time I destroyed his '' . Flashpoint ( edit ) In the 2011 Flashpoint storyline , a new timeline is created through the alteration of history . The Reverse - Flash reveals that his body is permanently connected to the Speed Force , enabling him to create the negative version of it , with which he escaped prison . He was unable to alter Barry 's transformation into the Flash , however , as that would effectively erase himself from existence . Instead , Thawne decides to ruin Barry 's life during the latter 's childhood , erasing his best friend from existence to result in greater introversion on Barry 's part , and various other torments such as killing his mother . Thawne later reveals that the new timeline was created by Barry himself , who went back in time to stop the Reverse Flash from killing his mother . After Thawne is killed by the Batman of this reality with an Amazonian sword , the Flash travels back in time to stop his younger self from altering history but instead , under the manipulations of Pandora , a third , new timeline is created , in which DC Comics ' continuity takes place from 2011 onwards . The new 52 ( edit ) In The New 52 reboot , Eobard Thawne 's origin has been rewritten once again . Hailing from the Central City of a 25th - century devoted to the Flash , as a child , Eobard Thawne witnessed his father murder his mother , and subsequently get arrested . One day , he is struck by lightning and gains the ability to control the flow of time around him - making it appear as if he is moving at superhuman speeds .", "6": "Believing himself to have been `` chosen '' by the Speed Force to replace the Flash , Eobard dons a costume similar to the hero 's and begins to terrorize the Gem Cities as `` Zoom '' , demanding the citizens accept him as `` King '' . However , he is enraged when people rebel against him in the name of the Flash . Jealous and bitter that , despite their similar powers , the Flash is worshiped and loved by the people , Eobard uses Rip Hunter 's notes to travel back in time , where he starts recruiting four individuals `` touched by the lightning '' ( Speed Force ) across history , after `` saving '' them from situations he himself put them into , under the false pretense that he requires their help in order to vanquish the `` evil menace '' , Flash . Thawne then makes an acquaintance with Dr. Henry Allen , the Flash 's father , funding the research of his research lab , but when he refuses to help him with an unknown cause , Zoom subsequently murders his wife Nora , in order to make the Flash endure what he had to and give them both an `` equal start '' , and forces Henry to take the blame for his deed , with the threat of his son Barry 's life . Laying low for many years , Professor Zoom reemerges following the defeat of William Selkirk , recruiting him as an `` acolyte '' of his . Zoom and his acolytes then cause havoc in the city and put the blame on the Flash , desiring to destroy his legacy . Eobard then kidnaps Henry when he escapes from prison with some inmates in order to divert Thawne 's attention away from Barry , and forces him to construct a power - stealing glove . However , when his closest `` ally '' , Magali ( who has been keeping Eobard alive for centuries via her powers ) , discover the truth about him , he uses the glove to steal her abilities of affecting the age of organic and inorganic matter , leading to his true nature being exposed to the rest of his acolytes , who join forces with the Flash to destroy the device . After the failure of his plan to become a `` god '' , Zoom then takes Henry to the Allen house , with Barry in pursuit .", "7": "Revealing his backstory to Barry , Eobard proceeds to best Barry in combat , and is about to kill him until the Flash realizes how Thawne 's powers work , and then proceeds to counter them by moving time forward - finally defeating him . After talking Henry out of killing Thawne , Barry has him arrested and imprisoned at Iron Heights Penitentiary . DC Rebirth ( edit ) In the DC Rebirth relaunch , Eobard Thawne first appears in Barry Allen 's Speed Force vision , where the latter snaps Thawne 's neck as he once did Pre-Crisis . He is subsequently featured in another vision where he taunts Barry about his future . The serial - killing speedster Godspeed later attempts to kill Eobard and every other inmate at Iron Heights , only to be stopped by the Flash . Thawne is reverted to his pre-New 52 self after a wave of energy strikes him , and he recalls being killed by Thomas Wayne / Batman during Flashpoint . Seeking to teach the Dark Knight 's son a lesson , Thawne attacks Bruce Wayne in the Batcave and destroys Thomas ' letter as retribution . Thawne brutally beats Bruce and verbally taunts him before picking up the Button , which teleports him away to an unknown location . Thawne is then teleported back to the Batcave , having been bathed in radiation by a mysterious entity . As he collapses , Thawne says `` God ... I saw ... God . '' In the following issue , Batman and the Flash come across Thawne in possession of the Button shortly before his apparent death , and follow him in an attempt to prevent it . As he follows the traces leading to the entity , Thawne muses that he may go back in time to raise his nemesis as a `` family friend '' after killing his mother , but he is seemingly killed and teleported back to the Batcave . Eobard 's corpse is subsequently taken to S.T.A.R. Labs for further examination , but it is revealed that he was able to survive his near - death experience via his connection to the negative Speed Force , the energy of which grants him accelerated regeneration and healing .", "8": "He is present at Iris West 's house when she arrives with her nephew following Multiplex 's attack at Barry 's birthday party , shocking and terrifying the pair . Eobard brutally beats Wally II , denouncing him as a fake , and then brings Iris to the future while Barry pursues them . Eobard shows the couple their future , and attempts to imprison Barry in the Negative Speed Force . This backfires as it leads to Barry absorbing the power of the Negative Speed Force and using it to strip Thawne of his speed . Barry declares that their rivalry is done , but Eobard vows that he will get back his powers and keep coming back to torment Barry , before being seemingly killed by Iris . Eobard later returns as a member of the Secret Society of Super Villains that kidnapped Deathstroke . Powers and abilities ( edit ) Even prior to gaining his metahuman abilities , Eobard Thawne already possessed genius - level intellect by the standards of the 25th Century . In The Flash : Rebirth , it is discovered that when he duplicated the accident that gave Barry Allen his powers , he created a negative Speed Force by corrupting the positive version of it . The Reverse - Flash is therefore able to travel at superhuman speeds faster than the speed of light , deliver blows of extreme force , run on water , generate vacuums , create after - images ( `` speed mirages '' ) of himself , and vibrate his molecules to pass through solid objects . Unlike users of the original Speed Force , Thawne has the ability to travel through and manipulate time , being able to drastically alter history and completely erase people from existence ( other speedsters can not change the past without dramatic consequences ) . Thawne developed numerous new powers in the events leading up to Flashpoint , including the ability to cross over to other dimensions , create shockwaves across time and space at the snap of his fingers , absorb another 's memories via physical contact , and alter the age of anyone or anything . Thawne has also displayed low levels of superhuman strength , as well as electrokinetic abilities . The presence of his lightning is able to disrupt and fry nearby electronics , in addition to allowing him to manipulate magnetism . During the New 52 reboot , Thawne gained the ability to slow down time .", "9": "He retained his pre-New 52 counterpart 's age altering abilities . In the DC Rebirth relaunch , however , Thawne regained his connection to the negative Speed Force and therefore all of his original powers . Other versions ( edit ) Impulse ( edit ) In an alternate timeline created when Impulse kills an insect in the Devonian Age , most super-villains are government bureaucrats . Professor Zoom is the National Science Advisor to President - for - Life Julian Tremain . In subsequent changes to the timeline , Zoom defected to the rebellion against Tremain led by Gorilla Grodd ; turned into a gorilla fighting against an army of flying turtles led by Grodd , now a flying turtle himself ; and was a gorilla in a modern society identical to that of ancient Egypt . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) The character is alluded to in the episode `` Done With Mirrors '' of the 1990 live - action series The Flash , when Barry Allen temporarily takes the pseudonym ' Professor Zoom ' while investigating the Mirror Master . Professor Zoom appears in Batman : The Brave and the Bold , voiced by John Wesley Shipp . In the episode `` Requiem for a Scarlet Speedster ! '' , Zoom has conquered the 25th Century and captured the Flash ( Barry Allen ) . Batman , Jay Garrick and Wally West later arrive to free Barry , who then engages Zoom in a fight around the world . The battle ends when the Flash glazes some sand to form a wall of glass to trip Zoom . Arrowverse ( edit ) Tom Cavanagh as Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash in The CW 's Superhero Fight Club promotional video . Tom Cavanagh and Matt Letscher portray Eobard Thawne / Reverse - Flash in The CW 's live - action Arrowverse as Dr. Harrison Wells and in his original likeness , respectively . Professor Eobard Thawne is introduced on The Flash as a scientist from the future who duplicated the reaction that gave Barry Allen / The Flash his powers and became the hero 's archenemy , the Reverse - Flash . Eobard traveled back in time to the year 2000 to kill his nemesis as a child .", "10": "When the 2024 Flash intervened , the Reverse - Flash murdered Barry 's mother and framed his father instead , thus erasing this Flash from existence while unintentionally severing his own connection to the Speed Force , leaving him stranded in the 21st Century . Knowing that Dr. Harrison Wells would be responsible for creating metahumans in 2020 , Eobard killed the scientist and assumed his identity . He then founded S.T.A.R. Labs and created a particle accelerator to turn Barry into the Flash and regain his own link to the Speed Force . Faking paralysis , `` Dr. Wells '' pushes Barry to run faster in hopes of using the latter 's pure Speed Force connection to travel back to his time . After Eobard 's secret is discovered , he is defeated by the Flash , the Arrow and Firestorm . Eobard then offers Barry a chance to travel back in time to save his mother in exchange for a time sphere to return to the future , but Barry ultimately chooses not to do so and returns to destroy Eobard 's machine . As the Reverse - Flash prepares to kill the Flash , his ancestor Detective Eddie Thawne kills himself and seemingly erases Eobard from existence . A year later , Barry temporarily creates a new reality and restores a time remnant of Eobard to the timeline in the process . Letscher plays Thawne 's time remnant in season two of Legends of Tomorrow . Victor Garber and Sean MacLean briefly play the character disguised as Professor Martin Stein and NASA astronaut John Swigert , respectively . Eobard forms his own legion of supervillains ( composed of Damien Darhk , Malcolm Merlyn and Leonard Snart ) to obtain the mystical Spear of Destiny to alter reality , but is ultimately erased from existence by the Black Flash due to his nature as a `` time aberration '' . Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne in the 2017 four - part crossover event `` Crisis on Earth - X '' . Somehow surviving his erasure from existence at the end of The Flash 's first season , Eobard traveled to Earth - X , a parallel universe where the Nazi Party won World War II , and formed an alliance with the Nazi versions of Oliver Queen , Kara Zor - El and Tommy Merlyn there in an attempt to conquer Earth - 1 .", "11": "During the final battle , Barry refrains from killing Thawne and allows him to escape . Film ( edit ) Eobard Thawne appears in Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox , voiced by C. Thomas Howell . He hires the Rogues to ambush the Flash ( Barry Allen ) at the Flash Museum before betraying them by placing explosives on their belts , hoping to destroy the museum . However , the Justice League arrive to disarm the bombs and apprehend Thawne . When Barry travels back in time to prevent his mother 's murder , all of reality is altered , and Aquaman 's Atlantean army is at war with Wonder Woman 's Amazonian forces . Thawne also enters this reality via the Speed Force , and saves Lois Lane from the Amazonians to alert Barry of his presence . While Cyborg 's metahuman team tries to put an end to the war , Thawne appears and beats Barry . As the Atlanteans ' doomsday device destroys the world , Thawne is shot in the head by this reality 's Batman . The Flash then taps into the Speed Force once more to stop his past self from altering time , effectively creating a new reality similar to the original . Video games ( edit ) Professor Zoom appears in various storylines in DC Universe Online . Professor Zoom is one of the villains hired by Brainiac to collect Starites in Scribblenauts Unmasked : A DC Comics Adventure . He teams up with the main antagonist of the game , Doppelganger , to compete against the Flash and Maxwell , the main protagonist . The Reverse - Flash appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Batman 3 : Beyond Gotham , voiced by Liam O'Brien . Injustice ( edit ) In Injustice : Gods Among Us , Eobard Thawne 's Black Lantern design was a playable alternate skin for the Flash as part of a limited exclusive challenge . The 2.6 update for the iOS and Android mobile app introduced a Reverse - Flash card ( based on Tom Cavanagh 's portrayal and likeness on the TV series The Flash ) that can be purchased in the Most Wanted Pack .", "12": "Eobard Thawne appears as a playable character in Injustice 2 ( via `` premier skins '' that transform existing characters into other DC Comics characters with unique voices and dialogue ) , voiced again by Liam O'Brien . After being trapped in a paradox when the Regime kills one of his ancestors , Thawne is left stranded in the 21st Century and joins Gorilla Grodd 's `` Society '' . He attempts to kill the Flash with Captain Cold and Deadshot , before being defeated by Wonder Woman at a bar in Metropolis . Parodies ( edit ) Eobard Thawne has made multiple appearances on Robot Chicken . Seth Green voices him in `` Losin ' the Wobble '' , where he robs a bank while the Flash , Superman and Wonder Woman stand idly by , commenting on how lame they think opposite - themed villains like the Reverse - Flash , Bizarro Superman and Negative Wonder Woman are . Matthew Senreich voices him in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special 2 : Villains in Paradise , where he is seen with the Legion of Doom . He makes a non-speaking cameo while fighting the Flash in the Robot Chicken DC Comics Special III : Magical Friendship . Tom Cavanagh reprises his role as Thawne from the TV series The Flash in the episode `` Ants on a Hamburger '' , where he appears as Dr. Harrison Wells . Merchandise ( edit ) A DC Universe Action League mini figure of Professor Zoom was released in a two - pack with the Flash . A Reverse - Flash collectible statue was included in the Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Blu - ray combo pack . A Professor Zoom mini figure was released in DC Direct 's Blammoids line . A Reverse - Flash mini figure was released in Funko Mystery Minis ' DC Comics wave . Funko has released three POP ! vinyl figures of Eobard Thawne . The first being based on his appearance in the comic books , the second a Black Lantern exclusive , and the third a The Flash television series version . A 2 - inch keychain of the Reverse - Flash was released in series 2 of the DC Comics Figural Keychain line .", "13": "DC Collectibles has released a 6.75 - inch action figure of the Reverse - Flash as part of the Amazon exclusive Blu - ray edition of the complete first season of the TV series The Flash in December 2015 . A GameStop exclusive vinyl collectible of the Reverse - Flash has been released in Dorbz 's The Flash wave . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Comic Book Villains of All Time : 31 . Professor Zoom '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Top 5 Flash Villains '' . IGN . Jump up ^ The Flash 139 ( September 1963 ) , DC Comics Jump up ^ Flash ( vol. 1 ) # 324 ( August 1983 ) Jump up ^ Flash : Rebirth outline in the hardcover collection of the story Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 1 ( April 2009 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 2 ( May 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 4 ( August 2009 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth # 3 ( June 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 5 ( November 2009 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash : Rebirth # 6 ( February 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 1 ( December 2009 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 2 ( January 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Blackest Night : The Flash # 3 ( February 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . Reis , Ivan ( p ) , Albert , Oclair ( i ) . Blackest Night # 8 ( March 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Brightest Day # 0 ( April 2010 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Brightest Day # 7 ( August 2010 ) .", "14": "DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 7 ( December 2010 ) . DC Comics ^ Jump up to : The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 8 ( February 2011 ) . DC Comcics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . `` Flashpoint '' , The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 10 -- 12 ( April -- May 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Flashpoint : Reverse - Flash one - shot ( June 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( w ) . Flashpoint # 5 ( August 2011 ) . DC Comics . ^ Jump up to : The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 47 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) Annual # 4 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 40 Jump up ^ DC Universe : Rebirth one - shot ( May 2016 ) Jump up ^ The Flash : Rebirth one - shot ( June 2016 ) Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 9 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 8 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 19 Jump up ^ Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 21 Jump up ^ Batman ( vol. 3 ) # 22 Jump up ^ The Flash # 22 Jump up ^ The Flash # 23 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 3 ) # 12 ( May 2011 ) . DC Comics Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 4 ) # 45 Jump up ^ The Flash ( vol. 5 ) # 19 Jump up ^ Impulse # 35 . DC Comics . Jump up ^ Allstetter , Rob ( January 27 , 2010 ) . `` Kate Jewell interviews Michael Jelenic '' . Comics Continuum . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' & ' Arrow ' Stars Battle in ' Superhero Fight Club ' Promo '' . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved May 15 , 2017 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Holmes , Adam ( 2015 ) . `` The Flash : Dr. Wells Just Revealed His Biggest Secrets '' . Cinemablend . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( 2015 ) . `` Eobard Thawne : ' The Flash 's Best Twist , or Its Worst ? '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Dyce , Andrew ( 2014 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : First Set Photos of Reverse - Flash in Costume '' . Screenrant . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Comic - Con : ' Legends of Tomorrow ' to Tackle Legion of Doom Villain Team In Season 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Greg Berlanti Interview : How TV 's Superhero Guru is Managing Crossovers , ' Supergirl 's Move and New Inspirations '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2016 . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Flashpoint Paradox spins an alternative tale '' . IGN . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Parungo , Nicolo ( 2015 - 10 - 24 ) . `` Injustice mobile game update adds Reverse Flash , Arkham Knight , Survival Mode and more '' . International Business Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Injustice 2 story trailer , Darkseid pre-order DLC and special editions announced '' . Gematsu . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Skrebels , Joe ( 2017 - 01 - 18 ) . `` Injustice 2 : 3 Extra DC Characters Added as Alternate Skins in Special Edition '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DC Universe Action League Mini Figure 2Pack Professor Zoom The Flash '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` DC Blammoids Series 4 : Zoom '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Mystery Minis Vinyl Figure - DC Comics Series 2 - Justice League Super Heroes - REVERSE FLASH '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Pop Heroes Reverse Flash Pop Vinyl Figure '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Funko POP ! The Black Flash # 22 Fugitive Toys Exclusive '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Pop Tv : The Flash - Reverse Flash Action Figure '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` DC Series 2 Collectible Blind Bag Key Chains '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 1 ( Blu - ray ) '' . Amazon.com. 2015 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Funko Dorbz : DC Comics - The Flash Reverse Flash # 192 ( Gamestop Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 29 .", "17": "External links ( edit ) Professor Zoom at the DC Database Reverse - Flash at dccomics.com Professor Zoom at Those Who Ride the Lightning Professor Zoom at the DCU Guide ( hide ) The Flash Creators Gardner Fox Harry Lampert ( Jay Garrick ) Bob Kanigher Carmine Infantino John Broome ( Barry Allen ) John Broome Carmine Infantino ( Wally West ) Mark Waid Mike Wieringo ( Bart Allen ) The Flash Family The Flash Jay Garrick Barry Allen Wally West Bart Allen Kid Flash Wally West Bart Allen Iris West II Wally West II Associates Iris West Jesse Chambers Impulse Johnny Quick Max Mercury Linda Park Tornado Twins XS Supporting characters Argus Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Green Lantern ( Kyle Rayner ) Elongated Man Más y Menos Tina McGee Valerie Perez Pied Piper Red Trinity David Singh Solovar Patty Spivot Winky , Blinky , and Noddy Enemies General Big Sir Doctor Alchemy Fiddler Godspeed Gorilla Grodd Peek - a-Boo Rag Doll Rainbow Raider Savitar Shade Thinker Turtle / Turtle Man T.O. Morrow Reverse - Flashes Rival ( Edward Clariss ) Professor Zoom ( Eobard Thawne ) Zoom ( Hunter Zolomon ) Inertia ( Thaddeus Thawne ) Reverse - Flash ( Danny West ) The Rogues Abra Kadabra Captain Boomerang Captain Cold Golden Glider Heat Wave Mirror Master Pied Piper Top Trickster Weather Wizard Publications Flash Comics All - Flash Comic Cavalcade The Flash The Flash : Rebirth ( 2009 ) Flashpoint Flashpoint ( Elseworlds ) The Flash Chronicles Locations Blue Valley Central City ( Central City Police Department ) Flash Museum Gorilla City Iron Heights Penitentiary Keystone City S.T.A.R.", "18": "Labs In other media Film Justice League : The New Frontier Justice League : Crisis on Two Earths Justice League : Doom Justice League : The Flashpoint Paradox Justice League : War Justice League : Throne of Atlantis Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice Justice League vs. Teen Titans Suicide Squad Justice League Television The Superman / Aquaman Hour of Adventure Super Friends Legends of the Superheroes The Flash ( 1990 ) Justice League of America ( pilot ) Justice League Justice League Unlimited Smallville Young Justice Arrow The Flash ( 2014 ) characters episodes season 4 Vixen Supergirl Legends of Tomorrow Video games The Flash ( video game ) Justice League Task Force Justice League Heroes : The Flash Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe DC Universe Online Injustice : Gods Among Us Infinite Crisis Injustice 2 Related articles Cosmic treadmill `` Flash of Two Worlds '' Speed Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eobard_Thawne&oldid=817749813 '' Categories : DC Comics supervillains Characters created by Carmine Infantino Characters created by John Broome Comics characters introduced in 1963 DC Comics characters who can move at superhuman speeds DC Comics characters with accelerated healing DC Comics metahumans DC Comics television characters Fictional characters who can manipulate time and space Fictional characters who can turn intangible Fictional mass murderers Fictional physicists Fictional scientists Fictional serial killers Fictional shapeshifters Time travelers Video game bosses Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Character pop Converting comics character infoboxes Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Հայերեն Italiano עברית Português Русский Suomi Tagalog 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 10 : 00 . 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[ 0, 17, 12, 6, 9, 1, 11, 10, 4, 18, 8, 2, 5, 7, 15, 3, 16, 13, 14, 19 ]

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[ "to Jewish audiences", "a group of Jesus-followers gathered in a house to share the Lord's supper", "Jewish audiences" ]

{ "0": "Acts of the Apostles - wikipedia Acts of the Apostles Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book in the Christian New Testament . For the literature genre , see Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) . For the acronym , see ACTS ( disambiguation ) . `` Acts '' redirects here . For uses of Act , see Act . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Acts of the Apostles ( Ancient Greek : Πράξεις τῶν Ἀποστόλων , Práxeis tôn Apostólōn ; Latin : Actūs Apostolōrum ) , often referred to simply as Acts , is the fifth book of the New Testament ; it tells of the founding of the Christian church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire . Acts and the Gospel of Luke make up a two - part work , Luke -- Acts , by the same anonymous author , usually dated to around 80 -- 90 AD . The first part , the Gospel of Luke , tells how God fulfilled his plan for the world 's salvation through the life , death , and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth , the promised Messiah . Acts continues the story of Christianity in the 1st century , beginning with Jesus 's Ascension to Heaven . The early chapters , set in Jerusalem , describe the Day of Pentecost ( the coming of the Holy Spirit ) and the growth of the church in Jerusalem . Initially , the Jews are receptive to the Christian message , but soon they turn against the followers of Jesus . Rejected by the Jews , under the guidance of the Apostle Peter the message is taken to the Gentiles . The later chapters tell of Paul 's conversion , his mission in Asia Minor and the Aegean , and finally his imprisonment in Rome , where , as the book ends , he awaits trial .", "1": "Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah of the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . Luke -- Acts can be also seen as a defense of ( or `` apology '' for ) the Jesus movement addressed to the Jews : the bulk of the speeches and sermons in Acts are addressed to Jewish audiences , with the Romans serving as external arbiters on disputes concerning Jewish customs and law . On the one hand Luke portrays the Christians as a sect of the Jews , and therefore entitled to legal protection as a recognised religion ; on the other , Luke seems unclear as to the future God intends for Jews and Christians , celebrating the Jewishness of Jesus and his immediate followers while also stressing how the Jews had rejected God 's promised Messiah . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and setting 1.1 Title , unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date 1.2 Genre , sources and historicity of Acts 1.3 Audience and authorial intent 1.4 Manuscripts 2 Structure and content 2.1 Structure 2.2 Outline 2.3 Content 3 Theology 4 Comparison with other writings 4.1 Gospel of Luke 4.2 Pauline epistles 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Composition and setting ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of Luke -- Acts Ministry of the Apostles : Russian icon by Fyodor Zubov , 1660 Title , Unity of Luke -- Acts , authorship and date ( edit ) The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Greek Πράξεις ἀποστόλων Praxeis Apostolon ) was first used by Irenaeus in the late 2nd century . It is not known whether this was an existing title or one invented by Irenaeus ; it does seem clear , however , that it was not given by the author . The Gospel of Luke and Acts make up a two - volume work which scholars call Luke -- Acts .", "2": "Together they account for 27.5 % of the New Testament , the largest contribution attributed to a single author , providing the framework for both the Church 's liturgical calendar and the historical outline into which later generations have fitted their idea of the story of Jesus and the early church . The author is not named in either volume . According to Church tradition dating from the 2nd century , he was the `` Luke '' named as a companion of the apostle Paul in three of the letters attributed to Paul himself ; this view is still sometimes advanced , but `` a critical consensus emphasizes the countless contradictions between the account in Acts and the authentic Pauline letters . '' ) ( An example can be seen by comparing Acts 's accounts of Paul 's conversion ( Acts 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 6 -- 21 , and 26 : 9 -- 23 ) with Paul 's own statement that he remained unknown to Christians in Judea after that event ( Galatians 1 : 17 -- 24 ) . ) He admired Paul , but his theology was significantly different from Paul 's on key points and he does not ( in Acts ) represent Paul 's views accurately . He was educated , a man of means , probably urban , and someone who respected manual work , although not a worker himself ; this is significant , because more high - brow writers of the time looked down on the artisans and small business people who made up the early church of Paul and were presumably Luke 's audience . The earliest possible date for the composition of Acts is set by the events with which it ends , Paul 's imprisonment in Rome c. 63 AD , but an early date is now rarely put forward . The last possible date would be set by its first definite citation by another author , but there is no unanimity on this -- some scholars find echoes of Acts in a work from c. 95 AD called I Clement , while others see no indisputable citation until the middle of the 2nd century .", "3": "The majority of scholars date Luke -- Acts to 80 -- 90 AD , on the grounds that it uses Mark as a source and looks back on the destruction of Jerusalem , and does not show any awareness of the letters of Paul ( which began circulating late in the century ) ; if , however , it does show awareness of Paul and also of Josephus , then a date early in the 2nd century is more likely . In either case , there is evidence that it was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . Genre , sources and historicity of Acts ( edit ) Luke ( or more accurately the anonymous author of Luke -- Acts ) aligned his work , Luke -- Acts , to the `` narratives '' ( διήγησις , diēgēsis ) which many others had written , and described his own work as an `` orderly account '' ( ἀκριβῶς καθεξῆς ) . Acts , the second part , is widely thought of as a history , but it lacks exact analogies in Hellenistic or Jewish literature . The title `` Acts of the Apostles '' ( Praxeis Apostolon ) would seem to identify it with the genre telling of the deeds and achievements of great men ( praxeis ) , but it was not the title given by the author . Luke seems to have taken as his model the works of two respected Classical authors , Dionysius of Halicarnassus , who wrote a well - known history of Rome , and the Jewish historian Josephus , author of a history of the Jews . Like them , he anchors his history by dating the birth of the founder ( Romulus for Dionysius , Moses for Josephus , Jesus for Luke ) and like them he tells how the founder is born from God , taught authoritatively , and appeared to witnesses after death before ascending to heaven . By and large the sources for Acts can only be guessed at , but Luke would have had access to the Septuagint ( a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures ) , the gospel of Mark and the collection of `` sayings of Jesus '' called the Q source .", "4": "He transposed a few incidents from Mark 's gospel to the time of the Apostles -- for example , the material about `` clean '' and `` unclean '' foods in Mark 7 is used in Acts 10 , and Mark 's account of the accusation that Jesus has attacked the Temple ( Mark 14 : 58 ) is used in a story about Stephen ( Acts 6 : 14 ) . ) There are also points of contacts ( meaning suggestive parallels but something less than clear evidence ) with 1 Peter , the Letter to the Hebrews , and 1 Clement . Other sources can only be inferred from internal evidence -- the traditional explanation of the three `` we '' passages , for example , is that they represent eye - witness accounts . The search for such inferred sources was popular in the 19th century , but by the mid-20th it had largely been abandoned . Acts was read as a reliable history of the early church well into the post-Reformation era . By the 17th century , however , biblical scholars began to notice that it was incomplete and tendentious -- its picture of a harmonious church is quite at odds with that given by Paul 's letters , and it omits important events such as the deaths of both Peter and Paul . The mid-19th - century scholar Ferdinand Baur suggested that Luke had re-written history to present a united Peter and Paul and advance a single orthodoxy against the Marcionites . ( Marcion was a 2nd - century heretic who wished to cut Christianity off entirely from the Jews ) . Baur continues to have enormous influence , but today there is less interest in determining Luke 's historical accuracy ( although this has never died out ) than in understanding his theological program . Audience and authorial intent ( edit ) Luke was written to be read aloud to a group of Jesus - followers gathered in a house to share the Lord 's supper . The author assumes an educated Greek - speaking audience , but directs his attention to specifically Christian concerns rather than to the Greco - Roman world at large . He begins his gospel with a preface addressed to Theophilus , informing him of his intention to provide an `` ordered account '' of events which will lead his reader to `` certainty '' . He did not write in order to provide Theophilus with historical justification -- `` did it happen ? ''", "5": "-- but to encourage faith -- `` what happened , and what does it all mean ? '' Acts ( or Luke -- Acts ) is intended as a work of `` edification . '' Edification means `` the empirical demonstration that virtue is superior to vice , '' but is not all of Luke 's purpose . He also engages with the question of a Christian 's proper relationship with the Roman Empire , the civil power of the day : could a Christian obey God and also Caesar ? The answer is ambiguous . The Romans never move against Jesus or his followers unless provoked by the Jews , in the trial scenes the Christian missionaries are always cleared of charges of violating Roman laws , and Acts ends with Paul in Rome proclaiming the Christian message under Roman protection ; at the same time , Luke makes clear that the Romans , like all earthly rulers , receive their authority from Satan , while Christ is ruler of the kingdom of God . Manuscripts ( edit ) There are two major textual variants of Acts , the Western text - type and the Alexandrian . The oldest complete Alexandrian manuscripts date from the 4th century and the oldest Western ones from the 6th , with fragments and citations going back to the 3rd . Western texts of Acts are 6.2 -- 8.4 % longer than Alexandrian texts , the additions tending to enhance the Jewish rejection of the Messiah and the role of the Holy Spirit , in ways that are stylistically different from the rest of Acts . These conflicts suggest that Acts was still being substantially revised well into the 2nd century . The majority of scholars prefer the Alexandrian ( shorter ) text - type over the Western as the more authentic , but this same argument would favour the Western over the Alexandrian for the gospel of Luke , as in that case the , Western version is the shorter . The debate therefore continues . Structure and content ( edit ) Acts 1 : 1 -- 2a from the 14th century Minuscule 223 Structure ( edit ) Acts has two key structural principles . The first is the geographic movement from Jerusalem , centre of God 's Covenantal people , the Jews , to Rome , centre of the Gentile world .", "6": "This structure reaches back to the author 's preceding work , the Gospel of Luke , and is signaled by parallel scenes such as Paul 's utterance in Acts 19 : 21 , which echoes Jesus 's words 9 : 51 ( Paul has Rome as his destination , as Jesus had Jerusalem ) . The second key element is the roles of Peter and Paul , the first representing the Jewish Christian church , the second the mission to the Gentiles . Transition : reprise of the preface addressed to Theophilus and the closing events of the gospel ( Acts 1 -- 1 : 26 ) Petrine Christianity : the Jewish church from Jerusalem to Antioch ( Acts 2 : 1 -- 12 : 25 ) 2 : 1 -- 8 : 1 -- beginnings in Jerusalem 8 : 2 -- 40 -- the church expands to Samaria and beyond 9 : 1 -- 31 -- conversion of Paul 9 : 32 -- 12 : 25 -- the conversion of Cornelius , and the formation of the Antioch church Pauline Christianity : the Gentile mission from Antioch to Rome ( Acts 13 : 1 -- 28 : 21 ) 13 : 1 -- 14 : 28 -- the Gentile mission is promoted from Antioch 15 : 1 -- 35 -- the Gentile mission is confirmed in Jerusalem 15 : 36 -- 28 : 31 -- the Gentile mission , climaxing in Paul 's passion story in Rome ( 21 : 17 -- 28 : 31 ) Outline ( edit ) Dedication to Theophilus ( 1 : 1 -- 2 ) Resurrection appearances ( 1 : 3 ) Great Commission ( 1 : 4 -- 8 ) Ascension ( 1 : 9 ) Second Coming Prophecy ( 1 : 10 -- 11 ) Matthias replaced Judas ( 1 : 12 -- 26 ) the Upper Room ( 1 : 13 ) Holy Spirit came at Pentecost ( 2 ) ,", "7": "see also Paraclete Peter healed a crippled beggar ( 3 : 1 -- 10 ) Peter 's speech at the Temple ( 3 : 11 -- 26 ) Peter and John before the Sanhedrin ( 4 : 1 -- 22 ) Resurrection of the dead ( 4 : 2 ) Believers ' Prayer ( 4 : 23 -- 31 ) Everything is shared ( 4 : 32 -- 37 ) Ananias and Sapphira ( 5 : 1 -- 11 ) Signs and Wonders ( 5 : 12 -- 16 ) Apostles before the Sanhedrin ( 5 : 17 -- 42 ) Seven Deacons appointed ( 6 : 1 -- 7 ) Stephen before the Sanhedrin ( 6 : 8 -- 7 : 60 ) The `` Cave of the Patriarchs '' was located in Shechem ( 7 : 16 ) `` Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians '' ( 7 : 22 ) First mentioning of Saul ( Paul the Apostle ) in the Bible ( 7 : 58 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 7 : 58 -- 60 ) Saul persecuted the Church of Jerusalem ( 8 : 1 -- 3 ) Philip the Evangelist ( 8 : 4 -- 40 ) Simon Magus ( 8 : 9 -- 24 ) Ethiopian eunuch ( 8 : 26 -- 39 ) Conversion of Paul the Apostle ( 9 : 1 -- 31 , 22 : 1 -- 22 , 26 : 9 -- 24 ) Paul the Apostle confesses his active part in the martyrdom of Stephen ( 22 : 20 ) Peter healed Aeneas and raised Tabitha from the dead ( 9 : 32 -- 43 ) Conversion of Cornelius ( 10 : 1 -- 8 , 24 -- 48 ) Peter 's vision of a sheet with animals ( 10 : 9 -- 23 ,", "8": "11 : 1 -- 18 ) Church of Antioch founded ( 11 : 19 -- 30 ) term `` Christian '' first used ( 11 : 26 ) James the Great executed ( 12 : 1 -- 2 ) Peter 's rescue from prison ( 12 : 3 -- 19 ) Death of Herod Agrippa I ( in 44 ) ( 12 : 20 -- 25 ) `` the voice of a god '' ( 12 : 22 ) Mission of Barnabas and Saul ( 13 -- 14 ) `` Saul , who was also known as Paul '' ( 13 : 9 ) called `` gods . in human form '' ( 14 : 11 ) Council of Jerusalem ( 15 : 1 -- 35 ) Paul separated from Barnabas ( 15 : 36 -- 41 ) 2nd and 3rd missions ( 16 -- 20 ) Areopagus sermon ( 17 : 16 -- 34 ) `` God . has set a day '' ( 17 : 30 -- 31 ) Trial before Gallio c. 51 -- 52 ( 18 : 12 -- 17 ) Trip to Jerusalem ( 21 ) Before the people and the Sanhedrin ( 22 -- 23 ) Before Felix -- Festus -- Herod Agrippa II ( 24 -- 26 ) Trip to Rome ( 27 -- 28 ) called a god on Malta ( 28 : 6 ) Content ( edit ) See also : Early Christianity and Jewish Christians The Gospel of Luke began with a prologue addressed to Theophilus ; Acts likewise opens with an address to Theophilus and refers to `` my earlier book '' , almost certainly the gospel . The apostles and other followers of Jesus meet and elect Matthias to replace Judas as a member of The Twelve . On Pentecost , the Holy Spirit descends and confers God 's power on them , and Peter , along with John , preaches to many in Jerusalem , and performs Christ - like healings , casting out of evil spirits , and raising of the dead . The first believers share all property in common , ate in each other 's homes , and worshipped together .", "9": "At first many Jews follow Christ and are baptized , but the Christians begin to be increasingly persecuted by the Jews . Stephen is arrested for blasphemy , and after a trial , is found guilty and stoned by the Jews . Stephen 's death marks a major turning point : the Jews have rejected the message , and henceforth it will be taken to the Gentiles . The message is taken to the Samaritans , a people rejected by Jews , and to the Gentiles . Saul of Tarsus , one of the Jews who persecuted the Christians , is converted by a vision to become a follower of Christ ( an event which Luke regards as so important that he relates it three times ) . Peter , directed by a series of visions , preaches to Cornelius the Centurion , a Gentile God - fearer , who becomes a follower of Christ . The Holy Spirit descends on Peter and Cornelius , thus confirming that the message of eternal life in Christ is for all mankind . The Gentile church is established in Antioch ( north - western Syria , the third - largest city of the empire ) , and here Christ 's followers are first called Christians . The mission to the Gentiles is promoted from Antioch and confirmed at meeting in Jerusalem between Paul and the leadership of the Jerusalem church . Paul spends the next few years traveling through western Asia Minor and the Aegean , preaching , converting Gentiles , and founding new churches . On a visit to Jerusalem he is set on by a Jewish mob . Saved by the Roman commander , he is accused by the Jews of being a revolutionary , the `` ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes '' , and imprisoned . Paul asserts his right as a Roman citizen , to be tried in Rome and is sent by sea to Rome , where he spends another two years under house arrest , proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the `` Lord Jesus Christ '' . Acts ends abruptly without recording the outcome of Paul 's legal troubles . Theology ( edit ) Paul 's conversion , from Livre d'Heures d'Étienne Chevalier ( c. 1450 -- 1460 ) , Jean Fouquet , in the Château de Chantilly .", "10": "Prior to the 1950s , Luke -- Acts was seen as a historical work , written to defend Christianity before the Romans or Paul against his detractors ; since then , however , the tendency has been to see the work as primarily theological . Luke 's theology is expressed primarily through his overarching plot , the way scenes , themes and characters combine to construct his specific worldview . His `` salvation history '' stretches from the Creation to the present time of his readers , in three ages : first , the time of `` the Law and the Prophets '' ( Luke 16 : 16 ) , the period beginning with Genesis and ending with the appearance of John the Baptist ( Luke 1 : 5 -- 3 : 1 ) ; second , the epoch of Jesus , in which the Kingdom of God was preached ( Luke 3 : 2 -- 24 : 51 ) ; and finally the period of the Church , which began when the risen Christ was taken into Heaven , and would end with his second coming . Luke -- Acts is an attempt to answer a theological problem , namely how the Messiah promised to the Jews came to have an overwhelmingly non-Jewish church ; the answer it provides , and its central theme , is that the message of Christ was sent to the Gentiles because the Jews rejected it . This theme is introduced at the opening of the gospel of Luke , when Jesus , rejected in Nazareth , recalls that the prophets were rejected by Israel and accepted by Gentiles ; at the end of the gospel he commands his disciples to preach his message to all nations , `` beginning from Jerusalem . '' He repeats the command in Acts , telling them to preach `` in Jerusalem , in all Judea and Samaria , and to the end of the Earth . '' They then proceed to do so , in the order outlined : first Jerusalem , then Judea , then Samaria , then the entire ( Roman ) world . For Luke , the Holy Spirit is the driving force behind the spread of the Christian message , and he places more emphasis on it than do any of the other evangelists . The Spirit is `` poured out '' at Pentecost , on the first Samaritan and Gentile believers , and on disciples who had been baptised only by John the Baptist , each time as a sign of God 's approval .", "11": "The Holy Spirit represents God 's power ( At his ascension , Jesus tells his followers , `` You shall receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you '' ) : through it the disciples are given speech to convert thousands in Jerusalem , forming the first church ( the term is used for the first time in Acts 5 ) . One issue debated by scholars is Luke 's political vision regarding the relationship between the early church and the Roman Empire . On the one hand , Luke generally does not portray this interaction as one of direct conflict . Rather , there are ways in which each may have considered having a relationship with the other rather advantageous to its own cause . For example , early Christians may have appreciated hearing about the protection Paul received from Roman officials against Gentile rioters in Philippi ( Acts 16 : 16 - 40 ) and Ephesus ( Acts 19 : 23 - 41 ) , and against Jewish rioters on two occasions ( Acts 17 : 1 - 17 ; Acts 18 : 12 - 17 ) . Meanwhile , Roman readers may have approved of Paul 's censure of the illegal practice of magic ( Acts 19 : 17 - 19 ) as well as the amicability of his rapport with Roman officials such as Sergius Paulus ( Acts 13 : 6 - 12 ) and Festus ( Acts 26 : 30 - 32 ) . Furthermore , Acts does not include any account of a struggle between Christians and the Roman government as a result of the latter 's imperial cult . Thus Paul is depicted as a moderating presence between the church and the Roman Empire . On the other hand , events such as the imprisonment of Paul at the hands of the empire ( Acts 22 - 28 ) as well as several encounters that reflect negatively on Roman officials ( for instance , Felix 's desire for a bribe from Paul in Acts 24 : 26 ) function as concrete points of conflict between Rome and the early church . Perhaps the most significant point of tension between Roman imperial ideology and Luke 's political vision is reflected in Peter 's speech to the Roman centurion , Cornelius ( Acts 10 : 36 ) . Peter states that `` this one '' ( οὗτος ) , i.e. Jesus , `` is lord ( κύριος ) of all . ''", "12": "The title , κύριος , was often ascribed to the Roman emperor in antiquity , rendering its use by Luke as an appellation for Jesus an unsubtle challenge to the emperor 's authority . Thus , while the overt relationship between Christianity and empire in the book of Acts can generally be characterized as irenic , Luke insinuates the inevitability of conflict between the two over the issue of ultimate allegiance . Comparison with other writings ( edit ) Saint Paul Writing His Epistles , ascribed to Valentin de Boulogne , 17th century Gospel of Luke ( edit ) As the second part of the two - part work Luke -- Acts , Acts has significant links to the Gospel of Luke . Major turning points in the structure of Acts , for example , find parallels in Luke : the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple parallels the opening of Acts in the Temple , Jesus 's forty days of testing in the wilderness prior to his mission parallel the forty days prior to his Ascension in Acts , the mission of Jesus in Samaria and the Decapolis ( the lands of the Samaritans and Gentiles ) parallels the missions of the Apostles in Samaria and the Gentile lands , and so on ( see Gospel of Luke ) . These parallels continue through both books . There are also differences between Luke and Acts , amounting at times to outright contradiction . For example , the gospel seems to place the Ascension on Easter Sunday , immediately after the Resurrection , while Acts 1 puts it forty days later . There are similar conflicts over the theology . While not seriously questioning the single authorship of Luke -- Acts , these differences do suggest the need for caution in seeking too much consistency in books written in essence as popular literature . Pauline epistles ( edit ) Acts agrees with Paul 's letters on the major outline of Paul 's career : as Saul he is converted and becomes Paul the Christian missionary and apostle , establishing new churches in Asia Minor and the Aegean and struggling to free Gentile Christians from the Jewish Law . There are also agreements on many incidents , such as Paul 's escape from Damascus , where he is lowered down the walls in a basket .", "13": "But details of these same incidents are frequently contradictory : for example , according to Paul it was a pagan king who was trying to arrest him in Damascus , but according to Luke it was , characteristically , the Jews ( 2 Corinthians 11 : 33 and Acts 9 : 24 ) . Many of the disagreements are not so immediately obvious : Acts speaks of `` Christians '' and `` disciples '' , but Paul never uses either term , and it is striking that Acts never brings Paul into conflict with the Jerusalem church and places Paul under the authority of the Jerusalem church and its leaders , especially James and Peter ( Acts 15 vs. Galatians 2 ) . Acts omits much from the letters , notably Paul 's problems with his congregations ( internal difficulties are said to be the fault of the Jews instead ) , and his apparent final rejection by the church leaders in Jerusalem ( Acts has Paul and Barnabas deliver an offering that is accepted , a trip that has no mention in the letters ) . There are also major differences between Acts and Paul on Christology ( the understanding of Christ 's nature ) , eschatology ( understanding of the `` last things '' ) , and apostleship . See also ( edit ) Book : Acts of the Apostles Bible portal Acts of the Apostles ( genre ) List of Gospels List of omitted Bible verses The Lost Chapter of the Acts of the Apostles , also known as the Sonnini Manuscript Textual variants in the Acts of the Apostles Holy Spirit in the Acts of the Apostles References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Charlesworth 2008 , p. no page numbers . ^ Jump up to : Burkett 2002 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Pickett 2011 , pp. 6 -- 7 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 563 . ^ Jump up to : Matthews 2011 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 556 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 196 . ^ Jump up to : Theissen & Merz 1998 , p. 32 . Jump up ^ Perkins 1998 , p. 253 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 590 . ^ Jump up to : Green 1997 , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Boring 2012 , p. 587 . ^ Jump up to : Perkins 2009 , pp. 250 -- 53 . Jump up ^ Luke 1 : 1 , 3 Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Balch 2003 , p. 1104 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Witherington 1998 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 578 . Jump up ^ Bruce 1990 , pp. 40 -- 41 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 579 . Jump up ^ Holladay 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Green 1995 , pp. 16 -- 17 . Jump up ^ Green 1997 , p. 36 . Jump up ^ Fitzmyer 1998 , pp. 55 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Aune 1988 , p. 80 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , p. 562 . ^ Jump up to : Thompson 2010 , p. 332 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 569 -- 70 . Jump up ^ `` Bruderhof - Fellowship for Intentional Community '' . Fellowship for Intentional Community . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 28 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 265 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter 1996 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Allen 2009 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Evans 2011 , p. no page numbers . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Burkett 2002 , pp. 268 -- 70 . Jump up ^ Phillips 2009 , pp. 119 .", "15": "Jump up ^ Phillips 2009 , pp. 119 - 21 . Jump up ^ Rowe 2005 , pp. 291 - 8 . Jump up ^ Zwiep 2010 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Parsons 1993 , pp. 17 -- 18 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Thomas E. ( January 1 , 2010 ) . Paul , His Letters , and Acts . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Baker Academic . p. 196 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4412 - 5793 - 2 . Jump up ^ Boring 2012 , pp. 581 , 588 -- 90 . Bibliography ( edit ) Allen , O. Wesley , Jr. ( 2009 ) . `` Luke '' . In Petersen , David L. ; O'Day , Gail R. Theological Bible Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . Aune , David E. ( 1988 ) . The New Testament in its literary environment . Westminster John Knox Press . Balch , David L. ( 2003 ) . `` Luke '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible . Eerdmans . Boring , M. Eugene ( 2012 ) . An Introduction to the New Testament : History , Literature , Theology . Westminster John Knox Press . Bruce , F.F. ( 1990 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : The Greek Text with Introduction and Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0802809667 . Buckwalter , Douglas ( 1996 ) . The Character and Purpose of Luke 's Christology . Cambridge University Press . Burkett , Delbert ( 2002 ) . An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 00720 - 7 . Charlesworth , James H. ( 2008 ) . The Historical Jesus : An Essential Guide . Abingdon Press . Evans , Craig A. ( 2011 ) . Luke .", "16": "Baker Books . Fitzmyer , Joseph A. ( 1998 ) . The Anchor Bible : The Acts of the Apostles - A new Translation with Introduction and Commentary . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385490207 . Gooding , David ( 2013 ) . True to the Faith : The Acts of the Apostles : Defining and Defending the Gospel . Myrtlefield House . Green , Joel ( 1995 ) . The Theology of the Gospel of Luke . Cambridge University Press . Green , Joel ( 1997 ) . The Gospel of Luke . Eerdmans . Holladay , Carl R. ( 2011 ) . A Critical Introduction to the New Testament : Interpreting the Message and Meaning of Jesus Christ . Abingdon Press . Matthews , Christopher R. ( 2011 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . In Coogan , Michael D . The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Books of the Bible . Oxford University Press . Parsons , Mikeal C. ( 1993 ) . Rethinking the Unity of Luke and Acts . Fortress Press . Perkins , Pheme ( 1998 ) . `` The Synoptic Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles : Telling the Christian Story '' . In Barton , John . The Cambridge companion to biblical interpretation . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 48593 - 7 . Perkins , Pheme ( 2009 ) . Introduction to the Synoptic Gospels . Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 6553 - 3 . Phillips , Thomas E. ( 2009 ) . Paul , His Letters , and Acts . Baker Academic . Pickett , Raymond ( 2011 ) . `` Luke and Empire : An Introduction '' . In Rhoads , David ; Esterline , David ; Lee , Jae Won . Luke - Acts and Empire : Essays in Honor of Robert L. Brawley . Wipf and Stock Publishers . Rowe , C. Kavin ( 2005 ) .", "17": "`` Luke - Acts and the Imperial Cult : A Way through the Conundrum ? '' . Journal for the Study of the New Testament . 27 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 300 . Theissen , Gerd ; Merz , Annette ( 1998 ) . The historical Jesus : a comprehensive guide . Eerdmans . Thompson , Richard P. ( 2010 ) . `` Luke - Acts : The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles '' . In Aune , David E. The Blackwell Companion to The New Testament . Wiley -- Blackwell . Witherington , Ben ( 1998 ) . The Acts of the Apostles : A Socio - rhetorical Commentary . Eerdmans . Zwiep , Arie W. ( 2010 ) . Christ , the Spirit and the Community of God : Essays on the Acts of the Apostles . Mohr Siebeck . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acts of the Apostles . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Acts Wikiversity has learning resources about Biblical Studies ( NT ) # Acts : The Birth and Growth of the Early Church Wikiquote has quotations related to : Acts of the Apostles A Brief Introduction to Luke -- Acts is available online . Book of Acts at Bible Gateway ( NIV & KJV ) Tertullian.org : The Western Text of the Acts of the Apostles ( 1923 ) J.M. WILSON , D.D. Texts on Wikisource : Breen , Andrew Edward ( 1913 ) . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . Aherene , C. ( 1913 ) . `` Gospel of Saint Luke '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . See Section VI : Saint Luke 's Accuracy `` Acts of the Apostles '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905 . `` Acts of the Apostles '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879 . Bible : Acts public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Acts of the Apostles Acts of the Apostles Preceded by Gospel of John New Testament Books of the Bible Succeeded by", "18": "Paul 's Epistle to the Romans Acts of the Apostles Bible Acts 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Places Achaea Alexandria Amphipolis Antioch of Pisidia Antioch of Syria Asia Assos Atalia Athens Berea Bithynia Caesarea Cenchrea Chios Cilicia Corinth Cos Creta Cyprus Derbe Ephesus Forum Appii Galatia Iconium Italy Jerusalem Lycaonia Lystra Macedonia Malta Mytilene Miletus Mysia Neapolis Paphos Pamphilia Patara Perga Philippi Phrygia Pisidia Pontus Ptolemais Puteoli Regium Rodos Rome Salamis Samos Samothrace Seleucia Syracuse Syria Thessalonica Thyatira Tyre Three Taverns Troas People Aeneas Agabus Agrippa Agrippa II Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ben Nebedeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Bar - jesus Barnabas Berenice Blastus Cornelius", "19": "Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Drusilla Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Felix Festus Gallio Gamaliel James the Just Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Lysias Manaen ( John ) Mark Mary mother of John Mark Matthias Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Paullus Peter Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon the Sorcerer Sopater Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Other Events Ascension Pentecost Conversion of Paul Peter 's vision Peter 's liberation Council of Jerusalem Areopagus sermon Book burning at Ephesus Sources Greek Text Latin Vulgate Wycliffe Version King James Version American Standard Version World English Version ← Gospel of John ( chapter 21 ) Epistle to the Romans ( chapter 1 ) → Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah", "20": "Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon ) Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 ,", "21": "and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch 2 Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book New Testament people Jesus Christ In Christianity Historical Life in the New Testament Gospels Individuals Alphaeus Anna the Prophetess Annas Barabbas Bartimaeus Blind man ( Bethsaida ) Caiaphas Man born blind ( `` Celidonius '' ) Cleopas Clopas Devil Penitent thief ( `` Dismas '' ) Elizabeth Gabriel Impenitent thief ( `` Gestas '' ) Jairus ' daughter Joanna John the Baptist Joseph Joseph of Arimathea Joses Jude Lazarus Legion Luke Lysanias Malchus Martha Mary , mother of Jesus Mary Magdalene Mary ,", "22": "mother of James Mary of Bethany Mary of Clopas Naked fugitive Son of Nain 's widow Nathanael Nicodemus ( Nicodemus ben Gurion ) Salome Samaritan woman Satan Simeon Simon , brother of Jesus Simon of Cyrene Simon the Leper Simon the Pharisee Susanna Syrophoenician woman Theophilus Zacchaeus Zebedee Zechariah Groups Angels Jesus 's brothers Demons Disciples Evangelists Female disciples of Jesus God - fearers Herodians Magi Myrrhbearers Nameless Pharisees Proselytes Sadducees Samaritans Sanhedrin Scribes Seventy disciples Shepherds Zealots Apostles Andrew Bartholomew James of Alphaeus ( James the Less ) James of Zebedee John Evangelist Patmos `` Disciple whom Jesus loved '' Judas Iscariot Jude Thaddeus Matthew Philip Simon Peter Simon the Zealot Thomas Acts Aeneas Agabus Ananias ( Damascus ) Ananias ( Judaea ) Ananias son of Nedebeus Apollos Aquila Aristarchus Barnabas Blastus Cornelius Demetrius Dionysius Dorcas Elymas Egyptian Ethiopian eunuch Eutychus Gamaliel James , brother of Jesus Jason Joseph Barsabbas Judas Barsabbas Judas of Galilee Lucius Luke Lydia Manaen ( John ) Mark Evangelist cousin of Barnabas Mary ,", "23": "mother of ( John ) Mark Matthias Mnason Nicanor Nicholas Parmenas Paul Philip Priscilla Prochorus Publius Rhoda Sapphira Sceva Seven Deacons Silas / Silvanus Simeon Niger Simon Magus Sopater Sosthenes Stephen Theudas Timothy Titus Trophimus Tychicus Zenas Romans Herod 's family Gospels Antipas Archelaus Herod the Great Herodias Longinus Philip Pilate Pilate 's wife Quirinius Salome Tiberius Acts Agrippa Agrippa II Berenice Cornelius Drusilla Felix Festus Gallio Lysias Paullus Epistles Achaicus Alexander Andronicus Archippus Aretas IV Carpus Claudia Crescens Demas Diotrephes Epaphras Epaphroditus Erastus Eunice Euodia and Syntyche Herodion Hymenaeus Jesus Justus John the Presbyter Junia Lois Mary Michael Nymphas Olympas Onesimus Onesiphorus Pudens Philemon Philetus Phoebe Quartus Sosipater Tertius Revelation Antipas Four Horsemen Apollyon Two witnesses Woman Beast Three Angels Whore of Babylon Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acts_of_the_Apostles&oldid=817443532 '' Categories : New Testament books 1st - 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[ "man", "man", "man", "man", "derived from the given name Gomes which is a loanword of the Visigothic word guma \"man\"" ]

{ "0": "Gómez - wikipedia Gómez Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Gómez ( disambiguation ) . Gómez is a common Spanish surname . The Portuguese and Old Galician version is Gomes , while the Catalan form is Gomis . The name is usually spelled without the accent in the United States . It is derived from the given name Gomes which is a loanword of the Visigothic word guma `` man '' . It is itself related to the Common Germanic word guma ( Old English guma `` man '' , Middle English gome ) / gomo ( High Old German gomo `` man '' , Middle High German gome ) related to Latin homo `` man '' . People ( edit ) Notable people with the surname include : Arthur Gómez ( born 1984 ) , Gambian footballer Begoña Gómez Martín ( born 1964 ) , Olympic judoka Bolívar Gómez ( born 1977 ) , Ecuadorian footballer Camilo Gómez ( born 1984 ) , Colombian road cyclist Camilo Gomez ( born 1960 ) , American physician Carlos Gómez ( born 1985 ) , Dominican baseball player Emmanuel Gómez ( born 1990 ) , Gambian footballer Francis Gómez ( born 1968 ) , Venezuelan judoka Francisco Javier Gómez Noya , Spanish triathlete George Gomez ( born 1955 ) , Cuban - American industrial designer Ignacio Gómez ( born c.", "1": "1962 ) , Colombian journalist Jaime Luis Gomez ( born 1975 ) , American rapper and actor Joe Gomez ( born 1997 ) , English footballer Jorge Gómez ( born 1968 ) , Chilean footballer Joseph Gómez ( born 1987 ) , Gambian footballer Joshua Gomez ( born 1975 ) , American actor Juan Vicente Gómez ( 1857 -- 1935 ) , ruler of Venezuela in 1908 -- 35 Lefty Gomez ( 1908 -- 1989 ) , American baseball player Luis Humberto Gómez Gallo ( 1962 − 2013 ) , Colombian industrial engenier María Cristina Gómez ( 1938 -- 1989 ) , Salvadoran murder victim Mariano Gómez ( 1799 -- 1872 ) , Filipino priest and martyr Mario Gómez ( born 1985 ) , German footballer Mauro Gómez ( born 1984 ) , Dominican baseball player Máximo Gómez ( 1836 -- 1905 ) , Dominican soldier in the Cuban War of Independence Michelle Gomez ( born 1966 ) , Scottish actress Melissa Castrillon Gomez ( born 1995 ) , Colombian chess player Oscar Gómez ( disambiguation ) Rebecca Marie Gomez ( better known for her stage name Becky G ) ( born 1997 ) , American singer and actress Rick Gomez ( born 1972 ) , American actor Richard Gomez ( born 1966 ) , Filipino actor Ron Gomez ( born 1934 ) , Louisiana journalist and former state representative Scott Gomez ( born 1979 ) , American hockey player Selena Gomez ( born 1992 ) , American actress and singer Tamara Gómez Garrido ( born 1991 ) , Spanish triathlete Ulysses Gomez ( born 1983 ) , Mexican - American mixed martial arts fighter Roberto Gomez Bolaños ( 1929 - 2014 ) Mexican screenwriter , actor and comedian See also ( edit ) Gomez ( band ) Gomes ( Portuguese ) Gomis ( Catalan ) Francisco Gómez ( disambiguation ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mossé , Fernand .", "2": "Manuel de l'anglais du moyen - âge ( in French ) , Tomes I , Aubier Montaigne , 1945 . p. 475 . Jump up ^ Duden , Das Herkunftswörterbuch : Etymologie der deutschen Sprache ( in German ) , Band 7 , Duden Verlag 1989 . p. 96 . Bräutigam . Surname list This page lists people with the surname Gomez . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Gómez&oldid = 838311466 '' Categories : Surnames Spanish - language surnames Patronymic surnames Hidden categories : Disambiguation pages with short description All set index articles Talk About Wikipedia Wikispecies Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Deutsch Ελληνικά Español 한국어 Հայերեն עברית Русский Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 April 2018 , at 06 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Pi Day - wikipedia Pi Day Jump to : navigation , search For National Pie Day , see American Pie Council § National Pie Day . Pi Day Larry Shaw , the organizer of the first Pi Day celebration at the Exploratorium in San Francisco . Significance 3 , 1 , and 4 are the three most significant figures of π Celebrations Pie eating , discussions about π Date March 14 Next time March 14 , 2019 ( 2019 - 03 - 14 ) Frequency Annual Related to Pi Approximation Day Part of a series of articles on the mathematical constant π 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 ... Uses Area of a circle Circumference Use in other formulae Properties Irrationality Transcendence Value Less than 22 / 7 Approximations Memorization People Archimedes Liu Hui Zu Chongzhi Aryabhata Madhava Ludolph van Ceulen Seki Takakazu Takebe Kenko William Jones John Machin William Shanks Srinivasa Ramanujan John Wrench Chudnovsky brothers Yasumasa Kanada History Chronology Book In culture Legislation Pi Day Related topics Squaring the circle Basel problem Six nines in π Other topics related to π Pi Day is an annual celebration of the mathematical constant π ( pi ) . Pi Day is observed on March 14 ( 3 / 14 in the month / day format ) since 3 , 1 , and 4 are the first three significant digits of π . In 2009 , the United States House of Representatives supported the designation of Pi Day . Pi Approximation Day is observed on July 22 ( 22 / 7 in the day / month format ) , since the fraction ​ ⁄ is a common approximation of π , which is accurate to two decimal places and dates from Archimedes . Two Pi Day , also known as Tau Day , is lightly observed on June 28 ( 6 / 28 in the month / day format ) .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Observance 3 See also 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) In 1988 , the earliest known official or large - scale celebration of Pi Day was organized by Larry Shaw at the San Francisco Exploratorium , where Shaw worked as a physicist , with staff and public marching around one of its circular spaces , then consuming fruit pies . The Exploratorium continues to hold Pi Day celebrations . On March 12 , 2009 , the U.S. House of Representatives passed a non-binding resolution ( 111 H. Res. 224 ) , recognizing March 14 , 2009 as National Pi Day . For Pi Day 2010 , Google presented a Google Doodle celebrating the holiday , with the word Google laid over images of circles and pi symbols ; and for the 30th anniversary in 2018 , it was a Dominique Ansel pie with the circumference divided by its diameter . The entire month of March 2014 ( 3 / 14 ) was observed by some as `` Pi Month '' . In the year 2015 , Pi Day had special significance on 3 / 14 / 15 ( month / day / year date format ) at 9 : 26 : 53 a.m. and also at p.m. , with the date and time representing the first 10 digits of π . Observance ( edit ) Pi Day has been observed in many ways , including eating pie , throwing pies and discussing the significance of the number π , due to a pun based on the words `` pi '' and `` pie '' being homophones in English ( / paɪ / ) , and the coincidental circular nature of a pie . Massachusetts Institute of Technology has often mailed its application decision letters to prospective students for delivery on Pi Day . Starting in 2012 , MIT has announced it will post those decisions ( privately ) online on Pi Day at exactly 6 : 28 pm , which they have called `` Tau Time '' , to honor the rival numbers pi and tau equally . In 2015 , the regular decisions were put online at 9 : 26 AM , following that year 's `` pi minute '' . June 28 is `` Two Pi Day '' , also known as `` Tau Day '' .", "2": "2π , also known by the Greek letter tau ( τ ) is a common multiple in mathematical formulae . Some have argued that τ is the more fundamental constant , and that Tau Day should be celebrated instead . Celebrations of this date jokingly suggest eating `` twice the pie '' . Princeton , New Jersey , hosts numerous events in a combined celebration of Pi Day and Albert Einstein 's birthday , which is also March 14 . Einstein lived in Princeton for more than twenty years while working at the Institute for Advanced Study . In addition to pie eating and recitation contests , there is an annual Einstein look - alike contest . Pi Pie at Delft University Blackberry Pi Pie A grocery store selling pies for 3.14 dollars , Pi Day 2015 See also ( edit ) Mole Day Sequential time Square Root Day References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Landau , Elizabeth ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` On Pi Day , one number ' reeks of mystery ' '' . CNN . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bellos , Alex ( March 14 , 2015 ) . `` Pi Day 2015 : a sweet treat for maths fans '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Program on Sveriges Radio -- Swedish national radio company Read March 14 , 2015 ^ Jump up to : United States . Cong . House . Supporting the designation of Pi Day , and for other purposes . 111th Cong . Library of Congress . Jump up ^ `` Pi Approximation Day is celebrated today '' . Today In History . Verizon Foundation . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tau Day : Why you should eat twice the pie -- Light Years -- CNN.com Blogs Archived 12 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Berton , Justin ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Any way you slice it , pi 's transcendental '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Borwein , Jonathan ( March 10 , 2011 ) . `` The infinite appeal of pi '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation .", "3": "Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Apollo , Adrian ( March 10 , 2007 ) . `` A place where learning pi is a piece of cake '' ( PDF ) . The Fresno Bee . Jump up ^ `` Exploratorium 22nd Annual Pi Day '' . Exploratorium . Retrieved January 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McCullagh , Declan ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` National Pi Day ? Congress makes it official '' . Politics and Law . CNET News . Retrieved March 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Pi Day '' . Google Doodles . Google . Retrieved October 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 30th Anniversary of Pi Day ! '' . www.google.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . Jump up ^ Main , Douglas ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` It 's Not Just Pi Day , It 's Pi Month ! '' . Popular Science . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pi Month Celebration & Circle of Discovery Award Presentation College of Computer , Mathematical , and Natural Sciences '' . Cmns.umd.edu . March 11 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ro , Sam ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` March 14 , 2015 Will Be A Once - In - A-Century Thrill For Math Geeks '' . Business Insider . Retrieved March 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , K.N. `` Wednesday 's Google Doodle Celebrates Pi Day '' . Jump up ^ McClan , Erin ( March 14 , 2007 ) . `` Pi fans meet March 14 ( 3.14 , get it ? ) '' . msnbc.com . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` I have SMASHING news ! '' . MIT Admissions . Retrieved March 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ McGann , Matt . `` Pi Day , Tau Time '' . MIT Admissions .", "4": "Retrieved March 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Keep your eyes to the skies this Pi Day '' . MIT Admissions . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Pi Day today . But these people say we should refuse to celebrate it '' . The Independent . March 13 , 2018 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pi Day Turns 25 : Why We Celebrate an Irrational Number '' . March 14 , 2013 . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bartholomew , Randyn Charles . `` Why Tau Trumps Pi '' . Scientific American . Jump up ^ Landau , Elizabeth . `` In case Pi Day was n't enough , it 's now ' Tau Day ' on the Internet '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Tau Day - Come Eat Twice the ( Pi ) e '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Princeton Pi Day & Einstein Birthday Party '' . Princeton Regional Convention and Visitors Bureau . Retrieved March 14 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pi Day . Exploratorium 's Pi Day Web Site NPR provides a `` Pi Rap '' audiovideo Pi Day Professor Lesser 's Pi Day page ( hide ) Events commemorating achievements in the sciences Anniversary celebrations Alfred Russel Wallace centenary Darwin Centennial Celebration ( 1959 ) Regular holidays Ada Lovelace Day Darwin Day DNA Day Evolution Day Mole Day Pi Day Yuri 's Night Year long events First International Polar Year ( 1882 -- 1883 ) Second International Polar Year ( 1932 -- 1933 ) International Polar Year ( 2007 -- 2008 ) International Geophysical Year International Year of Planet Earth International Year of Astronomy International Year of Chemistry International Year of Crystallography International Year of Light International Space Year World Year of Physics 2005 Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States January New Year 's Day ( federal ) Martin Luther King Jr .", "5": "Day ( federal ) Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) Kansas Day ( KS ) Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) Robert E. Lee Day ( FL ) Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) January -- February Super Bowl Sunday February American Heart Month Black History Month Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) Valentine 's Day Georgia Day ( GA ) Groundhog Day Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) National Girls and Women in Sports Day National Freedom Day ( 36 ) Primary Election Day ( WI ) Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) February -- March Mardi Gras Ash Wednesday ( religious ) Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) Super Tuesday March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) Spring break ( week ) Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) Holi ( NY , religious ) Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) Maryland Day ( MD ) National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) Seward 's Day ( AK ) Texas Independence Day ( TX ) Town Meeting Day ( VT ) March -- April Easter ( religious ) Palm Sunday ( religious ) Passover ( religious ) Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) Easter Monday ( religious ) April Confederate History Month 420 Day April Fools ' Day Arbor Day Confederate Memorial Day ( AL ,", "6": "MS ) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) Earth Day Emancipation Day ( DC ) Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) Pascua Florida ( FL ) Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) San Jacinto Day ( TX ) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night ( religious ) May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month Memorial Day ( federal ) Mother 's Day ( 36 ) Cinco de Mayo Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) Law Day ( 36 ) Loyalty Day ( 36 ) Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) May Day Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) National Maritime Day ( 36 ) Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) Truman Day ( MO ) June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Father 's Day ( 36 ) Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) Carolina Day ( SC ) Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) Helen Keller Day ( PA ) Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) Kamehameha Day ( HI ) Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) Senior Week ( week ) West Virginia Day ( WV ) July Independence Day ( federal ) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) Parents ' Day ( 36 ) Pioneer Day ( UT ) July -- August Summer vacation August American Family Day ( AZ ) Barack Obama Day ( IL ) Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) National Aviation Day ( 36 ) Service Reduction Day ( MD ) Victory over Japan Day ( RI ,", "7": "former federal ) Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day ( federal ) California Admission Day ( CA ) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) Constitution Day ( 36 ) Constitution Week ( week ) Defenders Day ( MD ) Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) National Payroll Week ( week ) Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) Patriot Day ( 36 ) September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month Oktoberfest Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) Yom Kippur ( religious ) October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month Columbus Day ( federal ) Halloween Alaska Day ( AK ) Child Health Day ( 36 ) General Pulaski Memorial Day German - American Day Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) Missouri Day ( MO ) National School Lunch Week Native American Day ( SD ) Nevada Day ( NV ) Sweetest Day White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) October -- November Diwali ( religious ) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day ( federal ) Thanksgiving ( federal ) Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) Family Day ( NV ) Hanukkah ( religious ) Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) December Christmas ( religious , federal ) Alabama Day ( AL ) Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) Festivus Hanukkah ( religious , week ) Indiana Day ( IN ) Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) New Year 's Eve Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) Rosa Parks Day ( OH ,", "8": "OR ) Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) Varies ( year round ) Eid al - Adha ( religious ) Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) Ramadan ( religious , month ) Legend : ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pi_Day&oldid=836777851 '' Categories : 1988 establishments in California March observances July observances Observances about science Pi Recurring events established in 1988 Unofficial observances Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from March 2018 Infobox holiday fixed day Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Asturianu বাংলা Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی", "9": "Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Kiswahili Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ Polski Português Română Русский Scots සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 52 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 19 : 54 . 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[ "Stanton, Giancarlo", "Giancarlo Stanton", "Giancarlo Stanton" ]

{ "0": "Major League Baseball most Valuable player award - wikipedia Major League Baseball most Valuable player award Jump to : navigation , search Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) The Most Valuable Player award Given for Major League Baseball 's Regular Season MVP Country United States Presented by Baseball Writers ' Association of America History First award 1931 Most recent José Altuve , American League Giancarlo Stanton , National League The Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award ( MVP ) is an annual Major League Baseball ( MLB ) award , given to one outstanding player in the American League and one in the National League . Since 1931 , it has been awarded by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( BBWAA ) . The winners receive the Kenesaw Mountain Landis Memorial Baseball Award , which became the official name of the award in 1944 , in honor of the first MLB commissioner , who served from 1920 until his death on November 25 , 1944 . MVP voting takes place before the postseason , but the results are not announced until after the World Series . The BBWAA began by polling three writers in each league city in 1938 , reducing that number to two per league city in 1961 . The BBWAA does not offer a clear - cut definition of what `` most valuable '' means , instead leaving the judgment to the individual voters . First basemen , with 34 winners , have won the most MVPs among infielders , followed by second basemen ( 16 ) , third basemen ( 15 ) , and shortstops ( 15 ) . Of the 25 pitchers who have won the award , 15 are right - handed while 10 are left - handed . Walter Johnson , Carl Hubbell , and Hal Newhouser are the only pitchers who have won multiple times , Newhouser winning consecutively in 1944 and 1945 . Hank Greenberg , Stan Musial , Alex Rodriguez , and Robin Yount have won at different positions , while Rodriguez is the only player who has won the award with two different teams at two different positions . Barry Bonds has won the most often ( seven times ) and the most consecutively ( 2001 -- 04 ) .", "1": "Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win multiple times ; 9 players have won three times , and 19 have won twice . Frank Robinson is the only player to win the award in both the American and National Leagues . The award 's only tie occurred in the National League in 1979 , when Keith Hernandez and Willie Stargell received an equal number of points . There have been 18 unanimous winners , who received all the first - place votes . The New York Yankees have the most winning players with 22 , followed by the St. Louis Cardinals with 17 winners . The award has never been presented to a member of the following three teams : Arizona Diamondbacks , New York Mets , and Tampa Bay Rays . The most recent recipients are José Altuve in the American League and Giancarlo Stanton in the National League . In recent decades , pitchers have rarely won the award . When Justin Verlander won the AL award in 2011 , he became the first pitcher in either league to be named the MVP since Dennis Eckersley in 1992 . Verlander also became the first starting pitcher to win this award since Roger Clemens had accomplished the feat in 1986 . The National League went even longer without an MVP award to a pitcher -- after Bob Gibson won in 1968 , no pitcher in that league was named MVP until Clayton Kershaw in 2014 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chalmers Award ( 1911 -- 1914 ) 2 League Awards ( 1922 -- 1929 ) 3 Baseball Writers ' Association of America 's Most Valuable Player ( 1931 -- present ) 4 Key 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Chalmers award ( 1911 -- 1914 ) ( edit ) Ty Cobb won the first American League Chalmers Award in 1911 and was at the center of the controversy over the previous season 's award . Before the 1910 season , Hugh Chalmers of Chalmers Automobile announced he would present a Chalmers Model 30 automobile to the player with the highest batting average in Major League Baseball at the end of the season .", "2": "The 1910 race for best average in the American League was between the Detroit Tigers ' widely disliked Ty Cobb and Nap Lajoie of the Cleveland Indians . On the last day of the season , Lajoie overtook Cobb 's batting average with seven bunt hits against the St. Louis Browns . American League President Ban Johnson said a recalculation showed that Cobb had won the race anyway , and Chalmers ended up awarding cars to both players . The following season , Chalmers created the Chalmers Award . A committee of baseball writers were to convene after the season to determine the `` most important and useful player to the club and to the league '' . Since the award was not as effective at advertising as Chalmers had hoped , it was discontinued after 1914 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1911 Cobb Ty ! Ty Cobb Detroit Tigers OF Schulte Frank ! Frank Schulte Chicago Cubs OF 1912 Speaker Tris ! Tris Speaker Boston Red Sox OF Doyle Larry ! Larry Doyle New York Giants ! New York Giants 2B 1913 Johnson Walter ! Walter Johnson Washington Senators ! Washington Senators RHP Daubert Jake ! Jake Daubert Brooklyn Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers 1B 1914 Collins Eddie ! Eddie Collins Philadelphia Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 2B Evers Johnny ! Johnny Evers Boston Braves ! Boston Braves 2B League Awards ( 1922 -- 1929 ) ( edit ) Babe Ruth was ineligible for the award in his famous 1927 season by the rules of the American League award because he had previously won in 1923 . In 1922 the American League created a new award to honor `` the baseball player who is of the greatest all - around service to his club '' . Winners , voted on by a committee of eight baseball writers chaired by James Crusinberry , received a bronze medal and a cash prize . Voters were required to select one player from each team and player - coaches and prior award winners were ineligible .", "3": "These incredible flaws resulted in Babe Ruth only winning 1 MVP as the award was dropped after 1928 . Under the All - Star Formula , Ruth would have won the MVP in 1920 , 1921 , 1923 , 1925 , 1928 and 1930 ( citation needed ) . The National League award , without these restrictions , lasted from 1924 to 1929 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1922 Sisler George ! George Sisler St. Louis Browns ! St. Louis Browns 1B -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- 1923 Ruth Babe ! Babe Ruth New York Yankees OF -- - 02 ! -- - 02 ! -- 1924 Johnson Walter ! Walter Johnson ( 2 ) Washington Senators ! Washington Senators RHP Vance Dazzy ! Dazzy Vance Brooklyn Robins ! Brooklyn Robins RHP 1925 Peckinpaugh Roger ! Roger Peckinpaugh Washington Senators ! Washington Senators SS Hornsby Rogers ! Rogers Hornsby St. Louis Cardinals 2B 1926 Burns George ! George Burns Cleveland Indians 1B O'Farrell Bob ! Bob O'Farrell St. Louis Cardinals 1927 Gehrig Lou ! Lou Gehrig New York Yankees 1B Waner Paul ! Paul Waner Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1928 Cochrane Mickey ! Mickey Cochrane Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics Bottomley Jim ! Jim Bottomley St. Louis Cardinals 1B 1929 -- - 01 ! -- - 01 ! -- Hornsby Rogers ! Rogers Hornsby ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs 2B Baseball Writers ' Association of America 's most Valuable player ( 1931 -- present ) ( edit ) The BBWAA first awarded the modern MVP after the 1931 season , adopting the format the National League used to distribute its league award .", "4": "One writer in each city with a team filled out a ten - place ballot , with ten points for the recipient of a first - place vote , nine for a second - place vote , and so on . In 1938 , the BBWAA raised the number of voters to three per city and gave 14 points for a first - place vote . The only significant change since then occurred in 1961 , when the number of voters was reduced to two per league city . Jimmie Foxx was the first player to win three MVP awards . Hall of Famer and 2 - time MVP , Hank Greenberg Jim Konstanty , to date the only National League relief pitcher to be named MVP won it in 1950 . Hall of Famer Willie Mays won the award in 1954 and 1965 with the same team in different cities . Barry Bonds ' seven MVPs are the most for any individual player . Alex Rodriguez won the award with two different teams at two different positions . Albert Pujols won the award three times , all at first base with the St. Louis Cardinals . Miguel Cabrera was the winner of back - to - back AL Awards from 2012 - 13 . Josh Donaldson won the AL MVP in 2015 . Year American League winner Team Position National League winner Team Position Ref 1931 Grove , Lefty Lefty Grove Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics * LHP Frisch , Frankie Frankie Frisch St. Louis Cardinals * 2B 1932 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 1B Klein Chuck ! Chuck Klein Philadelphia Phillies OF 1933 Foxx Jimmie ! Jimmie Foxx ( 2 ) Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics 1B Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * LHP 1934 Cochrane , Mickey Mickey Cochrane ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * Dean , Dizzy Dizzy Dean St.", "5": "Louis Cardinals * RHP 1935 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg Detroit Tigers * 1B Hartnett , Gabby Gabby Hartnett Chicago Cubs * 1936 Gehrig , Lou Lou Gehrig ( 2 ) New York Yankees * 1B Hubbell , Carl Carl Hubbell ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * LHP 1937 Gehringer , Charlie Charlie Gehringer Detroit Tigers 2B Medwick , Joe Joe Medwick St. Louis Cardinals OF 1938 Foxx , Jimmie Jimmie Foxx ( 3 ) Boston Red Sox 1B Lombardi , Ernie Ernie Lombardi Cincinnati Reds 1939 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio New York Yankees * OF Walters , Bucky Bucky Walters Cincinnati Reds * RHP 1940 Greenberg , Hank Hank Greenberg ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * OF McCormick , Frank Frank McCormick Cincinnati Reds * 1B 1941 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Camilli , Dolph Dolph Camilli Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1B 1942 Gordon , Joe Joe Gordon New York Yankees * 2B Cooper , Mort Mort Cooper St. Louis Cardinals * RHP 1943 Chandler , Spud Spud Chandler New York Yankees * RHP Musial , Stan Stan Musial St. Louis Cardinals * OF 1944 Newhouser , Hal Hal Newhouser Detroit Tigers LHP Marion , Marty Marty Marion St. Louis Cardinals * SS 1945 Newhouser , Hal Hal Newhouser ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers * LHP Cavarretta , Phil Phil Cavarretta Chicago Cubs * 1B 1946 Williams , Ted Ted Williams Boston Red Sox * OF Musial , Stan Stan Musial ( 2 ) St.", "6": "Louis Cardinals * 1B 1947 DiMaggio , Joe Joe DiMaggio ( 3 ) New York Yankees * OF Elliott , Bob Bob Elliott Atlanta Braves ! Boston Braves 3B 1948 Boudreau , Lou Lou Boudreau Cleveland Indians * SS Musial , Stan Stan Musial ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals OF 1949 Williams , Ted Ted Williams ( 2 ) Boston Red Sox OF Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 2B 1950 Rizzuto , Phil Phil Rizzuto New York Yankees * SS Konstanty , Jim Jim Konstanty Philadelphia Phillies * RHP 1951 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra New York Yankees * Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers 1952 Shantz , Bobby Bobby Shantz Oakland Athletics ! Philadelphia Athletics LHP Sauer , Hank Hank Sauer Chicago Cubs OF 1953 Rosen , Al Al Rosen Cleveland Indians 3B Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 2 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1954 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 2 ) New York Yankees Mays , Willie Willie Mays San Francisco Giants ! New York Giants * OF 1955 Berra , Yogi Yogi Berra ( 3 ) New York Yankees * Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella ( 3 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * 1956 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle New York Yankees * OF Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Los Angeles Dodgers ! Brooklyn Dodgers * RHP 1957 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Aaron , Hank Hank Aaron Atlanta Braves !", "7": "Milwaukee Braves * OF 1958 Jensen , Jackie Jackie Jensen Boston Red Sox OF Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks Chicago Cubs SS 1959 Fox , Nellie Nellie Fox Chicago White Sox * 2B Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks ( 2 ) Chicago Cubs SS 1960 Maris , Roger Roger Maris New York Yankees * OF Groat , Dick Dick Groat Pittsburgh Pirates * SS 1961 Maris , Roger Roger Maris ( 2 ) New York Yankees * OF Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson Cincinnati Reds * OF 1962 Mantle , Mickey Mickey Mantle ( 3 ) New York Yankees * OF Wills , Maury Maury Wills Los Angeles Dodgers SS 1963 Howard , Elston Elston Howard New York Yankees * Koufax , Sandy Sandy Koufax Los Angeles Dodgers * LHP 1964 Robinson , Brooks Brooks Robinson Baltimore Orioles 3B Boyer , Ken Ken Boyer St. Louis Cardinals * 3B 1965 Versalles , Zoilo Zoilo Versalles Minnesota Twins * SS Mays , Willie Willie Mays ( 2 ) San Francisco Giants OF 1966 Robinson , Frank Frank Robinson ( 2 ) Baltimore Orioles * OF Clemente , Roberto Roberto Clemente Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1967 Yastrzemski , Carl Carl Yastrzemski Boston Red Sox * OF Cepeda , Orlando Orlando Cepeda St. Louis Cardinals * 1B 1968 McLain , Denny Denny McLain Detroit Tigers * RHP Gibson , Bob Bob Gibson St.", "8": "Louis Cardinals * RHP 1969 Killebrew , Harmon Harmon Killebrew Minnesota Twins 3B McCovey , Willie Willie McCovey San Francisco Giants 1B 1970 Powell , Boog Boog Powell Baltimore Orioles * 1B Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench Cincinnati Reds * 1971 Blue , Vida Vida Blue Oakland Athletics LHP Torre , Joe Joe Torre St. Louis Cardinals 3B 1972 Allen , Dick Dick Allen Chicago White Sox 1B Bench , Johnny Johnny Bench ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds * 1973 Jackson , Reggie Reggie Jackson Oakland Athletics * OF Rose , Pete Pete Rose Cincinnati Reds OF Burroughs , Jeff Jeff Burroughs Texas Rangers OF Garvey , Steve Steve Garvey Los Angeles Dodgers * 1B Lynn , Fred Fred Lynn Boston Red Sox * OF Morgan , Joe Joe Morgan Cincinnati Reds * 2B 1976 Munson , Thurman Thurman Munson New York Yankees * Morgan , Joe Joe Morgan ( 2 ) Cincinnati Reds * 2B 1977 Carew , Rod Rod Carew Minnesota Twins 1B Foster , George George Foster Cincinnati Reds OF 1978 Rice , Jim Jim Rice Boston Red Sox OF Parker , Dave Dave Parker Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1979 Baylor , Don Don Baylor Los Angeles Angels ! California Angels LF / DH Hernandez , Keith Keith Hernandez St. Louis Cardinals 1B Stargell , Willie Willie Stargell Pittsburgh Pirates * 1B 1980 Brett , George George Brett Kansas City Royals * 3B Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt Philadelphia Phillies * 3B 1981 Fingers , Rollie Rollie Fingers Milwaukee Brewers RHP Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt ( 2 ) Philadelphia Phillies 3B 1982 Yount , Robin Robin Yount Milwaukee Brewers * SS Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy Atlanta Braves OF Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr .", "9": "Baltimore Orioles * SS Murphy , Dale Dale Murphy ( 2 ) Atlanta Braves OF 1984 Hernandez , Willie Willie Hernández Detroit Tigers * LHP Sandberg , Ryne Ryne Sandberg Chicago Cubs 2B 1985 Mattingly , Don Don Mattingly New York Yankees 1B McGee , Willie Willie McGee St. Louis Cardinals * OF 1986 Clemens , Roger Roger Clemens Boston Red Sox * RHP Schmidt , Mike Mike Schmidt ( 3 ) Philadelphia Phillies 3B Bell , George George Bell Toronto Blue Jays OF Dawson , Andre Andre Dawson Chicago Cubs OF Canseco , Jose Jose Canseco Oakland Athletics * OF Gibson , Kirk Kirk Gibson Los Angeles Dodgers * OF Yount , Robin Robin Yount ( 2 ) Milwaukee Brewers OF Mitchell , Kevin Kevin Mitchell San Francisco Giants * OF Henderson , Rickey Rickey Henderson Oakland Athletics * OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds Pittsburgh Pirates OF 1991 Ripken , Jr. , Cal Cal Ripken , Jr. ( 2 ) Baltimore Orioles SS Pendleton , Terry Terry Pendleton Atlanta Braves * 3B Eckersley , Dennis Dennis Eckersley Oakland Athletics RHP Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 2 ) Pittsburgh Pirates OF Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas Chicago White Sox 1B Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 3 ) San Francisco Giants OF Thomas , Frank Frank Thomas ( 2 ) Chicago White Sox 1B Bagwell , Jeff Jeff Bagwell Houston Astros 1B 1995 Vaughn , Mo Mo Vaughn Boston Red Sox 1B Larkin , Barry Barry Larkin Cincinnati Reds SS Gonzalez , Juan Juan González Texas Rangers OF Caminiti , Ken Ken Caminiti San Diego Padres 3B Griffey , Jr. , Ken Ken Griffey , Jr .", "10": "Seattle Mariners OF Walker , Larry Larry Walker Colorado Rockies OF 1998 Gonzalez , Juan Juan González ( 2 ) Texas Rangers OF Sosa , Sammy Sammy Sosa Chicago Cubs OF 1999 Rodriguez , Ivan Iván Rodríguez Texas Rangers Jones , Chipper Chipper Jones Atlanta Braves * 3B 2000 Giambi , Jason Jason Giambi Oakland Athletics 1B Kent , Jeff Jeff Kent San Francisco Giants 2B Suzuki , Ichiro Ichiro Suzuki Seattle Mariners OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 4 ) San Francisco Giants OF 2002 Tejada , Miguel Miguel Tejada Oakland Athletics SS Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 5 ) San Francisco Giants * OF 2003 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez Texas Rangers SS Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 6 ) San Francisco Giants OF Guerrero , Vladimir Vladimir Guerrero Los Angeles Angels ! Anaheim Angels OF Bonds , Barry Barry Bonds ( 7 ) San Francisco Giants OF 2005 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 2 ) New York Yankees 3B Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols St. Louis Cardinals 1B 2006 Morneau , Justin Justin Morneau Minnesota Twins 1B Howard , Ryan Ryan Howard Philadelphia Phillies 1B 2007 Rodriguez , Alex Alex Rodriguez ( 3 ) New York Yankees 3B Rollins , Jimmy Jimmy Rollins Philadelphia Phillies SS 2008 Pedroia , Dustin Dustin Pedroia Boston Red Sox 2B Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols ( 2 ) St. Louis Cardinals 1B 2009 Mauer , Joe Joe Mauer Minnesota Twins Pujols , Albert Albert Pujols ( 3 ) St. Louis Cardinals 1B Hamilton , Josh Josh Hamilton Texas Rangers * OF Votto , Joey Joey Votto Cincinnati Reds 1B 2011 Verlander , Justin Justin Verlander Detroit Tigers RHP Braun , Ryan Ryan Braun Milwaukee Brewers OF 2012 Cabrera ,", "11": "Miguel Miguel Cabrera Detroit Tigers * 3B Posey , Buster Buster Posey San Francisco Giants * 2013 Cabrera , Miguel Miguel Cabrera ( 2 ) Detroit Tigers 3B McCutchen , Andrew Andrew McCutchen Pittsburgh Pirates OF 2014 Trout , Mike Mike Trout Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Kershaw , Clayton Clayton Kershaw Los Angeles Dodgers LHP 2015 Donaldson , Josh Josh Donaldson Toronto Blue Jays 3B Harper , Bryce Bryce Harper Washington Nationals OF 2016 Trout , Mike Mike Trout ( 2 ) Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim OF Bryant , Kris Kris Bryant Chicago Cubs * 3B / OF 2017 Altuve , José José Altuve Houston Astros * 2B Stanton , Giancarlo Giancarlo Stanton Miami Marlins OF Key ( edit ) Year Links to the article about the corresponding Major League Baseball season Member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a player Denotes player who is still active § Unanimous selection Player ( X ) Denotes winning player and number of times they had won the award at that point * Team won League Pennant Pitcher ( RHP indicates right - handed ; LHP indicates left - handed ) Catcher 1B First baseman 2B Second baseman 3B Third baseman SS Shortstop OF Outfielder DH Designated hitter See also ( edit ) `` Esurance MLB Awards '' Best Major Leaguer ( in MLB ; all positions ) ( there are also Best Hitter and Best Pitcher awards ( in MLB ) ) `` Players Choice Awards '' Player of the Year ( in MLB ; all positions ) ( there are also Outstanding Player and Outstanding Pitcher awards ( in each league ) ) Baseball America Major League Player of the Year ( in MLB ; all positions ) Baseball Digest Player of the Year ( in MLB ; position players only ; from 1969 to 1993 , included all positions ; in 1994 , a separate Pitcher of the Year award was added ) Best Major League Baseball Player ESPY Award ( in MLB ;", "12": "all positions ) The Sporting News Most Valuable Player Award ( in each league ) ( discontinued in 1946 ) Sporting News Player of the Year ( in MLB ; position players only ) List of Major League Baseball awards Baseball awards Notes ( edit ) A player is considered inactive if he has announced his retirement or not played for a full season . A unanimous victory indicates that the player received all possible first - place votes . Torre is a member of the Hall of Fame , but not as a player . He was inducted in 2014 as a manager . Hernandez and Stargell both received 216 points in the 1979 voting . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Landis , Kenesaw '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Gillette , Gary ; Palmer , Pete ( 2007 ) . The ESPN Baseball Encyclopedia ( Fourth ed . ) . New York : Sterling Publishing Co. p. 1763 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 4771 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Gillette & Palmer , pp. 1764 -- 1765 Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( September 4 , 2011 ) . `` Where Do You Find Value ? Discussing the M.V.P. Criteria '' . The New York Times . p . SP3 . Retrieved September 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ For the definition that appears on the BBWAA ballot ( including pitchers and designated hitters ) , go to Voting FAQ and scroll down . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major League Baseball 's Most Valuable Player Award Winners '' . Baseball Digest . Evanston , Illinois : Century Publishing Co. 59 ( 12 ) : 86 -- 89 . December 2000 . ISSN 0005 - 609X . Retrieved December 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walter Johnson Statistics and History '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 23 .", "13": "Jump up ^ `` Alex Rodriguez Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Barry Bonds Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Jimmie Foxx Statistics '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1979 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kepner , Tyler ( November 21 , 2011 ) . `` Verlander Is First Pitcher Named M.V.P. Since 1992 '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` Clayton Kershaw , Dodgers '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Havey ( July 4 , 1941 ) . `` Mirrors of Sport '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . p. 18 . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Larry . `` He was a pain ... but a great pain '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1911 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1912 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1913 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1914 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Newman , Mark ( November 14 , 2009 ) . `` One of a kind : Another MVP for A-Rod '' . MLB.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 .", "14": "Jump up ^ Gould , Alan ( December 8 , 1929 ) . `` Rogers Hornsby Voted Most Valuable Player in National League '' . Reading Eagle . Retrieved January 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Player Award Goes to Hornsby again '' . The New York Times . December 8 , 1929 . p . S2 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1922 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1923 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1924 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1925 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1926 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1927 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1928 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1929 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1931 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1932 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1933 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1934 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1935 '' . Baseball-Reference.com .", "15": "Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1936 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1937 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1938 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1939 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1940 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1941 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1942 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1943 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1944 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1945 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1946 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1947 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1948 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1949 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1950 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1951 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1952 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1953 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1954 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1955 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1956 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1957 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1958 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1959 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1960 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1961 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1962 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1963 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1964 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1965 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1966 '' .", "17": "Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1967 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1968 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1969 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1970 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1971 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1972 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1973 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1974 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1975 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1976 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1977 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1978 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id=baylodo01&t=b&year=1979 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1980 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1981 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 .", "18": "Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1982 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1983 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1984 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1985 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1986 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1987 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1988 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1989 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1990 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1991 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1992 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1993 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1994 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1995 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1996 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1997 '' .", "19": "Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1998 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 1999 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2000 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2001 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Albert Pujols of St. Louis Cardinals is unanimous National League MVP '' . ESPN . The Associated Press . November 25 , 2009 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2002 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2003 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2004 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2005 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2006 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2007 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2008 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Baseball Awards Voting for 2009 '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Rangers Outfielder Josh Hamilton Honored '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 .", "20": "Retrieved November 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Reds ' Joey Votto Runs Away With Award '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Verlander Completes Rare Double , Adding MVP to Cy Young '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ryan Braun Slugs His Way to Award '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2012 . Retrieved November 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout Highest WAR at Youngest Age '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved November 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` YadierMolina '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Miguel Cabrera Goes Back - to - Back '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Andrew McCutchen Wins Pirates ' 1st MVP since 1992 '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Trout , Angels '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Donaldson , Blue Jays '' . Baseball Writer 's Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bryce Harper , Nationals '' . Baseball Writers ' Association of America . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Angels ' Mike Trout wins second AL MVP , edging Red Sox 's Mookie Betts Jump up ^ Gillette & Palmer , pp. 1755 -- 1760 Jump up ^ `` Baseball Hall of Fame Inductees '' . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2009 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` Joe Torre '' . National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum . Retrieved November 13 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Most Valuable Player MVP Awards & Cy Young Awards Winners ( 1911 -- present ) ( and `` Multiple Winners of the MVP and Cy Young Awards '' ) . Baseball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 07 . Major League Baseball awards and trophies Team Commissioner 's Trophy ( list of winners ) Warren Giles Trophy ( NL pennant winners ) William Harridge Trophy ( AL pennant winners ) Individual Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Cy Young Manager of the Year Rookie of the Year Roberto Clemente Hank Aaron Gold Glove Silver Slugger World Series MVP All - Star Game MVP Rolaids Relief Man Comeback Player of the Year League Championship Series MVP Reliever of the Year Player of the Month Pitcher of the Month Rookie of the Month Player of the Week Other Commissioner 's Historic Achievement Award Book : Major League Baseball awards Category : Major League Baseball awards Portal : Baseball American League MVP Award 1931 : Grove 1932 : Foxx 1933 : Foxx 1934 : Cochrane 1935 : Greenberg 1936 : Gehrig 1937 : Gehringer 1938 : Foxx 1939 : DiMaggio 1940 : Greenberg 1941 : DiMaggio 1942 : Gordon 1943 : Chandler 1944 : Newhouser 1945 : Newhouser 1946 : Williams 1947 : DiMaggio 1948 : Boudreau 1949 : Williams 1950 : Rizzuto 1951 : Berra 1952 : Shantz 1953 : Rosen 1954 : Berra 1955 : Berra 1956 : Mantle 1957 : Mantle 1958 : Jensen 1959 : Fox 1960 : Maris 1961 : Maris 1962 : Mantle 1963 : Howard 1964 : B.", "22": "Robinson 1965 : Versalles 1966 : F. Robinson 1967 : Yastrzemski 1968 : McLain 1969 : Killebrew 1970 : Powell 1971 : Blue 1972 : Allen 1973 : Jackson 1974 : Burroughs 1975 : Lynn 1976 : Munson 1977 : Carew 1978 : Rice 1979 : Baylor 1980 : Brett 1981 : Fingers 1982 : Yount 1983 : Ripken Jr . 1984 : Hernández 1985 : Mattingly 1986 : Clemens 1987 : Bell 1988 : Canseco 1989 : Yount 1990 : Henderson 1991 : Ripken Jr . 1992 : Eckersley 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Thomas 1995 : Vaughn 1996 : González 1997 : Griffey Jr . 1998 : González 1999 : I. Rodríguez 2000 : Giambi 2001 : Suzuki 2002 : Tejada 2003 : A. Rodriguez 2004 : Guerrero 2005 : A. Rodriguez 2006 : Morneau 2007 : A.", "23": "Rodriguez 2008 : Pedroia 2009 : Mauer 2010 : Hamilton 2011 : Verlander 2012 : Cabrera 2013 : Cabrera 2014 : Trout 2015 : Donaldson 2016 : Trout 2017 : Altuve National League MVP Award 1931 : Frisch 1932 : Klein 1933 : Hubbell 1934 : Dean 1935 : Hartnett 1936 : Hubbell 1937 : Medwick 1938 : Lombardi 1939 : Walters 1940 : McCormick 1941 : Camilli 1942 : Cooper 1943 : Musial 1944 : Marion 1945 : Cavarretta 1946 : Musial 1947 : Elliott 1948 : Musial 1949 : J. Robinson 1950 : Konstanty 1951 : Campanella 1952 : Sauer 1953 : Campanella 1954 : Mays 1955 : Campanella 1956 : Newcombe 1957 : Aaron 1958 : Banks 1959 : Banks 1960 : Groat 1961 : F. Robinson 1962 : Wills 1963 : Koufax 1964 : Boyer 1965 : Mays 1966 : Clemente 1967 : Cepeda 1968 : B. Gibson 1969 : McCovey 1970 : Bench 1971 : Torre 1972 : Bench 1973 : Rose 1974 : Garvey 1975 : Morgan 1976 : Morgan 1977 : Foster 1978 : Parker 1979 : Hernandez & Stargell 1980 : Schmidt 1981 : Schmidt 1982 : Murphy 1983 : Murphy 1984 : Sandberg 1985 : McGee 1986 : Schmidt 1987 : Dawson 1988 : K.", "24": "Gibson 1989 : Mitchell 1990 : Bonds 1991 : Pendleton 1992 : Bonds 1993 : Bonds 1994 : Bagwell 1995 : Larkin 1996 : Caminiti 1997 : Walker 1998 : Sosa 1999 : Jones 2000 : Kent 2001 : Bonds 2002 : Bonds 2003 : Bonds 2004 : Bonds 2005 : Pujols 2006 : Howard 2007 : Rollins 2008 : Pujols 2009 : Pujols 2010 : Votto 2011 : Braun 2012 : Posey 2013 : McCutchen 2014 : Kershaw 2015 : Harper 2016 : Bryant 2017 : Stanton Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_League_Baseball_Most_Valuable_Player_Award&oldid=822201355 '' Categories : Major League Baseball trophies and awards Most valuable player awards Awards established in 1931 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Articles with hCards Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Polski Simple English Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 25 January 2018 , at 00 : 16 . 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[ 7, 6, 5, 9, 10, 8, 23, 22, 11, 0, 20, 24, 1, 4, 13, 2, 12, 21, 14, 3, 15, 17, 19, 18, 16 ]

[ 11, 7, 6, 5, 9 ]

[ "approximately 21.8% of the world’s population" ]

{ "0": "Vegetarianism by country - wikipedia Vegetarianism by country Jump to : navigation , search Vegetarian restaurant buffet , Taipei , Taiwan This article deals with vegetarianism and veganism by country , comparing the prevalence of vegetarianism and veganism in each country when sources are available by the number of vegetarians and vegans , and listing food standards , laws and general cultural attitudes . Some countries have strong cultural or religious traditions that promote vegetarianism , such as in India , while in other countries secular ethical concerns dominate , including animal rights and environmental protection , along with health concerns . In many countries , food labeling laws make it easier for vegetarians to identify foods compatible with their diets . Contents ( hide ) 1 Demographics 2 Africa 3 Asia 3.1 China 3.2 India 3.3 Israel 3.4 Japan 3.5 Malaysia 3.6 Singapore 3.7 Taiwan 3.8 Thailand 4 Europe 4.1 Austria 4.2 Belgium 4.3 Denmark 4.4 Finland 4.5 France 4.6 Germany 4.7 Italy 4.8 Netherlands 4.9 Poland 4.10 Portugal 4.11 Russia 4.12 Spain 4.13 Sweden 4.14 Switzerland 4.15 United Kingdom 5 North America 5.1 Canada 5.2 United States 6 Oceania 6.1 Australia 6.2 New Zealand 7 South America 7.1 Brazil 8 See also 9 References Demographics ( edit ) See also : Veganism § Demographics Color coded map indicating vegetarianism as a percentage of the population Reliable data is lacking due to a lack of polling and the varying definitions of vegetarianism and veganism used in the polls . For example , the latest US poll defines `` vegan '' according to diets that exclude meat , eggs and dairy , rather than following the accepted definition of veganism as avoiding all animal products as far as possible including honey and clothing .", "1": "Other polls , like the latest Australian poll , place strict vegetarians and those who follow `` almost '' vegetarian diets in the same category , while this poll and many others measure only vegetarianism and neglect to include veganism in the poll . Many poll results are contradicted by other poll results from the same country despite similar publication dates , implying a wide margin of error . A study from 2010 estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice . They make approximately 21.8 % of the world 's population . Country Vegetarian diet ( % ) ( includes vegan diet ) Approx . no. of individuals Data set year Vegan diet ( % ) Approx . no. of individuals Data set year Note Australia 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 % 2,100,000 2016 2010 As of March 2016 , 11.2 % of people living in Australia agreed that `` The food I eat is all , or almost all , vegetarian . '' Austria 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 % 765,000 2013 Brazil 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8.0 % 15,200,000 2012 Canada 7000940000000000000 ♠ 9.4 % 3,411,000 2016 2.3 835,000 2016 Czech Republic 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 235,000 2003 China 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 54,428,000 -- 68,035,000 2013 Denmark 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 220,000 2011 Finland 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 % 108,000 -- 329,000 2011 2015 0.5 % 27,", "2": "000 2013 % of vegans only an estimation France 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 1,988,000 -- 3,300,000 2011 Germany 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 8,000,000 2018 1.6 % 1,300,000 2018 India 7001290000000000000 ♠ 29 % -- 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 % 360,576,000 2009 2014 27 % Israel 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 % 1,046,000 2015 5 % 421,000 2015 Italy 7000710000000000000 ♠ 7.1 % -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 4,246,000 2009 2015 0.6 % -- 2.8 % 400,000 -- 1,680,000 2015 Japan 7000470000000000000 ♠ 4.7 % 18,370,300 2014 2.7 % 5,875,000 2014 Latvia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 % 60,000 -- 100,000 2013 estimation Netherlands 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5.0 % 800,000 2016 2017 New Zealand 7001103000000000000 ♠ 10.3 % 463,500 2016 Norway 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 550,000 2012 estimation Poland 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 % 1,228,800 2013 1.6 % 608,000 2013 Portugal 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 % 120,", "3": "000 2017 0.6 % 2017 survey conducted by marketing research firm Nielsen Corporation Russia 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 % -- 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 % 4,380,000 -- 5,840,000 2014 Slovenia 1.4 % -- 1.6 % 28,922 -- 33,054 2007 / 2008 0.3 % -- 0.5 % 6,197 -- 10,329 2007 / 2008 Age group : 18 - 65 ; a representative sample ; unbiased data ( survey conducted by National Institute of Public Health ) ; new data will be available soon ( 2018 / 2019 / 2020 ) . Spain 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 % 697,000 2017 0.2 % 93,000 2017 adult population Sweden 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 % 969,000 2014 4 % 388,000 2014 Based on a 1000 person telephone survey .", "4": "Switzerland 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 % 1,176,156 2017 3 % 252,033 2017 United Kingdom 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 % 9,100,000 2015 2014 2016 7 % 3,500,000 2018 United States 7000930000000000000 ♠ 9.3 % 30,290,000 2016 6 % 2017 Belgium 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10.0 % 1,130,177 2016 Taiwan 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14.0 % 3,297,011 2015 2016 2017 South Korea 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1.0 % 500,000 2011 Africa ( edit ) The prevalence of strict ethical vegetarianism in Africa is reported to be low since most of the traditional food consist of meat , while scientific polls are lacking . Countries in North Africa have a tradition of cooking in a vegetarian style , with Morocco , Algeria , Libya and Tunisia being particularly connected with this type of cooking which includes couscous and spiced vegetables . Indian immigrants to Africa , particularly in South Africa , brought vegetarianism with them which has been documented as far back as 1895 in Natal Province . Also , some African countries , for example Egypt and Ethiopia , have regular weekly and special periods of religious fasting requiring observance of a vegetarian diet . Asia ( edit ) China ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism In China , consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan . An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian . However , in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers , only 0.77 percent of respondents labeled themselves vegetarian . Native Chinese , generally falling under the label of Taoism ( though this tends to confuse the native religion with the Daoist school of philosophy , represented by Laotzu , Chuangtzu , and others ) , is a form of animism .", "5": "Similar to Shintoism in Japan , though the killing and eating of animals is not forbidden , it is considered impure . Classical Chinese texts pointed to a period of abstinence from meat before undertaking matters of great importance or of religious significance . With the influx of Buddhist influences , vegetarianism became more popular , but there is a distinction -- Daoist vegetarianism is based on a perception of purity , while Buddhist vegetarianism is based on the dual bases of refraining from killing and subduing one 's own subservience to the senses . Because of this , two types of `` vegetarianism '' came to be -- one where one refrained from eating meat , the other being refraining from eating meat as well as garlic , onions , and other such strongly flavored foods . This Buddhism - influenced vegetarianism has been known and practiced by some since at least the 7th century . The early 20th century saw some intellectuals espousing vegetarianism as part of their program for reforming China culturally , not just politically . The anarchist thinker Li Shizeng , for instance , argued that tofu and soy products were healthier and could be a profitable export . Liang Shuming , a philosopher and reform activist , adopted a basically vegetarian diet , but did not promote one for others . In recent years , it has seen a resurgence in the cities among the emerging middle class . India ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Further information : Vegetarian mark Vegetarian mark : Mandatory labeling in India to distinguish vegetarian products ( left ) from non-vegetarian ones ( right ) In 2007 , UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world . India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together . In India , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism . Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either `` non-vegetarian '' , `` vegetarian '' , or `` pure vegetarian '' . Vegetarian restaurants abound , and many vegetarian options are usually available . Animal - based ingredients ( other than milk and honey ) such as lard , gelatin , and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine . India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients , with a green dot in a green square .", "6": "A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal - based ingredients were used . Products like honey , milk , or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark . According to the 2006 Hindu - CNN - IBN State of the Nation Survey , 31 % of Indians are vegetarian , while another 9 % also consume eggs ( ovo - vegetarian ) . Among the various communities , vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat , Vaishnav Community , Jain community and then Brahmins at 55 % , and less frequent among Muslims ( 3 % ) and residents of coastal states . Other surveys cited by FAO and USDA estimate 40 % of the Indian population as being vegetarian . These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat , do so infrequently , with less than 30 % consuming it regularly , although the reasons are mainly cultural . In states where vegetarianism is more common , milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence . This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat , fish and eggs in other areas . An official survey conducted by the Government of India , with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011 , indicated India 's vegetarian population to be 28 - 29 % of the total population . Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier , India 's vegetarian population has increased . According to a survey 2014 released by the registrar general of India , 29 % of Indians over the age of 15 are vegetarian , compared with 25 % in 2004 . Rajasthan has the highest fraction of vegetarians : 74.9 % . Other states with large fraction of vegetarians are Haryana ( 69.25 % ) Punjab , ( 66.75 % ) , Gujarat ( 60.95 % ) and MP ( 50.6 % ) . Bengal ( 1.4 % ) and Telangana ( 1.3 % ) have the fewest vegetarians . The recent growth in India 's organized retail sector has also been hit by some controversy , because some vegetarians are demanding meat - free supermarkets .", "7": "In 2016 , the Government of India announced the decision to provide students , at a few of the Institutes of Hotel Management , Catering Technology and Applied Nutrition ( IHMCTANs ) , the option to choose only vegetarian cooking . Earlier , it was compulsory for all IHMCTAN students to learn non-vegetarian cooking . These IHMCTANs are located at Ahmedabad , Bhopal and Jaipur . In 2018 , a study from Economic and Political Weekly shows that in facts the percentage of vegetarians could be around 20 % , because people declarations in governemental surveys are different than the reality of meat consumption in the country . Israel ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism in Judaism A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2 % of men and 9.8 % of women were vegetarian . Although vegetarianism is quite common , the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower -- the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5 % . In 2010 , one study found that 2.6 % of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans . According to a 2015 poll by the newspaper ' ' Globe ' ' and Channel 2 , 8 % of the Israeli population were vegetarians and 5 % were vegans. 13 % consider turning vegan or vegetarian . Tel Aviv beat out Berlin , New York and Chennai , India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal 's top destination for vegan travelers . Japan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism According to a 2014 / 12 survey 4.7 % of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan ( 2.7 % vegan ) . NOTE : The referenced web survey included 1,188 valid responses and is not representative of the population of Japan . Malaysia ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Vegetarian diets are categorized as lacto vegetarianism , ovo - lacto vegetarianism , and veganism in general . The reasons for being vegetarian include influence from friends and family members , concern about global warming , health issues and weight management , religion and mercy for animals , in descending order of significance .", "8": "Singapore ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Diet in Hinduism , and Buddhist vegetarianism Rice , mushrooms , vegetables are some of the dietary staples , mixed with a rich variety of spices , coconut , lime and tamarind . Buddhist Chinese monastics are vegetarians or vegans . Singapore is also the headquarters of the world 's first international , vegetarian , fast food chain , VeganBurg . The bigger communities of vegetarians and vegans in Singapore are Vegetarian Society ( VSS ) and SgVeganCommunity . Vegetarian and vegan places have an active role in the gastronomy of Singapore . Taiwan ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion and Buddhist vegetarianism In Taiwan , 1.7 million people , or 13 % of the population of Taiwan , follow a vegetarian diet at least some of the time . There are more than 6,000 vegetarian eating establishments in Taiwan . The country 's food labelling laws for vegetarian food are the world 's strictest , because around 2 million Taiwanese people eat vegetarian food . A popular movement of `` one day vegetarian every week '' has been advocated on a national level , and on a local level , even government bodies are involved , such as the Taipei City Board of Education . Thailand ( edit ) See also : Vegetarianism and religion , Buddhist vegetarianism , and Thai cuisine § Vegetarianism in Thailand Europe ( edit ) The definition of vegetarianism throughout Europe is not uniform , creating the potential for products to be labelled inaccurately . Austria ( edit ) According to a study of ISEF from 2013 ( n = 500 ) , 9 % of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan . Belgium ( edit ) Since May 2009 , Belgium has had the first city in the world ( Ghent ) with a weekly `` veggie day '' . Denmark ( edit ) According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011 , just under 4 % of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans . Finland ( edit ) There is no recent data about amount of vegetarians or vegans in Finland .", "9": "In 2015 , according to a survey by meat producers ' association Lihatiedotusyhdistys , 6 % of the population , or 329,000 people , did not eat meat . In 2014 , the percentage was 5 % ; it was 10 % among 25 -- 34 year old people . The survey did not ask about eating fish . Otherwise , it is estimated that 2 -- 3 % of Finns are vegetarians and 0.5 % vegans . By combining the data of three surveys ( a sample of 24,000 people ) published in 2008 , 3.3 % of Finns identified themselves vegetarians but only 0.66 % actually followed a vegetarian diet . 1.4 % ate fish but not meat. 0.18 % were vegans or lacto - vegetarians . In most of the cities 's schools the students are offered two options , a vegetarian and a non-vegetarian meal , on four school days a week , and one day a week they have a choice between two vegetarian meals , for grades 1 to 12 . In secondary schools and universities , from 10 to 40 percents of the students preferred vegetarian food in 2013 . Vegetarianism is most popular in secondary art schools where in some schools over half of the students were vegetarians in 2013 . France ( edit ) Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French ( 1.5 % of the total population ) called themselves vegetarians , although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2 % . Germany ( edit ) According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , Germany has over six million vegetarians . A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9 % of the population ( 7,380,000 people ) are vegetarian . However , the statistically representative German National Nutrition Monitoring ( NEMONIT ) only found there to be slightly less than 2 % vegetarians in the German population in 2012 . Italy ( edit ) The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10 % of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1 % are vegan . Netherlands ( edit ) It is estimated that 4.5 % of the Dutch population does not eat meat .", "10": "A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006 . The number of `` part - time vegetarians '' grew rapidly as well ; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week . The sales of meat substitutes have an annual growth of around 25 % , making it one of the fastest - growing markets in the Netherlands . In supermarkets and stores , it is sometimes necessary to read the fine print on products in order to make sure that there are no animal - originated ingredients . Increasingly , however , vegetarian products are labeled with the international `` V - label , '' overseen by the Dutch vegetarian association Vegetarisch Keurmerk . Veganism is uncommon in the Netherlands : the Dutch Association for Veganism estimates that there are approximately 70,000 vegans in the Netherlands , or around 0.4 % of the population . Poland ( edit ) According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017 , 8 % of respondents are vegetarian , while 7 % identify themselves as vegans . The capital of Poland , Warsaw , was listed 3rd on the list of Top Vegan Cities In The World published by HappyCow in 2017 . Portugal ( edit ) In 2007 , the number of vegetarians in Portugal was estimated at 30,000 , which equates to less than 0.3 % of the population . In 2014 , the number was estimated to be 200,000 people . Vegan and vegetarian products like soy milk , soy yogurts , rice milk and tofu are widely available in major retailers , and across the country . Russia ( edit ) 2013 - 2014 polls revealed that 3 to 4 % of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian . Spain ( edit ) A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5 % of the population are vegetarian , but that interest in vegetarianism is growing . In Spain , different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians . In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians .", "11": "More recent sources ( Asociación Vegana ) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing . According to a new study , the number of vegans in Spain increased to 3.5 millions in 2017 . Sweden ( edit ) A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10 % ( 4 % vegans and 6 % vegetarians ) . The same survey found that 17 % in the age group 15 - 24 were vegetarians . Switzerland ( edit ) 1997 government figures suggested that 2.3 % of the population never ate meat , and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption . A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5 % . United Kingdom ( edit ) In the United Kingdom , increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II . The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3 % of respondents were found to be `` completely vegetarian '' , with an additional 5 % `` partly vegetarian ( do not eat some types of fish or meat ) '' . The UK 's National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) reported in 2014 that its four - year study found 2.6 % of adults and 1.9 % of children were vegetarian . The `` How many vegans ? '' survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25 % of UK residents were vegetarian or vegan , while 1.05 % were vegan . Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7 % to 11 % of the UK adult population ( 4 million people ) . There are twice as many vegetarian women as men . According to Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada , the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union . Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK . Despite the clear classification by the Vegetarian Society , some people in the UK misidentify as vegetarians while still eating fish , either for perceived `` health reasons '' , or because of differing ethical perspectives on vegetarianism , while others use the terms `` flexitarian '' or `` part - vegetarian '' .", "12": "As of 2009 , people in the UK are now also identified with the labels `` meat - avoiders '' and `` meat - reducers '' by marketers , denoting people who do not self - identify as vegetarians , but are reducing or avoiding meat for reasons of health or climate change impacts , with one survey identifying 23 % of the population as `` meat - reducers '' , and 10 % as `` meat - avoiders '' , although the same survey indicated the `` vast majority '' in the UK still eat meat , with one in five liking to eat meat every day . Foods labelled as suitable for vegetarians or vegans are subject to provisions within the Trades Descriptions Act 1968 . The Food Standards Agency issues guidance on the labelling of foods as suitable for vegetarians : The term ' vegetarian ' should not be applied to foods that are , or are made from or with the aid of , products derived from animals that have died , have been slaughtered , or animals that die as a result of being eaten . Animals means farmed , wild or domestic animals , including for example , livestock poultry , game , fish , shellfish , crustaceans , amphibians , tunicates , echinoderms , molluscs , and insects . -- Food Standards Agency The FSA 's definition has now passed into European law , with legislation due in 2015 . In addition to voluntary labelling , the Vegetarian Society operates a scheme whereby foods that meet its criteria can be labelled `` Vegetarian Society approved '' . Under this scheme , a product is vegetarian if it is free of meat , fowl , fish , shellfish , meat or bone stock , animal or carcass fats , gelatin , aspic , or any other ingredient resulting from slaughter , such as rennet . Cheese is often labelled as well , making it possible to identify cheeses that have been made with rennet derived from non-animal sources . North America ( edit ) Canada ( edit ) In Canada , vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo - lacto vegetarianism . However , vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians . Approximately 4.0 % of adults were vegetarians as of 2003 . United states ( edit ) In 1971 , 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians .", "13": "In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2 % are vegetarian and 0.5 % vegan , while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13 % of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan -- 6 % vegetarian and 7 % vegan . U.S. vegetarian food sales ( dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein ) doubled between 1998 and 2003 , reaching $1.6 billion in 2003 . According to a report in 2017 , the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6 % in the US In 2015 , a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans , or 3.4 % , ate a solely vegetarian diet , and that one million , or 0.4 % , ate a strictly vegan diet . Many American children whose parents follow vegetarian diets follow them because of religious , environmental or other reasons . In the government 's first estimate of how many children avoid meat , the number is about 1 in 200 . The CDC survey included children ages 0 to 17 years . By U.S. law , food packaging is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration , and generally must be labeled with a list of all its ingredients . However , there are exceptions . For example , certain trace ingredients that are `` ingredients of ingredients '' do not need to be listed . Oceania ( edit ) Australia ( edit ) In Australia , some manufacturers who target the vegetarian market label their foods with the statement `` suitable for vegetarians '' ; however , for foods intended for export to the UK , this labelling can be inconsistent because flavourings in ingredients lists do not need to specify if they come from animal origin . As such , `` natural flavour '' could be derived from either plant or animal sources . Animal rights organisations such as Animal Liberation promote vegan and vegetarian diets . `` Vegetarian Week '' runs from 1 -- 7 October every year , and food companies are taking advantage of the growing number of vegetarians by producing meat - free alternatives of popular dishes , including sausages and mash and spaghetti Bolognese .", "14": "A 2000 Newspoll survey ( commissioned by Sanitarium ) shows 44 % of Australians report eating at least one meat - free evening meal a week , while 18 % said they prefer plant - based meals . According to a 2010 Newspoll survey , 5 % of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians , with 2 % actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian . Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported , `` Between 2012 and 2016 , the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people ( or 9.7 % of the population ) to almost 2.1 million ( 11.2 % ) , the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal . '' New Zealand ( edit ) Similar to Australia , in New Zealand the term `` vegetarian '' refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork , chicken , and fish ; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs . In contrast , the term `` vegan '' is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by - products of animals . In 2002 New Zealand 's vegetarians made up a minority of 1 - 2 % of the country 's 4.5 million people . By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an `` all or almost all '' vegetarian diet to be 8.1 % , growing to 10.3 % in 2015 ( with men providing the most growth , up 63 % from 5.7 % to 9.3 % ) . In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up . As New Zealand and Australia work together to form common food standards ( as seen in the Food Standards Australia New Zealand ( FSANZ ) and the Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code ) , there is also a lot of ambiguity surrounding the `` natural flavour '' ingredients . South America ( edit ) Brazil ( edit ) In 2004 , Marly Winckler , President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society , claimed that 5 % of the population was vegetarian .", "15": "According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics , 8 % of the population , or 15.2 million people , identified themselves as vegetarian . The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms ( 792,120 people ) , while Fortaleza has the highest percentage , at 14 % of the total population . Marly Winckler claims that the central reasons for the deforestation of the Amazon are expansive livestock raising ( mainly cattle ) and soybean crops , most of it for use as animal feed , and a minor percentage for edible oil processing ( being direct human consumption for use as food nearly negligible ) , claims that are widely known to have a basis . As in Canada , vegetarianismo ( Portuguese pronunciation : ( veʒiˌtaɾjɐ̃ˈnizmu ) ) is usually synonymous with lacto - ovo - vegetarianism , and vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians and / or pollotarians who tolerate the flesh of fish or poultry , respectively . Nevertheless , veganism , and freeganism , are very common among Brazilian anarchists , punks and members of other groups in the counterculture and / or left - wing movements . Other beliefs generally associated with Brazilian vegetarians are Eastern philosophies and religions , New Age and Spiritism . It is also commonly said to be related to the emo and indie youth subcultures as influence from the local punks . Brazilian vegetarians reportedly tend to be urban , of middle or upper class and live in the Central - Southern half of the country . Since the 1990s , and especially since the 2000s , several vegetarian and vegan restaurants have appeared in many cities like São Paulo , Brasília , Rio de Janeiro , Curitiba , Porto Alegre , Belo Horizonte , Recife , Florianópolis , Campinas , João Pessoa , Caxias do Sul , Salvador , Sorocaba , Santo André , Fortaleza , São Caetano do Sul and Ubatuba . See also ( edit ) List of vegetarian festivals List of vegetarian organizations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Guidance on vegetarian and vegan labelling '' . UK Government Food Standards Agency . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` An Estimate of the Number of Vegetarians in the World '' ( PDF ) . Esri.ie . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia '' . Roy Morgan . August 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarians , vegans ' hated and bullied in Australia ' , author says '' . ABC . August 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise '' ( PDF ) . Verein gegen tierfabriken . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` IBOPE 2012 : 15 , 2 milhões de brasileiros são vegetarianos '' . IBOPE . October 2012 . Retrieved 1 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlebois , Sylvain ; McCormick , Maggie ; Juhasz , Mark . `` Meat consumption and higher prices '' . British Food Journal . Emerald Group Publishing Limited . pp. 2251 -- 2270 . doi : 10.1108 / bfj - 03 - 2016 - 0121 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Charlebois , Sylvain ; McCormick , Maggie ; Juhasz , Mark . `` Meat consumption and higher prices '' . British Food Journal . Emerald Group Publishing Limited . pp. 2251 -- 2270 . doi : 10.1108 / bfj - 03 - 2016 - 0121 . Retrieved 14 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Radio Prague - Beyond pork and dumplings - alternative diets in the Czech Republic '' . Radio.cz . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : Magistad , Mary Kay . Public Radio International , 27 June 2013 , `` Vegan lunch : Going meatless in Beijing '' . Accessed 26 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mange `` opfatter '' sig selv som vegetarer `` . Coop Analyse .", "17": "Coop Analyse. 22 June 2011 . Retrieved 3 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rehevä kasvisruokavalio on hyväksi terveydelle ja ympäristölle Ruokatieto Yhdistys '' . Ruokatieto.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lapsiperheissä halutaan syödä lihaa '' . Lihatiedotus.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : Kivimäki , Hanna ( March 2013 ) . `` POIKKILEIKKAUSTUTKIMUS VEGAANIEN RUOANKÄYTÖSTÄ JA RAVINTOAINEIDEN SAANNISTA '' ( PDF ) . Epublications.uef.fi . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Haurant , Sandra ( 26 October 2011 ) . `` French government ' banning vegetarianism ' in school canteens '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 28 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anzahl der Veganer und Vegetarier in Deutschland '' . Vebu.de . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 8 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Anzahl der Veganer und Vegetarier in Deutschland '' . Vebu.de . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 8 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Bazzi , Adrianna ( 12 February 2009 ) . `` Vegetariano un italiano su dieci '' . Corriere della Sera . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` his Survey Found Out How Many Indians Are Non-Vegetarians '' . Scoopwhoop.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` At 99 % , Telangana has maximum non-vegetarians in the country '' . Timesofindia.indiatimes.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 .", "18": "^ Jump up to : `` In the land of milk and honey , Israelis turn vegan '' . Reuters.com. 21 July 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : טלשיר , רחל ( 2014 - 09 - 17 ) . `` גדל מספר הצמחונים - אבל מהסוג הגמיש '' . הארץ ( in Hebrew ) . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Il popolo dei vegetariani e vegani in Italia : l'infografica '' . Repubblica.it . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Un bébé sous régime vegan retiré à ses parents pour malnutrition '' ( in French ) . 2016 - 07 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animal Rights Center Japan survey results , Hachidory Vegan website information page '' . Animal Rights Center Japan . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Kirse , Asnate ; Karklina , Daina ( December 2013 ) . `` QUALITY EVALUATION OF NEW VEGETARIAN BEAN SPREADS '' . Latvia University of Agriculture , Faculty of Food Technology . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarisme '' . Dietcetera.nl . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarisch eten - Lekker Gezond '' . Lekkergezond.nl . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vegetarianism on the rise in New Zealand '' . Roy Morgan Research . Roy Morgan Research . Retrieved 28 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Nordic market for vegetarian food on the rise '' . Issuu.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 11 .", "19": "^ Jump up to : `` Wyniki badania Instytutu Badania Opinii Homo Homini dla LightBox , wrzesień 2013 '' . Lightbox.pl . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` 120 000 vegetarianos - Número quadruplica em 10 anos '' . Centrovegetariano.org . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` ФОМ : `` Кто такие вегетарианцы ? '' `` . ^ Jump up to : `` Superjob.ru : `` Более 10 % населения мира - вегетарианцы . Как Вы относитесь к этой системе питания ? '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Gabrijelčič Blenkuš ... ( et al . ) ( 2009 ) . Prehrambene navade odraslih prebivalcev Slovenije z vidika varovanja zdravja ( in Slovenian ) . Ljubljana , Slovenia : Inštitut za varovanje zdravja Republike Slovenije . pp. 118 -- 119 . ISBN 978 - 961 - 253 - 042 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : `` Photographic image '' ( JPG ) . Lantern.es . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` One in ten Swedes is vegetarian : survey '' . Thelocal.se. 21 March 2014 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Veggie survey 2017 '' . Swissveg.ch . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Compare the Market survey , UK now 7 % vegan '' . Compare The Market . 2018 - 04 - 03 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Public Attitudes to Food survey 2009 ( PDF ) . Food Standards Agency . 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 31 .", "20": "^ Jump up to : National Diet and Nutrition Survey ( NDNS ) : results from Years 1 to 4 ( combined ) , Public Health England and Food Standards Agency , 14th May 2014 ^ Jump up to : `` Find out how many vegans are in Great Britain '' . The Vegan Society . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Vegetarian Resource Group Asks in a 2016 National Poll Conducted by Harris Poll '' . The Vegetarian Resource Group . The Vegetarian Resource Group . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017 : Exploring trends in meat , fish and seafood ; pasta , noodles and rice ; prepared meals ; savory deli food ; soup ; and meat substitutes '' . ReportBuyer Ltd . ReportBuyer Ltd . Retrieved 20 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Vlaams infocentrum land - en tuinbouw - De flexitariër wordt een talrijke soort '' . Vilt.be . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` From radical to trendy for Mainers living without meat '' . Pressherlad.com. 14 January 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The New Vegan Movement in Taiwan '' . Ketagalanmedia.com. 20 June 2016 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Countries With The Highest Rates Of Vegetarianism '' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome veganurbanite.com - BlueHost.com '' . Veganurbanite.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Embracing vegetarianism '' . Koreatimes.co.kr. 1 April 2015 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The vegetable will set you free - embracing vegetarianism and flexitarianism in Africa '' . Mail & Guardian Africa . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Vegetarian Table : North Africa '' . Global Gourmet . Retrieved 22 October 2015 .", "21": "Jump up ^ `` A Band of Vegetarian Missionaries '' . International Vegetarian Union . The Vegetarian ( London ) . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The best countries to be vegetarian '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarianism now a popular diet '' . Chinadaily.com.cn . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meat Consumption Per Person '' . Scribd.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Edelstein , Sari ( 2013 ) . Food Science , An Ecological Approach . Jones & Bartlett Publishers . pp. Page 281 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4496 - 0344 - 1 ... India has more vegetarians than everywhere else in the world combined . Jump up ^ `` MINISTRY OF HEALTH AND FAMILY WELFARE ( DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ) NOTIFICATION New Delhi , 4 April 2001 '' ( PDF ) . Commerce.nic.in . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The food habits of a nation '' . Thehindu.com. 14 August 2006 . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2.3 Growth and Concentration in India ( 6 ) '' . Fao.org . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Passage to India '' ( PDF ) . USDA . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Elephant Is Jogging : New Pressures for Agricultural Reform in India '' . Ers.usda.gov . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Harish Damodaran ( 2015 - 06 - 12 ) . `` In India , to be veg is to drink a lot of milk '' . Indian Express . Jump up ^ Martin W. Lewis ( 2016 - 03 - 08 ) . `` Mapping the Consumption of Milk and Meat in India '' . The Wire . Jump up ^ `` SAMPLE REGISTRATION SYSTEM BASELINE SURVEY 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Censusindia.gov.in .", "22": "Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sample Registration System Baseline Survey Report 2004 '' ( PDF ) . Censusindia.gov.in . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Vegetarian India A Myth ? Survey Shows Over 70 % Indians Eat Non-Veg , Telangana Tops List , Adrija Bose , 14 / 06 / 2016 Jump up ^ `` Bloodless coup as Indian vegetarians flex muscle '' . Theage.com.au . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Times Group '' . Epaperbeta.timesofindia.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarian Cooking Courses to be Introduced in Hotel Management Institutes - City of Jaipur '' . Cityofjaipur.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43581122 Jump up ^ `` צמחונות להמונים ( Hebrew ) '' . Mako . Retrieved 7 December 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` In the land of milk and honey , Israelis turn vegan '' . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Warum in Israel die meisten Veganer der ganzen Welt leben '' . FAZ . Retrieved 19 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vegetarianism among Young Adults in the Klang Valley '' ( PDF ) . Teamjournalist.files.wordpress.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` More choices for vegetarians '' . Retrieved 17 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Greens Are Good For You , Government Information Office , Republic of China ( Taiwan ) , 25 September 2007 Jump up ^ Vegetarian entrepreneur succeeds with Web site , guidebook . The China Post ( 2009 - 11 - 16 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ Blogger : Aanmelden om te lezen . Taiwantalking.blogspot.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 .", "23": "Jump up ^ Taiwan to enact world 's strictest law on veggie food labeling Earth Times News . Earthtimes.org ( 2009 - 06 - 08 ) . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 台灣 周一 無 肉 日 救 己 救 地球 -- 日常 保健 -- 中 時 健康 網 -- 健康 萬花筒 . Health.chinatimes.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ 台湾 教育 部 提倡 学校 每 周一 素 ! . Chinavegan.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 01 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Verbreitung der vegetarischen Lebensweise '' ( PDF ) . Archiv.veggie-planet.at . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Belgian city plans ' veggie ' days '' , Chris Mason , BBC , May 12 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Suomalaisten lihan kulutus säilyi vakaana vuonna 2014 '' . Lihatiedotus . Lihatiedotusyhdistys ry . Retrieved 9 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Vinnari M , Montonen J , Härkänen T , Männistö S ( 8 May 2008 ) . `` Identifying vegetarians and their food consumption according to self - identification and operationalized definition in Finland '' . Public Health Nutr . Turku School of Economics , Finland Futures Research Centre . 12 ( 4 ) : 481 -- 8 . doi : 10.1017 / S1368980008002486 . PMID 18462562 . Jump up ^ Vornanen , Ismo ( 2013 - 03 - 02 ) . `` Kolmannes opiskelijoista on kasvissyöjiä '' ( PDF ) . Kuopion kaupunkilehti . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 .", "24": "Jump up ^ Gråsten , Hanna . `` Kasvissyönti ei ole enää vain tyttöjen juttu '' . Savonsanomat.fi ( in Finnish ) . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Kasvissyönti yleistyy -- joissain lukioissa jo yli puolet opiskelijoista kasvissyöjiä '' . Mtv.fi . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Anne - Sophie Hottiaux , Agri - Food Trade Commissioner . Exporting to the EU . Canadian Consulate , Düsseldorf , Germany : Agriculture and Agri - Food Canada . Retrieved 16 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` How many Veggies ... ? '' . European Vegetarian Union . Retrieved 17 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lebensmittelverzehr der Deutschen kaum verändert , Aber : Anzahl der Vegetarier verdoppelt '' . Max Rubner - Institut ( MRI ) , Bundesforschungsinstitut für Ernährung und Lebensmittel . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Becker , Sander . `` Een dag geen vlees is een dag niet geleefd '' ( in Dutch ) . Trouw . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Population counter '' . Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. 2008 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : `` Antonie kamerling en marly van der velden meest sexy vegetariërs '' ( in Dutch ) . Wakker Dier. 2006 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Vegan jaaroverzicht 2016 '' ( in Dutch ) . Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 .", "25": "Jump up ^ `` Mintel : Diety roślinne jednym z wiodących światowych trendów 2017 roku - Warzywa / owoce '' . Portalspozywczy.pl . Jump up ^ `` Top Vegan Cities In The World 2017 '' . Happycow.net . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Projeto de lei n. o 111 / XIII / 1a Inclusão de opção vegetariana em todas as cantinas públicas '' ( PDF ) . App.parlamento.pt . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Russia 's Vegetarians Thrive , Despite Prejudice The St. Petersburg Times The leading English - language newspaper in St. Petersburg '' . Sptimes.ru . Retrieved 2015 - 07 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Comer en verde Sociedad EL PAÍS '' ( in Spanish ) . Sociedad.elpais.com. 2012 - 05 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Ser vegetariano y vivir en España '' ( in Spanish ) . Elmundo.es . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Idea Sana Navidad vegetariana '' ( in Spanish ) . Ideasana.fundacioneroski.es . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cocina vegetariana . Especial Gastronomía . EL CORREO DIGITAL '' ( in Spanish ) . Servicios.elcorreo.com. 1997 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` El veganismo , cada vez más presente en las cenas de Nochebuena en España : `` Mi madre se gasta 300 euros y yo 50 '' `` . Lasexta.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wie viele Vegetarier gibt es in der Schweiz ? '' . vegetarismus.ch. 2001 . Retrieved 3 July 2011 .", "26": "^ Jump up to : `` The rise of the non-veggie vegetarian '' . BBC . 2009 - 11 - 05 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . Jump up ^ Factors affecting food choice in relation to fruit and vegetable intake : a review J. Pollard , S.F.L. Kirk and J.E. Cade Jump up ^ Survey looking into ' Attitudes towards purchasing organic foods and vegetarianism by demographic sub group , 1992 , by Mintel , London ^ Jump up to : `` Perfil de mercado . Reino Unido . Entorno demográfico , social y económico '' ( PDF ) . Agronet.gov.co ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Tom ( 1 October 2014 ) . `` Meat is off the menu as more Britons become vegetarian '' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Food Standards Agency . `` Guidance on the use of the terms ' vegetarian ' and ' vegan ' in food labelling '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Guidance on the use of the terms ' vegetarian ' and ' vegan ' in food labelling '' , Food Standards Agency , 6 April 2006 Jump up ^ The Vegetarian Society . `` Vegsoc Approved '' . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` The Seedling Symbol : The original and only one to trust '' , The Vegetarian Society ( last accessed 2006 / 08 / 14 ) Jump up ^ `` Information Sheet : Cheese & Rennet '' . The Vegetarian Society . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 29 . Jump up ^ American Dietetic , Association ; Dietitians Of , Canada ( 2003 ) . `` Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada : vegetarian diets '' . Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research . 64 ( 2 ) : 62 -- 81 . doi : 10.3148 / 64.2. 2003.62 .", "27": "PMID 12826028 . Jump up ^ `` The War on Meat : How Low - Meat and No - Meat Diets are Impacting Consumer Markets '' . Euromonitor International . 2011 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 26 . Back in 1971 , only 1 % of US citizens described themselves as vegetarians Jump up ^ `` Vegetarianism In America '' . Vegetariantimes.com . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Tom ( 26 February 2013 ) . `` Food issues polarizing America '' . Public Policy Polling . Retrieved 28 February 2013 . Jump up ^ Tatge , Mark , `` Vegetarian foods plant stronger sales : No signs of slowing down for growing industry '' , MSNBC , Sept. 17 , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Top Trends in Prepared Foods 2017 : Exploring trends in meat , fish and seafood ; pasta , noodles and rice ; prepared meals ; savory deli food ; soup ; and meat substitutes '' . Reportbuyer.com . Jump up ^ Mangels , Reed . `` Nutrition Hotline : this issue 's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian , examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources , and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine . '' Vegetarian Journal 28 ( July - Aug. 2009 ) : p2 ( 2 ) . Expanded Academic ASAP . Web . 20 Oct. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Nutrition Hotline : this issue 's Nutrition Hotline considers the number of children in the United States who are vegetarian , examines why the amount of calcium in greens varies among sources , and advises vegans with herpes zoster about foods containing lysine and arginine . - Free Online Library '' . Thefreelibrary.com . Jump up ^ Erbe , Bonnie . `` More Children Refuse to Eat Meat Than You 'd Think , and for the Right Reasons . '' U.S. News & World Report Online . ( Jan 13 , 2009 ) : NA . Expanded Academic ASAP . Gale . Jump up ^ `` Pass the tofu : 1 in 200 kids is vegetarian '' .", "28": "Associated Press . January 12 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ International Food Information Council ( IFIC ) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( April 2010 ) ( November 2004 ) . `` Food Ingredients and Colors '' . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration . `` Food Labeling Guide '' . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Food Labeling Guide '' . U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 26 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` vegiedelights.com.au - 100 % Meat Free , 100 % Vegan Friendly . Great tasting , fresh , healthy and convenient plant - based foods '' . vegiedelights.com.au . Jump up ^ `` APF - VVSQ - Veganism - Vegetarianism '' . Scribd . Jump up ^ `` The slow but steady rise of vegetarianism in Australia '' . Roy Morgan . Jump up ^ The New Zealand Vegetarian Society ( NZVS ) `` What Is a Vegetarian '' Retrieved 25 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Living a Good Life : To be a vegetarian in New Zealand '' P. Bidwell , New Zealand Vegetarian Society . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Vegetarian and Vegan Retailers '' . Vegetarians . Retrieved 20 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Australia - New Zealand Co-operation . `` Food safety : food regulations '' . Retrieved 7 October 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` IVU Online News '' . International Vegetarian Union . November 2004 . Retrieved 28 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dia Mundial do Vegetarianismo : 8 % da população brasileira afirma ser adepta do estilo '' ( World Vegetarian Day : 8 % of the Brazilian population claims to be adept of this lifestyle ) ( in Portuguese ) . Ibope. 1 October 2012 . Retrieved 3 October 2012 .", "29": "Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Vegetarianism : an ethical and philosophical position -- interview with Marly Winkler Jump up ^ Centre for International Forestry Research ( CIFOR ) ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Steinfeld , Henning ; Gerber , Pierre ; Wassenaar , T.D. ; Castel , Vincent ( 2006 ) . Livestock 's Long Shadow : Environmental Issues and Options . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 105571 - 8 . Retrieved August 19 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Margulis , Sergio ( 2004 ) . Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon ( PDF ) . World Bank Working Paper No. 22 . Washington D.C. : The World Bank . ISBN 0 - 8213 - 5691 - 7 . Retrieved September 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barreto , P. ; Souza Jr. C. ; Noguerón , R. ; Anderson , A. & Salomão , R. 2006 . Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests . Imazon . Retrieved September 28 , 2006 . ( The Imazon web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazon . ) Jump up ^ `` Vegetarian Restaurants in Brazil '' . Happycow.net . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 30 .", "30": "( hide ) Veganism and vegetarianism Perspectives Veganism Animal - free agriculture Fruitarianism History Juice fasting Low - carbon diet Raw veganism Nutrition Vegan organic gardening Vegetarianism Economic vegetarianism Environmental vegetarianism History Lacto vegetarianism Ovo vegetarianism Ovo - lacto vegetarianism Cuisine Vegetarian Diet Pyramid Ecofeminism Nutrition By country Lists Vegans Vegetarians Vegetarian festivals Vegetarian organizations Vegetarian restaurants Ethics Secular Animal rights Animal welfare Carnism Deep ecology Environmental vegetarianism Ethics of eating meat Meat paradox Nonviolence Speciesism Tirukkural Religious Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Sattvic Ahimsa Jainism Judaism Pythagoreanism Rastafari Sikhism Food , drink Agar Agave nectar Meat analogue List of meat substitutes Miso Mochi Mock duck Nutritional yeast Plant cream Plant milk Quinoa Quorn Seitan Soy yogurt Tempeh Tofu Tofurkey Cheese Vegepet Hot dog Vegetarian mark Sausage Beer Wine Veggie burger Groups , events , companies Vegan American Vegan Society Beauty Without Cruelty Food Empowerment Project Go Vegan Movement for Compassionate Living Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Plamil Foods Vegan Awareness Foundation Vegan flag Vegan Ireland Vegan Outreach Vegan Prisoners Support Group The Vegan Society Veganz World Vegan Day Vegetarian American Vegetarian Party Boston Vegetarian Society Christian Vegetarian Association European Vegetarian Union Happidog Hare Krishna Food for Life International Vegetarian Union Jewish Veg Linda McCartney Foods Meat - free days Meatless Monday Swissveg Toronto Vegetarian Association Vegetarian Society Vegetarian Society ( Singapore ) Veggie Pride Viva ! Health World Esperantist Vegetarian Association World Vegetarian Day Books ,", "31": "reports Thirty - nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian ( 1903 ) The Benefits of Vegetarianism ( 1927 ) Diet for a Small Planet ( 1971 ) Moosewood Cookbook ( 1977 ) Fit for Life ( 1985 ) Diet for a New America ( 1987 ) The China Study ( 2004 ) Raw Food Made Easy for 1 or 2 People ( 2005 ) Skinny Bitch ( 2005 ) Livestock 's Long Shadow ( 2006 ) Eating Animals ( 2009 ) The Kind Diet ( 2009 ) Why We Love Dogs , Eat Pigs , and Wear Cows ( 2009 ) Eat & Run ( 2012 ) Meat Atlas ( annual ) Films Meet Your Meat ( 2002 ) Peaceable Kingdom ( 2004 ) Earthlings ( 2005 ) A Sacred Duty ( 2007 ) Fat , Sick and Nearly Dead ( 2010 ) Planeat ( 2010 ) Forks Over Knives ( 2011 ) Vegucated ( 2011 ) Live and Let Live ( 2013 ) Cowspiracy ( 2014 ) What the Health ( 2017 ) Carnage ( 2017 ) Magazines Naked Food Vegetarian Times VegNews Physicians , academics Neal D. Barnard Rynn Berry T. Colin Campbell Caldwell Esselstyn Gary L. Francione Joel Fuhrman Michael Greger Melanie Joy Michael Klaper John A. McDougall Reed Mangels Jack Norris Dean Ornish Richard H. Schwartz Related Semi-vegetarianism Macrobiotic diet Pescetarianism Vegetarian and vegan dog diet Vegetarian and vegan symbolism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "32": "php?title=Vegetarianism_by_country&oldid=837622410 '' Categories : Vegetarianism by country Hidden categories : CS1 errors : dates CS1 Hebrew - language sources ( he ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Slovenian - language sources ( sl ) CS1 Finnish - language sources ( fi ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2018 CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Portuguese - language external links Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Italiano Polski Română Slovenčina Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 00 : 02 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 1, 2, 3, 15, 6, 10, 4, 7, 9, 13, 11, 17, 14, 19, 8, 27, 16, 0, 20, 21, 25, 12, 32, 29, 22, 18, 28, 24, 30, 5, 26, 23, 31 ]

[ 1, 2, 3, 15, 6 ]

[ "a candidate state must be a free market democracy" ]

{ "0": "Holy See -- European Union relations - wikipedia Holy See -- European Union relations Jump to : navigation , search European -- Vatican relations EU Vatican City Holy See - European Union relations is the relationship between the European Union ( EU ) and the Holy See ( or Vatican City ) . This is framed by the Holy See 's geography ( within an EU state capital ) while being unable to join . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cooperation 2 Representations 3 Points of tension 4 Membership 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Cooperation ( edit ) According to the EU 's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU , a candidate state must be a free market democracy . Given that the Holy See is a theocracy it does not meet the criteria . However , as it is so small , and surrounded by an EU state ( Italy ) , it is intrinsically linked to the EU . Vatican City has an open border with the EU and intends to join the Schengen Information System . It also uses the euro as its sole currency and has an agreement with the EU allowing them to mint their own coins . The EU gave Italy authority to negotiate a deal with the Holy See in 2000 which allowed the Holy See to mint a maximum of € 670,000 . After a review of the arrangements , a new agreement came into force in 2010 which allowed the Holy See to mint € 1 million a year ( plus up to an additional € 300,000 on special occasions ) . Vatican City is not part of the EU 's customs union or its VAT area like some other small European states are . However Vatican City is exempt from duties and taxes and the small amount of goods exported from Vatican City are exempt from duty . Representations ( edit ) The first representative from the Holy See , an Apostolic Nuncio , was accredited to the EU in 1970 . The role of the EU 's representative to the Holy See is accorded to the EU representative to the UN in Rome : currently Ambassador Yves Gazzo . The first EU representative to the Holy See was Luis Ritto , accredited in 2006 . This accreditation followed a visit by Commission President José Manuel Barroso who wished to create open full diplomatic relations between the two .", "1": "Points of tension ( edit ) Some of the more recent events in the relationship have been ; A disagreement over whether to include a reference to Europe 's Christian heritage in the European Constitution The European Parliament refused to ratify Rocco Buttiglione as a European Commissioner because he backed the Catholic Church 's view on homosexuality The European Union endorsed the Sandbaek Report , increasing funding for abortion The funding of stem cell research by the European Union The European Parliament passed a motion calling for the compulsory recognition of same - sex unions across the European Union Membership ( edit ) The Vatican City ( the smallest state in the world ) is an ecclesiastical or sacerdotal - monarchical state , and as such does not have the democratic credentials to join the EU ( Art . 49 TEU ) and is unlikely to attain them given its unique status . Additionally its economy is also of a unique non-commercial nature . Overall , the mission of the Vatican City state , which is tied to the mission of the Holy See , has little to do with the objectives of the EU Treaty . Thus EU membership is not discussed , even though it is in the heart of an EU member state . See also ( edit ) Vatican City portal European Union portal International relations portal Holy See -- Italy relations Religion in the European Union Microstates and the European Union References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Holy See and the State of the Vatican City are not synonymous , however the ultimate authority of each in terms of international relations have the same impact in terms of the topics discussed in this article ^ Jump up to : Holy See ( Vatican ) , European External Action Service ^ Jump up to : Work with the Holy See , EU delegation in Rome Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Europe - Pope presses EU on constitution '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS - Europe - EU row candidate stands down '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ EU funds must not be used for abortions in developing countries , Commission of the Bishop 's Conferences of the European Commission , Press Release , 13 February 2003 Jump up ^ `` Roman Catholic Church Outraged at EU Stem Cell Funding Decision - Christian News on Christian Today '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 .", "2": "Jump up ^ `` Texts adopted - Wednesday , 14 June 2006 - Non-discrimination and equal opportunities for all - P6_TA ( 2006 ) 0261 '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ European Parliament calls for legal recognition of same - sex unions in all EU states , 27 June 2006 , euro - fam ^ Jump up to : `` Holy See ( Vatican City ) '' . CIA -- The World Factbook . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vatican City '' . Catholic-Pages.com . Archived from the original on 22 September 2013 . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` EU Enlargement and the Failure of Conditionality '' ( European Monographs # 59 ) , by Dimitry Kochenov , Kluwer Law International , 2008 , p. 25 External links ( edit ) EU delegation in Rome Foreign relations of the European Union Bilateral relations See also : Economic relationships with third countries Africa Cape Verde Libya Morocco South Africa Tunisia Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Cuba Greenland Mexico United States Asia Bangladesh China ( People 's Republic of ) India Indonesia Japan Kazakhstan Malaysia Nepal New Zealand North Korea Pakistan Philippines South Korea Europe Albania Andorra Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Iceland Kosovo † Liechtenstein Macedonia Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus ( Turkish Republic of ) † Norway Russia San Marino Serbia Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Vatican City The Middle East Bahrain Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Lebanon Palestine † Syria Yemen Oceania Australia General Members ' overseas territories Largest trading partners Association Agreements Free trade agreements † = Disputed state , may not be recognised as an independent state by some or all European Union members . Multilateral relations and initiatives Organisations Arab League ASEAN Commonwealth Council of Europe ECHR G8 ICC IOC UN Initiatives African ,", "3": "Caribbean and Pacific Group of States Asia -- Europe Meeting CARIFORUM Customs Union Eastern Partnership Energy Community Euro - Latin American Parliamentary Assembly European Common Aviation Area European Economic Area Euro - Mediterranean free trade area Euro - Mediterranean Partnership Euronest Economic Partnership Agreements EU CBRN Risk Mitigation CoE Initiative Neighbourhood Policy Northern Dimension Mediterranean Union Stabilisation and Association Process Administration and policies Foreign and Security Policy Security Strategy Everything but Arms Security and Defence Policy Enlargement Administration Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection Department Directorate - General for International Cooperation and Development External Action Service Foreign Affairs Council High Representative ( Federica Mogherini ) Parliamentary Foreign Affairs Committee Foreign Policy Instruments Service Diplomatic missions of the EU ( ambassadors ) / to the EU Special Representatives Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union Leadership High Representative Director General of the Military Staff Chairman of the Military Committee European Council Foreign Affairs Council Organisation External Action Service Military Staff ( Military Planning and Conduct Capability ) Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability Intelligence and Situation Centre ( Club de Berne ) Crisis Management and Planning Directorate Security & Defence College Agencies Defence Agency Border and Coast Guard Agency Institute for Security Studies Satellite Centre Council preparatory bodies Committee of Permanent Representatives Political and Security Committee Politico - Military Group Military Committee Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis Management Policies Global Strategy Defence Fund Annual Review Other arrangements Permanent Structured Cooperation ( PESCO ; TEU , Article 42.6 ) Headline Goal 2010 Berlin Plus agreement Military Erasmus Military Mobility ( PESCO ) Forces Multinational Union level Battlegroups ( rotation ) Medical Corps Medical Command ( PESCO ) EUFOR Crisis Response Operation Core ( PESCO ) Made available ad - hoc through TEU , Article 42.", "4": "3 Corps Maritime Force Gendarmerie Force See also : Air Transport Command Movement Coordination Centre Air Group Finabel Organisation of Military Associations Organisation for Joint Armament Cooperation National PESCO participants Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Other Denmark Malta United Kingdom Equipment Galileo navigation system Secure Software - defined Radio ( PESCO ) Procurement National equipment Decorations Service medal Medal for Extraordinary Meritorious Service Monitor mission medal Missions Terrestrial force ( EUFOR ) Althea Concordia RCA RD Congo Tchad / RCA Artemis Naval force ( EUNAVFOR ) Atalanta Police ( EUPOL ) Palestinian Territories Bosnia and Herzegovina Training ( EUTM ) Somalia Mali Capacity Building ( EUCAP ) Sahel Mali Sahel Niger Border Assistance ( EUBAM ) Rafah Rule of law ( EULEX ) Kosovo Monitoring ( EUMM ) Aceh History See also : Treaties of the European Union Treaty of Dunkirk ( 1947 ) Treaty of Brussels ( 1948 ) Western Union ( 1948 -- 1951 ; Flag 1949 Exercise Verity ) Treaty establishing the European Defence Community ( signed 1952 , unratified ) London and Paris Conferences ( 1954 ) Modified Brussels Treaty ( 1954 ) Western European Union ( 1954 -- 2011 ;", "5": "Flag Assembly Secretary - General Service medal ) Petersberg Declaration ( 1992 ) European Security and Defence Identity ( 1996 - 1999 ) Saint - Malo declaration ( 1998 ) Helsinki Headline Goal ( 1999 ) European Security Strategy ( 2003 ) CAPECON project ( 2002 - 2005 ) European Security and Defence Policy ( 1999 - 2009 ) Lancaster House Treaties ( 2010 ) Rapid Operational Force ( 1995 -- 2012 ) Operations Centre ( 2012 - 2016 ) European Union portal Military history portal Foreign relations of the Holy See Africa Algeria Central African Republic Congo , Democratic Republic of Congo , Republic of Ivory Coast Americas Argentina Canada Cuba Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Bangladesh China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Jordan Kurdistan Region Lebanon Malaysia Myanmar Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Saudi Arabia South Korea Sri Lanka Taiwan Turkey United Arab Emirates Vietnam Europe European Union Albania Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Macedonia Poland Romania Russia Serbia Spain Switzerland United Kingdom Related topics Cardinal Secretary of State Concordats Diplomatic missions of the Holy See Diplomatic missions to the Holy See Heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See Holy See and the United Nations Holy See Representative Legal status of the Holy See Multilateral foreign policy of the Holy See Observer to the UN Observer to the UN in Geneva Secretariat of State Section for Relations with States ( Roman Curia ) Pope portal Vatican City portal Catholicism portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "6": "php?title=Holy_See -- European_Union_relations&oldid = 834361101 '' Categories : European Union and the Catholic Church Foreign relations of the Holy See Third - country relations of the European Union Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 09 : 33 . 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[ 2, 1, 0, 3, 5, 4, 6 ]

[ 0, 2, 1, 3, 5 ]

[ "David McCallum" ]

{ "0": "David McCallum - wikipedia David McCallum Jump to : navigation , search For other people named David McCallum , see David McCallum ( disambiguation ) . David McCallum McCallum at the 8th Annual Marine Corps Historic Half ( MCHH ) in Fredericksburg , Virginia , 17 May 2015 . David Keith McCallum , Jr . ( 1933 - 09 - 19 ) 19 September 1933 ( age 84 ) Glasgow , Lanarkshire , Scotland Alma mater Royal Academy of Dramatic Art Occupation Actor , musician Years active 1947 -- present Known for Illya Kuryakin ( The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ) Steel ( Sapphire & Steel ) Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard ( NCIS ) Spouse ( s ) Jill Ireland ( m . 1957 -- 1967 , divorced ) Katherine Carpenter ( m . 1967 ) Children 5 David Keith McCallum , Jr. ( born 19 September 1933 ) is a Scottish - American actor and musician . He first gained recognition in the 1960s for playing secret agent Illya Kuryakin in the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and as interdimensional operative Steel in Sapphire & Steel . In recent years , McCallum has gained renewed international recognition and popularity for his role as NCIS medical examiner Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard in the American television series NCIS . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 2.2 After The Man from U.N.C.L.E. 2.3 NCIS 2.4 Music 2.5 Fiction 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Video games 5 References 6 External links Early life ( edit ) McCallum was born in Maryhill , Glasgow , the second of two sons of Dorothy Dorman , a cellist , and orchestral violinist David McCallum Sr.", "1": "When he was three , his family moved to London for his father to play as concertmaster in the London Philharmonic Orchestra . Early in the Second World War , he was evacuated back to Scotland , where he lived with his mother at Gartocharn by Loch Lomond . McCallum won a scholarship to University College School , a boys ' independent school in Hampstead , London , where , encouraged by his parents to prepare for a career in music , he played the oboe . In 1946 he began doing boy voices for the BBC radio repertory company . Also involved in local amateur drama , at age 17 , he appeared as Oberon in an open - air production of A Midsummer Night 's Dream with the Play and Pageant Union . He left school at age 18 and was conscripted , joining the 3rd Battalion the Middlesex Regiment , which was seconded to the Royal West African Frontier Force . In March 1954 he was promoted to Lieutenant . After leaving the army he attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art ( also in London ) , where Joan Collins was a classmate . Career ( edit ) In 1951 McCallum became assistant stage manager of the Glyndebourne Opera Company . He began his acting career doing boy voices for BBC Radio in 1947 and began taking bit parts in British films from the late 1950s . His first acting role was in Whom the Gods Love , Die Young playing a doomed royal . A James Dean - themed photograph of McCallum caught the attention of the Rank Organisation , who signed him in 1956 . However , in an interview with Alan Titchmarsh broadcast on 3 November 2010 , McCallum stated that he had actually held his Equity card since 1946 . Early roles included a juvenile delinquent in Violent Playground ( 1957 ) , an outlaw in Robbery Under Arms , ( 1957 ) and as junior RMS Titanic radio operator Harold Bride in A Night to Remember ( 1958 ) . His first American film was Freud : The Secret Passion ( 1962 ) , directed by John Huston , which was shortly followed by a role in Peter Ustinov 's Billy Budd . McCallum played Lt Cdr Eric Ashley - Pitt ( e.g.", "2": ", `` Dispersal '' ) in The Great Escape , which was released in 1963 . He took the role of Judas Iscariot in 1965 's The Greatest Story Ever Told . Other television roles included two appearances on The Outer Limits and a guest appearance on Perry Mason in 1964 as defendant Phillipe Bertain in `` The Case of the Fifty Millionth Frenchman '' . The Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( edit ) McCallum as Illya Kuryakin The Man from U.N.C.L.E. , intended as a vehicle for Robert Vaughn , made McCallum into a sex symbol , his Beatle - style blond haircut providing a trendy contrast to Vaughn 's more conventional clean cut appearance . McCallum 's role as the mysterious Russian agent Illya Kuryakin was originally conceived as a peripheral one . McCallum , however , took the opportunity to construct a complex character whose appeal rested largely in what was shadowy and enigmatic about him . Kuryakin 's popularity with the audience and Vaughn 's and McCallum 's on - screen chemistry were quickly recognized by the producers , and McCallum was elevated to co-star status . Although the show aired at the height of the Cold War , McCallum 's Russian alter ego became a pop culture phenomenon . The actor was inundated with fan letters , and a Beatles - like frenzy followed him everywhere he went . While playing Kuryakin , McCallum received more fan mail than any other actor in Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer 's history , including such popular MGM stars as Clark Gable and Elvis Presley . Hero worship even led to a record , Love Ya , Illya , performed by Alma Cogan under the name Angela and the Fans , which was a pirate radio hit in Britain in 1966 . A 1990s rock - rap group from Argentina named itself Illya Kuryaki and the Valderramas in honour of The Man From U.N.C.L.E. character . McCallum received two Emmy Award nominations in the course of the show 's four - year run ( 1964 -- 68 ) for playing the intellectual and introverted secret agent .", "3": "McCallum and Vaughn reprised their roles of Kuryakin and Solo in a 1983 TV film , Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. . In 1986 McCallum reunited with Robert Vaughn again in an episode of The A-Team entitled `` The Say U.N.C.L.E. Affair '' , complete with `` chapter titles '' , the word `` affair '' in the title , the phrase `` Open Channel D '' , and similar scene transitions . In an interview for a retrospective television special , David McCallum told of a visit to the White House during which , while he was being escorted to meet the U.S. president , a Secret Service agent told him , `` You 're the reason I got this job . '' After the Man from U.N.C.L.E. ( edit ) McCallum in 1969 McCallum never quite repeated the popular success he had gained as Kuryakin until NCIS , though he did become a familiar face on British television in such shows as Colditz ( 1972 -- 74 ) , Kidnapped ( 1978 ) , and ITV 's science - fiction series Sapphire & Steel ( 1979 -- 82 ) opposite Joanna Lumley . In 1975 he played the title character in a short - lived U.S. version of The Invisible Man . McCallum appeared on stage in Australia in Run for Your Wife ( 1987 -- 88 ) , and the production toured the country . Other members of the cast were Jack Smethurst , Eric Sykes and Katy Manning . McCallum starred with Diana Rigg in the 1989 TV miniseries Mother Love . In 1991 and 1992 McCallum played gambler John Grey , one of the principal characters in the television series Trainer . He also appeared as a British double agent in a 1989 episode of Murder She Wrote . In the 1990s McCallum guest - starred in two U.S. television series . In season 1 of seaQuest DSV , he appeared as the law - enforcement officer Frank Cobb of the fictional Broken Ridge of the Ausland Confederation , an underwater mining camp off the coast of Australia by the Great Barrier Reef ; he also had a guest - star role in one episode of Babylon 5 .", "4": "In 1994 McCallum narrated the acclaimed documentaries Titanic : The Complete Story for A&E Networks . This was the second project about the Titanic on which he had worked : the first was the 1958 film A Night to Remember , in which he had had a small role . In the same year McCallum hosted and narrated the TV special Ancient Prophecies . This special , which was followed soon after by three others , told of people and places historically associated with foretelling the end of the world and the beginnings of new eras for mankind . NCIS ( edit ) McCallum in October 2012 . Since 2003 McCallum has starred in the CBS television series NCIS as Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard , the team 's chief medical examiner and one of the show 's most popular characters . In Season 2 Episode 13 `` The Meat Puzzle '' , NCIS agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs ( Mark Harmon ) is asked , `` What did Ducky look like when he was younger ? '' Gibbs replies , `` Illya Kuryakin '' . According to the behind - the - scenes feature on the 2006 DVD of NCIS season 1 , McCallum became an expert in forensics to play Mallard , including appearing at medical examiner conventions . In the feature , Donald P. Bellisario says that McCallum 's knowledge became so vast that at the time of the interview he was considering making him a technical adviser on the show . McCallum appeared at the 21st Annual James Earl Ash Lecture , held 19 May 2005 at the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology , an evening for honouring America 's service members . His lecture , `` Reel to Real Forensics '' , with Cmdr . Craig T. Mallak , U.S. Armed Forces medical examiner , featured a presentation comparing the real - life work of the Armed Forces Medical Examiner staff with that of the fictional naval investigators appearing on NCIS . In late April 2012 it was announced that McCallum had reached agreement on a two - year contract extension with CBS - TV . The move meant that he would remain an NCIS regular past his eightieth birthday . In May 2014 he signed another two - year contract .", "5": "Music ( edit ) In the 1960s , McCallum recorded four albums for Capitol Records with music producer David Axelrod : Music ... A Part of Me ( Capitol ST 2432 , 1966 ) , Music ... A Bit More of Me ( Capitol ST 2498 , 1966 ) , Music ... It 's Happening Now ! ( Capitol ST 2651 , 1967 ) , and McCallum ( Capitol ST 2748 , 1968 ) . The best known of his pieces today is `` The Edge '' , which was sampled by Dr. Dre as the intro and riff to the track `` The Next Episode '' , `` M.I.A '' by Missin ' Linx , and `` No Regrets '' by Masta Ace . McCallum 's version of `` The Edge '' appears on the soundtrack to the 2017 film Baby Driver . McCallum did not sing on these records , as many television stars of the 1960s did when offered recording contracts . As a classically trained musician , he conceived a blend of oboe , English horn and strings with guitar and drums , and presented instrumental interpretations of hits of the day . The official arranger on the albums was H.B. Barnum . However , McCallum conducted , and contributed several original compositions of his own , over the course of four LPs . The first two , Music ... A Part of Me and Music ... A Bit More of Me , have been issued together on CD on the Zonophone label . On Open Channel D , McCallum did sing on the first four tracks , `` Communication '' , `` House on Breckenridge Lane '' , `` In the Garden , Under the Tree '' ( the theme song from the film Three Bites of the Apple ) and `` My Carousel '' . The music tracks are the same as the Zonophone CD . This CD was released on the Rev - Ola label . The single release of `` Communication '' reached No. 32 in the UK Singles Chart in April 1966 . In The Man from Uncle episode `` The Discotheque Affair '' , McCallum plays the double bass as part of a band in a night club .", "6": "He also played guitar and sang his own composition , `` Trouble , '' with Nancy Sinatra on `` The Take Me to Your Leader Affair , '' and played several instruments in `` The Off - Broadway Affair . Fiction ( edit ) In 2016 , McCallum published a crime novel entitled Once a Crooked Man . The narrative is set in New York and London and centres on a young actor who tries to foil a murder . McCallum has stated that a second novel is in progress . Personal life ( edit ) McCallum was first married to actress Jill Ireland on 11 May 1957 in London . The two met during production of the film Hell Drivers which provided early roles for both actors . In 1963 McCallum introduced Ireland to Charles Bronson when both were filming The Great Escape . She subsequently left McCallum and married Bronson in 1968 . McCallum and Ireland had three sons : Paul , Jason and Valentine ( Val ) . Jason , who was adopted , died from an accidental drug overdose in 1989 . Val McCallum is a successful guitar player , playing with Jackson Browne most recently in 2014 and currently a member of the faux country band Jackshit . He has been married to Katherine Carpenter since 1967 . They have a son , Peter , and a daughter , Sophie . McCallum and his wife are active in charitable organisations that support the United States Marine Corps : Katherine 's father was a Marine who served in the Battle of Iwo Jima , and her brother lost his life in the Vietnam War . On 27 August 1999 , McCallum was naturalized as an American citizen . McCallum has six grandchildren . He is a Republican . Filmography ( edit ) n.b.", "7": "for credit listings reference Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1957 Ill Met By Moonlight Sailor Film debut Uncredited Also known as Night Ambush These Dangerous Years Also known as Dangerous Youth Robbery Under Arms Jim Marston British Crime film Hell Drivers Jimmy Yately Directed by Cy Endfield The Secret Place Mike Wilson Directorial debut of Clive Donner 1958 A Night to Remember Harold Bride British drama Violent Playground Johnnie Murphy Directed by Basil Dearden 1961 The Long and the Short and the Tall Private Samuel `` Sammy '' Whitaker Released as Jungle Fighters in the US and Canada Jungle Street Terry Collins Later retitled Jungle Street Girls 1962 Freud : The Secret Passion Carl von Schlossen Also known as Freud Billy Budd Steven Wyatt A CinemaScope film produced , directed , and co-written by Peter Ustinov 1963 The Great Escape Lt. Cmdr . Eric Ashley - Pitt , `` Dispersal '' Based on an escape by British and Commonwealth prisoners of war from a German POW camp during the Second World War 1964 To Trap a Spy Illya Kuryakin A Man from U.N.C.L.E. film 1965 The Spy with My Face The Greatest Story Ever Told Judas Iscariot Retelling of the story of Jesus , from the Nativity through the Resurrection 1966 One Spy Too Many Illya Kuryakin A Man from U.N.C.L.E. film The Spy in the Green Hat Around the World Under the Sea Dr. Philip Volker The Big T.N.T. Show Master of Ceremonies , conducting the orchestra `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' ( instrumental ) One of Our Spies Is Missing Illya Kuryakin A Man from U.N.C.L.E. film 1967 The Karate Killers Three Bites of the Apple Stanley Thrumm 1968 The Helicopter Spies Illya Kuryakin A Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "8": "film Sol Madrid Sol Madrid Released in the UK as The Heroin Gang How to Steal the World Illya Kuryakin A Man From U.N.C.L.E. film 1969 Mosquito Squadron Squadron Leader Quint Monroe , RCAF British war film The Ravine Sergeant Stephen Holmann Italian - Yugoslav - American war film Rascal Ice Cream Man Comedy - drama film adaption made by Walt Disney Productions Based on a book Rascal by Sterling North 1972 She Waits Mark Wilson Horror film The Kingfisher Caper Benedict Van Der Byl Released as Diamond Hunters in South Africa and as Diamond Lust on video 1976 Dogs Harlan Thompson 1977 King Solomon 's Treasure Sir Henry Curtis British - Canadian low - budget film based on the novel King Solomon 's Mines 1980 The Watcher in the Woods Paul Curtis American family fantasy thriller film Based on the 1976 novel by Florence Engel Randall 1985 Terminal Choice Dr. Giles Dodson 1986 The Wind Released in 1987 in the USA 1990 The Haunting of Morella Gideon Set in colonial America 1991 Hear My Song Jim Abbott 1993 Fatal Inheritance Brandon Murphy 1993 Dirty Weekend Reggie Based on the novel of the same name by Helen Zahavi 1994 Healer The Jackal 1999 Cherry Mammy 2008 Batman : Gotham Knight Alfred Pennyworth ( voice ) Direct - to - video 2009 Wonder Woman Zeus ( voice ) 2014 Son of Batman Alfred Pennyworth ( voice ) 2015 Batman vs.", "9": "Robin Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1961 Sir Francis Drake Lord Oakshott Episode : `` The English Dragon '' ( S 1 : Ep 6 ) 1963 The Outer Limits Gwyllm Griffiths Episode : `` The Sixth Finger '' ( S 1 : Ep 5 ) 1964 The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters Prophet Episode : `` The Day Of The Search '' ( S 1 : Ep 18 ) Perry Mason Phillipe Bertain Episode : `` The Case of the Fifty - Millionth Frenchman '' ( S 7 : Ep 19 ) The Great Adventure Captain Hanning Episodes : `` Kentucky 's Bloody Ground '' ( S 1 : Ep 23 ) `` The Siege of Boonesborough '' ( S 1 : Ep 24 ) The Outer Limits Tone Hobart Episode : `` The Forms of Things Unknown '' ( S 1 : Ep 32 ) Profiles in Courage John Adams Episode : `` John Adams '' ( S 1 : Ep 7 ) 1964 -- 68 The Man from U.N.C.L.E. Illya Kuryakin Main cast 1965 Hullabaloo Host Credited as Dave McCallum Episode : `` Show 21 '' ( S 2 : Ep 21 ) 1966 Please Do n't Eat the Daisies Illya Kuryakin Episode : `` Say U.N.C.L.E. '' ( S 1 : Ep 18 ) 1969 Hallmark Hall of Fame Hamilton Cade Episode : `` Teacher , Teacher '' ( S 18 : Ep 3 ) Hallmark Hall of Fame Kenneth Canfield Episode : `` The File On Devlin '' ( S 19 : Ep 1 ) 1970 Hauser 's Memory Hillel Mondoro Science fiction television film Screenplay by Adrian Spies was based on a 1968 novel of the same name which was a sequel to the novel Donovan 's Brain . 1971 Night Gallery Dr.", "10": "Joel Winter Episode : `` The Phantom Farmhouse '' ( S 2 : Ep 16 ) 1971 The Man and the City Guest Episode : `` Pipe Me A Loving Tune '' ( S 1 : Ep 12 ) 1972 -- 74 Colditz Simon Carter Main cast 1973 Frankenstein : The True Story Dr. Henry Clerval Made for TV film The Six Million Dollar Man Alexi Kaslov Episode : `` Wine , Women and War '' ( S 1 : Ep 3 ) 1975 -- 76 The Invisible Man Daniel Westin Main cast 1978 Kidnapped Alan Breck Stewart TV Miniseries 1979 -- 82 Sapphire & Steel Steel Main cast 1982 Strike Force Roderick Howard Hadley III Episode : `` Ice '' ( S 1 : Ep 9 ) As the World Turns Maurice Vermeil Contract role Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E. Illya Kuryakin Made for TV film 1984 The Master Castile Episode : `` Hostages '' ( S 1 : Ep 4 ) 1986 Hart to Hart Geoffrey Atterton Episode : `` Hunted Harts '' ( S 4 : Ep 11 ) Hammer House of Mystery and Suspense Frank Lane Episode : `` The Corvini Inheritance '' ( S 1 : Ep 10 ) The A-Team Ivan Episode : `` The Say U.N.C.L.E.", "11": "Affair '' ( S 5 : Ep 6 ) Matlock Phil Dudley Episode : `` The Billionaire '' ( S 2 : Ep 1 ) Alfred Hitchcock Presents Lieutenant Cavanaugh `` Murder Party '' ( S 3 : Ep 11 ) Monsters The Feverman Episode : `` The Feverman '' ( S 1 : Ep 1 -- `` Pilot '' ) The Man Who Lived at the Ritz Charlie Ritz Made for TV film Murder , She Wrote Cyril Grantham Episode : `` From Russia ... With Love '' ( S 5 : Ep 14 ) Mother Love Sir Alexander `` Alex '' Vesey Main cast McCloud Inspector Craig Made - for - TV - film titled The Return of Sam McCloud 1990 Murder , She Wrote Drew Garrison Episode : `` Deadly Misunderstanding '' ( S 7 : Ep 2 ) Boon Simon Bradleigh Episode : `` The Belles of St. Godwalds '' ( S 6 : Ep 4 ) Lucky Chances Bernard Dimes TV miniseries Father Dowling Mysteries Sir Robert Episode : `` The Royal Mystery '' ( S 3 : Ep 1 ) 1991 -- 92 Trainer John Grey Main cast 1991 Cluedo Professor Plum U.K. Game show 1993 seaQuest DSV Frank Cobb Episode : `` seaWest '' ( S 1 : Ep 11 ) 1994 Babylon 5 Dr. Vance Hendricks Episode : `` Infection '' ( S 1 : Ep 5 ) Titanic : The Complete Story Narrator Heartbeat Cooper Episode : `` Arms and the Man '' ( S 4 : Ep 10 ) 1994 -- 95 Scavengers Narrator Voiceover 1995 VR - 5 Dr. Joseph Bloom Main cast Mr. & Mrs.", "12": "Smith Ian Felton Episode : `` The Impossible Mission '' ( S 1 : Ep 11 ) Law & Order Craig Holland Episode : `` Past Imperfect '' ( S 7 : Ep 22 ) The Outer Limits Joshua Hayward Episode : `` Feasibility Study '' ( S 3 : Ep 17 ) 1997 -- 98 Team Knight Rider Mobius Main cast 1998 Coming Home ( TV serial ) Billy Fawcett March in Windy City Daniel Paterson / Dimitri Petrovsky Made for TV film 1999 Sex and the City Duncan Episode : `` Shortcomings '' ( S 2 : Ep 15 ) 2000 Deadline Harry Hobbs Episode : `` Lovers and Madmen '' ( S 1 : Ep 2 ) 2001 -- 02 The Education of Max Bickford Walter Thornhill Main cast 2002 Jeremiah Clarence Episode : `` Things Left Unsaid '' ( S 1 : Ep 19 ) 2002 -- 03 Taboo Narrator Episodes : `` Evil Spirits '' ( S 1 : Ep8 ) `` Bloodsports '' ( S 1 : Ep 12 ) `` Delicacies '' ( S 2 : Ep 2 ) `` Body Perfect '' ( S 2 : Ep 5 ) 2003 JAG Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard Episodes : `` Ice Queen ( 1 ) '' , `` Meltdown ( 2 ) '' 2003 -- present NCIS Main cast 2006 -- 09 The Replacements The voice of C.A.R. 2008 -- 10 Ben 10 : Alien Force Professor Paradox Recurring 2009 Batman : The Brave and the Bold Merlin Ambrosius Episode : `` Day of the Dark Knight ! '' ( S 1 : Ep 5 ) 2010 -- 12 Ben 10 : Ultimate Alien Professor Paradox Recurring 2013 -- 14 Ben 10 : Omniverse 2014 , 2016 NCIS : New Orleans Dr.", "13": "Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard Episodes : `` Musician Heal Thyself '' ( S 1 : Ep 1 ) , `` Sister City , Part II '' ( S 2 : Ep 12 ) Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes Privateer 2 : The Darkening Captain of the Canera Appears in the opening full - motion video cinematic 2009 Ben 10 : Alien Force - Vilgax Attacks Professor Paradox 2009 FusionFall Paradox 2011 NCIS Video Game Dr. Donald `` Ducky '' Mallard Voices his character from NCIS Narrates the game 2014 Diablo III : Reaper of Souls The Grand Maester / King Rakkis His voice only appears in the Diablo III expansion DLC , Reaper of Souls . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Swann , Yvonne ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` David McCallum : My father sometimes felt I was wasting my life '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interview fromMotion Picture magazine '' . Davidmccallumfansonline.com . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ The London Gazette : 188 . 26 March 1954 https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/40133/supplement/1882 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Swann , Yvonne ( 30 November 2010 ) . `` David McCallum : My father sometimes felt I was wasting my life Mail Online '' . Dailymail.co.uk . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` VJ Books Presents David McCallum ! '' . Vj Books . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.N.C.L.E. Actor -- David McCallum '' . manfromuncle.org . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Titmarsh , Alan . `` David on the Alan Titmarsh Show , November 2010 '' . McCallumMedia . Unknown .", "14": "Retrieved 30 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David McCallum Biography '' . Fandango . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 2 November 2008 ) . `` Audiences in the 1960s swooned over the cool men from U.N.C.L.E '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved 2 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Man From UNCLE : Behind the Scenes of a TV Classic '' . YouTube ) . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Meat Puzzle '' . NCIS . Season 2 . Episode 13 . 8 February 2005 . 21 : 37 minutes in . Jump up ^ `` David McCallum discusses medical examiner work '' . Davidmccallumfansonline.com. 27 May 2005 . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( 30 April 2012 ) . `` David McCallum re-ups NCIS contract '' . TV Guide.com . Retrieved 30 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( 5 May 2014 ) . `` ' NCIS ' Season 12 and 13 : Sean Murray , Pauley Perrette , David McCallum , Rocky Carroll sign new 2 - year deals '' . Zap2it . Tribune Media . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 337 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Neely ; Tucker , Neely ( 11 January 2016 ) . `` At 82 , ' NCIS ' actor David McCallum has written a delicious crime caper '' . Retrieved 31 August 2017 -- via WashingtonPost.com . Jump up ^ `` Why Man from U.N.C.L.E star David McCallum is learning new lines '' . HeraldScotland . Retrieved 31 August 2017 .", "15": "^ Jump up to : `` David Mcallum 's heartache at death of adopted son -- Celebrity Interview -- Celebs + TV '' . People.co.uk. 27 June 2010 . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Granberry , Michael ( 18 July 2014 ) . `` At 65 , Jackson Browne continues to rock and roll , announcing a new album and world tour '' . Retrieved 25 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Lisa Respers ( 3 February 2009 ) . `` ' NCIS ' actor 's portrayal is dead on '' . CNN.com . Retrieved 16 December 2012 . Jump up ^ McCallum , David ( 28 August 2015 ) . `` Celebrating the date I became an American citizen '' . Retrieved 22 May 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.davidmccallumfansonline.com/goldenducky.htm Jump up ^ `` David McCallum : Credit Listings '' . TV.com . Retrieved 25 August 2010 . External links ( edit ) Biography portal Scotland portal California portal New York portal Theatre portal Film portal Television portal Music portal Wikimedia Commons has media related to David McCallum . David McCallum Fans Online Fans from U.N.C.L.E. David McCallum on IMDb David McCallum at the Internet Broadway Database David McCallum at the Internet Off - Broadway Database David McCallum at TVGuide.com VIAF : 90670590 LCCN : n81089471 ISNI : 0000 0000 8040 3141 GND : 134698533 BNF : cb138969044 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 072ee2ba - 9a27 - 4667 - b25d - 81f64c5c48a0 IATH : w6hm7gkr Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "16": "php?title=David_McCallum&oldid=818337862 '' Categories : 1933 births British expatriate male actors in the United States Living people People educated at University College School Scottish male film actors Scottish male stage actors Scottish male television actors Scottish male video game actors Scottish male voice actors 20th - century British male actors 21st - century British male actors Male actors from Los Angeles Male actors from Glasgow Male actors from New York City Royal West African Frontier Force officers Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from May 2017 Use British English from January 2016 Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Brezhoneg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Íslenska Italiano Latina Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 23 : 53 . 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{ "0": "The Death of Superman - wikipedia The Death of Superman Jump to : navigation , search `` The Death of Superman '' Cover of Superman vol. 2 , # 75 ( Jan 1993 ) . Art by Dan Jurgens and Brett Breeding . Publisher DC Comics Publication date List ( show ) Over three arcs : `` Doomsday ! '' December 1992 -- January 1993 `` Funeral for a Friend '' January -- April 1993 `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' June -- November 1993 Genre Superhero Crossover ( show ) Title ( s ) List ( show ) ( `` Doomsday ! '' ) Action Comics # 684 Adventures of Superman # 497 Justice League America # 69 Superman # 74 -- 75 Superman : The Man of Steel # 18 -- 19 ( `` A Funeral for a Friend '' ) Action Comics # 685 -- 686 Adventures of Superman # 498 -- 500 Justice League America # 70 Superman # 76 -- 77 , # 83 Superman : The Man of Steel # 20 -- 21 ( `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' ) Action Comics # 687 -- 691 Adventures of Superman # 501 -- 505 Green Lantern ( vol.", "1": "3 ) # 46 Superman # 78 -- 82 Superman : The Man of Steel # 22 -- 26 Main character ( s ) List ( show ) Superman Eradicator Superboy ( Kon - El ) Steel Cyborg Superman Lois Lane Justice League Doomsday Supergirl ( Matrix ) Lex Luthor Green Lantern ( Hal Jordan ) Mongul Creative team Writer ( s ) List ( show ) ( All 3 arcs ) Dan Jurgens ; Louise Simonson ; Roger Stern ( Arcs 1 and 2 ) Jerry Ordway ( Arcs 2 and 3 ) Karl Kesel ( Arc 2 only ) William Messner - Loebs ( Arc 3 only ) Gerard Jones Penciller ( s ) List ( show ) ( All 3 arcs ) Jon Bogdanove ; Tom Grummett ; Jackson Guice ; Dan Jurgens ( Arc 2 only ) Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ; Walt Simonson ; Curt Swan ( Arc 3 only ) M.D. Bright Inker ( s ) List ( show ) ( All 3 arcs ) Brett Breeding ; Doug Hazelwood ; Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ( Arcs 1 and 2 ) Rick Burchett ( Arc 2 only ) Mike Machlan ; Ande Parks ; Josef Rubinstein ; Trevor Scott ; Walter Simonson ( Arc 3 only ) Romeo Tanghal Editor ( s ) Mike Carlin The Death of Superman ISBN 1 - 56389 - 097 - 6 World Without a Superman ISBN 1563891182 The Return of Superman ISBN 1563891492 The Death and Return of Superman Omnibus ISBN 1401215505 `` The Death of Superman '' is an American comic book crossover event published by DC Comics in its Superman - related comics . The crossover was devised by editor Mike Carlin and the Superman writing team of Dan Jurgens , Roger Stern , Louise Simonson , Jerry Ordway and Karl Kesel . `` The Death of Superman '' began in December 1992 and lasted until October 1993 . It was published in Superman , Action Comics , The Adventures of Superman , Superman : The Man of Steel , Justice League America , and Green Lantern . The crossover was conceived after Warner Bros.", "2": "ordered the Superman writing team to halt production on a story in which Clark Kent ( Superman ) and Lois Lane would be married until the television series Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman reached its wedding episode . While brainstorming for new ideas , Ordway jokingly suggested they should kill Superman ; Carlin , reflecting on poor sales of the Superman books , decided it was the best option . `` The Death of Superman '' was written to surprise readers and show Superman is not invincible . `` The Death of Superman '' is divided into three parts . The first , `` Doomsday ! '' , chronicles Superman 's deadly fight with the bloodthirsty monster Doomsday and concludes with his apparent death . The second , `` A Funeral for a Friend '' , depicts Superman 's fellow superheroes and the rest of the world mourning to his death and Jonathan Kent 's eventual heart attack . The final part , `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' , sees the emergence of four individuals claiming to be Superman and the original Superman 's return . When news broke that DC planned to kill off Superman , a beloved American pop icon , `` The Death of Superman '' gained unprecedented coverage from the mainstream media and caused a sensation . The majority of the story 's installments were bestsellers ; issue # 75 , which features Superman 's death , sold over six million copies and was the top selling comic book issue of 1992 . Retrospective reviewers found the story powerful , with some calling it one of the best Superman stories . However , it has also received criticism , with some commentators dismissing it as little more than a publicity stunt . Many readers believed DC had permanently killed Superman and felt deceived when he was revived . The story has been repeatedly adapted into various forms of media , including the novelization Superman : Doomsday & Beyond ( 1993 ) and the video game The Death and Return of Superman ( 1994 ) . An loose animated adaptation of the film , Superman : Doomsday , was released in 2007 and launched the DC Universe Animated Original Movies line . A second animated adaptation will be released as a two - part film in 2018 and 2019 and will be more faithful to the original story .", "3": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 1.1 Background 1.2 Conception and development 1.3 Publication 2 Synopsis 2.1 `` Doomsday ! '' ( December 1992 -- January 1993 ) 2.2 `` A Funeral for a Friend '' ( January -- April 1993 ) 2.3 `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' ( June -- November 1993 ) 3 Reception 3.1 At release 3.2 In later years 3.3 Legacy in comics 4 In other media 5 References Publication History ( edit ) Background ( edit ) Superman is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . He was created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in 1933 as a villain , but the duo retooled him as a hero , feeling he would be more marketable . Superman made his debut in Action Comics # 1 on April 18 , 1938 , to immediate success . In 1939 , Superman became the first superhero to headline his own comic book , Superman . Superman 's comics take place within a shared universe called the DC Universe , which also includes Batman , Wonder Woman , and the Flash , among others . This allows plot elements , characters , and settings to cross over with each other . In 1985 , DC launched Crisis on Infinite Earths , a crossover event that resulted in the DC Universe being rebooted . Superman was re-envisioned in the 1986 limited series The Man of Steel by writer and artist John Byrne . The following year , Byrne relaunched Superman with a new first issue and the original Superman series was renamed The Adventures of Superman . The relaunch was a major success for DC and The Man of Steel # 1 was the bestselling comic book issue of 1986 . Byrne spent two years on the Superman comics before leaving , becoming dissatisfied with DC 's lack of `` conscious support '' for him and that the version of Superman which DC licensed for merchandising was contrary to Byrne 's representation in the comic books . After Byrne 's departure , the Superman comics experienced a decline in sales .", "4": "By 1992 , they were only selling roughly 150,000 copies an issue , despite the fact there were four Superman - focused comics being sold : Action Comics , Superman , The Adventures of Superman , and Superman : The Man of Steel . Therefore , a new Superman comic book issue debuted every week . The Superman writing team attempted to make the comics more appealing by increasing the romance between Clark Kent ( Superman 's civilian identity ) and Lois Lane . Eventually , the writers had Kent proposed to Lane and reveal he was Superman , and began to plan a storyline about their marriage . Because of the close connection between each series , each 's writing team regularly attended a `` Superman Summit '' , where they would plan stories to occupy the comics . Conception and development ( edit ) Jerry Ordway ( pictured in 2012 ) jokingly suggested that DC should kill Superman By 1992 , while the Superman comics struggled , Warner Bros. ( DC 's owner ) began developing Lois & Clark : The New Adventures of Superman , a television series for ABC which was premised upon a romantic relationship between Lane and Kent . One of the ideas that arose during production was the wedding of Lane and Kent . Warner Bros. learned that DC was planning the wedding in the Superman comic books , and as a result , DC , Warner Bros. , and the Superman writing staff came together and reached an agreement : the wedding arc in the comic book would be put on hold , to resume once Lois & Clark reached its wedding episode . This did not happen until 1997 . With the original storyline set aside in the comic , a new event was needed to replace it . The writing team was enraged they had to put aside a year 's worth of story planning and flustered for ideas ; according to Louise Simonson , the team essentially had to come up with something at the last minute . At the end of one meeting , Adventures of Superman writer Jerry Ordway jokingly suggested that they should just kill Superman . The joke became a running gag in story meetings , but eventually gained traction with Superman group editor Mike Carlin . In the documentary film Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman , Carlin recalled , `` the world was taking Superman for granted , so we literally said ' let 's show what the world would be like without Superman ' . ''", "5": "Dan Jurgens was the one who officially pitched the idea . Ordway said he was shocked that DC allowed the project to proceed . Jon Bogdanove recalled the story `` almost began to write itself , from the end backwards . It felt like a story that could make the readers care again , the way we had always cared about Superman . '' Dan Jurgens in 2018 Jurgens created the concept of a monster tearing apart Metropolis and an issue that was a single fight separately from `` The Death of Superman '' ; the team eventually decided to combine the ideas with `` The Death of Superman '' . Carlin had rejected the fight idea whenever Jurgens brought it up , feeling it would not be effective without a good story . The writers felt that Superman 's foes relied too much on technology and intellect , and desired a villain who could take him on physically . The name `` Doomsday '' was chosen after the phrase `` doomsday for Superman '' was written on the whiteboard used for planning . Doomsday 's design -- a massive , muscular humanoid with bones ripping through his skin -- was also from Jurgens ; the team wanted the character to have a distinctive look , so they gave all artists a few minutes to create designs and voted for the one they thought was best . The team did not feel giving Doomsday an origin was important . Ordway recalled the most exciting part for him was exploring what the DC Universe would be like without Superman and had fun writing about peoples ' reactions to his death . `` The Death of Superman '' was written to surprise readers : the writing team wanted to show readers that Superman was not invincible and could be killed by something other than Kryptonite . The eventual resurrection of Superman afterwards was also always planned and kept a secret . Simonson stated , `` we had to sign nondisclosure agreements saying we could n't talk about it . We could n't reassure people that he was coming back . '' The issues showing Superman 's fight with Doomsday featured a `` countdown '' of panels : the first had four panels per page , while the second had three , the third had two , and the last simply comprised splash pages . Publication ( edit ) DC began to `` aggressively '' promote the story towards the end of 1992 .", "6": "The first reference to the story within the comics was placed in Simonson 's Superman : The Man of Steel # 17 ( November 1992 ) ; after the issue 's story , Doomsday 's fist is shown repeatedly punching a wall . The crossover officially began the following issue , in which Doomsday is unleashed and begins to carve a brutal path of destruction across America . Superman # 75 ( January 1993 ) contained Superman 's fight to the death with Doomsday , and was sold in a polybag with a black armband . In May 1993 , DC published a special issue , Newstime : The Life and Death of The Man of Steel , compiling fictional news stories about Superman 's death and funeral . Following the funeral , all the Superman comics went on hiatus for three to four months , ending with the release of The Adventures of Superman # 500 ( June 1993 ) . `` The Death of Superman '' concluded in October 1993 with The Adventures of Superman # 505 , in which Superman returns to Metropolis . Synopsis ( edit ) `` Doomsday ! '' ( December 1992 -- January 1993 ) ( edit ) Superman dies in Lois Lane 's arms , panel from Superman # 75 ( January 1993 ) . Art by Dan Jurgens and Brett Breeding . Issues : Action Comics # 684 ; The Adventures of Superman # 497 ; Justice League America # 69 ; Superman : The Man of Steel # 18 -- 19 ; Superman # 74 -- 75 Writers : Dan Jurgens ; Louise Simonson ; Roger Stern ; Jerry Ordway Pencillers : Dan Jurgens ; Jon Bogdanove ; Tom Grummett ; Jackson Guice Inkers : Brett Breeding ; Doug Hazelwood ; Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ; Rick Burchett The Justice League International ( Guy Gardner , Blue Beetle , Booster Gold , Maxima , Fire , Ice , and Bloodwynd ) responds to a call from a smashed big - rig outside of Bucyrus , Ohio and encounter a bloodthirsty monster in a green bodysuit that systematically takes the team apart , starting by throwing a tree trunk through their aircraft and finishing by punching Booster Gold into the stratosphere .", "7": "Booster Gold is caught in midair by Superman and compares the monster 's rampage to end times , thus providing it with the name Doomsday . Superman , having cut short a television interview with Cat Grant , and the remaining League members follow the threat to the home of a single mother and her two children . They engage Doomsday , destroying the house in the process . The League attacks Doomsday with all their energy - projection powers ; the only discernible effect is that much of his bodysuit is burned off , revealing Doomsday 's rough skin with bones ripping through . Doomsday again defeats the League , causes the house to explode into flames , and then leaps away . Superman follows , after saving the family . Superman throws Doomsday into a lake . After escaping from the lake bed , Doomsday and Superman tear up a city street . Maxima then reenters the fray . Lois Lane and Jimmy Olsen are sent to cover the battle for television , while Superman 's archenemy Lex Luthor ( masquerading as his non-existent son `` Lex Luthor II '' ) dissuades Supergirl from joining the fight . The fight continues at a gas station , where Maxima rips a light post from the ground ; the sparks from the wiring ignite the leaking gasoline and the station is destroyed in a huge explosion . Guardian arrives after Doomsday leaves , finding Superman and Maxima , and offers his aid . Superman follows Doomsday 's trail of destruction , waiting for an opportunity to attack . With the monster 's rampage drawing closer , Luthor convinces Supergirl that she is needed in Metropolis while Superman is fighting elsewhere . While demolishing an appliance store , Doomsday sees a commercial for a wrestling show being held in Metropolis and heads for the city . Superman engages him and throws him in the opposite direction , where he lands on the mountain housing Project Cadmus . They brawl throughout Habitat , a living forest connected to Cadmus , bringing most of it down . When Guardian arrives , Doomsday knocks him down and leaps toward Metropolis . Doomsday is driven below ground , where he ruptures gas and electrical mains , leveling Newtown , a large section of Metropolis .", "8": "Supergirl goes to Superman 's aid , but a single punch from Doomsday knocks her to the ground . Professor Emil Hamilton and Bibbo Bibbowski , Superman 's allies , fire a laser cannon at Doomsday , but it does not harm him . The local police open fire on Doomsday , but again , he is not harmed . Superman returns to the fight and eventually it leads to the heart of the city . Doomsday and an exhausted Superman fight each other with everything they have . They strike each other with so much force that the shockwaves from their punches shatter windows . At the struggle 's culminating moment in front of the Daily Planet building , both lay a massive blow upon each other , killing Doomsday and mortally wounding Superman . In the arms of a frantic Lane , Superman succumbs to his wounds and dies . Jimmy , Ice , Bloodwynd , and Guardian are also present at the end , with Jimmy bitterly photographing the images of Superman 's fall . `` A funeral for a Friend '' ( January -- April 1993 ) ( edit ) Issues : Action Comics # 685 -- 686 ; The Adventures of Superman # 498 -- 500 ; Justice League America # 70 ; Superman # 76 -- 77 , # 83 ; Superman : The Man of Steel # 20 -- 21 Writers : Dan Jurgens ; Louise Simonson ; Roger Stern ; Jerry Ordway ; Karl Kesel ; William Messner - Loebs Pencillers : Jon Bogdanove ; Tom Grummett ; Jackson Guice ; Dan Jurgens ; Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ; Walt Simonson ; Curt Swan Inkers : Brett Breeding ; Doug Hazelwood ; Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ; Rick Burchett ; Mike Machlan ; Ande Parks ; Josef Rubinstein ; Trevor Scott ; Walter Simonson The world is stunned and traumatized by Superman 's death . A mausoleum is built in Metropolis in his honor , provided by Luthor , who says that if he could not kill Superman , then the least he wants is to bury him . His funeral is attended by nearly every single superhero , as well as some supervillains and Bill and Hillary Clinton .", "9": "Every hero , even those who did not get along with him , wear a black arm band featuring Superman 's S - shield logo . After the funeral , Project Cadmus steals Superman 's body from his mausoleum , allegedly to clone him . The body is recovered by Lane and Supergirl . With Superman gone , the crime rate rises and the costumed heroes of Metropolis rise to fill in as protectors . Supergirl , Gangbuster , Thorn , and a team funded by Luthor all try but are insufficient . Jonathan Kent , Superman 's adoptive father , takes his death the hardest , and begins to lose himself in memories . One night , while reading a newspaper story written by Lane in honor of Superman , Jonathan begins to feel responsible for his son 's death and has a heart attack in his wife Martha 's arms . `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' ( June -- November 1993 ) ( edit ) Promotional images for `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' Issues : Action Comics # 687 -- 691 ; The Adventures of Superman # 501 -- 505 ; Green Lantern # 46 ; Superman # 78 -- 82 ; Superman : The Man of Steel # 22 -- 26 Writers : Dan Jurgens ; Louise Simonson ; Roger Stern ; Karl Kesel ; Gerard Jones Pencillers : Jon Bogdanove ; Tom Grummett ; Jackson Guice ; Dan Jurgens ; M.D. Bright Brett Breeding ; Doug Hazelwood ; Dennis Janke ; Denis Rodier ; Romeo Tanghal While in a coma , Jonathan meets Superman in the afterlife and convinces him to come back to life , before reawakening . Coinciding with this is the arrival of four men -- Steel , the Cyborg Superman , Superboy , and Eradicator -- who claim to be Superman and Lane 's discovery that his grave is empty . Steel and Superboy are quickly disproven , but the Cyborg and Eradicator both seem to recall memories Superman had . Hamilton tests the Cyborg and states he is the real Superman . In actuality , Eradicator stole Superman 's body and placed it in a regeneration matrix in the Fortress of Solitude , drawing on his recovering energies to power himself . The matrix breaks open and Superman emerges , although he has been weakened .", "10": "The Cyborg helps Mongul destroy Coast City in an effort to kill Superboy and begins to build Engine City in its ruins . Superboy escapes and asks Steel to help him fight the Cyborg . A giant armored suit rises from the harbor and Superboy and Steel attack it . Damaged , the suit falls apart , revealing Superman . Superman , Steel , Superboy , and Supergirl travel to Engine City and attack . During the fight , the Cyborg launches a missile at Metropolis with the intent of destroying it and putting a second Engine City in its place . Superboy manages to stop the missile before it strikes Metropolis . Hal Jordan returns to find Coast City , his hometown , destroyed . Devastated , Jordan immediately attacks Engine City and fights Mongul , shattering Steel 's hammer across Mongul 's face . Meanwhile , Eradicator joins the fight and shields Superman from Kryptonite gas . The gas interacts with Eradicator before passing into Superman , allowing Superman to regain his powers but causing Eradicator to die . Superman then attacks the Cyborg and destroys his body . Supergirl uses her powers to reconstruct Superman 's original costume , and they return to Metropolis . Reception ( edit ) At release ( edit ) As DC did not make the fact that Superman would be revived at the end public , many fans believed `` The Death of Superman '' had permanently killed Superman , a beloved American pop icon . Thus , the story attracted unprecedented coverage from the mainstream media ; NPR reviewer Glen Weldon stated `` news outlets like Newsweek , People , and New York 's Newsday pounced upon the ' story . ' '' Jurgens later stated he did not anticipate the media coverage and also recalled that the first news story about it he saw was on NBC Nightly News . Mark Potts ( The Washington Post ) speculated the event was simply a publicity stunt , but nonetheless was interested what a world without Superman would be like . Saturday Night Live parodied `` The Death of Superman '' in the eighth episode of its 18th season . The sketch depicts Superman 's funeral being attended by the cast of DC , as well as several characters from Marvel Comics . Black Lightning ( Sinbad ) tries to enter the funeral , but no one knows him even though he claims to have taught Superman how to fly .", "11": "Jerry Siegel , who in 1961 had predicted Superman would eventually be killed , met with Carlin to tell him that he was very impressed by `` The Death of Superman '' . The attention the story got caused `` The Death of Superman '' to become an unforeseen success . Comic book retailers ordered five million copies of Superman # 75 in advance , and many people who had never read comics bought the issue in hopes of it becoming an expensive collector 's item . DC shipped between 2.5 and three million copies of the issue when it was released on November 17 , 1992 and it sold out across America . Issue # 75 brought in a total of US $ 30 million during its first day on sale and ultimately sold more than six million copies . The first installments of `` Reign of the Supermen ! '' were the top five best - selling comic books for the month . Superman # 75 was the bestselling comic book issue of 1992 and the four bestselling issues of 1993 were Superman - related . In later years ( edit ) In the years since its release , some commentators have dismissed `` The Death of Superman '' as little more than a publicity stunt to give the Superman comics a brief surge in sales and have contended it caused a decline in the comic book industry . Indeed , each series ' sales immediately declined following Superman 's resurrection and many fans felt they had been deceived when he was revived . This frustration was mocked in `` Worst Episode Ever '' , the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' twelfth season , in which Nelson Muntz holds the comic The Death Of Sad Sack and declares `` this better not be another fake - out '' , in reference to the angry reaction to the revival . ComicsAlliance writer Chris Sims believed that most people bought Superman # 75 just to see Superman 's death , while Weldon speculated its sales were propelled by hopes it would become valuable . Sims recalled that when he worked in a comic book store in 2009 , some customers were shocked that DC was still publishing Superman comics , as they did not read the story 's conclusion . Stern denied `` The Death of Superman '' was a publicity stunt , believing the sensation was caused only because it was a good story : `` The word got out on a slow news day , and the media storm that followed was greater than anything we could have hoped for .", "12": "But it was all thanks to the story 's power . '' Aside from this , `` The Death of Superman '' has been generally seen favorably . Sims called the event DC 's greatest success of the 1990s and one of the definitive Superman stories , noting while killing off an important comics character was not an original idea , `` The Death of Superman '' seemed more ambitious and had a greater legacy . Steve Morris ( Comics Beat ) also thought it had a major impact , saying it had `` strong storytelling and a simple , if well - done , central narrative . '' Morris said the story was well planned , especially considering the fact it could have easily misfired . Brian Salvatore ( Multiversity Comics ) thought the story was effective and `` present ( ed ) some pretty compelling arguments for why Superman is the greatest superhero of all time , without ever really coming out and saying that . '' He also praised the characterization for forcing Superman not to predict the movements of Doomsday , and rather rely on pure instinct . Not all reviewers have been as positive . Chad Nevett ( Comic Book Resources ) called the story boring and jumbled ( comparing issue # 75 to `` more of trading cards that intend to tell a story than an actual comic story '' ) and viewed it as just another typical event crossover. Morris did criticize its subplots ( calling them nonsensical ) and felt Doomsday was terribly designed , disagreeing with Sims that it was a definitive Superman story . Salvatore felt it had missed opportunities and criticized the Justice League 's role in the story , comparing them to punching bags . Both Salvatore and Nevett thought Doomsday came out of nowhere , and Nevett joked he was a `` walking plot device '' rather than a true villain . Legacy in comics ( edit ) `` The Death of Superman '' had an immediate effect on DC 's comics . After its success , DC began a series of events that resulted in its most iconic heroes being killed or disabled . Batman followed shortly afterward , with the `` Knightfall '' crossover , followed by Wonder Woman , Green Lantern , Green Arrow , and the Flash . Green Lantern 's event , `` Emerald Twilight '' , in which he turned into the villain Parallax , was directly caused by events that occurred during `` The Death of Superman '' .", "13": "`` With the industry in freefall , '' wrote Weldon , `` it did n't matter much to DC that death / disabling stunts offered only brief sales spikes . '' The characters established during `` The Death of Superman '' -- Doomsday , Steel , Superboy , and the Cyborg Superman -- would all become recurring characters in DC 's comics . Superboy and Steel both received their own ongoing series after the story 's conclusion and Steel went on to star in his own movie , in which he was portrayed by Superman fan Shaquille O'Neal . Superboy remained a fixture of the DC Universe until he was killed in Infinite Crisis ( 2005 -- 2006 ) . The Cyborg Superman became a recurring nemesis of Superman and Green Lantern . Doomsday 's origin story was explored in Superman / Doomsday : Hunter / Prey ( 1995 ) and the character returned in later storylines , most notably in `` Reign of Doomsday '' ( 2011 ) , which heavily references `` The Death of Superman '' and features Doomsday hunting down Steel , Superboy , Eradicator , and the Cyborg Superman . In 2011 , DC relaunched its entire comics line in an initiative called the New 52 , which revamped the DC Universe and erased certain events . Superman was altered considerably , being shorter - tempered and was no longer in love with Lois Lane . However , `` The Death of Superman '' remained intact in the new DC Universe . In other media ( edit ) Roger Stern wrote a novelization of `` The Death of Superman '' , The Death and Life of Superman , in 1993 ( hardcover ISBN 0 - 553 - 09582 - X ; paperback ISBN 0 - 553 - 56930 - 9 ) . A young adult book was written by Louise Simonson under the title Superman : Doomsday & Beyond and released at the same time as the hardcover of Death and Life . It features cover art by Alex Ross ( ISBN 0 - 553 - 48168 - 1 ) . A video game based on the story , The Death and Return of Superman , was developed by Blizzard Entertainment and Sunsoft and released in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and 1995 for the Sega Genesis .", "14": "The Death and Return of Superman is a side - scrolling beat ' em up in which the player controls Superman , Superboy , Steel , Eradicator , and the Cyborg Superman as they attempt to save Metropolis . Nintendo Life 's Dave Cook considered it the game that `` finally ( gave ) Superman the video game justice he deserves in what is undoubtedly one of his most celebrated stories '' and IGN 's Greg Miller called it one of his favorite games and said it was what inspired him to become a video game journalist . In the wake of `` The Death of Superman '' , Warner Bros. acquired the rights to produce Superman films . It hired Jon Peters to write a script for a sequel to Superman IV : The Quest for Peace . The film , called Superman Reborn , would have heavily borrowed from `` The Death of Superman '' , including the fight - to - the - death between Superman and Doomsday . However , Warner Bros. disliked the script due to its similar themes to Batman Forever ( 1995 ) . Later script rewrites altered the story considerably and the film ultimately never came to fruition . In 2007 , an animated adaptation , Superman : Doomsday , was released direct - to - video . Superman : Doomsday is only loosely based on `` The Death of Superman '' ; in order to fit it within a 75 - minute runtime , the story was condensed and greatly altered . The film was a commercial success and started the DC Universe Original Animated Movies line of direct - to - video releases . Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) draws narrative elements from `` The Death of Superman '' . In the film 's climax , Lex Luthor uses forbidden Kryptonian genetic engineering projects to combine General Zod 's corpse with his own DNA , causing Doomsday 's creation . Using a Kryptonite spear , Superman stabs Doomsday , but Doomsday stabs Superman in return with a bone spur emerging from his right wrist after Wonder Woman cut off the monster 's hand , resulting in both combatants dying in the battle . In 2017 , DC announced a two - part animated adaptation , The Death of Superman and Reign of the Supermen , to be released as part of the DC Universe Original Animated Movies line in late 2018 and early 2019 .", "15": "The new adaptation will be more faithful to the original story ; according to DC 's Tim Beedle , the film is `` much less condensed and will include many of the fan - favorite moments from the story that were left out of Doomsday . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andrae , Thomas ( August 1983 ) . `` Of Supermen and Kids with Dreams '' . Nemo : The Classic Comics Library ( 2 ) . Gary G. Groth . pp. 6 -- 19 . Jump up ^ Muir , John Kenneth ( July 2008 ) . The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 539 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 3755 - 9 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2011 . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tye , Larry ( 2012 ) . Superman : The High - Flying History of America 's Most Enduring Hero . Random House New York . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58836 - 918 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Weldon , Glen ( 2016 ) . The Caped Crusade : Batman and the Rise of Nerd Culture . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4767 - 5669 - 1 . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ching , Albert ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Geoff Johns Details `` Rebirth '' Plan , Seeks to Restore Legacy to DC Universe `` . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : DC Comics Year By Year A Visual Chronicle . Dorling Kindersley. 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7566 - 6742 - 9 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Reed ( October 2017 ) . Slugfest . New York City : Da Capo Press . p. 157 . ISBN 0306825473 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Reed ( October 2017 ) . Slugfest . New York City : Da Capo Press . p.", "16": "155 . ISBN 0306825473 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Michael ( August 22 , 2000 ) . `` John Byrne : The Hidden Answers '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Polo , Susana ( November 14 , 2017 ) . `` The death and resurrection of Superman , explained '' . Polygon . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Potts , Mark ( September 5 , 1992 ) . `` Superman 's Last Leap '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( March 29 , 2016 ) . `` How a Group of Desperate Comics Creators Hatched Doomsday , Superman 's Deadliest Foe '' . Vulture . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Superman : Doomsday Disc Two : Special Features ( Interview with the Superman writing team ) . Warner Bros. November 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman ( Interview with Mike Carlin ) . Warner Bros. June 20 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Steinbeiser , Andrew ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Throwback Thursdays : Dan Jurgens Remembers The Death Of Superman '' . ComicBook.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Jurgens , Dan ( September 12 , 2007 ) . The Death and Return of Superman Omnibus . DC Comics . ISBN 1401215505 . ^ Jump up to : Sims , Chris ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` The Biggest Event Of All Time : ' The Death of Superman ' '' . ComicsAlliance . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Whitbrook , James ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` What Happened the Last Time Superman Died '' . io9 . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 .", "17": "^ Jump up to : Ginocchio , Mark ( June 14 , 2013 ) . `` Gimmick or Good ? -- Adventures of Superman # 500 '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kessel , Karl ( October 1993 ) . `` Reign of the Superman ! '' . The Adventures of Superman . DC Comics ( 505 ) . Jump up ^ Jasper , Gavin ( January 13 , 2018 ) . `` Saturday Night Live : The 10 Best Superhero Skits '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , John Jackson ( December 12 , 2005 ) . `` The 1900s : 10 biggest events from 100 years in comics '' . Comic Buyer 's Guide . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard Market Watch '' . Wizard ( 22 ) . June 1993 . pp. 134 -- 5 . Jump up ^ `` 1992 Comic Book Sales Figures '' . The Comics Chronicles . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1993 Comic Book Sales Figures '' . The Comics Chronicles . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2012 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scully , Mike . ( 2009 ) . Commentary for `` Worst Episode Ever '' , in The Simpsons : The Complete Twelfth Season ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . ^ Jump up to : Morris , Steve ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` Review : The Death of Superman '' . Comics Beat . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Salvatore , Brian ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Death of Superman '' . Multiversity Comics . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Nevett , Chad ( November 1 , 2009 ) .", "18": "`` The Reread Reviews -- The Death of Superman '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sims , Chris ( June 11 , 2012 ) . `` ComicsAlliance Reviews ' Steel ' ( 1997 ) , Part One '' . ComicsAlliance . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phegley , Kiel ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` REIGN OF THE DOOMSAYERS : Dan DiDio '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Vaneta ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' What If You Missed the NEW 52 ' - SUPERMAN '' . Newsarama . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johns , Geoff ( June 25 , 2014 ) . `` The Men of Tomorrow , Chapter One : Ulysses '' . Superman . DC Comics. 3 ( 32 ) . Jump up ^ Cook , Dave ( March 24 , 2016 ) . `` Feature : Batman V Superman In The Battle Of The Nintendo Games '' . Nintendo Life . Gamer Network . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Greg ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` Greg Miller 's Top 10 Games of All Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hughes , David ( 2008 ) . The Greatest Sci - Fi Movies Never Made ( 1st revised and expanded ed . ) . London : Titan Books . ISBN 9781845767556 . Jump up ^ Monfette , Christopher ( September 18 , 2007 ) . `` Superman Doomsday DVD Review '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Beedle , Tim ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` The Death and Return of Superman Gets a Two - Part Animated Movie '' . DC Comics . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 .", "19": "Jump up ^ Mclaughlin , Robert ( July 17 , 2009 ) . `` How Superman became Will Smith 's adversary '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Franich , Darren ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Death of Superman returns '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Matadeen , Renaldo ( February 25 , 2018 ) . `` Death of Superman Animated Film Debuts First Image '' . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Superman publications and storylines History Current series Action Comics Superman Supergirl Trinity Former series Adventure Comics Batman / Superman DC Comics Presents Superboy Superboy and the Ravers Supergirl Superman ( vol. 2 ) Superman / Batman Superman Confidential The Superman Family Superman : The Man of Steel Superman : The Man of Tomorrow Superman 's Girl Friend , Lois Lane Superman 's Pal , Jimmy Olsen Superman / Wonder Woman Trinity World 's Finest Comics Limited series and one - shots Batman / Superman / Wonder Woman : Trinity Green Lantern / Superman : Legend of the Green Flame The Kents Lex Luthor : Man of Steel Lex Luthor : The Unauthorized Biography Birthright The Man of Steel Superman and Wonder Woman : The Hidden Killer Superman for All Seasons Superman / Shazam : First Thunder Superman Unchained Superman vs.", "20": "Muhammad Ali Superman : Last Stand of New Krypton Superman : Secret Origin Superman : World of New Krypton Superman : The Wedding Album Superman : War of the Supermen Outside continuity All - Star Superman `` The K - Metal from Krypton '' `` The Sandman Saga '' Son of Superman Superboy : The Comic Book Superboy 's Legion Superman Adventures Superman : At Earth 's End Superman : Earth One Superman : The Last Family of Krypton Superman : The Feral Man of Steel Superman : Last Son of Earth Superman : Last Stand on Krypton Superman 's Metropolis The Superman Monster Superman : Red Son Superman : Secret Identity Superman : Speeding Bullets Superman : The Dark Side Superman : True Brit Superman : War of the Worlds Superman & Batman : Generations Whatever Happened to the Man of Tomorrow ? Whom Gods Destroy Crossovers Superman / Aliens Superman & Bugs Bunny Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator Superman vs. The Amazing Spider - Man Superman and Spider - Man Superman / Fantastic Four Superman vs. Predator Superman / Tarzan : Sons of the Jungle Superman vs. The Terminator : Death to the Future Storylines `` For the Man Who Has Everything '' `` The Greatest Hero of Them All '' `` The Death of Superman '' `` Worlds Collide '' `` The Trial of Superman ! '' `` Superman Red / Superman Blue '' `` What 's So Funny About Truth , Justice & the American Way ? '' `` For Tomorrow '' `` Up , Up and Away ! ''", "21": "`` Last Son '' `` Kryptonite '' `` Superman and the Legion of Super-Heroes '' `` The Third Kryptonian '' `` The Coming of Atlas '' `` Brainiac '' `` New Krypton '' `` World of New Krypton '' `` World Without Superman '' `` Last Stand of New Krypton '' War of the Supermen `` Grounded '' `` Reign of Doomsday '' `` H'El on Earth '' `` Superman : Doomed '' Other The Superman Chronicles Superman ( comic strip ) Action Comics # 1 Action Comics # 1000 DC Comics crossover event publication history 1980s `` Crisis on Infinite Earths '' ( April 1985 ) `` Legends '' ( November 1986 ) `` Millennium '' ( January 1988 ) `` Invasion ! '' ( January 1989 ) `` The Janus Directive '' ( May 1989 ) 1990s `` Armageddon 2001 '' ( May 1991 ) `` War of the Gods '' ( September 1991 ) `` Eclipso : The Darkness Within '' ( July 1992 ) `` The Death of Superman '' ( October 1992 ) `` Knightfall '' ( April 1993 ) `` Trinity '' ( August 1993 ) `` Bloodlines '' ( 1993 ) `` Worlds Collide '' ( July 1994 ) `` End of an Era '' ( August 1994 ) `` Zero Hour : Crisis in Time '' ( September 1994 ) `` Underworld Unleashed '' ( November 1995 ) `` Batman : Contagion '' ( March 1996 ) `` DC vs. Marvel '' ( April 1996 ) `` Batman : Legacy '' ( August 1996 ) `` The Final Night '' ( November 1996 ) `` Genesis '' ( October 1997 ) `` Batman : Cataclysm '' ( March 1998 ) `` DC One Million '' ( November 1998 ) `` Batman : No Man 's Land '' ( March 1999 ) `` Day of Judgment '' ( November 1999 ) `` JLApe : Gorilla Warfare ! ''", "22": "( 1999 ) 2000s `` Our Worlds at War '' ( August 2001 ) `` Joker : Last Laugh '' ( December 2001 ) `` Bruce Wayne : Fugitive '' ( March 2002 ) `` JLA / Avengers '' ( September 2003 ) `` Identity Crisis '' ( June 2004 ) `` Infinite Crisis '' ( December 2005 ) `` Amazons Attack ! ''", "23": "( March 2007 ) `` Sinestro Corps War '' ( August 2007 ) `` Final Crisis '' ( July 2008 ) `` Blackest Night '' ( June 2009 ) 2010s `` Brightest Day '' ( May 2010 ) `` Reign of Doomsday '' ( January 2011 ) `` Flashpoint '' ( May 2011 ) `` The Culling '' ( November 2011 ) `` Night of the Owls '' ( April 2012 ) `` Death of the Family '' ( October 2012 ) `` H'El on Earth '' ( October 2012 ) `` Throne of Atlantis '' ( November 2012 ) `` Batman : Zero Year '' ( June 2013 ) `` Trinity War '' ( July 2013 ) `` Forever Evil '' ( September 2013 ) `` Blight '' `` Convergence '' ( April 2015 ) `` The Button '' ( April 2017 ) `` Dark Nights : Metal '' ( June 2017 ) `` Doomsday Clock '' ( November 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Death_of_Superman&oldid=837880802 '' Categories : Superman storylines 1992 in comics Crossover comics Steel ( comics ) 1993 in comics Cloning in fiction Mass murder in fiction Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2018 Comics caption less artist Redundant infobox title param Comics infobox image less alt text Story arc pop Comics navigational boxes purge Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית 日本 語 Português Русский ไทย 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 16 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 23, 22, 21, 18, 17, 0 ]

[ "upon braking to a full stop" ]

{ "0": "Start - stop system - Wikipedia Start - stop system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . Last update : March 27 , 2014 ( January 2009 ) This article refers to the automotive technology . For the use of start - stop systems in telecommunication , see asynchronous serial communication . In automobiles , a start - stop system or stop - start system automatically shuts down and restarts the internal combustion engine to reduce the amount of time the engine spends idling , thereby reducing fuel consumption and emissions . This is most advantageous for vehicles which spend significant amounts of time waiting at traffic lights or frequently come to a stop in traffic jams . Start - stop technology may become more common with more stringent government fuel economy and emissions regulations . This feature is present in hybrid electric vehicles , but has also appeared in vehicles which lack a hybrid electric powertrain . For non-electric vehicles fuel economy gains from this technology are typically in the range of 3 - 10 percent , potentially as high as 12 percent . In the United States , idling wastes approximately 3.9 billion gallons of gasoline per year . On a manual transmission vehicle , stop - start is activated as follows : Stop car and press clutch - move gear lever to neutral - release clutch - then the engine stops . The engine wo n't stop if the car is moving , even if the aforementioned steps are followed ( note that this is n't true for all cars ) . The engine restarts when the clutch is pressed prior to selecting a gear to move the car . The engine may also restart if there is a demand for power from , for example , the air conditioning system . Since automobile accessories like compressors and water pumps have typically been designed to run on a serpentine belt on the engine , those systems must be redesigned to function properly when the engine is turned off . Typically , an electric motor is used to power these devices instead . This technology has also been used on Honda Motor scooters in Asian markets for the last decade .", "1": "Their PCX 125cc model was released in 2010 to be sold in Europe with this technology , though their North American model does not feature it . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characteristics 2 Carmakers and models 2.1 Early use 2.2 Bentley 2.3 BMW 2.4 Citroën 2.5 Fiat Group 2.6 Ford 2.7 General Motors 2.8 Hyundai 2.9 Honda 2.10 Jaguar 2.11 Kia 2.12 Land Rover 2.13 Mahindra & Mahindra 2.14 Mazda 2.15 Opel / Vauxhall 2.16 Renault 2.17 Roewe 2.18 SAAB 2.19 Tata 2.20 Toyota 2.21 Volkswagen 2.22 Volvo 3 Concerns 4 See also 5 References Characteristics ( edit ) Start / stop technology came to Europe first , due to regulatory differences . 25 percent of the New European Driving Cycle ( NEDC ) is spent idling . In comparison , only an estimated 11 percent of the United States United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) test is spent at idle . Start / stop activation depends on specific driver inputs as well as operating conditions . The engine must have reached proper temperature to get adequate light - off of its catalytic converter and also to ensure proper lubrication and as effortless a restart as possible . With a manual - gearbox car , engine shutdown typically comes with braking to a complete stop , gearbox in neutral and clutch release . Cars with automatic transmissions shut down upon braking to a full stop - the shut down is activated by the footbrake pedal being in use when the car comes to a halt . If the car is slowed initially by manual use of the automatic gear box and final stoppage is by use of the handbrake the engine will not shut down . Carmakers and models ( edit ) Early use ( edit ) The first vehicles to use this technology were the Fiat Regata `` ES '' with the City - matic system and Volkswagen Polo `` Formel E '' models of the 1980s .", "2": "The Volkswagen Group also adopted it in the Golf Ecomatic in 1994 and in the Volkswagen Lupo `` 3L '' and the Audi A2 `` 3L '' in 1999 . Though these early implementations were considered rather disconcerting by many drivers , and high pricing failed to yield these cars much commercial success , both the Volkswagen Lupo and the Audi A2 ( in their `` 3 litre '' leverage ) were more efficient than any production car available in the US at the time of their release . Bentley ( edit ) Stop - Start technology was fitted to a Bentley for the first time in 2016 on the Bentayga model . Bentley 's system stops the engine when the car is stopped or moving slowly . BMW ( edit ) BMW is including the technology across many of its cars and the MINI line for 2008 as part of its Efficient Dynamics brand . BMW has been interested in ways to reduce parasitic losses on engines , so the company took the technology a step further . Instead of using an Integrated Starter Generator ( ISG ) , BMW has used an enhanced starter which is conventional starter , developed by Robert Bosch GmbH , that can withstand the increased number of engine - starts in a stop - start vehicle . BMW has developed the system such that the alternator is not activated most of the time . This means that electrical components in the vehicle are normally running on battery power . When the battery needs to be charged or when decelerating or braking , the alternator is activated to recharge the battery ( regenerative braking ) . Since this battery experiences very different load characteristics than a normal car battery , BMW used an absorptive glass mat type instead . Due to the use of regenerative braking , some have started calling this type of system a micro hybrid , a step below a mild hybrid system where the ISG can be used to assist the engine or even drive the vehicle . Citroën ( edit ) Citroën introduced a more refined system in its C2 and C3 models by 2006 , named `` Stop and Start '' . The Citroën implementation combines a SensoDrive automated gearbox and an electronically controlled reversible alternator or integrated starter - generator ( ISG ) .", "3": "An ISG , also known as `` integrated starter - alternator '' , combines the role of the starter and alternator into one unit ; manufacturers include Valeo and Denso . Fiat Group ( edit ) Fiat introduced the Robert Bosch GmbH made system in the end of 2008 in the Fiat 500 . Starting September 2009 , Alfa Romeo also introduced this system in its Alfa Romeo Mito series utilising Fiat Powertrain Technologies ( FPT ) 1.4 L Turbo petrol MultiAir engines . Ford ( edit ) Late in 2010 , Ford announced that its start - stop system , already used in its hybrids as well as several mainstream models in Europe , would be introduced in North America with the 2012 models , initially with 4 - cylinder engines and later proliferating into V6s and V8s . Eventually the system will be available in all Ford vehicles . In 2013 , it announced that start - stop technology would be brought into the second generation Ford Fusion models , and it built start - stop systems into the Ford F150 2015 model for the first time as a standard feature rather than an option . Formerly , only the 2.7 - liter turbocharged V - 6 version came with stop - start , which requires a more robust ( and expensive ) absorbent - glass - mat ( AGM ) battery that can better handle the constant cycling and the heavier draw from vehicle accessories with the engine off . General Motors ( edit ) In 2012 General Motors released its Chevrolet Malibu Eco model with eAssist technology , which combines start - stop technology with regenerative braking and electric boost in certain conditions . In 2014 General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Impala and Malibu would have a ( non-eAssist ) start - stop system across all models . Hyundai ( edit ) While both the Kia Rio and Rio5 share the same new direct - injected four - cylinder 1.6 L engine with its cousin Hyundai Accent / Verna ( also newly redesigned for 2012 ) , Hyundai made no mention of this feature in their Accent line . Hyundai 1.4 manual has the ISG ( Intelligent Stop & Go ) system ( in Israel ) .", "4": "Honda ( edit ) Honda has been using the start - stop function for over a decade via their IMA mild hybrid system in first generation Insight models in the Japanese domestic market since 1999 . and more recently on the Civic Hybrid . Jaguar ( edit ) Jaguar 's Intelligent Eco Stop / Start was first fitted to the XF and XJ models in 2011 before expanding to the rest of the range . Kia ( edit ) The redesigned 2012 Kia Rio and Rio5 ( hatchback ) debuted at the 2011 New York Auto Show was announced with their Intelligent Stop and Go ( ISG ) feature , or stop - start technology . Kia claims the combination of direct fuel injection and stop - start will offer 30MPG City / 40MPG on the highway in both 6 speed manual and automatic transmissions . Land Rover ( edit ) In 2008 Land Rover fitted its Freelander with Stop / Start which could reduce fuel consumption and emissions by up to 10 % . As of 2016 all Land Rover and Range Rover models are fitted with Intelligent Eco Stop / Start . Mahindra & mahindra ( edit ) Mahindra 's were the first in India to launch stop - start based Micro Hybrid system in May 2000 . This involved home - grown technology and first of its kind component development like Hall sensor based neutral and clutch pedal sensors , and later a joint venture with Bosch for common rail based vehicles . Mazda ( edit ) The i - Stop system , Mazda 's first start stop system , detects which piston is in the best position to restart quickest , which is the one in the combustion stroke phase , where air and fuel are in the cylinder , ready to be ignited . The mixture in this cylinder is ignited by the spark plug , forcing that piston down , and with partial - assistance from the starter motor , results in a near instantaneous engine restart time of 0.35 seconds . In 2011 , Mazda announced i - ELOOP , a system which uses a variable - voltage alternator to convert kinetic energy to electric power during deceleration . The energy stored in a double - layer capacitor , is used to supply power needed by vehicle electrical systems . When used in conjunction with Mazda 's start - stop system , i - Stop , the company claims fuel savings of up to 10 % .", "5": "Opel / vauxhall ( edit ) In 2010 , Opel introduced Start / stop in their EcoFLEX branded models . The system is used with Family 0 , Ecotec and MGE petrol and MultiJet , Circle L , and Family B diesel engines . Renault ( edit ) Renault introduced the technology in all of its European models in 2010 . Roewe ( edit ) In 2009 , Roewe 's Rover 75 based 750 was fitted with stop - start as standard with the hybrid 1.8 Rover K - series engine . SAAB ( edit ) A Start / Stop function was fitted to the second - generation 9 - 5 in 2009 . The button to control the system was placed next to the gearshift like SAAB ignition keys of old . Tata ( edit ) Tata Motors introduced this system on their LCV Tata Ace . Toyota ( edit ) Toyota has been selling cars with start - stop system on their internal combustion engine vehicles since 2009 , and since 1997 in their Prius hybrid line . Both Toyota and Mazda introduced stop - start technology , available also outside of Japan , in some of their 2009 model year vehicles . Volkswagen ( edit ) Volkswagen began using start - stop systems with the Polo Formel E with SSA around 1983 . Later the LUPO 3L , and after that in the Polo , Golf and Passat BlueMotion , which also include weight and aerodynamic improvements . The system is now commonplace in the Volkswagen range , fitted to all vehicles with the Bluemotion Technology package , though certain other models have the technology too . For the Lupo 3L , with an automated manual gearbox and clutch , the engine stops four seconds after the car becomes stationary with the driver 's foot on the brake pedal . No other action is necessary . Removing the foot from the brake pedal initiates engine start and the car can be driven away . The gear lever remains in the drive D position throughout . The same applies to the Audi A2 1.2 TDi , which is almost identical mechanically . Volvo ( edit ) Volvo introduced their Start / Stop technology in 2009 under their DRIVe branding .", "6": "Concerns ( edit ) The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ( NHTSA ) raised questions about non-hybrid Honda vehicles equipped with the company 's ' Idle Stop ' transmissions in February 2001 due to concerns over the `` sudden lurching forward of a vehicle in an automatic restart '' -- rather than the `` gradual creeping forward found in current transmission designs . '' Hybrid / electric assist vehicles experience almost no delay in power from a stop , due to the instant availability of power from the traction battery to the electric motor ( s ) . Gasoline / microhybrids on the other hand generally experience slight delays ( albeit fractions of a second ) . Many people think that long - term use may induce additional wear due to lack of oil lubrication . For the crankshaft bearing half shells and the big end bearings this can translate into frequent high - speed rotary movement before a hydrodynamic film is established . During this phase of boundary lubrication , metal - to - metal contact can occur between the crankshaft surface and the bearing 's sliding surface . This was not an issue while the number of engine restarts totaled at what was generally understood to be a normal magnitude . However , in a vehicle with start - stop system this effect can necessitate new technological solutions to avoid premature bearing wear , depending on the driving cycle . Consequently , future engines for start - stop applications need to be designed for 250,000 to 300,000 starts . Traditional bearing shells with aluminum or copper lining show severe wear after only 100,000 cycles . In a start stop system the short stop times keep the engine and oil warm , retaining lubrication . Some implementations do not use a starter motor , eliminating concerns of starter motor wear . Mazda i - stop used in their Mazda3 / Axela line ( in Europe and JDM ) uses combustion to restart their engine by sensing the position of the piston in the cylinder . They claim quieter and quicker engine restart within 0.35 seconds . Start - stop systems are heavily reliant on the battery . Testing indicates that AGM batteries diminish in their ability to support start - stop functionality over time . ( 1 ) . While alternatives exist ( NiZn , Lithium - Ion , supercapacitors , PbC ) , virtually all automakers continue to use conventional AGM lead acid batteries .", "7": "See also ( edit ) Automobile portal Technology portal Idle reduction Microcar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Johnson Controls expands global production of Start - Stop batteries to meet rising automaker demand , Johnson Controls Press release , September 16 2015 Jump up ^ Do Stop - Start Systems Really Save Fuel ? , Edmunds.com , 11 / 30 / 2014 ^ Jump up to : Start / Stop : Making the Most of Just Hanging Around , Road&Track , April 17 2012 Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide World News News Release January 22 , 2001 '' . World.honda.com. 2001 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Honda unveils economical scooter '' . RAC. 8 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Jongeneel , Jeroen ( 1983 - 12 - 24 ) . `` Test : Fiat Regata 85S '' . Autovisie ( in Dutch ) . Hilversum , Netherlands : Folio Groep B.V. 28 ( 26 ) : 48 . Jump up ^ `` 18.02. 2009 FIAT REGATA SEDAN BOASTED ' STOP - START ' TECHNOLOGY MORE THAN TWO DECADES AGO '' . ItaliaSpeed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Healey , James R. ( 1999 - 08 - 27 ) . `` VW Lupo : Rough road to fuel economy '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 10 . Jump up ^ http://www.bentleymotors.com/en/models/bentayga/bentayga/model-features/performance.html#a2a744f326f4cfd0f846a47a8f8272e3 Jump up ^ `` Citroen Technology - Stop and Start '' . Citroen.co.uk . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Valeo and Ricardo launches customer preview program for mild hybrid vehicle with world - class fuel economy '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . Valeo. 2002 - 06 - 26 .", "8": "Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DENSO Develops World 's First Belt - Driven Integrated Starter Generator ( ISG ) for Hybrid Vehicles '' ( Press release ) . Denso. 2001 - 07 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` 07.02. 2009 NEW 500 START&STOP GETS STARTED IN THE UK '' . ItaliaSpeed.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Alfa MiTo to Get MultiAir Engines , Start - Stop System '' . autoevolution.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 25 . Jump up ^ Previous post Next post ( 2010 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Ford Offers Auto Start - Stop Across Model Range Autopia '' . Wired.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 13 . Jump up ^ Content , Thomas ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Johnson Controls start - stop battery to boost Ford F - 150 pickup 's MPG '' . Milwaukee , Wisconsin Journal - Sentinel . Retrieved 14 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ford to Make Auto Stop - Start Standard on All EcoBoost F - 150 Pickups for 2017 , Car&Driver Blog , January 22 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` 37 - mpg Malibu Eco heads for U.S. dealers driven by exclusive eAssist TM technology '' . media.gm.com. 2012 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ Hyundai Accent Jump up ^ `` Honda Worldwide World News News Releases September 6 , 1999 '' . World.honda.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.parkers.co.uk/cars/advice/news/archive/First-drive-Jaguar-XF-22-diesel/ Jump up ^ Richardson , Aaron ( 2011 - 04 - 21 ) . `` New York 2011 : Kia debuts all - new 2012 Rio with start - stop , good for 40 MPG -- Autoblog '' .", "9": "Autoblog.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-review/land-rover/freelander/first-drives/land-rover-freelander-stop-start Jump up ^ `` Mazda 3 i - Stop '' . Topgear.com . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 11 . Jump up ^ Kurt Ernst . Mazda 's regenerative braking system switches batteries for capacitors. 2011 Jump up ^ http://www.mguk.org/t615-the-new-roewe-750-1-8l-petrol-turbo-electric Jump up ^ http://www.desktopmachine.com/press/886/Saab_9-5/ Jump up ^ `` Tata Motors rolls out micro-hybrid version of Ace LCV '' . WheelsUnplugged.com . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` The Widespread Introduction of the TOYOTA Mild Hybrid Cars ( HEV ) May Promote '' . MarkLines.com . Retrieved 2009 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Volvo launches stop / start S60 , V60 DRIVe models in Europe '' . Autoblog.com . Jump up ^ `` NHTSA puts brakes on Honda 's ' Idle Stop ' transmission technology '' . Autocentral.com. 2001 - 02 - 15 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Stephen R. Kratzke ( 2003 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards ; Transmission Shift Lever Sequence , Starter Interlock , and Transmission Braking Effect '' . Federalregister.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Does stop - start technology wear engines down ? '' . Dsc.discovery.com . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Idling stop technology Environmental Technology '' . MAZDA . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Maxwell Ultracapacitor Transportation Solutions '' . Maxwell Technologies website .", "10": "Retrieved 6 Feb 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Start-stop_system&oldid=804472965 '' Categories : Automotive technologies Starting systems Hybrid vehicles Hidden categories : CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) Articles needing additional references from December 2008 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2009 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Português Română Русский Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 9 October 2017 , at 06 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "State of the Union - wikipedia State of the Union This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 13 April 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search `` States of the Union '' redirects here . For other uses , see State of the Union ( disambiguation ) . For the most recent State of the Union address , see 2018 State of the Union Address . The State of the Union Address is an annual message presented by the President of the United States to a joint session of the United States Congress , except in the first year of a new president 's term . The message includes a budget message and an economic report of the nation , and also allows the President to outline their legislative agenda ( for which the cooperation of Congress is needed ) and national priorities . The address fulfills rules in Article II , Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution , requiring the President to periodically `` give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union , and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . '' During most of the country 's first century , the President primarily only submitted a written report to Congress . After 1913 , Woodrow Wilson , the 28th U.S. President , began the regular practice of delivering the address to Congress in person as a way to rally support for his agenda . With the advent of radio and television , the address is now broadcast live across the country on many networks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ceremony 2 History 3 Delivery of the speech 3.1 Invitations 3.2 Protocol of entry into House chamber 3.3 Designated survivor and other logistics 4 Opposition response 5 Significance 6 Local versions 7 Historic speeches 8 TV ratings 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Ceremony ( edit ) The practice arises from a duty given to the president in the Constitution of the United States : He shall from time to time give to Congress information of the State of the Union and recommend to their Consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient . -- Article II , Section 3 of the U.S.", "1": "Constitution Although the language of this State of the Union Clause of the Constitution is not specific , since the 1930s , the President makes this report annually in late January or early February . Between 1934 and 2013 the date has been as early as January 3 , and as late as February 12 . While not required to deliver a speech , every president since Woodrow Wilson , with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover , has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress . Before that time , most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report . Since Franklin Roosevelt , the State of the Union is given typically each January before a joint session of the United States Congress and is held in the House of Representatives chamber of the United States Capitol . Newly inaugurated presidents generally deliver an address to Congress in February of the first year of their term , but this speech is not officially considered to be a `` State of the Union '' . What began as a communication between president and Congress has become a communication between the president and the people of the United States . Since the advent of radio , and then television , the speech has been broadcast live on most networks , preempting scheduled programming . To reach the largest audience , the speech , once given during the day , is now typically given in the evening , after 9pm ET ( UTC - 5 ) . History ( edit ) George Washington 's handwritten notes for the first State of the Union Address , January 8 , 1790 . Full 7 pages . George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8 , 1790 , in New York City , then the provisional U.S. capital . In 1801 , Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person , regarding it as too monarchical ( similar to the Speech from the Throne ) . Instead , the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy . However , there have been exceptions to this rule . Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century have sent written State of the Union addresses . The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981 , after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended .", "2": "For many years , the speech was referred to as `` the President 's Annual Message to Congress '' . The actual term `` State of the Union '' first emerged in 1934 when Franklin D. Roosevelt used the phrase , becoming its generally accepted name since 1947 . Franklin Delano Roosevelt State of the Union ( Four Freedoms ) ( January 6 , 1941 ) Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's January 6 , 1941 State of the Union Address introducing the theme of the Four Freedoms ( starting at 32 : 02 ) Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prior to 1934 , the annual message was delivered at the end of the calendar year , in December . The ratification of the 20th Amendment on January 23 , 1933 , changed the opening of Congress from early March to early January , affecting the delivery of the annual message . Since 1934 , the message or address has been delivered to Congress in January or February . The Twentieth Amendment also established January 20 as the beginning of the presidential term . In years when a new president is inaugurated , the outgoing president may deliver a final State of the Union message , but none has done so since Jimmy Carter sent a written message in 1981 . In 1953 and 1961 , Congress received both a written State of the Union message from the outgoing president and a separate State of the Union speech by the incoming president . Since 1989 , in recognition that the responsibility of reporting the State of the Union formally belongs to the president who held office during the past year , newly inaugurated Presidents have not officially called their first speech before Congress a `` State of the Union '' message . In 1936 , President Roosevelt set a precedent when he delivered the address at night . Only once before -- when Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to order the U.S. into World War I -- had a sitting president addressed Congress at night . The text of the first page of Ronald Reagan 's first State of the Union Address , given January 26 , 1982 Warren Harding 's 1922 speech was the first to be broadcast on radio , albeit to a limited audience , while Calvin Coolidge 's 1923 speech was the first to be broadcast across the nation .", "3": "Harry S. Truman 's 1947 address was the first to be broadcast on television . Lyndon B. Johnson 's address in 1965 was the first delivered in the evening . Three years later , in 1968 , television networks in the United States , for the first time , imposed no time limit for their coverage of a State of the Union address . Delivered by Lyndon B. Johnson , this address was followed by extensive televised commentary by , among others , Daniel Patrick Moynihan and Milton Friedman . Ronald Reagan 's 1986 State of the Union Address is the only one to have been postponed . He had planned to deliver it on January 28 , 1986 but postponed it for a week after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster and instead addressed the nation on the day 's events . Bill Clinton 's 1997 address was the first broadcast available live on the World Wide Web . Delivery of the speech ( edit ) A formal invitation is made by the Speaker of the House to the President several weeks before each State of the Union Address . Invitations ( edit ) Every member of Congress can bring one guest to the State of the Union address . The President may invite up to 24 guests with the First Lady in her box . The Speaker of the House may invite up to 24 guests in the Speaker 's box . Seating for Congress on the main floor is by a first - in , first - served basis with no reservations . The Cabinet , Supreme Court justices , members of the Diplomatic Corps , and Joint Chiefs have reserved seating . Protocol of entry into House chamber ( edit ) By approximately 8 : 30 pm on the night of the address , the members of the House have gathered in their seats for the joint session . Then , the Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker and loudly announces the Vice President and members of the Senate , who enter and take the seats assigned for them . The Speaker , and then the Vice President , specify the members of the House and Senate , respectively , who will escort the President into the House chamber . The Deputy Sergeant at Arms addresses the Speaker again and loudly announces , in order , the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps , the Chief Justice of the United States and the Associate Justices , and the Cabinet , each of whom enters and takes their seats when called .", "4": "The justices take the seats nearest to the Speaker 's rostrum and adjacent to the sections reserved for the Cabinet and the members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff . The Sergeants at Arms of the House ( left ) and Senate ( right ) wait at the doorway to the House chamber before President Barack Obama enters to deliver the 2011 State of the Union Address . Just after 9 pm , as the President reaches the door to the chamber , the House Sergeant at Arms stands just inside the doors , faces the Speaker , and waits until the President is ready to enter the chamber . When the President is ready , the Sergeant at Arms always announces his entrance , loudly stating the phrase : `` Mister Speaker , the President of the United States ! '' As applause and cheering begins , the President slowly walks toward the Speaker 's rostrum , followed by members of his Congressional escort committee . The President 's approach is slowed by pausing to shake hands , hug , kiss , and autograph copies of his speech for Members of Congress . After he takes his place at the House Clerk 's desk , he hands two manila envelopes , previously placed on the desk and containing copies of the speech , to the Speaker and Vice President . After continuing applause from the attendees has diminished , the Speaker introduces the President to the Representatives and Senators , stating : `` Members of Congress , I have the high privilege and distinct honor of presenting to you the President of the United States . '' This leads to a further round of applause and , eventually , the beginning of the address by the President . At close of the ceremony , attendees leave on their own accord . The Sergeants at Arms guides the President out of the Chamber . Some politicians stay to shake hands with and congratulate the President on his way out . Designated survivor and other logistics ( edit ) Customarily , one cabinet member ( the designated survivor ) does not attend the speech , in order to provide continuity in the line of succession in the event that a catastrophe disables the President , the Vice President , and other succeeding officers gathered in the House chamber . Additionally , since the September 11 attacks in 2001 , a few members of Congress have been asked to relocate to undisclosed locations for the duration of the speech to form a rump Congress in the event of a disaster . Since 2003 , each chamber of Congress has formally named a separate designated survivor .", "5": "President George W. Bush with Senate President ( U.S. Vice President ) Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi during the 2007 State of the Union address . 2007 marked the first time that a woman had occupied the Speaker of the House chair . ( audio only ) Both the Speaker and the Vice President sit at the Speaker 's desk , behind the President for the duration of the speech . If either is unavailable , the next highest - ranking member of the respective house substitutes . Once the chamber settles down from the President 's arrival , the Speaker officially presents the President to the joint session of Congress . The President then delivers the speech from the podium at the front of the House Chamber . In the State of the Union the President traditionally outlines the administration 's accomplishments over the previous year , as well as the agenda for the coming year , often in upbeat and optimistic terms . Since the 1982 address , it has also become common for the President to honor special guests sitting in the gallery , such as American citizens or visiting heads of state . During that 1982 address , President Ronald Reagan acknowledged Lenny Skutnik for his act of heroism following the crash of Air Florida Flight 90 . Since then , the term `` Lenny Skutniks '' has been used to refer to individuals invited to sit in the gallery , and then cited by the President , during the State of the Union . State of the Union speeches usually last a little over an hour , partly because of the large amounts of applause that occur from the audience throughout . The applause is often political in tone , with many portions of the speech being applauded only by members of the President 's own party . As non-political officeholders , members of the Supreme Court or the Joint Chiefs of Staff rarely applaud in order to retain the appearance of political impartiality . In recent years , the presiding officers of the House and the Senate , the Speaker and the Vice President , respectively , have departed from the neutrality expected of presiding officers of deliberative bodies , as they , too , stand and applaud in response to the remarks of the President with which they agree .", "6": "For the 2011 address , Senator Mark Udall of Colorado proposed a break in tradition wherein all members of Congress sit together regardless of party , as well as the avoiding of standing ; this was in response to the 2011 Tucson Shooting in which Representative Gabrielle Giffords was shot and wounded in an assassination attempt . This practice was also repeated during the 2012 address and every address after . Opposition response ( edit ) Main article : Response to the State of the Union address Since 1966 , the speech has been followed on television by a response or rebuttal by a member of the major political party opposing the President 's party . The response is typically broadcast from a studio with no audience . In 1970 , the Democratic Party put together a TV program with their speech to reply to President Nixon , as well as a televised response to Nixon 's written speech in 1973 . The same was done by Democrats for President Reagan 's speeches in 1982 and 1985 . The response is not always produced in a studio ; in 1997 , the Republicans for the first time delivered the response in front of high school students . In 2004 , the Democratic Party 's response was also delivered in Spanish for the first time , by New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . In 2011 , Minnesota Congresswoman Michele Bachmann also gave a televised response for the Tea Party Express , a first for a political movement . Significance ( edit ) Although much of the pomp and ceremony behind the State of the Union address is governed by tradition rather than law , in modern times , the event is seen as one of the most important in the US political calendar . It is one of the few instances when all three branches of the US government are assembled under one roof : members of both houses of Congress constituting the legislature , the President 's Cabinet constituting the executive , and the Chief Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court constituting the judiciary . In addition , the military is represented by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , while foreign governments are represented by the Dean of the Diplomatic Corps . The address has also been used as an opportunity to honor the achievements of some ordinary Americans , who are typically invited by the President to sit with the First Lady . Local versions ( edit ) Certain states have a similar annual address given by the governor .", "7": "For most of them , it is called the State of the State address . In Iowa , it is called the Condition of the State Address ; in Kentucky , Massachusetts , Pennsylvania , and Virginia , the speech is called the State of the Commonwealth address . The mayor of Washington , D.C. gives a State of the District address . American Samoa has a State of the Territory address given by the governor . Puerto Rico has a State Address given by the governor . Some cities or counties also have an annual State of the City Address given by the mayor , county commissioner or board chair , including Sonoma County , California ; Orlando , Florida ; Cincinnati , Ohio ; New Haven , Connecticut ; Parma , Ohio ; Detroit , Michigan ; Seattle , Washington ; Birmingham , Alabama ; Boston , Massachusetts ; Los Angeles , California ; Buffalo , New York ; Rochester , New York ; San Antonio , Texas ; McAllen , Texas ; and San Diego , California . The Mayor of the Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County in Nashville , Tennessee gives a speech similar called the State of Metro Address . Some university presidents give a State of the University address at the beginning of every academic term . Private companies usually have a `` State of the Corporation '' or `` State of the Company '' address given by the respective CEO . The State of the Union model has also been adopted by the European Union , and in France since the presidency of Emmanuel Macron . Historic speeches ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media Roosevelt 's Second Bill of Rights ( excerpt ) President James Monroe first stated the Monroe Doctrine during his seventh annual State of the Union Address to Congress on December 2 , 1823 . It became a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest - standing tenets , and would be invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.S. presidents , including Theodore Roosevelt , John F. Kennedy , and Ronald Reagan . The Four Freedoms were goals first articulated by Franklin D. Roosevelt on January 6 , 1941 .", "8": "In an address known as the Four Freedoms speech , he proposed four fundamental freedoms that people `` everywhere in the world '' ought to enjoy : freedom of speech and expression , freedom of worship , freedom from want , and freedom from fear . During his State of the Union Address on January 11 , 1944 , FDR proposed the Second Bill of Rights . Roosevelt 's argument was that the `` political rights '' guaranteed by the constitution and the Bill of Rights had `` proved inadequate to assure us equality in the pursuit of happiness '' . During his State of the Union address on January 8 , 1964 , Lyndon B. Johnson introduced legislation that would come to be known as the `` War on Poverty '' . This legislation was proposed by Johnson in response to a national poverty rate of around nineteen percent . The speech led the United States Congress to pass the Economic Opportunity Act , which established the Office of Economic Opportunity ( OEO ) to administer the local application of federal funds targeted against poverty . During his State of the Union address on January 15 , 1975 , Gerald R. Ford very bluntly stated that `` the state of the Union is not good : Millions of Americans are out of work ... We depend on others for essential energy . Some people question their Government 's ability to make hard decisions and stick with them ; they expect Washington politics as usual . '' Ford said he did n't `` expect much , if any , applause . The American people want action , and it will take both the Congress and the President to give them what they want . Progress and solutions can be achieved , and they will be achieved . '' George W. Bush delivers the 2002 State of the Union In his 2002 State of the Union Address , President George W. Bush identified North Korea , Iran , and Iraq as representing significant threats to the United States . He said , `` States like these and their terrorist allies constitute an axis of evil , arming to threaten the peace of the world '' . In this speech , he would outline the objectives for the War on Terror . TV Ratings ( edit ) Television ratings for recent State of the Union Addresses were : Date President Viewers , millions Households , millions Rating Networks 1 / 30 / 2018 Donald Trump 45.551 32.168 26.", "9": "9 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , ESTRELLA , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , PBS 2 / 28 / 2017 Donald Trump 47.741 33.857 28.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , UNIVISION , PBS , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , NBC UNIVERSO 1 / 12 / 2016 Barack Obama 31.334 23.040 19.6 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , NBC , NBC UNIVERSO , UNIVISION * * 1 / 20 / 2015 Barack Obama 31.710 23.137 19.9 ABC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , AZTECA , CBS , CNN , FOX , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUNDOFOX , NBC , UNIVISION * * 1 / 28 / 2014 Barack Obama 33.299 23.949 20.7 CBS , ABC , NBC , FOX , AZTECA , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , CNN , MSNBC , CNBC , AL JAZEERA AMERICA , GALAVISION , MUN2 , UNIVISION * * 2 / 12 / 2013 Barack Obama 33.497 24.767 21.8 FOX , ABC , CBS , NBC , PBS , AZTECA , UNIVISION , MFX , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , MSNBC , CURRENT , CENTRIC , GALAVISION 1 / 24 / 2012 Barack Obama 37.752 27.569 24.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , TF , UNIVISION , CNBC , CNN , FOX BUSINESS , FOXNC , GALAVISION , MSNBC , MUN2 1 / 25 / 2011 Barack Obama 42.789 30.871 26.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , CENTRIC , CNBC , FOXNC ,", "10": "MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2010 Barack Obama 48.009 34.182 29.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION , CNN , BET , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 24 / 2009 Barack Obama 52.373 37.185 32.5 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 1 / 28 / 2008 George W. Bush 37.515 27.702 24.7 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO * * , UNIVISION 1 / 24 / 2007 George W. Bush 45.486 32.968 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , UNIVISION 2 / 01 / 2006 George W. Bush 43.179 30.528 31.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , AZTECA AMERICA , TELFUTURA 2 / 02 / 2005 George W. Bush 39.432 28.359 35.3 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , TELEMUNDO , TELEFUTURA 1 / 20 / 2004 George W. Bush 43.411 30.286 28.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 28 / 2003 George W. Bush 62.061 41.447 38.8 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 29 / 2002 George W. Bush 51.773 35.547 33.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , CNBC , FOXNC , MSNBC 2 / 27 / 2001 George W. Bush 39.", "11": "793 28.201 27.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 2000 Bill Clinton 31.478 22.536 22.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 19 / 1999 Bill Clinton 43.500 30.700 31.0 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC 1 / 27 / 1998 Bill Clinton 53.077 36.513 37.2 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN , FOXNC , MSNBC , CNBC 2 / 04 / 1997 Bill Clinton 41.100 27.600 28.4 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 23 / 1996 Bill Clinton 40.900 28.400 29.6 ABC , CBS , FOX , NBC , CNN 1 / 24 / 1995 Bill Clinton 42.200 28.100 29.5 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 1 / 25 / 1994 Bill Clinton 45.800 31.000 32.9 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN 2 / 17 / 1993 Bill Clinton 66.900 41.200 44.3 ABC , CBS , NBC , CNN Notes The 1993 , 2001 , 2009 and 2017 addresses were not , officially , State of the Union addresses , but rather addresses to a joint session Congress because in those years the presidents were in office for only a few weeks at the time the speech was given . * * Tape delayed See also ( edit ) List of joint sessions of the United States Congress State Opening of Parliament United States presidential address References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` State of the Union Address US House of Representatives : History , Art & Archives '' . history.house.gov . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Diaz , Daniella ( February 28 , 2017 ) .", "12": "`` Why Trump 's Tuesday speech is n't a State of the Union address '' . CNN . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ben 's Guide to U.S. Government '' . United States Government Printing Office . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 31.7 Million Viewers Tune In To Watch Pres . Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Nielsen Company ( Press release ) . January 21 , 2015 . On Tuesday , Jan. 20 , 2015 , President Barack Obama delivered his annual State of the Union address . The address was carried live from 9 : 00 p.m. to 10 : 15 p.m. on 13 networks and tape - delayed on Univision . Jump up ^ Vasan Kesavan and J. Gregory Sidak ( 2002 ) . `` The Legislator - In - Chief '' . William and Mary Law Review . 44 ( 1 ) . Retrieved June 28 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : The President 's State of the Union Address : Tradition , Function , and Policy Implications ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . January 24 , 2014 . p. 2 . Jump up ^ Jackson , David ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` Obama State of the Union set for Feb. 12 '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union Addresses and Messages : research notes by Gerhard Peters '' . The American Presidency Project ( APP ) . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Peters , Gerhard . `` State of the Union Messages '' . The American Presidency Project . Retrieved September 25 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Kolakowski , Michael & Neale , Thomas H. ( March 7 , 2006 ) . `` The President 's State of the Union Message : Frequently Asked Questions '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service Report for Congress . Retrieved January 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President to Appear Before Congress : Message to be Delivered Friday night '' . Fairbanks Daily News - Miner .", "13": "Associated Press . January 2 , 1936 . p . A1 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Yoon , CNN Political Research Director ( February 12 , 2013 ) . `` State of the Union firsts '' . CNN . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurlansky , Mark ( 2004 ) . 1968 : The Year That Rocked the World . New York : Ballantine . p. 44 . ISBN 0 - 9659111 - 4 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Address to the nation on the Challenger disaster '' . Ronald Reagan Presidential Library . Retrieved July 4 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Weinraub , Bernard ( January 29 , 1986 ) . `` The Shuttle Explosion : Reagan Postpones State of the Union Speech '' . The New York Times . p . A9 . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . Joint Meetings , Joint Sessions , and Inaugurations . House History . United States House of Representatives . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Speaker Boehner Extends President Obama Formal Invitation to Deliver State of the Union Address '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` State of the Union 2015 '' . Speaker Boehner 's Press Office ( Press release ) . December 19 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H414 . January 27 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` President Delivers State of the Union Address '' ( Transcript ) . CNN . January 28 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Joint Session of Congress Pursuant to House Concurrent Resolution 228 to Receive a Message from the President '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Record : H415 . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Roxanne ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` The truth behind the ' designated survivor , ' the president of the post-apocalypse '' .", "14": "Washington Post . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schultheis , Emily ( February 28 , 2017 ) . `` Joint session 2017 : The history of the `` designated survivor '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Oritz , Erik ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Designated survivors recount nights as doomsday presidents '' . NBC News . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Widmer , Ted ( January 31 , 2006 ) . `` The State of the Union Is Unreal '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Keefe , Ed ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Three decades of ' Skutniks ' began with a federal employee '' . Washington Post . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wiggin , Addison ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Small Business Owners Should Be Obama 's Lenny Skutnik '' . Forbes . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clines , Francis X . ( August 24 , 1996 ) . `` Bonding as New Political Theater : Bring On the Babies and Cue the Yellow Dog '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Epstein , Jennifer ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Mark Udall wants parties together at State of the Union '' . Politico . Jump up ^ Hennessey , Kathleen ( January 21 , 2012 ) . `` Rival parties to mix it up -- nicely -- at State of the Union '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ Office of the Clerk . `` Opposition Responses to State of the Union Messages ( 1966 -- Present ) '' . United States House of Representatives . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Frum , David ( 2000 ) . How We Got Here : The ' 70s . New York : Basic Books . p. 47 .", "15": "ISBN 0 - 465 - 04195 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sincere , Richard E. , Jr . ( February 1997 ) . `` O.J. , J.C. , and Bill : Reflections on the State of the Union '' . Metro Herald . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2002 . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . Watts told his audience -- about 100 high school students from the CloseUp Foundation watched in person , while a smaller number watched on television at home -- that he is ' old enough to remember the Jim Crow ' laws that affected him and his family while he grew up in a black neighborhood in small - town Oklahoma . Jump up ^ York , Byron ( January 21 , 2004 ) . `` The Democratic Response You Did n't See '' . National Review . Retrieved January 23 , 2007 . And then there was the Spanish - language response -- the first ever -- delivered by New Mexico governor , and former Clinton energy secretary , Bill Richardson . Jump up ^ `` Michele Bachmann offers Tea Party response to President Obama 's State of the Union Address '' . The Washington Post . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNH State of the University 2015 '' . The University of New Hampshire ( Press release ) . February 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` State of the University 2015 '' . Santa Clara University ( Press release ) . February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Jeremy ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Why Your Company Deserves a ' State of the Union ' Address '' . Inc . Jump up ^ `` EU has survived economic crisis , Barroso says in first State of Union address '' . EUobserver.com . September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2017 - 02 - 28 .", "16": "Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 State of The Union Address TV Ratings '' . Nielsen . 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to State of the Union . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Portal : State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents The American Presidency Project : State of the Union Messages `` Established in 1999 as a collaboration between John Woolley and Gerhard Peters at the University of California , Santa Barbara , '' currently ( January 2010 ) , the APP `` archives contain 87,448 documents related to the study of the Presidency '' . State of the Union videos and transcripts at C - SPAN ( since 1945 ) State of the Union ( Visualizations , Statistical Analysis , and Searchable texts ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2002 ) ( in downloadable electronic file formats ) State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2006 ) ( HTML format ) Searchable visualizations of all State of the Union Addresses of American Presidents ( 1790 -- 2009 ) The State of the Union Text and PDF at U.S. Government Printing Office ( GPO ) from January 28 , 1992 to current date Top 10 State of the Union Addresses , RealClearPolitics.com The 2013 State of the Union Address on YouTube ( 1 : 01 : 02 ) State of the Union Speeches by United States Presidents ( hide ) State of the Union addresses Addresses Delivered as a speech 1790 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921", "17": "1922 1923 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1976 1977 1982 1984 1985 1986 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 Delivered as a written message 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835", "18": "1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1946 1953 1961 1981 Delivered as both 1972 1978 1979 1980 Delivered as a written message to Congress ,", "19": "summary delivered to public 1945 1956 1973 Unofficial addresses 2009 2017 Related Opposition party 's response Designated survivor Notable invited guests United States presidential address Joint Session of Congress ( List ) Monroe Doctrine Regional speeches State of the State address State of the City address Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=State_of_the_Union&oldid=836214476 '' Categories : Article Two of the United States Constitution State of the Union addresses 1790 establishments in the United States Speeches by heads of state Annual events in Washington , D.C. Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from January 2015 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2018 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bosanski Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe 中文 19 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 April 2018 , at 11 : 22 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "September 30, 1999 – October 14, 2006", "September 1999", "September 30, 1999 – October 14, 2006" ]

{ "0": "A series of Unfortunate Events - wikipedia A series of Unfortunate Events Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book series . For the film , see Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . For the TV series , see A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) . A Series of Unfortunate Events The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Author Lemony Snicket Illustrator Brett Helquist Cover artist Brett Helquist Country United States Language English Genre Gothic fiction , Absurdist fiction , Mystery , Steampunk , Comedy - Drama , Children 's fiction , Black comedy Publisher HarperCollins EgmontUK Published September 30 , 1999 -- October 14 , 2006 A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen children 's novels by Lemony Snicket , the pen name of American author Daniel Handler . The books follow the turbulent lives of Violet , Klaus , and Sunny Baudelaire . After their parents ' death in a fire , the children are placed in the custody of a murderous relative , Count Olaf , who attempts to steal their inheritance and , later , orchestrates numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee . As the plot progresses , the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society known as V.F.D. , with connections to both Olaf and their parents . The series is narrated by Snicket , who dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest , Beatrice , and often attempts to dissuade the reader from reading the Baudelaires ' story . Characterized by Victorian Gothic tones and absurdist textuality , the books are noted for their dark humor , sarcastic storytelling , and anachronistic elements , as well as frequent cultural and literary allusions .", "1": "They have been classified as postmodern and metafictional writing , with the plot evolution throughout the later novels being cited as an exploration of the psychological process of transition from the idyllic innocence of childhood to the moral complexity of maturity . Likewise , the final installments of the series are also acknowledged for their escalatingly intricate ethical ambiguity toward philosophical ambivalence , as the nature of some of the Baudelaires ' actions becomes increasingly harder to discern from those of their antagonist counterparts and more characters are revealed to be responsible for permanent wrongdoing , despite their identification with the self - proclaimed good side of the tale . Since the release of the first novel , The Bad Beginning , in September 1999 , the books have gained significant popularity , critical acclaim , and commercial success worldwide , spawning a film , a video game , assorted merchandise and a television series on Netflix . The main thirteen books in the series have collectively sold more than 60 million copies and have been translated into 41 languages . Several companion books set in the same universe of the series have also been released , including Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , The Beatrice Letters and the noir prequel tetralogy All the Wrong Questions , which chronicles Snicket 's youth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Plot 2 Origins 3 Genre 4 Recurring themes and concepts 4.1 Narration style 4.2 Thematic approaches 4.3 Transtextuality 4.4 Allusions 5 Distribution 5.1 Books 5.2 All the Wrong Questions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Board games 6.5 Card games 6.6 Audio 6.6. 1 Audio books 6.6.", "2": "2 Album 7 Reception 7.1 Reviews 7.2 Criticism 7.3 Sales 7.4 Awards 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The books seem to be set in an alternate , `` timeless '' world with stylistic similarities to both the 19th century and the 1930s , though with contemporary , and seemingly anachronistic scientific knowledge . For instance , in The Hostile Hospital , the Baudelaire children send a message via Morse code on a telegraph , yet in the general store they are in , there is fiber - optic cable for sale . An `` advanced computer '' appears in The Austere Academy ; this computer 's exact functions are never stated , as its only use in the book is to show a picture of Count Olaf . In a companion book to the series , The Unauthorized Autobiography , the computer is said to be capable of advanced forgery . The setting of the world has been compared to Edward Scissorhands in that it is `` suburban gothic '' . Although the film version sets the Baudelaires ' mansion in the city of Boston , Massachusetts , real places rarely appear in the books , although some are mentioned . For example , in The Ersatz Elevator , a book in Jerome and Esmé Squalor 's library was titled Trout , In France They 're Out ; there are also references to the fictional nobility of North American regions , specifically the Duchess of Winnipeg and the King of Arizona , perhaps allusions to the setting of Kurt Vonnegut 's novel Slapstick , which features similar North American fictional nobility . Interestingly , Vonnegut 's novel focuses on artificial family as the cure for loneliness and strife , which seems to also be the aim of the `` artificial family '' of V.F.D. Plot ( edit ) See also : List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters The series follows the adventures of three siblings called the Baudelaire orphans . Snicket explains that very few positive things happen to the children . Violet Baudelaire , the eldest , is fourteen when the series begins and is an inventor .", "3": "Klaus Baudelaire , the middle child , is twelve when the series begins ; he loves books and is an extraordinary speed reader with a first - class eidetic memory . Sunny Baudelaire is a baby in the beginning of the series , and enjoys biting things with her abnormally large teeth ; she develops a love for cooking later in the series . The children are orphaned after their parents are killed in a fire at the family mansion . In The Bad Beginning , they are sent to live with a distant relative named Count Olaf after briefly living with Mr. Poe , a banker in charge of the orphans ' affairs . The siblings discover that Count Olaf intends to get his hands on the enormous Baudelaire fortune , which Violet is to inherit when she reaches 18 years of age . In the first book , he attempts to marry Violet , pretending it is the storyline for his latest play , but the plan falls through when Violet uses her non-dominant hand to sign the marriage document . In the following six books , Olaf disguises himself , finds the children and , with help from his many accomplices , tries to steal their fortune , committing arson , murder , and other crimes . In the eighth through twelfth books , the orphans adopt disguises while on the run from the police after Count Olaf frames them for his own murder . The Baudelaires routinely try to get help from Mr. Poe , but he , like many of the adults in the series , is oblivious to the dangerous reality of the children 's situation . As the books continue , the children uncover more of the mystery surrounding their parents ' deaths and find that their parents were in a secret organization , V.F.D. , along with several other adults they meet . After the acronym first appears at the end of The Austere Academy , the siblings find several red herrings that share the initials . They then start to meet `` volunteers '' and gradually learn about the organization , although they discover several mysteries that are never explained . In The End , the children find a diary written by their parents that answers many of their questions but also raises many more . The children leave with another young orphan on a boat from a remote island at the end of the series , their fates left unknown .", "4": "Origins ( edit ) Author Daniel Handler The author of the series , Daniel Handler ( who uses the pseudonym Lemony Snicket ) , has said in an interview with The A.V. Club that he decided to write a children 's story when he was trying to find a publisher for his first novel , The Basic Eight . One of the publishers , HarperCollins , passed on The Basic Eight , but they were interested in him writing a story for children . Handler thought it was a terrible idea at first , but met with the publishers to discuss the book . They challenged him to write the book he wished he could have read when he was 10 . He retooled a manuscript he had for a mock - Gothic book for adults , which became `` the story of children growing through all these terrible things '' , a concept which the publishers liked , to Handler 's surprise . The first book in the series was The Bad Beginning , released September 30 , 1999 . When asked in a Moment Magazine interview about the Baudelaire children and Handler 's own Jewish heritage he replied , `` Oh yeah ! Yes . The Baudelaires are Jewish ! I guess we would not know for sure but we would strongly suspect it , not only from their manner but from the occasional mention of a rabbi or bar mitzvah or synagogue . The careful reader will find quite a few rabbis . '' Genre ( edit ) This series is most commonly classified as children 's fiction , but it has also been classified in more specific genres such as gothic fiction , or some variety thereof , whether it is mock - gothic , a satire of gothic literature , neo-Victorian or `` suburban gothic '' . Another genre that the series has been described as is absurdist fiction , because of its strange characters , improbable storylines , and black comedy . Recurring themes and concepts ( edit ) The plots of the first seven books follow the same basic pattern : the Baudelaires go to a new guardian in a new location , where Count Olaf appears and attempts to steal their fortune . The books following pick up where the previous book ended . There are thirteen books in the series and each book has thirteen chapters .", "5": "The last book in the series , The End contains two stories , The End which has 13 chapters , and a separate `` book '' that is titled Chapter Fourteen . The location of each book 's events is usually identified in the book 's title ; the first twelve book titles are alliterative . In most books , the children 's skills are used to help them defeat Count Olaf 's plots ; for instance , Violet invents a lockpick in The Reptile Room . Occasionally , the children 's roles switch or other characters use their skills to assist the Baudelaires ( e.g. Quigley 's cartography skills help Violet and Klaus in The Slippery Slope ) . Narration style ( edit ) Lemony Snicket Lemony Snicket frequently explains words and phrases in incongruous detail . When describing a word the reader may not be aware of , he typically says `` a word which here means ... , '' sometimes with a humorous definition , or one that is relevant only to the events at hand ( for example , he describes `` adversity '' as meaning `` Count Olaf '' ) . Despite the general absurdity of the books ' storyline , Lemony Snicket continuously maintains that the story is true and that it is his `` solemn duty '' to record it . Snicket often goes off into humorous or satirical asides , discussing his opinions or personal life . The details of his supposed personal life are largely absurd , incomplete , and not explained in detail . For example , Snicket claims to have been chased by an angry mob for 16 miles . Some details of his life are explained somewhat in a supplement to the series , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography . Lemony Snicket 's narration and commentary is characteristically cynical and despondent . In the blurb for each book , Snicket warns of the misery the reader may experience in reading about the Baudelaire orphans and suggests abandoning the books altogether . However , he also provides ample comic relief with wry , dark humor .", "6": "In the excerpt for The Grim Grotto , he writes : `` ... the horrors ( the Baudelaire children ) encounter are too numerous to list , and you would n't even want me to describe the worst of it , which includes mushrooms , a desperate search for something lost , a mechanical monster , a distressing message from a lost friend and tap - dancing . '' Snicket 's narration has been described as `` self - conscious '' and `` post-modern '' . Snicket translates for the youngest Baudelaire orphan , Sunny , who in the early books almost solely uses words or phrases that make sense only to her siblings . As the series progresses , her speech often contains disguised meanings . Some words are spelled phonetically : ' surchmi ' in The Slippery Slope and ' Kikbucit ? ' in The End ; some are spelled backwards : ' edasurc ' in The Carnivorous Carnival , and ' cigam ' in The Miserable Mill . Some contain references to culture or people : for instance , when Sunny says `` Busheney '' ( combining the last names of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney , presumably ) , it is followed by the definition of `` you are a vile man who has no regard for anyone else '' . Some words Sunny uses are foreign , such as `` Shalom '' , `` Sayonara '' or `` Arrete '' . Some are more complex , such as when she says `` Akrofil , meaning , ' they were not afraid of heights ' '' , which phonetically translates to acrophile , meaning one who loves heights . She begins to use standard English words towards the end of the books ; one of her longer sentences being `` I 'm not a baby '' in The Slippery Slope . When describing a character whom the Baudelaires have met before , Snicket often describes the character first and does not reveal the name of the character until they have been thoroughly described . Lemony Snicket starts each book with a `` post-modern dissection of the reading experience '' before linking it back to how he presents the story of the Baudelaires and what their current situation is . Snicket often uses alliteration to name locations , as well as book titles , throughout the story .", "7": "Many of the books start with a theme being introduced that is continually referenced throughout the book -- such as the repeated comparisons of the words `` nervous '' and `` anxious '' in The Ersatz Elevator , the consistent use of the phrase `` where there 's smoke , there 's fire '' in The Slippery Slope and the descriptions of the water cycle in The Grim Grotto . Thematic approaches ( edit ) A theme that becomes more prevalent as the series continues is the simultaneous importance and worthlessness of secrets . In the final book , The End , the concept is especially important , as demonstrated by a several - page - long discussion of the phrase `` in the dark . '' The children hear of a massive schism within the organization of V.F.D. , which was once noble but became filled with corruption and split into two sides , `` volunteers '' and `` villains . '' While many of the critical plot points are given answers , Snicket explains that no story can be fully devoid of questions as every story is intertwined with numerous others and every character 's history is shared in a great web of mysteries and unfortunate events that make up the world 's legacy , making it impossible for anyone to know all the answers to every question . The Baudelaire children and Count Olaf 's story is said to be merely a fragment of a much bigger story between numerous characters with the central connection being the organization of V.F.D. Social commentary is a major element in the books , which often comment on the seemingly inescapable follies of human nature . The books consistently present the Baudelaire children as free - thinking and independent , while the adults around them obey authority and succumb to mob psychology , peer pressure , ambition , and other social ills . A high account is given to learning : those who are `` well read '' are often sympathetic characters , while those who shun knowledge are villains . The books have strong themes of moral relativism , as the Baudelaires become more confused during the course of the series about the difference between right and wrong , feeling they have done wicked things themselves and struggling with the question of whether the end justifies the means .", "8": "In the final book , in an allusion to the Book of Genesis , a snake offers the children a life - giving apple ( which the other characters in The End refuse to eat despite the fact that it is a cure for a fatal illness ) . Evil characters are shown to have sympathetic characteristics and often have led difficult lives . Similarly , good characters ' flaws become major problems . Almost every major character in the books has lived a life as difficult as that of the Baudelaires , especially the villains . The books highlight the inevitability of temptation and moral decision - making , regardless of external situation . This indicates that regardless of one 's outside influences , one always has the final choice in whether they will be good or bad . Characters that make brave decisions to fight back and take charge are almost always `` good , '' and characters that just go along end up as `` bad . '' However , some characters suggest that people are neither good nor bad , but a mix of both . Transtextuality ( edit ) There is a full page picture at the end of each book , showing a hint or clue about the content of the next book . This may be showing a flyer or piece of paper drifting by , though sometimes by a significant object : a snake appears at the end of The Bad Beginning , referring to Montgomery 's snake collection in the following book . The same picture is used at the start of the succeeding book . This practice continued at the end of The End which shows a boat sailing off into the sunset and at the start of Chapter Fourteen . The picture at the end of Chapter Fourteen includes a shape of a question mark . Following the picture is a letter to the editor , which explains to the editor how to get a manuscript of the next book . Snicket is writing from the location of the next book and usually reveals its title . Snicket notes that the editors will find various objects along with the manuscript , all of them having some impact in the story . Starting with the fourth book ( which previews the fifth ) , each letter has a layout relating to the next book , such as torn edges , fancy stationery , sopping wet paper , or telegram format . The letters change dramatically starting with the letter at the end of The Hostile Hospital -- for this preview letter , the letter is ripped to shreds and only a few scraps remain .", "9": "The remaining letters are difficult to read , and some do not reveal the title . The final letter appears at the end of The End and simply has `` The end of THE END can be found at the end of THE END . '' There is no letter after Chapter Fourteen . Each book begins with a dedication to a woman named Beatrice , and references to her are made by Snicket throughout the series , describing her as the woman he still loves while emphasizing the fact that she apparently died long ago . At the end of the Chapter Fourteen epilogue , it is revealed that Beatrice was the Baudelaires ' late mother , who married their father after an unknown event caused her to return Snicket 's engagement ring , alongside a two - hundred page book explaining all the reasons she could not marry him . Allusions ( edit ) To see more examples of allusions to literature and the real world in A Series of Unfortunate Events , see the individual article for any book in the series . While the books are marketed primarily to children , they are written with adult readers in mind as well ; the series features numerous references more likely to make sense to adults , such as allusions to Monty Python ( the Baudelaire children 's uncle Monty has a large snake collection , including a python , and a reference to the Self Defense Against Fresh Fruit sketch ) . Many of the characters ' names allude to other fictional works or real people with macabre connections ; locations may also allude to fiction , or contain foreign or obscure words with negative connotations . Lake Lachrymose appears in The Wide Window ; `` lachrymose '' means `` tearful . '' As the series progresses , more literature appears in the series -- either through quotes , explicit mentions or both . For instance , T.S. Eliot 's The Waste Land is important to the plot of The Grim Grotto , the eleventh book . The Baudelaire orphans are named after Charles Baudelaire ; Violet 's name also comes from the T.S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land , specifically its verses concerning the `` violet hour , '' and Sunny and Klaus take their first names from Claus and Sunny von Bülow , while Mr. Poe is a reference to Edgar Allan Poe ( his sons are named Edgar and Albert ) .", "10": "In the seventh installment , The Vile Village , Count Olaf 's disguise , Detective Dupin , is an allusion to C. Auguste Dupin , a fictional detective created by Edgar Allan Poe . Isadora and Duncan Quagmire are named after Isadora Duncan , a notorious dancer also remembered for her unusual death by strangulation when her scarf entangled around the wheels of the open car in which she was a passenger . In the fourth book , The Miserable Mill , Dr. Georgina Orwell is a reference to British author George Orwell . Orwell finished his famous book 1984 in 1948 , and in the sixth book , The Ersatz Elevator , it is not clear if the skyscraper in which Esmé and Jerome Squalor live has 48 or 84 stories . The Squalors ' names reference Jerome David `` J.D. '' Salinger and his short story For Esmé -- with Love and Squalor , while in an auction on which the plot hinges , Lot 49 is skipped , i.e. not cried , an allusion to Thomas Pynchon 's The Crying of Lot 49 . Both Salinger and Pynchon were reputed at one time not to be actual persons . The ninth book in the series , The Carnivorous Carnival , takes place at Caligari Carnival ; the carnival 's name is a nod to the 1920 silent horror film The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . Subsequently , many of the inhabitants of the island in which the Baudelaires find themselves on in The End are named after characters from The Tempest , a play by William Shakespeare , while some are named after characters from Robinson Crusoe , Moby Dick and others after general nautical or island - based literature . The name of Beatrice , Snicket 's dedicatee , may be an allusion to the poem La Beatrice by Charles Baudelaire . The poem references an `` actor without a job , '' like the actor Count Olaf . The poem also begins with the line `` In a burnt , ash - grey land without vegetation , '' similar to the Baudelaire mansion burning down at the beginning of the series . The name Beatrice could also be an allusion to Italian poet Dante .", "11": "Dante dedicated all of his works to `` Beatrice , '' with whom he was obsessed , and who was also dead , like Snicket 's Beatrice . Distribution ( edit ) Books ( edit ) The series includes thirteen novels as follows : The Bad Beginning ( 1999 ) The Reptile Room ( 1999 ) The Wide Window ( 2000 ) The Miserable Mill ( 2000 ) The Austere Academy ( 2000 ) The Ersatz Elevator ( 2001 ) The Vile Village ( 2001 ) The Hostile Hospital ( 2001 ) The Carnivorous Carnival ( 2002 ) The Slippery Slope ( 2003 ) The Grim Grotto ( 2004 ) The Penultimate Peril ( 2005 ) The End ( 2006 ) There are books that accompany the series , such as The Beatrice Letters , Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography , and The Puzzling Puzzles ; journals The Blank Book and The Notorious Notations ; and short materials such as The Dismal Dinner and 13 Shocking Secrets You 'll Wish You Never Knew About Lemony Snicket . The books were at one point published at the rate of three or four books per year . The endpapers were `` designed in a suitably Victorian style '' , with cloth binding on the spines matching the colors of the cover . A paperback release of the series , featuring restyled covers , new illustrations and a serial supplement entitled The Cornucopian Cavalcade happened with The Bad Beginning : or , Orphans ! , The Reptile Room : or , Murder ! , and The Wide Window : or , Disappearance ! , but stopped after the third . Humorous quotes from the series were used in a book published under the Snicket name , Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid . All the Wrong Questions ( edit ) Main article : All the Wrong Questions See also : Lemony Snicket bibliography Lemony Snicket 's All the Wrong Questions is a four - part young adult series focused on Snicket 's childhood working for V.F.D. It is set in the same universe as A Series of Unfortunate Events and features several of the same characters and locations .", "12": "The first book was titled Who Could That Be at This Hour ? , and was released in October 2012 . The second , When Did You See Her Last ? , was released in October 2013 , and the third , Should n't You Be in School ? , was released in September 2014 . The final book , Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? was released on September 29 , 2015 . In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Main article : A Series of Unfortunate Events ( TV series ) Poster of the first season from the Netflix adaptation Netflix , in association with Paramount Television , announced in November 2014 its plans to adapt the books into an original TV series with 26 total episodes spanning 3 seasons , with 2 episodes dedicated to each book . Author Daniel Handler will serve as a writer and executive producer . On September 4 , 2015 , it was announced that filmmaker Barry Sonnenfeld and True Blood showrunner Mark Hudis had agreed to helm the series . Hudis would serve as showrunner , Sonnenfeld as director , and both as executive producers . Daniel Handler is penning the scripts . On December 3 , 2015 , an open casting call was announced for the roles of Violet and Klaus Baudelaire , with the casting call confirming that the series would begin production in March 2016 . In January 2016 , Netflix announced that Hudis had left the project and they have not yet named a replacement showrunner . However , it was announced that Sonnenfeld and Handler were both still on board , and that Neil Patrick Harris had been cast as Count Olaf and Malina Weissman and Louis Hynes are cast as Violet and Klaus . In March 2016 , K. Todd Freeman and Patrick Warburton were cast as Mr. Poe and Lemony Snicket respectively . The first season , consisting of eight episodes that cover the first four books , was released worldwide on Netflix on January 13 , 2017 . A Series of Unfortunate Events was renewed for a second season , which was released on March 30 , 2018 , and consisted of ten episodes that adapt books five through nine of the novel series . The television series was also renewed for a third and final season , which will adapt the four remaining books .", "13": "It is assumed Handler will remain on as screenwriter of the new seasons . Film ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Jim Carrey as Count Olaf in the film adaptation Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a film adaptation of the first three titles in the series , mixing the various events and characters into one story . It was released on December 17 , 2004 . Directed by Brad Silberling , it stars Jim Carrey as Count Olaf , Meryl Streep as Aunt Josephine , Billy Connolly as Uncle Monty , Emily Browning as Violet , Liam Aiken as Klaus , Timothy Spall as Mr. Poe , and Jude Law as the voice of Lemony Snicket . The film was successful , however it was also criticized because the tone was comical , when the books were solemn and serious with occasional wry humor . Considering the success of the movie , the director and some of the lead actors hinted that they were keen on making a sequel , but no script was written . When I took the decision to take the movie I said I 'd obviously do it with the right to refusal , I 'm not going to give in to anything . I asked the studio how they were going to deal with the sequel . But they did n't want to talk about it until the first film was out . It 's amazing ; a script has not yet been worked on for the sequel , which I find a bit baffling . -- Brad Silberling , Browning has said that further films would have to be produced quickly , as the children do not age much throughout the book series . In 2008 , Daniel Handler stated in a Bookslut Interview that another film was in the works , but had been delayed by corporate shake - ups at Paramount Pictures . In June 2009 , Silberling confirmed he still talked about the project with Handler , and suggested the sequel be a stop motion film because the lead actors have grown too old . `` In an odd way , the best thing you could do is actually have Lemony Snicket say to the audience , ' Okay , we pawned the first film off as a mere dramatization with actors . Now I 'm afraid I 'm going to have to show you the real thing . '", "14": "'' Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( video game ) Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events is a video game based on the books and film ( more so the film , as the name and many plot elements seen in the movie but not the book are seen ) that was released in 2004 by Adrenium Games and Activision for PlayStation 2 , GameCube , Xbox , Game Boy Advance , and PC . The player plays as all three orphans at points in the game , and encounters characters such as Mr. Poe , Uncle Monty and Aunt Josephine , along with villains such as Count Olaf , the Hook - Handed Man , the White - Faced Women , and the Bald Man . The game , like the movie , follows only the first three books in the series . Although never mentioned in the game there are some references to V.F.D. such as while in the first level a package is delivered from the `` Very Fast Delivery Service . '' The note attached to the package also reads at the end `` P.S. The world is quiet here , '' which is the motto of V.F.D. Board Games ( edit ) A board game based on the books was distributed by Mattel in 2004 , prior to the movie . The Perilous Parlor Game is for 2 -- 4 players , ages 8 and up . One player assumes the role of Count Olaf , and the other players play the Baudelaire children . Count Olaf 's objective in the game is to eliminate the guardian , while the children try to keep the guardian alive . The game employs Clever Cards , Tragedy Cards , Secret Passage Tiles , and Disguise Tiles in play . Card Games ( edit ) The Catastrophic Card Game is the second game based on the books . In this card game , players are looking to complete sets of characters . There are 4 different sets : The Baudelaire Orphans , Count Olaf in Disguise , Olaf 's Henchmen and the Orphans Confidants . Players take turns drawing a card from either the draw pile or the top card from the discard pile in hopes of completing their sets .", "15": "For 2 -- 4 players , ages 14 and under . Audio ( edit ) Audio books ( edit ) Most of the series of unabridged audio books are read by British actor Tim Curry , though Handler as Lemony Snicket reads books 3 to 5 . Of narrating the audio books , Handler has said : `` It was very , very hard . It was unbelievably arduous . It was the worst kind of arduous . '' As such , future narrating duties were handed back to Curry , of whom Handler states : `` he does a splendid job '' . The `` Dear Reader '' blurb is usually read by Handler ( as Snicket ) at the beginning , although it is missing in The Hostile Hospital . Handler usually reads the `` To my Kind Editor '' blurb about the next book at the end . Starting at The Carnivorous Carnival there is another actor who replaces Handler in reading the two blurbs , although they are skipped entirely in The Grim Grotto . All of the recordings include a loosely related song by The Gothic Archies , a novelty band of which Handler is a member , featuring lyrics by Handler 's Magnetic Fields bandmate Stephin Merritt . Album ( edit ) Main article : The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events In October 2006 , The Tragic Treasury : Songs from A Series of Unfortunate Events by The Gothic Archies was released . The album is a collection of thirteen songs written and performed by Stephin Merritt ( of The Magnetic Fields ) , each one originally appearing on one of the corresponding thirteen audiobooks of the series . Two bonus songs are included . Reception ( edit ) Reviews ( edit ) Reviews for A Series of Unfortunate Events have generally been positive , with reviewers saying that the series is enjoyable for children and adults alike , and that it brings fresh and adult themes to children 's stories . The Times Online refer to the books as `` a literary phenomenon '' , and discuss how the plight of the Baudelaire orphans helps children cope with loss -- citing the rise in sales post September 11 , 2001 as evidence . Although the series has often been compared to Harry Potter due to the young heroes and the sales of the two series , reviewer Bruce Butt feels that the series ' tone is closer to Roald Dahl and Philip Ardagh .", "16": "Handler acknowledges Edward Gorey and Roald Dahl as influences . Mackey attributes the series ' success to the `` topsy - turvy moral universe '' . Langbauer feels that the series `` offers a critique of the pieties '' of earlier generations and `` imparting its own vision of ethics '' . Criticism ( edit ) Czech translation The series has come under criticism from some school districts for its dark themes , citing objections to the suggested incest ( referring to Olaf 's attempt to marry his distant cousin Violet in The Bad Beginning , although his motivation was not sexual in nature , but rather an attempt to gain the Baudelaire fortune ) and the words `` damn '' and `` hell '' being said in The Reptile Room . Handler later commented that the word 's use was `` precipitated by a long discussion of how one should never say this word , since only a villain would do so vile a thing ! This is exactly the lily - liveredness of children 's books that I ca n't stand . '' Access to the books was similarly restricted at Katy ISD Elementary School in Katy , Texas . The series has also been criticized for formulaic and repetitive storytelling . Sales ( edit ) French translations A Series of Unfortunate Events has been printed in 41 different languages , selling at least sixty - five million copies as of 2015 . Awards ( edit ) In addition to its strong reviews , The Bad Beginning won multiple literary awards , including the Colorado Children 's Book Award , the Nevada Young Readers Award and the Nene Award . It was also a finalist for the Book Sense Book of the Year . Its sequels have continued this trend , garnering multiple awards and nominations . Among these are three IRA / CBC Children 's Choice Awards , which it received for The Wide Window , The Vile Village , and The Hostile Hospital ; a best book prize at the Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Awards , and a 2006 Quill Book Award , both for The Penultimate Peril . While not technically awards , The Ersatz Elevator was named a Book Sense 76 Pick , and The Grim Grotto is an Amazon.com Customers ' Favorite . See also ( edit ) Lemony Snicket portal Lemony Snicket bibliography References ( edit ) Snicket , Lemony ( 2006 ) .", "17": "The End . HarperColins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 441016 - 8 . Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Netflix Making Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Series '' ... Slashfilm . Retrieved 15 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Jean . `` Steampunk Style Jewelry : Victorian , Fantasy , and Mechanical Necklaces , Bracelets , and Earrings '' ... Retrieved 15 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Noah Cruickshank and Kevin McFarland ( October 25 , 2012 ) . Dissecting the repetition and hidden messages of A Series Of Unfortunate Events . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lemony Who ? '' . ansible.co.uk . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Olson , Danel . 21st - Century Gothic : Great Gothic Novels Since 2000 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Cross , Julie . Humor in Contemporary Junior Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Charney , Maurice . Irony in Children 's Literature . Comedy : A Geographic and Historical Guide , Volume 2 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Sadenwasser , Tim . The Gothic Fairy Tale in Young Adult Literature : Essays on Stories from Grimm to Gaiman . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Austin , Sara ( May / June 2013 ) . Performative Metafiction : Lemony Snicket , Daniel Handler and The End of A Series of Unfortunate Events . The Looking Glass : New Perspectives on Children 's Literature , Vol 17 , No 1 ( 2013 ) . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cruz , Lenika ( October 23 , 2014 ) . Postmodernism -- for Kids . The Atlantic . Retrieved 10 January 2017 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Pugh , Tison . Innocence , Heterosexuality , and the Queerness of Children 's Literature . What , Then , Does Beatrice Mean ? : Hermaphroditic Gender , Predatory Sexuality , and Promiscuous Allusion in Daniel Handler / Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Jump up ^ Ahlin , Charlotte ( February 18 , 2016 ) . What A Series Of Unfortunate Events Taught Me About Justice . Bustle.com . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd . ( July 6 , 2015 ) . Fake Trailer for Netflix 's ' Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Lights Up YouTube . Variety . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Lemony Snicket Sneaks Back with ' File Under : 13 Suspicious Incidents ' . Publisher 's Weekly . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ R. della Cava , Marco ( October 22 , 2012 ) . Daniel Handler 's new Snicket series dives into noir . USA Today . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Butt , Bruce ( December 2003 ) . `` ' He 's behind you ! ' : Reflections on Repetition and Predictability in Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Children 's Literature in Education . Springer . 34 ( 4 ) : 277 -- 286 . doi : 10.1023 / B : CLID. 0000004895.65809. 71 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2001 - 09 - 04 ) . The Hostile Hospital . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 18 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0612 - 8 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2000 ) ( 2000 - 08 - 31 ) . The Austere Academy . A Series of Unfortunate Events .", "19": "HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440863 - 9 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2001 ) ( 2001 - 02 - 19 ) . The Ersatz Elevator . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . p. 42 . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 0872 - 4 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 1999 ) ( 1999 - 09 - 30 ) . The Bad Beginning . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 440766 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Daniel Handler -- AVClub.com -- Interview by Tasha Robinson , November 16 , 2005 . Retrieved June 13 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Mysterious Mr. Snicket '' . Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Nadine Epstein ( February 2007 ) . `` The Jewish Secrets of Lemony Snicket '' . Moment Magazine . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Leopold , Todd ( August 8 , 2002 ) . `` Author suggests you read something else -- Making light of ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' '' . CNN . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Redmond , Moira . `` Tales of a Seventh - Grade Scare Tactic -- The new Gothicism of children 's books '' . Slate Magazine . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fierman , Daniel ( May 24 , 2002 ) . `` Lemony Snicket is the new Harry Potter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dargis , Manohla .", "20": "`` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . New York Times . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2004 ) ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441014 - 5 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( 2003 ) ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) . The Slippery Slope . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 06 - 441013 - 7 . Jump up ^ Snicket , Lemony ( October 4 , 2004 ) . The Grim Grotto . A Series of Unfortunate Events . HarperCollins . ISBN 1 - 4052 - 1527 - 5 . People are n't either wicked or noble , '' the hook - handed man said . `` They 're like chef 's salads , with good things and bad things chopped and mixed together in a vinaigrette of confusion and conflict . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 325 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 15 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p. 329 . Jump up ^ Snicket 2006 , p . Chapter Fourteen page 13 . ^ Jump up to : Kramer , Melody Joy ( October 12 , 2006 ) . A Series Of Unfortunate Literary Allusions . National Public Radio . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket '' . Quidditch.com . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2006 . Retrieved January 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Silverman 1991 , p. 171 Jump up ^ Weldy , Lance . Crossing Textual Boundaries in International Children 's Literature . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books '' . lemonysnicket.com .", "21": "Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Beatrice Letters '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket : The Unauthorized Autobiography '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Puzzling Puzzles '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Blank Book '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2005 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events : The Notorious Notations '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Books by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Lemony Snicket . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid '' . lemonysnicket.com . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' Why Is This Night Different from All Other Nights ? '' ( All the Wrong Questions ) : Lemony Snicket , Seth : 9780316123044 : Amazon.com : Books `` . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Netflix Adapting Lemony Snicket 's ' A Series of Unfortunate Events ' Into TV Show '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 4 , 2015 ) .", "22": "`` Netflix 's Lemony Snicket Series Taps ' True Blood 's ' Mark Hudis , Barry Sonnenfeld ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` A Series Of Unfortunate Events Online Search '' . lemonysnicketcasting.com . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2016 . Retrieved December 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( January 26 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Series Of Unfortunate Events casts its Violet and Klaus '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Neil Patrick Harris Set To Star In Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' Series '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` K. Todd Freeman Joins Netflix 's ' A Series Of Unfortunate Events ' ; Anna Torv in ' Mindhunter ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Patrick Warburton to Star as Lemony Snicket in Netflix Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The Teaser for Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events , Coming to Netflix '' . ComingSoon.net . October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Loughrey , Clarisse ( January 1 , 2018 ) . `` New trailer and release date revealed for A Series of Unfortunate Events Season 2 '' . The Independent . Retrieved January 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Lemony Snicket speaks out about Netflix 's Series of Unfortunate Events '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` A Series of Unfortunate Events Renewal Extended Through Season 3 at Netflix '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 .", "23": "Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events ( 2004 ) '' . IMDb . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . unfortunateeventsmovie.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bothersome Books -- The Bad Beginning : Movie Tie - in Edition '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 10 . I 'm sorry to say that the book you are holding in your hands is extremely boring . If you are looking for a good time , you would have a better time watching a motion picture starring a handsome count . -- Count Olaf Jump up ^ `` The latest on Snicket sequel '' . moviehole.net. April 8 , 2005 . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Emily Browning -- Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events '' . darkhorizons.com . December 13 , 2004 . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Scott , Ronnie ( October 2008 ) . `` AN INTERVIEW WITH DANIEL HANDLER '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ditzian , Eric ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Lemony Snicket Director Brad Silberling Plans To Do Each Film In Different Medium '' . MTV News . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2009 . Retrieved June 4 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lemony Snicket 's A Series of Unfortunate Events Game News '' . kidzworld.com . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Talking With Lemony Snicket '' . audiofilemagazine.com .", "24": "Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic Archies Theme Songs for Lemony Snicket Audio Books '' . houseoftomorrow.com . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Gothic Archies The Tragic Treasury : Songs From A Series Of Unfortunate Events '' . tragictreasury.co.uk . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2007 . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Bad Beginning '' . ypress.org . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Robinson . `` Life Is n't Fair : Adult Lessons for Children from Dahl and Snicket '' ( PDF ) . San Jose State University . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Betts , Hannah ( December 18 , 2004 ) . `` Unhappily ever after '' . Times Online . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mackey , Margaret ( January 2003 ) . `` Risk , Safety , and Control in Young People 's Reading Experiences '' ( PDF ) . School Libraries Worldwide . Edmonton. 9 ( 1 ) : 50 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 19 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Langbauer , Laurie ( March 2007 ) . `` The Ethics and Practice of Lemony Snicket : Adolescence and Generation X '' . PMLA. 122 ( 2 ) : 502 -- 521 . doi : 10.1632 / pmla. 2007.122. 2.502 . JSTOR 25501718 . Jump up ^ Vaux , Anna ( December 4 , 2001 ) . `` Move over Harry Potter '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Banned Books Report '' ( PDF ) .", "25": "ACLU TX . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Snicket Letters '' . Books For Keeps . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Minzesheimer , Bob ( October 11 , 2006 ) . `` Friday the 13th closes the book on Lemony Snicket '' . USAToday . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 1 : The Bad Beginning '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` ABA : The Book Sense Book of the Year '' . bookweb.org . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 3 : The Wide Window '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 7 : The Vile Village '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 8 : The Hostile Hospital '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2005 '' . Nickelodeon . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` The Quill Awards '' . thequills.org . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2007 . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 6 : The Ersatz Elevator '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Series of Unfortunate Events # 11 : The Grim Grotto '' . HarperCollins . Retrieved September 5 , 2007 .", "26": "External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Series of Unfortunate Events Official website A Series of Unfortunate Events at the Internet Book List Daniel Handler 's official website A Series of Unfortunate Events on Netflix ( hide ) Works by Lemony Snicket A Series of Unfortunate Events Novels The Bad Beginning The Reptile Room The Wide Window The Miserable Mill The Austere Academy The Ersatz Elevator The Vile Village The Hostile Hospital The Carnivorous Carnival The Slippery Slope The Grim Grotto The Penultimate Peril The End Related works The Unauthorized Autobiography The Beatrice Letters Horseradish : Bitter Truths You Ca n't Avoid Media Feature film Soundtrack Video game The Tragic Treasury TV series Other Characters All the Wrong Questions Who Could That Be at This Hour ? When Did You See Her Last ? Should n't You Be in School ? Why Is This Night Different From All Other Nights ?", "27": "Other works The Latke Who Could n't Stop Screaming The Lump of Coal The Composer Is Dead Related Daniel Handler Brett Helquist Seth Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events&oldid=838435440 '' Categories : A Series of Unfortunate Events Absurdist fiction Black comedy books British Book Award - winning works American children 's novels Novels about orphans Series of children 's books HarperCollins books Hidden categories : All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from June 2015 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2010 Use mdy dates from March 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns - list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Кыргызча Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe 中文 29 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 00 : 46 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Minnesota Vikings - wikipedia Minnesota Vikings Jump to : navigation , search Minnesota Vikings Current season Established January 28 , 1960 ; 58 years ago ( January 28 , 1960 ) First season : 1961 Play in U.S. Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota Headquartered at TCO Performance Center Eagan , Minnesota Logo Wordmark League / conference affiliations National Football League ( 1961 -- present ) Western Conference ( 1961 -- 1969 ) Central Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC Central ( 1970 -- 2001 ) NFC North ( 2002 -- present ) Current uniform Team colors Purple , Gold , White Fight song Skol , Vikings Mascot Viktor the Viking Personnel Owner ( s ) Zygi Wilf Chairman Zygi Wilf President Mark Wilf General manager Rick Spielman Head coach Mike Zimmer Team history Minnesota Vikings ( 1961 -- present ) Team nicknames The Vikes The Purple People Eaters The Purple and Gold Championships League championships ( 0 † ) NFL Championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 1 ) 1969 Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Western : 1969 NFC : 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Division championships ( 20 ) NFL Central : 1968 , 1969 NFC Central : 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1989 , 1992 , 1994 , 1998 , 2000 NFC North : 2008 , 2009 , 2015 , 2017 † -- Does not include the AFL or NFL championships won during the same seasons as the AFL -- NFL Super Bowl championships before the 1970 AFL -- NFL merger Playoff appearances ( 29 ) NFL : 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1971 , 1973 , 1974 , 1975 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1980 , 1982 , 1987 ,", "1": "1988 , 1989 , 1992 , 1993 , 1994 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2008 , 2009 , 2012 , 2015 , 2017 Home fields Metropolitan Stadium ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Mall of America Field at Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( 1982 -- 2013 ) TCF Bank Stadium ( 2014 -- 2015 ) U.S. Bank Stadium ( 2016 -- present ) The Minnesota Vikings are a professional American football team based in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The Vikings joined the National Football League ( NFL ) as an expansion team in 1960 , and first took the field for the 1961 season . The team competes in the National Football Conference ( NFC ) North division . The Vikings played in four Super Bowl games in the 1970s , but lost all four . During the 1960s , the Vikings ' record was typical for an expansion franchise , but improved over the course of the decade , resulting in a Central Division title in 1968 . In 1969 , their dominant defense led to the Vikings ' league championship in 1969 , the last NFL championship prior to the merger of the NFL with the AFL . The team plays its home games at U.S. Bank Stadium in the Downtown East section of Minneapolis . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1960s 1.2 1970s 1.3 1980s 1.4 1990s 1.4. 1 1998 1.4. 2 1999 1.5 2000s 1.5. 1 2000 1.5. 2 2001 -- 2005 1.5. 3 2006 -- 2008 1.5. 4 2009 -- 2010 1.5. 5 2011 -- 2013 1.5.", "2": "6 2014 -- present 2 Logo and uniforms 2.1 All purple uniforms 3 Mascots 3.1 Current mascot 3.2 Historic mascots 4 Traditions 4.1 Fight song 4.2 Rivals 4.2. 1 Chicago Bears 4.2. 2 Detroit Lions 4.2. 3 Green Bay Packers 4.3 Helga hats 4.4 Vikings horn 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retired numbers 5.3 Pro Football Hall of Famers 5.4 Ring of Honor 5.5 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) 5.6 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) 5.7 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) 5.8 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) 6 Coaches 6.1 Head coaches 6.2 Current staff 7 Radio and television 7.1 Radio affiliates 7.1. 1 Minnesota 7.1. 2 Iowa 7.1. 3 North Dakota 7.1. 4 South Dakota 7.1. 5 Wisconsin 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Main article : History of the Minnesota Vikings See also : List of Minnesota Vikings seasons Professional football in the Minneapolis -- Saint Paul area ( the `` Twin Cities '' ) began with the Minneapolis Marines / Red Jackets , an NFL team that played intermittently in the 1920s and 1930s . However , a new professional team in the area did not surface again until August 1959 , when Minneapolis businessmen Bill Boyer , H.P. Skoglund , and Max Winter were awarded a franchise in the new American Football League ( AFL ) . Five months later , in January 1960 , after significant pressure from the NFL , the ownership group , along with Bernard H. Ridder Jr. , reneged on its agreement with the AFL and then was awarded the National Football League 's 14th franchise , with play to begin in 1961 .", "3": "Ole Haugsrud was added to the NFL team ownership because , in the 1920s , when he sold his Duluth Eskimos team back to the league , the agreement allowed him 10 percent of any future Minnesota team . Coincidentally or not , the teams from Ole Haugsrud 's high school , Central High School in Superior , Wisconsin , were also called the Vikings and also had a similar purple - and - yellow uniform design and color scheme . From the team 's first season in 1961 to 1981 , the team called Metropolitan Stadium in suburban Bloomington home . The Vikings conducted summer training camp at Bemidji State University from 1961 to 1965 . In 1966 , the team moved to their training camp to Minnesota State University in Mankato . The training camp at Minnesota State was one of the longest continuously running training camp events in the NFL and is remembered as part of the golden era history of the team . The Vikings played their home games at the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in Minneapolis from 1982 to 2013 . The Vikings played their last game at the Metrodome on December 29 , 2013 , defeating the Detroit Lions 14 -- 13 to end the season . Since the team 's first season in 1961 , the Vikings have had one of the highest winning percentages in the NFL . As of 2017 , they have won at least three games in every season except in 1962 , and are one of only six NFL teams to win at least 15 games in a regular season . The Vikings have won one NFL Championship , in 1969 , before the league 's merger with the American Football League ( AFL ) . Since the league merger in 1970 , they have qualified for the playoffs 27 times , third-most in the league . The team has played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI , though failing to win any of them . In addition , they have lost in their last six NFC Championship Game appearances since 1978 . The team currently has 14 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame . 1960s The team was officially named the Minnesota Vikings on September 27 , 1960 ; the name is partly meant to reflect Minnesota 's place as a center of Scandinavian American culture .", "4": "From the start , the Vikings embraced an energetic marketing program that produced first - year season ticket sales of nearly 26,000 and an average home attendance of 34,586 , about 85 percent of Metropolitan Stadium 's capacity of 40,800 . Eventually , the capacity of Met Stadium was increased to 47,900 . Bert Rose , former public relations director for the Los Angeles Rams , was appointed the team 's first general manager . The search for the first head coach saw the team court then - Northwestern University head coach Ara Parseghian , who , according to Minneapolis Star writer Jim Klobuchar -- the Vikings ' first beat reporter for that newspaper -- visited team management in the Twin Cities under the condition that his visit was to be kept secret from his current employer . His cover was blown by local columnist Sid Hartman , who reported the visit and forced Parseghian to issue denials . Philadelphia Eagles assistant Nick Skorich and a man with Minnesota ties who was working in the CFL , Bud Grant , were also candidates until a different Eagle , quarterback Norm Van Brocklin , was hired on January 18 , 1961 . Van Brocklin had just finished his career as a player on a high note , having defeated the Green Bay Packers in the 1960 NFL Championship Game . Head Coach Bud Grant ( 1967 -- 1983 and 1985 ) The Vikings were upset by the Chiefs 23 -- 7 in Super Bowl IV . As a new franchise , the Vikings had the first overall selection in the 1961 NFL Draft , and they picked running back Tommy Mason of Tulane . They also took a young quarterback from the University of Georgia named Fran Tarkenton in the third round . Notable veterans acquired in the offseason were George Shaw and Hugh McElhenny . The Vikings won their first regular season game , defeating the Chicago Bears 37 -- 13 on Opening Day 1961 ; Tarkenton came off the bench to throw four touchdown passes and run for another to lead the upset . Reality set in as the expansion team lost its next seven games on their way to a 3 -- 11 record .", "5": "The losing continued throughout much of the 1960s as the Vikings had a combined record of 32 wins , 59 losses , and 7 ties in their first seven seasons with only one winning season ( 8 -- 5 -- 1 in 1964 ) . On March 7 , 1967 , quarterback Fran Tarkenton was traded to the New York Giants for a first - round and second - round draft choice in 1967 , a first - round choice in 1968 and a second - round choice in 1969 . With the picks , Minnesota selected Clinton Jones and Bob Grim in 1967 , Ron Yary in 1968 and Ed White in 1969 . On March 10 , 1967 the Vikings hired new head coach Bud Grant to replace Van Brocklin , who had resigned on February 11 , 1967 . Grant came to the Vikings from the Canadian Football League as head coach for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , whom he led to four Grey Cup Championships in 10 years . Replacing Tarkenton at quarterback was eight - year CFL veteran and Grey Cup champion Joe Kapp . During the late 1960s , the Vikings built a powerful defense known as the Purple People Eaters , led by Alan Page , Carl Eller , Gary Larsen , and Jim Marshall . In 1968 , that stingy defense earned the Vikings their first Central Division title and their first playoff berth . In 1969 , the Vikings secured a 12 -- 2 record . The team had 12 straight regular - season victories after a season - opening loss to the New York Giants , which was the longest single - season winning streak in 35 years . The Vikings defeated the Cleveland Browns 27 -- 7 in the last pre-merger NFL Championship Game on January 4 , 1970 , at Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings became the first modern NFL expansion team to win an NFL Championship Game , and earned a berth in Super Bowl IV ; however , the heavily favored Vikings lost that game to the Kansas City Chiefs , 23 -- 7 . The team MVP that season was Joe Kapp , who threw for seven touchdowns against the Baltimore Colts -- still an all - time NFL record ; however , Kapp refused to accept the award , stating , `` There is not one most valuable Viking ... there are 40 most valuable Vikings ! ''", "6": "1970s The team continued to dominate in 1970 and 1971 , reaching the playoffs behind the stubborn `` Purple People Eaters '' defensive line . In 1971 , Alan Page won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award given by the Associated Press . He was the first defensive player to win the award . Hall of Fame defensive end Carl Eller , a member of the `` Purple People Eaters '' . On January 27 , 1972 , the Vikings traded Norm Snead , Bob Grim , Vince Clements and first - round draft picks in 1972 and 1973 to the New York Giants to reacquire the popular Fran Tarkenton . While the acquisitions of Tarkenton and wide receiver John Gilliam improved the passing attack , the running game was inconsistent and the Vikings finished with a disappointing 7 -- 7 record . The Vikings addressed the problem by drafting running back Chuck Foreman with their first pick in the 1973 Draft . Co-owner Bill Boyer died on February 19 , 1973 and was replaced on the team 's board of directors by his son - in - law Jack Steele . The Vikings won their first nine games of 1973 and finished the season with a 12 -- 2 record . They then advanced to their second Super Bowl in franchise history , Super Bowl VIII , against the Miami Dolphins at Rice Stadium in Houston , Texas ; however , the Dolphins prevailed , 24 -- 7 . The Vikings won the Central Division again in 1974 with a 10 -- 4 record . In the playoffs they built on their cold weather reputation , defeating both the St. Louis Cardinals 30 -- 14 and the Los Angeles Rams 14 -- 10 in frozen Metropolitan Stadium . The Vikings played in their second straight Super Bowl , Super Bowl IX ( 3rd overall ) , losing to the Pittsburgh Steelers , 16 -- 6 , at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans on January 12 , 1975 . Led by Tarkenton and running back Chuck Foreman , the 1975 Vikings got off to a 10 -- 0 start and easily won another division title . However , the Vikings lost to the Dallas Cowboys in the playoffs , 17 -- 14 , on a controversial touchdown pass from the Cowboys ' quarterback Roger Staubach to wide receiver Drew Pearson that became known as the Hail Mary .", "7": "The touchdown was controversial because many felt that Pearson pushed off on Vikings defensive back Nate Wright , committing pass interference . As the Metropolitan Stadium crowd was stunned to learn that no penalty was called , debris was thrown on the field for several minutes . A Corby 's Whiskey bottle struck game official Armen Terzian , rendering him unconscious . The Vikings played in Super Bowl XI , their third Super Bowl ( fourth overall ) in four years , against the Oakland Raiders at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California , on January 9 , 1977 . The Vikings , however , lost 32 -- 14 . In 1977 , the Vikings again won the Central Division with a 9 -- 5 record and advanced to their 4th NFC Championship Game in 5 years , but were defeated by the eventual Super Bowl Champion Cowboys , 23 -- 6 , at Texas Stadium . By 1978 , age was taking its toll on the Vikings , but they still made the playoffs with an 8 -- 7 -- 1 record . There was no more playoff magic as the Rams finally defeated the Vikings , 34 -- 10 in Los Angeles after having lost in their previous four playoff matchups ( in 1969 , ' 74 , ' 76 and ' 77 ) . Quarterback Fran Tarkenton retired following the season holding league passer records in attempts ( 6,467 ) , completions ( 3,686 ) , yards ( 47,003 ) , and touchdowns ( 342 ) . In December 1979 , ground was broken for construction of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome in downtown Minneapolis . 1980s On May 15 , 1981 , the Vikings moved into a new facility in suburban Eden Prairie that houses the team 's offices , locker room and practice fields . The complex was named `` Winter Park '' after Max Winter , one of the Vikings ' founders , who served as the team 's president from 1965 to 1987 . The Vikings played their final game at Metropolitan Stadium on December 20 to conclude the 1981 NFL season by losing to the Kansas City Chiefs , 10 -- 6 .", "8": "`` Two - minute '' Tommy Kramer ( 1977 -- 1989 ) The Vikings played their first game at the Metrodome in a preseason matchup against the Seattle Seahawks on August 21 , 1982 in a game Minnesota won , 7 -- 3 . The first touchdown in the new facility was scored by Joe Senser on an 11 - yard pass from Tommy Kramer . The first regular - season game in the Metrodome was the 1982 opener on September 12 , when the Vikings defeated Tampa Bay , 17 -- 10 . Rickey Young scored the first regular - season touchdown in the facility on a 3 - yard run in the 2nd quarter . That year the defense led by Joey Browner began a dominant 10 - year run as a premier NFL defense . The Vikings beat the St. Louis Cardinals 28 - 10 on August 6 , 1983 at Wembley Stadium in London in the very first international game in the NFL . On January 27 , 1984 , Bud Grant retired as head coach of the Vikings . With a career regular - season record of 151 -- 87 -- 5 (. 632 ) in 17 seasons with Minnesota , Grant led the franchise to 12 playoff appearances , 11 division titles , and four Super Bowls . Les Steckel , who was an offensive assistant with the Vikings for 5 seasons , was then named the 3rd head coach in franchise history . Steckel , who came to the Vikings in 1979 after working as an assistant with the 49ers , was the youngest head coach in the NFL in 1984 at age 38 . However , the Vikings lost a franchise - worst 13 games . After the season Steckel was fired , and on December 18 , 1984 , Bud Grant came out of retirement and was rehired as the head coach of the Vikings . On January 6 , 1986 , following the 1985 season , Bud Grant re-retired , this time permanently , as head coach of the Vikings . At the time of his retirement he was the 6th winningest coach in NFL history with 168 career wins , including playoffs . In 18 seasons , he led the Vikings to a 158 -- 96 -- 5 regular season record .", "9": "Longtime Vikings assistant coach Jerry Burns was named the fourth head coach in team history on January 7 , 1986 . He served as the Vikings ' offensive coordinator from 1968 to 1985 , when the team won 11 division titles and played in four Super Bowls . In his first season , the Vikings , led by the NFL Comeback Player of the Year Tommy Kramer , went 9 -- 7 , their first winning record in four years . On August 2 , 1986 , Fran Tarkenton was the first player who played the majority of his career with the Vikings to be inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame . Following the strike - shortened 1987 season , the 8 -- 7 Vikings , who had finished 8 -- 4 in regular games but 0 -- 3 using strike - replacement players , pulled two upsets in the playoffs . They defeated the 12 -- 3 New Orleans Saints 44 -- 10 at the Louisiana Superdome in the Wild Card game . The following week , in the Divisional Playoff game , they beat the 13 -- 2 San Francisco 49ers 36 -- 24 at Candlestick Park . During that game , Anthony Carter set the all - time record for most receiving yards in a playoff game with 227 yards . The Vikings played the Washington Redskins in the NFC Championship Game on January 17 , 1988 , at RFK Stadium . Trailing 17 -- 10 , the Vikings drove to the Redskins ' 6 - yard line with a little over a minute left in the game , but failed to get the ball into the end zone . The Vikings ' hopes of a Super Bowl ended when Darrin Nelson dropped a pass from Wade Wilson on fourth down at the goal line . On October 12 , 1989 , the Vikings acquired Herschel Walker from Dallas . The final result of the trade gave the Vikings Walker , third - round choice Mike Jones , fifth - round choice Reggie Thornton and 10th - round choice Pat Newman in 1990 and a third - round choice Jake Reed in 1991 .", "10": "Dallas received Issiac Holt , David Howard , Darrin Nelson , Jesse Solomon , Alex Stewart , a first - , second - and a sixth - round choice in 1990 , first - and second - round choices in 1991 and a first - , second - and third - round choice in 1992 . Two of those selections turned into Emmitt Smith and Darren Woodson . Walker 's performance fell short of expectations in his three seasons with the Vikings , while the Cowboys rode their draft picks to three Super Bowl victories in the early - to - mid-1990s . 1990s Cris Carter 's Hall of Fame display . Carter was a Viking from 1990 -- 2001 . On December 3 , 1991 , Jerry Burns announced his retirement effective at the end of the 1991 season . In six seasons as Head Coach of the Vikings , Burns compiled a career record of 52 -- 43 (. 547 ) . He also led Minnesota to three playoff appearances , including a division title and an NFC Championship Game . Dennis Green was later named the fifth head coach in team history , after turning around a struggling Stanford University football program as head coach from 1989 to 1991 . In his 10 seasons as the coach of the Vikings , Green won four NFC Central division titles , had eight playoff appearances , two NFC Championship Game appearances and an all - time record of 97 -- 62 . The Vikings therefore had the fifth highest winning percentage among all NFL teams during the regular season in the 1990s . 1998 Main article : 1998 Minnesota Vikings season 1998 was a year to remember for the franchise . With a spectacular offense led by quarterback Randall Cunningham ( who replaced an injured Brad Johnson ) , running back Robert Smith , veteran wide receiver Cris Carter , and explosive rookie Randy Moss , the Vikings set a then - NFL record by scoring a total of 556 points , never scoring fewer than 24 in a game . The Vikings finished the season 15 -- 1 , their only loss was to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 27 -- 24 in Week 9 . In the playoffs , the Vikings rolled past the Arizona Cardinals 41 -- 21 , and came into the Metrodome heavily favored for their NFC title showdown with the Atlanta Falcons , who had gone 14 -- 2 in the regular season .", "11": "After kicker Gary Anderson , who had just completed the first perfect regular season in NFL history ( not missing a single extra point or field goal attempt the entire year ) , missed a 38 - yard field goal attempt with just over 2 minutes remaining , the Falcons ' ensuing drive tied the game . This led to a controversial decision by head coach Dennis Green to run out the clock and let the game go to overtime . Though the Vikings won the coin toss , Atlanta went on to win it 30 -- 27 in overtime on Morten Andersen 's 38 - yard field goal . The Vikings became the first 15 -- 1 team to fail to reach the Super Bowl . The Falcons lost Super Bowl XXXIII to John Elway and the Denver Broncos . 1999 Randy Moss ( 1998 -- 2004 and 2010 ) Main article : 1999 Minnesota Vikings season Cunningham resumed duties again in 1999 , but after a lukewarm 2 -- 4 start , Jeff George replaced him as starting quarterback . He finished the season with an 8 -- 2 record , and led the Vikings into the postseason once again , with an overall team record of 10 -- 6 . Minnesota beat Dallas in the Wild Card game 27 -- 10 , and faced playoff newcomer Kurt Warner and the St. Louis Rams in the Divisional matchup . The game was a shootout that Minnesota led 17 -- 14 at halftime , but the Rams outscored Minnesota 35 -- 20 in the second half to win 49 -- 37 . St. Louis would go on to win Super Bowl XXXIV . 2000s The Vikings entered the decade by winning the divisional championship and an appearance in the NFC Championship game , where they were defeated 41 - 0 by the New York Giants . The following season , they struggled by posting a 5 -- 11 record in 2001 . The team would make the playoffs again in 2004 , but would not win a divisional title again until 2008 . Since the merger , the 2000s became the decade with the fewest playoff berths for the franchise . 2000 Main article : 2000 Minnesota Vikings season In 2000 , the Vikings went 11 -- 5 .", "12": "The Vikings were 11 -- 2 after 14 weeks , but slumped briefly , losing their last three to the Rams , Packers and Colts while starting quarterback Daunte Culpepper was hampered by injury . Nonetheless , the Vikings made the playoffs for the fifth straight year . After easily beating the Saints in the Divisional game 34 -- 16 , they traveled to New York City to face the Giants in the NFC Championship Game . Though they were the road team , the Vikings were favored to win the game ( since most considered their 11 -- 2 record with Culpepper more indicative than their 0 -- 3 record when he was out ) ; instead , the Vikings were defeated 41 -- 0 , their worst defeat in playoff history . Robert Smith , who ran for 1,521 yards that season , retired at the end of the year after only playing eight NFL seasons . 2001 -- 2005 In 2001 , after a disappointing 5 -- 11 season , the Vikings bought out the contract of Dennis Green , despite his successful coaching tenure with the team . Mike Tice coached the final game of 2001 , losing to the Ravens 19 -- 3 . Tice was named the permanent coach after the season , but he would not lead the Vikings back to the playoffs until 2004 . During the 2003 season , the Vikings came close to getting into the playoffs . However , the Arizona Cardinals completed a game - winning touchdown on 4th - and - 28 with 0 : 00 left , knocking the Vikings out of the playoffs . The moment of Arizona 's touchdown was actually the first moment the entire season in which the Vikings had n't led their division . The Vikings became the second team in football history to miss the playoffs after getting off to a 6 -- 0 start , following the 1978 Washington Redskins . In 2004 , Daunte Culpepper amassed MVP - like statistics , throwing for 4,717 passing yards ( leading the NFL ) , 39 passing touchdowns ( a Viking record ) , and 5,123 total yards ( an NFL record ) . In the wild card game , the Vikings defeated the rival Green Bay Packers in their first - ever playoff meeting , 31 -- 17 . In doing so , the Vikings became the second team in NFL history to have a .", "13": "500 record ( 8 -- 8 ) in the regular season and win a playoff game ( The St. Louis Rams did the same thing only a day earlier ) . In the divisional round , the Vikings were defeated by the eventual NFC champion Philadelphia Eagles . On March 2 , 2005 , Vikings wide receiver Randy Moss was traded to the Oakland Raiders for linebacker Napoleon Harris and the Raiders ' first round draft pick . After struggling to a disappointing 2 -- 5 start to the 2005 season , Vikings lost quarterback Daunte Culpepper to a season - ending knee injury . This injury was a very significant part to this Minnesota Vikings team due to the fact they also lost Moss . The dynamic duo from years earlier were now gone and a new leader would eventually emerge . The Vikings finished the 2005 season with a 9 -- 7 record . However , this season would be more notable for off - the - field events . In October , 17 team members were part of a party of about 90 that went out on a pleasure cruise on local Lake Minnetonka . The incident erupted into scandal when media reported that a number of the players had performed sex acts and that prostitutes had been flown in . Four players were ultimately charged with misdemeanors related to the party . Mike Tice was let go after the 2005 season and was replaced by Brad Childress . This was one of many significant front office moves made by the new ownership team , led by Zygi Wilf . 2006 -- 2008 All - Pro running back Adrian Peterson was selected 7th overall by the Vikings in the 2007 NFL Draft . Minnesota began the 2006 season 4 -- 2 ( with Childress becoming the first Vikings coach to start his career 2 -- 0 ) , but would finish the year at 6 -- 10 , receiving the 7th pick in the NFL Draft ; with it , the Vikings selected Adrian Peterson out of the University of Oklahoma . Peterson 's first career touchdown was a 60 - yard screen pass against the Atlanta Falcons in his first career game . When the Vikings played the Chicago Bears in Week 6 , Peterson broke the record for single game All - Purpose ( rushing , receiving , kick returning ) yards ( 361 total yards , 224 rushing ) .", "14": "In Week 9 , Peterson broke the NFL single game rushing record set by Jamal Lewis in 2003 by rushing for 296 yards against the San Diego Chargers . Despite a strong push in the middle of the season , winning five straight games , the Vikings lost their final two games to finish the season at 8 -- 8 and missed the playoffs . In Week 13 of the 2008 season against the Bears , Gus Frerotte hooked up with Bernard Berrian and set the record for longest play in franchise history with a 99 - yard touchdown pass . In the 2009 season , Adrian Peterson led the NFL with 1760 rushing yards , breaking the franchise record . The Vikings clinched the NFC North championship for the first time after defeating the New York Giants 20 -- 19 in Week 17 , when kicker Ryan Longwell made the game - winning field goal . Peterson had 19 carries for 109 yards and added a touchdown during the game . On January 4 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Philadelphia Eagles for the Wild Card round , their first home playoff game in eight years . The Eagles led the Viking 16 -- 14 at halftime and , coming off a 44 -- 6 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , went on to defeat the Vikings 26 -- 14 . The Eagles would go on to defeat the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants in the Divisional round , only to lose to the Arizona Cardinals in the NFC Championship Game . Since 2006 , the Vikings have been known especially for their strong run defense ( # 1 in the NFL in 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 ; they are the first NFL team to accomplish this since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 ) , anchored by the Williams Wall consisting of defensive tackle Kevin Williams and nose tackle Pat Williams ( no relation ) . With the addition of sack - leader Jared Allen in 2008 , the dominant front four began being called by several nicknames , including `` Thunder and Plunder '' and `` Shock and AWE '' ( an acronym of their surname initials ) . 2009 -- 2010 Brett Favre played for the Vikings in 2009 and 2010 .", "15": "On August 18 , 2009 , after months of speculation and negotiations , twice - retired veteran quarterback Brett Favre , who until 2007 had played 16 years for division archrival Green Bay Packers , signed a two - year , $25 million deal with the Vikings . On October 5 , 2009 , the Vikings hosted the Green Bay Packers as Favre played his former team for the first time . With a 30 -- 23 victory on Monday Night Football , the Vikings moved to a 4 -- 0 record . Favre became the first quarterback in NFL history to defeat all 32 current teams as a starter . Over 21.8 million viewers tuned in to watch the game , beating the previous record for a cable television program set by a game between the Philadelphia Eagles and the Dallas Cowboys in 2008 ( 18.6 million viewers ) . The Vikings beat the New York Giants , 44 -- 7 , in Week 17 to help the team clinch the second seed in the conference and a first round - bye with an Eagles loss later that same day . The Vikings ended the regular season with a 12 -- 4 record , their best record since 2000 and the first 11 - plus win season since their record - setting 1998 campaign . The Vikings played the Dallas Cowboys in the divisional round on January 17 , 2010 , and won the game by a score of 34 -- 3 , advancing the Vikings to the NFC Championship game , the ninth in franchise history . This would also be the first NFC Championship game for the team since the 2000 season . Minnesota would travel to New Orleans the following week to face the top - seeded Saints in the first conference championship game held at the Superdome . Despite out - gaining the Saints on offense by nearly a twofold margin , the Vikings were severely hindered by five turnovers , including a Favre interception in the final minute of the fourth quarter in Saints territory . They were ousted in overtime , 31 -- 28 , as the Saints won the coin toss and kicked a 40 - yard field goal on the first possession of overtime . Minnesota Vikings 50th Anniversary logo : 2010 In the first week of the 2010 NFL regular season , the Vikings played the defending Super Bowl champions , the New Orleans Saints .", "16": "The Vikings lost 14 -- 9 . In Week 2 , the Vikings played the Miami Dolphins and lost 14 -- 10 . The Vikings defeated the Detroit Lions 24 -- 10 in the third week of the season . After a week four bye - week , the Vikings received star wide receiver Randy Moss in a trade with the New England Patriots . Even with the addition of Moss , the Vikings lost to the New York Jets 29 -- 20 in Week 5 . The Vikings won a crucial victory against another struggling team in the form of the Dallas Cowboys 24 -- 21 , but in Week 7 the Vikings lost to the arch - rival Green Bay Packers 28 -- 24 . In Week 9 , the Vikings played the Arizona Cardinals at home and won 27 -- 24 in overtime , coming back from a 24 -- 10 deficit in the final four minutes of regulation . Favre threw for a career - high 446 passing yards . The Vikings then went on to face the Chicago Bears , but were defeated , and then went on to be blown out 31 -- 3 at home by the Packers the following game . Head coach Brad Childress was fired the following Monday . With Leslie Frazier filling in for the fired Childress , the Vikings won two games in a row . One against the Washington Redskins on the road , and a blowout win over the Buffalo Bills at home . Jared Allen played for the Vikings from 2008 to 2013 . After a winter storm dropped nearly 17 inches of snow in the Minneapolis / St Paul area the Saturday before the Vikings December 12 home game versus the New York Giants and 30 mph gusts drove snow removers off the dome 's roof overnight , several panels were damaged as the weight of the snow caused the roof to collapse . After viewing the damage , Vikings management and the NFL decided to move the game to Monday and play it at Ford Field in Detroit , Michigan . Because of on - going repairs to the roof of the Metrodome , the Vikings played their December 20 game versus the Chicago Bears at TCF Bank Stadium . Favre threw the final touchdown pass of his career ( to Percy Harvin ) in this game . The game was played 29 years to the day after the last outdoor game at old Met Stadium .", "17": "On December 26 , the NFL announced that the game versus the Philadelphia Eagles was being postponed to Tuesday , December 28 , 2010 because of blizzard conditions . This marks the third consecutive venue or date change for a Vikings game and was the first NFL game played on a Tuesday since 1964 . The Vikings proceeded to upset the dynamic Eagles offense , led by a resurgent Michael Vick , 24 -- 14 with rookie Joe Webb at the helm . The Vikings finished the season 6 -- 10 with a 20 -- 13 loss against the Detroit Lions . 2011 -- 2013 The 2010 -- 11 season was a step down for the Minnesota Vikings . After coming within a few plays of Super Bowl XLIV , Minnesota ended the 2010 season with a 6 -- 10 record and a last place finish in the NFC North for the first time since 1990 . During the season , the Vikings had many distractions , including trading for Randy Moss and then waiving him only a month later , Brett Favre 's NFL investigation for allegedly sending inappropriate text messages to Jets ' employee Jenn Sterger while he was with the team in 2008 , the Metrodome 's collapse and resulting venue changes , and finally head coach Brad Childress ' firing on November 22 following a 31 -- 3 loss at the hands of the rival Green Bay Packers . After serving as the interim head coach for the final six games of the season ( finishing with a 3 -- 3 record ) , defensive coordinator Leslie Frazier was officially named the head coach on January 3 , 2011 , after signing a three - year contract . On January 17 , Brett Favre retired for the third , and officially last , time , leaving the team in search for a long term replacement at the quarterback position . Wasting no time after being appointed head coach , Frazier began to restructure the team 's coaching staff , including letting go of offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and hiring Mike Singletary as linebackers coach and Bill Musgrave as the new offensive coordinator . Their first round draft pick was Christian Ponder , a quarterback from Florida State University . The team finished with a 3 -- 13 record , tied with the 1984 Vikings for the second worst record in franchise history .", "18": "In 2012 , Adrian Peterson rushed for 2,097 yards -- 8 less than Eric Dickerson 's single - season record . During the 2012 NFL Draft , the team selected USC lineman Matt Kalil with the 4th overall pick after a trade with the Cleveland Browns , and Notre Dame safety Harrison Smith in the first round . Both players were instrumental in helping the Vikings reach the playoffs for the 27th time in franchise history , as was fellow draftee , sixth - round selection Blair Walsh . After beating the Packers in the final game of 2012 to reach the playoffs as the NFC 's sixth seed , the Vikings lost 24 -- 10 to the Packers in the rematch at Lambeau Field in the Wild Card round . The team was forced to play backup Joe Webb during the game after Ponder was sidelined due to an arm injury sustained from the previous week . Peterson was later named the league 's MVP , after rushing for 2,097 yards , the second most rushing yards in a season in NFL history . In the 2013 season , the Vikings finished with five wins , ten losses , and one tie , with no road wins . Notable moments include acquired free agent Matt Cassel outplaying Christian Ponder at the quarterback position and the defense allowing a league - worst 480 points , coming within four points of matching the franchise 's worst set in 1984 . This was also the last season played at the Metrodome as a new stadium deal was reached . Leslie Frazier was fired after the regular season ended . 2014 -- present The Vikings moved to U.S. Bank Stadium in 2016 The team hired former Cincinnati Bengals defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer to replace Leslie Frazier as head coach on January 16 , 2014 . Former Cleveland Browns offensive coordinator Norv Turner replaced Bill Musgrave , and George Edwards replaced Alan Williams as defensive coordinator . In the 2014 NFL Draft , the Vikings selected Anthony Barr , a linebacker out of UCLA , and Teddy Bridgewater , a quarterback out of the University of Louisville . Bridgewater would later lose the starting job to Matt Cassel only to become the starter for the Vikings when Cassel was lost to a season - ending foot injury in week 3 .", "19": "Star running back Adrian Peterson only played in one regular season game due to his ongoing child abuse trial , with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell placing Peterson on the Commissioner 's Exempt List indefinitely . On April 16 , 2015 , the league released a statement issuing Peterson 's reinstatement to occur on April 17 , 2015 . The Vikings concluded their season with seven wins and nine losses , winning only one game against a divisional opponent , although Bridgewater set a franchise record for wins by a rookie starting quarterback . On January 3 , 2016 , the Vikings beat divisional rival Green Bay 20 -- 13 to win the NFC North for the first time since 2009 . The Vikings , led by their top 5 defense , ended the 2015 season with an 11 -- 5 record , and a # 3 seed in the playoffs . However , they lost to the Seattle Seahawks 10 -- 9 after Blair Walsh missed a 27 - yard field goal in the third coldest game in NFL playoff history . The Vikings were responsible for a historic milestone in the late rounds of the 2016 NFL draft . Their sixth - round selection , German wide receiver Moritz Böhringer , was the first European player ever to be drafted by an NFL team without having previously played at any level in North America . After Teddy Bridgewater went down with a knee injury in the preseason of 2016 , the Vikings traded their 2017 first round pick and a conditional fourth round pick to the Philadelphia Eagles for quarterback Sam Bradford , who threw for 20 touchdowns , 5 interceptions , 3,877 yards , and led the Vikings to an 8 - 8 season . Following the knee injury , the Vikings declined to pick up the 5th year option for Teddy Bridgewater . Running back Adrian Peterson went down to injury in Week 2 against the Green Bay Packers with a torn meniscus and was placed on the Injured Reserve until Week 15 . On February 28 , 2017 , the Vikings announced they would not exercise Peterson 's 2017 contract option which made him a free agent . Had they exercised the option , Peterson would be owed $18 million for the 2017 season .", "20": "On April 25 , 2017 , the New Orleans Saints signed Peterson to a 2 - year , $7 million contract , ending his tenure with the Vikings since his debut in 2007 as a rookie . He holds several Vikings records including most career rushing touchdowns , career rushing yards , and most rushing yards in a season . In the summer of 2017 , the Vikings ownership announced they would end the 52 - year annual tradition of summer training camp in Mankato , Minnesota at Minnesota State University , Mankato as they built a large new headquarters , training facility and area property development in Eagan , Minnesota on the site of the former Northwest Airlines offices to be completed in the spring of 2018 in time for the 2018 summer training camp . The Minneapolis Miracle was the final play of the 2017 / 18 Divisional Round game against the New Orleans Saints . The Vikings were trailing by one point and needed a field goal or touchdown to secure a trip to the NFC Championship Game . With less than ten seconds remaining in the game quarterback Case Keenum lobbed the ball to wide receiver Stefon Diggs , which became the game - winning touchdown . This also happens to be the very first walk - off victory in NFL playoff history . On KFAN 100.3 , radio announcer , Paul Allen dubbed the play the ' Minneapolis Miracle ' . They would go on to the NFC Championship for the opportunity to be playing in the Super Bowl within their own stadium . This would end up not happening as the Vikings would lose to the eventual Super Bowl champion Philadelphia Eagles 38 - 7 . Logo and uniforms The Vikings ' trademark horned helmet and purple - and - gold uniforms were designed by Los Angeles Examiner cartoonist Karl Hubenthal . Bert Rose and Norm Van Brocklin both knew Hubenthal from their days with the Los Angeles Rams organization . Hubenthal also designed the original Norseman logo . From the team 's debut in 1961 to 1995 , the Vikings ' logos and uniforms essentially remained the same . Reflecting Minnesota 's Scandinavian cultural heritage , one of the team 's two primary logos consists of a profile of a blond norseman , while the other consists of a white Viking horn . Minnesota Vikings wordmark ( 1982 -- 2003 ) The team 's helmet is purple with a Viking horn logo on each side .", "21": "Each horn is outlined in gold . The horn logo was slightly revised in 2006 . The original uniform design consisted of white pants , gold trim , and either purple or white jerseys . From 1962 to 1964 , the Vikings wore purple pants with their white jerseys ( The Vikings , with their new uniform , still wear , on occasion , purple pants with yellow and white trim ) . In a design that was unique among American football teams , the white jerseys had a completely different stripe pattern , which was over the shoulders , than the purple ones , which was around the sleeve cuff . These unique shoulder stripes on the white jerseys did not appear until 1969 , the year they went to their first Super Bowl . There have also been minor changes to the uniform design throughout the years , such as changing the color of the facemask from gray to white ( 1980 ) , and then to purple ( 1985 ) ; and adding the Norseman logo to the sleeves ( 1996 ) . The Vikings continued to wear black shoes until Les Steckel became head coach in 1984 . In 2006 , the team returned to black shoes for first time since the 1983 season . The Vikings tweaked their Norseman logo , which involved updating the shading , altering the shape and base of the horns , thickening the mustache and face , making the gold tones brighter , and shortening the braid . The new logo was unveiled on February 14 , 2013 . On March 28 , the team reported that new uniforms will be unveiled on April 25 . On April 25 , 2013 , the Minnesota Vikings unveiled the club 's new uniforms during its annual NFL Draft party . From 1969 through 1973 , the Vikings had an alternate purple jersey without stripes for warm - weather games . The team 's uniforms were redesigned in 2006 , the first significant change in the franchise 's 46 - year history . Although the team colors remained the same , trim lines were added to the outside shoulders and sleeves , and the sides of the jerseys and pants . In addition the horn on the helmet was slightly more defined . Included in the new design are both white and purple pants , the purple pants have not been regularly used since 2007 , but resurfaced twice in 2010 .", "22": "The team wore black armbands for the last four games in 1978 in memory of Jack `` Jocko '' Nelson , an assistant coach who died during the season . In 1985 the team wore a 25 years patch on their jerseys . In 1989 , they wore a `` 40 for 60 '' patch honoring the 1969 NFL championship team . They wore a 35 years patch in 1995 , 40 years in 2000 and 45 years in 2005 . They also wore patches in 1999 for assistant coach Chip Myers who died in the offseason and in 2001 for Korey Stringer . The Vikings , like other teams , wore NFL 50th and 75th anniversary patches in 1969 and 1994 . All purple uniforms In the 1960s the Vikings wore purple pants with road white jerseys . On October 11 , 1964 the Vikings played the Detroit Lions at Metropolitan Stadium and the Lions mistakenly only brought their white jerseys to Minnesota . Both teams started the game in white , but by the second quarter the Vikings were able to obtain their purple tops . The Vikings changed jerseys on the sidelines during the 2nd quarter , finishing the game in purple jerseys and purple pants . It was n't until 43 years later , on December 17 , 2007 ( a Monday Night Football game versus the Chicago Bears ) that the Vikings again donned both purple jerseys and purple pants -- the first time the Vikings wore all - purple intentionally . Three years later , the Vikings played the November 7 , 2010 home game against the Arizona Cardinals in the all - purple uniform . The NFL added new Color Rush uniforms for all 32 teams during the 2016 - 17 season , specifically for Thursday Night Football games . The Vikings showed off an all purple look with gold numbers and stripes on the pants , debuting their own Color Rush uniform on December 1 versus the Dallas Cowboys at U.S. Bank Stadium . Mascots Current mascot After several failed attempts at developing an official team - owned mascot , the Vikings finally introduced Viktor the Viking during the 2007 Vikings ' season . Team officials had long indicated that they were after a mascot concept that would primarily appeal to the team 's younger fan base .", "23": "Viktor the Viking , a muscle - bound , blond - haired and mustachioed character , wears a Vikings ' # 1 jersey and an oversized Vikings helmet with protruding horns and a small yellow nose guard . Historic mascots From 1970 to 1992 , Hub Meeds dressed as a Viking and served as the team mascot . Meeds asked to become the mascot after being accidentally let onto the field by security during Super Bowl IV . From 1994 to 2015 , the team mascot was Ragnar ( played by Joseph Juranitch ) and was based on the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok . Juranitch admits to being somewhat of an eccentric -- he holds the current world record for fastest time shaving a beard with an axe , but has n't shaved his beard since he won the Ragnar job among 3,000 applicants . Ragnar drove onto the field at the beginning of a game dressed in Viking garb , on a motorcycle , while a cheerleader used to ride a snowmobile . Although never one to shy away from confrontations with opposing players , notably Chad `` Ochocinco '' Johnson , he had a soft spot for Brett Favre while the quarterback started for the rival Green Bay Packers . In 2015 , the Vikings announced that they were not able to reach a new contract agreement with Juranitch which he wanted $20,000 per game , and released him . Another mascot associated with the Vikings was `` Vikadontis Rex '' , a purple foam dinosaur . Vikadontis was the official mascot of the Minnesota Vikings Children 's Fund and took part in the 1995 Celebrity Mascot Olympics . Vikadontis was retired starting with the 2000 season . The team also had an NFL Huddles mascot in the mid-1980s , ( somewhat similar to Viktor the Viking ) . Krazy George was also employed as a cheerleader from 1982 to 1985 . Traditions Fight song Further information : Skol , Vikings `` Skol , Vikings '' is the fight song of the Minnesota Vikings . It was introduced around the time the team was founded in 1961 . It is always played whenever the team scores a touchdown , field goal or safety , and at the end of each half .", "24": "The song `` Purple and Gold '' was recorded in 2010 by Prince to be used as a fight song for the Minnesota Vikings . Rivals Due to geographic and cultural proximity , the Vikings ' foremost rival is the Green Bay Packers . Some sources cite this rivalry as the biggest overall in the NFC North apart from the Packers - Bears rivalry ( which dates back several more decades , i.e. to 1920 ) . Chicago Bears Further information : Bears -- Vikings rivalry Detroit Lions Further information : Lions -- Vikings rivalry Green Bay Packers Further information : Packers -- Vikings rivalry Helga hats Vikings fans are known to dress up in `` Helga hats '' , purple hats with white horns and blonde braids , mimicking the helmets popularly believed to have been worn by Viking warriors . The original Helga Hats are still hand assembled in the Twin Cities area . Vikings horn During home games , the Vikings ' Gjallarhorn is loudly played and sounds often after the team has made a big play , gets a first down , or scores a touchdown . The team often also uses the horn during its pre-game ceremonies . In addition , a flash cannon fires upon Vikings touchdowns . Players See also : Minnesota Vikings all - time statistical leaders Current roster Minnesota Vikings roster view talk Quarterbacks 8 Kirk Cousins 3 Trevor Siemian 1 Kyle Sloter Running backs 31 Mack Brown 33 Dalvin Cook 30 C.J.", "25": "Ham FB 25 Latavius Murray Wide receivers 13 Stacy Coley 14 Stefon Diggs 16 Cayleb Jones 12 Tavarres King 19 Adam Thielen 11 Laquon Treadwell 17 Kendall Wright 15 Brandon Zylstra Tight ends 81 Blake Bell 89 David Morgan II 87 Josiah Price 82 Kyle Rudolph Offensive linemen 64 Josh Andrews G 76 Aviante Collins T 79 Tom Compton G 62 Nick Easton G 67 Cornelius Edison C 65 Pat Elflein C 69 Rashod Hill T 63 Danny Isidora G 78 Dieugot Joseph T 68 Cedrick Lang T 72 Storm Norton T 71 Riley Reiff T 74 Mike Remmers T Defensive linemen 90 Tashawn Bower DE 92 Dylan Bradley DT 97 Everson Griffen DE 99 Danielle Hunter DE 94 Jaleel Johnson DT 98 Linval Joseph DT 66 Caushaud Lyons DT 95 Ifeadi Odenigbo DE 93 Sheldon Richardson DT 96 Brian Robison DE 91 Stephen Weatherly DE Linebackers 55 Anthony Barr OLB 40 Kentrell Brothers MLB 43 Reshard Cliett OLB 42 Ben Gedeon OLB 54 Eric Kendricks MLB 56 Antwione Williams OLB 50 Eric Wilson OLB Defensive backs 20 Mackensie Alexander CB 41 Anthony Harris FS -- Mike Hughes CB 27 Jayron Kearse SS 29 Xavier Rhodes CB 38 Horace Richardson CB 34 Andrew Sendejo SS 35 Marcus Sherels CB 22 Harrison Smith FS 39 Jack Tocho S 26 Trae Waynes CB Special teams 48 Nick Dooley LS 2 Kai Forbath K 47 Kevin McDermott LS 4 Ryan Quigley P Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 64 Active ,", "26": "0 Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retired numbers Minnesota Vikings retired numbers No . Player Position Tenure 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 posthumous Pro Football Hall of Famers Minnesota Vikings Hall of Famers Players No .", "27": "Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Warren Moon QB 1994 -- 1996 2006 Jan Stenerud 1984 -- 1985 1991 Brett Favre QB 2009 -- 2010 2016 7 Morten Andersen 2017 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 1986 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 1998 39 Hugh McElhenny RB 1961 -- 1962 1970 44 Dave Casper TE 2002 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 2015 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 2012 58 Jim Langer 1980 -- 1981 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 2009 65 Gary Zimmerman OT 1986 -- 1992 2008 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 2013 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 2018 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 1988 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 Coaches and Executives Name Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 1995 Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 1994 italics = played only a minor portion of their career with the Vikings , and are recognized primarily based upon achievements with other teams Ring of Honor Minnesota Vikings Ring of Honor No .", "28": "Player Position ( s ) Tenure Inducted 10 Fran Tarkenton QB 1961 -- 1966 1972 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 1998 22 Paul Krause 1968 -- 1979 000000001998 - 11 - 15 - 0000 November 15 , 1998 28 Ahmad Rashad WR 1976 -- 1982 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 , 2017 30 Bill Brown RB 1962 -- 1974 000000002004 - 09 - 26 - 0000 September 26 , 2004 44 Chuck Foreman RB 1973 -- 1979 000000002007 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 , 2007 47 Joey Browner 1983 -- 1991 000000002013 - 10 - 27 - 0000 October 27 , 2013 53 Mick Tingelhoff 1962 -- 1978 000000002001 - 11 - 25 - 0000 November 25 , 2001 55 Scott Studwell LB 1977 -- 1990 000000002009 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 , 2009 56 Chris Doleman DE 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 000000002011 - 10 - 23 - 0000 October 23 , 2011 59 Matt Blair LB 1974 -- 1985 000000002012 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 , 2012 64 Randall McDaniel 1988 -- 1999 000000002006 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 , 2006 70 Jim Marshall DE 1961 -- 1979 000000001999 - 11 - 28 - 0000 November 28 ,", "29": "1999 73 Ron Yary OT 1968 -- 1981 000000002001 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 , 2001 77 Korey Stringer OT 1995 -- 2000 000000002001 - 11 - 19 - 0000 November 19 , 2001 80 Cris Carter WR 1990 -- 2001 000000002003 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 , 2003 81 Carl Eller DE 1964 -- 1978 000000002002 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 , 2002 84 Randy Moss WR 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 , 2017 88 Alan Page DT 1967 -- 1978 000000001998 - 09 - 20 - 0000 September 20 , 1998 93 John Randle DT 1990 -- 2000 000000002008 - 11 - 30 - 0000 November 30 , 2008 -- Jerry Burns Head coach 1986 -- 1991 000000002005 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 , 2005 -- Jim Finks General manager 1964 -- 1973 000000001998 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 , 1998 -- Bud Grant Head coach 1967 -- 1983 , 1985 000000001998 - 11 - 08 - 0000 November 8 , 1998 -- Fred Zamberletti Medical adviser 1961 -- 2011 000000001998 - 12 - 20 - 0000 December 20 , 1998 25th Anniversary Team ( 1985 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Ahmad Rashād WR ,", "30": "# 28 Sammy White WR , # 85 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Ron Yary T , # 73 Grady Alderman T , # 67 Ed White G , # 62 Milt Sunde G , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair OLB , # 59 Scott Studwell ILB , # 55 Jeff Siemon ILB , # 50 Roy Winston OLB , # 60 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Paul Krause S , # 22 Karl Kassulke S , # 29 Fred Cox K , # 14 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Bud Grant HC 40th Anniversary Team ( 2000 ) Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 Robert Smith RB , # 26 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Randall McDaniel OG , # 64 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Ed White OG , # 62 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Alan Page DT , # 88 John Randle DT , # 93 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Paul Krause S , # 22 Joey Browner S , # 47 Greg Coleman P , # 8 Fred Cox K , # 14 Darrin Nelson KR , # 20 Bill Brown ST , # 30 50 Greatest Vikings ( 2010 ) In connection with the team 's 50th anniversary , the Vikings announced a group of 50 top players on December 19 , 2010 . Grady Alderman OT , # 67 Jared Allen DE ,", "31": "# 69 Matt Birk C , # 75 / 78 Matt Blair LB , # 59 Bill Brown RB , # 30 Joey Browner S , # 47 Bobby Bryant CB , # 20 Anthony Carter WR , # 81 Cris Carter WR , # 80 Fred Cox K , # 14 Daunte Culpepper QB , # 11 Chris Doleman DE / LB , # 56 Carl Eller DE , # 81 Chuck Foreman RB , # 44 John Gilliam WR , # 42 Bud Grant Coach Wally Hilgenberg LB , # 58 Steve Hutchinson G # 76 Tim Irwin OT , # 76 Steve Jordan TE , # 83 Tommy Kramer QB , # 9 Paul Krause S , # 22 Gary Larsen DT , # 77 Carl Lee CB , # 39 Jim Marshall DE , # 70 Randall McDaniel G , # 64 Keith Millard DT , # 75 Randy Moss WR , # 84 Dave Osborn RB , # 41 Alan Page DT , # 88 Adrian Peterson RB , # 28 John Randle DT , # 93 Ahmad Rashād WR , # 28 Ed Sharockman CB , # 45 Jeff Siemon LB , # 50 Robert Smith RB , # 20 / 26 Scott Studwell LB , # 55 Doug Sutherland DT , # 69 Fran Tarkenton QB , # 10 Henry Thomas DT , # 97 Mick Tingelhoff C , # 53 Stu Voigt TE , # 83 Gene Washington WR , # 84 Ed White G , # 62 Sammy White WR , # 85 Kevin Williams DT , # 93 Antoine Winfield CB , # 26 Roy Winston LB , # 60 Ron Yary OT , # 73 Gary Zimmerman OT , # 65 All Metrodome Team ( 2013 ) Offense QB -- # 11 Daunte Culpepper , 1999 -- 2005 RB -- # 28 Adrian Peterson , 2007 -- 2013 RB -- # 26 Robert Smith , 1993 -- 2000 WR -- # 81 Anthony Carter ,", "32": "1985 -- 1993 WR -- # 80 Cris Carter , 1990 -- 2001 WR -- # 84 Randy Moss , 1998 -- 2004 , 2010 TE -- # 83 Steve Jordan , 1982 -- 1994 OT -- # 76 Tim Irwin , 1981 -- 1993 OT -- # 65 Gary Zimmerman , 1986 -- 1992 OG -- # 76 Steve Hutchinson , 2006 -- 2011 OG -- # 64 Randall McDaniel , 1988 -- 1999 C -- # 78 Matt Birk , 1998 -- 2008 Defense DE -- # 69 Jared Allen , 2008 -- 2013 DE -- # 56 Chris Doleman , 1985 -- 1993 , 1999 DT -- # 93 John Randle , 1990 -- 2000 DT -- # 93 Kevin Williams , 2003 -- 2013 LB -- # 52 Chad Greenway , 2006 -- 2013 LB -- # 58 Ed McDaniel , 1992 -- 2001 LB -- # 55 Scott Studwell , 1977 -- 1990 CB -- # 39 Carl Lee , 1983 -- 1993 CB -- # 26 Antoine Winfield , 2004 -- 2012 S -- # 24 Robert Griffith , 1994 -- 2001 S -- # 47 Joey Browner , 1983 -- 1991 Special teams K -- # 8 Ryan Longwell , 2006 -- 2011 P -- # 5 / # 4 Chris Kluwe , 2005 -- 2012 KR -- # 12 Percy Harvin ( WR ) , 2009 -- 2012 ST -- # 81 Chris Walsh ( WR ) , 1994 -- 2002 Head Coach HC -- Dennis Green , 1992 -- 2001 Coaches Head coaches Main article : List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches Name Years Won Lost Ties Winning % Postseason Norm Van Brocklin 1961 -- 1966 29 51 .", "33": "345 -- Bud Grant 1967 -- 1983 151 87 5 . 621 1968 -- 71 , 1973 -- 78 , 1980 , 1982 Les Steckel 1984 13 0 . 188 -- Bud Grant 1985 7 9 0 . 438 -- Jerry Burns 1986 -- 1991 52 43 0 . 547 1987 -- 89 Dennis Green 1992 -- 2001 97 62 0 . 610 1992 -- 94 , 1996 -- 2000 Mike Tice 2001 -- 2005 32 33 0 . 492 Brad Childress 2006 -- 2010 39 35 0 . 527 2008 , 2009 Leslie Frazier 2010 -- 2013 21 32 . 398 2012 Mike Zimmer 2014 -- present 39 24 0 . 619 2015 , 2017 Total 470 390 10 . 546 29 Current staff Minnesota Vikings staff Front Office Owner / Chairman -- Zygi Wilf Owner / President -- Mark Wilf Owner / Vice Chairman -- Leonard Wilf General Manager -- Rick Spielman Assistant General Manager -- George Paton Executive Vice President -- Public Affairs -- Lester Bagley Executive Vice President -- Football Operations -- Rob Brzezinski Executive Vice President -- Strategic Planning and Business Initiatives -- Jonathan Wilf Executive Vice President / Chief Marketing Officer -- Steve LaCroix Executive Vice President / Chief Financial Officer -- Steve Poppen Chief Operating Officer -- Kevin Warren Project Executive -- Don Becker Consultant -- Bud Grant Consultant -- Team Historian -- Fred Zamberletti Director of Real Estate Development -- Grant Till Director of College Scouting --", "34": "Jamaal Stephenson Director of Pro Scouting -- Ryan Monnens Director of Analytics / Pro Scout -- Scott Kuhn Head Coaches Head Coach -- Mike Zimmer Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- John DeFilippo Senior Offensive Assistant -- Todd Downing Quarterbacks -- Kevin Stefanski Running Backs -- Kennedy Polamalu Wide Receivers -- Darrell Hazell Assistant Wide Receivers -- Drew Petzing Tight Ends -- Clancy Barone Offensive Line -- Tony Sparano Assistant Offensive Line -- Andrew Janocko Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- George Edwards Defensive Line -- Andre Patterson Assistant Defensive Line -- Robert Rodriguez Linebackers -- Adam Zimmer Defensive Backs -- Jerry Gray Defensive Assistant -- Jeff Howard Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Mike Priefer Assistant Special Teams -- Ryan Ficken Strength and Conditioning Head Athletic Trainer -- Eric Sugarman Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Rob Roche Assistant Athletic Trainer -- Albert Padilla Assistant Athletic Trainer / Physical Therapist -- David Jantzi Head Strength and Conditioning -- Mark Uyeyama Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Derik Keyes Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Reshard Langford Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Chaz Mahle Equipment Equipment Manager -- Dennis Ryan Assistant Equipment Manager -- Aaron Neumann Assistant Equipment Manager -- Adam Groene Equipment Assistant -- Terrell Barnes → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West", "35": "ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Map of radio affiliates The Vikings ' flagship radio station is KFXN - FM ( 100.3 ) , which uses the branding `` KFAN '' based on its former calls on 1130 AM before a format flip between the AM and FM stations before the 2011 season ; 1130 AM also continues to broadcast game play - by - play as KTLK . The games are also heard on the `` KFAN Radio Network '' in Minnesota , Wisconsin , Iowa , South Dakota , and North Dakota , as well as many other outlets . Paul Allen has been the play - by - play announcer since the 2002 NFL season with Pete Bercich filling in as analyst , who began his first season in 2007 . Telecasts of preseason games not shown on national networks are aired on KMSP ( Channel 9 ) in the Twin Cities with a simulcast of KFAN 's radio broadcast while Fox Sports North shows a tape delay later .", "36": "Radio affiliates Minnesota City Call sign Frequency Aitkin KKIN - FM 94.3 FM Albert Lea KQPR - FM 96.1 FM Alexandria KIKV - FM 100.7 FM Bemidji KBUN 1450 AM Bemidji KBHP - FM 101.1 FM Benson KSCR - FM 93.5 FM Blue Earth KBEW - FM 98.1 FM Brainerd KBLB - FM 93.3 FM Crookston KROX - AM 1260 AM Dassel KARP - FM 106.9 FM Detroit Lakes KBOT - FM 104.1 FM Detroit Lakes KDLM - AM 1340 AM Duluth KJOQ 1490 AM Duluth KQDS - FM 94.9 FM Ely WELY - AM 1450 AM Ely WELY - FM 94.5 FM Eveleth KRBT - AM 1340 AM Fergus Falls KBRF - AM 1250 AM Frazee KDLB 94.5 FM Grand Rapids KMFY - FM 96.9 FM Grand Marais WVVE 95.3 FM Hibbing WNMT - AM 650 AM International Falls KSDM - FM 104.1 FM Jackson KRAQ - FM 105.7 FM Mankato KFSP 1230 AM Mankato KNUJ - FM 105.9 FM Mankato KXLP - FM 94.1 FM Marshall KARL - FM 105.1 FM Morris KKOK - FM 95.7 FM New Ulm KNUJ - FM 107.3 FM Pine City WCMP - FM 100.9 FM Rochester KFAN - AM 1270 AM Rochester KRCH - FM 101.7 FM Roseau KCAJ - FM 102.1 FM St.", "37": "Cloud WJON - AM 1240 AM Spring Grove KQYB - FM 98.3 FM Thief River Falls KTRF - AM 1230 AM Twin Cities KFXN - FM 100.3 FM Twin Cities KTLK 1130 AM Wadena KSKK 1070 AM Waseca KOWZ 1170 AM Willmar KWLM - AM 1340 AM Willmar K242CF - FM 96.3 FM Winona KWNO 1230 AM Worthington KWOA - AM 730 AM Iowa City Call sign Frequency Des Moines KXNO - AM 1460 AM Sioux City KMNS - AM 620 AM Spencer KICD - AM 1240 AM Spencer K252EX - FM 98.3 FM Mason City KLKK - FM 103.7 FM North Dakota City Call sign Frequency Bismarck KXMR - AM 710 AM Carrington KDAK - AM 1600 AM Devils Lake KDLR - AM 1240 AM Dickinson KLTC - AM 1460 AM Fargo KFGO 790 AM Fargo KRWK - FM 101.9 FM Grand Forks KKXL - AM 1440 AM Jamestown KQDJ - AM 1400 AM Jamestown K246AM - FM 97.1 FM Minot KRRZ - AM 1390 AM Oakes KDDR - AM 1220 AM Oakes K240CJ - FM 95.9 FM Valley City KOVC - AM 1490 AM Williston KEYZ - AM 660 AM South Dakota City Call sign Frequency Aberdeen KGIM - AM 1420 AM Aberdeen K296FW - FM 107.1 FM Milbank KMSD - AM 1510 AM Milbank K252FB - FM 98.", "38": "3 FM Mobridge KMLO - FM 100.7 FM Pierre KPLO - FM 94.5 FM Sioux Falls KWSN - AM 1230 AM Sioux Falls K251BH - FM 98.1 FM Sisseton KBWS - FM 102.9 FM Watertown KPHR - FM 106.3 FM Yankton WNAX - AM 570 AM Yankton K260BO - FM 99.9 FM Wisconsin City Call sign Frequency Amery WLMX - FM 104.9 FM Eau Claire WMEQ - AM 880 AM Hayward WHSM - FM 101.1 FM Rice Lake WKFX - FM 99.1 FM Source : See also Pro Football Hall of Fame List of Minnesota Vikings seasons List of Minnesota Vikings starting quarterbacks List of Minnesota Vikings head coaches List of Minnesota Vikings first - round draft picks Minnesota Vikings draft history List of Minnesota Vikings broadcasters Notes Jump up ^ Due in part to this outcome , during the subsequent off - season the NFL rules committee adjusted the overtime rules for the 2010 postseason , and in 2011 for both regular season and postseason games . The new rules state that unless the first possession of overtime ends in a touchdown or safety , both teams must have the opportunity to possess the ball . Under the new rules , the Vikings would have had an opportunity to possess the ball after the Saints kicked a field goal on the overtime 's first possession in the NFC Championship ) . References ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team '' Minnesota Vikings `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Franchise Encyclopedias '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 .", "39": "Jump up ^ Quirk , Jim ( 1998 ) . `` The Minneapolis Marines : Minnesota 's Forgotten NFL Team '' . footballresearch.com . Professional Football Researchers Association . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2007 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ole Haugsrud Remembers Archived August 7 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 1959 SUPERIOR CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL YEAR BOOK SUPERIOR WISCONSIN - eBay '' . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Training Camp Info '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Encyclopedias and Records '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( February 9 , 2012 ) . `` Hall of Fame Still Sinking In For Doleman '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings '' . Sports E-Cyclopedia . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1964 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Purple People Eaters '' . Viking Update . July 19 , 2001 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2006 . Retrieved April 24 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Super Bowl IV ( DVD ) . Super Bowl I-X Collector 's Set . NFL Productions . 2003 .", "40": "Jump up ^ `` All - Time Super Bowl Odds '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Chicharito Channels Joe Kapp '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Football Statistics , Draft , Awards , and History '' . databaseFootball.com . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers '' ALAN PAGE `` . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Famous Hail Mary Pass '' . Viking Update . July 20 , 2001 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved April 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Seifert , Kevin ( January 10 , 2010 ) . `` Armen Terzian -- NFC North Blog -- ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fran tarkenton '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 29 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Bud Grant '' . profootballhof.com . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 1987 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . December 30 , 2002 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at New Orleans Saints -- January 3rd , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at San Francisco 49ers -- January 9th , 1988 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Carter and the receiving record '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . November 26 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Green vs. Vikes in ' 87 -- The Myth Persists '' . NBC Sports Washington .", "41": "2005 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Scout.com : History : Walker Trade '' . Scout.com . Microsoft . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns NFL Coaching Record '' . databaseFootball.com . databaseSports.com . Archived from the original on May 31 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Burns Record , Statistics , and Category Ranks '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sports : Stanford Hires NFL 's Dennis Green as 1st Black Head Coach in Pac - 10 '' . Los Angeles Times . January 3 , 1989 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Dennis Green '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Team Encyclopedia '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Sports Reference . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings at Tampa Bay Buccaneers -- November 1st , 1998 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 1 , 1998 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Arizona Cardinals at Minnesota Vikings -- January 10th , 1999 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 10 , 1999 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Original sin '' . CNNSI.com . CNN / SI . January 17 , 1999 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl History 1990 -- 1999 '' . Super Bowl History . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1999 Minnesota Vikings '' . Jt-sw.com . January 31 , 2011 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Minnesota Vikings -- January 9th , 2000 '' .", "42": "Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 9 , 2000 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Scoreboard : Recap : St. Louis 49 , Minnesota 37 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . January 16 , 2000 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl Winners List '' . Super-Bowl-History.us. 2006 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Minnesota Vikings Season Schedule '' . Vikings.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Smith NFL Football Statistics '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings RB Smith runs into retirement '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` Green , Vikings agree to buyout '' . ESPN . Associated Press . January 4 , 2002 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Coaches -- Mike Tice '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Players : Daunte Culpepper '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles outplay self - destructing Vikings '' . ESPN . January 16 , 2005 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Report : Wilf delivers profanity - laced address to Vikings -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . October 19 , 2005 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tice out : Vikings fire head coach after 9 -- 7 campaign -- NFL -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com .", "43": "January 2 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 Minnesota Vikings Schedule & Results -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Adrian Peterson '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at Minnesota Vikings -- November 4th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2008 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at Minnesota Vikings -- December 28th , 2008 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . December 28 , 2008 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles at Minnesota Vikings -- January 4 , 2009 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . January 4 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Home '' . m.vikings.com . Jump up ^ `` NFL Now or Never : 10 Players Who Need a Good Week 5 '' . Bleacher Report . October 7 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fox goes light on Favre fawning '' . CNN . November 2 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Minnesota Vikings Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ reference.com/boxscores/201011070min.htm Jump up ^ `` Brad Childress Fired '' . ESPN Sports Center .", "44": "November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Brennan ( December 5 , 2010 ) . `` Bills Get Reality Check in Minnesota '' . BuffaLowDown . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm . `` Giants - Vikings game moved to Monday '' , ESPN New York , December 12 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Metrodome unfit for Vikings - Bears '' , Associated Press , December 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Game Center : Minnesota Vikings at Philadelphia Eagles -- 2010 Week 16 '' . NFL.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Maaddi , Rob . `` Vikings - Eagles snowed out ; moved to Tuesday night '' Archived 2010 - 12 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , AP via Yahoo ! Sports , December 27 , 2010 . Retrieved December 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kercheval , Nancy ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Webb Leads Vikings to 24 -- 14 Defeat of Eagles in His First NFL Start '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings History -- The Football Database '' . Footballdb.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings decide to waive receiver Randy Moss -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com . November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brett Favre - Jenn Sterger ( PICTURES ) : NFL Looking at Photos Too ? '' . CBS News . Archived from the original on June 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Time - lapse video of new Metrodome roof inflating 1500 ESPN Twin Cities -- Minnesota Sports News & Opinion ( Twins , Vikings , Wolves , Wild , Gophers ) '' . 1500espn.com . July 13 , 2011 .", "45": "Archived from the original on July 27 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Scott Shaw / The Plain Dealer . `` Mike Holmgren disputes that Cleveland Browns got duped into Vikings trade , says he urged deal '' . cleveland.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Spielman says Minnesota Vikings had other offers for No. 3 pick '' . NFL.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings sign first round pick Harrison Smith to four - year deal -- ESPN '' . Espn.go.com . June 1 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nasty Harrison Smith brings fear factor to Vikings ' secondary '' . 28 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived January 3 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Vikings vs. Packers - Game Recap - January 5 , 2013 - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Christian Ponder : Missing Vikings ' loss hurts the most '' . Jump up ^ `` Peterson edges out Peyton for NFL MVP award '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Rushing Yards Leaders - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Jump up ^ `` North Videos - FOX Sports '' . Jump up ^ `` Source : Turner agrees to join Vikes as OC '' . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Draft Results by Team - National Football League - ESPN '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings ' Adrian Peterson reinstated by NFL '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 30 , 2016 ) . `` Moritz Boehringer first draft pick who never played in North America '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stites , Adam ( September 3 , 2016 ) . `` Vikings trade for QB Sam Bradford '' . SB Nation . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Will Not Exercise 2017 Option on Adrian Peterson 's Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 .", "46": "Jump up ^ `` Saints Agree to Terms with RB Adrian Peterson on a Two - Year Contract '' . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Career Rushing Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Olson , Rochelle . `` Minnesota Vikings , Mankato part ways after one final training camp - beginning next week '' . Startribune . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben . `` Vikings to end 52 - year camp affiliation with Minnesota State '' . ESPN News . ESPN . Retrieved 21 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` What ' Minneapolis Miracle ' means for Vikings , NFL playoff history '' . Sporting News . 2018 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Faces of a Walk - Off Miracle Win '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` The Vikings ' radio call of Stefon Diggs ' ' Minneapolis Miracle ' was perfect '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 23 . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Paul Lukas , `` The Untold History of Minnesota 's Uniforms , '' ESPN.com , retrieved 11 / 23 / 2017 Jump up ^ `` NFL Logos -- National Football League Logos -- Chris Creamer 's Sports Logos Page '' . SportsLogos.Net . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Sillcox , Scott ( August 17 , 2010 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings Uniform and Team History Heritage Uniforms and Jerseys '' . Blog.heritagesportsart.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of NFL Uniforms -- Minnesota Vikings '' . Iml.jou.ufl.edu . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 .", "47": "Jump up ^ `` Vikings Enhance Norseman Logo '' . Minnesota Vikings . February 14 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( February 14 , 2013 ) . `` Minnesota Vikings give Norseman logo facelift for 2013 '' . National Football League . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( March 28 , 2013 ) . `` Vikings unveiling new uniforms on April 25 '' . Profootballtalk.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings and Nike Unveil New Uniforms During Team 's Annual Draft Party '' . Minnesota Vikings. April 25 , 2013 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Willabee & Ward Official NFL Anniversary Patches '' . Store.teampatch.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings Jerseys Support Your Team Articles & Tutorials '' . Articles.pubarticles.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` All Purple Jerseys '' . Viking Jersey Blog . August 2 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Peters , Craig ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` Purple Dominates Vikings Color Rush Uniforms '' . Minnesota Vikings . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Viktor '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` OP firm develops NFL 's Vikings mascot '' . Kansas City Business Journal . American City Business Journals . September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Happy 50th Anniversary Hub Meeds '' . Purplepride.org . February 10 , 2006 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lakeland Ledger - Google News Archive Search '' . Jump up ^ `` Minnesota Vikings -- Minnesota Vikings Pictures '' . Ragnar The Viking .", "48": "Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Football mascot leads teams out on a bike -- Motorbike reviews Latest Bike Videos MCN '' . Motorcyclenews.com . May 1 , 2003 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Craig , Mark ( September 29 , 2007 ) . `` Even Ragnar has soft spot for Favre '' . Star Tribune . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco targets ... Ragnar ? '' . Foxsportsnorth.com . December 10 , 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ochocinco scores , Ragnar 's horn remains silent ProFootballTalk '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Campbell , Dave ( September 27 , 2007 ) . `` Fittingly , Favre approaches TD and INT records at the Metrodome '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( September 23 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar 's ride as Vikings mascot ends with bold play '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Krawczynski , Jon ( September 22 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar no longer Vikings mascot after contract dispute '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved September 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goot , Alex ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Ragnar is n't the only greedy party in Vikings ' contract negotiations '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.wearevikingsfans.com/UserImages/2523_3-8-2008%203;53;40%20pm.jpg Jump up ^ My Teams Jump up ^ `` NFL Fight Songs - National Football League Fight Songs '' . Jump up ^ Goessling , Ben ( April 21 , 2016 ) . `` Prince penned ' Purple and Gold ' fight song for Vikings in 2010 '' . ESPN .", "49": "Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Pollin , Tom ( July 9 , 2013 ) . `` Bitter Rivals : Which NFL Division Harbors The Most Hate ? '' . FootballNation.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ward , Bill ; Salas , Randy A. ( September 8 , 2007 ) . `` Vikings fans : Deep Purple '' . StarTribune.com . StarTribune . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Zach ( September 1 , 2011 ) . `` Vikings Honor NCAA Champion UMD Bulldogs '' . Northland 's NewsCenter . Granite Broadcasting . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by Franchise '' . Profootballhof.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ring Of Honor '' . Vikings . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wobschall , Mike ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Doleman To Join Vikings Ring of Honor '' . Vikings.com . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Vikings adding Matt Blair to Ring of Honor '' . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Announce Randy Moss and Ahmad Rashad as 2017 Ring of Honor Inductees '' . Jump up ^ 50 Greatest Vikings , vikings.com ( accessed 2014 - 08 - 02 ) . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Announce Fan - Voted All - Mall of America Field Team '' . vikings.com . Minnesota Vikings Football . December 12 , 2013 . Retrieved December 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Vikings Blog '' . KFAN Sports Radio . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2011 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 .", "50": "Jump up ^ Cardinal , Ryan ( August 13 , 2010 ) . `` Watch Saturday 's Preseason Game Live On KARE 11 '' . blog.vikings.com . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2012 . Retrieved December 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vikings Radio Affiliates External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Minnesota Vikings . 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[ 51, 29, 21, 53, 28, 22, 20, 52, 0, 47, 19, 54, 30, 7, 50, 46, 27, 1, 25, 6, 2, 9, 26, 3, 33, 49, 41, 32, 12, 10, 8, 13, 16, 42, 48, 38, 44, 18, 43, 34, 31, 45, 40, 15, 14, 39, 24, 17, 5, 11, 4, 37, 23, 35, 36 ]

[ 51, 29, 21, 53, 28 ]

[ "Hugo & Luigi", "Hugo & Luigi", "Hugo & Luigi", "Hugo & Luigi", "Hugo & Luigi" ]

{ "0": "A Change Is Gonna Come - wikipedia A Change Is Gonna Come Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see A Change Is Gonna Come ( disambiguation ) . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Single by Sam Cooke from the album Ai n't That Good News A-side `` Shake '' Released December 22 , 1964 ( 1964 - 12 - 22 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded January 30 , 1964 Studio RCA , Hollywood , California Genre Rhythm and blues soul Length 3 : 11 Label RCA Victor Songwriter ( s ) Sam Cooke Producer ( s ) Hugo & Luigi Sam Cooke singles chronology `` Cousin of Mine '' ( 1964 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Got The Whole World Shakin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` Cousin of Mine '' ( 1964 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' ( 1964 ) `` It 's Got The Whole World Shakin ' '' ( 1965 ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is a song by American recording artist Sam Cooke , released on December 22 , 1964 , by RCA Victor . Produced by Hugo & Luigi and arranged and conducted by René Hall , the song was the B - side to `` Shake '' . The song was inspired by various personal events in Cooke 's life , most prominently an event in which he and his entourage were turned away from a whites - only motel in Louisiana . Cooke felt compelled to write a song that spoke to his struggle and of those around him , and he recorded the song for its first release on his final album , Ai n't That Good News . The song , released in 1964 , pertains to the Civil Rights Movement and African Americans , and contains the refrain , `` It 's been a long time coming , but I know a change is gon na come . '' Though only a modest hit for Cooke in comparison with his previous singles , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' is widely considered Cooke 's best composition and has been voted among the best songs ever released by various publications .", "1": "In 2007 , the song was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress , with the National Recording Registry deeming the song `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically important . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Recording and production 3 Composition 4 Personnel 5 Release 5.1 Cover versions 6 Media usage 7 Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) 8 Bibliography 9 References 10 External links Background ( edit ) On October 8 , 1963 , en route to Shreveport , Louisiana , Cooke called ahead to the Holiday Inn North to make reservations for his wife , Barbara , and himself , but when he and his group arrived , the desk clerk glanced nervously and explained there were no vacancies . While his brother Charles protested , Sam was fuming , yelling to see the manager and refusing to leave until he received an answer . His wife nudged him , attempting to calm him down , telling him , `` They 'll kill you , '' to which he responded , `` They ai n't gon na kill me , because I 'm Sam Cooke . '' When they eventually persuaded Cooke to leave , the group drove away calling out insults and blaring their horns . When they arrived at the Castle Motel on Sprague Street downtown , the police were waiting for them , arresting them for disturbing the peace . The New York Times ran an AP report the following day headlined `` Negro Band Leader Held in Shreveport , '' but African - Americans were outraged , leading to the creation of a myth surrounding the incident , exaggerating parts of the story and fabricating others . In addition , upon hearing Bob Dylan 's `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' in 1963 , Cooke was greatly moved that such a poignant song about racism in America could come from someone who was not black , and was also ashamed he had not yet written something like that himself . However , his image and fears of losing his largely white fan base prevented him from doing so . Cooke loved the song so much it was immediately incorporated into his repertoire . Recording and production ( edit ) Following Christmas 1963 , Cooke invited J.W. Alexander to his home to preview a new song he had just written , one Cooke was very excited about .", "2": "When he arrived , Cooke ran through the number on his guitar twice , the second time going over it line by line . Both were very excited to record the song , with Alexander viewing it more personal and political than anything he had yet attempted . He warned Cooke that he may not profit off the song as he had with lighter , poppier songs , but Cooke did not care . He explained to Alexander that he hoped the song would make his father proud . `` It was less work than any song he 'd ever written , '' biographer Peter Guralnick says . `` It almost scared him that the song -- it was almost as if the song were intended for somebody else . He grabbed it out of the air and it came to him whole , despite the fact that in many ways it 's probably the most complex song that he wrote . It was both singular -- in the sense that you started out , ' I was born by the river ' -- but it also told the story both of a generation and of a people . '' Cooke handed the song to his arranger René Hall , with no specific instructions as to what he personally wanted , but to give it `` the kind of instrumentation and orchestration that it demanded . '' Previously , the duo had collaborated on arrangement , but this was the first occasion in which Hall was granted complete control of the eventual arrangement , and he composed it as he would a movie score , with lush , symphonic strings . `` I wanted it to be the greatest thing in my ( life ) -- I spent a lot of time , put out a lot of ideas , and then changed them and rearranged them , '' said Hall . Cooke was well known as a perfectionist and `` control freak '' in the recording studio , so giving Hall total latitude was unprecedented . AFO drummer John Boudreaux was intimidated by the orchestral arrangement and refused to leave the control room ; session player and close collaborator Earl Palmer was working next door and filled in for the song . Luigi Creatore asked Cooke to provide one more take , and the eighth take was `` nearly perfect . '' Luigi was very pleased with the song , considering it among his best , both very serious and still uniquely his own . Cooke had initially imagined that Luigi , first and foremost a pop hitmaker , would not respect the socially conscious song .", "3": "Composition ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' A sound sample of `` A Change Is Gonna Come , '' emphasizing the song 's lush , orchestral accompaniment . Problems playing this file ? See media help . Each verse is a different movement , with the horns carrying the first , the strings the second , and the timpani carrying the bridge . The French horn present in the recording was intended to convey a sense of melancholy . Cooke incorporated his own personal experiences as well into the song , such as encounters in Memphis , Shreveport and Birmingham , to reflect the lives and struggles of all African - Americans of the time . The lines `` I do n't know what 's up there / Beyond the sky '' could refer to Cooke 's doubt for absolute true justice on earth . The final verse , in which Cooke pleads for his `` brother '' to help him , is a metaphor for what Alexander described as `` the establishment '' The verse continues , ' But he winds up knocking me / back down on my knees . ' '' Personnel ( edit ) `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was recorded on January 30 , 1964 , at RCA Studios in Hollywood , California . The engineer present was Wally Heider , and the session was conducted and arranged by René Hall . The musicians also recorded `` Falling in Love '' the same day . Credits adapted from the liner notes to the 2003 compilation Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 .", "4": "Sam Cooke -- lead vocals SR Crain -- backing vocals Paul Foster -- backing vocals Jimmie Outler -- backing vocals Richard Gibbs -- backing vocals JJ Farley -- backing vocals René Hall -- guitar Norman Bartold -- guitar Arnold Belnick -- guitar Clifton White -- guitar Chuck Badie -- bass guitar Earl Palmer -- drums Harold Battiste -- piano William Hinshaw -- French horn Emil Radocchia -- marimba , timpani , percussion William Kurasch -- trumpet Louis Blackburn -- trombone John Ewing -- trombone David Wells -- trombone Harry Hyams -- viola Alexander Neiman -- viola Israel Baker -- violin Irving Lipschultz -- violin Leonard Malarsky -- violin Jack Pepper -- violin Ralph Schaeffer -- violin Sidney Sharp -- violin Darrel Terwilliger -- violin Tibor Zelig -- violin Emmet Sargeant -- cello Release ( edit ) Cooke first performed `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson on February 7 , 1964 . Cooke 's new manager , Allen Klein , was infatuated with the song and persuaded Cooke to do away with promoting his most recent single , `` Ai n't That Good News '' , and perform `` Change '' instead , feeling that that was the statement he needed to make before a national audience . Cooke objected , noting that the album 's release was a month away and that he had no time to pull together an arrangement within such a short time frame . Klein arranged for RCA to pay for a full string section and Cooke performed the song that Friday on The Tonight Show after performing `` Basin Street '' . An NBC timekeeper logged down the number as `` It 's a Long Time Coming , '' but the network did not save the tape of the performance . Klein and Alexander both felt it would become a milestone moment in Cooke 's career , but it was overshadowed by the Beatles ' performance on The Ed Sullivan Show on CBS just two days later . Cooke elected not to perform `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' again in his lifetime , both because of the complexity of the arrangement and because of the ominous nature of the song . When shown to his protégé Bobby Womack , his response was that it sounds `` like death . ''", "5": "Cooke responded , `` Man , that 's kind of how it sounds like to me . That 's why I 'm never going to play it in public . '' Womack clarified his thoughts , that it was n't deathly , but rather `` spooky , '' but Cooke never performed the song again . Ten months later , `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' was prepared for single release , with the verse and chorus preceding the bridge ( `` I go to the movies ... '' ) deleted for radio airplay . The civil rights movement picked up on `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' with near immediacy . On December 11 , 1964 , two weeks before the song was released , Sam Cooke was fatally shot at a Los Angeles motel . `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' became an anthem for the Civil Rights Movement , and is widely considered Cooke 's best composition . Over the years , the song has garnered significant praise and , in 2005 , was voted number 12 by representatives of the music industry and press in Rolling Stone magazine 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time , and voted number 3 in the webzine Pitchfork Media 's The 200 Greatest Songs of the 60s . The song is also among three hundred songs deemed the most important ever recorded by National Public Radio ( NPR ) and was recently selected by the Library of Congress as one of twenty - five selected recordings to the National Recording Registry as of March 2007 . The song is currently ranked as the 46th greatest song of all time , as well as the third best song of 1964 , by Acclaimed Music . NPR called the song `` one of the most important songs of the civil rights era . '' Despite its acclaim , legal troubles have haunted the single since its release . A dispute between Cooke 's music publisher , ABKCO , and record company , RCA Records , made the recording unavailable for much of the four decades since its release . Although the song was featured prominently in the 1992 film Malcolm X , it could not be included in the film 's soundtrack . By 2003 , however , the disputes had been settled in time for the song to be included on the remastered version of Ai n't That Good News , as well as the Cooke anthology Portrait of a Legend .", "6": "A live rendition was included in the soundtrack to the 2001 Michael Mann film Ali . James Taylor recorded a version specially for an episode of the same title of the television drama The West Wing . The Allman Brothers Band captured their performance of the song on their 2003 DVD Live at the Beacon Theatre . Cover versions ( edit ) Other notable artists who have covered the song include : Gerald Alston Baby Huey The Band George Benson Wayne Brady Billy Bragg Brandy Solomon Burke John Boutte Tony Carey the Cold War Kids Terence Trent D'Arby Gavin DeGraw Matt Doyle Bob Dylan Everlast The 5th Dimension ( in a 1970 medley with The Rascals ' `` People Got to Be Free '' ) Aretha Franklin from `` I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You '' ( 1967 ) the Fugees Jeffrey Gaines The Gits Al Green Greta Van Fleet Deitrick Haddon Morten Harket Beth Hart jacksoul Leela James R. Kelly Evelyn Champagne King Patti LaBelle The Manhattans Allison Moorer The Neville Brothers Graham Parker Billy Preston James & Bobby Purify Prince Buster Otis Redding Michael Thompson featuring Bobby Womack The Righteous Brothers ( Bobby Hatfield solo ) Seal and Arcade Fire , who used the song in support of Barack Obama 's nomination for President of the United States . Ben Sollee Solo The Supremes Seal ( singer ) Three Dog Night Tina Turner Luther Vandross Cory Wells Canned Heat performed live at Woodstock , 1969 In recent years , the song has served as a sample for rappers Ghostface Killah ( 1996 ) , Ja Rule ( 2003 ) , Papoose ( 2006 ) , Lil Wayne ( 2007 ) `` Long Time Coming ( remix ) '' Charles Hamilton , Asher Roth , and B.o.B ( 2009 ) , and Nas 's It Was Written album also features a similar opening as the song . On their album The Reunion hip - hop artists Capone - N - Noreaga used an excerpt from the song on the opening track which shares the same title as the Cooke original .", "7": "British soul singer Beverley Knight says the song is her all - time favorite and has performed it live many a time ; most notably on ' Later with Jools Holland ' . On May 6 , 2008 , during the seventh season of American Idol , the song was sung by contestant Syesha Mercado as the remaining top 4 . It was also sung by Joshua Ledet during the Top 7 episode of season 11 ( 2012 ) , for which he received a standing ovation from the audience . After winning the 2008 United States presidential election , Barack Obama referred to the song , stating to his supporters in Chicago , `` It 's been a long time coming , but tonight , change has come to America . '' A duet of the song by Bettye LaVette and Jon Bon Jovi was included in We Are One : The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial . In Washington DC , in the days leading up to the Inauguration of Barack Obama , this song could be heard played constantly in the city centre . In 2004 , Patti LaBelle performed the song on the annual Nobel Peace Prize Concert to a standing ovation . Julian Casablancas , lead singer of popular rock band The Strokes , has cited `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' as his favorite song of all time . In 2009 , Aaron Neville , along with the Mt . Zion Mass Choir , released a version of the song `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' on the compilation album Oh Happy Day . American Idol creator / producer Simon Fuller selected the song for contestant Adam Lambert to sing in the season 8 finale in May , 2009 . It was also covered by season 9 semifinalist Lilly Scott in March 2010 . In 2010 , one of the finalists of the British The X Factor , Rebecca Ferguson , sang the song for her audition , impressing judges Simon Cowell , Louis Walsh and guest judge Nicole Scherzinger . The song was performed in the 2011 Miss America Pageant by Miss Kentucky , Djuan Trent . In 2011 , jazz group Afro - Blue performed the song on The Sing - off by request of the judges . The same year , Everlast recorded a version of the song for his album Songs of the Ungrateful Living .", "8": "Maverick Sabre covered the song on his 2012 album Lonely Are the Brave On January 1 , 2012 , the song was the last single to be played on the New Zealand radio station Solid Gold FM before the station rebranded . On June 1 , 2013 Beyoncé Knowles sang the song during The Sound of Change Live concert in London , as part of Chime for Change , an organization which supports total equality between women and men in all areas of life . Mark Sutherland of Rolling Stone magazine noted that Knowles belted out the song , while Alice Vincent from The Daily Telegraph noted that the rendition of the song reflected the event 's purpose . Later , on July 20 , 2013 , Knowles performed the song during a stop in Detroit as part of her Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . The performance followed the city 's recent file for bankruptcy . As Knowles performed , the screen behind her displayed photos of Detroit 's landmarks and icons including Aretha Franklin , Aaliyah , Eminem , Anita Baker , Bob Seger , Kid Rock , The White Stripes , Berry Gordy , Jr , Joe Louis . The montage ended with the declaration `` Nothing Stops Detroit ! '' and Knowles closed the performance by saying `` I love you , Detroit '' . A spokesperson for the singer described the performance as a `` unique tribute to the history of an incredible city and a celebration of the strong spirit of its people '' . A black - and - white video of the cover was uploaded on Knowles ' official YouTube channel on July 30 , 2013 . It closes with a quote from Henry Ford : `` Failure is simply the opportunity to start over , this time more intelligently . '' A reporter for The Huffington Post reported that the singer 's `` heartfelt '' cover of the song `` touched '' her fans and the people who loved Detroit . Latifah Muhammad of the Black Entertainment Television wrote that Knowles ' `` powerful '' rendition of the song came right on time . An editor for Essence described Knowles ' cover as a `` moving tribute to Detroit '' . Jordan Sargent of Spin wrote , `` It all might come off as a bit heavy - handed if it was n't for the fact that , well , Beyonce absolutely slays the cover . ''", "9": "Lauren Moraski from CBS News described the tribute to the city as `` touching '' . In 2013 15 - year - old Dwayne Cooke released a video of himself singing `` A Change Gonna Come '' on YouTube which has gone viral on Facebook and other social networking sites ... Media usage ( edit ) Many stations have played this song to signal the moment of format change ( e.g. when KSOC 94.5 in Dallas / Fort Worth , TX changed from urban AC to urban oldies in July 2011 ) . Chart history ( Sam Cooke version ) ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Billboard R&B Singles Chart 9 Billboard Hot 100 31 Bibliography ( edit ) Portrait of a Legend 1951 - 1964 . Abkco Records , 2003 . Los Angeles , California . Werner , Craig ( 1999 ) . A Change Is Gonna Come : Music , Race , and the Soul of America . Plume . ISBN 0 - 452 - 28065 - 6 . Wolff , Daniel J. ; S.R. Crain ; Clifton White & G. David Tenenbaum ( 1995 ) . You Send Me : The Life and Times of Sam Cooke . William Morrow & Co . ISBN 0 - 688 - 12403 - 8 . Guralnick , Peter ( 2005 ) . Dream Boogie : The Triumph of Sam Cooke . Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 - 0316013291 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cannady , S. 2007 , Recordings by Historical Figures and Musical Legends Added To the 2006 National Recording Registry : Library of Congress Accepting Nominations for the 2007 Registry , viewed May 9 , 2017 ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 526 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 527 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 512 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 513 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sam Cooke And The Song That ' Almost Scared Him ' '' . NPR ( National Public Radio ) .", "10": "February 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 540 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 541 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 547 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 548 . ^ Jump up to : Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 ( liner notes ) . Sam Cooke . US : ABKCO Records . 2003 . 92642 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 550 . ^ Jump up to : Guralnick 2005 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Guralnick 2005 , p. 607 . Jump up ^ `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Acclaimed Music Top 3000 songs '' . 27 May 2009 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YDTei_wdm3U Jump up ^ `` James & Bobby Purify , James & Bobby Purify '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joshua Ledet Earns TWO Standing Ovations on American Idol ( VIDEO ) Jump up ^ `` Jon Bon Jovi , Queen Latifah go gospel for `` Day '' `` . Reuters . March 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Sutherland , Mark ( June 1 , 2013 ) . `` Beyonce Leads a Charge of Powerful Women at Sound of Change '' . Rolling Stone . Wenner Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Vincent , Alice ( June 2 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé , Sound of Change Live , Twickenham Stadium , review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyoncé dedicates ' A Change is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Rap - Up . July 21 , 2013 .", "11": "Retrieved July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graff , Gary ( July 21 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Pays Tribute to Motor City : ' Nothing Stops Detroit ! ' '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Graham , Adam ( August 1 , 2013 ) . `` Grapevine : Beyonce 's ' Change ' hits online '' . The Detroit News . MediaNews Group . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2013 . Retrieved August 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beyonce Releases Powerful Detroit Dedication , Cover Of Sam Cooke 's ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' ( VIDEO ) '' . The Huffington Post . July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved July 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Muhammad , Latifah ( July 22 , 2013 ) . `` Beyoncé Sings `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' in Detroit `` . Black Entertainment Television . BET Networks . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Must - See : Beyoncé Dedicates ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Essence . Essence Communications . August 1 , 2013 . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sargent , Jordan ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch Beyonce Dedicate Moving Cover of ' A Change Is Gonna Come ' to Detroit '' . Spin . Spin Media LLC . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Moraski , Lauren ( July 31 , 2013 ) . `` Watch : Beyonce releases touching tribute to Detroit '' . CBS News . CBS . Retrieved August 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Change Is Gonna Come , Sam Cooke Cover , 1963 - Done By Dwayne '' .", "12": "Jump up ^ 94.5 KSoul Revamps As Old School 94.5 - Format Change Archive ( accessed October 4 , 2011 ) External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sam Cooke Studio albums Keen Songs by Sam Cooke Encore Tribute to the Lady The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke RCA Victor Cooke 's Tour Hits of the 50 's Swing Low My Kind of Blues Twistin ' the Night Away Mr. Soul Night Beat Ai n't That Good News Posthumous releases Shake Try a Little Love Live albums Sam Cooke at the Copa Live at the Harlem Square Club , 1963 Collaboration albums 3 Great Guys Compilations Hit Kit I Thank God The Best of Sam Cooke The Man and His Music Portrait of a Legend : 1951 -- 1964 Singles `` You Send Me '' / `` Summertime '' `` I 'll Come Running Back to You '' `` ( I Love You ) For Sentimental Reasons '' `` You Were Made for Me '' / `` Lonely Island '' `` Everybody Loves to Cha Cha Cha '' `` Only Sixteen '' `` There !", "13": "I 've Said It Again '' `` Wonderful World '' `` Chain Gang '' `` Sad Mood '' `` That 's It , I Quit , I 'm Movin ' On '' `` Cupid '' `` Twistin ' the Night Away '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' / `` Having a Party '' `` Somebody Have Mercy '' / `` Nothing Can Change This Love '' `` Send Me Some Lovin ' '' `` Another Saturday Night '' `` Frankie and Johnny '' `` Little Red Rooster '' `` ( Ai n't That ) Good News '' `` Good Times '' / `` Tennessee Waltz '' `` That 's Where It 's At '' `` Shake '' / `` A Change Is Gonna Come '' Related articles Discography The Soul Stirrers René Hall Linda Womack We Remember Sam Cooke IAMSAM Book : Sam Cooke Category : Sam Cooke Portal : R&B and Soul Music Wikiquote : Sam Cooke Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Change_Is_Gonna_Come&oldid=835127790 '' Categories : 1963 songs 1964 singles 1970 singles 1960s ballads Songs written by Sam Cooke Sam Cooke songs Otis Redding songs The 5th Dimension songs James & Bobby Purify songs James Taylor songs Three Dog Night songs Song recordings produced by Hugo & Luigi Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients United States National Recording Registry recordings RCA Victor singles Songs released posthumously Songs against racism and xenophobia Soul ballads Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Suomi Svenska 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 18 : 42 . 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[ 13, 14, 2, 10, 11, 3, 12, 0, 8, 6, 9, 4, 1, 7, 5 ]

[ 13, 14, 2, 10, 11, 3, 12 ]

[ "42–62 minutes", "42–62 minutes", "42–62 minutes", "one-hour-long episodes" ]

{ "0": "Stranger Things - wikipedia Stranger Things Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Stranger Things ( disambiguation ) . Stranger Things Genre Science fiction Horror Supernatural Period drama Created by The Duffer Brothers Starring Winona Ryder David Harbour Finn Wolfhard Millie Bobby Brown Gaten Matarazzo Caleb McLaughlin Natalia Dyer Charlie Heaton Cara Buono Matthew Modine Noah Schnapp Sadie Sink Joe Keery Dacre Montgomery Sean Astin Paul Reiser Composer ( s ) Kyle Dixon Michael Stein Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 17 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Karl Gajdusek Cindy Holland Brian Wright Matt Thunell Shawn Levy Dan Cohen The Duffer Brothers Iain Paterson Shannon Tsang Location ( s ) Jackson , Georgia Cinematography Tim Ives Tod Campbell Running time 42 -- 62 minutes Production company ( s ) 21 Laps Entertainment Monkey Massacre Distributor Netflix Release Original network Netflix Picture format 4K ( Ultra HD ) High dynamic range Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) -- present External links Website www.netflix.com/title/80057281 Stranger Things is an American science fiction - horror web television series created , written , directed and co-executive produced by The Duffer Brothers , as well as co-executive produced by Shawn Levy and Dan Cohen . The first season , released in July 2016 , stars Winona Ryder , David Harbour , Finn Wolfhard , Millie Bobby Brown , Gaten Matarazzo , Caleb McLaughlin , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , Cara Buono and Matthew Modine , with Noah Schnapp and Joe Keery in recurring roles . For the second season , Schnapp and Keery were promoted to series regulars , along with the additions of Sadie Sink , Dacre Montgomery , Sean Astin and Paul Reiser .", "1": "Set in the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana , in the 1980s , the first season focuses on the investigation into the disappearance of a young boy amid supernatural events occurring around the town including the appearance of a girl with psychokinetic abilities who helps the missing boy 's friends in their own search . The second season , titled Stranger Things 2 , is set a year after the first , and deals with attempts of the characters to return to normal and consequences that linger from the first season . The Duffer Brothers developed the series as a mix of investigative drama alongside supernatural elements with childlike sensibilities , establishing its time frame in the 1980s and creating a homage to pop culture of that decade . Several themes and directorial aspects were inspired and aesthetically informed by the works of Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , and Stephen King , among others , including several films , anime and video games . The first season was released on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 . It received critical acclaim for its characterization , pacing , atmosphere , acting , soundtrack , directing , writing , and homages to 1980s genre films . The series has received several industry nominations and awards , including winning the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2016 , and receiving eighteen nominations for the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards , including Outstanding Drama Series . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix renewed the series for a second season of nine episodes , which was released on October 27 , 2017 . In December 2017 , Netflix ordered a third season . The Duffer Brothers have said that Stranger Things is likely to end after its fourth or fifth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.2. 1 Introduced in season one 2.2. 2 Introduced in season two 2.3 Guest 2.3. 1 Introduced in season one 2.3.", "2": "2 Introduced in season two 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Writing 4.3 Casting 4.4 Filming 4.5 Visual effects 4.6 Music 4.6. 1 Soundtracks 5 Release 5.1 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Audience viewership 6.2 Critical reception 6.2. 1 Season 1 6.2. 2 Season 2 6.3 Commentary 6.4 Accolades 7 Other media 7.1 Beyond Stranger Things 7.2 Mobile video game 7.3 PlayStation VR game 7.4 Others 8 References 9 External links Premise Stranger Things is set in the fictional rural town of Hawkins , Indiana , during the early 1980s . The nearby Hawkins National Laboratory ostensibly performs scientific research for the United States Department of Energy , but secretly does experiments into the paranormal and supernatural , including those that involve human test subjects . Inadvertently , they have created a portal to an alternate dimension called `` the Upside Down '' . The influence of the Upside Down starts to affect the unknowing residents of Hawkins in calamitous ways . The first season begins in November 1983 , when Will Byers is abducted by a creature from the Upside Down . His mother , Joyce , and the town 's police chief , Jim Hopper , search for Will . At the same time , a young psychokinetic girl called Eleven escapes from the laboratory and assists Will 's friends , Mike , Dustin , and Lucas , in their own efforts to find Will . The second season is set a year later , starting in October 1984 . Will has been rescued , but few know of the details of the events . When it is discovered that Will is still being influenced by entities from the Upside Down , his friends and family learn there is a larger threat to their universe from the Upside Down .", "3": "Cast and characters The Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy and the main cast of season 2 of Stranger Things at the 2017 San Diego Comic - Con International Main Winona Ryder as Joyce Byers , the mother of Will and Jonathan Byers . She is divorced from Lonnie Byers . David Harbour as Jim Hopper , chief of Hawkins Police Department . After his young daughter died of cancer , Hopper got divorced and lapsed into alcoholism . Finn Wolfhard as Mike Wheeler , son of Karen and Ted , younger brother of Nancy , and one of three friends of Will Byers . He is an intelligent and conscientious student and is committed to his friends . He falls in love with Eleven . Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven ( `` El '' ) , a young girl with psychokinetic abilities and a limited vocabulary . Her real name is Jane , the biological daughter of Terry Ives . After escaping from Hawkins Laboratory , where experiments were being performed on her , she befriends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas . She falls in love with Mike . Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin Henderson , one of Will 's friends . His cleidocranial dysplasia causes him to lisp . In the second season , he is proud of his new front teeth and is attracted to Max . Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas Sinclair , one of Will 's friends . He is wary of Eleven but later befriends her . In season two , he is one of Max 's love interests . Natalia Dyer as Nancy Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted and older sister of Mike . In season one , she is Steve Harrington 's girlfriend . In season two , she becomes Jonathan Byers ' girlfriend . Charlie Heaton as Jonathan Byers , the older brother of Will Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is a quiet teenager , an outsider at school , and an aspiring photographer . He is close with his mother and brother , and he becomes the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . Cara Buono as Karen Wheeler , mother of teenaged Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner , the scientist in charge of Hawkins Laboratory . He is manipulative and remote . He and his team are searching for Eleven .", "4": "He reappears in season 2 briefly . Noah Schnapp as Will Byers , the younger brother of Jonathan Byers and the son of Joyce Byers . He is captured by a monster from the `` Upside Down '' , an alternate dimension discovered by Hawkins Laboratory scientists . Schnapp was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Sadie Sink as Maxine `` Max '' Mayfield / `` Madmax '' , Billy 's younger stepsister , and a tomboy who catches the attention of both Lucas and Dustin . Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , a popular high school student and the boyfriend of Nancy Wheeler . He ostracizes Jonathan Byers , but later comes to befriend him . He begins as Nancy 's boyfriend but breaks up with her in season two . Keery was promoted to series regular for the second season , after recurring in the first . Dacre Montgomery as Billy Hargrove , Max 's violent and unpredictable older stepbrother . He challenges Steve 's popularity . Sean Astin as Bob Newby , a former schoolmate of Joyce and Hopper . In season two , he runs the Hawkins RadioShack and is Joyce 's boyfriend , putting him at odds with Hopper . Paul Reiser as Sam Owens , a Department of Energy executive . He replaces Brenner as director of Hawkins Laboratory . He is stubborn and committed to scientific research , yet empathetic to the residents of Hawkins . Recurring Introduced in season one Joe Chrest as Ted Wheeler , husband of Karen , father of teenager Nancy , middle schooler Mike , and toddler Holly . Rob Morgan as Powell , one of Hopper 's officers . He is serious and by the book . Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , best friend of Nancy Wheeler . She is concerned that her friendship with Nancy may be threatened by Nancy 's relationship with Steve . John Reynolds as Callahan , another of Hopper 's officers . Not nearly as serious as his partner , he still works hard in the search for Will Byers . Mark Steger as the Monster , a creature that exists in the Upside Down . Referred to as `` the Demogorgon '' by Mike , Lucas and Dustin .", "5": "Catherine Dyer as Connie Frazier , Brenner 's FBI enforcer who has no qualms about murdering those who have come into contact with Eleven . Randy Havens as Scott Clarke , the boys ' teacher . He encourages their interest in science and technology and helps them whenever asked . Hugh Holub as the lead scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Tobias Jelinek as the lead agent at Hawkins National Laboratory , who assists Brenner . Cade Jones as James , a school bully who hangs around with Troy . Anniston and Tinsley Price as Holly Wheeler , daughter of Karen and Ted , younger sister of Nancy and Mike . Susan Shalhoub Larkin as Florence ( `` Flo '' ) , the secretary at the Hawkins Police Station . Tony Vaughn as Russell Coleman , the principal at Hawkins Middle School . Peyton Wich as Troy , a school bully of Mike , Lucas , Dustin , and Will . Charles Lawlor as Donald Melvald , the owner of a general store where Joyce Byers works . Chester Rushing as Tommy H. , former friend of Steve , and boyfriend of Carol . Chelsea Talmadge as Carol , former friend of Steve , and girlfriend of Tommy . Robert Walker - Branchaud as an agent of Hawkins Laboratory who disguises himself as a repairman . Cynthia Barrett as Marsha Holland , Barbara Holland 's mother . Aimee Mullins as Terry Ives , a woman who claims her daughter , Jane , was stolen from her shortly after she gave birth , but she has since gone into a mental state where she is unaware of her surroundings . She is the biological mother of Eleven . Introduced in season two Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight , a young woman with illusion manipulation abilities who , along with Eleven , was experimented on at the Hawkins Laboratory but later managed to escape . Vanathi Kalai Parthiban portrays a young Kali . Catherine Curtin as Claudia Henderson , Dustin 's mother . Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman , a former journalist that became a conspiracy theorist , who visits Hawkins to go after a cold case . Joe Davison as a technician at Hawkins Laboratory . Priah Ferguson as Erica Sinclair , Lucas ' younger sister .", "6": "Guest Introduced in season one Ross Partridge as Lonnie Byers , the drunk , egotistical , selfish ex-husband of Joyce Byers and father of Jonathan and Will . He has a much younger girlfriend named Cynthia . Chris Sullivan as Benny Hammond , owner and chef of Benny 's Burgers , and friend of Hopper . Andrew Benator as a scientist at Hawkins Laboratory . Glennellen Anderson as Nicole , a classmate of Nancy , Steve and Jonathan . Pete Burris as the head of security at Hawkins Laboratory . Jerri Tubbs as Diane Hopper , Jim 's ex-wife . Amy Seimetz as Becky Ives , Terry 's sister who takes care of her . Elle Graham as Sarah Hopper , Jim and Diane 's daughter . Executive producer Shawn Levy cameos as a morgue worker . Introduced in season two Kai L. Greene as Funshine , a member of Kali 's crew . James Landry Hébert as Axel , a member of Kali 's crew . Anna Jacoby - Heron as Dottie , a member of Kali 's crew . Gabrielle Maiden as Mick , a member of Kali 's crew . Aaron Muñoz as Mr. Holland , Barbara 's father . Karen Ceesay as Mrs. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's mother . Drew Scheid as Nancy , Steve and Jonathan 's classmate . Pruitt Taylor Vince as Ray , a technician at Hawkins Laboratory who performed forcible electroshock therapy on Terry Ives , contributing to her deteriorated mental state . Arnell Powell as Mr. Sinclair , Lucas and Erica 's father . Will Chase as Neil Hargrove , Billy 's abusive father , Max 's stepfather , and Susan 's husband . Jennifer Marshall as Susan Hargrove , Max 's mother , Billy 's stepmother , and Neil 's wife . Episodes Season 1 ( 2016 ) No . overall No.", "7": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) On November 6 , 1983 , in a U.S. Department of Energy laboratory in the town of Hawkins , Indiana , a scientist is attacked by an unseen creature . While bicycling home from a Dungeons & Dragons session with his friends , 12 - year - old Will Byers encounters the creature and vanishes . The next day , a buzz - cut young girl wearing a hospital gown steals food from a local diner . The owner , Benny , takes pity on her and feeds her before calling social services . From a tattoo on her arm , he learns that her name is Eleven . A woman posing as a social worker arrives and murders Benny . Armed men search the diner for Eleven , but she escapes . Will 's mother Joyce believes she hears Will 's voice on a distorted phone call , but her phone short circuits . Will 's friends Mike , Dustin , and Lucas search for Will in the woods and find Eleven . `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) The boys bring Eleven to Mike 's house , where she sleeps in the basement . The next day , Mike nicknames her `` El '' . She says that `` bad people '' are looking for her and refuses to meet Mike 's parents . Scientists from the laboratory find a substance oozing from the walls of Joyce 's home . At Mike 's home , Eleven recognizes and points out Will in a photo . Dustin and Lucas want to inform Mike 's parents about Eleven , but she uses psychokinesis to stop them . While searching for Will , Mr. Clarke , the boys ' science teacher , discovers a scrap of a hospital gown outside the laboratory grounds . Nancy goes with her friend Barb to a party at her boyfriend Steve 's house . Will 's brother Jonathan investigates the woods where Will went missing . Hearing screaming , he runs to help but finds only Steve , Nancy , and their friends roughhousing around Steve 's swimming pool .", "8": "He secretly photographs them . Barb , left alone by the poolside , vanishes . Joyce receives another call from Will , hears music from his room , and sees something coming through the wall . `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Shawn Levy Jessica Mecklenburg July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Barb wakes up in an empty and decaying pool . She screams for Nancy and attempts to climb out but is dragged down by something unseen . Joyce strings Christmas lights around her home to talk to Will , who can turn them on and off . Hawkins Lab director Dr. Martin Brenner allows Hopper to view the lab 's security camera footage . Hopper realizes it is fake . He and his deputies research Hawkins Lab , Brenner , and a woman named Terry Ives who claimed her daughter was taken by Brenner . Eleven has a flashback in which Brenner , whom she calls `` Papa , '' has her put in solitary confinement for refusing to telekinetically harm a cat . Nancy worries about Barb , who is missing . Steve and his friends discover Jonathan 's photographs . They destroy them and his camera . Nancy recovers a photo of Barb by the poolside and returns to Steve 's house to search for her . Nancy finds Barb 's car and sees the creature in the woods . Joyce establishes a code with Will using the lights , which he uses to tell her that he is alive but unsafe . He tells Joyce to run as a creature begins to climb through her wall . Will 's apparent body is discovered in the water at a quarry . `` Chapter Four : The Body '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Eleven proves to the boys that Will is still alive by making contact through Mike 's walkie - talkie . Joyce goes to the morgue to view the body and refuses to believe it is Will . The boys give Eleven a makeover so they can sneak her into school . Joyce hears Will in her living room wall . Tearing away the wallpaper , she sees him behind a membrane . At school , Eleven uses Mr. Clarke 's ham radio to channel Will talking to his mother .", "9": "Joyce demolishes the wall with an axe but reveals only her front porch . Nancy discovers a figure behind Barb in Jonathan 's photo . Jonathan realizes that the figure matches his mother 's description of the creature : a humanoid figure with long arms and no face . Nancy tells the police about her missing friend and subsequently admits to her mother that she slept with Steve . When she tells Steve about the police , she is irritated that he cares only about not getting in trouble with his father . Hopper confronts the state trooper who found Will 's body and beats him until he admits he was ordered to lie . Hopper goes to the morgue and finds that Will 's supposed body is a dummy . He breaks into Hawkins laboratory . 5 5 `` Chapter Five : The Flea and the Acrobat '' The Duffer Brothers Alison Tatlock July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Will 's father Lonnie assures Joyce her experiences are hallucinations . Hopper discovers a portal in the basement of the lab but is knocked out by the lab 's guards . He wakes at home and discovers a hidden microphone . Sheriff 's deputies inform Hopper that Barb 's car was found , but Hopper finds the state 's involvement suspicious . The boys determine Will is trapped in an alternate dimension Eleven calls the `` Upside Down , '' and he is being pursued by a monster similar to a Demogorgon . After Will 's funeral , science teacher Mr. Clarke tells the boys that a high - energy spacetime tear could create a passage between dimensions . Using their compasses , they search for a disruption in the Earth 's electromagnetic field . Eleven remembers encountering the creature during a lab experiment , and afraid , she redirects the compasses . Lucas notices and confronts her . Mike defends her , he and Lucas fight , and Eleven telekinetically flings Lucas off Mike . While Dustin and Mike tend to the unconscious Lucas , Eleven disappears . In the woods , Nancy and Jonathan find a wounded deer . The creature drags the deer away , and Nancy follows the trail of blood to a portal to the Upside Down . She crawls through and discovers the creature feasting upon the deer . She snaps a twig and draws the creature 's attention .", "10": "6 6 `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' The Duffer Brothers Jessie Nickson - Lopez July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Jonathan pulls Nancy back through the portal and saves her from the monster . Later , Steve sees them together through her bedroom window and assumes they are dating . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and purchase supplies from an army surplus store . During a fist fight with Steve , Jonathan inadvertently assaults a police officer and is arrested . Joyce and Hopper track down Terry Ives , who is catatonic and tended by her sister Becky . Becky explains that Terry underwent Project MKUltra testing while unknowingly pregnant ; she believed her daughter Jane was kidnapped by Brenner at birth . Joyce and Hopper conclude Eleven is likely Jane . Eleven shoplifts Eggo waffles . She recalls being asked to contact the monster and accidentally opening the portal to the Upside Down in the laboratory basement . While searching for Eleven , Mike and Dustin are ambushed by school bullies Troy and James . Troy holds Dustin at knifepoint and demands Mike make a suicidal jump into the lake where Will 's body was discovered . Mike jumps but is levitated to safety by Eleven , who scares away the bullies . Lucas realizes agents from the laboratory are heading to Mike 's house . 7 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' The Duffer Brothers Justin Doble July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Lucas warns Mike via walkie - talkie that government agents are en route . Mike , Dustin , and Eleven flee . Eleven telekinetically flips a van that blocks their path , and the kids escape . Lucas reconciles with Mike and Eleven . Joyce and Hopper are called to the police station because of Jonathan 's assault . Jonathan and Nancy reveal their knowledge of the monster to Joyce and Hopper . The group contacts Mike and his friends and they rendezvous . They ask Eleven to search for Will and Barb , but her earlier feats have left her too weak to find them . To amplify Eleven 's powers , they break into the middle school and build a sensory - deprivation tank .", "11": "Eleven finds Barb 's corpse with a slug - like creature crawling out of her mouth . With Joyce 's help , she finds Will alive , hiding in the Upside Down `` Castle Byers , '' his backyard fort . Hopper and Joyce break into Hawkins Laboratory but are apprehended by security guards . Nancy and Jonathan resolve to kill the monster and steal their hunting gear back from the police station . In the Upside Down , the monster breaks into the fort where Will is hiding . 8 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' The Duffer Brothers Story by : Paul Dichter Teleplay by : The Duffer Brothers July 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 15 ) Hopper gives up Eleven 's location so that he and Joyce can enter the Upside Down . They find Will unconscious in the Upside - Down town library . They pull a tendril out of his throat , perform CPR , and revive him . Nancy and Jonathan booby - trap the Byers ' home , then cut their hands to attract the monster with their blood . Steve arrives , intending to apologize to Jonathan about their fight , but the monster attacks . The monster springs the trap but escapes back to the Upside Down . Eleven and the boys hide in the middle school . Mike asks Eleven to a school dance , the Snow Ball , and kisses her . The military storms the school to re-capture Eleven , but she kills them and collapses . As Brenner cradles her , the monster attacks , apparently killing him . The boys hide Eleven in a classroom . The monster corners them , but Eleven pins it against a wall . She says goodbye to Mike , disintegrates the monster , and vanishes . Will is hospitalized and reunited with his mother , brother , and friends . Hopper is reluctantly picked up by a black car . One month later , Nancy and Steve are back together , and both are friends with Jonathan . Hopper leaves Eggo waffles and other food in a box in the woods . Will coughs up a slug - like creature and has a vision of the world as the Upside Down , but he hides this from his family . Season 2 ( 2017 ) No . overall No.", "12": "in season Title Directed by Written by Original release date 9 `` Chapter One : MADMAX '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) On October 28 , 1984 , Kali and her gang use her psychic powers to escape the police . Her wrist tattoo marks her as `` 008 . '' At the Hawkins arcade , Will has a vision of the Upside Down . Murray Bauman describes an elaborate conspiracy theory to Hopper . Hopper investigates a blight on Bob Merril 's pumpkin patch . Mr. Clarke introduces a new girl named Maxine ( `` Max '' ) to his class . At Hawkins Lab , Owens examines Will . He tells Joyce that Will is experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder . Nancy and Steve have dinner with Barb 's parents , who are selling their house to pay for Bauman 's investigation into Barb 's disappearance . Dustin hears a noise from the trashcan outside his home , and Will has a vision of an enormous spidery creature in the Upside Down . Hopper goes home to a cabin in the woods , where Eleven accuses him of being late . 10 `` Chapter Two : Trick or Treat , Freak '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In a flashback , Eleven awakens in the Upside Down middle school , having just destroyed the monster at the end of the first season . After escaping the Upside Down , she goes to Mike 's house . To avoid government agents , she hides in the woods . In the present , Eleven asks to go trick - or - treating , but Hopper says it 's too risky . Hopper learns the blight has spread to pumpkin patches all over town . Nancy wants to tell Barb 's parents about her death , but Steve insists it 's too dangerous . At a Halloween party that evening , Nancy gets drunk and tells Steve she does n't love him . Angered , Steve leaves , and asks Jonathan to take her home . Mike , Will , Dustin , Lucas , and Max go trick - or - treating .", "13": "Will has a vision of a shadowy monster from the Upside Down trying to catch him . Mike admits to Will that he is still trying to contact Eleven . Eleven tries to contact Mike but fails . Dustin finds a creature in his trash can . 11 `` Chapter Three : The Pollywog '' Shawn Levy Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Dustin feeds the creature a 3 Musketeers chocolate bar and names it d'Artagnan ( `` Dart '' ) . In a flashback , Hopper leaves food in the woods for Eleven . She approaches him and moves into his grandfather 's hunting cabin . In the present , Hopper refuses to allow Eleven outside . Angry , she escapes and looks for Mike . Bob recounts a childhood nightmare to Will and encourages him to stand up to his fears . Nancy persuades Jonathan to help her tell Barb 's parents the truth . Hopper confronts Owens with evidence that the pumpkin blight comes from the lab . Dustin brings Dart to school and shows it to Will , Mike , Lucas , and Max . Will realizes Dart is from the Upside Down . Dart molts and escapes . Eleven sees Mike and Max arguing and mistakes it for flirting . Jealous , she makes Max fall off her skateboard . On a videotape Will made while trick - or - treating , Joyce discovers an image of the monster . Will finds Dart , triggering a vision of the Upside Down . Dustin recovers Dart . Following Bob 's advice , Will confronts the monster , but it invades his body . 12 `` Chapter Four : Will the Wise '' Shawn Levy Paul Dichter October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Joyce takes Will home . His temperature is strangely low , but he refuses a warm bath . Eleven returns to the cabin . She and Hopper fight , and Hopper grounds her . Will tells Joyce and Hopper that he 's connected to the Shadow Monster . Unable to explain in words , he makes a vast number of scribbles . Joyce and Hopper piece them together into a map . Nancy and Jonathan are caught by lab agents .", "14": "Owens shows them the gate to the Upside Down . He says it can be contained but not destroyed , admits Barb died , and allows Nancy and Jonathan to go free . Secretly , Nancy records his confession . Billy warns Max to stay away from Lucas . Eleven finds Hopper 's notes on Hawkins Lab . Using her psychic powers , she contacts Terry Ives , who calls her `` Jane . '' Dustin discovers Dart devouring his cat and realizes Dart is a young Demogorgon . Following Will 's map , Hopper digs in Merril 's field and finds a tunnel corrupted by the Upside Down . 13 5 `` Chapter Five : Dig Dug '' Andrew Stanton Jessie Nickson - Lopez October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Vines trap Hopper in the infected tunnels . Will realizes Hopper is in danger . Lucas tells Max the truth about Will 's disappearance last year , but she does n't believe him . Jonathan and Nancy play Owens ' confession to Bauman . The three agree to publicize a watered down and more believable story about Barb dying from toxins released by the lab . Dustin traps Dart in his root cellar and recruits Steve to fight it . Owens and the lab scientists realize the soil from the infected pumpkin patches is part of a hive mind . Eleven hitchhikes to Terry 's house . She telepathically communicates with Terry , seeing images of another child kept in Hawkins Lab and of Terry being crippled by forced shock therapy . Bob figures out Hopper 's location , and he and Joyce enter the tunnels to rescue him . They are joined by scientists from Hawkins Lab . As the scientists burn the vines filling the tunnels , Will screams in agony and collapses . 14 6 `` Chapter Six : The Spy '' Andrew Stanton Kate Trefry October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Will is rushed to the lab , where he can not recognize Bob , Hopper , or Owens . Owens speculates that damaging the tunnels may be lethal to Will . He shows Hopper the lab basement , where an enormous gate to the Upside Down has been discovered under the floor . Dart molts again and escapes the root cellar .", "15": "Nancy and Jonathan spend the night at Bauman 's and admit their feelings for each other . Lucas offers to prove to Max that his story is true , and he sneaks her out of her house . Steve offers Dustin dating tips . Steve , Dustin , Lucas and Max set a trap for Dart at the junkyard . Max opens up to Lucas about Billy 's anger over his father 's remarriage to Max 's mother . Dart , now the size of a large dog , arrives with a pack of adolescent Demogorgons and traps the four in a bus . Will announces he knows how to stop the Shadow Monster . Owens sends a team of soldiers into the tunnels , and the Demodogs leave the junkyard . Will apologizes , saying the Shadow Monster made him do it . The Demodogs ambush the soldiers , slaughter them , and climb into the lab . 15 7 `` Chapter Seven : The Lost Sister '' Rebecca Thomas Justin Doble October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) In Chicago , Eleven locates Kali , who is the girl from Terry 's memories . Kali can create illusions , and she leads a gang of outcasts who exact revenge on those who have hurt them . She teaches Eleven to channel her anger towards stronger powers . Eleven uses her powers to find Ray , the lab technician who performed shock therapy on Terry , and the gang breaks into his apartment . Ray claims Brenner is still alive , and he offers to lead Kali and Eleven to Brenner . They disbelieve him , and Kali tries to coax Eleven into killing Ray . When Eleven learns he has two daughters , she stops and prevents Kali from killing him . Back at their hideout , Kali conjures a vision of Brenner and demands that Eleven avenge their mother . Eleven visualizes Mike and Hopper and realizes they are in trouble . While Kali and her gang escape the police , Eleven returns to Hawkins . 16 8 `` Chapter Eight : The Mind Flayer '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) The Demodogs overwhelm the lab .", "16": "Mike convinces Joyce to sedate Will so that the Shadow Monster can not track them . Mike , Will , Joyce , Hopper , Bob , and Owens shelter in the lab 's security room . Dustin , Steve , Lucas , and Max track the Demodogs to the lab , where they regroup with Nancy and Jonathan . When the power goes out , Bob resets the circuit breakers so they can escape . Owens stays behind and uses the security cameras to guide the others out . Mike , Will , Joyce , and Hopper escape , but Bob is killed by the Demodogs . The group retreat to the Byers ' house , where Dustin suggests that the Shadow Monster is a Mind Flayer . After disguising their location , they interrogate Will . Using Morse code , he taps out , `` CLOSE GATE . '' The house phone rings , and Will realizes where he is . The Mind Flayer sends a Demodog to the house , but Eleven arrives and kills it . 17 9 `` Chapter Nine : The Gate '' The Duffer Brothers The Duffer Brothers October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Hopper and Eleven head for the lab , where they find the gate guarded by Demodogs . Jonathan , Nancy , and Joyce take Will to Hopper 's cabin and overheat him to force the Mind Flayer out . Mike , Dustin , Lucas , and Max want to draw the Demodogs away from the gate , but Steve keeps them at the house for their own safety . Billy , forced by his abusive father to look for Max , arrives at the Byers house . He starts a fight with Steve , but Max sedates him , and the group leaves in Billy 's car . They start a fire in the tunnels , but Dart blocks their return . Dustin feeds Dart a 3 Musketeers bar , and Dart allows them to pass . Eleven channels her anger into closing the gate , and as the gate closes , the remaining monsters in Hawkins die . One month later , Hawkins Lab has shut down . Barb is given a funeral , and Owens provides Hopper a birth certificate for Eleven . The students attend the school 's winter dance , the Snow Ball . Max and Lucas kiss , as do Mike and Eleven .", "17": "Nancy pities Dustin and dances with him . In the Upside Down , the Mind Flayer towers over the school . Production Development Ross ( left ) and Matt Duffer , the creators of the series Stranger Things was created by Matt and Ross Duffer , known professionally as The Duffer Brothers . The two had completed writing and producing their 2015 film Hidden , which they had tried to emulate the style of M. Night Shyamalan , however , due to changes at Warner Bros. , its distributor , the film did not see a wide release and the Duffers were unsure of their future . To their surprise , television producer Donald De Line approached them , impressed with Hidden 's script , and offered them the opportunity to work on episodes of Wayward Pines alongside Shyamalan . The brothers were mentored by Shyamalan during the episode 's production , so that when they finished , they felt they were ready to produce their own television series . The Duffer Brothers prepared a script that would essentially be similar to the series ' actual pilot episode , along with a 20 - page pitch book to help shop the series around for a network . They pitched the story to a number of cable networks , all of which rejected the script on the basis that they felt a plot centered around children as leading characters would not work , asking them to make it a children 's show or to drop the children and focus on Hopper 's investigation in the paranormal . In early 2015 , Dan Cohen , the VP of 21 Laps Entertainment , brought the script to his colleague Shawn Levy . They subsequently invited The Duffer Brothers to their office and purchased the rights for the series , giving full authorship of it to the brothers . After reading the pilot , the streaming service Netflix purchased the whole season for an undisclosed amount ; the show was subsequently announced for a planned 2016 release by Netflix in early April 2015 . The Duffer Brothers stated that at the time they had pitched to Netflix , the service had already gotten recognized for its original programming , such as House of Cards and Orange Is the New Black , with well - recognized producers behind them , and were ready to start giving upcoming producers like them a chance . The brothers started to write out the series and brought Levy and Cohen in as executive producers to start casting and filming .", "18": "The series was originally known as Montauk , as the setting of the script was in Montauk , New York and nearby Long Island locations . The brothers had chosen Montauk as it had further Spielberg ties with the film Jaws , where Montauk was used for the fictional setting of Amity Island . After deciding to change the narrative of the series to take place in the fictional town of Hawkins instead , the brothers felt they could now do things to the town , such as placing it under quarantine , that they really could not envision with a real location . With the change in location , they had to come up with a new title for the series under direction from Netflix 's Ted Sarandos so that they could start marketing it to the public . The brothers started by using a copy of Stephen King 's Firestarter novel to consider the title 's font and appearance , and came up with a long list of potential alternatives . Stranger Things came about as it sounded similar to another King novel , Needful Things , though Matt noted they still had a `` lot of heated arguments '' over this final title . With the critical success of the first season after its release in July 2016 , speculation on a possible second season was raised . By the end of July , The Duffer Brothers had outlined a plan for such a season if it was green - lit , and Netflix 's CEO Reed Hastings said in early August that the company `` would be dumb not to '' renew Stranger Things for a second season . On August 31 , 2016 , Netflix announced it had renewed Stranger Things for a second season of nine episodes , to be released in 2017 . The Duffer Brothers revealed that the series had been renewed for a second season before the first premiered . Regarding the decision to wait more than a month after the first season premiered to announce the renewal , Matt Duffer said , `` it actually ended up working because it had built up to this fever pitch . I guess that 's what ( Netflix ) were intending to do all the time . '' The Duffers wrote the second season to make the combined first and second season feel like a complete work , but setting elements in place to go forward with additional seasons if they are green - lit .", "19": "While most of the story for the second season had been decided before the first season aired , the Duffers took in the audience reactions from the first season to adjust some of the details within the second season . They knew they would not have the same element of audience surprise as when the show aired anew , and were aware fans wanted to see certain elements , but Ross said `` ... the point is not to give everyone what they think they want . Because I do n't think they really know what they want . '' The Duffers felt that the second season should be treated more as a sequel rather than a continuation , and thus have opted to call the second Stranger Things 2 . This approach had some trepidation from Netflix , since the company felt movie sequels typically have a bad reputation , but the Duffers pointed out that there had been many successful sequels that surpassed the original film , and felt confident with this name . Despite revealing episode titles for the season in the announcement teaser in order `` to provide some hint of where we were going in season two without giving anything away , '' Matt Duffer stated that some of the titles would change , since there were some things `` we did n't want to put on there because we felt like it would give too much away , '' and because `` people are smart on the fucking internet '' with fan - created `` videos analyzing the chapter titles ... right on a lot '' of how the titles related to the plot of the season . In early October 2017 , the Duffers revealed the final titles for the first six episodes of the season . Levy noted in November 2016 that he and The Duffer Brothers had already begun planning a potential third season , saying , `` We are not gon na be caught off guard and we do n't wan na be making stuff up like the day before we have to write it and make it , so we are definitely optimistic and we have started thinking ahead . '' The Duffers anticipate having about four to five seasons to work with , but do want to `` have a really finite ending '' while the show is still at a height of success , according to Matt , rather than letting it draw out indefinitely . In August 2017 , the Duffers confirmed there would be a third season , with the likelihood of one more season following that , with Ross saying , `` We 're thinking it will be a four - season thing and then out '' .", "20": "However , executive producer Shawn Levy later suggested that either four or five total seasons were possibilities , claiming that `` the truth is we 're definitely going four seasons and there 's very much the possibility of a fifth . Beyond that , it becomes I think very unlikely . '' Matt Duffer later commented that no official decision has been made , claiming that `` It 's hard , like four seems short , five seems long . So I do n't know what to do . '' In December 2017 , Netflix officially confirmed that they have greenlit the third season . Later that month , David Harbour said that the Duffers were still writing episodes for the season , and did not expect the season would release until 2019 . Writing The idea of Stranger Things started with how the brothers felt they could take the concept of the 2013 film Prisoners , detailing the moral struggles a father goes through when his daughter is kidnapped , and expand it out over eight or so hours in a serialized television approach . As they focused on the missing child aspect of the story , they wanted to introduce the idea of `` childlike sensibilities '' they could offer , and toyed around with the idea of a monster that could consume humans . The brothers thought the combination of these things `` was the best thing ever '' . To introduce this monster into the narrative , they considered `` bizarre experiments we had read about taking place in the Cold War '' such as Project MKUltra , which gave a way to ground the monster 's existence in science rather than something spiritual . This also helped them to decide on using 1983 as the time period , as it was a year before the film Red Dawn came out , which focused on Cold War paranoia . Subsequently , they were able to use all their own personal inspirations from the 1980s , the decade they were born , as elements of the series , crafting it in the realm of science fiction and horror . The Duffer Brothers have cited as influence for the show ( among others ) : Stephen King novels ; films produced by Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter , Wes Craven , Robert Zemeckis , George Lucas and Guillermo del Toro ; films such as Alien and Stand by Me ; Japanese anime such as Akira and Elfen Lied ; and video games such as Silent Hill , The Last of Us , and Dark Souls .", "21": "The Duffers also believe that they may have brought influences from other works unintentionally , including Beyond the Black Rainbow and D.A.R.Y.L. , discovered by reviewing fan feedback on the show . With Netflix as the platform , The Duffer Brothers were not limited to a typical 22 - episode format , opting for the eight - episode approach . They had been concerned that a 22 - episode season on broadcast television would be difficult to `` tell a cinematic story '' with that many episodes . Eight episodes allowed them to give time to characterization in addition to narrative development ; if they had less time available , they would have had to remain committed to telling a horror film as soon as the monster was introduced and abandon the characterization . Within the eight episodes , the brothers aimed to make the first season `` feel like a big movie '' with all the major plot lines completed so that `` the audience feels satisfied '' , but left enough unresolved to indicate `` there 's a bigger mythology , and there 's a lot of dangling threads at the end '' , something that could be explored in further seasons if Netflix opted to create more . Regarding writing for the children characters of the series , The Duffer Brothers considered themselves as outcasts from other students while in high school and thus found it easy to write for Mike and his friends , and particularly for Barb . Joyce was fashioned after Richard Dreyfuss ' character Roy Neary in Close Encounters of the Third Kind , as she appears `` absolutely bonkers '' to everyone else as she tries to find Will . Other characters , such as Billy in the second season , have more villainous attributes that are not necessarily obvious from the onset ; Matt explained that they took further inspiration from Stephen King for these characters , as King `` always has really great human villains '' that may be more malicious than the supernatural evil . Casting The Duffers cast David Harbour as Chief Hopper believing this was his opportunity to have a lead character in a work . In June 2015 , it was announced that Winona Ryder and David Harbour had joined the series as Joyce and as the unnamed chief of police , respectively . The brothers ' casting director Carmen Cuba had suggested Ryder for the role of Joyce , which the two were immediately drawn to because of her predominance in the films of the 1980s .", "22": "Levy believed Ryder could `` wretch up the emotional urgency and yet find layers and nuance and different sides of ( Joyce ) '' . Ryder praised that the show 's multiple storylines required her to act for Joyce as `` she 's out of her mind , but she 's actually kind of onto something '' , and that the producers had faith she could pull off the difficult role . The Duffer Brothers had been interested in Harbour before , who until Stranger Things primarily had smaller roles as villainous characters , and they felt that he had been `` waiting too long for this opportunity '' to play a lead , while Harbour himself was thrilled by the script and the chance to play `` a broken , flawed , anti-hero character '' . Additional casting followed two months later with Finn Wolfhard as Mike , Millie Bobby Brown in an undisclosed role , Gaten Matarazzo as Dustin , Caleb McLaughlin as Lucas , Natalia Dyer as Nancy , and Charlie Heaton as Jonathan . In September 2015 , Cara Buono joined the cast as Karen , followed by Matthew Modine as Martin Brenner a month later . Additional cast who recur for the first season include Noah Schnapp as Will , Shannon Purser as Barbara `` Barb '' Holland , Joe Keery as Steve Harrington , and Ross Partridge as Lonnie , among others . Actors auditioning for the children roles read lines from Stand By Me . The Duffer Brothers estimated they went through about a thousand different child actors for the roles . They noted that Wolfhard was already `` a movie buff '' of the films from the 1980s period and easily filled the role , while they found Matarazzo 's audition to be much more authentic than most of the other audition tapes , and selected him after a single viewing of his audition tape . As casting was started immediately after Netflix greenlit the show , and prior to the scripts being fully completed , this allowed some of the actor 's takes on the roles to reflect into the script . The casting of the young actors for Will and his friends had been done just after the first script was completed , and subsequent scripts incorporated aspects from these actors . The brothers said Modine provided significant input on the character of Dr. Brenner , whom they had not really fleshed out before as they considered him the hardest character to write for given his limited appearances within the narrative .", "23": "In October 2016 , it was announced that Schnapp and Keery had been promoted to the main cast for the second season , after each recurring in the first season , and that Sadie Sink and Dacre Montgomery would join the main cast as Max and Billy , respectively . Ryder , Harbour , Wolfhard , Brown , Matarazzo , McLaughlin , Dyer and Heaton also return for the season . Sean Astin as Bob Newby and Paul Reiser as Sam Owens are also part of the main cast in the season . For Owens , The Duffer Brothers had referred to the character in their pitch to Netflix for the season as `` Paul Reiser '' , and specifically alluded to Reiser 's character Burke in Aliens , with Ross referencing James Cameron 's casting choice for that film , saying , `` ( Cameron ) thought people would inherently trust ( Reiser ) and it would be a twist '' . Reiser 's son was a fan of Stranger Things , and gave his father an early appreciation of the series , so that by when the production called his agent about the role , Reiser was excited for the part . Joining them in recurring roles are Linnea Berthelsen as Kali / Eight and Brett Gelman as Murray Bauman . Filming The brothers had desired to film the series around the Long Island area to match the initial Montauk concept . However , with filming scheduled to take place in November 2015 , it was difficult to shoot in Long Island in the cold weather , and the production started scouting locations in and around the Atlanta , Georgia area . The brothers , who grew up in North Carolina , found many places that reminded them of their own childhoods in that area , and felt the area would work well with the narrative shift to the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana . The filming of the first season began in November 2015 and was extensively done in Atlanta , Georgia , with The Duffer Brothers and Levy handling the direction of individual episodes . Jackson served as the basis of the fictional town of Hawkins , Indiana .", "24": "Other shooting locations included the Georgia Mental Health Institute as the Hawkins National Laboratory site , Bellwood Quarry , Patrick Henry High School in Stockbridge , Georgia , for the middle and high school scenes , Emory University 's Continuing Education Department , the former city hall in Douglasville , Georgia , Georgia International Horse Park , the probate court in Butts County , Georgia , Old East Point Library and East Point First Baptist Church in East Point , Georgia , Fayetteville , Georgia , Stone Mountain Park , Palmetto , Georgia , and Winston , Georgia . Set work was done at Screen Gem Studios in Atlanta . The series was filmed with a Red Dragon digital camera . Filming for the first season concluded in early 2016 . While filming , the brothers tried to capture shots that could be seen as homages to many of the 1980s references they recalled . Their goal was not necessarily to fill the work with these references , but instead make the series seem to the viewer as a 1980s film . They spent little time reviewing those works and instead went by memory . Matt further recognized that some of their filming homages were not purposely done but were found to be very comparable , as highlighted by a fan - made video comparing the show to several 1980s works side - by - side . Matt commented on the video that `` Some were deliberate and some were subconscious . '' The brothers recognized that many of the iconic scenes from these 1980s films , such as with Poltergeist , was about `` taking a very ordinary object that people deal with every day , their television set , and imbuing it with something otherworldly '' , leading to the idea of using the Christmas light strings for Will to communicate with Joyce . The brothers attributed much of the 1980s feel to set and costume designers and the soundtrack composers that helped to recreate the era for them . Lynda Reiss , the head of props , had about a $220,000 budget , similar to most films , to acquire artifacts of the 1980s , using eBay and searching through flea markets and estate sales around the Atlanta area . The bulk of the props were original items from the 1980s with only a few pieces , such as the Dungeons & Dragons books made as replicas .", "25": "Costume designer Kimberly Adams - Galligan for the first season aimed for capturing authenticity of the clothes choices by the characters , such as reflecting that the Byers would likely use hand - me - down clothes compared to the other families ; in this case , while the costume department did distress the outfits for all the characters , they spent more time for Will 's clothes compared to Mike 's . Frequently , they needed to create outfits for the kids themselves since many were still growing during the time of filming , and could not readily acquire period fashion across a range of sizes . Director of photography Tim Ives shot the first season with Leica lens and the 6K Red Scarlet Dragon to `` make sure that our images had the soft and round tones that are in ' 80s films '' ; this is achieved through digital image processing . Ives said that these cameras allow them to create an adaptable quality to the recorded film that is adaptable to a wide range of viewing experiences , including support for newer and future television technologies such as high dynamic range video that was just becoming adopted at the time of filming . Filming for the second season began on November 7 , 2016 , once again in and around the Atlanta Metro area . While parts of Season 2 were set in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , these were actually filmed in downtown Atlanta , with skylines of Pittsburgh added in post-production . Andrew Stanton , director of Pixar 's Finding Nemo and WALL - E , directed the fifth and sixth episodes of the second season . Levy stated that Stanton was a big fan of the show and called up Levy , offering his directorial abilities for the show . Rebecca Thomas directed the seventh episode of the season . Unlike the first season , which they were able to film without any real security issues , the heightened awareness of the show required the producers to take significant steps to keep the show 's production in secret while filming the second season . They spoke to the production team of HBO 's Game of Thrones for tips and advice for securing filming sites , and have adopted code names for the series and various parts to allow the actors to speak to others without revealing details of the show 's plot . Kim Wilcox took over for costumes in the second season , finding many of the same problems with designing for the child actors that were aging .", "26": "Furthermore , she wanted to create the 80 's aestetic but as reflected in a small rural town , with the trends of period slowly filtering into it rather that immediately jump on elements like neon colors . The second season concluded filming on June 2 , 2017 . Ives once again used Leica lens to film the season , while upgrading to the Red Weapon 8K S35 camera . Visual effects To create the aged effect for the series , a film grain was added over the footage , which was captured by scanning in film stock from the 1980s . The Duffers wanted to scare the audience , but not to necessarily make the show violent or gory , following in line with how the 1980s Amblin Entertainment films drove the creation of the PG - 13 movie rating . It was `` much more about mood and atmosphere and suspense and dread than they are about gore '' , though they were not afraid to push into more scary elements , particularly towards the end of the first season . The brothers had wanted to avoid any computer - generated effects for the monster and other parts of the series and stay with practical effects . However , the six - month filming time left them little time to plan out and test practical effects rigs for some of the shots . They went with a middle ground of using constructed props including one for the monster whenever they could , but for other shots , such as when the monster bursts through a wall , they opted to use digital effects . Post-production on the first season was completed the week before it was released to Netflix . The title sequence uses closeups of the letters in the Stranger Things title with a red tint against a black background as they slide into place within the title . The sequence was created by the studio Imaginary Forces , formerly part of R / GA , led by creative director Michelle Doughtey . Levy introduced the studio to The Duffer Brothers , who explained their vision of the 1980s - inspired show , which helped the studio to fix the concept the producers wanted . Later , but prior to filming , the producers sent Imaginary Forces the pilot script , the synth - heavy background music for the titles , as well as the various book covers from King and other authors that they had used to establish the title and imagery , and were looking for a similar approach for the show 's titles , primarily using a typographical sequence .", "27": "They took inspiration from several title sequences of works from the 1980s that were previously designed by Richard Greenberg under R / GA , such as Altered States and The Dead Zone . They also got input from Dan Perri , who worked on the title credits of several 1980s films . Various iterations included having letters vanish , to reflect the `` missing '' theme of the show , and having letters cast shadows on others , alluding to the mysteries , before settling into the sliding letters . The studio began working on the title sequence before filming , and took about a month off during the filming process to let the producers get immersed in the show and come back with more input . Initially they had been working with various fonts for the title and used close - ups of the best features of these fonts , but near the end the producers wanted to work with ITC Benguiat , requiring them to rework those shots . The final sequence is fully computer generated , but they took inspiration from testing some practical effects , such as using Kodalith masks as would have been done in the 1980s , to develop the appropriate filters for the rendering software . The individual episode title cards used a `` fly through '' approach , similar to the film Bullitt , which the producers had suggested to the studio . Music Main article : Music of Stranger Things The Stranger Things original soundtrack was composed by Michael Stein and Kyle Dixon of the electronic band Survive . It makes extensive use of synthesizers in homage to 1980s artists and film composers including Jean - Michel Jarre , Tangerine Dream , Vangelis , Goblin , John Carpenter , Giorgio Moroder , and Fabio Frizzi . According to Stein and Dixon , The Duffer Brothers had been fans of Survive 's music , and used their song `` Dirge '' for the mock trailer that was used to sell the show to Netflix . Once the show was green - lit , the Duffers contacted Survive around July 2015 to ask if they were still doing music ; the two provided the production team with dozens of songs from their band 's past to gain their interest , helping to land them the role . Once aboard , the two worked with producers to select some of their older music to rework for the show , while developing new music , principally with character motifs .", "28": "The two had been hired before the casting process , so their motif demos were used and played over the actors ' audition tapes , aiding in the casting selection . The show 's theme is based on an unused work Stein composed much earlier that ended up in the library of work they shared with the production staff , who thought that with some reworking would be good for the opening credits . In addition to original music , Stranger Things features period music from artists including The Clash , Joy Division , Toto , New Order , The Bangles , Foreigner , Echo and the Bunnymen , Peter Gabriel , and Corey Hart , as well as excerpts from Tangerine Dream , John Carpenter , and Vangelis . In particular , The Clash 's `` Should I Stay or Should I Go '' was specifically picked to play at pivotal moments of the story , such as when Will is trying to communicate with Joyce from the Upside Down . Soundtracks Stranger Things ' original soundtrack , consisting of 75 songs from Stein and Dixon split across two volumes , was released by Lakeshore Records . Digital release and streaming options were released on August 10 and 19 , 2016 for the two volumes , respectively , while retail versions were available on September 16 and 23 , 2016 . Limited editions of the soundtrack on vinyl , in both individual and a boxed set , are set for release in July 2017 . A cassette version of the soundtrack , sold exclusively by Urban Outfitters , was released on July 14 , 2017 . The cassette packaging features a cardboard cover that emulates an old VHS sleeves , while the cassette case is made to look like a VHS tape . Both volumes were nominated individually for the Best Score Soundtrack Category for the 2017 Grammy Awards , though neither won . The soundtrack for the second season of Stranger Things was released digitally on October 20 , 2017 . The soundtrack , once again composed by Stein and Dixon , consists of 34 songs and was released by Lakeshore Records in the United States and Invada Records internationally . The soundtrack is intended to be released on physical formats , such as compact disc , vinyl , and cassette as well .", "29": "On the soundtrack 's composition , Stein and Dixon together said that the score for the season introduces `` new styles of composition , while still revisiting old themes when appropriate ... We 've created new elements that are necessary to support the story , but still want to remain true to the sound of Season 1 . '' The first track from the soundtrack , `` Walkin ' in Hawkins '' , was released on October 12 . Release The first season consisted of eight one - hour - long episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on July 15 , 2016 , in Ultra HD 4K . The second season , consisting of nine episodes , was released on October 27 , 2017 in HDR . A teaser for the second season , which also announced the release date , aired during Super Bowl LI . Home Media The first season of Stranger Things was released on a Blu - ray / DVD combo pack exclusively to Target retailers on October 17 , 2017 , which includes a vintage VHS - inspired packaging . Reception Winona Ryder ( left ) was nominated for the Golden Globe , Satellite and Screen Actors Guild Award , while Millie Bobby Brown ( right ) was nominated for the Emmy Award and Screen Actors Guild Award for their work in the series . Audience viewership As Netflix does not reveal subscriber viewership numbers for any of their original series , Symphony Technology Group compiled data for the season based on people using software on their phones that measures television viewing by detecting a program 's sound . According to Symphony , within the first 35 days of release , Stranger Things averaged ratings around 14.07 million adults between the ages 18 -- 49 in the United States . This made it the third most - watched season of Netflix original content in the U.S. at the time behind the first season of Fuller House and fourth season of Orange Is the New Black . In a September 2016 analysis , Netflix found that Stranger Things `` hooked '' viewers by the second episode of the first season , indicating that the second episode was `` the first installment that led at least 70 percent of viewers who watched that episode to complete the entire first season of a show . ''", "30": "In August 2017 , the marketing analytics firm Jumpshot determined the season was the seventh-most viewed Netflix season in the first 30 days after it premiered , garnering slightly more than 20 % of the viewers that the second season of Daredevil received , which was the most viewed season according to Jumpshot . Jumpshot , which `` analyzes click - stream data from an online panel of more than 100 million consumers '' , looked at the viewing behavior and activity of the company 's U.S. members , factoring in the relative number of U.S. Netflix viewers who watched at least one episode of the season . Critical reception Season 1 Season Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 69 reviews ) 76 ( 34 reviews ) 94 % ( 109 reviews ) 78 ( 32 reviews ) Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season an approval rating of 94 % based on 69 reviews , and a weighted average rating of 7.96 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Exciting , heartbreaking , and sometimes scary , Stranger Things acts as an addictive homage to Spielberg films and vintage 1980s television . '' Review aggregator Metacritic gave the first season a normalized score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . IGN gave the score of 8 out of 10 and called the series `` Great '' , saying `` Stranger Things is an easy recommendation , offering viewers an atmospheric and endearing series that is a nostalgic throwback without feeling like a simple copy . '' In a review in the San Francisco Chronicle Dave Wiegand wrote : `` Stranger Things reminds us of a time marked by a kind of no - strings escapism . And as it does so , we find ourselves yearning for it because the Duffers have made it so irresistibly appealing . There may be other equally great shows to watch this summer , but I guarantee you wo n't have more fun watching any of them than you will watching Stranger Things . '' Joshua Alston of The A.V. Club also reviewed it positively saying , `` Balancing style and substance is always challenging for a series like Stranger Things , but the show is perfectly calibrated .", "31": "It feels like watching a show produced during the era in which it 's set , but with the craft of today 's prestige television . '' Reviewing for HitFix , Alan Sepinwall said , `` Over the course of the eight hours , the story and characters take on enough life of their own so that the references do n't feel self - indulgent , and so that the series can be appreciated even if you do n't know the plot of E.T. or the title font of Stephen King 's early novels ( a huge influence on the show 's own opening credits ) by heart . '' Emily Nussbaum of The New Yorker also applauded the series and wrote , `` This is astoundingly efficient storytelling , eight hours that pass in a blink , with even minor characters getting sharp dialogue , dark humor , or moments of pathos . '' Television critic Mary McNamara of Los Angeles Times said , `` For the most part , and in absolute defiance of the odds , Stranger Things honors its source material in the best way possible : By telling a sweet ' n ' scary story in which monsters are real but so are the transformative powers of love and fealty . '' The Wall Street Journal 's Brian Kelly said , `` Matt Duffer and Ross Duffer , brothers and the show 's creators , have done their homework when it comes to ' 80s cinema . Whether you 're a fan of John Carpenter 's The Thing or The Goonies is more your speed , there 's plenty to like in Stranger Things . '' In a negative review , cultural critic Grafton Tanner called the series `` wish fulfillment '' and `` a window through which the present - shocked can gaze at a clichéd past . '' Similarly , Marinna Guzy of The Establishment wrote : `` When confronted with a story like Stranger Things , a recycled retelling of an old story being marketed as homage and good , clean nostalgia , one has to wonder whether or not studios and content creators like The Duffer Brothers ever ask themselves whether or not the story they are telling is the one that should be told . What purpose does Stranger Things serve beyond reinforcing the status quo in the media landscape and perpetuating the dangerous delusion that things were better way back when ? ''", "32": "Season 2 On Rotten Tomatoes , the second season has an approval rating of 94 % based on 109 reviews , and an average rating of 7.83 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus states , `` Stranger Things ' slow - building sophomore season balances moments of humor and a nostalgic sweetness against a growing horror that 's all the more effective thanks to the show 's full - bodied characters and evocative tone . '' On Metacritic , the second season has a normalized score of 78 out of 100 , based on 32 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . Commentary Shannon Purser 's performance as Barb received a great deal of attention from fans , and led to her being nominated for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series . Shortly after its release , Stranger Things gained a dedicated fanbase . One area of focus from these fans was the character of Barb , the nerdy friend and classmate of Nancy who is taken and killed by the monster early in the season . According to actress Shannon Purser , Barb `` was n't supposed to be a big deal '' , and The Duffer Brothers had not gone into great detail about the character since the focus was on finding Will . However , many fans sympathized with the character , with Laura Bradley of Vanity Fair suggesting that these people found that Barb would be a similar misfit in society , and `` looks more like someone you might actually meet in real life '' compared to the other characters , particularly Nancy , in the series . Hashtags such as `` # ImWithBarb '' and `` # JusticeforBarb '' grew in popularity after the series ' release , and several fan sites and forums were created to support her . While Purser did not return for the second season , The Duffer Brothers used the real - life `` Justice for Barb '' movement as inspiration for narrative at the start of the second season , with Nancy addressing the fact `` that no one ever cares about '' Barb . Purser and several media outlets took her nomination as Barb for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series in the 69th Primetime Emmy Awards as achieving `` Justice for Barb '' , highlighting how well her character was received .", "33": "Another impact of the series has been an increase demand for Eggo waffles , as they are shown to be Eleven 's favorite food in several episodes and are seen as a representation of the show . The Kellogg Company , which manufactures Eggo , had not been part of the production prior to the first season 's release , but recognized the market impact of the series . It provided a vintage 1980s Eggo television advertisement for Netflix to use in its Super Bowl LI commercial , and is looking to become more involved with cross-promotion . Accolades It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article . ( Discuss ) ( October 2017 ) Association Nominee ( s ) / work Result Ref . ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Non-Commercial Television Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated American Film Institute Top 10 TV Programs of the Year Stranger Things Won Art Directors Guild One - Hour Period or Fantasy Single - Camera Television Series Chris Trujillo `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' , `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' and `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Bram Stoker Awards Superior Achievement in a Screenplay The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated British Academy of Film and Television Arts Best International Program Matt Duffer , Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen Nominated Cinema Audio Society Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Television Series -- One Hour Chris Durfy , Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Judah Getz and John Guentner `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Costume Designers Guild Outstanding Period Television Series Kimberly Adams ,", "34": "Malgosia Turzanska Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Most Bingeworthy Show Stranger Things Nominated Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directorial Achievement for a Drama Series Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Dragon Awards Best Science Fiction or Fantasy TV Series Stranger Things Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour as Jim Hopper `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown as Eleven / Jane Ives `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Drama Series The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series Nominated Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series Shannon Purser as Barb Holland `` Chapter Three : Holly , Jolly '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Period Program ( One Hour or More ) Chris Trujillo , William Davis , Jess Royal `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Carmen Cuba , Tara Feldstein , Chase Paris Won Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( One Hour ) Tim Ives `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series Dean Zimmerman `` Chapter One : The Vanishing of Will Byers '' Won Kevin D. Ross `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Outstanding Hairstyling for a Single - Camera Series Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single - Camera Series ( Non-Prosthetic ) Myke Michaels , Teresa Vest `` Chapter Six : The Monster '' Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision Nora Felder `` Chapter Two : The Weirdo on Maple Street '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series Bradley North , Craig Henighan , Jordan Wilby , Jonathan Golodner , Tiffany S. Griffth , Sam Munoz , David Klotz , Noel Vought ,", "35": "Ginger Geary `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( One Hour ) Joe Barnett , Adam Jenkins , Chris Durfy , Bill Higley `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Michelle Dougherty , Peter Frankfurt , Arisu Kashiwagi , Eric Demeusy Won Outstanding Original Main Title Theme Music Michael Stein , Kyle Dixon Won Outstanding Creative Achievement in Interactive Media within a Scripted Program Netflix , CBS Digital Stranger Things VR Experience Nominated Fangoria Chainsaw Awards Best TV Series Stranger Things Won Best TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Won Best TV Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Best TV Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Won Gold Derby TV Awards Drama Series Stranger Things Won Drama Supporting Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Drama Supporting Actress Winona Ryder Nominated Drama Supporting Actor David Harbour Nominated Drama Episode Justin Doble , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Seven : The Bathtub '' Nominated Drama Episode Paul Ditcher , The Duffer Brothers `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Ensemble of the Year Cast of Stranger Things Nominated Breakthrough Performer of the Year Millie Bobby Brown Won Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Drama Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Golden Reel Awards Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- Music David Klotz `` Chapter Three : Holly Jolly '' Won Best Sound Editing : TV Short Form -- FX / Foley Jacob McNaughton `` Chapter Eight : The Upside Down '' Nominated Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack for Visual Media Stranger Things Volume 1 Nominated Stranger Things Volume 2 Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Best Main Title -- TV Show / Digital Streaming Series Kyle Dixon and Michael Stein Nominated Best Original Score -- TV Show / Miniseries Nominated Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Nora Felder Won Hugo Awards Best Dramatic Presentation ,", "36": "Long Form The Duffer Brothers Nominated Location Managers Guild Awards Outstanding Locations in Period Television Tony Holley Nominated Make - Up Artists & Hair Stylists Guild Best Period and / or Character Makeup -- Television Amy L. Forsythe , Samantha Smith Nominated Best Period and / or Character Hair Styling -- Television Sarah Hindsgaul , Evelyn Roach Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards TV Show of the Year Stranger Things Won Best Actor in a TV Show Millie Bobby Brown Won Best Villain The Demogorgon Nominated Best Hero Millie Bobby Brown Nominated National Television Awards Best Period Drama Stranger Things Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Premium Sci - Fi / Fantasy Series Stranger Things Nominated Favorite Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Actress Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Peabody Awards Best Entertainment Program Stranger Things Nominated Producers Guild of America Episodic Television , Drama Duffer Brothers , Shawn Levy , Dan Cohen , Iain Paterson Won Satellite Awards Best Television Series -- Genre Stranger Things Nominated Best Actress -- Television Series Drama Winona Ryder Nominated Saturn Awards Best New Media Television Series Stranger Things Won Best Actress on a Television Series Winona Ryder Nominated Best Younger Actor on a Television Series Millie Bobby Brown Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Winona Ryder Nominated Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Won Society of Camera Operators Camera Operator of the Year -- Television Bob Gorelick Nominated Television Critics Association Program of the Year Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama Stranger Things Nominated Outstanding New Program Stranger Things Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Sci - Fi / Fantasy TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Show Stranger Things Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Finn Wolfhard Nominated Choice Breakout TV Star Millie Bobby Brown Nominated Visual Effects Society Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Marc Kolbe , Aaron Sims ,", "37": "Olcun Tan Nominated Writers Guild of America Drama Series Stranger Things Nominated New Series Stranger Things Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Series Stranger Things Nominated Best Supporting Actor -- Series , Miniseries or Television Film David Harbour Nominated Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series Stranger Things Pending Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Pending Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series Millie Bobby Brown Pending Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series David Harbour Pending Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Main cast Pending Other Media Beyond Stranger Things Logo for the aftershow With the release of the second season of the series , Netflix also released Beyond Stranger Things , an aftershow hosted by Jim Rash . The guests of the aftershow are composed of cast and crew from the series , including The Duffer Brothers and the series ' stars , to discuss the development and behind - the - scenes production of the series and its larger mythology . Unlike previous aftershows created by Embassy Row , such as Talking Dead and Talking Bad , Beyond Stranger Things is intended to be watched after a screening of the entire current season . No .", "38": "Title Guests Video guests Original release date `` Mind Blown '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Finn Wolfhard , and Millie Bobby Brown David Harbour October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Mad for Max '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , and Sadie Sink None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Unlikely Allies '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Gaten Matarazzo , and Joe Keery None October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) `` Truth in Hawkins '' Joe Keery , Natalia Dyer , Charlie Heaton , and Brett Gelman David Harbour and Shannon Purser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 5 `` The AV Club '' Caleb McLaughlin , Gaten Matarazzo , Noah Schnapp , Randy Havens , and Bill Nye Sean Astin October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 6 `` The New Class '' Sadie Sink , Brett Gelman , Dacre Montgomery , and Linnea Berthelsen Sean Astin and Paul Reiser October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) 7 `` Closing the Gate '' Shawn Levy , The Duffer Brothers , Millie Bobby Brown , Noah Schnapp , and Natalia Dyer David Harbour , Sean Astin , and Eddie Tsang October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) Mobile video game Netflix and BonusXP developed a free mobile game tie - in for Stranger Things , released to iOS and Android devices on October 4 , 2017 . The game uses a retro - pixel style of art , similar to games for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . The game is loosely based on the Stranger Things story after season one , with the player starting as Chief of Police Jim Hopper looking for the missing boys . Once these characters are found , they become playable and have special abilities that allow the player to access more areas in the game .", "39": "BonusXP had less than a year to complete the game . The team decided to make the game in a similar style to The Legend of Zelda because it `` was a perfect match because both ( Stranger Things and Zelda ) are about exploration , and it 's kind of a mysterious fit that fit the mood of the show , '' according to BonusXP president Dave Pottinger . The map of Hawkins in the game was based on a Google street view map of Jackson , Georgia where the series is filmed . In order to help keep the game a secret , BonusXP did not hire game testers for their quality assurance , instead having family members from the design team provide feedback ; this process helped create the two difficulty levels in the game . Completing the game gives players a clip from the Season 2 premiere episode of the show . The game was downloaded 3 million times in the first week , becoming a top download and receiving critical praise . With the release of season two , an update to the game added Max as a playable character , and a release for the Amazon Fire TV , which included controller support . PlayStation VR game Sony Interactive Entertainment has announced that it is working on a PlayStation 4 - exclusive game , based on Stranger Things , for their PlayStation VR peripheral . The company has since released a teaser showing the Christmas - lights - on - a-wall scenes . Others United States Representative David Cicilline compared the state of the nation during the presidency of Donald Trump to that of Stranger Things during a speech given in Congress on February 16 , 2017 , using a sign `` Trump Things '' in the same format as the title card of the show and saying `` Like the main characters in Stranger Things , we are now stuck in the Upside Down '' . As part of its release on Netflix on April 14 , 2017 , the cast of the rebooted version of Mystery Science Theater 3000 riffed on the first part of `` Chapter 1 '' of Stranger Things . Google used augmented reality ( AR ) `` stickers '' of Stranger Things characters to introduce its ARCore technology announced alongside its Pixel 2 phone in October 2017 .", "40": "Sesame Street created a young audience - appropriate spoof of Stranger Things , called Sharing Things , released in November 2017 ; it featured Cookie Monster as the `` Cookiegorgon '' , Grover as Lucas , Ernie as Dustin , and included several nods to the narrative of the second season . References Jump up ^ Ho , Rodney ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix drama series Stranger Things to shoot in Atlanta '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix to premiere original series Montauk in 2016 '' . Reuters. April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gallagher , Caitlin ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Is Hawkins A Real Town ? ' Stranger Things ' Will Make You Nostalgic For These Other ' 80s Classics '' . Bustle . Retrieved August 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Millie Bobby Brown to Return as Eleven in Season 2 '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( September 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 returns to Upside Down with new monster , bigger story '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Time ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Where is Eleven ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 : Who 's in danger ? Who 's new ? The plot revealed ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 .", "41": "^ Jump up to : Longeretta , Emily ( January 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Scoop : Sean Astin Playing Winona Ryder 's ' Boyfriend ' & More '' . Hollywood Life . Retrieved January 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hime , Nelly ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Confirmed , Duffer Brothers Reveal Details '' . Nagame Digital . Retrieved October 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( June 15 , 2015 ) . `` Scoop : Winona Ryder to Headline Untitled Netflix Supernatural Thriller '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Duffer Bros. Netflix Supernatural Drama Series Sets Young Cast , Gets Title '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 24 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Cara Buono Joins Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' ; Dean Cain In ' Lady Dynamite ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' Adds Matthew Modine to Cast ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' executive producer confirms a major character 's fate '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's Supernatural Drama Starring Winona Ryder & Matthew Modine '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( October 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Netflix Series Adds Two New Regulars , Promotes Two For Season 2 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2016 .", "42": "^ Jump up to : Crossan , Ashley ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Actor Joe Keery on Season 2 , Steve 's Hair and Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Casts Sean Astin , Paul Reiser , Linnea Berthelsen '' . Variety . Retrieved November 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Coates , Tyler ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` This 19 - Year - Old Unknown Actress Just Became an ' 80s Cult Icon '' . Esquire . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nyren , Erin ( May 31 , 2017 ) . `` Mark Steger on Portraying the Monster in ' Stranger Things ' '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Randall , Kayla ( November 2016 ) . `` Two young Louisiana actors are featured in two buzzed - about Netflix shows '' . 225 Baton Rouge . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kubai , Andy ( August 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Real Life Conspiracy and Occult Connections '' . Screenrant.com . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Tim ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Meet the mysterious Stranger Things 2 character at the heart of Eleven 's episode '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Schwindt , Oriana ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Adds Brett Gelman as Conspiracy Theorist '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Will ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : There will be more of excellent Erica in Season 3 '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved October 30 , 2017 .", "43": "^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( September 1 , 2015 ) . `` Ross Patridge Joins cast of Stranger Things '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 : Nashville Vet Will Chase Joins Cast as ( Spoiler ) '' . TVline . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mellor , Louisa ( July 15 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things spoiler - free review '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sternbergh , Adam ( August 20 , 2017 ) . `` Turned Upside Down '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Grow , Kory ( August 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : How Two Brothers Created Summer 's Biggest TV Hit '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Cohen , Finn ( August 14 , 2016 ) . `` Matt and Ross Duffer Discuss ' Stranger Things , ' a Nightmare on ' 80s Street '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Berkshire , Geoff ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Shawn Levy on Directing Winona Ryder , Netflix 's Viral Model '' . Variety . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Spangler , Todd ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders ' Montauk ' Supernatural Drama Series from ' Wayward Pines ' Duffer Twins '' . Variety . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2015 .", "44": "Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 2 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders Supernatural Drama Series From Matt & Ross Duffer , Shawn Levy '' . Deadline . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Fienberg , Daniel ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Leon , Melissa ( August 6 , 2016 ) . `` Inside ' Stranger Things ' : The Duffer Bros. on How They Made the TV Hit of the Summer '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith , Nigel ( July 28 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things creators tease ' darker ' second season '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jackson , Jasper ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Netflix boss says it would be ' dumb ' not to do season two '' . The Guardian . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Renewed at Netflix , Season 2 to Premiere in 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : O'Connell , Michael ( October 12 , 2016 ) . `` The Duffer Brothers Are Reading Your ' Stranger Things ' Reddit Theories '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Stack , Time ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : How many seasons will the Netflix series go ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brinbaum , Debra ( June 6 , 2017 ) . `` Remote Controlled : ' Stranger Things ' Creators Duffer Brothers on Going ' Big ' in Season 2 '' . Variety . Retrieved June 7 , 2017 .", "45": "Jump up ^ Connolly , Kelly ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things season 2 episode titles : What do they mean ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things creators discuss those new chapter titles '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kurp , Josh ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` What Can We Learn From The ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Episode Titles ? '' . Uproxx . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Chitwood , Adam ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 : Shawn Levy Confirms He 's Directing Again ; Teases Season 3 '' . Collider.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Collinson , Gary ( October 1 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Levy suggests that Stranger Things could run for 5 seasons '' . Flickering Myth . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 5 ? The Duffer Brothers Are Trying to Decide How Long the Show Will Last '' . Entertainment Online . Archived from the original on 2017 - 10 - 30 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Alexander , Julia ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix officially renews Stranger Things for third season '' . Polygon . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` David Harbour Talks ' Stranger Things ' Season 3 Plans '' . Variety . December 10 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things is an Homage to the Greats '' . FrightFind . July 26 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nassbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) .", "46": "`` On Television : `` Stranger Things '' and `` The Get Down '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : all the hidden ( and not - so - hidden ) movie , TV and book references '' . The Telegraph . August 6 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leeds , Sarene ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` How Netflix 's Stranger Things Channels Steven Spielberg , John Carpenter and Stephen King '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Doty , Meriah ( July 21 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : 21 ' 80s Relics We 've Spotted So Far '' . TheWrap . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tobias , Scott ( July 18 , 2016 ) . `` A Stranger Things Glossary : Every Major Film Reference in the Show , From A -- Z '' . Vulture.com . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kimber , Tyree ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Strange Influences : Our Favorite Movie References From Stranger Things '' . Boomhowdy.com . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutchinson , Sean ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Every ' 80s Pop Culture References in Stranger Things '' . Inverse . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Duffer Brothers Talk ' Stranger Things ' Influences , ' It ' Dreams and Netflix Phase 2 '' . Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` The cinematic influences behind Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' . ScreenerTV . July 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Yes , Stranger Things ' Upside Down was totally inspired by Silent Hill '' . GamesRadar. 26 August 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Brinbaum , Debra ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' EPs on Season 2 : ' We Could Explore It If Netflix Wanted To ' '' . Variety .", "47": "Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Thrower , Emma ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things : the Duffer brothers share the secrets of their hit show '' . Empire . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McClendon , Lamarco ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Winona Ryder Discusses First Major TV Role in Netflix Featurette '' . Variety . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wilstein , Matt ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Star David Harbour 's Long , Dark Road to Leading Man '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Cast Photo Reveals Who Returns From The Upside Down '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things 2 : Paul Reiser shares how top - secret role is connected to Aliens '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ A. , Jonathan ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Atlanta Filmed ' Stranger Things ' Looks Amazing '' . Project Casting . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Gross , Dough ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` New Netflix Show ' Stranger Things ' Films in Georgia '' . The Wrap . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stranger Things ' shoots on Jackson square '' . Jackson Progress - Argus . November 24 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stamp , -- Elizabeth ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Stranger Things 's Filming Locations Are Just as Spooky in Real Life '' . Architectural Digest . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Locations for Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' '' .", "48": "Deep South Mag . July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved January 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thevenon , Ulysse ( August 2016 ) . References to 70 - 80s movies in Stranger Things . Vimeo . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Moyniah , Tim ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` The Stories Behind Stranger Things ' Retro ' 80s Props '' . Wired . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Raftery , Liz ( October 29 , 2017 ) . `` Best Dressed : How Stranger Things ' Costume Designers Took the Show 's Generation Z Stars Back to the ' 80s '' . TV Guide . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Alvarez , Edgar ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` How Netflix keeps ' Stranger Things ' lo - fi in a high - tech world '' . Engadget . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Stranger Things , The Quad , Jumanji , plus Shaq and Ludacris 's Christmas - themed PCM adventure '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Walljasper , Matt ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` What 's filming in Atlanta now ? Jumanji , Stranger Things , The Quad , and a look at what 's in store for 2017 '' . Atlanta . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Owen , Rob ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` Tuned In : ' Stranger Things 2 ' starts in Pittsburgh '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Finding Dory director to helm 2 episodes of Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 .", "49": "Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` How Game of Thrones influenced Stranger Things 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Freeman , Molly ( June 3 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Wraps Filming '' . Screen Rant . Retrieved June 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ferrell , Sean Patrick ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` How the Stranger Things Titles Came Out So Perfectly Retro '' . Wired . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Perkins , Will ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things ( 2016 ) '' . Art of the Title . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( August 29 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things Co-Composer Shares the Story Behind 2016 's Most Unlikely Musical Sensation '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : 10 eerie electronic gems to hear if you loved the Netflix show '' . FACT Magazine : Music News , New Music . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Weingarten , Christopher ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' : Meet the Band Behind Show 's Creepy , Nostalgic Score '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Helen . `` An Interview With SURVIVE : The Mysterious Band Behind The Epic ' Stranger Things ' Score '' . NME . Retrieved September 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mylnar , Phillip ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` Unpacking the ' 80s nostalgia of the ' Stranger Things ' soundtrack '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Minsker , Evan ( August 10 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Stranger Things Soundtrack Detailed '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 .", "50": "Jump up ^ Yoo , Noah ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Inside the Spellbinding Sound of `` Stranger Things '' `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved February 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sodomsky , Sam ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Soundtracks Get Cool Vinyl Releases , Box Set `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Galbraith , Alex ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` The ' Stranger Things ' Soundtrack Is Coming Out On A Cassette That Looks Like A Old VHS '' . Uproxx . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holub , Christian ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things soundtracks score Grammy nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cantrell , Liza ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` Listen to a New Song From the Stranger Things Season 2 Soundtrack '' . Spin . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Leight , Elisa ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Previews Season Two Soundtrack With Majestic New Song '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Unveils Premiere Dates For ' Orange Is The New Black , ' ' The Get Down , ' ' Flaked ' And Others '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things Season 2 Premiere Date , Huge Monster Threat Revealed '' . E ! Online . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things '' . Netflix . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Super Bowl Ad Buzz : ' Stranger Things ' Season 2 Trailer Tops the Field '' . Variety .", "51": "Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wampler , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Looks Like Stranger Things Is Coming To Blu - Ray , After All '' . Birth. Movies. Death . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Squires , John ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` '' Stranger Things '' Season 1 Getting VHS - Style Blu - ray Release at Target `` . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Holloway , Daniel ( August 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Ratings : Where Series Ranks Among Netflix 's Most Watched '' . Variety . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Butler , Bethoine ( September 23 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' won over most viewers in just two episodes , according to Netflix '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Poised for Binge - Viewing Pop , Data Indicates '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( July 9 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things : Review '' . IGN . Retrieved August 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wiegand , Dave ( July 12 , 2016 ) . `` A thrilling echo of ' 80s sci - fi film in ' Stranger Things ' '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Alston , Joshua ( July 13 , 2016 ) .", "52": "`` Netflix 's sci - fi throwback Stranger Things is yesterday 's summer blockbuster today '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall , Alan ( July 13 , 2016 ) . `` Review : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' basks in ' 80s nostalgia , but does n't drown in it '' . HitFix . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nussbaum , Emily ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` '' STRANGER THINGS '' AND `` THE GET DOWN '' `` . The New Yorker . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Mary ( August 22 , 2016 ) . `` Earth tones , rotary phones and Winona Ryder : Netflix 's ' Stranger Things ' is totally ' 80s '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ P. Kelly , Brian ( July 14 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Review : Supernaturally Sinister ' 80s Homage '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tanner , Grafton ( November 23 , 2016 ) . `` Stranger Things and the Nostalgia Industry '' . The Hong Kong Review of Books . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Guzy , Marinna ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' and the Perils of Nostalgia '' . The Establishment . Retrieved October 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Retrieved November 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stranger Things : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hogan , Michael ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` Shannon Purser : ' People have actually had Barb 's face tattooed on their bodies ' '' . The Guardian .", "53": "Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` How the Internet Made Barb from Stranger Things Happen '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Drysdale , Jennifer ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : ' Stranger Things ' Star Shannon Purser Reacts to First Emmy Nom and Finally Getting Justice for Barb '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Laura ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` An Emmy Nomination Is Truly Justice for Barb '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen , Erin ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` # JusticeForBarb : ' Stranger Things Shannon Purser receives Emmy nomination '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , Ashely ( August 24 , 2016 ) . `` Why Eleven From Stranger Things Is the Perfect National Waffle Day Mascot '' . Time . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sloane , Garrett ( February 6 , 2017 ) . `` Eggo 's Role In ' Stranger Things ' Turns Into Free Super Bowl Mention With More To Come '' . Advertising Age . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017 : Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( December 8 , 2016 ) . `` AFI Awards : TV Honorees Heavy On Freshmen ; ' This Is Us ' Lone Network Show '' . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Art Directors Guild Awards Nominations : ' Rogue One ' , ' Game Of Thrones ' & More '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Bram Stoker Awards Final Ballot '' . Horror World .", "54": "February 23 , 2017 . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Robert ( April 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Crown ' Leads BAFTA Television Award Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' La La Land ' Wins Cinema Audio Society Award for Sound Mixing '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Outstanding Period Television Series '' . costumedesignersguild.com . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` HBO Leads Television Nominations For The 22nd Annual Critics ' Choice Awards with 22 Nominations '' . November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` DGA TV Awards Nominations : ' Stranger Things ' , ' Westworld ' & ' Atlanta ' On List ; Docus Include ' OJ : Made In America ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Liptak , Andrew ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` The 2017 Dragon Awards are a far - ranging sci - fi and fantasy reading list '' . The Verge . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` Emmy Nominations 2017 Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Emmy ® Awards Nominations For Programs Airing June 1 , 2016 -- May 31 , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( September 10 , 2017 ) . `` Creative Arts Emmy Winners : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' Big Little Lies ' Win Big -- Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 .", "55": "Jump up ^ `` Never mind Oscar , here 's the 2017 FANGORIA Chainsaw Awards Nominees Ballot ! '' . FANGORIA ® . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Chris Beachum , Daniel Montgomery , Marcus James ( July 27 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 Gold Derby TV Awards nominations : ' This is Us , ' ' Veep , ' ' The Leftovers , ' ' Stranger Things ' among top contenders '' . Goldderby . Retrieved August 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners & Nominees 2017 '' . The Golden Globes . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Winners '' . mpse.memberclicks.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Slack , Anne . `` 2017 : Television Short Form Nominees '' . www.mpse.org . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy nominations 2017 : Beyoncé and R&B artists shine while rock suffers '' . The Guardian . December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Music In Visual Media Nominees -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` HMMA Winners -- Hollywood Music In Media Awards -- HMMA '' . Hollywood Music in Media Awards . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Hugo Awards '' . The Hugo Awards . December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Hidden Figures , ' ' La La Land ' Among Location Managers Guild Award Nominees '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Suicide Squad , ' ' Star Trek Beyond ' Among Winners at Makeup Artists and Hair Stylists Guild Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 .", "56": "Jump up ^ `` Here Are Your 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations : See The Full List '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The National Television Awards 2017 -- winners in full '' . Radio Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` People 's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List '' . Deadline.com . November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Entertainment -- Peabody Awards : ' Atlanta , ' ' Lemonade , ' ' Stranger Things ' Among Finalists '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Producers Guild TV Awards : ' Westworld , ' ' Stranger Things , ' ' Atlanta ' Grab Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Winners & Nominees '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` Saturn Awards Nominations 2017 : ' Rogue One , ' ' Walking Dead ' Lead '' . Variety . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelley , Seth ( December 14 , 2016 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` ' La La Land ' Camera Operator Tops SOC Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilyadov , Alex ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Stranger Things , The Leftovers Among TCA Awards Nominees '' . IGN . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Osburn , Alex ( August 5 , 2017 ) . `` Handmaid 's Tale , Atlanta Lead TCA Award Winners '' . IGN . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella .", "57": "`` The Pretty Little Liars Were ALL Nominated for the Same EXACT Award '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Teen Choice Awards 2017 Reveal Second Wave of Nominations '' . E ! News . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Rogue One ' Leads Visual Effects Society Feature Competition With 7 Nominations As ' Doctor Strange , ' ' Jungle Book ' Grab 6 Each '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Schwindt , Oriana ( December 5 , 2016 ) . `` Writers Guild TV Nominations : ' Stranger Things , ' ' Westworld , ' ' This Is Us , ' ' Atlanta ' Break Through '' . Variety . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : Full list of nominees '' . BBC News . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley , Kristopher ( December 2 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix , FX 's ' Feud ' Lead Critics ' Choice TV Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rubin , Rebecca ( 13 December 2017 ) . `` SAG Award Nominations : Complete List '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Stranger Things ' Aftershow to Launch on Netflix '' . Variety . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Webster , Andrew ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` This Stranger Things mobile game will help prepare you for the Upside Down '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Poole , Wesley ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` There 's an official Stranger Things video game and it looks retro cool '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 .", "58": "^ Jump up to : Gallagher , Danny ( October 27 , 2017 ) . `` How an Allen Studio Won the Contract to Make the Top - Secret Stranger Things Game '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Beating The Stranger Things Game Reveals This Never - Before - Seen Clip From Season 2 '' . GameSpot . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` PS4 's PlayStation VR Getting Stranger Things Experience , See A Teaser Here '' . Jump up ^ Bowerman , Mary ( February 17 , 2017 ) . `` Congressman compares Trump administration to ' Upside Down ' in ' Stranger Things ' '' . USA Today . Retrieved February 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Mystery Science Theater 3000 perfectly dunks on Stranger Things '' . The Verge . Retrieved April 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robertson , Adi ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Google is turning Stranger Things characters into adorable augmented reality stickers '' . The Verge . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lenker , Maureen Lee ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` Sesame Street parodies Stranger Things with Cookiegorgon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . 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Noon O'Rourke Palladino Pennewill Piazza Pitt Shannon Sparks Stuhlbarg Van Wagner Whigham Williams Yusef 2012 : Downton Abbey , series 2 Bonneville Boyle Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Findlay Finneran Froggatt Glen Howes James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Nuttall Robb Smith Stevens Wilton 2013 : Breaking Bad , season 5 , part II Bowen Brandt Cranston Crawford Fletcher Fraser Gunn Metzler Mitte Norris Odenkirk Paul Plemons Quezada Rankin Sane 2014 : Downton Abbey , series 4 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Milne Robb Smith Speleers Theobold Wilton 2015 : Downton Abbey , series 5 Bonneville Carmichael Carter Cassidy Coyle Dockery Doyle Froggatt James James - Collier Leech Logan McGovern McShera Nicol Ovenden Smith Wilton 2016 : Stranger Things ,", "65": "season 1 Brown Buono Chrest Dyer Harbour Heaton Keery Matarazzo McLaughlin Modine Morgan Reynolds Ryder Schnapp Steger Wolfhard Complete list ( 1994 -- 1999 ) ( 2000 -- 2009 ) ( 2010 -- present ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "66": "php?title=Stranger_Things&oldid=819252608 '' Categories : 2010s American drama television series 2010s American horror television series 2010s American mystery television series 2010s American science fiction television series 2016 American television series debuts Aftershows American science fiction television series American supernatural television series English - language television programs Fictional government investigations of the paranormal Horror drama television series Netflix original programming Parallel universes in fiction Psychic powers in fiction Telekinesis in fiction Television series set in 1983 Television series set in 1984 Television shows set in Indiana Thriller television series Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from October 2017 Citation overkill Articles tagged with the inline citation overkill template from November 2017 Articles to be split from October 2017 All articles to be split Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Magyar മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 January 2018 , at 09 : 26 . 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[ 59, 21, 63, 45, 15 ]

[ "PPG Paints Arena, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Host: Duquesne University)", "Intrust Bank Arena, Wichita, Kansas (Host: Wichita State University)", "American Airlines Center, Dallas, Texas (Host: Big 12 Conference)", "Taco Bell Arena, Boise, Idaho (Host: Boise State University)", "Spectrum Center, Charlotte, North Carolina (Host: University of North Carolina at Charlotte)", "Little Caesars Arena, Detroit, Michigan (Host: University of Detroit Mercy)", "Bridgestone Arena, Nashville, Tennessee (Host: Ohio Valley Conference)", "Viejas Arena, San Diego, California (Host: San Diego State University)", "Duquesne University", "Wichita State University", "Big 12 Conference", "Boise State University" ]

{ "0": "2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournament Jump to : navigation , search 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 68 Finals site Alamodome San Antonio , Texas Champions Villanova Wildcats ( 3rd title , 4th title game , 6th Final Four ) Runner - up Michigan Wolverines ( 7th title game , 8th Final Four ) Semifinalists Kansas Jayhawks ( 15th Final Four ) Loyola - Chicago Ramblers ( 2nd Final Four ) Winning coach Jay Wright ( 2nd title ) MOP Donte DiVincenzo ( Villanova ) NCAA Division I Men 's Tournaments `` 2017 2019 '' The 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament was a 68 - team single - elimination tournament to determine the men 's National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) Division I college basketball national champion for the 2017 -- 18 season . The 80th edition of the tournament began on March 13 , 2018 , and concluded with the championship game on April 2 at the Alamodome in San Antonio , Texas . During the first round , UMBC became the first 16 - seed to defeat a 1 - seed in the men 's tournament by defeating Virginia 74 -- 54 . For the first time in tournament history , none of the four top seeded teams in a single region ( the South ) advanced to the Sweet 16 . Also , the tournament featured the first regional final matchup of a 9 - seed ( Kansas State ) and an 11 - seed ( Loyola - Chicago ) . Villanova , Michigan , Kansas , and Loyola - Chicago , the `` Cinderella team '' of the tournament , reached the Final Four . Villanova defeated Michigan in the championship game , 79 -- 62 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament procedure 2 2018 NCAA Tournament schedule and venues 3 Qualification and selection 3.1 Automatic qualifiers 3.2 Tournament seeds 4 Regional brackets 4.1 First Four -- Dayton , Ohio 4.2 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia 4.2. 1 South Regional Final 4.2. 2 South Regional all tournament team 4.3 West Regional -- Los Angeles , California 4.3. 1 West Regional Final 4.3. 2 West Regional all tournament team 4.4 East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts 4.4. 1 East Regional Final 4.4. 2 East Regional all tournament team 4.5 Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska 4.5. 1 Midwest Regional Final 4.5. 2 Midwest Regional all tournament team 5 Final Four 5.1 Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas 5.1. 1 National Semifinals 5.1. 2 National Championship 5.1. 3 Final Four all - tournament team 6 Record by conference 7 Media coverage 7.1 Television 7.1. 1 Television channels 7.1. 2 Studio hosts 7.1. 3 Studio analysts 7.1. 4 Commentary teams 7.1. 4.1 Team Stream broadcasts 7.2 Radio 7.2. 1 First Four 7.2. 2 First and Second rounds 7.2. 3 Regionals 7.2. 4 Final four 7.3 Internet 7.3. 1 Video 7.3. 2 Audio 8 See also 9 References Tournament procedure ( edit ) Further information : NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament § Current tournament format A total of 68 teams entered the 2018 tournament . 32 automatic bids were awarded , one to each program that won their conference tournament . The remaining 36 bids were `` at - large '' , with selections extended by the NCAA Selection Committee .", "2": "Eight teams ( the four lowest - seeded automatic qualifiers and the four lowest - seeded at - large teams ) played in the First Four ( the successor to what had been popularly known as `` play - in games '' through the 2010 tournament ) . The winners of these games advanced to the main draw of the tournament . The Selection Committee seeded the entire field from 1 to 68 . 2018 NCAA tournament schedule and venues ( edit ) Dayton Pittsburgh Charlotte Wichita Boise Detroit Nashville San Diego Dallas 2018 First Four ( orange ) and first and second rounds ( green ) Atlanta Los Angeles Boston Omaha San Antonio 2018 Regionals ( blue ) and Final Four ( red ) The following sites were selected to host each round of the 2018 tournament : First Four March 13 and 14 University of Dayton Arena , Dayton , Ohio ( Host : University of Dayton ) First and Second Rounds March 15 and 17 PPG Paints Arena , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ( Host : Duquesne University ) Intrust Bank Arena , Wichita , Kansas ( Host : Wichita State University ) American Airlines Center , Dallas , Texas ( Host : Big 12 Conference ) Taco Bell Arena , Boise , Idaho ( Host : Boise State University ) March 16 and 18 Spectrum Center , Charlotte , North Carolina ( Host : University of North Carolina at Charlotte ) Little Caesars Arena , Detroit , Michigan ( Host : University of Detroit Mercy ) Bridgestone Arena , Nashville , Tennessee ( Host : Ohio Valley Conference ) Viejas Arena , San Diego , California ( Host : San Diego State University ) Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) March 22 and 24 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles , California ( Host : Pepperdine University ) South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta , Georgia ( Host : Georgia Institute of Technology ) March 23 and 25 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston , Massachusetts ( Host : Boston College ) Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha , Nebraska ( Host : Creighton University ) National Semifinals and Championship ( Final Four and Championship ) March 31 and April 2 Alamodome , San Antonio , Texas ( Host : University of Texas at San Antonio ) For the fourth time , the Alamodome and city of San Antonio are hosting the Final Four .", "3": "This is the first tournament since 1994 in which no games were played in an NFL stadium , as the Alamodome is a college football stadium , although the Alamodome hosted some home games for the New Orleans Saints during their 2005 season . The 2018 tournament featured three new arenas in previous host cities . Philips Arena , the home of the Atlanta Hawks and replacement for the previously used Omni Coliseum , hosted the South regional games , and the new Little Caesars Arena , home of the Detroit Pistons and Detroit Red Wings , hosted games . And for the first time since 1994 , the tournament returned to Wichita and the state of Kansas where Intrust Bank Arena hosted first round games . The state of North Carolina was threatened with a 2018 - 2022 championship venue boycott by the NCAA , due to the HB2 law passed in 2016 . However , the law was repealed ( but with provisos ) days before the NCAA met to make decisions on venues in April 2017 . At that time , the NCAA board of governors `` reluctantly voted to allow consideration of championship bids in North Carolina by our committees that are presently meeting '' . Therefore , Charlotte was eligible and served as a first weekend venue for the 2018 tournament . Qualification and Selection ( edit ) Further information : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament : qualifying teams Four teams , out of 351 in Division I , were ineligible to participate in the 2018 tournament due to failing to meet APR requirements : Alabama A&M , Grambling State , Savannah State , and Southeast Missouri State . However , the NCAA granted the Savannah State Tigers a waiver which would have allowed the team to participate in the tournament , but the team failed to qualify . Automatic qualifiers ( edit ) The following 32 teams were automatic qualifiers for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference 's automatic bid . Conference Team Record Appearance Last bid America East UMBC 24 -- 10 2nd 2008 American Cincinnati 30 -- 4 32nd 2017 Atlantic 10 Davidson 21 -- 11 14th 2015 ACC", "4": "Virginia 31 -- 2 22nd 2017 Atlantic Sun Lipscomb 23 -- 9 1st Never Big 12 Kansas 27 -- 7 47th 2017 Big East Villanova 30 -- 4 38th 2017 Big Sky Montana 26 -- 7 11th 2013 Big South Radford 22 -- 12 3rd 2009 Big Ten Michigan 28 -- 7 28th 2017 Big West Cal State Fullerton 20 -- 11 3rd 2008 CAA College of Charleston 26 -- 7 5th 1999 Conference USA Marshall 24 -- 10 6th Horizon League Wright State 25 -- 9 3rd 2007 Ivy League Penn 24 -- 8 24th 2007 MAAC Iona 20 -- 13 13th 2017 MAC Buffalo 25 -- 8 3rd 2016 MEAC North Carolina Central 19 -- 15 3rd 2017 Missouri Valley Loyola -- Chicago 28 -- 5 6th 1985 Mountain West San Diego State 22 -- 10 12th 2015 Northeast LIU Brooklyn 18 -- 16 7th 2013 Ohio Valley Murray State 26 -- 5 16th 2012", "5": "Pac - 12 Arizona 27 -- 7 35th 2017 Patriot League Bucknell 25 -- 9 8th 2017 SEC Kentucky 24 -- 10 58th 2017 Southern UNC Greensboro 27 -- 7 3rd 2001 Southland Stephen F. Austin 28 -- 6 5th 2016 SWAC Texas Southern 15 -- 19 8th 2017 Summit League South Dakota State 28 -- 6 5th 2017 Sun Belt Georgia State 24 -- 10 4th 2015 West Coast Gonzaga 30 -- 4 21st 2017 WAC New Mexico State 28 -- 5 24th 2017 Tournament seeds ( edit ) The tournament seeds were determined through the NCAA basketball tournament selection process . The seeds and regions were determined as follows : South Regional , Philips Arena , Atlanta ,", "6": "Georgia Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Virginia ACC 31 -- 2 Auto Cincinnati American 30 -- 4 Auto 8 Tennessee SEC 25 -- 8 At - large 10 Arizona Pac - 12 27 -- 7 Auto 16 5 Kentucky SEC 24 -- 10 Auto 17 6 Miami ( FL ) ACC 22 -- 9 At - large 22 7 Nevada Mountain West 27 -- 7 At - large 27 8 Creighton Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 30 9 Kansas State Big 12 22 -- 11 At - large 34 10 Texas Big 12 19 -- 14 At - large 39 11 Loyola -- Chicago Missouri Valley 28 -- 5 Auto 46 12 Davidson Atlantic 10 21 -- 11 Auto 48 13 Buffalo MAC 26 -- 8 Auto 51 14 Wright State Horizon 25 -- 9 Auto 57 15 Georgia State Sun Belt 24 -- 10 Auto 60 16 UMBC America East 24 -- 10 Auto 63 West Regional , Staples Center , Los Angeles ,", "7": "California Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Xavier Big East 28 -- 5 At - large North Carolina ACC 25 -- 10 At - large 5 Michigan Big Ten 28 -- 7 Auto 11 Gonzaga WCC 30 -- 4 Auto 15 5 Ohio State Big Ten 24 -- 8 At - large 20 6 Houston American 26 -- 7 At - large 23 7 Texas A&M SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 25 8 Missouri SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 32 9 Florida State ACC 20 -- 11 At - large 33 10 Providence Big East 21 -- 13 At - large 37 11 San Diego State Mountain West 22 -- 10 Auto 45 12 South Dakota State Summit League 28 -- 6 Auto 49 13 UNC Greensboro Southern 27 -- 7 Auto 52 14 Montana Big Sky 26 -- 7 Auto 56 15 Lipscomb Atlantic Sun 23 -- 9 Auto 59 16 * North Carolina Central MEAC 19 -- 15 Auto 67 Texas Southern SWAC 15 -- 19 Auto 68 East Regional , TD Garden , Boston ,", "8": "Massachusetts Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Villanova Big East 30 -- 4 Auto Purdue Big Ten 28 -- 6 At - large 7 Texas Tech Big 12 24 -- 9 At - large 12 Wichita State American 25 -- 7 At - large 14 5 West Virginia Big 12 24 -- 10 At - large 18 6 Florida SEC 20 -- 12 At - large 21 7 Arkansas SEC 23 -- 11 At - large 26 8 Virginia Tech ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 31 9 Alabama SEC 19 -- 15 At - large 36 10 Butler Big East 20 -- 13 At - large 38 11 * St. Bonaventure Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 42 UCLA Pac - 12 21 -- 11 At - large 41 12 Murray State Ohio Valley 26 -- 5 Auto 50 13 Marshall Conference USA 24 -- 10 Auto 54 14 Stephen F. Austin Southland 28 -- 6 Auto 58 15 Cal State Fullerton Big West 20 -- 11 Auto 61 16 * LIU Brooklyn NEC 18 -- 16 Auto 66 Radford Big South 22 -- 12 Auto 65 Midwest Regional , CenturyLink Center Omaha , Omaha ,", "9": "Nebraska Seed School Conference Record Berth type Overall rank Kansas Big 12 27 -- 7 Auto Duke ACC 26 -- 7 At - large 6 Michigan State Big Ten 29 -- 4 At - large 9 Auburn SEC 25 -- 7 At - large 13 5 Clemson ACC 23 -- 9 At - large 19 6 TCU Big 12 21 -- 11 At - large 24 7 Rhode Island Atlantic 10 25 -- 7 At - large 28 8 Seton Hall Big East 21 -- 11 At - large 29 9 NC State ACC 21 -- 11 At - large 35 10 Oklahoma Big 12 18 -- 13 At - large 40 11 * Arizona State Pac - 12 20 -- 11 At - large 43 Syracuse ACC 20 -- 13 At - large 44 12 New Mexico State WAC 28 -- 5 Auto 47 13 College of Charleston CAA 26 -- 7 Auto 53 14 Bucknell Patriot 25 -- 9 Auto 55 15 Iona MAAC 20 -- 13 Auto 62 16 Penn Ivy League 24 -- 8 Auto 64 * See First Four The 2018 tournament was the first time since the 1978 tournament that the six Division I college basketball - playing schools based in the Washington , DC metropolitan area -- American , Georgetown , George Mason , George Washington , Howard , and Maryland -- were collectively shut out of the NCAA Tournament . Regional brackets ( edit ) All times are listed as Eastern Daylight Time ( UTC − 4 ) * -- Denotes overtime period First Four -- Dayton , Ohio ( edit ) March 13 -- East Region 16 LIU Brooklyn 61 16 Radford 71 March 13 -- East Region 11 St.", "10": "Bonaventure 65 11 UCLA 58 March 14 -- West Region 16 Texas Southern 64 16 North Carolina Central 46 March 14 -- Midwest Region 11 Syracuse 60 11 Arizona State 56 South Regional -- Atlanta , Georgia ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Virginia 54 16 UMBC 74 16 UMBC 43 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun 9 Kansas State 50 8 Creighton 59 9 Kansas State 69 9 Kansas State 61 5 Kentucky 58 5 Kentucky 78 12 Davidson 73 5 Kentucky 95 Boise -- Thu / Sat 13 Buffalo 75 Arizona 68 13 Buffalo 89 9 Kansas State 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 78 6 Miami ( FL ) 62 11 Loyola -- Chicago 64 11 Loyola -- Chicago 63 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Tennessee 62 Tennessee 73 14 Wright State 47 11 Loyola -- Chicago 69 7 Nevada 68 7 Nevada 87 * 10 Texas 83 7 Nevada 75 Nashville -- Fri / Sun Cincinnati 73 Cincinnati 68 15 Georgia State 53 South Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 6 : 09 pm EDT Box score # 11 Loyola -- Chicago Ramblers 78 , # 9 Kansas State Wildcats 62 Scoring by half : 36 -- 24 , 42 -- 38 Pts : B. Richardson -- 23 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 8 Asts : C. Custer -- 5 Pts : X .", "11": "Sneed -- 16 Rebs : X . Sneed -- 6 Asts : K. Stokes -- 4 Philips Arena -- Atlanta , GA Attendance : 15,477 Referees : Gerry Pollard , Terry Wymer , Bert Smith South Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Ben Richardson ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) -- South Regional most outstanding player Clayton Custer ( Jr , Loyola - Chicago ) Donte Ingram ( Sr , Loyola - Chicago ) Xavier Sneed ( So , Kansas State ) Barry Brown Jr .", "12": "( Jr , Kansas State ) West Regional -- Los Angeles , California ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 22 Regional Final Elite 8 March 24 Xavier 102 16 Texas Southern 83 Xavier 70 Nashville -- Fri / Sun 9 Florida State 75 8 Missouri 54 9 Florida State 67 9 Florida State 75 Gonzaga 60 5 Ohio State 81 12 South Dakota State 73 5 Ohio State 84 Boise -- Thu / Sat Gonzaga 90 Gonzaga 68 13 UNC Greensboro 64 9 Florida State 54 Michigan 58 6 Houston 67 11 San Diego State 65 6 Houston 63 Wichita -- Thu / Sat Michigan 64 Michigan 61 14 Montana 47 Michigan 99 7 Texas A&M 72 7 Texas A&M 73 10 Providence 69 7 Texas A&M 86 Charlotte -- Fri / Sun North Carolina 65 North Carolina 84 15 Lipscomb 66 West Regional Final ( edit ) TBS March 24 5 : 49 pm PDT Box score # 9 Florida State Seminoles 54 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 58 Scoring by half : 26 -- 27 , 28 -- 31 Pts : P. Cofer - 16 Rebs : P. Cofer - 11 Asts : B. Angola , T. Mann , T. Forrest - 2 Pts : C. Matthews -- 17 Rebs : C. Matthews -- 8 Asts : Z .", "13": "Simpson -- 5 Staples Center -- Los Angeles , CA Attendance : 19,665 Referees : Randy McCall , Keith Kimble , John Gaffney West Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Charles Matthews ( So , Michigan ) -- West Regional most outstanding player Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Muhammad - Ali Abdur - Rahkman ( Sr , Michigan ) Phil Cofer ( Sr , Florida State ) Terance Mann ( Jr , Florida State ) East Regional -- Boston , Massachusetts ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Villanova 87 16 Radford 61 Villanova 81 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat 9 Alabama 58 8 Virginia Tech 83 9 Alabama 86 Villanova 90 5 West Virginia 78 5 West Virginia 85 12 Murray State 68 5 West Virginia 94 San Diego -- Fri / Sun 13 Marshall 71 Wichita State 75 13 Marshall 81 Villanova 71 Texas Tech 59 6 Florida 77 11 St. Bonaventure 62 6 Florida 66 Dallas -- Thu / Sat Texas Tech 69 Texas Tech 70 14 Stephen F. Austin 60 Texas Tech 78 Purdue 65 7 Arkansas 62 10 Butler 79 10 Butler 73 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Purdue 76 Purdue 74 15 Cal State Fullerton 48 East Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 2 : 20 pm EDT Box score # 3 Texas Tech Red Raiders 59 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 71 Scoring by half : 23 -- 36 , 36 -- 35 Pts : K. Evans -- 12 Rebs : J. Gray -- 9 Asts : K.", "14": "Evans - 4 Pts : J. Brunson -- 15 Rebs : E. Paschall -- 14 Asts : J. Brunson -- 4 TD Garden -- Boston , MA Attendance : 19,169 Referees : Terry Oglesby , Mike Reed , Michael Stephens East Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) -- East Regional most outstanding player Omari Spellman ( Fr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Carsen Edwards ( So , Purdue ) Keenan Evans ( Sr , Texas Tech ) Midwest Regional -- Omaha , Nebraska ( edit ) First Round Round of 64 March 15 -- 16 Second Round Round of 32 March 17 -- 18 Regional Semifinals Sweet 16 March 23 Regional Final Elite 8 March 25 Kansas 76 16 Penn 60 Kansas 83 Wichita -- Thu / Sat 8 Seton Hall 79 8 Seton Hall 94 9 NC State 83 Kansas 80 5 Clemson 76 5 Clemson 79 12 New Mexico State 68 5 Clemson 84 San Diego -- Fri / Sun Auburn 53 Auburn 62 13 College of Charleston 58 Kansas 85 * Duke 81 6 TCU 52 11 Syracuse 57 11 Syracuse 55 Detroit -- Fri / Sun Michigan State 53 Michigan State 82 14 Bucknell 78 11 Syracuse 65 Duke 69 7 Rhode Island 83 * 10 Oklahoma 78 7 Rhode Island 62 Pittsburgh -- Thu / Sat Duke 87 Duke 89 15 Iona 67 Midwest Regional Final ( edit ) CBS March 25 4 : 05 pm CDT Box score # 2 Duke Blue Devils 81 , # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 85 ( OT ) Scoring by half : 36 -- 33 ,", "15": "36 -- 39 Overtime : 9 -- 13 Pts : T. Duval -- 20 Rebs : M. Bagley III -- 10 Asts : T. Duval -- 6 Pts : M. Newman -- 32 Rebs : S. Mykhailiuk , S. De Sousa -- 10 Asts : D. Graham - 6 CenturyLink Center Omaha -- Omaha , NE Attendance : 17,579 Referees : Roger Ayers , Doug Sirmons , Jeffrey Anderson Midwest Regional all tournament team ( edit ) Malik Newman ( So , Kansas ) -- Midwest Regional most outstanding player Trevon Duval ( Fr , Duke ) Gabe DeVoe ( Sr , Clemson ) Marvin Bagley III ( Fr , Duke ) Devonte ' Graham ( Sr , Kansas ) Gary Trent Jr . ( Fr , Duke ) Final Four ( edit ) During the Final Four round , regardless of the seeds of the participating teams , the champion of the top overall top seed 's region ( Virginia 's South Region ) plays against the champion of the fourth - ranked top seed 's region ( Xavier 's West Region ) , and the champion of the second overall top seed 's region ( Villanova 's East Region ) plays against the champion of the third - ranked top seed 's region ( Kansas 's Midwest Region ) . Alamodome -- San Antonio , Texas ( edit ) National Semifinals March 31 National Championship Game April 2 S11 Loyola -- Chicago 57 W3 Michigan 69 W3 Michigan 62 E1 Villanova 79 E1 Villanova 95 MW1 Kansas 79 National Semifinals ( edit ) TBS March 31 5 : 09 pm CDT Box score # 11 Loyola - Chicago Ramblers 57 , # 3 Michigan Wolverines 69 Scoring by half : 29 -- 22 , 28 -- 47 Pts : C. Krutwig -- 17 Rebs : D. Ingram -- 9 Asts : D. Ingram -- 2 Pts : M. Wagner -- 24 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 15 Asts : Z .", "16": "Simpson -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Roger Ayers , Mike Roberts , Terry Oglesby TBS March 31 7 : 49 pm CDT Box score # 1 Kansas Jayhawks 79 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 95 Scoring by half : 32 -- 47 , 47 -- 48 Pts : D. Graham -- 23 Rebs : M. Newman -- 8 Asts : D. Graham , S. Mykhailiuk -- 3 Pts : E. Paschall -- 24 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 13 Asts : P. Booth , J. Brunson -- 6 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 68,257 Referees : Randy McCall , Michael Stephens , Kipp Kissinger National Championship ( edit ) Main article : 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Game TBS April 2 8 : 20 pm CDT Box score # 3 Michigan Wolverines 62 , # 1 Villanova Wildcats 79 Scoring by half : 28 -- 37 , 34 -- 42 Pts : M. Abdur - Rahkman -- 23 Rebs : M. Wagner -- 7 Asts : Z . Simpson -- 2 Pts : D. DiVincenzo -- 31 Rebs : O. Spellman -- 11 Asts : D. DiVincenzo -- 3 Alamodome -- San Antonio Attendance : 67,831 Referees : Doug Sirmons , Terry Wymer , Jeffrey Anderson Final Four all - tournament team ( edit ) Donte DiVincenzo ( So , Villanova ) -- Final Four Most Outstanding Player Mikal Bridges ( Jr , Villanova ) Jalen Brunson ( Jr , Villanova ) Eric Paschall ( Jr , Villanova ) Moritz Wagner ( Jr , Michigan ) Record by conference ( edit ) Conference Bids Record Win % R64 R32 S16 E8 F4 CG NC Big East 6 9 -- 5 . 643 6 Big Ten 9 -- 4 .", "17": "692 - 1 ! -- Big 12 7 12 -- 7 . 632 7 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Missouri Valley 4 -- 1 . 800 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- ACC 9 12 -- 9 . 571 9 5 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- WCC 2 -- 1 . 667 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SEC 8 8 -- 8 . 500 8 6 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Mountain West 2 -- 2 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- American 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Atlantic 10 2 -- 3 . 400 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- America East 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- C - USA 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- MAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Big South 1 -- 1 .", "18": "500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- SWAC 1 -- 1 . 500 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- Pac - 12 0 -- 3 . 000 - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- - 1 ! -- The R64 , R32 , S16 , E8 , F4 , CG , and NC columns indicate how many teams from each conference were in the round of 64 ( first round ) , round of 32 ( second round ) , Sweet 16 , Elite Eight , Final Four , championship game , and national champion , respectively . The `` Record '' column includes wins in the First Four for the ACC , Atlantic 10 , Big South , and SWAC conferences and two losses in the First Four for the Pac - 12 conference . The MEAC and NEC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Four with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Atlantic Sun , Big Sky , Big West , CAA , Horizon , Ivy League , MAAC , Ohio Valley , Patriot , Southern , Southland , Summit , Sun Belt and WAC conferences each had one representative , eliminated in the First Round with a record of 0 -- 1 . The Pac - 12 lost all of its teams after the first day of the main tournament draw , marking the first time since the Big 12 began play in 1996 that one of the six major conferences -- defined as the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , SEC , and both versions of the Big East -- failed to have a team advance to the tournament 's round of 32 . Media coverage ( edit ) Television ( edit ) CBS Sports and Turner Sports had U.S. television rights to the Tournament under the NCAA March Madness brand .", "19": "As part of a cycle beginning in 2016 , TBS held the rights to the Final Four and to the championship game . Additionally , TBS held the rights to the 2018 Selection Show , which returned to a two - hour format , was presented in front of a studio audience , and promoted that the entire field of the tournament would be unveiled within the first ten minutes of the broadcast . The broadcast was heavily criticized for its quality ( including technical problems and an embedded product placement segment for Pizza Hut ) , as well as initially unveiling the 68 - team field in alphabetical order ( beginning with automatic qualifiers , followed by the at - large teams ) rather than unveiling the matchups region - by - region ( which was criticized for having less suspense than the traditional format ) . Television channels ( edit ) First Four -- TruTV First and Second Rounds -- CBS , TBS , TNT , and TruTV Regional Semifinals and Finals ( Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight ) -- CBS and TBS National Semifinals ( Final Four ) -- TBS National Championship -- TBS Studio hosts ( edit ) Greg Gumbel ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Ernie Johnson Jr . ( New York City , Atlanta , and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Casey Stern ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round and Second Round Studio analysts ( edit ) Charles Barkley ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Seth Davis ( Atlanta and San Antonio ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals , Final Four and National Championship Game Brendan Haywood ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Clark Kellogg ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals , Final Four and National Championship Game Gregg Marshall ( Atlanta ) -- Regional Semi-Finals Frank Martin ( Atlanta ) -- Second Round Candace Parker ( Atlanta ) -- First Four , First Round , Second Round , Regional Semi-Finals and Final Four Kenny Smith ( New York City and San Antonio ) -- First Round , Second Round , Regionals ,", "20": "Final Four and National Championship Game Wally Szczerbiak ( New York City ) -- Second Round Brad Underwood ( Atlanta ) -- First Round Christian Laettner ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Danny Manning ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Kris Jenkins ( San Antonio ) -- Final Four Commentary teams ( edit ) Jim Nantz / Bill Raftery / Grant Hill / Tracy Wolfson -- First and Second Rounds at Charlotte , North Carolina ; Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska ; Final Four and National Championship at San Antonio , Texas Brian Anderson / Chris Webber / Lisa Byington -- First and Second Rounds at Boise , Idaho ; South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Ian Eagle / Jim Spanarkel / Allie LaForce -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Wednesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Detroit , Michigan ; East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Harlan / Reggie Miller / Dan Bonner / Dana Jacobson -- First and Second Rounds at Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania ; West Regional at Los Angeles , California Brad Nessler / Steve Lavin / Evan Washburn -- First and Second Rounds at Wichita , Kansas Spero Dedes / Steve Smith / Len Elmore / Rosalyn Gold - Onwude -- First Four at Dayton , Ohio ( Tuesday ) ; First and Second Rounds at Dallas , Texas Andrew Catalon / Steve Lappas / Jamie Erdahl -- First and Second Rounds at Nashville , Tennessee Carter Blackburn / Debbie Antonelli / John Schriffen -- First and Second Rounds at San Diego , California Team Stream broadcasts ( edit ) Final Four Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Jeff Hagedorn / Jerry Harkness / Shams Charania -- Loyola -- Chicago Team Stream on truTV Dave Armstrong / Scot Pollard / Rob Riggle -- Kansas Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV National Championship Game Matt Park / Jay Feely / Dr. Sanjay Gupta -- Michigan Team Stream on TNT Scott Graham / Randy Foye / Kacie McDonnell -- Villanova Team Stream on truTV Radio ( edit ) Westwood One had exclusive radio rights to the entire tournament .", "21": "First Four ( edit ) Ted Emrich and Austin Croshere -- at Dayton , Ohio First and Second rounds ( edit ) Scott Graham and Kelly Tripucka -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania Brandon Gaudin and Donny Marshall -- Wichita , Kansas Ryan Radtke and Jim Jackson -- Dallas , Texas Jason Benetti and Dan Dickau -- Boise , Idaho Kevin Kugler and Eric Montross / John Thompson -- Charlotte , North Carolina ( Montross -- Friday night ; Thompson -- Friday Afternoon & Sunday ) Chris Carrino and P.J. Carlesimo -- Detroit , Michigan Ted Emrich -- Friday Afternoon / Craig Way -- Friday Night & Sunday and Will Perdue -- Nashville , Tennessee John Sadak and Mike Montgomery -- San Diego , California Regionals ( edit ) Gary Cohen and P.J.", "22": "Carlesimo -- East Regional at Boston , Massachusetts Kevin Kugler and Donny Marshall -- Midwest Regional at Omaha , Nebraska Brandon Gaudin and John Thompson -- South Regional at Atlanta , Georgia Tom McCarthy and Jim Jackson -- West Regional at Los Angeles , California Final four ( edit ) Kevin Kugler , John Thompson , Clark Kellogg , and Jim Gray -- San Antonio , Texas Internet ( edit ) Video ( edit ) Live video of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app , no CBS games on digital media players ; access to games on Turner channels requires TV Everywhere authentication through provider ; 3 hour preview for Turner games is provided before authentication is required ) CBS All Access ( only CBS games , service subscription required ) CBS Sports website and app ( only CBS games ) Bleacher Report website and Team Stream app ( only Turner games , access requires subscription ) Watch TBS website and app ( only TBS games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch TNT website and app ( only TNT games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Watch truTV website and app ( only truTV games , requires TV Everywhere authentication ) Websites and apps of cable , satellite , and OTT providers of CBS & Turner ( access requires subscription ) Audio ( edit ) Live audio of games was available for streaming through the following means : NCAA March Madness Live ( website and app ) Westwood One Sports website TuneIn ( website and app ) Websites and apps of Westwood One Sports affiliates See also ( edit ) College basketball portal 2018 NCAA Division II Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division III Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division I Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 NCAA Division II Women 's Basketball Tournament 2018 National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's National Invitation Tournament 2018 Women 's Basketball Invitational 2018 College Basketball Invitational 2018 CollegeInsider.com Postseason Tournament 2018 NAIA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament 2018 U Sports Men 's Basketball Championship 2018 UMBC vs. Virginia men 's basketball game References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wilco , Daniel ( March 17 , 2018 ) .", "23": "`` Last perfect bracket busts after UMBC pulls off biggest upset in NCAA tournament history '' . NCAA.com . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . UMBC ( The University of Maryland Baltimore County ) scored the biggest upset in the history of the NCAA tournament , beating top overall seed Virginia 74 - 54 Friday night , and becoming the first 16 seed to win a game in 136 tries . Jump up ^ Bushnell , Henry ( March 17 , 2018 ) . `` UMBC shocks Virginia , first 16 - seed ever to beat a 1 '' . Yahoo Sports . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 - 18 preliminary rounds '' . NCAA . November 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA gives North Carolina a deadline to repeal HB2 or lose events until 2022 '' . newsobserver . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` N.C. gets NCAA tourney sites after HB2 repeal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Division I teams face penalties , lose postseason '' . NCAA . May 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA conference tournament schedule : Tracking March Madness automatic bids '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 4 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexkay/2018/03/11/selection-sunday-2018-schedule-official-ncaa-tournament-bracket-and-more-after-march-madness-show/#7106472abf90 Jump up ^ `` DC colleges will have a season without March Madness for the first time since 1978 '' . Washington Post . March 10 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` South Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` West Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) .", "24": "`` East Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : @ marchmadness ( March 25 , 2018 ) . `` Midwest Region All - Tournament Team '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : `` Villanova Wins National Championship For Second Time in Three Years '' . villanova.com. April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Medcalf , Myron ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` The fast and unprecedented fall of the Pac - 12 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship commentator teams announced '' . NCAA . February 7 , 2018 . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Russo , Ralph D. ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Selection show : Tournament teams revealed in 1st 10 minutes '' . Washington Post . Associated Press . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` TBS really made a mess of the NCAA selection show '' . Boston.com . March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 6 ways the NCAA bracket selection show was pretty odd '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Caesar , Dan . `` Media Views : NCAA tourney ' Selection Show ' loses suspense , adds immediacy '' . stltoday.com . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maiman , Beth ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` March Madness TV schedule : How to watch and live stream every game in the NCAA men 's basketball tournament '' . NCAA . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament Tournaments 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946", "25": "1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1994 1995 2001 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Structure Selection process Venues # 1 seeds Opening Round Elite Eight Final Four National Championship Game Champions & awards Champions Most Outstanding Player Media & culture Bracketology Broadcasting Tournament Final Four March Madness pools `` One Shining Moment '' Records & statistics All - time team records Bids by school Bids by school and conference Consecutive appearances Final Four appearances by school Final Four participants Final Four appearances by coach Upsets 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun", "26": "Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I championships Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Cross country Fencing Field hockey Football ( FBS ) † Football ( FCS ) Men 's golf Women 's golf Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Indoor track and field Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Outdoor track and field Rifle Rowing Skiing Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Men 's swimming and diving Women 's swimming and diving Tennis Men 's volleyball Women 's volleyball Men 's water polo Women 's water polo Wrestling † Not an officially sanctioned NCAA championship Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "27": "php?title=2018_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=837560621 '' Categories : 2017 -- 18 NCAA Division I men 's basketball season NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Championship Basketball in San Antonio 2018 in sports in Texas 21st century in San Antonio Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from March 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 16 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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{ "0": "Fortnite - wikipedia Fortnite Jump to : navigation , search For the battle royale version of the game , see Fortnite Battle Royale . Fortnite European box art Developer ( s ) Epic Games People Can Fly Publisher ( s ) Epic Games Director ( s ) Darren Sugg Artist ( s ) Pete Ellis Composer ( s ) Rom Di Prisco Engine Unreal Engine 4 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows macOS PlayStation 4 Xbox One iOS Release 2018 Genre ( s ) Survival Mode ( s ) Single - player , multiplayer Fortnite is a co-op sandbox survival game developed by Epic Games and People Can Fly and published by Epic Games . The game was released as a paid - for early access title for Microsoft Windows , macOS , PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on July 25 , 2017 , with a full free - to - play release expected in 2018 . The retail versions of the game were published by Gearbox Publishing , while online distribution of the PC versions is handled by Epic 's launcher . Fortnite is set in contemporary Earth , where the sudden appearance of a worldwide storm causes 98 % of the world 's population to disappear , and zombie - like creatures rise to attack the remainder . Considered by Epic as a cross between Minecraft and Left 4 Dead , Fortnite has up to four players cooperating on various missions on randomly - generated maps to collect resources , build fortifications around defensive objectives that are meant to help fight the storm and protect survivors , and construct weapons and traps to engage in combat with waves of these creatures that attempt to destroy the objectives . Players gain rewards through these missions to improve their hero characters , support teams , and arsenal of weapon and trap schematics to be able to take on more difficult missions . The game is supported through microtransactions to purchase in - game currency that can be used towards these upgrades . A standalone mode , Fortnite Battle Royale , based on the battle royale game genre but based on the core Fortnite gameplay , was released for the same platforms in September 2017 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Gameplay 3 Development 3.1 History 3.2 Art and design 4 Reception 4.1 Sales 4.2 Accolades 5 References 6 External links Synopsis One day , 98 % of Earth 's population suddenly disappeared , and the remaining population found the skies covered in dense clouds , creating chaotic storms that dropped husks , humanoid zombie - like creatures , that attacked the living . The survivors found ways to construct `` storm shields '' , a field that cleared the storm clouds from immediately overhead and reduced the attacks from husks , and used these to set up survivor bases across the globe . The player is a commander of one of these bases , charged with going out of the storm shield to find resources , survivors , and other allies to help expand their storm shield and find a way to return Earth to its normal state . Gameplay Currently , the paid - for product Fortnite provides two distinct modes : access to Fortnite Battle Royale , ( which is also available as a separate free - to - play title ) and the cooperative player - versus - environment `` Save the World '' , which is unique to the main Fortnite game . The `` Save the World '' mode is described as a co-op sandbox survival game and is about exploration , scavenging items , crafting weapons , building fortified structures , and fighting waves of encroaching monsters . Tim Sweeney , Epic 's founder , described the game as `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' . The game cycles between managing one 's resources at a safe home base , and then going out on missions to complete quests as to collect resources and obtain rewards to advance the game 's story . In the meta - game , the player has an inventory of weapon and trap schematics , hero characters , defender characters , and support characters , along with collected resources . Schematics are used to construct weapons and traps when on the field . Hero characters represent characters from one of four classes that the player can use while on a mission , as well as used to undertake resource - gathering missions making them unavailable to use until they return from the mission . Defender characters can be summoned to help with defense but only if there are less than four players on a mission .", "2": "Support characters are used to form various non-playable squads that provide passive bonuses to the player 's attack strength , building speed , armor , and health , with additional benefits if the player can match certain characterization attributes within a squad . The player can spend different types of experience points and resources earned as mission rewards , from loot boxes ( represented as llama pinatas ) , or other sources to level up and evolve schematics and characters . For weapons and traps , this generally boosts their effectiveness as well as unlocking additional attribute bonuses , while leveling up hero characters will unlock special skills the character has while in the field . Schematics and characters are generally assigned a rarity , which determines how much they can be leveled and evolved . A player 's inventory of schematics and characters is limited , but players can opt to slot anyone they do not need into a collection book to gain rewards when certain collection sets are completed ; use one or more of these schematics or characters to transform them into a new random item , or simply retire them to gain back experience points and other resources to free up the inventory slots . The player also can spend skill points , earned by completing missions , and technology points , earned over time , to unlock new skills and technologies in the game 's skill and technologies trees . These can improve a player 's base attributes , attributes that are shared with the other players while on missions , unlock higher levels of evolution for schematics and characters , open up new squad positions , or unlock general skills that players can use in the field . Collectively , the player 's progress on these skill and technology trees , their squad composition , and their selected hero character make up the player 's current `` power level '' which relates to what difficulty of missions the player should take and the game 's matchmaking services . Also , players can review their current story progress and quests , which can include daily , side , and event quests , which when completed provide in - game currency or resources . Mission is currently divided between four world locations , some available only after progressing far enough in the story , and special locations for timed events and for the Survive the Storm mode .", "3": "Within a location are several possible mission areas that show the type of mission , the terrain it takes place on , its difficulty rating relative to the player 's current power level , and whether the mission is currently under special `` storm '' conditions that throw random effects , like buffed husks or mini-bosses , into the mission but have potentially better rewards if completed . The player optionally can select a special site that automatically matches them with players at a similar power level and story progression on a random mission for added rewards . Most missions take place on procedurally - generated landscapes . Most missions are based on locating site ( s ) representing the objectives on the map , build up fortifications around those locations , and then face off against several waves of husks that will try to destroy the objectives . During completion of these missions , players are generally given a `` storm forecast '' to know where husks will spawn in as to enhance fortification in that direction , though this direction can change in more difficult missions . Other missions are time - limited , requiring the players to locate and help a number of survivors , build out several radar towers , or clear out various encampment of husks scattered around the map before time runs out . These missions encourage the players to explore the map and farm for resources ( either by searching objects or destroying them with an axe ) used to build the fortifications , weapons , ammunition , and traps needed to defend or attack the husks . Players also frequently need to seek out bluglo , a special resource that does not carry over between maps to activate certain mission objectives . Some missions are considered a loss if the objective is destroyed or time runs out , while other missions allow the players to rework their fortifications and start their defense again if the objective is destroyed . Maps will frequently have optional objectives that are discovered through exploration , such as human survivors that need help . Completing these successfully earn immediate in - game rewards such as resources , weapons , and traps . Missions themselves may provide bonus objectives , such as by completing the mission within a certain in - game period , using a limited number of fortification pieces , or saving more survivors than the minimum necessary , which affects the qualify of rewards the players receive after the successful completion of the main mission .", "4": "During missions , players can make their fortifications from one of three base materials ( wood , brick , and metal ) , and in a number of configurations , including floors / ceilings , walls , stairs , and ramps ; players have the ability to edit these for more configurations , such as adding a door or window to a wall . Each fortification part can be upgraded with more resources of the same type to improve their durability , and when they are damaged , can be repaired by spending additional resources . Traps , which have a limited number of activation before they fall apart , can be placed on floors , walls , and ceilings , and arranged in means to make them more lethal or effective against husks . Traps may also include beneficial resources for players , such as healing pads , defender posts , and launch pads . Similarly , players can use a range of weapons but these have limited durability that drops as they are used or as a penalty if the player should be downed by husks and need to respawn without the help of allies . Players can construct new weapons , ammo , and traps from gathered resources , or find these from searching containers across the map . During missions , the game progresses through an accelerated day - night cycle ; during the day , the husks are more passive and do not generally pose immediate threats , while during the night , bands of husks may spawn in and will aggressively seek out players . One unique mission type is Storm Shield Defense missions . In each of the four world locations , the player is allocated a map that remains persistent , representing the site where their base 's storm shield generator is placed , and in the storm mode , the player must return to this map to expand the storm shield , requiring them to add a new objective to defend successfully to continue the story . At any time , the player can enter this map without starting the defense mission , and use their carried - over resources to build out the fortification and traps , or add resources to a special storage area for this map . Fortnite is also able to offer themed - events with a unique progression line , new locations , and rewards based on those themes . The first such event was its Halloween event , `` Fortnitemares '' , that offered Halloween - themed heroes , characters , weapons , and traps ( usable outside of the event ) by completing numerous objectives .", "5": "Development History Fortnite was first revealed at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards ( VGA ) , with Epic 's former design director Cliff Bleszinski introducing a trailer for the game . Donald Mustard , creative lead at Epic , said in 2017 that this announcement was `` three weeks after we came up with the idea , before we even made the game '' . The title , which started out as an internal game jam project , represents a departure from the company 's previous work . As Bleszinski explained during the Spike event , Epic wanted to `` switch things up a little bit and do something different and fun '' with Fortnite , describing it as `` a world where you explore , you scavenge , you build and ultimately you survive . '' In an interview with Engadget , he also echoed these statements , claiming that the game would be different from the Gears of War series : `` There 's no dudebros in it ... Not that there 's anything wrong with that , right ? But creatively for the team , Gears has been amazing for us . But it 's fun to kind of stretch our wings and do something that 's a little different from the usual . '' Epic Games Vice President of Publishing Mike Fischer said in 2015 that Epic recognized that they `` announced this game too soon '' , and that its lengthy development period was due to `` very good reasons . '' As the game was at its very preliminary stages at the VGA reveal , the goal of this reveal was to seek public interest in the title and potential publishing partners as to decide on the game 's release platforms and timeframe . During the July 2012 San Diego Comic Con , Epic announced that Fortnite would be an exclusive personal computer title , and the first one to be developed by Epic using their new Unreal 4 game engine , with a planned release in 2013 . The game 's development was originally started in the Unreal 3 engine , but as they progressed , they had seen the opportunity to work in several of the new feature sets and scripting language offered by Unreal 4 for Fortnite , while still running on most personal computers at that time .", "6": "They further opted for personal computer exclusivity to avoid the difficulty of having to go through console certification , and as they planned to be constantly monitoring and tweaking the game , acting as a dungeon master , the personal computer approach would allow them to do this without restrictions normally set by console manfuctures . Bleszinski later clarified that they would not rule out release on other platforms as they developed the title . Fortnite cosplayers at Gamescom 2017 Fortnite 's development was spread among several of Epic 's satellite studios , and was also co-developed by the Polish studio People Can Fly , which had worked with Epic previously on earlier games , and had been fully acquired by Epic sometime in 2012 . People Can Fly were briefly renamed Epic Games Poland in 2013 as to align with Epic 's other studios . By March 2014 , there were about 90 developers working on the game . People Can Fly later returned to being an independent studio and their own name in 2015 , but continued to help Epic with Fortnite 's development . During Fortnite 's development , Epic had seen the game industry shifting to games as a service model . To help with this transition , the company brought in Tencent who had several games operating under this model . As part of this agreement , Tencent bought a significant share of ownership in Epic Games through stock acquisition around June 2012 . The shifting of Epic 's approach through Tencent led to the departure of some high - level staff later that year , including Bleszinski . Fortnite was seen as the spearhead for Epic 's games - as - a-service model as they collaborated with Tencent . This caused some road bumps in the development of Fortnite , according to Mustard . Fortnite 's development was also slowed as it was used as the testing ground for the new features of the Unreal 4 engine . By November 2013 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite would not release that year , nor offered a target released date , though affirmed the game was still in development by several of its studios . Fortnite was a feature in the May 2014 issue of Game Informer , revealing that the title would be released as a free - to - play game . By 2014 , Fortnite was at a `` pretty functional prototype '' with most of the Unreal 4 engine elements smoothed out , according to Mustard .", "7": "Epic anticipated it would still take about three more years to complete , not only in polishing and balancing the game , but setting in place the necessary backend elements for the games - as - a-service model . To help support development and get player feedback , Epic used a series of closed alpha test periods . The game 's first closed alpha , called Online Test 1 , ran from December 2 to 19 , 2014 , while Online Test 2 ran from March 24 to April 14 , 2015 . Epic said the first alpha was designed to help it `` make sure all of our basic systems are working '' and establish `` a baseline for how people play in order to make Fortnite better . '' After being demoed at WWDC 2015 on Mac , Fortnite entered closed beta testing in the fall of 2015 . Approximately 50,000 players participated in these periods . Fortnite was being developed alongside Paragon , which Epic announced on November 2015 . As Paragon seemed to take Epic 's focus , leaving little news about Fortnite , CEO Tim Sweeney said in March 2016 that they were still committed to Fortnite once Paragon was launched and established , given that much of the work on Fortnite would take time to get the right balance for gameplay . `` We figure we should start with one major successful launch and do one at a time . Fortnite will be next . '' By June 2017 , Epic Games announced that Fortnite was now set for a 2018 release across Windows , macOS , and the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles . Leading up to this free - to - play release , the game was offered as a paid early access period starting on July 25 , 2017 for all platforms ; players who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs were granted access to the game on July 21 . The lengthy period since the game 's alpha phases was ascribed to developing Fortnite as a games - as - a-service model , according to creative lead Donald Mustard . While the game had been in a playable state for the two years before this , Epic wanted to be able to develop ongoing content to players to keep them interested in the title , such as planning timed events with unique rewards , following in the approach used by games like League of Legends and Warframe .", "8": "Since the game had already been announced earlier in 2014 through Game Informer , Epic opted not to use their Electronic Entertainment Expo time or space in June 2017 to re-announce the game , fearing that coverage of it would be lost in the deluge of other gaming news coming out of the event . Instead , the Epic marketing team worked with Twitch and other game streamers to provide them early copies of the game to play and promote on their channels in the weeks leading up to their target release date of July 25 , 2017 . However , a few weeks before this date , Epic recognized that the game was still not ready for release ; it was playable but not content complete . Rather than prolonging it further , Epic decided to release the game into paid early access on July 25 , 2017 , which would also allow them to get active feedback on the game as they progressed in development . At the time of the start of early access , Gearbox Software helped distribute the game on physical media . With the popularity of Fortnite Battle Royale , which was first released in early access around September 2017 and gained considerable attention by early 2018 , Epic split off a separate development team to focus on improvements for this mode . Epic said that their attention to Fortnite was causing some of their other games to see lower player populations , leading them to reduce development efforts on these games , particularly Paragon . By the end of January 2018 , Epic announced it was shutting down Paragon by April of that year , providing refunds to all players . Players on a Fortnite - dedicated Reddit forum had expressed concerns that a similar fate could befall the Save the World mode of Fortnite , as externally , the Save the World mode has not received the same attention in providing updates and improvements compared to the Battle Royale mode since that mode 's release . Epic 's Ed Zobrist said that as of March 2018 that the retention rates for `` Save the World '' have been high , and have grown since the release of Fortnite Battle Royale , and the company has since improved communications with the player base , such as providing development road maps and known bug lists . Art and design In their initial prototypes of the game , Epic had used creepier and darker designs for the husks and other enemies .", "9": "Bleszinski said that they found this to create an `` exhaustive environment '' that was too grim , and designed to take the design in a more cartoonish approach , while still remaining creepy , so that players would enjoy spending time in the game 's world , without competing with games like DayZ . They used works from Pixar , Tim Burton , and Looney Tunes as inspiration for the designs . Fortnite uses procedural generation to build out the maps for each mission . The game also includes an `` AI director '' that monitors how players are progressing , and alters the challenges of the monsters it sends out to the players based on that progression , easing off if players are having greater difficulty in surviving . At one point , the game had a team - based player versus player mode , where each side attempted to build up a base around a central target while trying to attack the opponent 's target after breaking through their base . This did not make it into the final game . Epic currently has cross-platform play between PC and PS4 and has stated plans to allow separate Fortnite cross-platform support for Xbox One and personal computer users , but cross-platform play between all three platforms has not been announced . However , for a few hours during one day in September 2017 , players found they could cross-play between all three platforms . Epic later corrected this , calling it a `` configuration error '' . Reception Sales On July 26 , 2017 , it was announced that Fortnite had sold over 500,000 digital pre-order copies . On August 18 , 2017 , Epic confirmed that Fortnite had surpassed over a million players . Accolades Eurogamer ranked the game 32nd on their list of the `` Top 50 Games of 2017 '' . It was also nominated for `` Best Co-op Game '' in PC Gamer 's 2017 Game of the Year Awards , and for `` Best Spectator Game '' in IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards . Year Award Result Ref . 2017 The Game Awards 2017 Best Multiplayer Nominated 2018 16th Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Real - Time Project ( A Hard Day 's Night ) Nominated D.I.C.E.", "10": "Awards Outstanding Achievement in Online Gameplay Nominated SXSW Gaming Awards Excellence in Multiplayer Nominated Excellence in Gameplay Nominated 14th British Academy Games Awards Best Evolving Game Nominated Best Multiplayer Nominated 22nd Annual Webby Awards People 's Voice Award for Best Multiplayer / Competitive Game Won References ^ Jump up to : Gilyadov , Alex ( July 26 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Hits 500,000 Digital Pre-Orders '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown , Fraser ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Epic pulls back the curtain ( and flesh ) on Fortnite 's monster design '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Greening , Chris ( October 22 , 2016 ) . `` Game Releases Calendar : 2016 Edition '' . Game Music Online . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games ' ' Fortnite ' will be the developer 's first Unreal Engine 4 game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( July 12 , 2013 ) . `` Epic : Fortnite is `` Minecraft meets Left 4 Dead '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2015 . Retrieved March 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lahit , Evan ( June 9 , 2015 ) . `` Hands - on with Fortnite co-op '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wallace , Kimberly ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite : Building A Fort To Withstand Chaos '' .", "11": "Game Informer . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Jones , Ali ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` Things are getting spooky in Fortnite 's Halloween update '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2017 . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gaudiosi , John ( December 10 , 2011 ) . `` Epic Games ' New Franchise FORTnITE Blends Survival Horror With Tower Defense Strategy '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Markovech , Sam ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite 's years of delays end with not - free - to - play version coming in July '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` What 's the future of games at Epic Games ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2017 . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schramm , Mike ( December 11 , 2011 ) . `` Cliff B talks Fortnite : ' There 's no dudebros in it ' '' . Engadget . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Hands - on : Fortnite is an overwhelming zombie defense experience '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Yin - Pool , Wesley ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Epic reveals Minecraft inspiration for Fortnite '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 .", "12": "Jump up ^ Rigney , Ryan ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` First Screens : Epic 's Fortnite Is the First Unreal Engine 4 Game '' . Wired . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hafer , T.J. ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Fortnite will be a PC exclusive and Epic 's first Unreal Engine 4 game '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McGee , Maxwell ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Epic 's Cliff Bleszinski and Tanya Jessen Talk Up Fortnite '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2018 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Purchase , Robert ( September 1 , 2012 ) . `` Fortnite detailed at PAX Prime ; Minecraft meets DayZ '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sheridan , Connor ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly working on Fortnite , renamed Epic Games Poland '' . GamesRadar . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Epic Games Buys Gears of War : Judgment Dev '' . IGN . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sarkar , Samit ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` People Can Fly now known as Epic Games Poland '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved November 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Purchese , Robert ( June 24 , 2015 ) . `` Bulletstorm dev People Can Fly regains independence '' . Eurogamer .", "13": "Archived from the original on June 23 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Peel , Jeremy ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Why has Fortnite taken so long ? '' . PCGamesN . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Robinson , Martin ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` The big Cliff Bleszinski interview '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Epic on Fortnite release -- `` It wo n't be this year '' `` . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( April 9 , 2014 ) . `` Gears of War dev 's PC - exclusive Fortnite has Diablo - like looting '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : McWhertor , Michael ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Epic Games kicks off Fortnite alpha on Dec. 2 '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ S. Good , Owen ( March 24 , 2015 ) . `` Fortnite kicks off second closed alpha with a livestream this afternoon '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Tach , Dave ( June 8 , 2015 ) . `` Epic 's Fortnite coming to Mac , beta hits this fall '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pereira , Chris ( March 17 , 2016 ) .", "14": "`` Epic 's Fortnite Still in Development , But Paragon Comes First '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Hall , Charlie ( June 8 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite announces early access release , hands - on the unfinished game '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on November 23 , 2017 . Retrieved June 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Early Access has started for those who pre-ordered Founder 's Packs '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved July 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Valdes , Giancarlo ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Story Behind ' Fortnite 's ' Less Popular Mode '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Tom ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Gearbox to publish Epic 's Fortnite on disc '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on June 21 , 2017 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crecente , Brian ( January 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fortnite : Battle Royale ' : The Evolution of World 's Largest Battle Royale Game '' . Glixel . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Fortnite 's Huge Success Means Its Studio 's Other Game Might Not Live On '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 27 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Schreier , Jason ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` After Fortnite 's Massive Success , Epic Shuts Down Paragon '' . Kotaku .", "15": "Archived from the original on January 26 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hastings , Dan ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` Could Fortnite 's Save The World mode be next on Epic 's kill list ? '' . VG247 . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Winkie , Luke ( April 3 , 2018 ) . `` How Fortnite PvE fans feel about Battle Royale taking over the game they love '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2018 . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arini , Tini ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` The Evolution Of Fortnite To Something Less Creepy '' . Kotaku . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Good , Owen ( July 8 , 2014 ) . `` Epic 's free - to - play Fortnite delivers a suspense - filled finish '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved November 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Orland , Kyle ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite devs inadvertently prove cross-console play is possible '' . Ars Technica . Archived from the original on September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Jordan ( August 19 , 2017 ) . `` Fortnite Celebrates One Million Players ; New Survival Mode Announced '' . Dualshockers . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Eurogamer staff ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Eurogamer 's Top 50 Games of 2017 : 40 -- 31 '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 .", "16": "Jump up ^ PC Gamer staff ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Games of the Year 2017 : The nominees '' . PC Gamer . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 2017 Awards : Best Spectator Game '' . IGN . December 20 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Game Awards 2017 Winners Headlined By Zelda : Breath Of The Wild 's Game Of The Year '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2017 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' Apes , ' ' Blade Runner 2049 ' Lead Feature Nominees '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Visual Effects Society Awards : ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Wins Big '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on February 14 , 2018 . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( January 14 , 2018 ) . `` Game Of The Year Nominees Announced For DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` Legend Of Zelda : Breath Of The Wild Wins Game Of The Year At DICE Awards '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2018 . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNeill , Andrew ( January 31 , 2018 ) .", "17": "`` Here Are Your 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Finalists ! '' . SXSW . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards Winners Revealed '' . IGN . March 17 , 2018 . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ deAlessandri , Marie ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` Hellblade : Senua 's Sacrifice at forefront of BAFTA Games Awards nominations '' . The Market for Computer & Video Games . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2018 . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Makedonski , Brett ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` BAFTA names What Remains of Edith Finch its best game of 2017 '' . Destructoid . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( April 24 , 2018 ) . `` JAY - Z , RuPaul , Lady Gaga , Katy Perry & Kourtney Kardashian Among 2018 Webby Award Winners : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2018 . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Retail versions published by Gearbox Publishing External links Official website ( hide ) Epic Games Games Jazz Jackrabbit series Jazz Jackrabbit Jazz Jackrabbit 2 Unreal series Unreal Tournament ( 1999 ) Tournament 2003 Championship Tournament 2004 Championship 2 : The Liandri Conflict Tournament 3 Tournament ( upcoming ) Gears of War series Gears of War Gears of War 2 Gears of War 3 Gears of War : Judgment Infinity Blade series Infinity Blade Infinity Blade II Infinity Blade III Other games ZZT Jill of the Jungle Kiloblaster Silverball Xargon Extreme Pinball 7th Legion Age of Wonders Shadow Complex Bulletstorm Robo Recall Paragon Fortnite ( Battle Royale ) Subsidiaries Current Chair Entertainment Former Safari Software Impossible Studios Titan Studios Pitbull Studio People Can Fly People Current Tim Sweeney Mark Rein Steve Polge Sjoerd De Jong Former Rod Fergusson Cliff Bleszinski Mike Capps Technology Unreal Engine Epic Citadel Related List of Unreal Engine games Make Something Unreal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "19": "php?title=Fortnite&oldid=838517375 '' Categories : Cooperative video games Early access video games Epic Games games Free - to - play video games MacOS games PlayStation 4 games Survival video games Unreal Engine games Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 Video games developed in Poland Video games developed in the United States Video games with cross-platform play Windows games Xbox One games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Hidden categories : Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from April 2018 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Català Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français Gaeilge Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 14 : 38 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 0, 19, 13, 16, 17, 18 ]

[ "Jackie Robinson", "Jackie Robinson", "Jackie Robinson", "Jackie Robinson" ]

{ "0": "List of people on the postage stamps of the United States - wikipedia List of people on the postage stamps of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article lists people who have been featured on United States postage stamps , listed by their name , the year they were first featured on a stamp , and a very short description of their notability . Since the United States Post Office issued its first stamp in 1847 , over 4,000 stamps have been issued and over 800 people featured . Many of these people ( especially the earlier Presidents ) have been featured on multiple stamps . For the purpose of this list , `` featured '' may mean : The likeness of a person , The name of a person , or People who have neither their likeness nor name on a stamp , but are documented by the United States Postal Service as being the subject of a stamp ( see Reference ) . Contents J O Q V X Y Z See also References John Quincy Adams on a 1938 stamp Edwin Austin Abbey ( 2001 ) Illustrator Bud Abbott ( 1991 ) Comedian Edward R. Abrams ( 2008 ) Actor Dean Acheson ( 1993 ) Secretary of State Roy Acuff ( 2003 ) Country singer , musician , and songwriter Abigail Adams ( 1985 ) First Lady Ansel Adams ( 2002 ) Photographer John Adams ( 1938 ) 2nd President Jane Addams on a 1940 stamp John Quincy Adams ( 1938 ) 6th President Samuel Adams ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Jane Addams ( 1940 ) Social Worker Alvin Ailey ( 2004 ) Choreographer Josef Albers ( 1980 ) Artist Louisa May Alcott ( 1940 ) Author Buzz Aldrin ( 1994 ) Astronaut , engineer Horatio Alger , Jr. ( 1982 ) Author Dante Alighieri ( 1965 ) Poet Louisa May Alcott on a 1940 stamp Ethan Allen ( 1955 ) Green Mountain Boys leader Gracie Allen ( 2009 ) Comedian Richard Allen ( 2016 ) African - American bishop ,", "1": "founder of AME Church Steve Allen ( 2009 ) Comedian Fran Allison ( 2009 ) Actress C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson ( 2014 ) Aviator Gilbert M. Anderson ( Broncho Billy Anderson ) ( 1998 ) Actor Marian Anderson ( 2005 ) Contralto Susan B. Anthony ( 1936 ) Suffragist , feminist , and abolitionist Antonello da Messina ( 1990 ) Painter Maya Angelou ( 2015 ) African American writer Virginia Apgar ( 1994 ) Physician Dante Alighieri on a 1965 stamp Johnny Appleseed ( 1966 ) Conservationist Harold Arlen ( 1996 ) Composer Johnny Appleseed on a 1966 stamp Edwin Armstrong ( 1983 ) FM radio inventor Louis Armstrong ( 1995 ) Jazz singer , musician , and songwriter Neil Armstrong ( 1969 ) Astronaut Desi Arnaz ( 1999 ) Actor , producer and singer Henry Harley `` Hap '' Arnold ( 1988 ) Air Force General Chester A. Arthur ( 1938 ) 21st President Arthur Ashe ( 2005 ) Tennis player Susan B. Anthony on a 1955 stamp John James Audubon ( 1940 ) Naturalist , painter John James Audubon on a 1940 stamp Stephen F. Austin ( 1936 ) Texas colonizer Gene Autry ( 2010 ) Actor John Barry and John Paul Jones as featured on a postage stamp Mildred Bailey ( 1994 ) Jazz singer Ella Baker ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Josephine Baker ( 2008 ) Singer George Balanchine ( 2004 ) Choreographer Vasco Núñez de Balboa ( 1913 ) Explorer Abraham Baldwin ( 1985 ) Statesman James Baldwin ( 2004 ) Author Lucille Ball ( 2001 ) Actress Benjamin Banneker ( 1980 ) Surveyor , astronomer ,", "2": "mathematician and almanac author Theda Bara ( 1994 ) Actress Francis Barbé - Marbois ( 1953 ) Louisiana Purchase negotiator Samuel Barber ( 1997 ) Composer John Bardeen ( 2008 ) Physicist John Barry ( 1745 -- 1803 ) ( 1936 ) Naval officer Ethel Barrymore ( 1982 ) Actress John Barrymore ( 1982 ) Actor Clara Barton on a 1948 stamp Lionel Barrymore ( 1982 ) Actor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi ( 1985 ) Statue of Liberty sculptor Josiah Bartlett ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Clara Barton ( 1948 ) American Red Cross founder John Bartram ( 1999 ) Botanist William Bartram ( 1999 ) Botanist Count Basie ( 1996 ) Jazz musician , bandleader , and composer John Basilone ( 2005 ) Marine , Medal of Honor recipient Daisy Bates ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader James Beard ( 2014 ) Chef , TV personality , cookbook author Romare Bearden ( 2011 ) Artist The Beatles ( 1999 ) Rock music band Jim Beckwourth ( 1994 ) Explorer Norman Bel Geddes ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Alexander Graham Bell ( 1940 ) Scientist , engineer , and telephone inventor Alexander Graham Bell on a 1940 stamp Giovanni Bellini ( 1992 ) Painter Ruth Benedict ( 1995 ) Anthropologist Stephen Vincent Benét ( 1998 ) Author Jack Benny ( 1991 ) Comedian Thomas Hart Benton ( 1971 ) Painter Edgar Bergen ( 1991 ) Ventriloquist Milton Berle ( 2009 ) Comedian Irving Berlin ( 2002 ) Composer Montgomery Blair on a 1963 stamp Leonard Bernstein ( 2001 ) Conductor ,", "3": "composer Mary McLeod Bethune ( 1985 ) Civil Rights advocate Albert Bierstadt ( 1998 ) Painter Hiram Bingham IV ( 2006 ) Diplomat George Caleb Bingham ( 1998 ) Painter Simón Bolívar on a 1958 stamp Elizabeth Bishop ( 2012 ) Poet Emily Bissell ( 1980 ) Social Worker Hugo L. Black ( 1986 ) Supreme Court Justice Elizabeth Blackwell ( 1974 ) 1st U.S. female physician Elizabeth Blackwell on a 1974 stamp Montgomery Blair ( 1963 ) Lawyer , politician , postmaster general Eubie Blake ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and songwriter Harlon Block ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Nellie Bly ( 2002 ) Journalist Humphrey Bogart ( 1997 ) Actor Charles E. Bohlen ( 2006 ) Diplomat Simón Bolívar ( 1958 ) South American revolutionary Daniel Boone ( 1942 ) Frontiersman Sandro Botticelli ( 1981 ) Painter Clara Bow ( 1994 ) Actress William Boyd ( 2009 ) Actor Elizabeth Boyer ( 2008 ) Actress John Bradley ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Omar N. Bradley ( 2000 ) World War II Army General Louis Brandeis ( 2009 ) Supreme Court justice Mary Breckinridge ( 1998 ) Frontier Nursing Services founder William Brennan Jr. ( 2009 ) Supreme Court justice Fanny Brice ( 1991 ) Comedian Jim Bridger ( 1994 ) Western pioneer Joseph Brodsky ( 2012 ) Poet Gwendolyn Brooks ( 2012 ) Poet William Jennings Bryan ( 1986 ) Lawyer , politician Paul `` Bear '' Bryant ( 1997 ) Football coach James Buchanan ( 1938 ) 15th President Pearl S. Buck ( 1983 ) Author Charles Bulfinch ( 1979 ) Architect Ralph Bunche ( 1982 ) Diplomat ,", "4": "Nobel Laureate Luther Burbank ( 1940 ) Horticulturist Julia de Burgos ( 2010 ) Poet Arleigh Albert Burke ( 2010 ) Admiral Luther Burbank on a 1940 stamp John Burgoyne ( 1927 ) Revolutionary War General George Burns ( 2009 ) Comedian Raymond Burr ( 2009 ) Actor Edgar Rice Burroughs ( 2012 ) Author Richard E. Byrd ( 1988 ) Antarctic explorer Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo ( 1992 ) Explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac on a 1951 stamp Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac ( 1951 ) Explorer James Cagney ( 1999 ) Actor Alexander Calder ( 1998 ) Sculptor Melvin Calvin ( 2011 ) Chemist Walter Camp ( 2003 ) Football coach Roy Campanella ( 2006 ) Baseball player Zachary Canter ( 2000 ) Child stamp design contest winner Frank Capra ( 2012 ) Motion picture director Hattie Caraway ( 2001 ) 1st female senator Chester Carlson ( 1988 ) Xerox inventor Hoagy Carmichael ( 1996 ) Musician , composer ,", "5": "and actor Andrew Carnegie on a 1960 stamp Andrew Carnegie ( 1960 ) Philanthropist Art Carney ( 2009 ) Actor Ludovico Carracci ( 1989 ) Painter Charles Carroll of Carrollton ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Kit Carson ( 1994 ) Frontiersman Rachel Carson ( 1981 ) Environmentalist George Washington Carver on a 1948 stamp Alvin Pleasant Delaney Carter ( 1993 ) Country musician Maybelle Carter ( 1993 ) Country singer and musician Sara Carter ( 1993 ) Country singer and musician Philip Carteret ( 1964 ) Explorer Enrico Caruso ( 1987 ) Tenor George Washington Carver ( 1948 ) Botanist Johnny Cash ( 2013 ) Singer Nellie Cashman ( 1994 ) Prospector Mary Cassatt on a 1966 stamp Mary Cassatt ( 1966 ) Painter John Cassavetes ( 2003 ) Motion picture director Willa Cather on a 1973 stamp Willa Sibert Cather ( 1973 ) Author George Catlin ( 1998 ) Painter Wilt Chamberlain ( 2014 ) Basketball player Carrie Chapman Catt ( 1948 ) Suffragist Ignacio Chacón ( 2006 ) Painter Samuel de Champlain ( 2006 ) Explorer Lon Chaney , Jr. ( 1997 ) Actor Lon Chaney , Sr.", "6": "( 1994 ) Actor Octave Chanute ( 1979 ) Aviation pioneer Charlie Chaplin ( 1994 ) Actor Dave Chapman ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Jean - Baptiste - Siméon Chardin ( 1974 ) Painter Ray Charles ( 2013 ) Musician Samuel Chase ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Martha Chase ( 1997 ) Doll designer César Chávez ( 2003 ) Labor rights leader Dennis Chavez ( 1991 ) Senator Joyce Chen ( 2014 ) Chef , TV personality , cookbook author Claire Chennault ( 1990 ) Aviator Mary Chesnut ( 1995 ) Civil War diarist Charles W. Chesnutt ( 2008 ) Writer Julia Child ( 2014 ) Chef , TV personality , cookbook author Shirley Chisholm ( 2014 ) Congresswoman Frederic Edwin Church ( 1998 ) Painter Winston Churchill on a 1965 stamp Winston Churchill ( 1965 ) British Prime Minister Giovanni Battista Cima ( 1993 ) Painter Abraham Clark ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer George Rogers Clark ( 1929 ) Revolutionary War officer Grenville Clark ( 1985 ) Author William Clark ( 1954 ) Explorer Henry Clay , 1902 stamp Henry Clay ( 1870 , 1902 ) Statesman Samuel L. Clemens ( 1940 ) Author Roberto Clemente ( 1984 & 2000 ) Baseball player Grover Cleveland on a 1923 stamp Grover Cleveland ( 1923 ) 22nd & 24th President J.R. Clifford ( 2009 ) Attorney Patsy Cline ( 1993 ) Country singer and musician George Clinton ( 1976 ) Continental Congressman George Clymer ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer David Cobb ( 1976 ) Congressional Representative , 3rd U.S.", "7": "Congress Ty Cobb ( 2000 ) Baseball player Alvin Langdon Coburn ( 2002 ) Photographer Jacqueline Cochran ( 1996 ) Aviator Mickey Cochrane ( 2000 ) Baseball player Victoria Codona ( 2014 ) Circus performer Buffalo Bill Cody ( 1988 ) Wild West showman George M. Cohan ( 1978 ) Actor , playwright Claudette Colbert ( 2012 ) Actress Nat King Cole ( 1994 ) Singer , musician , and songwriter Bessie Coleman ( 1995 ) 1st African American female pilot Eddie Collins ( 2000 ) Baseball player John Coltrane ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer Christopher Columbus ( 1893 ) Explorer Henry Comstock ( 1959 ) Prospector James Cook ( 1978 ) Explorer Calvin Coolidge on a 1938 stamp Calvin Coolidge ( 1938 ) 30th President Anna Julia Cooper ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Gary Cooper ( 1990 , 2009 ) Actor James Fenimore Cooper ( 1940 ) Author Nicolaus Copernicus on a 1973 stamp Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1973 ) Astronomer Elizabeth Clarke Copley ( 1965 ) Portrait subject on a stamp honoring John Singleton Copley John Singleton Copley ( 1965 ) Painter Gerty Cori ( 2008 ) Biochemist Charles Cornwallis ( 1930 ) Revolutionary War General Dean Cornwell ( 2001 ) Illustrator Francisco Vásquez de Coronado ( 1940 ) Explorer Lorenzo Costa ( 2001 ) Painter Lou Costello ( 1991 ) Comedian Crazy Horse ( 1982 ) Oglala Sioux warrior Gustaf Philip Creutz ( 1983 ) Swedish statesman , poet and diplomat Davy Crockett ( 1967 ) Alamo defender Davy Crockett on a 1966 stamp Bing Crosby ( 1994 ) Singer , actor Percy Crosby ( 1997 ) Cartoonist Jim Crowley ( 1998 ) Football player Celia Cruz ( 2011 ) Musician E.E.", "8": "Cummings ( 2012 ) Poet Imogen Cunningham ( 2002 ) Photographer Nathaniel Currier ( 1976 ) Lithographer Glenn Curtiss ( 1980 ) Aviation pioneer Harvey Cushing ( 1988 ) Neurosurgeon Manasseh Cutler ( 1937 ) Northwest Territory pioneer John Dewey on a 1968 stamp Daniel Daly ( 2005 ) Marine ; Medal of Honor recipient Virginia Dare ( 1937 ) First white child born in the English American colonies Gerard David ( 1979 ) Painter Alexander Jackson Davis ( 1980 ) Architect Walt Disney on a 1968 stamp Allison Davis ( 1994 ) Educator , anthropologist Benjamin Oliver Davis , Sr.", "9": "( 1997 ) Army General Bette Davis ( 2008 ) Actress Jefferson Davis ( 1970 ) Confederate President Miles Davis ( 2012 ) Jazz musician Stuart Davis ( 2013 ) Modern artist Julia de Burgos ( 2010 ) Puerto Rican writer and poet Agnes de Mille ( 2004 ) Choreographer Dizzy Dean ( 2000 ) Baseball player James Dean ( 1996 ) Actor Stephen Decatur ( 1936 ) Naval officer Lee De Forest ( 1973 ) Vacuum Tube Inventor Willem de Kooning ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Andrea della Robbia ( 1978 ) Sculptor Frederick Douglass on a 1967 stamp Luca della Robbia ( 1985 ) Sculptor Cecil B. DeMille ( 2003 ) Motion picture producer Jack Dempsey ( 1998 ) Boxer Charles Demuth ( 2013 ) Modern artist Donald Deskey ( 2011 ) Industrial designer John Foster Dulles on a 1960 stamp George Dewey ( 1936 ) Navy Admiral John Dewey ( 1968 ) Educator Emily Dickinson ( 1971 ) Poet John Dickinson ( 1976 ) American lawyer and Governor of Delaware and Pennsylvania William Dickson ( 1996 ) Motion picture camera inventor Everett Dirksen ( 1981 ) Senator Joe DiMaggio ( 2012 ) Baseball player Walt Disney ( 1968 ) Motion picture producer , animator Dorothea Dix ( 1983 ) Mental health advocate Larry Doby ( 2012 ) Baseball player Jimmy Dorsey ( 1996 ) Jazz musician and bandleader Tommy Dorsey ( 1996 ) Jazz musician and bandleader Aaron Douglas ( 2013 ) Modern artist Stephen A. Douglas ( 1958 ) Politician Frederick Douglass ( 1967 ) Abolitionist Arthur Dove ( 2013 ) Modern artist Charles R. Drew ( 1981 ) Surgeon Henry Dreyfuss ( 2011 ) Industrial designer W.E.B.", "10": "Du Bois ( 1992 ) Civil Rights advocate Marcel Duchamp ( 2013 ) Modern Artist John Foster Dulles ( 1960 ) Secretary of State Paul Laurence Dunbar ( 1975 ) Poet Paul Laurence Dunbar on a 1975 stamp Isadora Duncan ( 2012 ) Dancer Katherine Dunham ( 2012 ) Choreographer Harvey Dunn ( 2001 ) Illustrator Asher B. Durand ( 1998 ) Painter Thomas Eakins on a 1967 stamp Eddie Eagan ( 1990 ) Boxer , bobsledder Thomas Eakins ( 1967 ) Painter , sculptor Amelia Earhart on a 1963 stamp Charles and Ray Eames ( 2008 ) Industrial design , furniture design Amelia Earhart ( 1963 ) Aviator Wyatt Earp ( 1994 ) Gunfighter George Eastman on a 1954 stamp George Eastman ( 1954 ) Roll film inventor Thomas Alva Edison ( 1947 ) Inventor Albert Einstein ( 1966 ) Physicist Albert Einstein on a 1966 stamp Billy Eisengrein ( 2002 ) Ground Zero firefighter Dwight D. Eisenhower ( 1969 ) 34th President Charles W. Eliot ( 1940 ) Educator Thomas Stearns Eliot ( 1986 ) Poet Dwight D.", "11": "Eisenhower on a 1970 stamp William Ellery ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Edward Kennedy `` Duke '' Ellington ( 1986 ) Jazz musician and composer Ralph Ellison ( 2014 ) Author and literary critic Lincoln Ellsworth ( 1988 ) Antarctic explorer Leif Ericson on a 1968 stamp Ralph Waldo Emerson ( 1940 ) Author John Ericsson ( 1926 ) Inventor Leif Ericson ( 1968 ) Explorer Jaime Escalante ( 2016 ) Educator Walker Evans ( 2002 ) Photographer Medgar Evers ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Ray Ewry ( 1990 ) Track & field athlete Jan van Eyck ( 1968 ) Painter Millard Fillmore on a 1938 stamp Douglas Fairbanks ( 1984 ) Actor Cal Farley ( 1996 ) Boys Ranch founder Philo T. Farnsworth ( 1983 ) TV camera inventor David G. Farragut ( 1903 ) 1st Navy Admiral William Cuthbert Faulkner ( 1987 ) Author Henry Ford on a 1968 stamp Robert Fawcett ( 2001 ) Illustrator Edna Ferber ( 2002 ) Author Perry Ferguson ( 2003 ) Motion picture art director Peter Francisco on a 1975 stamp Enrico Fermi ( 2001 ) Physicist José Ferrer ( 2012 ) Actor Richard Feynman ( 2005 ) Physicist Arthur Fiedler ( 1997 ) Conductor Dorothy Fields ( 1996 ) Lyricist W.C.", "12": "Fields ( 1980 ) Actor , comedian Millard Fillmore ( 1938 ) 13th President John C. Fremont on an 1898 stamp Ella Fitzgerald ( 2007 ) Jazz singer F. Scott Fitzgerald ( 1996 ) Author James Montgomery Flagg ( 2001 ) Illustrator Robert Frost , 1974 Father Edward J. Flanagan ( 1986 ) Orphan advocate William Floyd ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Henry Fonda ( 2005 ) Actor Lynn Fontanne ( 1999 ) Actress Gerald R. Ford ( 2007 ) President of the United States John Ford ( 2012 ) Motion picture director Henry Ford ( 1968 ) Industrialist Bob Fosse ( 2012 ) Choreographer John Foster ( 1998 ) Printer Rube Foster ( 2010 ) Baseball player Stephen Collins Foster ( 1940 ) Composer Four Chaplains ( 1948 ) Died during the Dorchester sinking George L. Fox , Chaplain ( 1st Lt . ) , U.S. Army ( 1948 ) Jimmie Foxx ( 2000 ) Baseball player Saint Francis of Assisi ( 1982 ) Franciscan Order founder Peter Francisco ( 1975 ) Revolutionary War soldier Felix Frankfurter ( 2009 ) Supreme Court justice Benjamin Franklin ( 1847 ) 1st Postmaster , statesman , scientist Benjamin Franklin on the first US stamp , 1847 Elizabeth Freake ( 1998 ) Portrait subject Mary Freake ( 1998 ) Portrait subject John C. Fremont ( 1898 ) and ( 1994 ) Explorer ,", "13": "Senator Daniel Chester French ( 1940 ) Sculptor Arthur Burdett Frost ( 2001 ) Illustrator Robert Frost ( 1974 ) Poet Buckminster Fuller ( 2004 ) Inventor Robert Fulton on a 1965 stamp Robert Fulton ( 1909 ) Steamboat inventor Frank Furness ( 1980 ) Architect Albert Gallatin on a 1967 stamp Clark Gable ( 1990 ) Actor Rene Gagnon ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Thomas Gainsborough ( 1974 ) Painter Albert Gallatin ( 1967 ) Secretary of the Treasury Thomas H. Gallaudet ( 1983 ) Educator Bernardo de Galvez ( 1980 ) Revolutionary War General Mohandas Gandhi ( 1961 ) Indian patriot Greta Garbo ( 2005 ) Actress Carlos Gardel ( 2011 ) Singer Walter F. George on a 1960 stamp James A. Garfield ( 1882 ) 20th President Giuseppe Garibaldi ( 1960 ) Italian patriot Judy Garland ( 1990 ) Actress Erroll Garner ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer Lou Gehrig ( 1989 ) Baseball player Theodor Seuss Geisel ( 1999 ) Author & illustrator Martha Gellhorn ( 2008 ) Journalist Walter F. George ( 1960 ) Senator Geronimo ( 1994 ) Apache leader Elbridge Gerry ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Amadeo P. Giannini on a 1973 stamp George Gershwin ( 1973 ) Composer and musician Ira Gershwin ( 1999 ) Lyricist Domenico Ghirlandaio ( 1975 ) Painter Amadeo P.", "14": "Giannini ( 1973 ) Bank of America founder Josiah Willard Gibbs ( 2005 ) Thermodynamicist Josh Gibson ( 2000 ) Baseball player Althea Gibson ( 2013 ) Tennis player John Gilbert ( 1994 ) Actor Lillian Moller Gilbreth ( 1984 ) Industrial engineer Giorgio Barbarelli Giorgione ( 1971 ) Painter Giotto di Bondone ( 1995 ) Painter Jackie Gleason ( 2009 ) Comedian Robert H. Goddard on a 1964 stamp Robert H. Goddard ( 1964 ) Rocket scientist Maria Goeppert - Mayer ( 2011 ) Physicist George W. Goethals ( 1939 ) Panama Canal engineer Rube Goldberg ( 1995 ) Cartoonist Samuel Gompers ( 1950 ) Labor union leader Samuel Gompers on a 1950 stamp Alexander D. Goode , Ph. D. ( 1948 ) Chaplain ( 1st Lt . ) , U.S. Army ( 1948 ) Benny Goodman ( 1996 ) Jazz musician and bandleader Charles Goodnight ( 1994 ) Cattle rancher Arshile Gorky ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Horace Greeley on a 1961 stamp Jan Gossaert ( 2002 ) Painter Adolph Gottlieb ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Louis Moreau Gottschalk ( 1997 ) Composer Francisco Goya ( 1974 ) Painter Martha Graham ( 2004 ) Choreographer Red Grange ( 2003 ) Football player Cary Grant ( 2002 ) Actor Ulysses S. Grant ( 1890 ) 18th President François Joseph Paul Grasse ( 1931 ) Revolutionary War Admiral Asa Gray ( 2011 ) Botanist Horace Greeley ( 1961 ) Journalist Adolphus W.", "15": "Greely ( 1986 ) Arctic explorer David Wark Griffith on a 1975 stamp Hank Greenberg ( 2006 ) Baseball player Nathanael Greene ( 1936 ) Revolutionary War General Ludwig Greiner ( 1997 ) Doll designer David Wark Griffith ( 1975 ) Motion picture producer Ferde Grofé ( 1997 ) Composer Walter Gropius ( 1982 ) Architect Thomas Grosvenor ( 1968 ) Revolutionary War soldier Lefty Grove ( 2000 ) Baseball player Johnny Gruelle ( 1997 ) Doll designer Johann Gutenberg ( 1952 ) Printing press inventor Woody Guthrie ( 1998 ) Folk singer , songwriter , and musician Nathan Hale on a 1925 stamp Philip Habib ( 2006 ) Diplomat George Halas ( 1997 ) Football coach Dag Hammarskjöld on a 1962 stamp Nathan Hale ( 1925 ) Revolutionary War officer Bill Haley ( 1993 ) Rock and roll singer , musician , and songwriter Fannie Lou Hamer ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Alexander Hamilton ( 1870 ) Statesman William Christopher Handy on a 1969 stamp Alice Hamilton ( 1995 ) Physician Dag Hammarskjöld ( 1962 ) United Nations Secretary General Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1999 ) Musical theater writer John Hancock ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Winfield Hancock ( 1995 ) Civil War General William Christopher Handy ( 1969 ) Blues musician and composer John Hanson ( 1981 ) President of Continental Congress Yip Harburg ( 2005 ) Lyricist Benjamin Harrison on a 1902 stamp Warren G. Harding ( 1923 ) 29th President Oliver Hardy ( 1991 ) Comedian William Harnett ( 1969 ) Painter William Harnett on a 1969 stamp Joel Chandler Harris ( 1948 ) Journalist Patricia Roberts Harris ( 2000 ) Presidential Cabinet member ,", "16": "ambassador Benjamin Harrison ( 1902 ) 23rd President Benjamin Harrison V ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer William Henry Harrison ( 1938 ) 9th President Ray Harroun ( 2011 ) Racecar driver Lorenz Hart ( 1999 ) Lyricist Oliver Wendell Holmes , on a 1968 stamp Moss Hart ( 2004 ) Playwright William S. Hart ( 2010 ) Actor Bret Harte ( 1987 ) Author David Hartley ( 1983 ) Treaty of Paris signatory Marsden Hartley ( 2013 ) Modern artist John Harvard ( 1986 ) Harvard College benefactor Josiah Johnson Hawes ( 2002 ) Photographer Coleman Hawkins ( 1995 ) Jazz musician Nathaniel Hawthorne ( 1983 ) Author Robert Hayden ( 2012 ) Poet Helen Hayes ( 2011 ) Actress Ira Hayes ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Herbert Hoover , on a 1965 stamp Mary Ludwig Hays ( Molly Pitcher ) ( 1928 ) Battlefield volunteer Rutherford B. Hayes ( 1922 ) 19th President Edith Head ( 2003 ) Costume designer Martin Johnson Heade ( 2004 ) Painter Mark Hopkins on a 1940 stamp John Held , Jr. ( 2001 ) Illustrator Sam Houston on a 1963 stamp Ernest Hemingway ( 1989 ) Author Jimi Hendrix ( 2014 ) Musician O. Henry ( 2012 ) Author Patrick Henry ( 1955 ) American Revolution orator Jim Henson ( 2005 ) Muppets creator Matthew Alexander Henson ( 1986 ) Arctic explorer Elias Howe , on a 1940 stamp Audrey Hepburn ( 2003 ) Actress Katharine Hepburn ( 2010 ) Actress Victor Herbert ( 1940 ) Composer Nicholas Herkimer ( 1977 ) Revolutionary War General Bernard Herrmann ( 1999 ) Composer John Hersey ( 2008 ) Journalist Milton S. Hershey ( 1995 ) Confectioner Charlton Heston ( 2014 ) Actor Joseph Hewes ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Thomas Heyward , Jr.", "17": "( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Wild Bill Hickok ( 1994 ) Gunfighter Marguerite Higgins ( 2002 ) Journalist Morgan Hill ( 2000 ) Child stamp design contest winner Lewis Hine ( 2002 ) Photographer John L. Hines ( 2000 ) World War I General Alfred Hitchcock ( 1998 ) Motion picture director James Hoban ( 1981 ) White House architect Oveta Culp Hobby ( 2011 ) Women 's Army Corps officer Hans Hofmann ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist painter Katsushika Hokusai ( 1974 ) Painter Billie Holiday ( 1994 ) Jazz singer Hollow Horn Bear ( 1923 ) Brulé Sioux leader Buddy Holly ( 1993 ) Rock and roll singer , musician , and songwriter Oliver Wendell Holmes ( 1968 ) Supreme Court Justice Winslow Homer ( 1962 ) Painter William Hooper ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Herbert Hoover ( 1965 ) 31st President Bob Hope ( 2009 ) Comedian Johns Hopkins ( 1989 ) Philanthropist Mark Hopkins ( 1940 ) Educator Stephen Hopkins ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Francis Hopkinson ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Edward Hopper ( 1970 ) Painter Rogers Hornsby ( 2000 ) Baseball player Harry Houdini ( 2002 ) Magician Charles Hamilton Houston ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Sam Houston ( 1963 ) Texas Governor Elias Howe ( 1940 ) Inventor Julia Ward Howe ( 1987 ) Abolitionist Chester `` Howlin ' Wolf '' Burnett ( 1994 ) Blues singer , musician ,", "18": "and songwriter Edwin Hubble ( 2000 ) Astronomer Henry Hudson ( 1909 ) Explorer Charles Evans Hughes ( 1962 ) Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes on a 1962 stamp Langston Hughes ( 2002 ) Author Cordell Hull on a 1964 stamp Cordell Hull ( 1963 ) Secretary of State Hubert Humphrey ( 1991 ) Vice President Richard Morris Hunt ( 1981 ) Architect Samuel Huntington ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Ruby Hurley ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Zora Neale Hurston ( 2003 ) Author John Huston ( 2012 ) Motion picture director Washington Irving on a 1940 stamp Washington Irving ( 1940 ) Author Isabella I of Castile ( 1893 ) Queen of Spain , funded Christopher Columbus 's voyage Charles Ives ( 1997 ) Composer Frederic E. Ives ( 1996 ) Halftone printing inventor James Ives ( 1974 ) Lithographer J ( edit ) Thomas Jefferson on a 1922 stamp Andrew Jackson ( 1861 ) 7th President Andrew Jackson on a 1967 stamp Mahalia Jackson ( 1998 ) Gospel singer Thomas `` Stonewall '' Jackson ( 1937 ) Confederate Army General Lyndon B. Johnson on a 1973 stamp Henry James ( 2016 ) Writer John Jay ( 1958 ) New York Governor , statesman , Chief Justice of Supreme Court Robinson Jeffers ( 1973 ) Poet Thomas Jefferson ( 1861 ) 3rd President Jesus ( 1966 ) Christianity founder Chief Joseph on a 1968 stamp Andrew Johnson ( 1938 ) 17th President Eastman Johnson ( 1976 ) Painter George Johnson ( 2002 ) Ground Zero firefighter James P. Johnson ( 1995 ) Composer James Weldon Johnson ( 1988 ) Author John H. Johnson ( 2012 ) Publisher Joshua Johnson ( 1998 ) Painter Lady Bird Johnson ( 2012 ) First Lady Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1973 ) 36th President Robert Johnson ( 1994 ) Blues singer , musician ,", "19": "and songwriter Walter Johnson ( 2000 ) Baseball player William Johnson ( artist ) ( 2012 ) Artist Joseph E. Johnston ( 1995 ) Confederate Army General Louis Jolliet ( 1968 ) Explorer Al Jolson ( 1994 ) Singer and actor Casey Jones ( 1950 ) Railroad engineer John Paul Jones ( 1936 ) Revolutionary War Naval Captain Bobby Jones ( 1981 ) Golfer Scott Joplin ( 1983 ) Ragtime musician and composer Barbara Jordan ( 2011 ) Congresswoman Louis Jordan ( 2008 ) Musician / singer Chief Joseph ( 1968 ) Nez Perce warrior Percy Lavon Julian ( 1993 ) Chemist Ernest E. Just ( 1996 ) Biologist Duke Kahanamoku ( 2002 ) Surfer , swimmer Frida Kahlo ( 2001 ) Painter Kamehameha I of Hawaii on a 1937 stamp Kamehameha I of Hawaii ( 1937 ) Hawaiian King Elisha Kent Kane ( 1986 ) Arctic explorer Boris Karloff ( 1997 ) Actor Theodore von Kármán ( 1992 ) Aerospace scientist Gertrude Käsebier ( 2002 ) Photographer John F. Kennedy on a 1964 stamp Stephen Watts Kearny ( 1946 ) Mexican American War officer Buster Keaton ( 1994 ) Actor Helen Keller ( 1980 ) Author , disability advocate Grace Kelly ( 1993 ) Actress and Princess of Monaco John Fitzgerald Kennedy ( 1964 ) 35th President Robert F. Kennedy ( 1979 ) Attorney General Rockwell Kent ( 2001 ) Illustrator Jerome Kern ( 1985 ) Composer André Kertész ( 2002 ) Hungarian photographer Francis Scott Key ( 1948 ) Star - Spangled Banner composer Martin Luther King , Jr.", "20": "( 1979 ) Civil Rights advocate Franz Kline ( 1998 ) Painter Henry Knox ( 1985 ) Revolutionary War General Erich Korngold ( 1999 ) Composer Tadeusz Kościuszko ( 1933 ) Polish - Lithuanian patriot Lajos Kossuth ( 1958 ) Hungarian patriot Fiorello LaGuardia on a 1972 stamp Marquis de Lafayette ( 1952 ) Revolutionary War General Fiorello H. La Guardia ( 1972 ) New York City Mayor Sidney Lanier on a 1972 stamp Dorothea Lange ( 2002 ) Photographer Samuel Pierpont Langley ( 1988 ) Aviation pioneer Sidney Lanier ( 1972 ) Poet Mary Lasker ( 2009 ) Philanthropist Robert E. Lee on a 1955 stamp Benjamin Latrobe ( 1979 ) Architect Frank C. Laubach ( 1984 ) Educator Stan Laurel ( 1991 ) Comedian Abraham Lincoln on a 1960 stamp John Laurens ( 1976 ) Revolutionary War soldier Elmer Layden ( 1998 ) Football coach Huddie Ledbetter ( 1998 ) Blues singer , musician , and songwriter Jason Lee ( 1948 ) Oregon Territory missionary Juliette Gordon Low on a 1948 stamp Richard Henry Lee ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Robert E. Lee ( 1937 ) Confederate Army General Vivien Leigh ( 1990 ) Actress Lillian Leitzel ( 2014 ) Circus gymnast John A. Lejeune ( 2005 ) Marine Corps Commandant Ponce de León ( 1982 ) Explorer Alan Jay Lerner ( 1999 ) Lyricist Emanuel Leutze ( 1976 ) Painter Denise Levertov ( 2012 ) Poet Edna Lewis ( 2014 ) Chef ,", "21": "cookbook author Francis Lewis ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Sybil Ludington on a 1975 stamp Meriwether Lewis ( 1954 ) Explorer Sinclair Lewis ( 1985 ) Author Joseph Christian Leyendecker ( 2001 ) Illustrator José Limón ( 2012 ) Choreographer Abraham Lincoln ( 1866 , 1954 ) 16th President Benjamin Lincoln ( 1976 ) Revolutionary War General Tad Lincoln ( 1984 ) son of Abraham Lincoln Charles Lindbergh ( 1927 ) Aviator Jean - Étienne Liotard ( 1974 ) Painter Fra Filippo Lippi ( 1984 ) Painter Walter Lippmann ( 1985 ) Journalist Sarah Lipsey ( 2000 ) Child stamp design contest winner Philip Livingston ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Robert R. Livingston ( 1904 ) Declaration of Independence drafter Harold Lloyd ( 1994 ) Actor Belva Ann Lockwood ( 1986 ) Lawyer , feminist Frank Loesser ( 1999 ) Composer Frederick Loewe ( 1999 ) Composer Raymond Loewy ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Vince Lombardi ( 1997 ) Football coach Jack London ( 1986 ) Author Crawford W. Long ( 1940 ) Physician Hillary Long ( 2014 ) Circus performer Henry Wadsworth Longfellow ( 1940 ) Poet Lorenzo Lotto ( 1970 ) Painter Joe Louis ( 1993 ) Boxer Louis XVI of France ( 1978 ) King of France , Revolutionary War supporter Juliette Gordon Low ( 1948 ) Girl Scouts of the USA founder James Russell Lowell ( 1940 ) Poet Henry R. Luce ( 1998 ) Publisher Sybil Ludington ( 1975 ) Revolutionary War heroine Bela Lugosi ( 1997 ) Actor Bernardino Luini ( 2007 ) Painter Alfred Lunt ( 1999 ) Actor Martin Luther ( 1983 ) Protestant reformer Thomas Lynch , Jr.", "22": "( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Mary Lyon ( 1987 ) Educator Clara Maass , on a 1976 stamp Clara Maass ( 1976 ) Nurse Douglas MacArthur ( 1971 ) Army general Thomas Macdonough ( 1937 ) Naval officer Edward MacDowell ( 1940 ) Composer Dolley Madison ( 1980 ) First Lady Helene Madison ( 1990 ) Swimmer James Madison ( 1894 , 1938 ) 4th President Ramon Magsaysay ( 1957 ) Philippine President Henry Mancini ( 2004 ) Composer Horace Mann ( 1940 ) Educator Ramon Magsaysay , on a 1957 stamp C.G.E. Mannerheim ( 1960 ) Finnish President Mickey Mantle ( 2006 ) Baseball player Rocky Marciano ( 1999 ) Boxer John Marin ( 2013 ) Modern artist Roger Maris ( 1999 ) Baseball player Jacques Marquette ( 1898 , 1968 ) Explorer George Catlett Marshall ( 1965 ) Secretary of State , Army general George Catlett Marshall on a 1967 stamp John Marshall ( 1894 ) Chief Justice Thurgood Marshall ( 2003 ) Supreme Court Justice Roberta Martin ( 1998 ) Gospel singer , musician , and songwriter Edgar Lee Masters on a 1970 stamp Mary ( The Madonna ) ( 1966 ) Central figure in Christianity Groucho Marx ( 2009 ) Comedian Tomáš Masaryk ( 1960 ) President of Czechoslovakia George Mason ( 1958 ) Statesman Edgar Lee Masters ( 1970 ) Poet Bat Masterson ( 1994 ) U.S.", "23": "marshal Richard Mather ( 1998 ) Painter Christy Mathewson ( 2000 ) Baseball player Paolo de Matteis ( 1996 ) Painter Jan Earnst Matzeliger ( 1991 ) Lasting machine inventor Bill Mauldin ( 2010 ) Cartoonist Bernard Maybeck ( 1981 ) Architect Charles Horace Mayo ( 1964 ) Surgeon William James Mayo ( 1964 ) Surgeon Philip Mazzei ( 1980 ) Revolutionary War supporter Ephraim McDowell , on a 1959 stamp Barbara McClintock ( 2005 ) Geneticist John McCloy ( 2010 ) Navy sailor John McCormack ( 1984 ) Tenor Cyrus Hall McCormick ( 1940 ) Mechanical reaper inventor Hattie McDaniel ( 2006 ) Actress Ephraim McDowell ( 1959 ) Surgeon Thomas McKean ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer William McKinley ( 1904 ) 25th President John McLoughlin ( 1948 ) Oregon Territory settler Brien McMahon on a 1962 stamp Brien McMahon ( 1962 ) Atomic Energy Act author Neysa McMein ( 2001 ) Illustrator Moina Michael on a 1948 stamp Clyde McPhatter ( 1993 ) R&B singer Dan McWilliams ( 2002 ) Ground Zero firefighter Margaret Mead ( 1998 ) Anthropologist George Meany ( 1994 ) Labor union leader Andrew W. Mellon ( 1955 ) Financier Herman Melville ( 1984 ) Author Hans Memling ( 1966 ) Painter Lydia Mendoza ( 2013 ) Guitarist and singer Johnny Mercer ( 1996 ) Composer and singer Ottmar Mergenthaler ( 1996 ) Linotype inventor Ethel Merman ( 1994 ) Singer , actress Moina Michael ( 1948 ) Memorial Poppy founder Oscar Micheaux ( 2010 ) Motion picture director James Michener ( 2008 ) Writer Arthur Middleton ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Harvey Milk ( 2014 ) Politician Edna St.", "24": "Vincent Millay ( 1981 ) Poet Don Miller ( 1998 ) Football player Doris Miller ( 2010 ) Navy veteran Glenn Miller ( 1996 ) Jazz musician , arranger , and composer Robert Millikan ( 1982 ) Physicist Charlie Mingus ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer Carmen Miranda ( 2011 ) Singer Billy Mitchell ( 1999 ) Air Force general Joan Mitchell ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Margaret Mitchell ( 1986 ) Author Tom Mix ( 2010 ) Actor Lorenzo Monaco ( 2004 ) Painter Thelonious Monk ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer James Monroe ( 1904 ) 5th President Marilyn Monroe ( 1995 ) Actress John Bassett Moore ( 1965 ) Jurist John Bassett Moore on a 1965 stamp Clayton Moore ( 2009 ) Actor Marianne Craig Moore ( 1990 ) Poet Thomas Moran ( 1998 ) Painter Giovanni Battista Moroni ( 1987 ) Painter Justin S. Morrill ( 1999 ) Senator Lewis Morris ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Robert Morris ( financier ) ( 1952 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Samuel F.B.", "25": "Morse ( 1940 ) Telegraph inventor Jelly Roll Morton ( originally Ferdinand J. La Menthe ) ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer Julius Sterling Morton ( 1932 ) Arbor Day founder Anna Mary Robertson Moses `` Grandma Moses '' ( 1969 ) Painter Grandma Moses on a 1969 stamp Horace A. Moses ( 1984 ) Junior Achievement founder Robert Motherwell ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Lucretia Mott ( 1948 ) Civil Rights advocate John Muir on a 1964 stamp John Muir ( 1964 ) Conservationist Peter Müller - Munk ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Luis Muñoz Marín ( 1980 ) First democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico Audie L. Murphy ( 2000 ) World War II soldier , actor Gerald Murphy ( 2013 ) Modern artist Robert Daniel Murphy ( 2006 ) Diplomat Edward R. Murrow ( 1994 ) Journalist Eadweard Muybridge ( 1996 ) Photographer Myron of Eleutherae ( 1932 ) Sculptor James Naismith on a 1961 stamp Bronco Nagurski ( 2003 ) Football player James Naismith ( 1961 ) Basketball inventor Ogden Nash ( 2002 ) Poet Harriet Nelson ( 2009 ) Actress Ozzie Nelson ( 2009 ) Actor Thomas Nelson , Jr. ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Louise Nevelson ( 2000 ) Sculptor Ernie Nevers ( 2003 ) Football player Ethelbert Nevin on a 1940 stamp Ethelbert Nevin ( 1940 ) Composer Alfred Newman ( 1999 ) Composer Barnett Newman ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Paul Newman ( 2015 ) Actor Jean Nicolet ( 1934 ) Explorer Chester W. Nimitz ( 1985 ) World War II Admiral Richard Nixon ( 1995 ) 37th President Alfred Nobel ( 2001 ) Philanthropist Isamu Noguchi ( 2004 ) Sculptor George W.", "26": "Norris ( 1961 ) Senator Eliot Noyes ( 2011 ) Industrial designer O ( edit ) Annie Oakley ( 1994 ) Sharpshooter Adolph S. Ochs on a 1976 stamp Adolph S. Ochs ( 1976 ) New York Times publisher Severo Ochoa ( 2011 ) Biochemist Flannery O'Connor ( 2015 ) Writer William Butler Ogden ( 1944 ) Railroad tycoon , first Mayor of Chicago James Edward Oglethorpe ( 1933 ) Georgia founder Georgia O'Keeffe ( 1996 , 2013 ) Painter Frederick Law Olmsted ( 1999 ) Landscape architect Eugene O'Neill ( 1973 ) Playwright Eugene O'Neill on a 1967 stamp Rose O'Neill ( 2001 ) Illustrator Eugene Ormandy ( 1997 ) Conductor Timothy O'Sullivan ( 2002 ) Photographer Mel Ott ( 2006 ) Baseball player Francis Ouimet ( 1988 ) Golfer Mary White Ovington ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Jesse Owens ( 1990 ) Track & field athlete William Paca ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Ignacy Jan Paderewski ( 1960 ) Polish Prime Minister Satchel Paige ( 2000 ) Baseball player Robert Treat Paine ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Thomas Paine on a 1969 stamp Thomas Paine ( 1965 ) Journalist Nathaniel Palmer ( 1988 ) Antarctic explorer George Papanicolaou ( 1978 ) Cytologist Al Parker ( 2001 ) Illustrator Charlie Parker ( 1995 ) Jazz musician and composer Franklin Pierce on a 1938 stamp Dorothy Parker ( 1992 ) Author Francis Parkman ( 1965 ) Historian Rosa Parks ( 2013 ) Civil rights activist Maxfield Parrish ( 2001 ) Illustrator Pocahontas on a 1907 stamp Alden Partridge ( 1985 ) Educator George S. Patton , Jr.", "27": "( 1953 ) World War II Army General Alice Paul ( 1995 ) Suffragist and feminist Linus Pauling ( 2008 ) Chemist Ethel L. Payne ( 2002 ) Journalist Charles Willson Peale ( 1955 ) Painter Rembrandt Peale ( 1998 ) Painter Rubens Peale ( 1998 ) Painter Robert Edwin Peary ( 1959 ) Arctic explorer Gregory Peck , ( 2011 ) Actor Phoebe Pember ( 1995 ) Confederate nurse William Penn ( 1932 ) Pennsylvania founder Claude Pepper ( 2000 ) Senator Salem Poor on a 1975 stamp Frances Perkins ( 1980 ) Secretary of Labor Matthew Perry ( 1953 ) Navy Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry ( 1870 ) Naval officer John J. Pershing ( 1961 ) World War I General Perugino ( 1986 ) Painter John Frederick Peto ( 1974 ) Painter Ammi Phillips ( 1998 ) Painter Coles Phillips ( 2001 ) Illustrator Édith Piaf ( 2012 ) Singer Ben Pickett ( 1994 ) brother of Bill Pickett , accidentally placed on stamp when his brother Bill was meant to appear ; stamp recalled and replaced Bill Pickett ( 1994 ) Wild West performer Franklin Pierce ( 1938 ) 14th President Kazimierz Pułaski on a 1931 stamp Sano di Pietro ( 1997 ) Painter William T. Piper ( 1990 ) Aviation pioneer ZaSu Pitts ( 1994 ) Actress Sylvia Plath ( 2012 ) Poet Pocahontas ( 1907 ) Algonquian princess Edgar Allan Poe ( 1949 ) Author Jean Baptiste Point du Sable ( 1987 ) Chicago settler Clark V. Poling ( 1948 ) One of the Four Chaplains George Polk ( 2008 ) Journalist James K.", "28": "Polk ( 1938 ) 11th President Jackson Pollock ( 1999 ) Painter Lily Pons ( 1997 ) Soprano Rosa Ponselle ( 1997 ) Soprano Salem Poor ( 1975 ) Revolutionary War soldier Cole Porter ( 1991 ) Composer and songwriter David D. Porter ( 1937 ) Civil War naval officer Katherine Anne Porter ( 2006 ) Author Emily Post ( 1998 ) Author Wiley Post ( 1979 ) Aviator John Wesley Powell ( 1969 ) Geologist Albert Préjean ( 2008 ) Actor Elvis Presley ( 1993 , 2015 ) Rock and roll singer and musician Joseph Priestley ( 1983 ) Chemist Tito Puente ( 2011 ) Drummer Kazimierz Pułaski ( 1931 ) Revolutionary War soldier ( spelled Casimir Pulaski on the stamp ) Joseph Pulitzer ( 1947 ) Journalist Lewis B. `` Chesty '' Puller ( 2005 ) Marine Corps General Rufus Putnam ( 1937 ) Northwest Territory settler Ernest Taylor Pyle ( 1971 ) Journalist Ernest Taylor Pyle on a 1971 stamp Howard Pyle ( 1964 ) Illustrator Q ( edit ) Harriet Quimby ( 1991 ) Pilot Gertrude `` Ma '' Rainey ( 1994 ) Blues singer Ayn Rand ( 1999 ) Author Asa Philip Randolph ( 1989 ) Labor & Civil Rights advocate Raphael ( 1973 ) Painter Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings ( 2008 ) Author Man Ray ( 2002 , 2013 ) Photographer Sam Rayburn ( 1962 ) Legislator Sam Rayburn on a 1962 stamp George Read ( 1976 ) , lawyer and signer of the Declaration of Independence . Ronald Reagan ( 2005 , 2011 ) 40th President Red Cloud ( 1987 ) Oglala Sioux Chief Otis Redding ( 1993 ) Soul singer and songwriter Walter Reed ( 1940 ) Army surgeon Frederic Remington ( 1940 ) Sculptor , painter James Renwick , Jr.", "29": "( 1980 ) Architect Ernst Reuter ( 1959 ) Berlin Mayor Ernst Reuter on a 1958 stamp Bernard Revel ( 1986 ) Educator Paul Revere ( 1958 ) Revolutionary War patriot Frederick Hurten Rhead ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Gilbert Rohde ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Henry Hobson Richardson ( 1980 ) Architect Eddie Rickenbacker ( 1995 ) World War I fighter pilot James Whitcomb Riley ( 1940 ) Poet Paul Revere on a 1958 stamp Paul Robeson ( 2004 ) Actor , singer , civil Rights advocate Edward G. Robinson ( 2000 ) Actor Jackie Robinson ( 1982 ) Baseball player Eleanor Roosevelt on a 1963 stamp Sugar Ray Robinson ( 2006 ) Boxer Comte de Rochambeau ( 1931 ) Revolutionary War General Knute Rockne ( 1988 ) Football coach Norman Rockwell ( 1972 ) Painter Jimmie Rodgers ( 1978 ) Country singer , musician , and songwriter Richard Rodgers ( 1999 ) Composer Theodore Roethke ( 2012 ) Poet Roy Rogers ( 2010 ) Singer , Actor Will Rogers ( 1948 ) Humorist Felipe Rojas - Lombardi ( 2014 ) Chef , cookbook author Antoniazzo Romano ( 1991 ) Painter Franklin D. Roosevelt on a 1945 stamp Eleanor Roosevelt ( 1963 ) First Lady Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( 1945 ) 32nd President Theodore Roosevelt ( 1922 , 1938 ) 26th President Betsy Ross ( 1952 ) American flag creator George Ross ( 1952 ) Relative of Betsy Ross Mark Rothko ( 1998 ) Painter Edward Rutledge ( 1976 ) Painter Wilma Rudolph ( 2004 ) Track & field athlete Benjamin Rush ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Jimmy Rushing ( 1994 ) Blues singer Theodore Roosevelt on a 1922 stamp A.J. Russell ( 1944 ) Photographer Charles M. Russell ( 1961 ) Painter Richard Russell , Jr.", "30": "( 1984 ) Statesman George Herman `` Babe '' Ruth ( 1983 ) Baseball player Eero Saarinen ( 1982 ) Architect Albert Sabin ( 2006 ) Virologist Sacagawea ( 1994 ) Shoshone guide Augustus Saint - Gaudens ( 1940 ) Sculptor Rubén Salazar ( 2008 ) Journalist Peter Salem ( 1968 ) Revolutionary War soldier Jonas Salk ( 2006 ) Medical scientist Haym Salomon ( 1975 ) Revolutionary War financier Haym Salomon on a 1975 stamp William T. Sampson ( 1937 ) Navy Admiral José de San Martín ( 1959 ) South American liberator Carl Sandburg ( 1978 ) Poet Henry Sandham ( 1925 ) Painter Winthrop Sargent ( 1948 ) Mississippi Territory Governor William Saroyan ( 1991 ) Author Sassoferrato ( 2009 ) Painer Winfield S. Schley ( 1937 ) Navy Admiral Albert Schoenhut ( 1997 ) Doll designer Carl Schurz ( 1983 ) Journalist Blanche Stuart Scott ( 1980 ) Aviator Winfield Scott ( 1870 ) Army General Selena ( 2011 ) Singer David O. Selznick ( 2003 ) Motion picture producer Raphael Semmes ( 1995 ) Naval officer Sequoyah ( 1980 ) Cherokee linguist Rod Serling ( 2009 ) Writer Junipero Serra ( 1985 ) Franciscan mission founder John Sevier ( 1946 ) Tennessee Governor William H. Seward ( 1873 ) Secretary of State Eric Sevareid ( 2008 ) Journalist Chief Shadoo ( 1930 ) Kiowa Chief William Shakespeare on a 1938 stamp William Shakespeare ( 1964 ) Playwright Charles Sheeler ( 1998 ,", "31": "2013 ) Painter Alan Shepard ( 2011 ) Astronaut Philip Henry Sheridan ( 1937 ) Civil War General William Tecumseh Sherman on an 1893 stamp Roger Sherman ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory William Tecumseh Sherman ( 1893 ) Civil War General Dinah Shore ( 2009 ) Singer Igor Sikorsky ( 1988 ) Aircraft engineer Phil Silvers ( 2009 ) Comedian William S. Sims ( 2010 ) Admiral Frank Sinatra ( 2008 ) Singer / actor Elisabetta Sirani ( 1994 ) Painter George Sisler ( 2000 ) Baseball player Sitting Bull ( 1989 ) Hunkpapa Sioux warrior Red Skelton ( 2009 ) Comedian John French Sloan on a 1971 stamp John French Sloan ( 1971 ) Painter Alfred E. Smith ( 1945 ) New York Governor Bessie Smith ( 1994 ) Blues singer Jessie Willcox Smith ( 2001 ) Illustrator John Smith ( 1907 ) Jamestown settler Kate Smith ( 2010 ) Singer Margaret Chase Smith ( 2007 ) U.S. senator W. Eugene Smith ( 2002 ) Photographer John Philip Sousa ( 1940 ) Composer Franklin Sousley ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Albert Southworth ( 2002 ) Photographer Edwin M. Stanton on an 1871 stamp Tris Speaker ( 2000 ) Baseball player Elmer Sperry ( 1985 ) Aviation pioneer Note : the wrong photograph was used as the basis for the stamp , which actually pictures Elmer Sperry 's father . Lawrence Sperry ( 1985 ) Aviation pioneer Joel Elias Spingarn ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Leland Stanford ( 1944 ) Railroad tycoon , politician , & philanthropist Edwin M. Stanton ( 1871 ) Secretary of War Elizabeth Cady Stanton ( 1948 ) Suffragist , feminist ,", "32": "and abolitionist Willie Stargell ( 2012 ) Baseball player Vilhjalmur Stefansson ( 1986 ) Arctic explorer Edward Steichen ( 2002 ) Photographer John Steinbeck ( 1979 ) Author Max Steiner ( 1999 ) Composer Charles Steinmetz ( 1983 ) Electrical inventor Joseph Stella ( 2013 ) Modern artist Adlai Stevenson on a 1965 stamp Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben ( 1930 ) Revolutionary War general Wallace Stevens ( 2012 ) Poet Adlai Stevenson ( 1965 ) UN Ambassador and presidential candidate James Stewart ( 2007 ) Actor Walter Stewart ( 1976 ) Revolutionary War soldier Alfred Stieglitz ( 2002 ) Photographer Clyfford Still ( 2010 ) Abstract expressionist artist Joseph W. Stilwell ( 2000 ) Army General Richard Stockton ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Leopold Stokowski ( 1997 ) Conductor Harlan Fiske Stone ( 1948 ) Chief Justice Lucy Stone on a 1968 stamp Lucy Stone ( 1965 ) Suffragist and feminist Joseph Story ( 2009 ) Supreme Court justice Harriet Beecher Stowe ( 2007 ) Author Paul Strand ( 2002 ) Photographer Michael Strank ( 1945 ) Iwo Jima Igor Stravinsky ( 1982 ) Composer William Strickland ( 1979 ) Architect Gilbert Charles Stuart ( 1940 ) Painter Harry Stuhldreher ( 1998 ) Football player Peter Stuyvesant ( 1948 ) New Amsterdam Governor Anne Sullivan ( 1980 ) Educator Ed Sullivan ( 2009 ) TV variety show host John Sullivan ( 1929 ) Revolutionary War general Louis Sullivan ( 1981 ) Architect George Szell ( 1997 ) Conductor , composer Robert A. Taft on a 1960 stamp Robert A. Taft ( 1960 ) Senator William Howard Taft ( 1930 ) 27th President ,", "33": "10th Chief Justice of the United States William Talman ( 2009 ) Actor Henry Ossawa Tanner ( 1973 ) Painter Henry Ossawa Tanner on a 1973 stamp Ida Tarbell ( 2002 ) Author , journalist Robert Robinson Taylor ( 2015 ) African American architect Zachary Taylor ( 1875 ) 12th President Walter Dorwin Teague ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Shirley Temple ( 2016 ) Actress and diplomat Mother Teresa ( 2010 ) Humanitarian Gerard Terborch ( 1974 ) Painter Mary Church Terrell ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Sonny Terry ( 1998 ) Blues musician Henry David Thoreau on a 1967 stamp Nikola Tesla ( 1983 ) Induction motor inventor Rosetta Tharpe ( 1998 ) Gospel singer , musician , and songwriter Sylvanus Thayer ( 1985 ) Educator Danny Thomas ( 2012 ) Entertainer Charles Thomson ( 1976 ) Continental Congress Secretary Henry David Thoreau ( 1967 ) Author Jim Thorpe ( 1984 ) Football player James Thurber ( 1994 ) Author , illustrator , humorist Lawrence Tibbett ( 1997 ) Opera singer Giambattista Tiepolo ( 1982 ) Painter Lewis Comfort Tiffany ( 2007 ) Designer Bill Tilghman ( 1994 ) Southwest lawman Dimitri Tiomkin ( 1999 ) Composer Arturo Toscanini ( 1989 ) Conductor Pie Traynor ( 2000 ) Baseball player William B.T.", "34": "Trego ( 1976 ) Painter Edward Trudeau ( 2008 ) Phthisiologist Harry S. Truman ( 1973 ) 33rd President John Trumbull ( 1927 ) Painter Sojourner Truth ( 1986 ) Abolitionist Harriet Tubman ( 1978 ) Abolitionist Richard Tucker ( 1997 ) Tenor Mark Twain ( 1940 ) Author John Tyler ( 1938 ) 10th President V ( edit ) Ritchie Valens ( 1993 ) Rock and roll musician Rudolph Valentino ( 1994 ) Actor Martin Van Buren ( 1938 ) 8th President Ludwig Mies van der Rohe ( 1982 ) Architect James Van Der Zee ( 2002 ) Photographer Vivian Vance ( 2009 ) Actress Félix Varela ( 1997 ) Social reformer Sarah Vaughan ( 2016 ) Jazz singer Alfred V. Verville ( 1985 ) Aviation pioneer King Vidor ( 2008 ) Film director , producer and screenwriter Oswald Garrison Villard ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader Bartolomeo Vivarini ( 1999 ) Painter Greta von Nessen ( 2011 ) Industrial designer John von Neumann ( 2005 ) Mathematician Honus Wagner ( 2000 ) Baseball player Madam C.J.", "35": "Walker ( 1998 ) Philanthropist Mary Edwards Walker ( 1982 ) Army surgeon Booker T. Washington on a 1940 stamp DeWitt Wallace ( 1998 ) Publisher Lila Wallace ( 1998 ) Publisher Raoul Wallenberg ( 1997 ) Humanitarian George Walton ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Clara Ward ( 1998 ) Gospel singer and songwriter Andy Warhol ( 2002 ) Painter George Washington on 1847 stamp `` Pop '' Warner ( 1997 ) Football coach Earl Warren ( 1992 ) Chief Justice Robert Penn Warren ( 2005 ) Author and poet Martha Washington on an 1923 stamp Booker T. Washington ( 1940 ) Educator Dinah Washington ( 1993 ) Blues singer Fredi Washington ( 2008 ) Actress Daniel Webster on an 1890 stamp George Washington ( 1847 ) 1st President John P. Washington ( 1948 ) Chaplain ( 1st Lt . ) , U.S. Army Martha Washington ( 1902 ) First Lady Ethel Waters ( 1994 ) Blues singer and actress Muddy Waters ( 1994 ) Blues singer , musician , and songwriter Stand Watie ( 1995 ) Confederate General Carleton Watkins ( 2002 ) Photographer Franz Waxman ( 1999 ) Composer Anthony Wayne ( 1929 ) Revolutionary War General John Wayne ( 1990 ) Actor Jack Webb ( 2009 ) Actor Walt Whitman on a 1940 stamp Daniel Webster ( 1870 ) Statesman Noah Webster ( 1958 ) Author Orson Welles ( 1999 ) Actor / film director Frank Lloyd Wright , 1966 Ida B. Wells ( 1990 ) Civil Rights advocate , feminist Benjamin West ( 1956 ) Painter Joseph West ( 1930 ) Charleston Governor Edward Weston ( 2002 ) Photographer Clifton R. Wharton , Sr.", "36": "( 2006 ) Diplomat Edith Wharton ( 1980 ) Author Joseph Wharton ( 1981 ) Wharton School of Business founder William Whipple ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer James McNeill Whistler ( 1934 ) Painter Jon Whitcomb ( 2001 ) Illustrator Josh White ( 1998 ) Folk singer , musician , songwriter , and actor Minor White ( 2002 ) Photographer Paul Dudley White ( 1986 ) Cardiologist Walter Francis White ( 2009 ) Civil rights leader William Allen White ( 1948 ) Newspaper editor Wabokieshiek ( White Cloud ) ( 1998 ) Iowa Chief Walt Whitman ( 1940 ) Poet Eli Whitney ( 1940 ) Cotton gin inventor John Greenleaf Whittier ( 1940 ) Poet Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( 1990 ) Tennis player Billy Wilder ( 2012 ) Motion picture director Thornton Wilder ( 1997 ) Playwright Harvey W. Wiley ( 1956 ) Chemist Charles Wilkes ( 1988 ) Antarctic explorer Roy Wilkins ( 2001 ) Civil Rights advocate Frances E. Willard ( 1940 ) Educator Hank Williams ( 1993 ) Country singer , musician , and songwriter Roger Williams ( 1936 ) Rhode Island co-founder Ted Williams ( 2012 ) Baseball player Tennessee Williams ( 1995 ) Playwright William Williams ( Continental Congress ) ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer William Carlos Williams ( 2012 ) Poet William Haliday Williams ( 1912 ) Rural mail carrier and Civil War Medal of Honor recipient Thomas Willing ( 1976 ) Continental Congressman Frances E. Willis ( 2006 ) Diplomat Wendell Willkie ( 1992 ) Statesman Bob Wills ( 1993 ) Country musician and songwriter Meredith Willson ( 1999 ) Composer ,", "37": "playwright James Wilson ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Woodrow Wilson ( 1925 ) 28th President Garry Winogrand ( 2002 ) Photographer John Witherspoon ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signatory Oliver Wolcott ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer Thomas Wolfe ( 2000 ) Author Grant Wood ( 1996 ) Painter Carter G. Woodson ( 1984 ) Historian Frank Lloyd Wright ( 1965 ) Architect Orville Wright ( 1928 ) Aviation pioneer Richard Wright ( 2009 ) Writer Russel Wright ( 2011 ) Industrial designer Wilbur Wright ( 1928 ) Aviation pioneer Newell Convers Wyeth ( 2001 ) Illustrator George Wythe ( 1976 ) Declaration of Independence signer X ( edit ) Malcolm X ( 1999 ) Civil rights advocate Y ( edit ) Sun Yat - sen on a 1961 stamp Sun Yat - sen ( 1942 , 1961 ) Chinese revolutionary leader Alvin C. York ( 2000 ) World War I soldier , Medal of Honor recipient Ashley Young ( 2000 ) Child stamp design contest winner Cy Young ( 2000 ) Baseball player Whitney Moore Young ( 1981 ) Civil Rights advocate Z ( edit ) Babe Zaharias ( 1981 ) Track & field athlete See also ( edit ) U.S. Presidents on U.S. postage stamps List of United States airmail stamps Artists of stamps of the United States Postage stamps and postal history of the United States Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States References ( edit ) United States Postal Service ( 2008 ) . The Postal Service Guide to U.S. Stamps ( 35th ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : HarperResource . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 166263 - 8 . Kloetzell , James E. , ed. ( 2005 ) . 2006 Scott Standard Postage Stamp Catalogue. 1 . Sidney , Ohio : Scott Publishing Company . pp. 1 -- 160 . ISBN 0 - 89487 - 351 - 2 .", "38": "^ Jump up to : `` 2001 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by Jay Bigalke . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2003 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by Jay Bigalke . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2002 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by Jay Bigalke . January 3 , 2003 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2004 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by Jay Bigalke . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Moon Landing , 1969 '' 29 ¢ United States postage stamp , based on a photograph of Aldrin captured by Neil Armstrong on July 20 , 1969 ( July 21 , UTC ) . Aldrin , conversely , captured no photographs of Armstrong . ^ Jump up to : `` 2009 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by John Cropper . September 10 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . July 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ StampNews.com ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` C. Alfred `` Chief '' Anderson stamp from the USA `` . StampNews.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2005 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by John Cropper . July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` First Man on the Moon '' 10 ₵ United States Air Mail stamp does not identify Armstrong by name but simply as the `` first man on the Moon '' , depicting him as he made his `` one small step '' .", "39": "Jump up ^ Youngblood , Wayne ( March 2013 ) . `` Promotional FDCs Created for Many Reasons '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 3 ) : 218 -- 222 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 124 ( 5 ) : 500 -- 502 . May 2010 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . July 25 , 2013 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by John Cropper . March 6 , 2009 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Stamp Schedule 1997 '' . Virtual Stamp Club . December 3 , 1997 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Stamp Schedule 1999 '' . Virtual Stamp Club . September 22 , 1999 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2014 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . April 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Philatelic '' . 17 . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . January -- March 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Philatelic '' . 17 . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . October -- December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA Philatelic '' . 18 . Washington , D.C. : United States Postal Service . July -- September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Stamp Schedule 1998 '' . Virtual Stamp Club . October 22 , 1998 .", "40": "Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2006 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by John Cropper . January 10 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Ken ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` Champions of Liberty 1957 - 1961 : Cold War commemoratives , part 4 '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4386 ) : 16 -- 28 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : Lawrence , Ken ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Champions of Liberty 1957 - 1961 : Cold War commemoratives , part 5 '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4390 ) : 16 -- 30 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. Stamp Schedule 2000 '' . Virtual Stamp Club . August 6 , 2000 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Index for 2012 New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 12 ) : 1198 . December 2012 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 126 ( 6 ) : 598 . June 2012 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4425 ) : 60 . August 19 , 2013 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : Bigalke , Jay ; Baadke , Michael ( September 23 , 2013 ) .", "41": "`` Two ceremonies for stamp honoring Ray Charles '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4430 ) : 1 and 24 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : Koepsel , Bob ( August 2013 ) . `` Wisconsin on Stamps '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 8 ) : 754 -- 762 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ `` Scott new Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. ,. 87 ( 4455 ) : 60 -- 61 . March 17 , 2014 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ Wentz , Charlie ( March 2013 ) . `` Letters to the editor : Jacqueline Cochran '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 3 ) : 204 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : `` Vintage Circus Posters '' . USPSStamps.com . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , James C. ( March 2010 ) . `` Philatelic Images for Captain James Cook 's Journals '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 124 ( 3 ) : 222 -- 231 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4412 ) : 52 -- 53 . May 20 , 2013 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Scott Stamp Monthly . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 28 ( 7 ) : 46 . July 2010 .", "42": "ISSN 0737 - 0741 . ^ Jump up to : `` U.S. New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 124 ( 3 ) : 282 -- 283 . March 2010 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . ^ Jump up to : Baadke , Michael ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Honoring presidential centenaries : sometimes it 's a tradition '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4425 ) : 3 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott new Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. ,. 87 ( 4460 ) : 60 -- 61 . April 21 , 2014 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2007 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . Compiled by John Cropper . December 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Baadke , Michael ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` New Linn 's yearbook tells the stories behind the stamps '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 84 ( 4338 ) : 3 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : `` These Immortal Chaplains '' 3 ¢ United States postage stamp Jump up ^ McMaster , Len ( March 2010 ) . `` A Philatelic Memoir : What I Collect '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 124 ( 3 ) : 246 -- 251 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ Baadke , Michael ( December 17 , 2012 ) . `` Unknown ' Forces in Grenada ' overprint on 1983 Galludet ( sic ) stamp '' . Linn 's Stamp News .", "43": "Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4390 ) : 3 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ Bigalke , Jay ( August 19 , 2013 ) . `` Althea Gibson stamp 36th in Black Heritage series ; ceremony to take place Aug. 23 in Flushing , N.Y '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4425 ) : 1 and 34 -- 36 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ Associated Press ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` U.S. Postal Service honors Althea Gibson with stamp '' . USA Today . Retrieved August 24 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Scott new Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. ,. 86 ( 4434 ) : 60 -- 61 . October 21 , 2013 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ Bigalke , Jay ( May 20 , 2013 ) . `` Medal of Honor and Christmas stamps revealed '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4412 ) : 10 -- 12 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : Amick , George ( December 19 , 2011 ) . `` Linn 's opens 2011 U.S. Stamp Popularity Poll '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 84 ( 4338 ) : 1 and 18 -- 21 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ StampNews.com ( March 13 , 2014 ) . `` Music Icons : Jimi Hendrix stamp from the USPS '' . StampNews.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc.", "44": "85 ( 4386 ) : 56 -- 57 . November 19 , 2012 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ `` Charlton Heston '' . USPSStamps.com . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4351 ) : 55 -- 57 . March 19 , 2012 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4395 ) : 52 -- 53 . January 21 , 2013 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . ^ Jump up to : Youngblood , Wayne ( February 2013 ) . `` Promotional FDCs Served as Both Message & Medium '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 2 ) : 120 -- 124 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 86 ( 4420 ) : 55 -- 56 . July 15 , 2013 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 127 ( 6 ) : 594 -- 595 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ `` Harvey Milk '' . USPSStamps.com . United States Postal Service . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2015 United States Stamp Schedule '' . Virtual Stamp Club . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved July 11 , 2016 .", "45": "Jump up ^ `` Completion of First Transcontinental Railroad '' 3 ₵ United States postage stamp depicts Leland Stanford driving the `` golden spike '' at Promontory Point , Utah . Ogden is not identified by name on the stamp , but is depicted on the left side , as then - president of the Union Pacific Railroad as Stanford prepares to swing the sledgehammer and photographer A.J. Russell prepares to capture the image for posterity . Jump up ^ Hotchner , John M. ( April 16 , 2012 ) . `` U.S. Notes - Elvis was n't the first ; the public voted on Gettysburg design '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4355 ) : 4 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. New Issues '' . American Philatelist . Bellefonte , Pennsylvania : American Philatelic Society , Inc. 125 ( 3 ) : 285 . March 2011 . ISSN 0003 - 0473 . Jump up ^ Russell was the photographer who memorialized the driving of the `` golden spike '' connecting the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroads in 1869 . `` Completion of First Transcontinental Railroad '' 3 ₵ United States postage stamp depicts A.J. Russell photographing Leland Stanford driving the `` golden spike '' at Promontory Point , Utah . Russell is toward the right side of the stamp . Jump up ^ `` Completion of First Transcontinental Railroad '' 3 ₵ United States postage stamp depicts Stanford driving the `` golden spike '' at Promontory Point , Utah . Stanford is not identified by name in the stamp , but is depicted holding a sledgehammer in front of a train as photographer A.J. Russell to the right prepares to capture the image for posterity . Jump up ^ `` Scott New Issues Update '' . Linn 's Stamp News . Sidney , Ohio : Amos Press , Inc. 85 ( 4355 ) : 58 -- 59 . April 16 , 2012 . ISSN 0161 - 6234 . Jump up ^ `` Study Unit Spotlight : Sports Philatelists International '' .", "46": "Topical Time . Carterville , Illinois : American Topical Association , Inc. 63 ( 6 ) : 46 -- 52 . November -- December 2012 . ISSN 0040 - 9332 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Ralph ( 2004 ) . `` Alfred Verville '' . The Early Birds of Aviation , Inc . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Mary L. Maas ; Jim Krzycki ; Judy Brezina & Ruth Waters ( 21 July 2014 ) . Colfax County . Arcadia Publishing . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4671 - 1196 - 6 . Philately of the United States Pre-stamp Henry Thomas Windsor Provisional stamps Alexandria `` Blue Boy '' Postmaster 's Provisional United States postmasters provisional stamps New York Postmaster 's Provisional St. Louis Bears 19th century 1869 Pictorial Issue Black Jack Columbian Issue Hawaiian Missionaries Lost Continental Trans - Mississippi Issue Western Cattle in Storm Z Grill 20th century All Aboard ! 20th Century American Trains Americana series Antarctic Treaty issue Bicentennial Series Breast cancer research stamp Celebrate the Century Comic Strip Classics Federal Duck Stamp Five cents John Kennedy Fourth Bureau issue Great Americans series Hanukkah stamps Liberty Issue Norse - American Centennial Oklahoma Statehood Stamps Overrun Countries series Presidential Issue Prominent Americans series Series of 1902 Special handling stamps Transportation coils U.S.", "47": "Parcel Post stamps of 1912 -- 13 US Regular Issues of 1922 -- 31 War savings stamps Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932 Washington - Franklin Issues 21st century Distinguished Americans series Elvis Presley Forever stamp Nature of America Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Statue of Liberty Forever stamp 2017 Total Solar Eclipse stamp Airmails 1918 Curtiss Jenny airmail stamps 1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps Inverted Jenny List of United States airmail stamps EPOs CIA invert Dag Hammarskjöld invert Inverted Jenny Nixon invert Pan-American invert Topicals Artworks on stamps of the United States Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps History of Virginia on stamps List of fictional characters on stamps of the United States List of people on the postage stamps of the United States Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps Puerto Rico on stamps Territories of the United States on stamps U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps Women on US stamps Postmarks Earliest reported postmark Fancy cancel Collections & Benjamin Miller Collection Cardinal Spellman Philatelic Museum Florida Postal Museum National Philatelic Museum National Postal Museum Miscellaneous Air Mail scandal Apollo 15 postage stamp incident Barefoot mailman Boat Railway Post Office Citizens ' Stamp Advisory Committee Express mail in the United States History of United States postage rates Mail jumping Pneumatic tube mail in New York City Star routes Postal services American Letter Mail Company Butterfield Overland Mail Pony Express United States Post Office Department United States Postal Service U.S. Special Delivery Publications The American Philatelist Higgins & Gage World Postal Stationery Catalog Linn 's Stamp News Minkus catalogue Scott catalogue Stamp production Designers American stamp designers Companies American Bank Note Company Bureau of Engraving and Printing Homer Lee Bank Note Company Organizations American Air Mail Society American Philatelic Research Library American Philatelic Society Rocky Mountain Philatelic Library United Postal Stationery Society U.S.", "48": "Philatelic Classics Society United States Stamp Society Related American philatelists American postmasters Revenue stamps of the United States United States postal notes United States Postmaster General United States Post Offices Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_people_on_the_postage_stamps_of_the_United_States&oldid=808254916 '' Categories : Lists of people on postage stamps Postage stamps of the United States United States - related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 20 : 14 . 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[ 41, 32, 4, 22, 19, 9, 20, 5, 24, 21, 25, 44, 34, 7, 3, 42, 29, 15, 17, 14, 26, 10, 13, 31, 12, 2, 1, 46, 6, 16, 11, 28, 33, 36, 27, 43, 40, 30, 23, 45, 39, 37, 8, 18, 38, 35, 47, 0, 48 ]

[ 29, 41, 32, 4, 22 ]

[ "introduced around 1940", "1895", "1895" ]

{ "0": "Color motion picture film - wikipedia Color motion picture film Jump to : navigation , search Still from test film made by Edward Turner in 1902 Color motion picture film refers both to unexposed color photographic film in a format suitable for use in a motion picture camera , and to finished motion picture film , ready for use in a projector , which bears images in color . The first color cinematography was by additive color systems such as the one patented by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 and tested in 1902 . A simplified additive system was successfully commercialized in 1909 as Kinemacolor . These early systems used black - and - white film to photograph and project two or more component images through different color filters . Around 1920 , the first practical subtractive color processes were introduced . These also used black - and - white film to photograph multiple color - filtered source images , but the final product was a multicolored print that did not require special projection equipment . Before 1932 , when three - strip Technicolor was introduced , commercialized subtractive processes used only two color components and could reproduce only a limited range of color . In 1935 , Kodachrome was introduced , followed by Agfacolor in 1936 . They were intended primarily for amateur home movies and `` slides '' . These were the first films of the `` integral tripack '' type , coated with three layers of differently color - sensitive emulsion , which is usually what is meant by the words `` color film '' as commonly used . The few color films still being made in the 2010s are of this type . The first color negative films and corresponding print films were modified versions of these films . They were introduced around 1940 but only came into wide use for commercial motion picture production in the early 1950s . In the US , Eastman Kodak 's Eastmancolor was the usual choice , but it was often re-branded with another trade name , such as `` WarnerColor '' , by the studio or the film processor . Later color films were standardized into two distinct processes : Eastman Color Negative 2 chemistry ( camera negative stocks , duplicating interpositive and internegative stocks ) and Eastman Color Positive 2 chemistry ( positive prints for direct projection ) , usually abbreviated as ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 .", "1": "Fuji 's products are compatible with ECN - 2 and ECP - 2 . Film was the dominant form of cinematography until the 2010s , when it was largely replaced by digital cinematography . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Tinting and hand coloring 3 Physics of light and color 3.1 Additive color 3.2 Subtractive color 4 Monopack color film 5 How a color film works 6 Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use 6.1 Kodak color motion picture films 6.2 Fuji color motion picture films 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Overview ( edit ) The first motion pictures were photographed using a simple homogeneous photographic emulsion that yielded a black - and - white image -- that is , an image in shades of gray , ranging from black to white , corresponding to the luminous intensity of each point on the photographed subject . Light , shade , form and movement were captured , but not color . With color motion picture film , information about the color of the light at each image point is also captured . This is done by analyzing the visible spectrum of color into several regions ( normally three , commonly referred to by their dominant colors : red , green and blue ) and recording each region separately . Current color films do this with three layers of differently color - sensitive photographic emulsion coated on one strip of film base . Early processes used color filters to photograph the color components as completely separate images ( e.g. , three - strip Technicolor ) or adjacent microscopic image fragments ( e.g. , Dufaycolor ) in a one - layer black - and - white emulsion . Each photographed color component , initially just a colorless record of the luminous intensities in the part of the spectrum that it captured , is processed to produce a transparent dye image in the color complementary to the color of the light that it recorded . The superimposed dye images combine to synthesize the original colors by the subtractive color method . In some early color processes ( e.g. , Kinemacolor ) , the component images remained in black - and - white form and were projected through color filters to synthesize the original colors by the additive color method .", "2": "Tinting and hand coloring ( edit ) See also : List of early color feature films The earliest motion picture stocks were orthochromatic , and recorded blue and green light , but not red . Recording all three spectral regions required making film stock panchromatic to some degree . Since orthochromatic film stock hindered color photography in its beginnings , the first films with color in them used aniline dyes to create artificial color . Hand - colored films appeared in 1895 with Thomas Edison 's hand - painted Annabelle 's Dance for his Kinetoscope viewers . Many early filmmakers from the first ten years of film also used this method to some degree . George Méliès offered hand - painted prints of his own films at an additional cost over the black - and - white versions , including the visual - effects pioneering A Trip to the Moon ( 1902 ) . The film had various parts of the film painted frame - by - frame by twenty - one women in Montreuil in a production - line method . The first commercially successful stencil color process was introduced in 1905 by Pathé Frères . Pathé Color , renamed Pathéchrome in 1929 , became one of the most accurate and reliable stencil coloring systems . It incorporated an original print of a film with sections cut by pantograph in the appropriate areas for up to six colors by a coloring machine with dye - soaked , velvet rollers . After a stencil had been made for the whole film , it was placed into contact with the print to be colored and run at high speed ( 60 feet per minute ) through the coloring ( staining ) machine . The process was repeated for each set of stencils corresponding to a different color . By 1910 , Pathé had over 400 women employed as stencilers in their Vincennes factory . Pathéchrome continued production through the 1930s . A more common technique emerged in the early 1910s known as film tinting , a process in which either the emulsion or the film base is dyed , giving the image a uniform monochromatic color . This process was popular during the silent era , with specific colors employed for certain narrative effects ( red for scenes with fire or firelight , blue for night , etc . ) .", "3": "A complementary process , called toning , replaces the silver particles in the film with metallic salts or mordanted dyes . This creates a color effect in which the dark parts of the image are replaced with a color ( e.g. , blue and white rather than black and white ) . Tinting and toning were sometimes applied together . In the United States , St. Louis engraver Max Handschiegl and cinematographer Alvin Wyckoff created the Handschiegl Color Process , a dye - transfer equivalent of the stencil process , first used in Joan the Woman ( 1917 ) directed by Cecil B. DeMille , and used in special effects sequences for films such as The Phantom of the Opera ( 1925 ) . Eastman Kodak introduced its own system of pre-tinted black - and - white film stocks called Sonochrome in 1929 . The Sonochrome line featured films tinted in seventeen different colors including Peachblow , Inferno , Candle Flame , Sunshine , Purple Haze , Firelight , Azure , Nocturne , Verdante , Aquagreen , Caprice , Fleur de Lis , Rose Doree , and the neutral - density Argent , which kept the screen from becoming excessively bright when switching to a black - and - white scene . Tinting and toning continued to be used well into the sound era . In the 1930s and 1940s , some western films were processed in a sepia - toning solution to evoke the feeling of old photographs of the day . Tinting was used as late as 1951 for Sam Newfield 's sci - fi film Lost Continent for the green lost - world sequences . Alfred Hitchcock used a form of hand - coloring for the orange - red gun - blast at the audience in Spellbound ( 1945 ) . Kodak 's Sonochrome and similar pre-tinted stocks were still in production until the 1970s and were used commonly for custom theatrical trailers and snipes . In the last half of the 20th century , Norman McLaren , who was one of the pioneers in animated movies , made several animated films in which he directly hand - painted the images , and in some cases , also the soundtrack , on each frame of the film .", "4": "This approach was previously employed in the early years of movies , late 19th and early 20th century . One of the precursors in color hand painting frame by frame was the Aragonese Segundo de Chomon , that worked with Melies . Tinting was gradually replaced by natural color techniques . Physics of light and color ( edit ) The principles on which color photography is based were first proposed by Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell in 1855 and presented at the Royal Society in London in 1861 . By that time , it was known that light comprises a spectrum of different wavelengths that are perceived as different colors as they are absorbed and reflected by natural objects . Maxwell discovered that all natural colors in this spectrum as perceived by the human eye may be reproduced with additive combinations of three primary colors -- red , green , and blue -- which , when mixed equally , produce white light . Between 1900 and 1935 , dozens of natural color systems were introduced , although only a few were successful . Additive color ( edit ) The first color systems that appeared in motion pictures were additive color systems . Additive color was practical because no special color stock was necessary . Black - and - white film could be processed and used in both filming and projection . The various additive systems entailed the use of color filters on both the movie camera and projector . Additive color adds lights of the primary colors in various proportions to the projected image . Because of the limited amount of space to record images on film , and later because the lack of a camera that could record more than two strips of film at once , most early motion - picture color systems consisted of two colors , often red and green or red and blue . A pioneering three - color additive system was patented in England by Edward Raymond Turner in 1899 . It used a rotating set of red , green and blue filters to photograph the three color components one after the other on three successive frames of panchromatic black - and - white film . The finished film was projected through similar filters to reconstitute the color . In 1902 , Turner shot test footage to demonstrate his system , but projecting it proved problematic because of the accurate registration ( alignment ) of the three separate color elements required for acceptable results . Turner died a year later without having satisfactorily projected the footage .", "5": "In 2012 , curators at the National Media Museum in Bradford , UK , had the original custom - format nitrate film copied to black - and - white 35 mm film , which was then scanned into a digital video format by telecine . Finally , digital image processing was used to align and combine each group of three frames into one color image . The result is that the whole world can now view brief motion pictures from 1902 in full color . Play media A Visit to the Seaside , the first motion picture in Kinemacolor Play media With Our King and Queen Through India , extract Practical color in the motion picture business began with Kinemacolor , first demonstrated in 1906 . This was a two - color system created in England by George Albert Smith , and promoted by film pioneer Charles Urban 's The Charles Urban Trading Company in 1908 . It was used for a series of films including the documentary With Our King and Queen Through India , depicting the Delhi Durbar ( also known as The Durbar at Delhi , 1912 ) , which was filmed in December 1911 . The Kinemacolor process consisted of alternating frames of specially sensitized black - and - white film exposed at 32 frames per second through a rotating filter with alternating red and green areas . The printed film was projected through similar alternating red and green filters at the same speed . A perceived range of colors resulted from the blending of the separate red and green alternating images by the viewer 's persistence of vision . William Friese - Greene invented another additive color system called Biocolour , which was developed by his son Claude Friese - Greene after William 's death in 1921 . William sued George Albert Smith , alleging that the Kinemacolor process infringed on the patents for his Bioschemes , Ltd. ; as a result , Smith 's patent was revoked in 1914 . Both Kinemacolor and Biocolour had problems with `` fringing '' or `` haloing '' of the image , due to the separate red and green images not fully matching up . By their nature , these additive systems were very wasteful of light . Absorption by the color filters involved meant that only a minor fraction of the projection light actually reached the screen , resulting in an image that was dimmer than a typical black - and - white image .", "6": "The larger the screen , the dimmer the picture . For this and other case - by - case reasons , the use of additive processes for theatrical motion pictures had been almost completely abandoned by the early 1940s , though additive color methods are employed by all the color video and computer display systems in common use today . Subtractive color ( edit ) The first practical subtractive color process was introduced by Kodak as `` Kodachrome '' , a name recycled twenty years later for a very different and far better - known product . Filter - photographed red and blue - green records were printed onto the front and back of one strip of black - and - white duplitized film . After development , the resulting silver images were bleached away and replaced with color dyes , red on one side and cyan on the other . The pairs of superimposed dye images reproduced a useful but limited range of color . Kodak 's first narrative film with the process was a short subject entitled Concerning $1000 ( 1916 ) . Though their duplitized film provided the basis for several commercialized two - color printing processes , the image origination and color - toning methods constituting Kodak 's own process were little - used . The first truly successful subtractive color process was William van Doren Kelley 's Prizma , an early color process that was first introduced at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City on 8 February 1917 . Prizma began in 1916 as an additive system similar to Kinemacolor . However , after 1917 , Kelley reinvented the process as a subtractive one with several years of short films and travelogues , such as Everywhere With Prizma ( 1919 ) and A Prizma Color Visit to Catalina ( 1919 ) before releasing features such as the documentary Bali the Unknown ( 1921 ) , The Glorious Adventure ( 1922 ) , and Venus of the South Seas ( 1924 ) . A Prizma promotional short filmed for Del Monte Foods titled Sunshine Gatherers ( 1921 ) is available on DVD in Treasures 5 The West 1898 -- 1938 by the National Film Preservation Foundation . The invention of Prizma led to a series of similarly printed color processes .", "7": "This bipack color system used two strips of film running through the camera , one recording red , and one recording blue - green light . With the black - and - white negatives being printed onto duplitized film , the color images were then toned red and blue , effectively creating a subtractive color print . Leon Forrest Douglass ( 1869 -- 1940 ) , a founder of Victor Records , developed a system he called Naturalcolor , and first showed a short test film made in the process on 15 May 1917 at his home in San Rafael , California . The only feature film known to have been made in this process , Cupid Angling ( 1918 ) -- starring Ruth Roland and with cameo appearances by Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks -- was filmed in the Lake Lagunitas area of Marin County , California . After experimenting with additive systems ( including a camera with two apertures , one with a red filter , one with a green filter ) from 1915 to 1921 , Dr. Herbert Kalmus , Dr. Daniel Comstock , and mechanic W. Burton Wescott developed a subtractive color system for Technicolor . The system used a beam splitter in a specially modified camera to send red and green light to adjacent frames of one strip of black - and - white film . From this negative , skip - printing was used to print each color 's frames contiguously onto film stock with half the normal base thickness . The two prints were chemically toned to roughly complementary hues of red and green , then cemented together , back to back , into a single strip of film . The first film to use this process was The Toll of the Sea ( 1922 ) starring Anna May Wong . Perhaps the most ambitious film to use it was The Black Pirate ( 1926 ) , starring and produced by Douglas Fairbanks . The process was later refined through the incorporation of dye imbibition , which allowed for the transferring of dyes from both color matrices into a single print , avoiding several problems that had become evident with the cemented prints and allowing multiple prints to be created from a single pair of matrices . Technicolor 's system was very popular for a number of years , but it was a very expensive process : shooting cost three times that of black - and - white photography and printing costs were no cheaper .", "8": "By 1932 , color photography in general had nearly been abandoned by major studios , until Technicolor developed a new advancement to record all three primary colors . Utilizing a special dichroic beam splitter equipped with two 45 - degree prisms in the form of a cube , light from the lens was deflected by the prisms and split into two paths to expose each one of three black - and - white negatives ( one each to record the densities for red , green , and blue ) . The three negatives were then printed to gelatin matrices , which also completely bleached the image , washing out the silver and leaving only the gelatin record of the image . A receiver print , consisting of a 50 % density print of the black - and - white negative for the green record strip , and including the soundtrack , was struck and treated with dye mordants to aid in the imbibition process ( this `` black '' layer was discontinued in the early 1940s ) . The matrices for each strip were coated with their complementary dye ( yellow , cyan , or magenta ) , and then each successively brought into high - pressure contact with the receiver , which imbibed and held the dyes , which collectively rendered a wider spectrum of color than previous technologies . The first animation film with the three - color ( also called three - strip ) system was Walt Disney 's Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) , the first short live - action film was La Cucaracha ( 1934 ) , and the first feature was Becky Sharp ( 1935 ) . Gasparcolor , a single - strip 3 - color system , was developed in 1933 by the Hungarian chemist Dr. Bela Gaspar . The real push for color films and the nearly immediate changeover from black - and - white production to nearly all color film were pushed forward by the prevalence of television in the early 1950s . In 1947 , only 12 percent of American films were made in color . By 1954 , that number rose to over 50 percent . The rise in color films was also aided by the breakup of Technicolor 's near monopoly on the medium .", "9": "In 1947 , the United States Justice Department filed an antitrust suit against Technicolor for monopolization of color cinematography ( even though rival processes such as Cinecolor and Trucolor were in general use ) . In 1950 , a federal court ordered Technicolor to allot a number of its three - strip cameras for use by independent studios and filmmakers . Although this certainly affected Technicolor , its real undoing was the invention of Eastmancolor that same year . Monopack color film ( edit ) A strip of undeveloped 35 mm color negative . In the field of motion pictures , the many - layered type of color film normally called an integral tripack in broader contexts has long been known by the less tongue - twisting term monopack . For many years , Monopack ( capitalized ) was a proprietary product of Technicolor Corp , whereas monopack ( not capitalized ) generically referred to any of several single - strip color film products , certainly including various Eastman Kodak products . It appears that Technicolor made no attempt to register Monopack as a trademark with the US Patent and Trademark Office , although it certainly asserted that term as if it were a registered trademark , and it had the force of a legal agreement between it and Eastman Kodak to back up that assertion . It was a solely - sourced product , too , as Eastman Kodak was legally prevented from marketing any color motion picture film products wider than 16mm , 35mm specifically , until the expiration of the so - called `` Monopack Agreement '' in 1950 . This , notwithstanding the facts that Technicolor never had the capability to manufacture sensitized motion picture films of any kind , nor single - strip color films based upon its so - called `` Troland Patent '' ( which patent Technicolor maintained covered all monopack - type films in general , but monopack - type motion picture films in particular , and which Eastman Kodak elected not to contest as Technicolor was then one of its largest customers , if not its largest customer ) . After 1950 , Eastman Kodak was free to make and market color films of any kind , particularly including monopack color motion picture films in 65 / 70mm , 35mm , 16mm and 8mm . The `` Monopack Agreement '' had no effect on color still films .", "10": "Monopack color films are based on the subtractive color system , which filters colors from white light by using superimposed cyan , magenta and yellow dye images . Those images are created from records of the amounts of red , green and blue light present at each point of the image formed by the camera lens . A subtractive primary color ( cyan , magenta , yellow ) is what remains when one of the additive primary colors ( red , green , blue ) has been removed from the spectrum . Eastman Kodak 's monopack color films incorporated three separate layers of differently color sensitive emulsion into one strip of film . Each layer recorded one of the additive primaries and was processed to produce a dye image in the complementary subtractive primary . Kodachrome was the first commercially successful application of monopack multilayer film , introduced in 1935 . For professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 35mm BH - perforated base , was available exclusively from Technicolor , as its so - called `` Technicolor Monopack '' product . Similarly , for sub-professional motion picture photography , Kodachrome Commercial , on a 16mm base , was available exclusively from Eastman Kodak . In both cases , Eastman Kodak was the sole manufacturer and the sole processor . In the 35mm case , Technicolor dye - transfer printing was a `` tie - in '' product . In the 16mm case , there were Eastman Kodak duplicating and printing stocks and associated chemistry , not the same as a `` tie - in '' product . In exceptional cases , Technicolor offered 16mm dye - transfer printing , but this necessitated the exceptionally wasteful process of printing on a 35mm base , only thereafter to be re-perforated and re-slit to 16mm , thereby discarding slightly more than one - half of the end product . A late modification to the `` Monopack Agreement '' , the `` Imbibition Agreement '' , finally allowed Technicolor to economically manufacture 16mm dye - transfer prints as so - called `` double - rank '' 35 / 32mm prints ( two 16mm prints on a 35mm base that was originally perforated at the 16mm specification for both halves , and was later re-slit into two 16mm wide prints without the need for re-perforation ) .", "11": "This modification also facilitated the early experiments by Eastman Kodak with its negative - positive monopack film , which eventually became Eastmancolor . Essentially , the `` Imbibition Agreement '' lifted a portion of the `` Monopack Agreement 's '' restrictions on Technicolor ( which prevented it from making motion picture products less than 35mm wide ) and somewhat related restrictions on Eastman Kodak ( which prevented it from experimenting and developing monopack products greater than 16mm wide ) . Eastmancolor , introduced in 1950 , was Kodak 's first economical , single - strip 35 mm negative - positive process incorporated into one strip of film . This rendered Three - Strip color photography relatively obsolete , even though , for the first few years of Eastmancolor , Technicolor continued to offer Three - Strip origination combined with dye - transfer printing ( 150 titles produced in 1953 , 100 titles produced in 1954 and 50 titles produced in 1955 , the very last year for Three - Strip ) . The first commercial feature film to use Eastmancolor was the documentary Royal Journey , released in December 1951 . Hollywood studios waited until an improved version of Eastmancolor negative came out in 1952 before using it ; This is Cinerama was an early film which employed three separate and interlocked strips of Eastmancolor negative . This is Cinerama was initially printed on Eastmancolor positive , but its significant success eventually resulted in it being reprinted by Technicolor , using dye - transfer . By 1953 , and especially with the introduction of anamorphic wide screen CinemaScope , Eastmancolor became a marketing imperative as CinemaScope was incompatible with Technicolor 's Three - Strip camera and lenses .", "12": "Indeed , Technicolor Corp became one of the best , if not the best , processor of Eastmancolor negative , especially for so - called `` wide gauge '' negatives ( 65mm , 8 - perf 35mm , 6 - perf 35mm ) , yet it far preferred its own 35mm dye - transfer printing process for Eastmancolor - originated films with a print run that exceeded 500 prints , not withstanding the significant `` loss of register '' that occurred in such prints that were expanded by CinemaScope 's 2X horizontal factor , and , to a lesser extent , with so - called `` flat wide screen '' ( variously 1.66 : 1 or 1.85 : 1 , but spherical and not anamorphic ) . This nearly fatal flaw was not corrected until 1955 and caused numerous features initially printed by Technicolor to be scrapped and reprinted by DeLuxe Labs . ( These features are often billed as `` Color by Technicolor - DeLuxe '' . ) Indeed , some Eastmancolor - originated films billed as `` Color by Technicolor '' were never actually printed using the dye - transfer process , due in part to the throughput limitations of Technicolor 's dye - transfer printing process , and competitor DeLuxe 's superior throughput . Incredibly , DeLuxe once had a license to install a Technicolor - type dye - transfer printing line , but as the `` loss of register '' problems became apparent in Fox 's CinemaScope features that were printed by Technicolor , after Fox had become an all - CinemaScope producer , Fox - owned DeLuxe Labs abandoned its plans for dye - transfer printing and became , and remained , an all - Eastmancolor shop , as Technicolor itself later became . Technicolor continued to offer its proprietary imbibition dye - transfer printing process for projection prints until 1975 , and even briefly revived it in 1998 . As an archival format , Technicolor prints are one of the most stable color print processes yet created , and prints properly cared for are estimated to retain their color for centuries . With the introduction of Eastmancolor low - fade positive print ( LPP ) films , properly stored ( at 45 ° F or 7 ° C and 25 percent relative humidity ) monopack color film is expected to last , with no fading , a comparative amount of time .", "13": "Improperly stored monopack color film from before 1983 can incur a 30 percent image loss in as little as 25 years . How a color film works ( edit ) A representation of the layers within a piece of developed color 35 mm negative film . When developed , the dye couplers in the blue - , green - , and red - sensitive layers turn the exposed silver halide crystals to their complementary colors ( yellow , magenta , and cyan ) . The film is made up of ( A ) Clear protective topcoat , ( B ) UV filter , ( C ) `` Fast '' blue layer , ( D ) `` Slow '' blue layer , ( E ) Yellow filter to cut all blue light from passing through to ( F ) `` Fast '' green layer , ( G ) `` Slow '' green layer , ( H ) Inter ( subbing ) layer , ( I ) `` Fast '' red layer , ( J ) `` Slow '' red layer , ( K ) Clear triacetate base , and ( L ) Antihalation ( rem - jet ) backing . A color film is made up of many different layers that work together to create the color image . Color negative films provide three main color layers : the blue record , green record , and red record ; each made up of two separate layers containing silver halide crystals and dye - couplers . A cross-sectional representation of a piece of developed color negative film is shown in the figure at the right . Each layer of the film is so thin that the composite of all layers , in addition to the triacetate base and antihalation backing , is less than 0.0003 '' ( 8 μm ) thick . The three color records are stacked as shown at right , with a UV filter on top to keep the non-visible ultraviolet radiation from exposing the silver - halide crystals , which are naturally sensitive to UV light . Next are the fast and slow blue - sensitive layers , which , when developed , form the latent image . When the exposed silver - halide crystal is developed , it is coupled with a dye grain of its complementary color . This forms a dye `` cloud '' ( like a drop of water on a paper towel ) and is limited in its growth by development - inhibitor - releasing ( DIR ) couplers , which also serve to refine the sharpness of the processed image by limiting the size of the dye clouds .", "14": "The dye clouds formed in the blue layer are actually yellow ( the opposite or complementary color to blue ) . There are two layers to each color ; a `` fast '' and a `` slow . '' The fast layer features larger grains that are more sensitive to light than the slow layer , which has finer grain and is less sensitive to light . Silver - halide crystals are naturally sensitive to blue light , so the blue layers are on the top of the film and they are followed immediately by a yellow filter , which stops any more blue light from passing through to the green and red layers and biasing those crystals with extra blue exposure . Next are the red - sensitive record ( which forms cyan dyes when developed ) ; and , at the bottom , the green - sensitive record , which forms magenta dyes when developed . Each color is separated by a gelatin layer that prevents silver development in one record from causing unwanted dye formation in another . On the back of the film base is an anti-halation layer that absorbs light which would otherwise be weakly reflected back through the film by that surface and create halos of light around bright features in the image . In color film , this backing is `` rem - jet '' , a black - pigmented , non-gelatin layer which is removed in the developing process . Eastman Kodak manufactures film in 54 - inch ( 1,372 mm ) wide rolls . These rolls are then slit into various sizes ( 70 mm , 65 mm , 35 mm , 16 mm ) as needed . Manufacturers of color film for motion picture use ( edit ) See also : List of motion picture film stocks Motion picture film , primarily because of the rem - jet backing , requires different processing than standard C - 41 process color film . The process necessary is ECN - 2 , which has an initial step using an alkaline bath to remove the backing layer . There are also minor differences in the remainder of the process . If motion picture negative is run through a standard C - 41 color film developer bath , the rem - jet backing partially dissolves and destroys the integrity of the developer and , potentially , ruins the film .", "15": "Kodak color motion picture films ( edit ) In the late 1980s , Kodak introduced the T - Grain emulsion , a technological advancement in the shape and make - up of silver halide grains in their films . T - Grain is a tabular silver halide grain that allows for greater overall surface area , resulting in greater light sensitivity with a relatively small grain and a more uniform shape that results in a less overall graininess to the film . This made for sharper and more sensitive films . The T - Grain technology was first employed in Kodak 's EXR line of motion picture color negative stocks . This was further refined in 1996 with the Vision line of emulsions , followed by Vision2 in the early 2000s and Vision3 in 2007 . Fuji color motion picture films ( edit ) Fuji films also integrate tabular grains in their SUFG ( Super Unified Fine Grain ) films . In their case , the SUFG grain is not only tabular , it is hexagonal and consistent in shape throughout the emulsion layers . Like the T - grain , it has a larger surface area in a smaller grain ( about one - third the size of traditional grain ) for the same light sensitivity . In 2005 , Fuji unveiled their Eterna 500T stock , the first in a new line of advanced emulsions , with Super Nano - structure Σ Grain Technology . See also ( edit ) Film portal List of color film systems List of film formats List of motion picture film stocks List of early color feature films Film stock Photographic film mainly about film for stills Film base Kinemacolor Prizma Multicolor Cinecolor Technicolor 35 mm film 135 film Color photography References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Martin Scorsese on world 's first colour film discovery '' . BBC Jump up ^ Hurley , Michael ( 2 January 2014 ) . `` Studios Abandon Film , Small Theaters Struggle -- And There 's a Happy Ending '' . Indiewire . Archived from the original on 1 February 2016 . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . ^ Jump up to : David A. Cook , A History of Narrative Film ( 2nd edition , W.W.", "16": "Norton & Company , 1990 ) . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95553 - 2 ^ Jump up to : Ira Konigsberg , The Complete Film Dictionary Meridan PAL Books , 1987 ) ISBN 0 - 452 - 00980 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Ephraim Katz , The Film Encyclopedia ( HarperCollins , 1994 ) ISBN 0 - 06 - 273089 - 4 ^ Jump up to : Monaco , James ( 1981 ) ( Revised ed ) How to Read a Film Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 502806 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` World 's first colour moving pictures discovered '' . BBC News . 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ Pritchard , B. ( 2012 ) . `` Lee - Turner Project with the National Media Museum '' . Retrieved 20 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` World 's first colour film unveiled '' . The Telegraph . 12 September 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1917 ) `` Kinemacolor '' How to Make and Operate Moving Pictures Funk & Wagnalls . Courtesy of Wide Screen Museum Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony . ( 1990 ) `` Prizma Color '' The American Film Industry : A Historical Dictionary Limelight p. 271 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 139 - 3 Jump up ^ Museum Notes , The American Museum Journal ( 1917 ) , vol. 17 , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Cornwell - Clyne , Adrian. ( 1951 ) Colour Cinematography Chapman and Hall press . Jump up ^ Gracyk , Tim . Leon F. Douglass : Inventor and Victor 's First Vice-President ( Retrieved on 2007 - 03 - 26 ) Jump up ^ Slide , Anthony . ( 1990 ) `` Technicolor '' The American Film Industry : A Historical Dictionary Limelight pp. 338 - 340 . ISBN 0 - 87910 - 139 - 3 Jump up ^ Hart , Martin ( 2003 ) . `` The History of Technicolor '' Widescreenmuseum.com . Retrieved 2006 - 07 - 07 .", "17": "Jump up ^ `` Gasparcolor : Perfect Hues for Animation '' . Fischinger Archive . Jump up ^ Exploring the Color Image ( 1996 ) Eastman Kodak Publication H - 188 . Jump up ^ The tie - in ensures the quality of the tied - good when the tied good ( dye - transfer printing , in this case ) is used in conjunction with the tying good ( Three - Strip or Monopack origination , in this case ) , paraphrasing Tie - in Sales and Price Discrimination , S.J. Liebowitz , University of Texas at Dallas . ^ Jump up to : Chronology of Motion Picture Films : 1940 -- 1959 Archived 2009 - 06 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Kodak . Jump up ^ At one point , Technicolor implemented a two - tiered print pricing structure , one for dye - transfer prints , which favored large volume printing , and one Eastmancolor prints , which favored small volume printing -- but this was after the `` tie - in '' between origination and printing had been broken by the abandonment of Three - Strip and Monopack origination . For small print runs , dye - transfer remained an option , but at a significantly higher cost . Jump up ^ Wilhelm , Henry with Brower , Carol ( 1993 ) The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs . Preservation Publishing Company . Chapter 10 `` The Extraordinarily Stable Technicolor Dye Imbibition Motion Picture Color Print Process '' pp. 345 - 366 Archived 2006 - 06 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Holben , Jay ( June 1999 ) . `` Preserving Negatives for the Next Generation '' American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 147 - 152 . ^ Jump up to : Kodak Motion Picture Film ( H1 ) ( 4th ed ) . Eastman Kodak Company . ISBN 0 - 87985 - 477 - 4 Jump up ^ Holben , Jay . ( April 2000 ) . `` Taking Stock '' Part 1 of 2 . American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 118 - 130 Jump up ^ Probst , Christopher . ( May 2000 ) .", "18": "`` Taking Stock '' Part 2 of 2 American Cinematographer Magazine ASC Press . pp. 110 - 120 Further reading ( edit ) John Waner , Hollywood 's Conversion of All Production to Color , Tobey Publishing , 2000 . External links ( edit ) Timeline of Historical Film Colors BBC article on the first color film The American Widescreen Museum has a thorough treatise on early motion picture color processes . List of films in Prizma at IMDb `` Animation in Natural Colours '' , Moving Pictures , 1912 . ( hide ) Film genres By style Action Arthouse Heroic bloodshed Hong Kong action Adventure Survival Art Biographical Christian Comedy Black Commedia all'italiana Commedia sexy all'italiana Bromantic Dramedy Gross out Horror Parody Mo lei tau Thriller Remarriage Romantic Sex Screwball Silent Slapstick Documentary Animated Docudrama Mockumentary Mondo Pseudo Semi Travel Drama Dramedy Historical Legal Melodrama Korean Erotic Commedia sexy all'italiana Pink Sexploitation Thriller Educational Social guidance Epic Sword - and - sandal Experimental Exploitation see Exploitation film template Fantasy Comic Contemporary Dark Fairy tale Fantastique High Historical Magic realism Science Film noir Bad girl Neo-noir Occult detective Pulp noir Tech noir Gothic Romance Southern Space Suburban Urban Horror Body Cannibal Comedy Eco Fantastique Found footage German underground Ghost Giallo", "19": "Holiday Japanese Korean Lovecraftian Mumblegore Natural New French Extremity Occult detective Psycho - biddy Psychological Religious Science Fiction Slasher Splatter Satanic Mumblecore Mumblegore Musical Backstage Jukebox Musicarello Operetta Sceneggiata Mystery Giallo Occult detective Pornographic Hardcore pornography Softcore pornography Propaganda Reality Romantic Comedy Bromantic Fantasy Gothic Paranormal Thriller Science fiction Comic Cyberpunk Fantastique Fantasy Gothic Horror Military Mundane New Wave Parallel universe Planetary romance Space opera Steampunk Western Thriller Comedy Conspiracy Erotic Financial Giallo Legal New French Extremity Political Psychological Romantic Techno Transgressive Cinema of Transgression New French Extremity Trick By theme Animals Beach party Blaxploitation Body swap Bourekas Buddy Buddy cop Female Cannibal Chicano Colonial Coming - of - age Concert Crime Gentleman thief Gong'an Heist Hood Gangster Mafia Mafia comedy Poliziotteschi Yakuza Gokudō Dance Disaster Apocalyptic Drug Psychedelic Stoner Dystopian Economic Ethnographic Extraterrestrial Food and drink Funny animal Gendai - geki Ghost Goona - goona epic Gothic Romance Southern Space", "20": "Suburban Urban Ecchi Girls with guns Harem Hentai Tentacle erotica Lolicon Kaitō Magical girl Mecha Shotacon Yaoi Yuri Homeland Jidaigeki LGBT Luchador Martial arts Bruceploitation Chopsocky Gun fu Kung fu Wuxia Mecha Mexploitation Monster Giant monster Jiangshi Kaiju Vampire Werewolf Zombie Mountain Mouth of Garbage Muslim social Nature Environmental issues Opera Outlaw biker Ozploitation Partisan film Pirate Prison Women Race Rape and revenge Road Rubble Rumberas Samurai Sexploitation Bavarian porn Commedia sexy all'italiana Mexican sex comedy Nazi exploitation Pornochanchada Nunsploitation Sex report Shomin - geki Slavery Slice of life Snuff Crush South Seas Sports Spy Eurospy Superhero Surfing Swashbuckler Sword - and - sandal Sword and sorcery Travel Trial Vigilante War Anti-war Euro War Submarine Western Acid Florida Meat pie Northern Ostern revisionist Space Spaghetti Weird Zombie Zombie comedy By movement or period Absolute Australian New Wave Auteur films Berlin School Bourekas Brighton School British New Wave Kitchen sink realism Budapest school Cannibal boom Cinéma du look Cinema Novo Cinema of Transgression Cinéma pur Commedia all'italiana", "21": "Documentary Film Movement Dogme 95 Erra Cinema European art cinema Film gris Free Cinema French New Wave German Expressionist German underground horror Nigerian Golden Age Grupo Cine Liberación Heimatfilm Hollywood on the Tiber Hong Kong New Wave Iranian New Wave Italian futurist Italian neorealist Japanese New Wave Kammerspielfilm L.A. Rebellion Lettrist Mumblecore Neorealist New French Extremity New German New Generation New Hollywood New Nollywood New Queer No wave Nuevo Cine Mexicano Parallel cinema Persian Film Poetic realist Polish Film School Poliziotteschi Praška filmska škola Prussian film Pure Film Movement Remodernist Romanian New Wave Spaghetti Western Socialist realist Social realist Kitchen sink realism Soviet Parallel Structural Surrealist Sword - and - sandal Telefoni Bianchi Third Cinema Yugoslav Black Wave By audience Adult Chick flick Children 's Family Guy - cry Stag Teen Woman 's By format , technique , approach ,", "22": "or production 3D Actuality Animation anime cartoon computer stop - motion traditional Anthology Art B movie Black - and - white Blockbuster Bollywood Cinéma vérité Classical Hollywood cinema Collage Color Compilation Composite Cult midnight movie Database cinema Docufiction Ethnofiction Experimental Abstract Feature Featurette Film à clef Film noir Film - poem Found footage Grindhouse Hyperlink cinema Independent Guerrilla filmmaking Interstitial art Live action animation Low - budget Major studio Making - of Masala Message picture Meta - film Mockbuster Musical short Mythopoeia Neorealist No budget Paracinema Participatory Poetry Postmodernist Reverse motion Sceneggiata Semidocumentary Serial Shinpa Short Silent Socialist realist Sound Underground Video nasty Z movie NDL : 00572849 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_motion_picture_film&oldid=837779636 '' Categories : Film and video technology Photographic film types History of film Color Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Asturianu Azərbaycanca Català Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Gaeilge Galego Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 00 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 6, 8, 3, 16, 4, 5, 2, 18, 11, 7, 0, 12, 20, 9, 19, 15, 17, 22, 10, 14, 21, 1, 13 ]

[ 2, 6, 8, 3, 16 ]

[ "Leap of Faith" ]

{ "0": "Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) - wikipedia Ghost Whisperer ( season 4 ) Jump to : navigation , search Ghost Whisperer season 4 DVD cover Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 Release Original network CBS Original release October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) -- May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 3 Next → Season 5 List of Ghost Whisperer episodes The fourth season of Ghost Whisperer , an American television series created by John Gray , commenced airing in the United States on October 3 , 2008 , concluded May 15 , 2009 , and consisted of 23 episodes . The series follows the life of Melinda Gordon ( Jennifer Love Hewitt ) , who has the ability to see and communicate with ghosts . While trying to live as normal a life as possible -- she is married and owns an antique store -- Melinda helps earthbound spirits resolve their problems and cross over into the Light , or the spirit world . Her tasks are difficult and at times she struggles with people who push her away and disbelieve her ability . In addition , the ghosts are mysterious and sometimes menacing in the beginning and Melinda must use the clues available to her to understand the spirit 's needs and help them . Ghost Whisperer 's fourth season aired in the United States ( U.S. ) on Fridays at 8 : 00 pm ET on CBS , a terrestrial television network , where it received an average of 10.62 million viewers per episode , becoming the most watched season of the series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Development 3 Cast 4 Episodes 5 References Plot ( edit ) In the fourth season , Melinda meets Eli James ( Jamie Kennedy ) after a fire at Rockland University who , after his own near - death experience , develops the ability to hear ghosts . Melinda says goodbye to her close friend Rick Payne , who leaves Grandview on a research trip for the university . In this season , Jim is shot and killed .", "1": "He does not `` cross over '' because he does not want to leave Melinda , and his spirit later enters the body of a man named Sam Lucas , who died in an unrelated accident in Grandview and crossed over . When Jim / Sam regains consciousness , he has no memory of being Jim . Melinda works to get him to remember his past life and her , and succeeds after much difficulty and skepticism on the part of her friends . They soon discover that Melinda is pregnant and that the date of conception was right before Jim died . At the end of the season , Ned and Eli find the Book of Changes , a book written by the Watchers ( a benevolent group of ghosts who keep watch over the living ) . The book tells them of past and future prominent dates , such as Andrea and Jim 's deaths . One date is listed as September 25 , 2009 ; Melinda 's due date . Melinda learns from a Watcher named Carl that her child is destined to not only inherit her gift , but be far more powerful than her . Melinda and Jim decide to remarry and have a small ceremony on a snowy night , on the street where they first met . Development ( edit ) Ghost Whisperer is based on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' James Van Praagh , who is co-executive producer and regularly updates a blog about the show through LivingTV . The stories are also said to be based in part on the work of `` Spirit Communicator '' Mary Ann Winkowski . Development of the show dates back to at least two years before its premiere . The show was produced by Sander / Moses Productions in association with CBS Television Studios ( originally Paramount Network Television in season one and ABC Studios ( originally Touchstone Television in the first two seasons ) and CBS Paramount Network Television in seasons two and three ) . The show was filmed on the Universal Studios back lot in Los Angeles . One area on the lot is Courthouse Square from the Back to the Future trilogy , though it has been drastically modified to depict Grandview . For example , the clock tower in Back to the Future has been completely covered up . Cast and crew members believe that the set gets visits from real spirits . Sound effects were completed at Smart Post Sound . Visual effects for the pilot and some season one episodes were completed at Flash Film Works .", "2": "Visual effects for nearly the entire series were created at Eden FX . Creator John Gray grew up in Brooklyn , New York , which is not far from Grandview - On - Hudson , west of the Hudson River . Piermont is often referenced in episodes as the neighboring town , which is accurate to real life as Grandview - On - Hudson is actually located just north of Piermont . Professor Rick Payne worked in the fictional `` Rockland University , '' and perhaps not coincidentally , the actual Grandview , New York is a village located in Rockland County , New York . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer characters Jennifer Love Hewitt as Melinda Gordon ( 23 episodes ) David Conrad as Jim Clancy / Sam Lucas ( 23 episodes ) Camryn Manheim as Delia Banks ( 23 episodes ) Jay Mohr as Rick Payne ( 1 episode ) Christoph Sanders as Ned Banks ( 13 episodes ) Jamie Kennedy as Eli James ( 23 episodes ) Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Ghost Whisperer episodes No. in Series No. in Season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` Firestarter '' Eric Laneuville P.K. Simonds October 3 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 03 ) 9.44 Melinda hears that there has been a fire at the Rockland University Building when Jim is called over there , and hurries over , fearful for Professor Rick Payne , but he is revealed to be alive and well . However , a therapist by the name Eli James dies , and Melinda witnesses his soul being brought back . This ' near - death ' experience grants him the ability to hear ghosts . The episode is focused on the ghost of one of Eli 's patients , who was possibly more than that , and whether or not she has been starting fires since she was 12 . Whilst Melinda is trapped in the archives , she meets a group of seemingly benign ghosts calling themselves the watchers , who warn her that dealing with death may brush off on something she loves . Note : This was Jay Mohr 's last appearance as Professor Payne .", "3": "First appearance of Jamie Kennedy Guest Star : Alona Tal as Fiona Raine 64 `` Big Chills '' Peter Werner Laurie McCarthy October 10 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 10 ) 9.69 A woman finds her friend dead and strange things start happening around her . She remembers Melinda 's abilities from high school ( not that she ever believed it before ) and calls on her for help . Mel quickly uncovers the story - Grace , her current boyfriend and the dead friend were in a car accident with a motorcyclist 10 years ago and they left him for dead . The guilt ate away at the dead friend but when he tried to go to the police , the other two stopped him . Melinda must tell the motorcyclists family what happened to him in order for the ghost to move on . 65 `` Ghost in the Machine '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw October 17 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 17 ) 8.97 Melinda watches Ned playing a computer game , and notices one of the Avatars staring right at her , and he appears in her shop , making her realise she has pulled him out of the game . She realises he is a ghost who appears as his Avatar because that is how he remembers himself , he died whilst playing the game . After realising that this Ghost / Avatar - ' Phoenix ' is usually hanging around with a teenage girl in the game , Mel , Ned and Eli suspect that he is a Predator , and proceed to try and catch him . Melinda sets up an Avatar and enters the game , and eventually discovers that ' Phoenix ' is the girls dad , and is actually trying to protect his daughter from the real Predator , who they then have to work together to catch . 66 `` Save Our Souls '' Gloria Muzio Mark B. Perry October 24 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 24 ) 10.14 Melinda and Jim go to a cruise ship that is going to be scrapped soon and meet the newlywed couple staying in the room next to theirs who want to swap because they are having problems with their room and marriage . Mel sees lots of ghosts on the ship and one is very friendly and helpful .", "4": "Mel realises room M108 is haunted by a ghost who is looking for her fiancé and swaps rooms so she can help her . She figures out the story of how the ghost died and who her fiancé was - he happens to be the owner of the ship , and has to get him to help the ghost cross over . Guest Star : Solange Knowles as cruise singer . 67 5 `` Bloodline '' Ian Sander Melissa Blake & Joy Blake October 31 , 2008 ( 2008 - 10 - 31 ) 9.40 A teenager dies while playing tennis with Ned and a friend , and her ghost starts haunting the girl . Mel finds out that the two girls used to be friends until their mothers stopped talking and one family moved away . After the discovery that the blood clot that killed Diana is a genetic condition , it is revealed that the girls were swapped at birth . The ghost tries to stop Melinda revealing the truth . 68 6 `` Imaginary Friends and Enemies '' Eric Laneuville Vivian Lee November 7 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 07 ) 11.06 Mel and Jim visit an old lodge with an old friend , her daughter and her new fiancé , and Melinda quickly realises that the little girl 's imaginary friend is actually a ghost . The ghost seems obsessed with the girl 's mother , and wants to play a game with her , but the game ends up hurting the mother . It is later revealed that the mother used to be friends with the ghost ( when he was alive and after ) , and he is trying to warn her about someone , using a clues game they used to play . Melinda has to convince Tricia to play the game and work out the clues . Jim is shot . 69 7 `` Threshold '' John Gray John Gray November 14 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 14 ) 11.57 Jim meets his brother in the in - between state , but decides that he needs to stay behind to be with Mel , since she 's not coping without him .", "5": "She ca n't see him even though he 's there , because her grief is strengthening the veil , but there is another ghost who wants her help , and she mistakes the signs as being from Jim . Eventually he gets through to her , and she tries to convince him to cross over , but he refuses . The other ghost is revealed to be the recently deceased stepdaughter of the man who shot Jim . At an accident , a man dies and goes into the light , and Jim steps into the body , despite Melinda 's warning . 70 8 `` Heart & Soul '' Ian Sander Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds November 21 , 2008 ( 2008 - 11 - 21 ) 11.28 Jim / Sam has no memory of being Jim and very little of being Sam , and Melinda tries to help , wanting the love of her life back . He visits Sam 's family but eventually accepts Mel 's offer to fix up her garage and live there whilst doing so . Delia does n't believe Melinda about Jim 's spirit stepping into Sam 's body . 71 9 `` Pieces of You '' Jim Chressanthis Laurie McCarthy December 5 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 05 ) 9.71 Jim / Sam is concerned about what might be going on between him and Melinda , thinking they were having an affair , and she assures him she would never cheat on her husband . She starts to tell him about the whole Jim / Sam thing , but his reaction stops her . Delia believes Mel about Jim / Sam after seeing him waiting for Ned at the basketball court , and convinces him to stay . Meanwhile , Mel has to help the ghost of a little girl who is haunting a wishing well . 72 10 `` Ball & Chain '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw December 19 , 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 19 ) 10.18 Whilst doing work at a house , Jim / Sam hears a car backfire and remembers being shot , which he finds weird , but Mel sees it as a sign of Jim still being in there somewhere .", "6": "Whilst searching for clues about who he is , he finds an engagement ring Sam was planning on giving his on / off girlfriend , bought a month before his accident . Mel has to unravel the mystery behind a ghost 's death , since the ghost is convinced she did n't abandon her family . 73 11 `` Life on the Line '' Eric Laneuville Christina M. Kim & Jeannine Renshaw January 9 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 09 ) 10.64 Delia is selling a house and she and Mel find it odd that there are still so many family photos and personal effects everywhere . Ned finds the lawnmower and awakens a ghost , who resends an old 911 call made from the house . This leads Melinda to investigate , and she discovers that a 14 - year - old boy was killed by the lawnmower there . She must uncover the truth behind the accident and get the family back together for the ghost to move on . Also , Sam remembers medical procedures , indicating that more of Jim 's past is coming up . He also tries to find evidence of his fiancé in his personal effects including looking through his sent e-mails . 74 12 `` This Joint 's Haunted '' Mark Rosman Mark B. Perry January 16 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 16 ) 10.58 Delia throws a dinner party for a couple of her high school friends and Eli who quickly hears a ghost about the place . Ned housesits for Mel whilst she goes on a road trip with Sam who is trying to find his fiancé in the hope that she can help with regaining his memory . Mel has to help a few ghosts along the way , all without revealing her abilities to Sam . The ghost in Delia 's house is trying to stop her from being so hard on Ned because she blames her own parents for her death . Sam 's fiancé comes to see him and finally believes him about the amnesia . 75 13 `` Body of Water '' Jennifer Love Hewitt P.K.", "7": "Simonds & Laurie McCarthy January 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 01 - 23 ) 11.18 A girl swims in a lake and is scared away . It is later discovered that there are many dead bodies in the lake and one of them is the girls ' father . Mel and Eli have to figure out what happened to the bodies to stop the ghosts from being so angry and helping them move on , and it has something to do with the owner of the funeral home , who now has cancer and wo n't take his medication . Sam 's fiancé Nikki ends up staying with Mel and spending a lot of time with Sam , which worries Delia , who urges Mel to fight for him . The Watchers return and warn Mel again , and she learns that they chose to stay earthbound to help the living . After his past life regression session with Eli , Sam remembers loving Mel , but he thinks he is remembering Nikki . Note : This episode was Jennifer Love Hewitt 's directorial debut . 76 14 `` Slow Burn '' Steven Robman Jeannine Renshaw February 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 06 ) 11.41 Delia asks Sam and Mel to help her chaperone Ned 's school dance , and Mel sees a ghost trying to stop a girl leaving with an older boy . She quickly realises the ghost is the girls ' mother , and must figure out why she does n't want the two to be together , with very little help from the ghost herself . Delia and Eli help her . Sam asks her on a date and she accepts , but helping the ghost causes her to miss it , and leads Sam to think she 's not ready to date after losing her husband . Guest Star : Kendall Schmidt as Jeff 77 15 `` Greek Tragedy '' Karen Gaviola Christina M. Kim February 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 13 ) 10.30 A sorority at Rockland University ' hazes ' new members with a brutal ritual , and one girl never returns the next day , which is a first .", "8": "Mel plans a date with Sam and promises Delia no ghost business , but is unable to help herself when she sees a ghost with a bag over her head , immediately thinking it is the missing girl . Eli works with her to figure out how she died , but the ghost is not who they thought she was at all , she died forty years ago after trying to make amends for the horrible things she did as a sorority leader . Mel told Sam she was volunteering at the firehouse , and when he asks about her there he finds that she never signed in , but he sees on her TV at the Rescue mission . He asks her about it and she lies , making him suspicious . 78 16 `` Ghost Busted '' John Behring Mark B. Perry & P.K. Simonds February 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 02 - 27 ) 11.54 Melinda 's neighbours hire a ghost hunter right when she was about to tell Sam about her gift , and after seeing his sceptical reaction , she holds off on telling him , despite Delia 's urging otherwise . Eli hangs out with the ghost hunter and accidentally reveals his own gift , ending up thinking the ghost hunter is legit , and they incorrectly deduce that the ghost is the house 's previous owner . Eli lies to Sam when he asks questions about Mel , and Delia tells him to keep an open mind . Mel works out who the ghost really is and helps him move on , finally tells Sam about her gift , and is crushed when he is sceptical . 79 17 `` Delusions of Grandview '' Jefery Levy Laurie McCarthy & Mark B. Perry March 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 06 ) 11.09 Sam wants to see Melinda doing her thing , and follows her to a school where he 's been doing work . Mel quickly sees ghosts and works out that they are patients of the mental hospital that the school used to be . One ghost in particular needs her help , she was admitted to the hospital after supposedly drowning her baby . Sam goes into the tunnels with Melinda , and gets freaked out when she has a vision of how the ghost died , which involved electro - shock therapy .", "9": "Delia and Eli work out that the ghost 's doctor was a ghost himself , and she is trying to protect the children in the school from him . Mel finally tells Sam about him being Jim , and he refuses to believe it , instead thinking that Mel needs professional help . 80 18 `` Leap of Faith '' Ian Sander P.K. Simonds & Laurie McCarthy March 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 13 ) 10.58 Sam moved out at Melinda 's request , but he forgot something , so tries calling her to ask for it , but she wo n't answer his calls . Mel is scared by a break - in at her shop , especially when Dr Byrd 's ghost shows up again . Eli goes to see the guy who broke in and discovers that he is another step - in ( like what Jim did to Sam ) . Mel deduces that Dr Byrd is behind the step - in 's , and works out that he wants another body for himself . Mel realises the other step - in is lost and confused somewhere in the tunnels and goes to find and help him , but the water valve has broken and the place is quickly filling with water . Byrd goes to get Eli and Sam is sceptical of his belief in a ghost he does n't trust , but follows him down anyway . Since Eli ca n't swim , Sam goes to rescue Mel , and after his bag gets trapped on something , Jim 's life flashes before his eyes . 81 19 `` Thrilled to Death '' Gloria Muzio Laurie McCarthy & Jeannine Renshaw April 10 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 10 ) 10.08 A young woman in Eli 's apartment building is being haunted , but claims she does n't know anyone who has died . Mel and Eli investigate together and figure out who the ghost is , and when they find out that Morgan was lying about knowing him , they wonder what else she 's been lying about , and quickly discover that she is ill herself . Meanwhile , Jim misses his job and friends but realises that ca n't be his life anymore , and he eventually decides he wants to go to Med School .", "10": "Mel and Eli realise there is much more to Morgan 's story , and have to stop the ghost hurting her out of his anger at being lied to . Guest Star : Hilary Duff as Morgan . 82 20 `` Stage Fright '' Eric Laneuville Mark B. Perry April 24 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 24 ) 9.23 A TV show is shooting in Grandview and wants to use Melinda 's store . Mel , Delia , Jim and Eli go to a Promotional Event , and Mel and Eli quickly pick up that a ghost is haunting the writer of the show and the lead male actor , and is also involving a seemingly random girl in the audience . They discover that they were all in a play together and the ghost was shot on stage when the blank gun malfunctioned . Mel and Eli think he blames the other three for his death and Eli jumps to the conclusion that the ghost is trying to kill someone on the show . They have to unravel the truth behind what happened in the play all those years ago so the ghost can cross over . After an accident shooting a walk - on part , Jim takes Mel to the hospital and they get some great news . Guest Star : Amelia Heinle as Brook Dennis . 83 21 `` Cursed '' Kim Moses Laurie McCarthy May 1 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 01 ) 9.79 A little girl comes into the store , searching for a very specific doll , and when the older girl ( a cousin ) explains that it is for a replica dollhouse of the house the older girl lived in with her family before they died , and that the dolls ' talk ' to the little girl , Melinda suspects that the spirits of Emma 's family are trapped in the dollhouse . She investigates until she finds out the truth behind their deaths , leading her to think that the little girls mother ( and Emma 's Aunt ) killed the family for their money and wants to hurt Emma . Mel tells Delia she 's pregnant , then discovers that she 's lost her wedding bands . Jim proposes again . 84 22 `` Endless Love '' Ian Sander P.K.", "11": "Simonds May 8 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 08 ) 9.50 Melinda is at Delia 's when she realises that one of the girls in Ned 's study group is being haunted . After a sleepwalking incident , Mel and Eli try to work out who the ghost is and what he wants . Eli 's friend Zoe ( who told him about Voodoo in the previous episode ) recognises the hauntings as Vampire Myths , leading Mel to wonder if Serena knew the ghost , and whether she was into Vampires . When she tries to ask her about it , Serena ends up thinking Vampires are real , and is surprised when Mel reveals she was talking about a ghost . The ghost leads Serena to his crypt after she says she wants to see him , and Mel has to race against time to get there and get her out of the sealed crypt before all the oxygen runs out . Also , Mel and Jim plan their second wedding - with Jim as Sam . Guest Star : Alexa Vega as Serena 85 23 `` The Book of Changes '' John Gray John Gray May 15 , 2009 ( 2009 - 05 - 15 ) 9.15 Melinda 's mother hires a wedding planner who completely ignores what the couple want . Someone breaks into the University Library and then Zoe 's house , but is interrupted by Eli . The thief only stole one book - called ' The Book of Changes ' by the Watchers . It has important dates in it , such as previous deaths and Melinda 's due date , which is why Carl the Watcher tells Eli not to let Melinda see or touch the book . Because the collection it was hidden in is being bought , the Watchers are trying to protect it . Melinda keeps getting visions of a faceless girl holding the book and saying that Mel 's future is in ' her ' hands and that Mel ca n't save ' her ' . Mel is scared for her unborn baby , especially when she learns that it will be able to do much more than her ( with their gift ) . Jim and Mel have a quiet wedding on the street where they first met , with only Delia and Eli in attendance , and Jim calls it a renewal of everything they already had and have .", "12": "Mel is told she has lots of white light around her - spirits protecting her , but if the balance slips , that could change . Eli becomes ' The Book of Changes ' new caretaker . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20090617073441/http://www.variety.com/profiles/TVSeries/Synopsis/173242/Ghost+Whisperer.html?dataSet=1 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved July 30 , 2010 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Season Program Rankings ( Through 5 / 17 ) '' . ABC Medianet . May 19 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived November 18 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 22 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Archived March 7 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine .", "13": "Jump up ^ Real - life ' Ghost Whisperer ' inspires Living TV - TV dramas - MSNBC.com Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer on LivingTV Jump up ^ Universal Studios Hollywood - What 's New Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ SCI FI Wire The News Service of the SCI FI Channel SCIFI.COM Jump up ^ Ghost Whisperer Television Show - Mix Checks in on Creating Audio Sounds for Ghost Whisperer TV Show Archived 2011 - 02 - 03 at WebCite Jump up ^ Flash Film Works - Ghost Whisperer Jump up ^ EDEN FX Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings Top CBS Primetime Shows , September 29 - October 5 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 6 -- 12 , 2008 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 14 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 .", "14": "Jump up ^ `` Nielsen TV Ratings CBS Primetime Shows , October 13 -- 19 : NCIS , CSI : MIAMI , CSI , CRIMINAL MINDS , THE MENTALIST , TWO AND A HALF MEN , CSI : NY , SURVIVOR : GABON , 60 MINUTES , COLD CASE , WITHOUT A TRACE , WORST WEEK , AMAZING RACE , HOW I MET YOUR MOTHER , THE UNIT , THE BIG BANG THEORY , 48 HOURS MYSTERY , GARY UNMARRIED , THE NEW ADVENTURES OF OLD CHRISTINE , CRIMETIME SATURDAY - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 21 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 20 -- 26 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . October 29 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , October 27 -- November 2 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 4 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 3 -- 9 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 11 , 2008 . Archived from the original on June 17 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , November 10 -- 16 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 18 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows November 17 -- 23 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . November 25 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2008 .", "15": "Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 1 -- 7 , 2008 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , December 15 -- 21 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . December 23 , 2008 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Show , January 5 -- 11 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 12 -- 18 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 21 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , January 19 -- 25 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . January 27 , 2009 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , February 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows February 23 to March 1 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com .", "16": "Archived from the original on June 8 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 2 -- 8 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . March 10 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , March 9 -- 15 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 6 -- 12 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 20 -- 26 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com. April 28 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , April 27 -- May 3 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 4 -- 10 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . May 12 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2009 . Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top CBS Primetime Shows , May 11 -- 17 , 2009 - TV Ratings , Nielsen Ratings , Television Show Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers.com . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 .", "17": "Retrieved June 27 , 2010 . General references `` Ghost Whisperer Episodes on CBS '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` Shows A-Z - the ghost whisperer on cbs '' . the Futon Critic . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . `` The Ghost Whisperer : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved June 28 , 2010 . ( hide ) Ghost Whisperer Episodes Season 1 `` Stranglehold '' `` Pater Familias '' 5 `` Birthday Presence '' `` Implosion '' `` The Children 's Parade '' Characters Melinda Gordon Related John Gray ( creator ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghost_Whisperer_(season_4)&oldid=805462653 '' Categories : 2009 American television seasons 2008 American television seasons Ghost Whisperer Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links Webarchive template webcite links Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Français Italiano Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 15 October 2017 , at 15 : 37 . 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[ "Permanente Creek, which flowed past Henry Kaiser's first cement plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino, California", "Permanente Creek, which flowed past Henry Kaiser's first cement plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino, California" ]

{ "0": "Kaiser Permanente - Wikipedia Kaiser Permanente Jump to : navigation , search Kaiser Permanente Type Consortium of for - profit and not - for - profit entities . Industry Healthcare Founded July 21 , 1945 ; 72 years ago ( 1945 - 07 - 21 ) Founder Henry J. Kaiser Sidney R. Garfield Headquarters Ordway Building Oakland , California , U.S. Key people Bernard J Tyson , Health Plan and Hospitals CEO Geoffrey Sewell , M.D. , Federation Executive Director see section below Revenue $64.6 billion USD ( 2016 ) Net income $1.9 billion USD ( 2016 ) Number of employees 208,975 employees ( 2017 ) 21,275 physicians ( 2017 ) Website kp.org Kaiser Permanente ( / ˈkaɪzər pɜːrməˈnɛnteɪ / ; KP ) is an integrated managed care consortium , based in Oakland , California , United States , founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield . Kaiser Permanente is made up of three distinct but interdependent groups of entities : the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan , Inc . ( KFHP ) and its regional operating subsidiaries ; Kaiser Foundation Hospitals ; and the regional Permanente Medical Groups . As of 2017 , Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states ( Hawaii , Washington , Oregon , California , Colorado , Maryland , Virginia , Georgia ) and the District of Columbia , and is the largest managed care organization in the United States . As of October 2017 , Kaiser Permanente had 11.7 million health plan members , 208,975 employees , 21,275 physicians , 54,072 nurses , 39 medical centers , and 720 medical facilities . As of December 31 , 2016 , the non-profit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and Kaiser Foundation Hospitals entities reported a combined $1.9 billion in net income on $64.6 billion in operating revenues . Each Permanente Medical Group operates as a separate for - profit partnership or professional corporation in its individual territory , and while none publicly reports its financial results , each is primarily funded by reimbursements from its respective regional Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entity .", "1": "KFHP is one of the largest not - for - profit organizations in the United States . KP 's quality of care has been highly rated and attributed to a strong emphasis on preventive care , its doctors being salaried rather than paid on a fee - for - service basis , and an attempt to minimize the time patients spend in high - cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay . However , Kaiser has had disputes with its employees ' unions , repeatedly faced civil and criminal charges for falsification of records and patient dumping , faced action by regulators over the quality of care it provided , especially to patients with mental health issues , and has faced criticism from activists and action from regulators over the size of its cash reserves . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure and governance 1.1 Governance 1.2 National structure 1.3 Regional entities 2 History 2.1 Early years 2.2 World War II 2.3 Postwar growth 2.4 Managed care era 2.5 Regional evolution 2.6 KP HealthConnect 2.7 International reputation 3 Quality of care 3.1 Historical issues 4 Research and publishing 5 Controversies 5.1 Mandatory arbitration 5.2 Labor unions 5.3 Cash reserves 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure and governance ( edit ) Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States . Two or three ( four , in the case of California ) distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region . This structure was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955 . Governance ( edit ) Each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure , although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent . There are multiple affiliated non-profits registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service . According to Form 990 governance questions , Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan do not have members with the power to appoint or elect board members , meaning that the board itself nominates and appoints new members . Chairman and CEO George Halvorson retired in December 2013 , after serving since 2002 .", "2": "On November 5 , 2012 , the board of directors announced that Bernard J. Tyson , Kaiser 's president and chief operating officer for the last two years , would replace Halvorson -- the first time an African American was appointed to that position . National structure ( edit ) The two types of organizations which make up each regional entity are : Kaiser Foundation Health Plans ( KFHP ) work with employers , employees , and individual members to offer prepaid health plans and insurance . The health plans are not - for - profit and provide infrastructure for and invest in Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and provide a tax - exempt shelter for the for - profit medical groups . Permanente Medical Groups are physician - owned organizations , which provide and arrange for medical care for Kaiser Foundation Health Plan members in each respective region . The medical groups are for - profit partnerships or professional corporations and receive nearly all of their funding from Kaiser Foundation Health Plans . The first medical group , The Permanente Medical Group , formed in 1948 in Northern California . Kaiser doctors become Permanente stockholders after three years at the company . In addition , Kaiser Foundation Hospitals operates medical centers in California , Oregon , Washington and Hawaii , and outpatient facilities in the remaining Kaiser Permanente regions . The hospital foundations are not - for - profit and rely on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding . They also provide infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for - profit medical groups . Regional entities ( edit ) Kaiser Permanente is administered through eight regions , including one parent and six subordinate health plan entities , one hospital entity , and nine separate , affiliated medical groups : ( show ) Various legal entities serve the areas of the US where Kaiser operates : California ( the largest two ) , Colorado , Georgia , Hawaii , mid-Atlantic , Pacific Northwest , and Washington . Northern California , 3,351,449 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan , Inc . ( KFHP ) Kaiser Foundation Hospitals ( KFH ) The Permanente Medical Group , Inc . ( TPMG ) Southern California , 3,499,035 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan , Inc .", "3": "( KFHP ) Kaiser Foundation Hospitals ( KFH ) Southern California Permanente Medical Group ( SCPMG ) Colorado , 531,908 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Colorado ( KFHPCO ) Colorado Permanente Medical Group , P.C. ( CPMG ) Georgia , 222,074 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Georgia , Inc . ( KFHPGA ) The Southeast Permanente Medical Group , Inc . ( TSPMG ) Hawaii , 226,900 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan , Inc . ( KFHP ) Kaiser Foundation Hospitals ( KFH ) Hawaii Permanente Medical Group , Inc . ( HPMG ) Mid-Atlantic ( vicinity of Washington , D.C. , including Maryland and Virginia ) , 581,000 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Mid-Atlantic States Inc . ( KFHPMA ) Mid-Atlantic Permanente Medical Group , P.C. ( MAPMG ) Northwest ( Northwest Oregon and Southwest Washington ) , 480,386 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of the Northwest ( KFHPNW ) Kaiser Foundation Hospitals ( KFH ) Northwest Permanente , P.C. Physicians and Surgeons ( NWP ) Washington ( except Southwest Washington ) , 681,386 members Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington Washington Permanente Medical Group In addition to the regional entities , in 1996 , the then - twelve Permanente Medical Groups created The Permanente Federation , a separate entity , which focuses on standardizing patient care and performance under one name and system of policies . Around the same time , The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for - profit Permanente Medical Groups . One of the ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures , a venture capital firm that invests in emerging medical technologies . Kaiser Permanente 's headquarters ( the Ordway Building in downtown Oakland ) One of Kaiser 's six other office buildings in Oakland History ( edit ) Kaiser Sunset Hospital complex in Los Angeles , California Early years ( edit ) The history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center , California .", "4": "At that time , Henry J. Kaiser and several other large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers ' compensation obligations . Dr. Sidney Garfield had just finished his residency at Los Angeles County - USC Medical Center at a time when jobs were scarce ; fortunately , he was able to secure a contract with Industrial Indemnity to care for 5,000 construction workers building the Colorado River Aqueduct in the Mojave Desert . Soon enough , Garfield 's new hospital was in a precarious financial state ( with mounting debt and the staff of three going unpaid ) , due in part to Garfield 's desire to treat all patients regardless of ability to pay , as well as his insistence on equipping the hospital adequately so that critically injured patients could be stabilized for the long journey to full - service hospitals in Los Angeles . However , Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives , Harold Hatch and Alonzo B. Ordway . It was Hatch who proposed to Garfield the specific solution that would lead to the creation of Kaiser Permanente : Industrial Indemnity would prepay 17.5 % of premiums , or $1.50 per worker per month , to cover work - related injuries , while the workers would each contribute five cents per day to cover non-work - related injuries . Later , Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial healthcare . Garfield also later explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross - Loos Medical Group . Hatch 's solution enabled Garfield to bring his budget back into the positive , and to experiment with providing a broader range of services to the workers besides pure emergency care . By the time work on the aqueduct concluded and the project was wrapped up , Garfield had paid off all his debts , was supervising ten physicians at three hospitals , and controlled a financial reserve of $150,000 . Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County - USC with the intent of entering private practice .", "5": "However , in March 1938 , Consolidated Industries ( a consortium led by the Kaiser Company ) initiated work on a contract for the upper half of the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state , and took over responsibility for the thousands of workers who had worked for a different construction consortium on the first half of the dam . Edgar Kaiser , Henry 's son , was in charge of the project . To smooth over relations with the workers ( who had been treated poorly by their earlier employer ) , Hatch and Ordway persuaded Edgar to meet with Garfield , and in turn Edgar persuaded Garfield to tour the Grand Coulee site . Garfield subsequently agreed to reproduce at Grand Coulee Dam what he had done on the Colorado River Aqueduct project . He immediately spent $100,000 on renovating the decrepit Mason City Hospital and hired seven physicians . Unlike the workers on Garfield 's first project , many workers at Grand Coulee Dam had brought dependents with them . The unions soon forced the Kaiser Company to expand its plan to cover dependents , which resulted in a dramatic shift from industrial medicine into family practice and enabled Garfield to formulate some of the basic principles of Kaiser Permanente . It was also during this time that Henry Kaiser personally became acquainted with Garfield and forged a friendship which lasted until Kaiser 's death . World War II ( edit ) Kaiser Field Hospital in Richmond , California . Defunct since 1995 In 1939 , the Kaiser Company began work on several huge shipbuilding contracts in Oakland , and by the end of 1941 would control four major shipyards on the West Coast . During 1940 , the expansion of the American defense - industrial complex in preparation for entrance into World War II resulted in a massive increase in the number of employees at the Richmond shipyard . In January 1941 , Henry Kaiser asked Garfield to set up an insurance plan for the Richmond workers ( this was merely contract negotiation with insurance companies ) , and a year later Kaiser asked Garfield to duplicate at Richmond what he had done at Desert Center and Mason City . Unlike the two other projects , the resulting entity lived on after the construction project that gave birth to it , and it is the direct ancestor of today 's Kaiser Permanente .", "6": "On March 1 , 1942 , Sidney R. Garfield & Associates opened its offices in Oakland to provide care to 20,000 workers , followed by the opening of the Permanente Health Plan on June 1 . From the beginning , Kaiser Permanente strongly supported preventive medicine and attempted to educate its members about maintaining their own health . In July , the Permanente Foundation formed to operate Northern California hospitals that would be linked to the outpatient health plans , followed shortly thereafter by the creation of Northern Permanente Foundation for Oregon and Washington and Southern Permanente Foundation for California . The name Permanente came from Permanente Creek , which flowed past Henry Kaiser 's first cement plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino , California . Kaiser 's first wife , Bess Fosburgh , liked the name . An abandoned Oakland facility was modernized as the 170 - bed Permanente Hospital opened on August 1 , 1942 . Three weeks later , the 71 - bed Richmond Field Hospital opened . Six first aid stations were set up in the shipyards to treat industrial accidents and minor illness . Each first aid station had an ambulance ready to rush patients to the surgical field hospital if required . Stabilized patients could be moved to the larger hospital for recuperative care . The Northern Permanente Hospital opened two weeks later to serve workers at the Kaiser shipyard in Vancouver , Washington . Shipyard workers paid seven cents per day for comprehensive health care coverage ; and within a year the shipyard health plan employed sixty physicians with salaries between $450 and $1,000 per month . These physicians established California Physicians Service to offer similar health coverage to the families of shipyard workers . In 1944 , Kaiser decided to continue the program after the war and to open it up to the general public . Meanwhile , during the war years , the American Medical Association ( AMA ) ( which opposed managed care organizations from their very beginning ) tried to defuse demand for managed care by promoting the rapid expansion of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield preferred provider organization networks . Courage to Heal , a novel by KP Historical Society President , Paul Bernstein , MD , is based on the story of Garfield 's life , his struggles with the AMA , and the origins of Kaiser Permanente .", "7": "Postwar growth ( edit ) In 1948 , Kaiser established the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation , ( also known as Kaiser Family Foundation ) , a U.S. - based , non-profit , private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation . The Foundation , not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries , is an independent voice and source of facts and analysis for policymakers , the media , the health care community , and the general public . The end of World War II brought about a huge plunge in Kaiser Permanente membership ; for example , 50,000 workers had left the Northern California yards by July 1945 . Membership bottomed out at 17,000 for the entire system but then surged back to 26,000 within six months as Garfield aggressively marketed his plan to the public . Sidney Garfield & Associates had been a sole proprietorship , but in 1948 , it was reorganized into a partnership , Permanente Medical Group . During this period , a substantial amount of growth came from union members ; the unions saw Kaiser Permanente care as more affordable and comprehensive than what was available at the time from private physicians under the fee - for - service system . For example , Fortune magazine had reported in 1944 that 90 % of the U.S. population could not afford fee - for - service healthcare . Kaiser Permanente membership soared to 154,000 in 1950 , 283,000 in 1952 , 470,000 in 1954 , 556,000 in 1956 , and 618,000 in 1958 . From 1944 onward , both Kaiser Permanente and Garfield fought numerous attacks from the AMA and various state and local medical societies . Henry Kaiser came to the defense of both Garfield and the health plans he had created . In 1951 , the organization acquired its current name when Henry Kaiser unilaterally directed the trustees of the health plans , hospital foundations , and medical groups to add his name before Permanente . However , the physicians in the Permanente Medical Group deeply resented the implication that they were directly controlled by Kaiser , and successfully forced him to back off with respect to their part of the organization .", "8": "That same year , Kaiser Permanente also began experiments with large - scale multiphasic screening to identify unknown conditions and to facilitate treatment of known ones . Simultaneously , although no one questioned his medical competence , Garfield 's deficiencies as an executive were becoming apparent as the organization expanded far beyond his ability to manage it properly . Henry Kaiser became fascinated with the healthcare system created for him by Garfield and began to directly manage Kaiser Permanente and Garfield . This resulted in a financial disaster when Kaiser splurged on the new Walnut Creek hospital ; his constant intermeddling led to significant friction at every level of the organization . The situation was not helped by Kaiser 's marriage to Garfield 's head administrative nurse ( who had helped care for Kaiser 's first wife on her deathbed ) , convincing Garfield to marry the sister of that nurse , and then having Garfield move in next door to him . Clifford Keene ( who would eventually serve as president of Kaiser Permanente ) later recalled that this arrangement resulted in a rather dysfunctional and combative family in charge of Kaiser Permanente . Keene was an experienced Permanente physician whom Garfield had personally hired in 1946 . During 1953 he had been trying to get a job at U.S. Steel , but on the morning of December 5 , 1953 , with internal tensions worsening day by day , Garfield met with Keene at the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco and asked him to turn around the organization . It took Keene 15 years to realize that Kaiser had forced Garfield to ask Keene to become his replacement . Due to the chaos on the board , Keene at first took control with the vague title of Executive Associate , but it soon became clear to everyone that he was actually in charge and Garfield was to become a lobbyist and `` ambassador '' for the HMO concept . However , even with Garfield relieved of day - to - day management duties , the underlying problem of Henry Kaiser 's authoritarian management style continued to persist . After several tense confrontations between Kaiser and Permanente Medical Group physicians , the doctors met with Kaiser 's top adviser , Eugene Trefethen , at Kaiser 's personal estate near Lake Tahoe on July 12 , 1955 .", "9": "Trefethen came up with the idea of a contract between the medical groups and the health plans and hospital foundations which would set out roles , responsibilities , and financial distribution . Trefethen , already a successful attorney , went on to a successful career with Kaiser Permanente and in retirement became a famous vintner . While Keene and Trefethen struggled to fix the damage from Kaiser 's micromanagement and Garfield 's ineffectual management , Henry Kaiser moved to Oahu in 1956 and insisted on expanding Kaiser Permanente into Hawaii in 1958 . He quickly ruined what should have been a simple project , and only a last - minute intervention by Keene and Trefethen in August 1960 prevented the total disintegration of the Hawaii organization . By that year , Kaiser membership had grown to 808,000 . Managed care era ( edit ) Having overseen Kaiser Permanente 's successful transformation from Henry Kaiser 's healthcare experiment into a large - scale self - sustaining enterprise , Keene retired in 1975 . By 1976 , membership reached three million . In 1977 , all six of Kaiser Permanente 's regions had become federally qualified health maintenance organizations . Historians now believe then - President Richard Nixon specifically had Kaiser Permanente in mind when he signed the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 , as the organization was mentioned in an Oval Office discussion of the Act , where John Ehrlichman characterized Kaiser 's philosophy thus : `` All the incentives are toward less medical care , because the less care they give them , the more money they make . '' In 1980 , Kaiser acquired a non-profit group practice to create its Mid-Atlantic region , encompassing the District of Columbia , Maryland , and Virginia . In 1985 , Kaiser Permanente expanded to Georgia . Regional evolution ( edit ) By 1990 , Kaiser Permanente provided coverage for about a third of the population of the cities of San Francisco and Oakland ; total Northern California membership was over 2.4 million . Elsewhere , Kaiser Permanente did not do as well , and its geographic footprint changed significantly in the 1990s . The organization spun off or closed outposts in Texas , North Carolina , and the Northeast .", "10": "In 1998 , Kaiser Permanente sold its Texas operations , where reported problems had become so severe that the organization directed its lawyers to attempt to block the release of a Texas Department of Insurance report . This prompted the state attorney general to threaten to revoke the organization 's license . Kaiser Permanente closed health plans in Charlotte and Raleigh - Durham in North Carolina four years later . The organization also sold its unprofitable Northeast division in 2000 . The Ohio division was sold to Catholic Health Partners in 2013 . In 1995 , Kaiser Permanente celebrated its fiftieth anniversary as a public health plan . Two years later , national membership reached nine million . In 1997 , the organization established an agreement with the AFL - CIO to explore a new approach to the relationship between management and labor , known as the Labor Management Partnership . Going into the new millennium , competition in the managed care market increased dramatically , raising new concerns . The Southern California Permanente Medical Group saw declining rates of new members as other managed care groups , notably DaVita HealthCare Partners , flourished . KP HealthConnect ( edit ) In 2002 , Kaiser Permanente abandoned its attempt to build its own clinical information system with IBM , writing - off some $452 million in software assets . This information technology failure led to major changes in the organization 's approach to digital records . Under George Halvorson 's direction , Kaiser looked closely at two medical software vendors , Cerner and Epic Systems , ultimately selecting Epic as the primary vendor for a new system , branded KP HealthConnect . Although Kaiser 's approach shifted to `` buy , not build , '' the project was unprecedented for a civilian system in size and scope . Deployed across all eight regions over six years and at a cost of more than $6 billion , by 2010 , it was the largest civilian electronic medical record system , serving more than 8.6 million Kaiser Permanente members , implemented at a cost exceeding a half million dollars per physician . International reputation ( edit ) Early in the 21st century the NHS and UK Department of Health became impressed with some aspects of the Kaiser operation , and initiated a series of studies involving several healthcare organizations in England . Visits occurred and suggestions of adopting some KP policies are currently active .", "11": "The management of hospital bed - occupancy by KP , by means of integrated management in and out of hospital and monitoring progress against care pathways has given rise to trials of similar techniques in eight areas of the UK . In 2002 , a controversial study by California - based academics published in the British Medical Journal compared Kaiser to the British National Health Service , finding Kaiser to be superior in several respects . Subsequently , a group of health policy academics who were experts on the NHS published a competing analysis claiming that Kaiser 's costs were actually substantially higher than the NHS and for a younger and healthier population . Quality of care ( edit ) In the California Healthcare Quality Report Card 2013 Edition , Kaiser Permanente 's Northern California and Southern California regions , Kaiser received four out of four possible stars in Meeting National Standards of Care . Kaiser North and South also received three out of four stars in Members Rate Their HMO . KP 's performance has been attributed to three practices : First , KP places a strong emphasis on preventive care , reducing costs later on . Second , its doctors are salaried rather than paid per service , which removes the main incentive for doctors to perform unnecessary procedures . Thirdly , KP attempts to minimize the time patients spend in high - cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay and by shifting care to outpatient clinics . This practice results in lower costs per member , cost savings for KP and greater doctor attention to patients . A comparison to the UK 's National Health Service found that patients spend 2 -- 5 times as much time in NHS hospitals as compared to KP hospitals . In June 2013 , the California Department of Managed Health Care ( DMHC ) levied a $4 million fine , the second largest in the agency 's history , against Kaiser for not providing adequate mental health care to its patients . Alleged violations of California 's timely access laws included failures to accurately track wait times and track doctor availability amid evidence of inconsistent electronic and paper records . It was also found by the DMHC that patients received written materials circulated by Kaiser dissuading them from seeking care , a violation of state and federal laws . DMHC also issued a cease and desist order for Kaiser to end the practices . DMHC conducted a follow up investigation which published in April 2015 .", "12": "The report found Kaiser had put systems in place to better track how patients were being cared for , but still had not addressed problems with actually providing mental health care that complied with state and federal laws . Kaiser 's challenges on this front were exacerbated by a long , unresolved labor dispute with the union representing therapists . Kaiser appealed the findings , the order , and the fine , and sought to keep the proceedings closed , but in September 2014 , in the face of the administrative judge 's order to keep the proceedings open , and facing the beginning of public testimony , Kaiser withdrew the appeal and paid the $4 million . It also issued a statement which denied much of the wrongdoing . Kaiser faces ongoing inspections by DMHC and three class - action lawsuits related to the issues identified by the DMHC . Historical issues ( edit ) In 2006 Kaiser settled five cases for alleged patient dumping -- the delivery of homeless hospitalized patients to other agencies or organizations in order to avoid expensive medical care -- between 2002 and 2005 . Los Angeles city officials had filed civil and criminal legal action against Kaiser Permanente for patient dumping , which was the first action of its kind that the city had taken . The city 's decision to charge Kaiser Permanente reportedly was influenced by security camera footage , allegedly showing a 63 - year - old patient , dressed in hospital gown and slippers , wandering toward a mission on Skid Row ( this footage was prominently featured in the Michael Moore 2007 documentary Sicko ) . At the time that the complaint was filed , city officials said that 10 other hospitals were under investigation for similar issues . Kaiser settled the case , paying $5,000 in civil penalties and agreeing to spend $500,000 on services for the homeless . During that same period , the Department of Health and Human Services ' Office of the Inspector General settled 102 cases against U.S. hospitals which resulted in a monetary payment to the agency . In 2004 , Northern California Kaiser Permanente initiated an in - house program for kidney transplantation . Prior to opening the transplant center , Northern California Kaiser patients would generally receive transplants at medical centers associated with the University of California ( UC San Francisco and UC Davis ) . Upon opening the transplant center , Kaiser required that members who are transplant candidates in Northern California obtain services exclusively through its internal KP - owned transplant center .", "13": "While it was in operation , the Kaiser program had a 100 % survival rate , which is better than other transplant centers . However , patients who needed a kidney were less likely to be offered one . Northern California Kaiser performed 56 transplants in 2005 , and twice that many patients died while waiting for a kidney . At other California transplant centers , more than twice as many people received kidneys than died during the same period . Unlike other centers , the Kaiser program did not perform riskier transplants or use donated organs from elderly or other higher - risk people , which have worse outcomes . Northern California Kaiser closed the kidney transplant program in May 2006 . As before , Northern California Kaiser now pays for pre-transplant care and transplants at other hospitals . This change affected approximately 2,000 patients . Research and publishing ( edit ) Kaiser operates a Division of Research , which annually conducts between 200 and 300 studies , and the Center for Health Research which in 2009 had more than 300 active studies . Kaiser 's bias toward prevention is reflected in the areas of interest -- vaccine and genetic studies are prominent . The work is funded primarily by federal , state , and other outside ( non-Kaiser ) institutions . Controversies ( edit ) Mandatory arbitration ( edit ) In order to contain costs , Kaiser requires an agreement by planholders to submit patient malpractice claims to arbitration rather than litigating through the court system . This has triggered some opposition . Wilfredo Engalla is a notable case . In 1991 , Engalla died of lung cancer nearly five months after submitting a written demand for arbitration . The California Supreme Court found that Kaiser had a financial incentive to wait until after Engalla died ; his spouse could recover $500,000 from Kaiser if the case was arbitrated while he was alive , but only $250,000 after he died . The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights contends that Kaiser continues to oppose HMO arbitration reform . Watchdogs have accused Kaiser of abusing the power imbalance inherent in the arbitration system . Kaiser engages in many cases whereas a customer will usually engage in just one and Kaiser can reject any arbitrator unilaterally , thus they can select company - friendly arbitrators over those that rule in favor of customers .", "14": "As a large organization , Kaiser can also afford to spend much more on lawyers and orators than the customer , giving them more advantages . In response to criticisms , Kaiser established an Office of Independent Administrators ( OIA ) in 1999 to oversee the arbitration process . The degree to which this office is actually independent has been questioned . Patients and consumer interest groups sporadically attempt to bring lawsuits against Kaiser Permanente . Recent lawsuits include Gary Rushford 's 1999 attempt to use proof of a physician lie to overturn an arbitration decision . In one case , Kaiser attempted to significantly expand the scope of its arbitration agreements by arguing it should be able to force nonsignatories to its member contracts into arbitration , merely because those third parties had allegedly caused an injury to a Kaiser member which Kaiser had then allegedly exacerbated through its medical malpractice . The California Court of Appeal for the First District did not accept that argument : `` Absent a written agreement -- or a preexisting relationship or authority to contract for another that might substitute for an arbitration agreement -- courts sitting in equity may not compel third party nonsignatories to arbitrate their disputes . '' Labor unions ( edit ) While Doctors of Medicine ( M.D. ) and Doctors of Osteopathic Medicine ( D.O. ) are partners within the for - profit physician groups , many employees are members of various unions and guilds , depending on their role and service area . KP 's California operations were the target of four labor strikes in 2011 and 2012 -- two ( September 2011 , January 2012 ) involved more than 20,000 nurses , mental health providers , and other professionals . The National Union of Healthcare Workers ( NUHW ) has accused Kaiser of deliberately stalling negotiations while profiting $2.1 billion in 2011 and paying its CEO George Halvorson $9 million annually . The workers were dissatisfied with proposed changes to pensions and other benefits . On November 11 , 2014 , up to 18,000 nurses went on strike at KP hospitals in Northern California over Ebola safeguards and patient - care standards during union contract talks . 21 hospitals and 35 clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area were affected .", "15": "Cash reserves ( edit ) Jamie Court , president of the Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights has said that Kaiser 's retained profits are evidence that Kaiser policies are overpriced and that health insurance regulation is needed . State insurance regulations require that insurers maintain certain minimum amounts of cash reserves to ensure that they are able to meet their obligations ; the amount varies by insurer , based on its risk factors , such as its investments , how many people it insures , and other factors ; a few states also have caps on how large the reserves can be . Kaiser has been criticized by activists and state regulators for the size of its cash reserves . As of 2015 , it had $21.7 billion in cash reserves , which was about 1,600 % the amount required by California state regulations . Its reserves had been a target of advertising by Consumer Watchdog supporting Proposition 45 in California 's 2014 elections . At the end of 2010 Kaiser held $666 million in reserves , which was about 1,300 % of the minimum required under Colorado state law . Those funds were in Kaiser 's risk - based capital account , held to pay for disasters or major projects . In 2008 , the Colorado regulator required Kaiser to spend down its reserves ; after negotiations Kaiser agreed to spend $155 million of its reserves giving credits to its clients and building clinics in underserved parts of the state . See also ( edit ) Health portal Medicine portal Heather O'Rourke ( 1975 -- 1988 ) -- child actress who became ill in 1987 and was misdiagnosed by doctors of Kaiser Permanente Hospital . She died on February 1 , 1988 and a lawsuit followed shortly . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kaiser Permanente 2016 Annual Report '' . Kaiser Permanente . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Kaiser Permanente At a Glance '' . Kaiser Permanente . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Kaiser Foundation Hospitals. 2013 . Kaiser Foundation Health Plan . 2013 . Jump up ^ Finz , Stacy ( October 4 , 2012 ) . `` Kaiser CEO George Halvorson to retire '' . San Francisco Chronicle . sfgate.com .", "16": "Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Terhune , Chad ( November 6 , 2012 ) . `` Kaiser promotes Tyson to be CEO , chairman '' . Los Angeles Times . LAtimes.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` THE KING OF THE H.M.O. MOUNTAIN '' . The New York Times . July 31 , 1983 . Jump up ^ `` Fast Facts about Kaiser Permanente '' . Kaiser Permanente . November 22 , 2013 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Crosson , MD , Francis J. ( Fall 1997 ) . `` A New Moment in the History of Kaiser Permanente '' ( PDF ) . Permanente Journal . 1 ( 2 ) . Kaiser Permanente . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Kaiser Permanente Ventures . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , Rickey ( 1993 ) . A Model for National Health Care : The History of Kaiser Permanente . New Brunswick , NJ : Rutgers University Press . pp. 13 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0813519296 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , 26 - 27 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 28 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 28 - 35 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 36 - 38 Jump up ^ Herman , Arthur . Freedom 's Forge : How American Business Produced Victory in World War II , pp. 176 - 91 , Random House , New York , NY . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 6964 - 4 .", "17": "Jump up ^ Hendricks , 40 - 47 ^ Jump up to : Hendricks , 63 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 49 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 58 ^ Jump up to : de Kruij , Paul ( 1943 ) . `` Tomorrow 's Health Plan -- Today ! '' . Reader 's Digest . The Reader 's Digest Association . 42 ( 253 ) : 61 -- 64 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , 49 - 50 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 79 ^ Jump up to : `` More About the Kaiser Family Foundation '' . kff.org . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hendricks , 65 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 185 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 66 - 75 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 96 - 101 , 142 - 150 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 111 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 123 - 124 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 133 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 165 - 167 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 174 - 180 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 189 - 190 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 199 - 203 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 209 Jump up ^ Hendricks , 205 Jump up ^ Transcript of taped conversation between President Richard Nixon and John D. Ehrlichman Jump up ^ Hendricks , 209 , 215 Jump up ^ Olmos , David ( April 3 , 1997 ) . `` Kaiser Is Facing Threat of a Shutdown in Texas '' . Los Angeles Times . LAtimes.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Freudenheim , David ( June 19 , 1999 ) . `` Kaiser Permanente Is Shutting Down Its H.M.O. In The Northeast '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Magaw , Timothy ( September 4 , 2013 ) . `` Kaiser Permanente 's Ohio operations to be renamed HealthSpan '' . Crain 's Cleveland Business . crainscleveland.com .", "18": "Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rauber , Chris ( August 12 , 2009 ) . `` More details on Kaiser Permanente job cuts , 650 to come in SoCal '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Monegain , Bernie ( March 29 , 2010 ) . `` Kaiser KP HealthConnect rollout done '' . Healthcare IT News . healthcareitnews.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Feachem , Richard G.A. ; Sekhri , Neelam K. ; White , Karen L. ( January 19 , 2002 ) . `` Getting more for their dollar : a comparison of the NHS with California 's Kaiser Permanente '' . British Medical Journal . 324 ( 330 ) : 135 -- 143 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7330. 135 . PMC 64512 . PMID 11799029 . Jump up ^ `` NHS ' worse value than US provider ' '' . BBC News . BBC.co.uk . January 17 , 2002 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Talbot - Smith , Alison ; Gnani , Shamini ; Pollock , Allyson M ; Pereira Gray , Denis ( 2004 ) . `` Questioning the claims from Kaiser '' . The British Journal of General Practice. 54 ( 503 ) : 415 -- 21 ; discussion 422 . ISSN 0960 - 1643 . PMC 1266198 . PMID 15186560 . Jump up ^ `` HMO Quality Ratings Summary 2013 Edition '' . California Office of the Patient Advocate . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Feachem RG , Sekhri NK , White KL ( January 2002 ) . `` Getting more for their dollar : a comparison of the NHS with California 's Kaiser Permanente '' . 324 : 135 -- 41 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 324.7330. 135 . PMC 64512 .", "19": "PMID 11799029 . Jump up ^ `` The health of nations '' . The Economist . Economist.com . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nicol , Jake . `` A Flawed Model for Care '' . www.eastbayexpress.com . Retrieved March 22 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Jenny Gold for the Kaiser Health News . February 25 , 2015 ( http://kaiserhealthnews.org/news/kaiser-permanente-faulted-again-for-mental-health-care-in-california/ Kaiser Permanente Faulted Again For Mental Health Care Lapses In California Jump up ^ Cynthia H. Craft for the Sacramento Bee . September 9 , 2014 Kaiser to pay $4 million fine over access to mental health services ^ Jump up to : Jaffe , Melissa ; Block ( November 16 , 2006 ) . `` Kaiser Faces Charges for Dumping Homeless Patient '' . All Things Considered . NPR . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bob Herman for Modern Healthcare . August 28 , 2014 Los Angeles goes after patient - dumping for a third time Jump up ^ `` Archives -- Patient Dumping 2002 - 2007 '' . HHS Office of Inspector General . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Marquez , Miguel ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Trend : ' Dumping ' Homeless on L.A. 's Skid Row '' . ABC News . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ornstein , Charles ; Weber , Tracy ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Kaiser Put Kidney Patients at Risk '' . Los Angeles Times . LATimes.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Colliver , Victoria ( August 10 , 2006 ) . `` Record Kaiser fine expected '' . San Francisco Chronicle . SFgate.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Agency ignored organ transplant problems '' . NBC News . Associated Press . October 22 , 2006 .", "20": "Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` About the Division of Research '' . Kaiser Permanente . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rauber , Chris ( February 20 , 1998 ) . `` Kaiser fires back in arbitration suit '' . San Francisco Business Times . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Engalla v. Permanente Medical Group , Inc. , 15 Cal 451 ( Cal 4th June 30 , 1997 ) . Jump up ^ `` Placebo Kaiser Arbitration Bill Killed In Senate Committee '' ( Press release ) . The Foundation for Taxpayer & Consumer Rights . April 26 , 2000 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Independent '' Administrator Of Kaiser Arbitration System Is Rep For Corporate Lobby '' ( Press release ) . The Foundation for Taxpayer & Consumer Rights . January 8 , 2003 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Gary Rushford v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals , A104598 ( Cal Appeal May 31 , 2005 ) . Jump up ^ County of Contra Costa v. Kaiser Foundation Health Plan , Inc. , 47 ( Cal . Appeal 4th ) . Jump up ^ Hay , Jeremy ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Two Kaiser unions strike in Santa Rosa , Northern California '' . The Press Democrat . pressdemocrat.com . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser workers on strike '' . Roseville Press - Tribune . thepresstribune.com . January 31 , 2012 . Retrieved January 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kaiser Nurses Holding 2 - Day Strike Over Staffing Levels , Ebola Protections '' . NBC Bay Area . Jump up ^ http://www.insidebayarea.com/sanmateocountytimes/ci_6544372 ^ Jump up to : Michael Booth for The Denver Post . March 13 , 2011 . Insurers ' enormous cash surpluses prompt calls for rebates or community spending ^ Jump up to : Tracy Seipel for Mercury News .", "21": "March 19 , 2015 California drops hammer on Blue Shield tax - exempt status External links ( edit ) Official website The Permanente Federation , which represents the Permanente Medical Groups Search all Kaiser hospitals in the CA Healthcare Atlas A project by OSHPD Nightly News with Brian Williams Report on successful Kaiser Permanente initiatives including declaration by Louise Liang falsely attributing Vioxx discovery to KP HealthConnect even though it was not yet in production use in Northern California Health Administration Responsibility Project Home page of a group scrutinizing managed care and its failures , contains links to several pages about issues involving Kaiser Permanente Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kaiser Permanente . 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Henry Kaiser ( musician ) Related Eagle Mountain , California Hawaii Kai , Hawaii VIAF : 147877401 LCCN : n90644002 ISNI : 0000 0000 9957 7758 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaiser_Permanente&oldid=821975430 '' Categories : Health care companies based in California Kaiser Permanente hospitals Health insurance in the United States Health maintenance organizations Hospital networks in the United States Healthcare in California Healthcare in Colorado Healthcare in Georgia ( U.S.", "25": "state ) Healthcare in Hawaii Healthcare in Oregon Healthcare in Washington ( state ) Healthcare in Los Angeles Healthcare in the San Francisco Bay Area Companies based in Oakland , California Non-profit organizations based in California Privately held companies in the United States American companies established in 1945 1945 establishments in California Henry J. Kaiser Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from February 2017 Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch עברית Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 18 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Bob Dylan", "Bob Dylan", "Bob Dylan", "Bob Dylan", "Bob Dylan" ]

{ "0": "Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Single by Bob Dylan from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid B - side `` Turkey Chase '' Released July 13 , 1973 Recorded February 1973 Genre Folk rock , gospel Length 2 : 32 Label Columbia Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Gordon Carroll Bob Dylan singles chronology `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity '' , the song , in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . Contents ( hide ) 1 Chart history 1.1 Weekly charts 1.2 Year - end charts 2 Cover versions 2.1 Eric Clapton version 2.2 Guns N ' Roses versions 2.2. 1 Charts 2.2.", "1": "2 Certifications 2.3 Dunblane tribute 2.4 Other cover versions 3 Sampled version 4 Soundtrack inclusions 5 In popular culture 6 References Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 - 74 ) Peak position Australia KMR 10 Canada RPM Top Singles 10 Canada RPM Adult Contemporary 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 9 Netherlands 51 UK ( OCC ) 14 US Billboard Hot 100 12 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 5 US Cash Box Top 100 10 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1973 ) Rank Australia 92 Canada 93 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 104 Cover versions ( edit ) Eric Clapton version ( edit ) In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton .", "2": "Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' Song by Guns N ' Roses from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) Released June 26 , 1990 Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 36 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' 1992 UK picture sleeve Single by Guns N ' Roses from the album Use Your Illusion II Released Genre Hard rock , blues rock Length 5 : 30 Label Geffen Songwriter ( s ) Bob Dylan Producer ( s ) Mike Clink Guns N ' Roses Guns N ' Roses singles chronology `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) `` Live and Let Die '' ( 1991 ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1992 ) `` November Rain '' ( 1992 ) In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan .", "3": "Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts Chart ( 1992 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 12 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 5 Ireland ( IRMA ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 6 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 10 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) 18 Year - end charts Chart ( 1992 ) Position New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 20 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Australia ( ARIA ) Gold Italy ( FIMI ) Platinum Dunblane tribute ( edit ) In 1996 and with the consent of Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . Other cover versions ( edit ) Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . A live version by Television appears on their 1982 album The Blow - Up .", "4": "Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . S Vremena Na Vreme released a cover on their live album Unplugged in 1997 . The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . Both Jerry Garcia Band and the Grateful Dead often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the Jerry Garcia Band live album Do n't Let Go Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English .", "5": "Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . Ján Boleslav Kladivo released a Slovak version on his 1995 debut album Nahá Sampled version ( edit ) Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) Film / TV show Year Performer Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid 1973 Bob Dylan Renaldo & Clara 1978 Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn Lethal Weapon 2 1989 Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn Days of Thunder 1990 Guns N ' Roses Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) 1990 Guns N ' Roses Rush 1991 Bob Dylan Total Balalaika Show Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble Lawn Dogs 1997 Bob Dylan The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field 1997 Roger Waters Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door 1997 Selig Treasure Planet 2002 Bob Dylan Windstruck Youme Be Cool 2005 Bob Dylan Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) 2005 Bob Dylan ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) 2006 Scoob Serious Salvador ( Puig Antich ) 2006 Bob Dylan I 'm Not There 2007 Antony & the Johnsons Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) 2007 Bob Dylan My Name is Earl 2008 Bob Dylan Come Dio Comanda 2008 Antony & the Johnsons Heaven 's Door 2009 Angela Aki Supernatural ( episode 98 ,", "6": "`` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) Bob Dylan Lifted 2011 Uriah Shelton Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) 2013 Rick Devin The 100 2015 RAIGN Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) 2015 Antony & the Johnsons Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' 2016 RAIGN Misty 2018 KLANG In popular culture ( edit ) Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' An alternate name for the 24th episode of Neon Genesis Evangelion is `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . The title was used for the 12th episode of Angel Beats ! and Bob Dylan along with the song was mentioned in the episode by T.K. and Hinata Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 . St Ives , N.S.W. : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 .", "7": "Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca. 1973 - 12 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 - 1990 - ISBN 0 - 89820 - 089 - X Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1993 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 1993 . Record Research . p. 77 . Jump up ^ Cash Box Top 100 Singles , November 10 , 1973 Jump up ^ `` Forum - 1970 ( ARIA Charts : Special Occasion Charts ) '' . Australian-charts.com . Archived from the original on 2016 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 1999 ) . Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research Inc . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 142 - X . Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 .", "8": "Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 .", "9": "Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses Chart History ( Mainstream Rock ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` End of Year Charts 1992 '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 .", "10": "Jump up ^ Janjatović , Petar ( 2007 ) . Ex YU rock enciklopedija 1960 - 2006 . Belgrade : self - released . p. 218 . Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` 미스티 Special OST ( Misty Special OST ) '' . Melon . kakao M Corporation . Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ Bob Dylan singles discography 1962 `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' 1963 `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' 1965 `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? ''", "11": "/ `` Highway 61 Revisited '' 1966 `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' 1967 `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) 1968 `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' 1969 `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' 1970 `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' 1971 `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) 1973 `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) 1976 `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' 1978 `` Baby ,", "12": "Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' 1979 `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' 1980 `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' 1981 `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' 1984 `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' 1985 `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' 1986 `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' 1989 `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) 1990 `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' 1991 `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh ,", "13": "It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) 1995 `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) 1998 `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) 2000 `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) 2006 `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' 2007 `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) 2008 `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) 2009 `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' `` The Times They Are a-Changin", "14": "' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' 2012 `` Duquesne Whistle '' 2013 `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' Guns N ' Roses Axl Rose Slash Duff McKagan Dizzy Reed Richard Fortus Frank Ferrer Melissa Reese Tracii Guns Izzy Stradlin Ole Beich Rob Gardner Steven Adler Matt Sorum Gilby Clarke Paul Tobias Robin Finck Josh Freese Tommy Stinson Chris Pitman Buckethead Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal DJ Ashba Studio albums Appetite for Destruction G N ' R Lies Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' Chinese Democracy Live albums Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 Extended plays Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide Guns N ' Roses The `` Civil War '' EP Compilation albums Use Your Illusion Greatest Hits Singles `` It 's So Easy '' `` Welcome to the Jungle '' `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' `` Paradise City '' `` Patience '' `` Nightrain '' `` You Could Be Mine '' `` Do n't Cry '' `` Live and Let Die '' `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' `` November Rain '' `` Yesterdays '' `` Civil War '' `` Ai n't It Fun '' `` Estranged '' `` Since I Do n't Have You '' `` Sympathy for the Devil '' `` Chinese Democracy '' Promo singles `` Mr.", "15": "Brownstone '' `` My Michelle '' `` 14 Years '' `` Pretty Tied Up '' `` Dead Horse '' `` Hair of the Dog '' `` Oh My God '' `` Better '' `` Street of Dreams '' Other songs `` Think About You '' `` Rocket Queen '' `` Used to Love Her '' `` One in a Million '' `` Coma '' `` Get in the Ring '' `` The Garden '' `` Madagascar '' `` Prostitute '' Videos and DVDs Use Your Illusion I Use Your Illusion II Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition Welcome to the Videos Appetite for Democracy 3D Tours The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses Appetite for Destruction Tour Use Your Illusion Tour Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour Chinese Democracy Tour Up Close and Personal Tour Appetite for Democracy Not in This Lifetime ... Tour Related Articles Discography Members Songs Awards and nominations Del James West Arkeen Guns N ' Roses Pinball Riverport Riot Watch You Bleed : The Saga of Guns N ' Roses The Roots of Guns N ' Roses Uzi Suicide Bands Slash 's Snakepit The Dead Daisies Hollywood Rose Kings of Chaos L.A. 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[ 16, 10, 4, 12, 5 ]

[ "Melanie Walters", "Melanie Walters", "Melanie Walters", "Melanie Walters" ]

{ "0": "List of Gavin & Stacey characters - wikipedia List of Gavin & Stacey characters Jump to : navigation , search Gavin & Stacey main characters , left to right : Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) , Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) , Stacey ( Joanna Page ) , Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) , Smithy ( James Corden ) , Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick ( Larry Lamb ) Gavin & Stacey is an award winning British television comedy series , following the lives of the title characters Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey ( Joanna Page ) , who , before marrying , live on opposite sides of the country , Gavin in Billericay , Essex , and Stacey in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan . During the first two series Gavin lives with his parents Mick ( Larry Lamb ) and Pam ( Alison Steadman ) but in the third series he has moved , with Stacey , to Barry and lives with Stacey 's mum . He has a best friend Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) . For most of the episodes Stacey lives in Barry with her mum Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) , with an extended family of Uncle Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) across the street , and best friend Vanessa Shanessa `` Nessa '' Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) , but for a short while during series two she lived with Gavin , Pam and Mick in Essex . Contents ( hide ) 1 Characters 1.1 Main characters 1.2 Other characters 1.2. 1 Gavin and Smithy 's Friends 1.3 Minor and unseen characters 2 References 3 External links Characters ( edit ) Actor / Actress Character First Appearance Last Appearance Duration Total Mathew Horne Gavin Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Joanna Page Stacey Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 James Corden Neil `` Smithy '' Smith 13 May 2007 1", "1": "January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Ruth Jones Nessa Jenkins 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Rob Brydon Bryn West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Larry Lamb Mick Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Alison Steadman Pam Shipman 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Melanie Walters Gwen West 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 20 Steffan Rhodri Dave Coaches 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 11 Margaret John Doris O'Neill 13 May 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 8 Adrian Scarborough Pete Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Julia Davis Dawn Sutcliffe 13 May 2007 17 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 7 Sheridan Smith Ruth `` Rudi '' Smith 16 March 2008 1 January 2010 2008 -- 2010 7 Robert Wilfort Jason West 3 June 2007 1 January 2010 2007 -- 2010 6 Mathew Baynton Deano 11 November 2008 10 December 2009", "2": "2008 -- 2009 Russell Tovey Budgie 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Andrew Knott Dirtbox 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Samuel Anderson Fingers 3 June 2007 10 December 2009 2007 -- 2009 Ifan Huw Dafydd Neil Jenkins 26 November 2009 1 January 2010 2009 -- 2010 Pam Ferris Cath Smith 26 November 2009 17 December 2009 2009 Main characters ( edit ) Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) - Gavin is 28 when the series starts . He is an only child , and when the series starts he still lives with his loving mother and father in Billericay , Essex . He gets on well with his parents . He works for a company called ICB and spends his spare time with his best friend Smithy ( James Corden ) along with his other friends Gary & Simon , Dirtbox , Fingers , Budgie , Swede , Chinese Alan and Jesus . He is a big fan of Tottenham Hotspur ( as is Mathew Horne ) and is often seen wearing his Spurs shirt . In the course of his job , he had to deal with a company called Bedmores , based in Barry . The Bedmores representative he had to correspond with was a woman called Stacey West ( Joanna Page ) . Gavin and Stacey had to speak regularly because of their jobs , and they found they got on very well . After months and months of talking and flirting , they agreed to meet up in London . They agreed that Gavin would bring his best friend Smithy with him , and Stacey would bring her best friend Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) with her . They met up and went clubbing . They had a great time , and got on very well .", "3": "They went back to Stacey 's hotel room and had sex . The next day , Stacey had to go back to Barry , but she and Gavin promised to keep ringing each other and that this would not be the end of their relationship . While Stacey and Nessa boarded the coach back to Barry , Gavin and Smithy got a cab back to Billericay . Without waiting for Smithy , Gavin jumped in his car and drove all the way to Barry , and met Stacey when her coach pulled into the station , to her surprise . He and Stacey told each other they loved each other for the first time . Within 9 weeks , they had got engaged and married . Despite a few initial problems regarding Stacey being homesick , their relationship was successful , and Stacey became eventually pregnant . Gavin , and his father Mick ( Larry Lamb ) , often play the `` straight men '' in the series . Much of the comedy comes from the actions of those around them ( especially his mother Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Smithy ) . It is clear that Gavin loves his friends and family very much . Despite the fact that his mother Pam often overreacts and acts without thinking , Gavin still loves her , despite being occasionally exasperated by her . His best friend Smithy is also prone to overreact , but Gavin sticks with him and loves him like a little brother . Gavin 's main personality flaw is that he is slightly spoiled , possibly due to being an only child , and reacts with irritation when he does n't get his way . He is also not particularly sensitive - he sometimes fails to understand the much more emotional Smithy and Stacey , and this occasionally puts strain on his relationship with both of them - when Stacey , who is very attached to her hometown of Barry , gets depressed and homesick upon moving to Billericay after she and Gavin marry , Gavin is more confused than concerned about this , and his responses are lacking in sensitivity about the matter . This can also be seen in the fact that Gavin is less talkative and expressive than Stacey is - while at dinner with their families after their honeymoon , Stacey is excited and full of conversation , while Gavin simply sits and listens to her .", "4": "Despite all of this , Gavin loves Stacey enormously , and is very affectionate towards her , and his greatest display of love for her is when he decides to move to Barry with her despite having expressed a dislike of it previously , and he manages to get himself a new job in Wales so he can reside there . There , his boss Huw Davies and colleague Owain Hughes ( Steven Meo ) act very similar to Stacey 's uncle , Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) , talking incessantly and being over-friendly , personality traits that bewilder Gavin . Gavin is more reserved and less willing to discuss his private life than his wife . He finds it odd that Stacey is so eager and ready to spill information about their private life to Nessa , Bryn , her mother Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) and her brother Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) . When Gavin is applying for a job in Cardiff , the only people who know are Stacey and Mick . When he and Stacey announce it to the rest of the characters , Gwen announces that she knew as well , because Stacey told her . Gavin is annoyed that Stacey told Gwen , and by the fact that Stacey did not tell him she had told Gwen . He does n't understand why Stacey always has to be so close to her family . It is n't that he is distant from his family , he just does n't depend on his as much as Stacey does hers . In Series 3 , he agrees with Stacey to try to have a baby , only to discover she stopped taking the pill a year ago . Although he is very angry about Stacey not telling him the truth , he becomes much more depressed when he learns that he has fertility problems . However , he eventually comes round , and has a serious discussion with Stacey about the problem , deciding they will carry on trying to conceive for a few months , and if that does n't work , they should start looking at alternatives . However , in the final episode , Stacey discovers she pregnant , and Gavin is completely as overjoyed . Stacey Shipman ( née West ) ( Joanna Page ) - Stacey is 26 and is from Barry , near Cardiff . Her father , Trevor , died three years ago , and she lived at home with her mother in Barry until her marriage .", "5": "Her gay brother , Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) , lives in Spain . She had been engaged five times before meeting Gavin Shipman ( Mathew Horne ) , something she preferred to forget and kept from him . She is very bubbly , excitable and full of conversation but also slightly fragile and prone to overreacting . An example is her misreading Gavin 's sudden businesslike tone during a call from work , when his boss appears over him , as him being distant and breaking up with her and he has to drive all the way to Barry to reassure her in person . She confides frequently in her best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . Stacey has never been away from Barry Island before she visits Gavin , and becomes very homesick when she marries him and moves to Essex . After a few months of finding no work , she tells Gavin she can no longer live in Essex and will be moving back home . During the course of their separation , Stacey decides their selfishness about where they 'll live means they are n't meant to be together and she gives Gavin his wedding ring back . They are able to work things out and Gavin decides to get a job in Cardiff so he can move to Barry Island to keep Stacey happy . Stacey discovers she is pregnant in the final episode of Series 3 , after desperately taking a large number of pregnancy tests . Neil `` Smithy '' Smith ( James Corden ) - Smithy is 28 and Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) best friend , and they 've known each other since primary school . He is a self - employed builder and decorator . He is very protective of Gavin - he is disappointed when Gavin gets engaged to Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and when Gavin and Stacey go on a honeymoon , he calls Gavin every day for the 3 weeks they are there , and gets angry at Gavin for leaving his phone off . He loves Gavin 's parents more than his own , and has an unseen girlfriend called Lucy , who , according to Smithy , is seventeen years and three quarters old . He loves unusual beer , paintball and West Ham United . When Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) gives birth to their son , they name him Neil after himself and Nessa 's father .", "6": "In the series finale , Smithy stops Nessa 's wedding declaring his feelings for her , thus causing Nessa and Dave ( Steffan Rhodri ) not to get married . He is shown to have obvious similarities to Nessa , such as : refusing to share food , being very upfront , protective of their best friends , and they like most of the same food and drink , such as KFC , corn on the cob , and Irn - Bru . Smithy wears his heart on his sleeve and is given to intense public displays of emotion , and will cry or sulk with little provocation . Smithy eats , drinks and smokes to excess and is overweight . Vanessa Shanessa `` Nessa '' Jenkins ( Ruth Jones ) - Nessa is Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) best friend , also from Barry . She discovers she is pregnant in the fourth episode of Series 1 and it is later revealed that Smithy ( James Corden ) became the father the second time they were intimate at Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) house . She speaks fluent Italian and Welsh , has several tattoos , most notably a large red dragon on her right upper arm . She is a chain smoker ( except during her pregnancy ) and was one of the original members of All Saints ( but did n't get along with Shaznay ) . She works at the Barry Island Amusement Arcades or `` The Slots '' . Nessa regularly recalls strange and often lewd experiences with celebrities . She gives birth to baby Neil in the series finale of Series 2 and becomes engaged to Dave Coaches ( Steffan Rhodri ) in the 2008 Christmas special . In the series finale , Smithy declares his feelings for Nessa at her wedding , and Dave accepts that the feelings he and Nessa share are not as strong as hers and Smithy 's . Nessa 's age is unknown throughout the show even to Stacey . To date she has slept with Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) best friend Smithy four times . Her catchphrases include `` Ohhhh '' , `` Tidy '' , `` Genuine '' , `` Truth be told '' , `` Immense '' , `` I 'm not going to lie to you '' and `` What 's occurring ? '' .", "7": "In the third series , it was discovered that she is an Aston Villa fan . She has a jet black bob - style hair and wears Gothic style make up . She is serious , ongoing and surprisingly intelligent at times . She has had a number of interesting occupations including being a BBC radio producer , a roadie for a major band , and driving trucks for Eddie Stobart ( who gave her two trucks to keep when she left , ) and a running feature of the programme is her wide range of impressive occupations , abilities ( apart from speaking fluent Italian she is an excellent ten pin bowler ) and acquaintance or relationships with various famous people . The reaction of those around her to mention of these invariably suggests that they are factual rather than a fantasy , despite the rather incongruous fact that she now works as a cashier at an amusement arcade in Barry . Michael `` Mick '' Shipman ( Larry Lamb ) - Mick is Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) father . He is often mistaken to be 53 and is a down - to - earth bloke , like his son . He 's happy with his life -- running his own company , playing golf and going to the pub quiz every Tuesday . He is something of a calming influence on his wife , Pam ( Alison Steadman ) . Pamela Andrea `` Pam '' Shipman ( née Griggell - Eschefska ) ( Alison Steadman ) -- Pam is Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) proud and doting mother . She is in her fifties , though her exact age is unknown as , according to her husband , she has claimed to be 51 on her past five birthdays . She is a stereotypical Essex wife and is very house - proud . She is also very caring of Smithy ( James Corden ) , Gavin 's best friend , and treats him as if he were her own son . Pam adores Camilla , Duchess of Cornwall ( referring to Princess Diana as a `` hussy '' ) and acts out sexual fantasies of Charles and Camilla with her husband , Mick ( Larry Lamb ) . She dotes on Gavin , who she calls her `` Little Prince '' .", "8": "She is very welcoming of Stacey ( Joanna Page ) into the family - the first time Stacey meets her , she helps her with a pimple on her face , in a motherly fashion , which allows the two to bond . Although she is initially angry at Stacey when Gavin announces they 're moving back to Barry , accusing Stacey of ' stealing ' her son , she apologises the next morning for overreacting . Pam is prone to malapropisms , such as saying `` ours is not to question while '' ( instead of `` why '' ) or `` Barry 's Island '' instead of `` Barry Island '' . She is often nervous and excitable and this leads her into awkward social situations , such as forcing Mick to go food shopping in response to an attack of paranoia about her guests ' dietary requirements , and then falsely claiming to be newly vegetarian ( a pretence she is forced to maintain , much to her frustration because she craves meat ) in order to explain why he has arrived with several bags of vegetarian food . Her catchphrases include `` Oh My Christ '' , `` I panicked ( name ) '' and `` Mick ! Michael ! '' Brynfor `` Bryn '' West ( Rob Brydon ) - Bryn is Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) uncle . He is the brother of Stacey 's deceased father , Trevor and is a single man in his late forties . He lives across the road from Stacey and his sister - in - law , Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) and is very protective of them . In Series 1 and 2 , he had a strained relationship with his nephew Jason due to an unspecified but clearly disturbing incident on a fishing trip . He leads a very simple life and often gets excited about trivial things such as his Sat Nav or the Internet . He also enjoys typically female - oriented TV shows such as Desperate Housewives and Sex and the City . He is a keen singer and sings with Stacey 's best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . In Series 2 , he puts a home gym in his house that is `` the talk of the street '' . Bryn also displays latent homosexual tendencies but is seemingly too innocent and childlike to address them .", "9": "For instance , Bryn converted one of the bedrooms in his home into a gym and invites Smithy ( James Corden ) over where they strip shirtless and have a close workout followed by a `` warm down '' that involves rubbing each other . Smithy does not see this as a sexual thing at all , even though it makes Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) uncomfortable . It has been implied a number of times that Bryn was abused by his brother Trevor as a child , such as Trevor leaving him terrified on a ghost train or hanging him by his ankles and swinging him against rocks , resulting in two broken arms . He claims he `` rather enjoyed the experience '' as it was only `` tomfoolery '' but it shocks everyone and horrifies Pam ( Alison Steadman ) . Gwen West ( Melanie Walters ) - Gwen is Stacey ( Joanna Page ) and Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) mother . She is a widow in her late forties and has two children , Jason and Stacey . She is a housewife and regularly offers to cook omelettes . She 's a caring , kind woman who lets herself be taken advantage of by Stacey 's best friend , Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) . She 's very close to Stacey as they spent many years living together . In Series 3 , she lives with Stacey and her husband Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) . On the day of Nessa 's wedding , Nessa told Gwen that she was like a mother to her before kissing her on the lips , which gobsmacks Gwen but does not affect Nessa . Other characters ( edit ) David `` Dave Coaches '' Lloyd Gooch ( Steffan Rhodri ) - Coach driver in Barry and Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) fiancé , after they got engaged in the Christmas special . Aspersions are cast regarding his sexual health in Series 1 , although it is revealed in Series 2 that he has been to `` the clinic '' . He is the only person , other than Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) and Jason ( Robert Wilfort ) , who knows what happened on the fishing trip , after Bryn told him to get the matter off his chest .", "10": "His relationship with Nessa results in both Bryn and Jason being incredibly nervous about him telling their friends what happened , although he makes it very clear to Bryn he would n't tell anyone about it . He also has his own company named Dave Coaches . He often shows jealousy towards Smithy ( James Corden ) for being the father of Nessa 's child . Smithy gets jealous of him for always spending time with his son and treating him like his own , and in the final episode leaves Nessa at the altar as he does n't believe she loves him . Nessa 's father mentions him having `` blood on his hands '' , but says he was joking , knowing that `` nothing was proven '' . Dave often has a strained relationship with the other characters , and has publicly had angry exchanges with Bryn , Smithy and Pete ( Adrian Scarborough ) , who punched him in the face after he made an uncharitable remark about his wife , Dawn ( Julia Davis ) . Jason West ( Robert Wilfort ) - Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) elder brother , son of Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) and her late husband , Trevor . Lives in Spain with his boyfriend , José . He and Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) share a rather awkward relationship due to some mysterious goings - on on the fateful fishing trip . Although the events of the fishing trip are never explicitly revealed , it is strongly implied that there was a close and intimate encounter between Jason and Bryn . When they attempt to explain to Dave the reason for what they did that night , Bryn says `` It was freezing cold ... and when you 're that cold you - '' before being cut off by Gavin entering the room . He is disappointed in the first series when Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey get married and he is not chosen to take Stacey down the aisle . He and Bryn eventually become friends again , something they are both glad about . Peter `` Pete '' Sutcliffe ( Adrian Scarborough ) and Dawn Sutcliffe ( Julia Davis ) - Friends of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) . They have a very strained marriage and regularly insult each other in public . Also part of the ongoing joke that characters share their surnames with serial killers -- in this case Peter Sutcliffe , the Yorkshire Ripper .", "11": "He punches Dave in the Christmas special . He also attempts a threesome in the beginning of Series 2 with his wife Dawn and a man named Seth . It did n't work out as Seth said the photo was not representative of them as a couple . The couple renewed their vows in Series 3 . They have two children , Fiona and Alex . In the series finale of Series 1 , their surname is revealed to be Whitely , but in the 2008 Christmas Special , it is revealed to be Sutcliffe . Catherina `` Cath '' Smith ( Pam Ferris ) - Smithy ( James Corden ) and Rudi 's ( Sheridan Smith ) mother who first appears in the first episode of Series 3 . She is rumoured to have had a lesbian relationship with the headteacher of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's primary school . She claims to suffer from narcolepsy , though Pam ( Alison Steadman ) attributes this to her excessive drinking . She attends single mother support groups and has been known to perform lewd acts on webcam , having once accidentally exposed herself to Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) thinking she was a man named John . Doris `` Dor '' O'Neill ( Margaret John ) - Gwen 's ( Melanie Walters ) elderly next door neighbour . She looks like a stereotypical `` little old lady '' , in sharp contrast to her behaviour and blunt , profanity - littered conversational style . Doris regularly dates younger men , even offering herself up to Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) for `` discreet '' extramarital relations , and is described by Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) as `` a player '' . She has a daughter named Moira , whom she loathes and would like to `` smother '' if she saw her again . Gwen even goes so far as to say `` she was a nasty piece of work '' . It is Doris who spots the unfortunate coincidence of Gavin and Stacey ( Joanna Page ) sharing the West and Shipman surnames with serial murderers Fred and Rose West and Harold Shipman . Ruth `` Rudi '' Smith ( Sheridan Smith ) - Smithy 's ( James Corden ) sister , also likes to be called `` Smithy '' in an attempt to imitate her brother , with whom she often fights .", "12": "Neil Noel Edmund Smith aka Neil , the Baby - The son of Smithy ( James Corden ) and Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) , named after both Smithy and Nessa 's father . His middle names come from Smithy 's uncle Edmund and Nessa 's friend Noel from Hear'Say . Neil Jenkins ( Ifan Huw Dafydd ) - Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) father ; appears at the Christening but is obviously uncomfortable at being back in Barry due to unknown previous events . He is a part - time actor who has appeared as an extra in Lark Rise to Candleford and as a man in a coma in Holby City . Dick Powell ( Gwynfor Roberts ) The only exclusively Welsh - speaking inhabitant of Barry . Sells items on the black market such as satellite navigation systems and meat that his brother steals from the slaughterhouse where he works . He enjoys chicken and Glamorgan sausage sandwiches . Deano ( Mathew Baynton ) is a friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He works with Smithy and is known for being gormless and somewhat naïve . He learnt Welsh prior to coming over to Wales with the `` Essex Lads '' . He was n't at Gavin 's stag , but got a T - shirt made afterwards when they went to the foam party . Among his idiosyncrasies is a fondness for drinking a mixture of equal parts tea and coffee , which he calls a `` toffee '' or a `` cea '' ( pronounced `` key '' ) . Owain Hughes ( Steven Meo ) - one of Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) co-workers at his new job in Cardiff in Series 3 . Constantly the subject of an unclear joke - `` My name is Owain Hughes and before you ask , no I do n't ! '' . Gavin and Smithy 's friends ( edit ) Budgie ( Russell Tovey ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He is nicknamed as such because he has big ears . He has a brother called Magpie , who works as a DJ .", "13": "Chinese Alan ( Dominic Gaskell ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . His catchphrase is `` Did someone order a Chinese ? '' Fingers ( Samuel Anderson ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He is so named because of his womanizing attitude . He has an on - off relationship with Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) friend , Louise . Dirtbox ( Andrew Knott ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He seems to be somewhat short tempered and snappy . Jesus ( Daniel Curtis ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He only appears in the stag episode ; most likely owing to the fact that no one in the group really seems to like him . Swede - ( John Grisley ) A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He rarely says anything . Gary ( Jason Gregg ) - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has been friends with them since primary school . He is never seen without his best friend Simon ; except for in Series 3 , where it appears they have had an argument . ' N ' Simon - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has been friends with them since primary school . He is never seen without his best friend Gary ( Jason Gregg ) ; but he does not appear in Series 3 , as it appears he has had an argument with Gary . Luggy - A friend of Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Smithy 's ( James Corden ) . He has glasses and is quite tall . He is relatively quiet when compared to the rest of Gavin 's friends as he is often seen in the background of the conversation and has no dialogue . He is not seen in Series 3 for unknown reasons .", "14": "Minor and unseen characters ( edit ) Japanese Margaret - A friend of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Dawn 's ( Julia Davis ) whose name came up during the protest over the telephone mast . No Man Jan - A friend of Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) who told her about the rumour of Cath 's ( Pam Ferris ) lesbian relationship with Smithy ( James Corden ) and Gavin 's ( Mathew Horne ) headmistress . Mick ( Larry Lamb ) claims she ca n't be trusted - `` that 's why she 's been divorced three times '' . Big Fat Sue - Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) overweight friend . Pam calls her `` Susan '' to her face ; however , other characters such as Dawn ( Julia Davis ) directly address her as `` Big Fat Sue '' . Fat No More Pat - Pam 's ( Alison Steadman ) friend from her Fencing class . She was mentioned when Pam asked Stacey ( Joanna Page ) if she would like to come along in Pat 's absence . Seth - Swinger who responded to Dawn ( Julia Davis ) and Pete 's ( Adrian Scarborough ) request for a threesome partner , he denied because the picture of Dawn and Pete was 15 years old . Nigel Havers - Actor , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend Tom Jones - Singer , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend John Prescott - Politician , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) ex-boyfriend Noel Sullivan - Singer , Nessa 's ( Ruth Jones ) close friend . Nessa 's son , Neil 's middle name is after him . Griff ( Alan David ) - Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) and Doris ' ( Margaret John ) friend . He attended Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) wedding with Doris in Series 1 . Father Chris ( William Thomas ) - A vicar in Barry . José - Jason 's ( Robert Wilfort ) boyfriend , who attends Gavin ( Mathew Horne ) and Stacey 's ( Joanna Page ) wedding .", "15": "Edna Sutcliffe ( Edna Doré ) - Pete 's ( Adrian Scarborough ) mother , only seen once in the Christmas Special , where Pete forgot her and she stayed behind the bar over night Betty ( Hazel Douglas ) - A neighbour of Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick 's ( Larry Lamb ) . She is only seen talking to Pam about Mick 's short stint on a news broadcast . Scott - One of Doris ' ( Margaret John ) much younger boyfriends , whom she casually describes as `` a bit of a pothead '' . Natalie Lewis - Sales assistant whose brother and father once had a fight with Nessa ( Ruth Jones ) Lucy - Smithy 's ( James Corden ) much younger girlfriend , who is still in secondary school . She is never seen on - screen , and dumps Smithy in Series 2 when he discovers that she has been seeing somebody else . In a running joke meant to illustrate the age gap between her and Smithy , she is often mentioned to be doing activities that would normally be associated with younger people ( such as Brownies or trampolining ) . Jean - A character who Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) invites to Gwen 's birthday party , due to guests he 'd already invited saying they ca n't attend . Jean is hated to Gwen however for reasons that were n't really mentioned . Doris warns Bryn not to invite her and does not like her . Jean is not seen on screen , however Gwen sees her and it is unknown what happened next . Glenda - In series 3 episode 4 , Glenda gets in contact with Bryn ( Rob Brydon ) , Doris ( Margaret John ) and Gwen ( Melanie Walters ) almost immediately after Pam ( Alison Steadman ) and Mick ( Larry Lamb ) arrive outside Gwen 's house all via different forms of contact . It is not mentioned where Glenda lives , though she is within hearing range as she heard that Pam and Mick were going to the beach , nor is she ever mentioned again . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ifan Huw Dafydd 's details from the equity wales web site '' . Equity Oriel . Archived from the original on 5 December 2008 . Retrieved 6 January 2010 .", "16": "Jump up ^ `` Ifan Huw Dafydd '' . Digiguide Library . Retrieved 6 January 2010 . External links ( edit ) Full Gavin & Stacey Cast List Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gavin & Stacey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Gavin_%26_Stacey_characters&oldid=837991258 '' Categories : Lists of British sitcom television characters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 07 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 9, 1, 11, 6, 5 ]

[ "8 September 2010", "8 September 2010", "8 September 2010" ]

{ "0": "Amnesia : the Dark Descent - wikipedia Amnesia : the Dark Descent Jump to : navigation , search Amnesia : The Dark Descent Developer ( s ) Frictional Games Publisher ( s ) Frictional Games Designer ( s ) Thomas Grip Jens Nilsson Programmer ( s ) Thomas Grip Luis Rodero Morales Artist ( s ) Marcus Johansson Marc Nicander Writer ( s ) Mikael Hedberg Composer ( s ) Mikko Tarmia Engine HPL Engine 2 Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Mac OS X Linux PlayStation 4 Release Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux WW : 8 September 2010 PlayStation 4 WW : 22 November 2016 Genre ( s ) Survival horror Mode ( s ) Single - player Amnesia : The Dark Descent is a survival horror video game by Frictional Games , released for Microsoft Windows , Mac OS X , Linux and PlayStation 4 platforms . The game features a protagonist named Daniel exploring a dark and foreboding castle , while trying to maintain his sanity by avoiding monsters and other terrifying obstructions . The game was critically well received , earning two awards from the Independent Games Festival and numerous positive reviews . Originally released independently via online distribution , the game has since been published in retail by 1C Company in Russia and Eastern Europe , as well as THQ in North America . A collection of five short stories set in the world of Amnesia , written by Mikael Hedberg and illustrated by the game 's concept artists , was also made available . In addition , the game 's soundtrack is available for purchase and a free content expansion Justine has been released , as well as many fan - made expansions and stories for its unique `` Custom Story '' gamemode . The Amnesia Collection -- which contains The Dark Descent , its Amnesia : Justine expansion and the sequel , A Machine for Pigs -- was released for PlayStation 4 on 22 November 2016 .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Gameplay 2 Plot 2.1 Amnesia : Justine downloadable content 3 Development 3.1 Audio 4 Downloadable content 4.1 Custom stories 5 Reception 6 Sequel 7 References 8 External links Gameplay ( edit ) Daniel encounters one of the monsters in the castle . In a similar vein to the developer Frictional Games ' previous games , Amnesia is an adventure game played from a first - person perspective . The game retains the physical object interaction used in the Penumbra series , allowing for physics - based puzzles and interactions such as opening doors and fixing machinery . Few in - game objects are operated by toggle ; to open a door , for instance , the player must hold down a mouse button and then push ( or pull ) the mouse . This gives the player stealth , allowing them to peek out a barely - opened door or open it slowly to sneak away , but also adds to the player 's sense of helplessness , as it is now entirely possible to attempt to push open a `` pull '' door whilst danger approaches from behind . In addition to a health indicator , Daniel 's sanity must be managed . Being in darkness too long , witnessing unsettling events , or staring at monsters will reduce Daniel 's sanity , causing visual and auditory hallucinations and drawing the attention of monsters . Light sources help restore sanity , and if none are available Daniel may use tinderboxes to ignite candles in wall sconces and candelabra , or deploy an oil - burning lantern found near the beginning of the game . However , the number of tinderboxes and the amount of oil available are both limited , and standing in a light source also makes the player more noticeable to monsters . The player must balance the amount of time Daniel spends in light and shadow . Sanity is fully restored once Daniel completes an objective or progresses the game 's story . It may also be restored by staying in the shadows until Daniel passes out , but this leaves him extremely vulnerable to any nearby monsters . If a monster spots Daniel , it will chase him until he 's out of sight . If spotted , Daniel must flee , as Amnesia does not give the player access to weapons .", "2": "Daniel must find hiding places or barricade doors with rocks , chairs and other obstacles ; however , monsters are capable of tearing down doors in their path and kicking obstacles out of the way , and move extremely fast once they have spotted their prey . Players can also choose to hide Daniel in the shadows , at cost to sanity . Monsters who lose sight of Daniel will search for him for a time , but will eventually leave and vanish . They can also choose , preferably while being chased , to pick up an object and throw it to the monster , temporarily stunning the monster for about two seconds and giving Daniel some extra distance . Plot ( edit ) In late August 1839 , Daniel , a young man from London , awakens in the dark and empty halls of the Prussian Brennenburg Castle with little to no memory about himself or his past . All he can remember is his name , that he lives in Mayfair and that something is hunting him . He has a note written to himself , which informs him that he has deliberately erased his own memory and is being hunted by a `` shadow '' , and instructs him to descend into the Inner Sanctum of the castle in order to find and kill its baron , Alexander . As he makes his way through the castle , Daniel gradually learns both about its mysteries and about his own past , through notes and diaries he finds as well as through sudden flashbacks and visions . He also finds himself followed by an unearthly presence -- the Shadow -- manifesting itself through fleshy , acidic growths spreading through the castle , and encounters terrifying humans - turned - monsters known as `` gatherers '' from whom he must hide or flee . Throughout the game , Daniel collects his own diaries which reveal that in May , he had gone on an archaeological expedition with a professor Herbert , who sought to excavate the tomb of Tin Hinan , buried in the Algerian desert . Separated from his men in the tomb , Daniel discovered a mystical orb and felt it calling to him , entering into a trance when he held it . Afterwards , Herbert sent him back to London to recover and he brought the orb with him . Engrossed in its other - worldly quality , he consulted books and educated men about the orb 's nature , finding that others have been known to exist , and wrote letters to people from Herbert 's address book .", "3": "He began to be plagued by nightmares , and found that Herbert 's expedition has disappeared and the men he had recently consulted have suffered horrible deaths . Feeling desperate and hunted , he decided to accept the invitation of Alexander , who had replied to his letter by offering him protection at Brennenburg . After his arrival , the baron told him that he is being followed by the orb 's `` shadow '' or `` guardian '' , which will kill anything in its path to reclaim the orb , and that he should use the orb 's power to fight back . Deep in the castle , he instructed Daniel in rituals supposedly serving to at least temporarily banish the Shadow , which included the killing and torture of imprisoned people , supposedly criminals . When they kidnapped the children of a farmer for what Alexander said would be the final banishment ritual , and Daniel killed one of the girls as she attempted to flee , he lost faith in Alexander , who left him for dead and descended into the Inner Sanctum alone with the orb . Broken , he decided to kill Alexander in revenge for making him a monster . He wiped his memory with an `` amnesia '' potion , thus setting up the events of the start of the game . It is revealed that Alexander is not human , but rather a being from another dimension who arrived on Earth several centuries ago , establishing himself in Brennenburg under the guise of a baron and constantly prolonging his life with `` vitae '' , a substance harvested from tortured humans , whom he has been hunting for this purpose . He has been seeking a way to use an orb to return to his dimension , and now needs to do this as soon as possible since he fears that other nobles no longer trust him . As Daniel nears the Inner Sanctum , he encounters Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa , a man who had once studied the orbs with his student Johann Weyer and has since been kept alive and imprisoned by Alexander . He tells Daniel that Weyer has been able to harness the power of the orbs to travel between dimensions , which Alexander is preparing to do right now , and instructs him in finding the pieces of what used to be his own orb , which is needed to breach the Inner Sanctum . Agrippa also asks Daniel to take with him his head , which can be severed alive using a tonic invented by Weyer , and throw it into the inter-dimensional portal after Alexander opens it .", "4": "Once Daniel enters the Inner Sanctum , there are three possible endings : he can let Alexander succeed , then be killed by the Shadow and descend into darkness , while Alexander tells him his sacrifice will be forever celebrated ; he can prevent the portal from opening , then leave the castle content with his redemption after the Shadow kills only Alexander ; or he can throw Agrippa 's head into the portal , which leaves the Shadow to kill both Alexander and Daniel , though Agrippa promises to save Daniel from descending into darkness , calling upon Weyer to help him . Amnesia : Justine downloadable content ( edit ) The player takes control of an unnamed female character , who awakens with amnesia in a dungeon cell , accompanied only by a phonograph . This phonograph contains a recording by a woman named Justine , who tells the player character that she is the subject of a psychological test . The player character is then allowed to escape , or die trying . The player character is presented with several puzzles to solve . In each , she has the option of simply abandoning the puzzle and walking away , but doing so will cause an innocent victim contained within ( a doctor , a priest and a policeman ) to die . She is also stalked by the Suitors , three monstrous characters whom Justine ( through additional phonographs ) reveals to be her own former paramours , now twisted by physical and psychological torture . The player character may also collect notes scattered throughout the testing environs , which give additional background information on the Suitors and Justine herself . The game 's exact ending depends on how many puzzles the player has chosen to solve , and thus how many victims survived . However , all of them proceed along roughly the same lines : after surviving the puzzle sections , the nameless female discovers a phonograph dangling from the ceiling , which causes the walls of the chamber to begin moving inward as though to squash the protagonist . She passes out , but awakens unharmed and begins to congratulate herself . The protagonist is Justine , who staged the entire experiment to see if she still had any compassion for humanity within herself .", "5": "Armed with her new - found knowledge , she moves forward into the ending sequence , in which any surviving victims thank her ( not realizing she does not intend to free them now that her memory is restored ) and , if none were saved , the Suitors , trapped , shout threats upon her ; it is also possible to change Justine 's final lines if a hidden document is found in the Library . Then she goes upstairs back to her house to prepare herself to attend her guests for an imminent party . Development ( edit ) Work began on the game while Penumbra : Requiem was still being developed , with the company working on both projects at the same time . The game was first known under two working titles : Unknown and Lux Tenebras . It was not until 13 November 2009 that it was announced as its current title , Amnesia , with the release of the game 's website and a game trailer . Initial designs of the game varied considerably from the final game , with the developers interested in reintroducing more combat elements similar to those utilized in their first commercial title Penumbra : Overture . The developers soon discovered that they encountered many of the same problems and difficulties that plagued the combat in that game however , and the design was further changed to be more similar to the style set out by Overture 's sequel Penumbra : Black Plague . On 5 February 2010 it was announced that the game had reached the alpha stage of development on all platforms . Two weeks later the developers released a new teaser trailer that showed actual game - play footage , and the developers began accepting pre-orders for the game through their website . Also revealed was that the game was at that point being tested on all three intended platforms . It was also announced that the game would be released simultaneously for all of them in August 2010 . This was later rescheduled , and the game was then expected to have a 8 September 2010 release . It was then later announced on 27 August 2010 that the game had officially gone Gold and would soon be ready to sold . On 3 September , the games demo was released containing selected parts of the gameplay and story . It was then successfully released on 8 September 2010 .", "6": "If the game reached 2000 pre-orders by 31 May 2010 , Frictional promised it would release extra content for the game . The goal was finally met in early May , after the pre-orders were offered at a discount made available until 31 May . This was done due to the success of Penumbra : Overture as a part of the first Humble Indie Bundle . The extra content was revealed to be commentary , and they explained in the comments section of the same page that its intended function was similar to that of Valve Corporation 's commentary system that began in the Half - Life 2 series . The authors cite `` Soul Made Flesh '' by Carl Zimmer and older horror movies such as The Haunting as being inspirations for the mood and style of the game . Thomas Grip , one of the games main developers , would later write up a post-mortem of the game titled `` The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia '' for The Escapist , where he outlined in detail the process of the game 's development , mostly focusing on its ever - changing design and the financial problems that plagued the developers for most of the game 's development . A PlayStation 4 version -- Amnesia Collection -- was released on 22 November 2016 via PlayStation Network ; this title includes The Dark Descent , its expansion Amnesia : Justine , and the sequel Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs . Just two days after its release on PS4 Frictional Games posted a tweet stating that the port managed to recoup all costs and `` more '' . Audio ( edit ) Amnesia : The Dark Descent ( Original Soundtrack ) Soundtrack album by Mikko Tarmia Released 17 May 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 17 ) Genre Video game soundtrack Length 34 : 41 Label The Sound of Fiction The game 's music was composed by Mikko Tarmia and released for download on 17 May 2011 . ( show ) Amnesia The Dark Descent Soundtrack track list No . Title Length 1 . `` Menu Theme '' 1 : 16 2 . `` Darkness '' 1 : 16 3 . `` Lux Tenebras '' 3 : 22 4 .", "7": "`` Grand Hall '' 1 : 27 5 . `` Ending : Alexander '' 1 : 53 6 . `` Next To The Guardian '' 1 : 49 7 . `` Theme For Unknown '' 3 : 04 8 . `` Dark Water '' 1 : 17 9 . `` Daniel 's Room '' 1 : 08 10 . `` Grunt 's Appearance '' 1 : 14 11 . `` Back Hall '' 1 : 22 12 . `` Ending : Agrippa '' 1 : 56 13 . `` Suitor Attacks '' 1 : 15 14 . `` Basement Storage '' 2 : 12 15 . `` Brennenburg Theme '' 3 : 13 16 . `` Hub '' 1 : 33 17 . `` Ending : Alexander '' ( alternative version ) 2 : 13 18 . `` Bridges '' 1 : 06 19 . `` The End '' 2 : 05 Total length : 34 : 41 Downloadable content ( edit ) On 12 April 2011 Frictional Games released an extra free level for owners of the Steam version of Amnesia . This additional campaign is set apart from Brennenburg Castle . Justine was released on Steam as a way to promote the upcoming release of Portal 2 , as getting 100 % on the campaign ( all of the collectables , all of the analysis and making correct choices ) unlocks a message from fictional company Aperture Science . The content was made available for all of the games supported platforms and versions as part of the Amnesia v1. 2 update on 17 May 2011 . Custom stories ( edit ) It is possible to create custom stories for Amnesia that can then be loaded in the game . Various tools for the HPL2 Engine have been released that allow the creation of own levels , models , particle effects and materials , using an interface similar to Valve 's Hammer Editing Software . Game logic can be implemented using the AngelScript scripting language .", "8": "A prominent example of a custom story is Penumbra : Necrologue , a fan - made sequel to Frictional 's earlier Penumbra series . Reception ( edit ) Reception Aggregate scores Aggregator Score GameRankings 86.10 % Metacritic 85 / 100 Review scores Publication Score Adventure Gamers Eurogamer 8 / 10 Game Informer 9.25 / 10 IGN 8.5 / 10 PC Gamer ( UK ) 88 % Igromania 8 / 10 Amnesia : The Dark Descent has received critical acclaim with consistent praise given for the ominous atmosphere and horror elements . John Walker of Rock , Paper , Shotgun even went as far as to say that `` I think it is safe to say that Amnesia is the most successfully frightening game to have been made . '' X-Play added Amnesia to its top ten PC games saying `` There are a lot of so - called `` horror '' games out there , this one is no joke . You 'll be rocking back and forth and crying in no time `` . Frictional Games did show some trepidation over the game 's initial sales after the first week , but were encouraged by continued sales throughout the first month after the game 's release , with Frictional recouping all the expenses from creating Amnesia by early October 2010 . By the beginning of January 2011 the developer reported that nearly 200,000 units had been sold , declaring in response that `` With these figures at hand , we must confess that it gives us new confidence for the PC . '' The game kept gaining sales and in July 2011 it had sold almost 350,000 units . At the 2011 Independent Games Festival Amnesia won awards for both `` Excellence in Audio '' and `` Technical Excellence '' along with the `` Direct2Drive Vision Award '' which included a $10,000 prize . A year after the original release of Amnesia , the developers revealed that they had sold around 391,102 units and were continuing to sell about 6000 units per month .", "9": "They also released details about how much money each platform generated for them by analyzing the sales from their online store , with 70 % of sales coming from Windows users and 15 % coming from users of Linux and another 15 % coming from users of Mac OS X . Frictional did however note that their store was the only place anyone could purchase the Linux version of the game , whereas the Mac OS X and Windows versions could be purchased from other sources , meaning that the total percentage of Linux sales is actually considerably smaller compared to other platforms taken collectively . Observing that their own Mac OS X sales did not go down from their own store even as services like Steam picked up the game for that platform , meaning that it did not steal customers from their store but instead opened up a new market , they decided this makes a good incentive for other stores to support Linux as well . As of September 2012 , the game sits at an estimated 1.4 million sales . As of 2018 , GamesRadar ranks Amnesia : The Dark Descent as the 13th best horror game of all time out of 20 . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs An indirect sequel called Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs was released on 10 September 2013 , developed by The Chinese Room and published by Frictional Games . The Chinese Room is known for its Source mod Dear Esther , which was later released as a standalone game to mostly positive reviews . Dan Pinchbeck , writer for The Chinese Room , has stated of the new Amnesia game : `` It 's not a direct sequel , in terms of it does n't follow on from the story of Amnesia . It does n't involve the same characters . The game will be set in an alternate history in the same universe . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent for PC '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 5 February 2012 . Age rating = Pegi 16 , M for mature ^ Jump up to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Game Information Frictional Games ^ Jump up to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- PC Hands On Eurogamer , 25 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : .", "10": "Indie Rock : 2011 IGF Winners Announced Rock , Paper , Shotgun , 3 March 2011 Jump up ^ 1C - SoftClub / Snowball to publish Amnesia : The Dark Descent in Russia & Eastern Europe Frictional Games , 3 May 2010 ( Article by Jens Nilsson ) Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Coming to Retail '' . The Escapist . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitchell , Richard ( 16 February 2011 ) . `` THQ places Amnesia : The Dark Descent in a retail box '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bardin , Maxim ( 17 November 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : Justine -- Now Available To Everyone '' . Linux Gaming News . Retrieved 18 May 2011 . Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent gets a free expansion ! Frictional Games Blog , 12 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games -- Penumbra / Amnesia ( Tgdb.nl ) Archived 20 May 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Tgdb Entertainment , 15 May 2010 Jump up ^ E3 2010 : We talk with Frictional Games about Amnesia : The Dark Descent Big Download , 19 June 2010 Jump up ^ Frictional Games On Penumbra And The Future Rock , Paper Shotgun , 17 February 2009 Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Revealed '' . Blue 's News . 14 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Trailer '' . GamersHell. 13 November 2009 . Retrieved 25 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Interview With Frictional Games -- Amnesia Linux Gaming News , 25 November 2009 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent goes alpha Archived 11 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . LinuxGames , 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Alpha -- the beginning of the end !", "11": "Frictional Games Blog Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reaches Alpha Inside Mac Games , 9 February 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Teaser , Web Site & Pre-order Linux Gaming News , 19 February 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent -- Teaser , Web Site and Pre-Order CHARGED , 19 February 2010 Jump up ^ Disturbing details regarding the release of `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' revealed ! Frictional Games , 22 June 2010 Jump up ^ Amnesia : The Dark Descent Gone Gold Linux Gaming News , 29 August 2010 ( Article by Maxim Bardin ) Jump up ^ Scary New Horror Adventure Available for Linux Linux Journal , 13 September 2010 ( Article by Susan Linton ) Jump up ^ Insane Amnesia Discount ! Frictional Games , 5 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` some commentary for the release '' Frictional Games , 11 May 2010 Jump up ^ `` similar to the way HL2ep2 does it '' Frictional Games , 11 May 2010 Jump up ^ Thomas Grip of Frictional Games Speaks on Amnesia : The Dark Descent With GaeaTimes.com Gadgetophilia ; 15 September 2010 Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist ; 12 July 2011 ( Article by Thomas Grip ) Jump up ^ Nunneley , Stephany ( 19 October 2016 ) . `` Amnesia Collection heads to PS4 in November '' . VG247 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Treese , Tyler ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` Amnesia Collection Already Turning a Profit For Frictional Games '' . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . Jump up ^ In The Games Of Madness : Editors are out ! Frictional Games Jump up ^ Tools -- HPL2 Documentation Archived 18 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Frictional Games Jump up ^ `` Addons - Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Mod DB . Jump up ^ `` Mods - Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Mod DB .", "12": "Jump up ^ Finished Custom Stories for Download Frictional Games Forum Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reviews '' . GameRankings . Retrieved 23 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Reviews '' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Berens , Nathaniel ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` review : Amnesia : The Dark Descent '' . Adventure Gamers . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Quintin ( 7 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent PC Review '' . Eurogamer . Archived from the original on 9 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Biessener , Adam ( 8 September 2010 ) . `` Horror Done Right '' . Game Informer . Archived from the original on 11 September 2010 . Retrieved 9 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Onyett , Charles ( 3 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent Review '' . IGN . Archived from the original on 6 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Bickham , Al ( 6 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent review '' . PC Gamer Magazine . Archived from the original on 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith , Quintin ( 7 September 2010 ) . `` Amnesia : The Dark Descent PC Review '' . Igromania . Archived from the original on 29 September 2010 . Retrieved 7 September 2010 .", "13": "Jump up ^ Wot I Think : Amnesia -- The Dark Descent Rock , Paper , Shotgun , 7 September 2010 ( Article by John Walker ) Jump up ^ One week after the release of Amnesia Frictional Games Blog , 15 September 2010 Jump up ^ One Month after Amnesia 's release Frictional Games Blog , 8 October 2010 Jump up ^ Four months after Amnesia 's release Frictional Games Blog , 7 January 2011 Jump up ^ The Terrifying Tale of Amnesia The Escapist , 12 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 July 2011 Jump up ^ Amnesia -- One year later Frictional Games Blog , 9 September 2011 Jump up ^ `` Amnesia , two years later '' . Jump up ^ `` The 20 best horror games of all time '' . Social Blade . GamesRadar Staff . Archived from the original on 10 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Hilliard , Kyle ( 16 August 2013 ) . `` Amnesia : A Machine For Pigs Coming Next Month '' . Game Informer . Retrieved 27 August 2013 . Jump up ^ de Matos , Xav . `` Amnesia : A Machine for Pigs is the next title from Frictional Games and Dear Esther dev '' . Joystiq . Retrieved 22 February 2012 .", "14": "External links ( edit ) Official website Amnesia : The Dark Descent at MobyGames Video games portal 2010s portal Wikiquote has quotations related to : Amnesia : The Dark Descent Frictional Games Penumbra series Overture Black Plague Requiem Amnesia series The Dark Descent A Machine for Pigs Other Soma Amnesia series Amnesia games The Dark Descent A Machine for Pigs Developers Frictional Games The Chinese Room Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amnesia:_The_Dark_Descent&oldid=837845736 '' Categories : 2010 video games Amnesia in fiction Darkness in fiction First - person adventure games Indie video games Linux games MacOS games Psychological horror games PlayStation Network games Software that uses FLTK THQ games Video game franchises introduced in 2010 Video games developed in Sweden Video games featuring female protagonists Video games set in the 19th century Video games with commentaries Windows games Horror video games PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2017 Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Pälzisch Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc.", "15": ", a non-profit organization . 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[ 11, 5, 13, 15, 14, 10, 12, 6, 7, 9, 4, 2, 8, 3, 0, 1 ]

[ 11, 5, 13, 15, 14, 10 ]

[ "Arnold Schwarzenegger's title character from the 1991 science fiction thriller film Terminator 2: Judgment Day" ]

{ "0": "Hasta la vista , baby - wikipedia Hasta la vista , baby Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the catchphrase . For other uses , see Hasta la vista , baby ( disambiguation ) . `` Hasta la vista , baby '' Character Terminator Actor Arnold Schwarzenegger First used in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Voted # 76 in AFI 's 100 Movie Quotes poll Arnold Schwarzenegger 's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame `` Hasta la vista , baby '' is a catchphrase associated with Arnold Schwarzenegger 's title character from the 1991 science fiction thriller film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origination and uses 2 Terminator 2 : Judgment Day 3 Politics 4 Other usage 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Origination and uses ( edit ) The term `` Hasta la vista '' is a Spanish farewell that can be literally translated as `` Until the ( next ) sighting '' and means `` See you later '' and `` Goodbye '' . This term , with the added word `` baby '' - `` = Hasta la vista , baby '' - was used in the popular hit song from 1987 , `` Looking for a New Love '' by Grammy Award winner Jody Watley . It was also used in the 1988 Tone Lōc single `` Wild Thing '' . Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( edit ) `` Hasta la vista , baby '' became a famous catchphrase when it was used in the 1991 film Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , which was written by James Cameron and William Wisher Jr . The phrase is featured in an exchange between the film 's characters John Connor ( Edward Furlong ) and The Terminator ( Arnold Schwarzenegger ) , where the former teaches the latter the use of slang : John Connor : No , no , no , no . You got ta listen to the way people talk . You do n't say `` affirmative '' or some shit like that . You say `` no problemo '' . And if someone comes on to you with an attitude , you say `` eat me '' .", "1": "And if you want to shine them on , it 's `` hasta la vista , baby '' . The Terminator : Hasta la vista , baby . The Terminator says the phrase again prior to shattering the liquid nitrogen - frozen T - 1000 with a gunshot , famously enunciating it with the pause before the word `` baby '' . In the European Spanish version of the film , the phrase was dubbed as `` Sayonara , baby '' to preserve its humorous nature among Spanish - speaking audiences . However , in the Hispanic American version of the film , the phrase remains untouched . Politics ( edit ) Schwarzenegger has since used the phrase during public speeches as part of his political career . During the 1992 Republican primaries , Pat Buchanan challenged President George H.W. Bush for the nomination . Schwarzenegger joined Bush in New Hampshire and urged voters to send Pat Buchanan a message : `` Hasta la vista , baby . '' On October 7 , 2003 , Schwarzenegger was elected Governor of California in a recall election . The Michigan Daily titled its article `` Voters bid ' hasta la vista ' to Davis '' . On November 17 , 2008 , Schwarzenegger said in an interview on CNN : `` There are so many different challenges California has -- it 's the greatest state in the greatest country in the world . Hasta la vista , baby ! '' In 2008 , Schwarzenegger met with Chilean president Michelle Bachelet during her state visit to California . Bachelet closed her public speech with the phrase `` Hasta la vista '' and imitated Schwarzenegger 's accent . Other usage ( edit ) Sign at the Fort Bliss U.S. Army post The phrase was also the title of the Skin album Hasta la Vista , Baby ! and part of the title of U2 's 1997 live album Hasta la Vista Baby ! U2 Live in Mexico City . See also ( edit ) I 'll be back - Another Schwarzenegger catchphrase from The Terminator . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hasta la vista '' . Phrases.org.uk . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) '' . IMDb . Amazon .", "2": "Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 1992 Campaign - Republicans - SCHWARZENEGGER ASSAILS BUCHANAN '' . The New York Times Company . The New York Times Company . 16 February 1992 . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Voters bid ' hasta la vista ' to Davis '' . The Michigan Daily . Retrieved 16 January 2015 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 30 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Bachelet and Arnold Schwarzenegger '' . YouTube . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) `` Hasta la vista , baby '' , at The Phrase Finder ( hide ) Terminator Films The Terminator Terminator 2 : Judgment Day Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines Terminator Salvation Terminator Genisys Terminator Television series Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles characters episodes `` Pilot '' `` Heavy Metal '' `` Self Made Man '' `` Born to Run '' Characters John Connor Sarah Connor Kyle Reese Skynet Terminators Model 101 ( T - 800 / T - 850 ) T - 1000 T-X TOK715 T - 3000 Soundtracks The Terminator Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines Terminator : The Sarah Connor Chronicles Terminator Salvation Video games T2 : Arcade The Terminator : Rampage RoboCop Versus The Terminator The Terminator : Future Shock Skynet The Terminator : Dawn of Fate Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines Terminator 3 : War of the Machines Terminator 3 : The Redemption Terminator Salvation Terminator Genisys : Future War Publishing Comics Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator RoboCop Versus The Terminator Superman vs.", "3": "The Terminator : Death to the Future Terminator : The Burning Earth Terminator : Infinity T2 Trilogy Attractions T2 3 - D : Battle Across Time Terminator X : A Laser Battle for Salvation Terminator Salvation : The Ride Other Quotes `` I 'll be back '' `` Hasta la vista , baby '' Music `` You Could Be Mine '' `` The Current '' Terminator Salvation : The Machinima Series Shocking Dark The Terminators Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasta_la_vista,_baby&oldid=837767576 '' Categories : Arnold Schwarzenegger English phrases Catchphrases Quotations from film and television Terminator ( franchise ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 22 : 49 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 0, 3, 1 ]

[ 2, 0, 3, 1 ]

[ "Tom Brady", "Bill Belichick", "Neal Dahlen", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady", "Charles Haley", "Tom Brady", "\"Mean Joe\" Greene" ]

{ "0": "Super Bowl ring - wikipedia Super Bowl ring Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2008 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Steelers Super Bowl XL ring Joe Theismann 's Super Bowl ring ( right ) The Super Bowl ring is an award in the National Football League given to the winners of the league 's annual championship game , the Super Bowl . Since only one Vince Lombardi Trophy is awarded to the team ( ownership ) itself , the Super Bowl ring offers a collectable memento for the actual players and team members to keep for themselves to symbolise their victory . Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Value and resale 3 Most Super Bowl rings 4 Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Details ( edit ) These rings are typically made of yellow or white gold with diamonds . They usually include the team name , team logo , and Super Bowl number ( usually indicated in Roman numerals ) . The NFL contributes up to $5,000 per ring for up to 150 rings for the winning team ; any additional costs are borne by the team . Most rings are manufactured by memorabilia company Jostens . In 2015 , the rings for the New England Patriots reportedly cost $36,500 each , making them the most expensive rings Jostens has ever produced . The winning team can typically present rings to whomever they choose , including usually , but not limited to : players ( active roster or injured ) , coaches , trainers , executives , personnel , and general staff . Some teams have given rings to former players and coaches that were on the team at some point during the season , despite not having been on the winning roster for the Super Bowl itself . Sometimes a team will give rings to fans as part of a charity raffle . Teams can distribute any number of rings . A recent trend over the last 15 -- 20 years has been lesser rings awarded to front office staff . These are commonly called `` B '' and `` C '' level rings and are smaller and contain fewer diamonds or contain faux diamonds .", "1": "The first instance of this was the Redskins Super Bowl XVII ring when many in the front office received rings that were not solid gold and contained cubic zirconia stones ( which resemble diamonds ) . When Tampa Bay won Super Bowl XXXVII , the players and coaches received rings with a diamond - centered Lombardi trophy . Some staff received rings with a metal Lombardi trophy and real diamonds surrounding the trophy and the `` C '' level ring did not contain any diamonds . Many rings feature diamonds in the shape of the Vince Lombardi Trophy or a football . Some feature diamonds or gold in the shape of a team logo . Others illustrate the number of Super Bowls that franchise has won . Also , the rings are customized with the player 's name and uniform number . The Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV ring contained more than 100 diamonds . The Packer logo , in the center of the ring , made up 13 diamonds , one for each title the team has won , dating back to 1929 . In a break from tradition , this is the first Super Bowl ring to be made of platinum , not gold . The New England Patriots Super Bowl LI ring has 283 diamonds , to commemorate their comeback from being down 28 - 3 versus the Atlanta Falcons late in the 3rd quarter . Value and resale ( edit ) Replicas of the rings for various years are popular collectibles , along with genuine rings . Dave Meggett is known to have placed his ring for sale on eBay . Two Super Bowl rings from the 1970 Steelers sold on eBay for over $69,000 apiece in mid-2008 . Patriots safety Je'Rod Cherry raffled his ring from Super Bowl XXXVI in November 2008 to benefit several charities working to help children in Africa and Asia . Tight end Shannon Sharpe , meanwhile , gave his first Super Bowl ring to his brother Sterling , who had his career cut short by injury . In 2011 , a Super Bowl ring belonging to Steve Wright , a lineman for the Green Bay Packers in the 1960s , sold for over $73,000 at auction . Three Super Bowl rings belonging to former Raiders ' punter Ray Guy brought over $96,000 at auction .", "2": "In 2012 , Lawrence Taylor 's son sold his father 's Super Bowl ring from 1990 for more than $250,000 . Most Super Bowl rings ( edit ) Seven : two people . Bill Belichick : two as defensive coordinator of the New York Giants and five as head coach of New England Patriots Neal Dahlen : five with San Francisco 49ers ( staff and player personnel ) and two with Denver Broncos ( general manager ) Six : six people . Dan Rooney and Art Rooney II : each as an executive with Pittsburgh Steelers Chuck Noll : four as head coach and two as a team consultant with Pittsburgh Steelers Bill Nunn : each as a scout with Pittsburgh Steelers `` Mean Joe '' Greene : four as a defensive tackle , two as a special assistant for player personnel , all with the Pittsburgh Steelers Conditioning coach Mike Woicik : three with Dallas Cowboys and three with New England Patriots Five : twenty people . Charles Haley , five ( two as a linebacker with the San Francisco 49ers and three as a defensive end with the Dallas Cowboys ) Tom Brady , five as starting quarterback with New England Patriots ; he has the most rings of any active player ( as of the end of the 2017 -- 18 season ) , he is the only player to win five playing for one team , and he has more than any other quarterback in Super Bowl history . Robert Kraft , five as owner of New England Patriots Edward J. DeBartolo , Jr.", "3": ", five as owner of San Francisco 49ers Keith Simon : five as CFO and Executive VP with San Francisco 49ers Bobb McKittrick : five as offensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Ray Rhodes : five as an assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers Bill McPherson : five as defensive line coach with San Francisco 49ers Dick Hoak : each as a running backs coach with Pittsburgh Steelers Romeo Crennel : two as a defensive coach with New York Giants and three as a defensive coordinator with New England Patriots George Seifert : three as an assistant coach and two as a head coach all with San Francisco 49ers Dwight Clark : two as a player and three as a member of the front office , all with San Francisco 49ers Pepper Johnson : two as a linebacker for New York Giants and three as an assistant coach with New England Patriots Monsignor Peter Armstrong : five as chaplain for San Francisco 49ers Markus Paul : three as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New England Patriots , and two as an assistant strength and conditioning coach with the New York Giants Tim Rooney : Three with Pittsburgh Steelers and two with New York Giants ( as Pro Personnel Director / Scout ) Josh McDaniels has won five with the New England Patriots his first as personnel assistant , second as defensive coaching assistant , third as quarterbacks coach and his fourth and fifth as offensive coordinator . Ivan Fears has won five with New England Patriots his first as wide receivers coach and the remaining as running backs coach . Ernie Adams has won five with New England Patriots as a football research director Brian Daboll has won five with New England Patriots , one as a defensive coaching assistant , two as wide receivers coach , and two as tight ends coach Four : at least 39 players , many coaches and staff . The first player to win four Super Bowl rings was tight - end Marv Fleming , who got a pair with Green Bay Packers in 1966 and 1967 , and another pair with Miami Dolphins in 1972 and 1973 . Twenty - two players earned four rings with Pittsburgh Steelers in the 1970s : Terry Bradshaw , Franco Harris , Lynn Swann , John Stallworth , Mel Blount , Jack Lambert , Jack Ham , Mike Webster , Donnie Shell , L.C.", "4": "Greenwood , Rocky Bleier , Gerry Mullins , Larry Brown , Mike Wagner , J.T. Thomas , Loren Toews , Jon Kolb , Sam Davis , Steve Furness , Dwight White , Randy Grossman and the previously mentioned Joe Greene ( who later added two more rings ) . At least five coaches were with the team all four years : George Perles , Louis Riecke , Woody Widenhofer and ( as noted above ) Chuck Noll and Dick Hoak . The list of Steelers front office staff receiving four rings during that era includes Director of Player Personnel Dick Haley . Tom Flores : First person to have rings as a player ( Kansas City Chiefs ) , assistant coach and head coach ( Oakland Raiders ) Joe Montana , Keena Turner , Jesse Sapolu , Eric Wright , Mike Wilson and Ronnie Lott each won four Super Bowl rings with the 49ers . Kicker Adam Vinatieri won three with the New England Patriots and one with the Indianapolis Colts Russ Grimm won three with Washington Redskins and one with Pittsburgh Steelers Ted Hendricks won one with Baltimore Colts and three with Oakland Raiders Bill Romanowski won two with San Francisco and two with Denver Broncos Coach Charlie Weis won one with New York Giants and three with New England Patriots Matt Millen has four rings while playing for four different cities and three different teams , one with Oakland Raiders , one with Los Angeles Raiders , one with San Francisco 49ers , and one with Washington Redskins ( only player to earn a ring with four different cities ) Sherman Lewis won three as running backs coach with San Francisco 49ers and one as offensive coordinator with Green Bay Packers Willie Davis Won all four rings with Green Bay Packers : two as a player , one as a member of the team 's board of directors , and one as an emeritus director . He is the only person to possess all four of Green Bay 's Super Bowl rings . Davis also won rings as a member of the 1961 , 1962 and 1965 NFL Championship Green Bay Packer teams , bringing his unofficial championship ring count to seven , as the first three were awarded prior to the creation of the Super Bowl . Mike Pope won all four of his Super Bowl rings as the long time Tight End coach for New York Giants Ken Norton , Jr.", "5": "was the first member of 3 Super Bowl - winning teams in a row as a player , and gained a 4th ring as the Linebacker coach for the 2013 Seattle Seahawks Larry Izzo won three Super Bowls with New England Patriots , and one as the special teams assistant coach with New York Giants Coach Gary Kubiak won one with San Francisco 49ers as quarterbacks coach , two with Denver Broncos as offensive coordinator , and one as the head coach of the Broncos Dante Scarnecchia has won four with New England Patriots as an offensive line coach , along with being assistant head coach for three of them Brian Pariani has won four rings . One as an offensive assistant coach with San Francisco 49ers and three as the tight ends coach with the Denver Broncos Three : many players , coaches and staff Among the many figures with three are Bill Walsh , John Elway , Mike Ditka , Mike Shanahan , Art Shell , Jerry Rice , Steve Young , Troy Aikman , Emmitt Smith , Jay Novacek , Michael Irvin , Larry Brown , Eric Mangini , Joe Gibbs , Dave Dalby , Cliff Branch , Roger Craig , Shannon Sharpe , Ed McCaffrey , Mark Schlereth , Forrest Gregg , Herb Adderley , Tom Coughlin , LeGarrette Blount , and Matt Cavanaugh . Twenty - two players earned three rings with the New England Patriots during the early 2000s : Troy Brown , Willie McGinest , Richard Seymour , Ty Law , Mike Vrabel , Tedy Bruschi , Kevin Faulk , Matt Light , Patrick Pass , Ted Johnson , Lonie Paxton , Stephen Neal , Joe Andruzzi , David Patten , Roman Phifer , Tom Ashworth , Adrian Klemm , Je'Rod Cherry , Matt Chatham , the aforementioned Adam Vinatieri ( who later added a fourth ring with the Colts ) , the aforementioned Tom Brady ( who went on to win two additional Super Bowls with the Patriots ) , and the aforementioned Larry Izzo ( who won a fourth with the Giants ) . Players with Super Bowl and Grey Cup rings ( edit ) As of 2017 , ten players have won championships in both the NFL and Canada 's equivalent Canadian Football League ( CFL ) . O.J.", "6": "Brigance ( linebacker ) won a Grey Cup ring in 1995 with the CFL 's Baltimore Stallions and won a Super Bowl ring in 2001 with the Baltimore Ravens . He is the only player to win both a Grey Cup and a Super Bowl with teams from the same city . Brandon Browner ( cornerback ) won a ring in 2008 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and then won a Super Bowl ring in 2013 with the Seattle Seahawks , although he did not play in that game due to a suspension . He went on to play against the Seahawks in the following year 's Super Bowl , when he won a second ring with the 2014 New England Patriots . Terry Greer ( wide receiver ) was the first person to win both championships ; he won the Grey Cup as a member of the Toronto Argonauts in 1983 , and two Super Bowl rings as a member of the San Francisco 49ers in 1988 and 1989 . Harald Hasselbach ( defensive end ) won a ring in 1992 with the CFL 's Calgary Stampeders and won a Super Bowl ring in 1997 with the Denver Broncos . Bobby Singh ( guard ) is the only player to win a Super Bowl ( 1999 with the St. Louis Rams ) , and a Grey Cup ( 2006 with the BC Lions ) , and the XFL Championship ( 2001 with the Los Angeles Xtreme ) . Alvin Walton ( safety ) won two Super Bowl rings with the NFL 's Washington Redskins ( 1987 and 1991 seasons , but he did not participate in the 1991 season Super Bowl victory ) and won a Grey Cup ring with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 . Barry Wilburn ( cornerback ) won a Super Bowl with the Washington Redskins in 1988 and the Grey Cup in 1994 with the BC Lions . Tyrone Williams ( wide receiver ) won two Super Bowl rings with Dallas in 1992 and 1993 , although he did not participate in either game . He then won a Grey Cup ring with the Toronto Argonauts in 1996 . Andre Rison ( wide receiver ) won a Super Bowl with the Green Bay Packers in 1996 , and a Grey Cup with the Toronto Argonauts in 2004 .", "7": "Josh Miller ( punter ) won a Grey Cup with the Baltimore Stallions in 1995 , and a Super Bowl with the New England Patriots in 2004 . See also ( edit ) National Football League portal Championship ring World Series ring References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How much does a Super Bowl ring cost ? It depends '' . Christian Science Monitor. 2015 - 01 - 26 . ISSN 0882 - 7729 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` How much does each Patriots Super Bowl ring cost ? '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sando , Mike ( December 16 , 2007 ) . `` Week 15 : Winter Leaves its Mark : Playoff Picture Remains Muddled '' . Last Call . ESPN . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Former New Orleans Saints Player Steve Gleason Gets a Super Bowl Ring at an Emotional Party '' . The Times - Picayune . New Orleans . Jump up ^ d'Estries , Michael ( September 21 , 2010 ) . `` New Orleans Saints Raffle Super Bowl Ring for Gulf Spill Charities '' . Mother Nature Network . Jump up ^ Hunt , Michael ( June 16 , 2011 ) . `` Packers Marvel at Super Bowl Ring 's Might '' . In My Opinion . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Familiar ring : Pats ' SB bling has 283 diamonds '' . Espn.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steelers Super Bowl Rings Sold In Online Auction '' . Pittsburgh : WTAE - TV . July 21 , 2008 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Je'Rod Cherry Super Bowl XXXVI Ring Raffle '' . Celebrities for Charities . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . This ring is currently in the possession of a sports collector in Ottawa , Canada Jump up ^ Garber , Greg .", "8": "`` Super Bowl Ring ' a Symbol of Excellence ' '' . ESPN . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Edholm , Eric ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Lord of the Rings '' . Pro Football Weekly . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Delozier , Dave ( February 6 , 2011 ) . `` 7 Super Bowl Rings for a Coloradan '' . Denvery : KUSA - TV . Retrieved February 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 27 , 2007 ) . `` Long - Time Scout Bill Nunn Is a Man who Made a Difference '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved February 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Bouchette , Ed ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Steelers Scout Nunn Receives Honor '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( February 12 , 2009 ) . `` Greene one of few with six rings '' ( Press release ) . Pittsburgh Steelers . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mayer , Larry ( March 6 , 2012 ) . `` Former Bears Safety Boasts Five Super Bowl Rings '' ( Press release ) . Chicago Bears . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Spofford , Mike ( July 2 , 2011 ) . `` One man has all four rings '' ( Press release ) . Green Bay Packers . Retrieved April 23 , 2013 . External links ( edit ) Images of the first 45 Super Bowl Rings at ESPN.com Images of all of the Super Bowl Rings , photos of presentation boxes & conference rings at sports-rings.com ( hide ) Super Bowl NFL NFC Championship", "9": "AFC Championship Football Games 1960s I ( 1967 ) II ( 1968 ) III ( 1969 ) 1970s IV ( 1970 ) V ( 1971 ) VI ( 1972 ) VII ( 1973 ) VIII ( 1974 ) IX ( 1975 ) X ( 1976 ) XI ( 1977 ) XII ( 1978 ) XIII ( 1979 ) 1980s XIV ( 1980 ) XV ( 1981 ) XVI ( 1982 ) XVII ( 1983 ) XVIII ( 1984 ) XIX ( 1985 ) XX ( 1986 ) XXI ( 1987 ) XXII ( 1988 ) XXIII ( 1989 ) 1990s XXIV ( 1990 ) XXV ( 1991 ) XXVI ( 1992 ) XXVII ( 1993 ) XXVIII ( 1994 ) XXIX ( 1995 ) XXX ( 1996 ) XXXI ( 1997 ) XXXII ( 1998 ) XXXIII ( 1999 ) 2000s XXXIV ( 2000 ) XXXV ( 2001 ) XXXVI ( 2002 ) XXXVII ( 2003 ) XXXVIII ( 2004 ) XXXIX ( 2005 ) XL ( 2006 ) XLI ( 2007 ) XLII ( 2008 ) XLIII ( 2009 ) 2010s XLIV ( 2010 ) XLV ( 2011 ) XLVI ( 2012 ) XLVII ( 2013 )", "10": "XLVIII ( 2014 ) XLIX ( 2015 ) 50 ( 2016 ) LI ( 2017 ) LII ( 2018 ) LIII ( 2019 ) 2020s LIV ( 2020 ) LV ( 2021 ) LVI ( 2022 ) LVII ( 2023 ) People Champions Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions Head coaches Active head coach history Quarterbacks Officials Awards , trophies , records Super Bowl ring Vince Lombardi Trophy Most Valuable Players Records Broadcast and production National anthem Halftime Commercials USA Today Ad Meter Adbowl List Broadcast Network broadcasters Counterprogramming Lead - out programming Television ratings Super Bowl Sunday Curse Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Super_Bowl_ring&oldid=832728083 '' Categories : Super Bowl trophies and awards Rings Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from January 2014 Articles needing additional references from August 2008 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 17 : 47 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 2, 5, 3, 4, 8, 10, 7, 0, 6, 9, 1 ]

[ 2, 5, 3, 4, 8 ]

[ "Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia", "Lincoln Financial Field", "Lincoln Financial Field" ]

{ "0": "Army -- Navy game - wikipedia Army -- Navy game Jump to : navigation , search `` Army Navy '' redirects here . For the band , see Army Navy ( band ) . For the annual match in British rugby , see Army Navy Match . For the M * A * S * H episode , see The Army - Navy Game ( M * A * S * H ) . For the college soccer rivalry between the same programs , see Army -- Navy Cup . Army -- Navy Game Army Black Knights Navy Midshipmen Sport College football First meeting November 29 , 1890 Latest meeting December 9 , 2017 Next meeting December 8 , 2018 Statistics Meetings total 118 All - time record Navy leads 60 -- 51 -- 7 Longest win streak Navy , 14 ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Current win streak Army , 2 ( 2016 -- present ) The Army -- Navy Game is an American college rivalry game in college football between the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy ( USMA ) at West Point , New York , and the Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy ( USNA ) at Annapolis , Maryland . The Black Knights ( alternatively , the `` Cadets '' ) and Midshipmen each represent their service 's oldest officer commissioning sources . As such , the game has come to embody the spirit of the interservice rivalry of the United States Armed Forces . The game marks the end of the college football regular season and the third and final game of the season 's Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , which also includes the Air Force Falcons of the United States Air Force Academy ( USAFA ) near Colorado Springs , Colorado . The Army -- Navy game is one of the most traditional and enduring rivalries in college football . It has been frequently attended by sitting U.S. presidents . The game has been nationally televised each year since 1945 on either ABC , CBS or NBC . CBS has televised the game since 1996 and has the rights to the broadcast through 2028 . Instant replay made its American debut in the 1963 Army -- Navy game . Since 2009 , the game has been held the Saturday following FBS conference championship weekend .", "1": "The game has been held in multiple locations , but outside the 1926 game in Chicago and 1983 game in Pasadena , California , it has been played in the Northeast megalopolis , most frequently in Philadelphia , followed by the New York City area and the Baltimore -- Washington area . The series has been marked by several periods of domination by one team or the other , with Navy 's 14 - game winning streak from 2002 through 2015 being the longest for either side . Through the 2017 meeting , Navy leads the series 60 -- 51 -- 7 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series history 2 Venues 2.1 Future venues 2.2 Total games by venue and geography 3 Game results 4 Notable games 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Series history ( edit ) Army and Navy first met on the field on November 29 , 1890 . They played 30 times between that date and November 26 , 1927 . The series has been renewed annually since 1930 . The game has been held at several locations throughout its history , including Baltimore and New York City , but has most frequently been played in Philadelphia , roughly equidistant from the two academies . Historically played on the Saturday after Thanksgiving ( a date on which most other major college football teams end their regular seasons ) , the game is now played on the second Saturday in December and is traditionally the last game of the season for both teams and the last regular - season game played in Division I FBS football . With the permanent expansion of the regular season to 12 games starting in 2006 , several conference championship games joined the Army -- Navy Game on its then - current date of the first weekend of December . In 2009 , the game was moved from the first Saturday in December to the second Saturday ; this means that it no longer conflicts with conference championship games and once again is the last non-bowl contest in college football . 1908 Army -- Navy college football game at Franklin Field This game has inter-service `` bragging rights '' at stake . For much of the first half of the 20th century , both Army and Navy were often national powers , and the game occasionally had national championship implications .", "2": "However , as the level of play in college football improved nationally , and became fueled by prospects of playing in the National Football League ( NFL ) , the high academic entrance requirements , height and weight limits , and the five - year military commitment required has reduced the overall competitiveness of both academies . Since 1963 , only the 1996 , 2010 , 2016 and 2017 games have seen both teams enter with winning records . Nonetheless , the game is considered a college football institution . It has aired nationally on radio since 1930 , and has been nationally televised every year since 1945 . The tradition associated with the game assures that it remains nationally broadcast to this day . A game ball from the 1974 Army -- Navy Game , with the game 's final score ( Navy 19 , Army 0 ) adhered on with a label . Arguably , one of the reasons this game has maintained its appeal is that the players are playing solely for the love of the game . Most players are required to fulfill a post-graduation active duty military commitment and , by the time this ends , many players are deemed too old to consider playing competitively again . Nevertheless , some participants in the Army -- Navy Game have gone on to professional football careers . Quarterback Roger Staubach ( Navy , 1965 ) went on to a Hall of Fame career with the Dallas Cowboys that included starting at quarterback in two Super Bowl victories including being named the Most Valuable Player of Super Bowl VI . Wide receiver and return specialist Phil McConkey ( Navy , 1979 ) was a popular player on the New York Giants squad that won Super Bowl XXI . Running back Napoleon McCallum ( Navy , 1985 ) was able to complete his commitment to the Navy and play for the then - Los Angeles Raiders in 1986 . After satisfying his Navy commitment , he joined the Raiders full - time . 2002 Army -- Navy Game at Giants Stadium . Navy is in dark and Army is in white . The game is especially emotional for the seniors , called `` first classmen '' by both academies , since it is typically the last competitive regular season football game they will ever play ( though they sometimes play in a subsequent bowl game ) . During wartime the game is even more emotional , as some seniors may face combat and perhaps die after they graduate .", "3": "Recognition of those who share the uniform and are deployed overseas is an important part of the day . At the end of the game , both teams ' almae matres are played and sung . The winning team stands alongside the losing team and faces the losing academy 's students ; then the losing team accompanies the winning team , facing their students . This is done in a show of mutual respect and solidarity . Since the winning team 's alma mater is always played last , the phrase `` to sing second '' has become synonymous with winning the rivalry game . The rivalry between Annapolis and West Point , while friendly , is intense . The cadets live and breathe the phrase `` Beat Navy ! '' while for midshipmen the opposite phrase , `` Beat Army ! '' is ingrained . They have become a symbol of competitiveness , not just in the Army -- Navy Game , but in the service of their country , and are often used at the close of ( informal ) letters by graduates of both academies . A long - standing tradition at the Army - Navy football game is to conduct a formal `` prisoner exchange '' as part of the pre-game activities . The prisoners are the cadets and midshipmen currently spending the semester studying at the sister academy . After the exchange , students have a brief reprieve to enjoy the game with their comrades . In 2011 , the 112th Army -- Navy Game saw Navy 's 10th consecutive win . The game is the last of three contests in the annual Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy series , awarded to each season 's winner of the triangular series between Army , Navy , and Air Force since 1972 . In years when Navy and Army have each beaten Air Force before the Army -- Navy Game ( 1972 , 1977 , 1978 , 1996 , 2005 , 2012 and 2017 ) the Army - Navy game has also determined whether Army or Navy would win this trophy . In years when Air Force has split its two games , the Army - Navy game determines whether the trophy is shared or won outright by the winner of the game . The rivalries Army and Navy have with Air Force are much less intense than the Army -- Navy rivalry , primarily due to the relative youth of the USAFA , established in 1954 , and the physical distance between the USAFA and the other two schools .", "4": "The Army -- Air Force and Navy -- Air Force games are usually played at the academies ' regular home fields , although on occasion they have been held at a neutral field . Navy won 14 Army - Navy games in a row from 2002 to 2015 , the longest winning streak in the history of the series . On December 10 , 2016 , Army snapped its 14 - game losing streak against Navy with a 21 -- 17 victory . Venues ( edit ) Though the game has been played 118 times , only six of those games have ever been held on the campus of either academy . Neither team has ever played at an on - campus stadium nearly large enough to accommodate the large crowds that usually attend the game , as well as the media and dignitaries . Army 's Michie Stadium only seats 38,000 people , while Navy 's Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium only seats 34,000 . The game 's popularity grew enough early on that when it was revived in 1899 , it was played at a neutral site , the Franklin Field in Philadelphia . Except for the 1942 and 1943 games , which were played on - campus due to World War II travel restrictions , it has been played at a neutral site every year since . Pennsylvania Railroad trains lined up at a temporary station outside the Municipal Stadium after the 1955 game . Traditionally , the game is played in Philadelphia , due to the historic nature of the city and the fact that it is approximately halfway between West Point and Annapolis . Additionally , Philadelphia has always had a stadium large enough to accommodate the crowds . Philadelphia 's John F. Kennedy Stadium ( JFK ) hosted the game from 1936 to 1979 ( except for three years in World War II ) -- more than any other venue in the history of the series . It even hosted the game for several years after the 1971 construction of nearby Veterans Stadium , which finally became the game 's host in 1980 . The Pennsylvania Railroad and its successors offered game - day service to all Army -- Navy games ( except several during World War II ) at John F. Kennedy Stadium , using a sprawling temporary station constructed each year on the railroad 's nearby Greenwich freight yard .", "5": "The service , with 40 - odd trains serving as many as 30,000 attendees , was the single largest concentrated passenger rail movement in the country . Franklin Field , on the campus of the University of Pennsylvania , hosted the game in the early twentieth century before it was moved to JFK . New York 's Polo Grounds holds the record for most games hosted outside of Philadelphia . The city of Baltimore has hosted a number of games throughout the history of the series as well , even though Baltimore is closer to Annapolis . 1926 game at Chicago 's Soldier Field The Rose Bowl is the only site west of the Mississippi River to host the Army -- Navy game ; it did so in 1983 . The city of Pasadena , California , paid for the travel expenses of all the students and supporters of both academies -- 9,437 in all . A substitute , however , for Bill XXII -- the Navy mascot -- and four rented Army mules were brought in . The attendance was 81,000 . The game was held at the Rose Bowl that year because there are a large number of military installations and servicemen and women , along with many retired military personnel , on the West Coast . The game has been held one other time in a non-East Coast venue , at Chicago 's Soldier Field , which played host to the 1926 game . In October 1984 , the $100,000 in costs to transport the cadets and midshipmen to the California game earned the Department of Defense a `` Golden Fleece Award '' from United States Senator William Proxmire , a Democrat from Wisconsin . Currently the game is played primarily at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia , the home of the Philadelphia Eagles . Since the 1980s , the game has been held roughly once every three or four years at a site other than Philadelphia . In addition to the Rose Bowl , these sites have included Giants Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey ( replaced in 2010 by MetLife Stadium , which is scheduled to host the game for the first time in 2021 ) , M&T Bank Stadium in Baltimore and FedExField in Landover , Maryland . These are still considered neutral - site games , but provide locations that are closer to one academy or the other . Future venues ( edit ) All games through 2020 will be held at Lincoln Financial Field in Philadelphia .", "6": "MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford , New Jersey will host the 2021 game . The game will then return to Lincoln Financial Field for 2022 . Games beyond 2022 have yet to be awarded . Total games by venue and geography ( edit ) Venue Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game John F. Kennedy Stadium ( Philadelphia ) 41 16 22 1936 1979 Franklin Field 18 11 7 0 1899 1935 Veterans Stadium 17 11 5 1980 2001 Lincoln Financial Field 11 10 0 2003 2017 Polo Grounds 9 5 1913 1927 Giants Stadium 0 1989 2002 M&T Bank Stadium 0 2000 2016 The Plain 0 0 1890 1892 Worden Field 0 1891 1893 Municipal Stadium ( Baltimore ) 0 0 1924 1944 Yankee Stadium 0 0 1930 1931 Osborne Field 0 0 1905 1905 Soldier Field 0 0 1926 1926 Thompson Stadium 0 0 1942 1942 Michie Stadium 0 0 1943 1943 Rose Bowl 0 0 FedExField 0 0 2011 2011 City Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York City 11 7 1913 1931 Baltimore 6 0 1924 2016 East Rutherford , New Jersey 0 1989 2002 West Point , New York 0 0 1890 1943 Annapolis ,", "7": "Maryland 0 1891 1942 Princeton , New Jersey 0 0 1905 1905 Chicago 0 0 1926 1926 Pasadena , California 0 0 Landover , Maryland 0 0 2011 2011 State Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Pennsylvania 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York 14 7 6 1890 1943 Maryland 10 6 0 1891 2016 New Jersey 5 1905 2002 Illinois 0 0 1926 1926 California 0 0 CSA Games Army victories Navy victories Tie games First game Most recent game Philadelphia -- Reading -- Camden , PA -- NJ -- DE -- MD 87 39 44 1899 2017 New York -- Newark , NY -- NJ -- CT -- PA 19 8 9 1890 2002 Washington -- Baltimore -- Arlington , DC -- MD -- VA -- WV -- PA 10 6 0 1891 2016 Chicago -- Naperville , IL -- IN -- WI 0 0 1926 1926 Los Angeles -- Long Beach , CA 0 0 Game results ( edit ) Army victories Navy victories Ties Year Winner Score Location City Series 1890 Navy 24 -- 0 `` The Plain '' USMA West Point , New York Navy 1 -- 0 1891 Army 32 -- 16 Worden Field USNA Annapolis , Maryland Tied 1 -- 1 1892 Navy 12 -- 4 `` The Plain '' West Point , New York Navy 2 -- 1 1893 Navy 6 -- 4 Worden Field Annapolis ,", "8": "Maryland Navy 3 -- 1 1899 Army 17 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 3 -- 2 1900 Navy 11 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 2 1901 Army 11 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 4 -- 3 1902 Army 22 -- 8 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 4 -- 4 1903 Army 40 -- 5 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 5 -- 4 1904 Army 11 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 4 1905 Tie 6 -- 6 Osborne Field Princeton , New Jersey Army 6 -- 4 -- 1 1906 Navy 10 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 6 -- 5 -- 1 1907 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 6 -- 6 -- 1 1908 Army 6 -- 4 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 7 -- 6 -- 1 1910 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 7 -- 7 -- 1 1911 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 8 -- 7 -- 1 1912 Navy 6 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Navy 9 -- 7 -- 1 1913 Army 22 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Navy 9 -- 8 -- 1 1914 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 9 -- 9 -- 1 1915 Army 14 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 10", "9": "-- 9 -- 1 1916 Army 15 -- 7 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 9 -- 1 1919 Navy 6 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Army 11 -- 10 -- 1 1920 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 11 -- 11 -- 1 1921 Navy 7 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Navy 12 -- 11 -- 1 1922 Army 17 -- 14 Franklin Field Philadelphia Tied 12 -- 12 -- 1 1923 Tie 0 -- 0 Polo Grounds New York Tied 12 -- 12 -- 2 1924 Army 12 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 13 -- 12 -- 2 1925 Army 10 -- 3 Polo Grounds New York Army 14 -- 12 -- 2 1926 Tie 21 -- 21 Soldier Field Chicago Army 14 -- 12 -- 3 1927 Army 14 -- 9 Polo Grounds New York Army 15 -- 12 -- 3 1930 Army 6 -- 0 Yankee Stadium Bronx , New York Army 16 -- 12 -- 3 1931 Army 17 -- 7 Yankee Stadium Bronx ,", "10": "New York Army 17 -- 12 -- 3 1932 Army 20 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 18 -- 12 -- 3 1933 Army 12 -- 7 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 12 -- 3 1934 Navy 3 -- 0 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 19 -- 13 -- 3 1935 Army 28 -- 6 Franklin Field Philadelphia Army 20 -- 13 -- 3 1936 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 20 -- 14 -- 3 1937 Army 6 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 21 -- 14 -- 3 1938 Army 14 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 14 -- 3 1939 Navy 10 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 15 -- 3 1940 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 16 -- 3 1941 # 11 Navy 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 22 -- 17 -- 3 1942 Navy 14 -- 0 Thompson Stadium Annapolis , Maryland Army 22 -- 18 -- 3 1943 # 6 Navy 13 -- 0 Michie Stadium West Point , New York Army 22 -- 19 -- 3 1944 # 1 Army 23 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Baltimore Army 23 -- 19 -- 3 1945 # 1 Army 32 -- 13 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 24 -- 19 -- 3 1946 # 1 Army 21 -- 18 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 25 -- 19 -- 3 1947 # 12 Army 21 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 --", "11": "19 -- 3 1948 Tie 21 -- 21 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 26 -- 19 -- 4 1949 # 4 Army 38 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 19 -- 4 1950 Navy 14 -- 2 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 20 -- 4 1951 Navy 42 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 21 -- 4 1952 Navy 7 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 27 -- 22 -- 4 1953 # 18 Army 20 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 22 -- 4 1954 # 6 Navy 27 -- 20 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 28 -- 23 -- 4 1955 Army 14 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 4 1956 Tie 7 -- 7 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 23 -- 5 1957 # 8 Navy 14 -- 0 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 29 -- 24 -- 5 1958 # 5 Army 22 -- 6 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 24 -- 5 1959 Navy 43 -- 12 Municipal Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 25 -- 5 1960 # 7 Navy 17 -- 12 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 26 -- 5 1961 Navy 13 -- 7 Philadelphia Stadium", "12": "Philadelphia Army 30 -- 27 -- 5 1962 Navy 34 -- 14 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 28 -- 5 1963 # 2 Navy 21 -- 15 Philadelphia Stadium Philadelphia Army 30 -- 29 -- 5 1964 Army 11 -- 8 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 5 1965 Tie 7 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 31 -- 29 -- 6 1966 Army 20 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 29 -- 6 1967 Navy 19 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 32 -- 30 -- 6 1968 Army 21 -- 14 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 33 -- 30 -- 6 1969 Army 27 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 30 -- 6 1970 Navy 11 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 34 -- 31 -- 6 1971 Army 24 -- 23 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 35 -- 31 -- 6 1972 Army 23 -- 15 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 31 -- 6 1973 Navy 51 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 32 -- 6 Navy 19 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 33 -- 6 Navy 30 -- 6 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 34 -- 6 1976 Navy 38 -- 10 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 36 -- 35 -- 6 1977 Army 17 -- 14 John F.", "13": "Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 35 -- 6 1978 Navy 28 -- 0 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Army 37 -- 36 -- 6 1979 Navy 31 -- 7 John F. Kennedy Stadium Philadelphia Tied 37 -- 37 -- 6 1980 Navy 33 -- 6 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 6 1981 Tie 3 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 38 -- 37 -- 7 1982 Navy 24 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 39 -- 37 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Rose Bowl Pasadena , California Navy 40 -- 37 -- 7 1984 Army 28 -- 11 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 40 -- 38 -- 7 1985 Navy 17 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 38 -- 7 1986 Army 27 -- 7 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 39 -- 7 Army 17 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 41 -- 40 -- 7 1988 Army 20 -- 15 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 41 -- 41 -- 7 1989 Navy 19 -- 17 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Navy 42 -- 41 -- 7 1990 Army 30 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 42 -- 42 -- 7 1991 Navy 24 -- 3 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Navy 43 -- 42 -- 7 1992 Army 25 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Tied 43 -- 43 -- 7 1993 Army 16 -- 14 Giants Stadium East Rutherford ,", "14": "New Jersey Army 44 -- 43 -- 7 1994 Army 22 -- 20 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 45 -- 43 -- 7 1995 Army 14 -- 13 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 46 -- 43 -- 7 # 23 Army 28 -- 24 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 47 -- 43 -- 7 1997 Navy 39 -- 7 Giants Stadium East Rutherford , New Jersey Army 47 -- 44 -- 7 1998 Army 34 -- 30 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 44 -- 7 1999 Navy 19 -- 9 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 48 -- 45 -- 7 2000 Navy 30 -- 28 PSINet Stadium Baltimore Army 48 -- 46 -- 7 2001 Army 26 -- 17 Veterans Stadium Philadelphia Army 49 -- 46 -- 7 2002 Navy 58 -- 12 Giants Stadium East Rutherford ,", "15": "New Jersey Army 49 -- 47 -- 7 2003 Navy 34 -- 6 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Army 49 -- 48 -- 7 Navy 42 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Tied 49 -- 49 -- 7 2005 Navy 42 -- 23 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 50 -- 49 -- 7 2006 Navy 26 -- 14 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 51 -- 49 -- 7 2007 Navy 38 -- 3 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 52 -- 49 -- 7 2008 Navy 34 -- 0 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 53 -- 49 -- 7 2009 Navy 17 -- 3 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 54 -- 49 -- 7 Navy 31 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 55 -- 49 -- 7 2011 Navy 27 -- 21 FedExField Landover , Maryland Navy 56 -- 49 -- 7 2012 Navy 17 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 57 -- 49 -- 7 2013 Navy 34 -- 7 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 58 -- 49 -- 7 2014 Navy 17 -- 10 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 59 -- 49 -- 7 2015 # 21 Navy 21 -- 17 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 49 -- 7 2016 Army 21 -- 17 M&T Bank Stadium Baltimore Navy 60 -- 50 -- 7 2017 Army 14 -- 13 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Navy 60 -- 51 -- 7 2018 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2019 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2020 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia 2021 MetLife Stadium East Rutherford ,", "16": "New Jersey 2022 Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia Notable games ( edit ) Navy Midshipman ( and later Admiral ) Joseph Mason Reeves wore what is widely regarded as the first football helmet in the 1893 Army -- Navy Game . He had been advised by a Navy doctor that another kick to his head would result in intellectual disability or even death , so he commissioned an Annapolis shoemaker to make him a helmet out of leather . On November 27 , 1926 , the Army -- Navy Game was held in Chicago for the National Dedication of Soldier Field as a monument to American servicemen who had fought in World War I. Navy came to the game undefeated , while West Point had only lost to Notre Dame , so the game would decide the National Championship . Played before a crowd of over 100,000 , the teams fought to a 21 -- 21 tie , but Navy was awarded the national championship . In both the 1944 and 1945 contests , Army and Navy entered the game ranked # 1 and # 2 respectively . The 1945 game was labeled the `` game of the century '' before it was played . Army defeated a 7 -- 0 -- 1 Navy team 32 -- 13 . Navy 's lone tie was against Notre Dame . In 1963 , shortly after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , Jacqueline Kennedy urged the academies to play after there had been talk of cancellation . Originally scheduled for November 30 , 1963 , the game was played on December 7 , 1963 also coinciding with the 22nd anniversary of Pearl Harbor Day . In front of a crowd of 102,000 people in Philadelphia 's Municipal Stadium , later named John F. Kennedy Stadium , junior ( second class Midshipman ) quarterback Roger Staubach led number two ranked Navy to victory which clinched a Cotton Bowl national championship matchup with Texas played on January 1 , 1964 . Army was led by junior ( second class Cadet ) quarterback Rollie Stichweh . Stichweh led off the game with a touchdown drive that featured the first use of instant replay on television . Army nearly won the game after another touchdown and two point conversion , Stichweh recovered the onside kick and drove the ball to the Navy 2 yard line .", "17": "On 4th down and no timeouts , crowd noise prevented Stichweh from calling a play and time expired with the 21 -- 15 final score . Staubach won the Heisman Trophy that year and was bumped off the scheduled cover of Life magazine due to the coverage of the assassination . Stichweh and Staubach would meet again in 1964 as First Class where Stichweh 's Army would defeat Staubach 's Navy . Staubach went on to serve in the Navy and afterward became a Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback with the Dallas Cowboys . Stichweh served five years in Vietnam with the 173rd Airborne Brigade . Stichweh was inducted into the Army Sports Hall of Fame in 2012 . On December 10 , 2016 , Army beat Navy 21 -- 17 , snapping Navy 's 14 - year winning streak . This followed the death earlier in the season of Brandon Jackson , a defensive back from the Army side who died in a car accident on September 11 , 2016 . Army players wore Jackson 's number 28 on their uniforms in remembrance of their late teammate . See also ( edit ) Army Mules Bill the Goat Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy List of Army -- Navy Game broadcasters Most - played rivalries in NCAA Division I FBS Other neutral site rivalries : Florida -- Georgia football rivalry Red River Showdown , Texas / Oklahoma References ( edit ) Bibliography Feinstein , John ( 1996 ) . A Civil War : Army Vs. Navy -- A Year Inside College Football 's Purest Rivalry . Diane Books Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7881 - 5777 - 6 Notes Jump up ^ Staff writer ( November 18 , 2008 ) . `` President Bush Will Attend Army - Navy Game for First Time since 2004 '' `` . ESPN . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` CBS SPORTS TO REMAIN HOME OF ANNUAL ARMY - NAVY FOOTBALL CLASSIC THROUGH 2028 '' . Navy Sports Webpage . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 .", "18": "Jump up ^ Gelston , Dan ( December 5 , 2008 ) . `` Army -- Navy , Instant Replay , Tony Verna , 45 Years Later ... '' Los Angeles Daily News . Associated Press . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Army , Navy have no plans to move game for College Football Playoff schedule '' . USA Today . May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved December 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Army -- Navy Will Move to Second Saturday in December '' . Associated Press ( via ESPN ) . October 23 , 2008 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Blansett , Sarah ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Tradition and History Wrapped into 115th Army -- Navy Game '' . Military.com . Retrieved November 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Eastwood , Kathy . `` West Point , Naval exchange students gear up for big game '' . United States Military Academy . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Army Looks To Sink Navy 's Winning Streak `` CBS New York '' . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Cupper , Dan ( 1992 ) . Crossroads of Commerce : The Pennsylvania Railroad Calendar Art of Grif Teller . Stackpole Books . p. 138 . ISBN 9780811729031 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Froio , Michael ( December 11 , 2015 ) . `` To The Game : A Pennsylvania Railroad Tradition '' . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Clark , N. Brooks ( December 5 , 1983 ) . `` The Week '' Archived October 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Sports Illustrated . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( undated ) . `` No. 1 Rivalry -- Army -- Navy '' . Athlon Sports . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 1983 -- Score : Navy 42 -- Army 13 Game played at the Rose Bowl '' . United States Naval Academy exhibits .", "19": "Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Fleece Awards , 1975 - 1987 '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . Retrieved 15 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Staff writer ( August 22 , 2017 ) `` MetLife Stadium to Host 2021 Army - Navy Game '' . `` armynavygame.com '' Accessed August 22 , 2017 Jump up ^ `` History of the Football Helmet '' from Past Time Sports . Accessed Jan 1 , 2010 Jump up ^ Nimitz Library U.S. Naval Academy Archival Images : Army Navy Football : 1926 . Accessed Dec 31 , 2009 Archived January 14 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Unknown writer ( undated ) . `` Games Where # 1 Faced # 2 '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 28 at the Wayback Machine . kiko13.com ( fansite ) . Accessed December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Middies All Hepped Up to Knock Over Cadets '' . Los Angeles Times , November 27 , 1945 . `` Navy , far from conceding next Saturday 's football ' game of the century ' to Army , will field a spirited , offense - minded team determined to win and ' not merely hold down the score , ' Public Relations Chief Lt. William Sullivan said today . '' Jump up ^ Norlander , Matt . `` Film on ' 63 Army - Navy game shows impact of rivalry , JFK tragedy '' . CBS Sports . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Carl Roland Stichweh HOF profile '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Army Sports Hall of Fame Members -- By Induction Class '' . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on 16 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Rittenberg , Adam ( Sep 12 , 2016 ) . `` Brandon Jackson killed in single - car crash '' . ESPN . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 .", "20": "Jump up ^ Interdonato , Sal ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Army - Navy Game : Army comes up big for the late Brandon Jackson '' . Times Herald - Record . National Collegiate Athletic Association . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army -- Navy Game . Official website Army Black Knights football Venues The Plain ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Michie Stadium ( 1924 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Navy : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ; Thompson Cup ) Notre Dame Culture & lore Army Mule Black Death Award `` On , Brave Old Army Team '' `` The Army Goes Rolling Along '' 1946 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944", "21": "1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold Navy Midshipmen football Venues Worden Field ( 1890 -- 1923 ) Thompson Stadium ( 1924 -- 1958 ) Navy -- Marine Corps Memorial Stadium ( 1959 -- present ) Memorial Stadium ( alternate ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Army : Army -- Navy Game ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Air Force ( Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ) Johns Hopkins Maryland : Crab Bowl Classic Notre Dame ( Rip Miller Trophy )", "22": "SMU ( Gansz Trophy ) Culture & lore Bill the Goat `` Anchors Aweigh '' Marching band `` Navy ends the drought '' 2007 North Texas game People Head coaches Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962", "23": "1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 National championship seasons in bold American Athletic Conference football rivalries Conference Civil Conflict ( Connecticut -- UCF ) East Carolina -- UCF Houston -- SMU Houston -- Tulsa Gansz Trophy ( SMU -- Navy ) War on I - 4 ( USF - UCF ) Non-conference Victory Bell ( Cincinnati -- Miami ) The Keg of Nails ( Cincinnati -- Louisville ) River City Rivalry ( Cincinnati -- Pittsburgh ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Ramnapping Trophy ( Connecticut -- Rhode Island ) East Carolina -- Marshall East Carolina -- NC State Bayou Bucket Classic ( Houston -- Rice ) Louisville -- Memphis Paint Bucket Bowl ( Memphis -- Arkansas State ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Black and Blue Bowl ( Memphis -- Southern Miss ) Army -- Navy Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Navy -- Air Force -- Army ) Navy -- Johns Hopkins Crab Bowl", "24": "Classic ( Navy -- Maryland ) Navy -- Notre Dame Rice -- SMU Safeway Bowl ( SMU -- North Texas ) SMU -- TCU Mayor 's Cup ( Temple -- Villanova ) Tulane -- Auburn Georgia Tech -- Tulane Ole Miss -- Tulane Battle for the Bell ( Tulane -- Southern Miss ) Battle for the Rag ( Tulane -- LSU ) Oklahoma State -- Tulsa NCAA Division I FBS independents football rivalries Army -- Navy Game ( Army -- Navy ) Army -- Notre Dame Beehive Boot ( BYU -- Utah -- Utah State ) Boston College -- Massachusetts BYU -- Utah State Colonial Clash ( Massachusetts -- New Hampshire ) Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy ( Air Force -- Army -- Navy ) Connecticut -- Massachusetts Holy War ( Boston College -- Notre Dame ) Holy War ( BYU -- Utah ) Michigan -- Notre Dame Michigan State -- Notre Dame Navy -- Notre Dame Northwestern -- Notre Dame Notre Dame -- Purdue Notre Dame -- Stanford Notre Dame -- USC College Football on CBS Related articles College football on television Southeastern Conference CBS Sports Network Current commentators Brad Nessler Gary Danielson Allie LaForce Adam Zucker Brian Jones Rick Neuheisel Carter Blackburn Aaron Taylor Jenny Dell Past commentators Gus Johnson Lindsey Nelson Jim Nantz Sean McDonough Brent Musburger Todd Blackledge Tim Brant Brad Nessler Ed Cunningham Terry Donahue Pat Haden Craig James Mike Mayock Jill Arrington John Dockery Greg Gumbel Andrea Joyce Pat O'Brien Ara Parseghian Lou Holtz Dean Blevins Don Criqui Dan Fouts Steve Beuerlein Sam Ryan Tracy", "25": "Wolfson Tim Brando Spencer Tillman Archie Manning Craig Bolerjack Verne Lundquist Lore televised by CBS Tight - roping the sidelines in Happy Valley ( 1982 ) Hail Flutie ( 1984 ) Catholics vs. Convicts ( 1988 ) Georgia Tech vs. Virginia ( 1990 ) Tebow 's 4th Quarter comeback ( 2008 ) Game of the Century ( 2011 ) Hello , Johnny Football ( 2012 ) Prayer at Jordan -- Hare ( 2013 ) Kick Six ( 2013 ) Games televised annually Army -- Navy Game SEC Championship Game Sun Bowl VIAF : 157501295 LCCN : no2008181194 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Army -- Navy_Game&oldid = 818506662 '' Categories : Army -- Navy Game Annual sporting events in the United States Military competitions in American football Recurring sporting events established in 1890 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2009 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 3 January 2018 , at 23 : 34 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Grey matter", "Grey matter", "Grey matter", "Grey matter (or gray matter)", "gray" ]

{ "0": "Grey matter - wikipedia Grey matter Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Grey matter ( disambiguation ) . Grey matter The formation of the spinal nerve from the dorsal and ventral roots . ( Grey matter labeled at center right . ) Micrograph showing grey matter , with the characteristic neuronal cell bodies ( dark shade of pink ) , and white matter with its characteristic fine meshwork - like appearance ( left of image - lighter shade of pink ) . HPS stain . Details Identifiers Latin Substantia grisea Dorlands / Elsevier Grey matter TA A14. 1.00. 002 FMA 67242 Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) Grey matter ( or gray matter ) is a major component of the central nervous system , consisting of neuronal cell bodies , neuropil ( dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons ) , glial cells ( astrocytes and oligodendrocytes ) , synapses , and capillaries . Grey matter is distinguished from white matter , in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons , while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long - range myelinated axon tracts . The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin . In living tissue , grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues , which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Function 3 Clinical significance 4 History 4.1 Etymology 5 Additional images 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Structure ( edit ) Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system . It is present in the brain , brainstem and cerebellum , and present throughout the spinal cord .", "1": "Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres ( cerebral cortex ) and of the cerebellum ( cerebellar cortex ) , as well as in the depths of the cerebrum ( thalamus ; hypothalamus ; subthalamus , basal ganglia -- putamen , globus pallidus , nucleus accumbens ; septal nuclei ) , cerebellar ( deep cerebellar nuclei -- dentate nucleus , globose nucleus , emboliform nucleus , fastigial nucleus ) , brainstem ( substantia nigra , red nucleus , olivary nuclei , cranial nerve nuclei ) . Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an `` H '' shape . The forward - facing column is the anterior grey column , the rear - facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column . The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure . The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons , as well as cell bodies . Diagram of a spinal vertebra . The grey matter is in the central part of the spinal cord . Cross-section of spinal cord with grey matter labelled . Grey matter undergoes development and growth throughout childhood and adolescence . Function ( edit ) Grey matter contains most of the brain 's neuronal cell bodies . The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control , and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing , memory , emotions , speech , decision making , and self - control . The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns : The anterior grey column contains motor neurons . These synapse with interneurons and the axons of cells that have travelled down the pyramidal tract . These cells are responsible for the movement of muscles . The posterior grey column contains the points where sensory neurons synapse . These receive sensory information from the body , including fine touch , proprioception , and vibration . This information is sent from receptors of the skin , bones , and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion . This information is then transmitted in axons up the spinal cord in spinal tracts , including the dorsal column - medial lemniscus tract and the spinothalamic tract .", "2": "The lateral grey column is the third column of the spinal cord . The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers , called Rexed laminae . These describe , in general , the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location . Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function . Clinical significance ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2017 ) High alcohol consumption has been correlated with significant reductions in grey matter volume . Short - term cannabis use ( 30 days ) is not correlated with changes in white or grey matter . However , several cross-sectional studies have shown that repeated long - term cannabis use is associated with smaller grey matter volumes in the hippocampus , amygdala , medial temporal cortex , and prefrontal cortex , with increased grey matter volume in the cerebellum . Long - term cannabis use also alters white matter integrity in an age - dependent manner , with heavy cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood causing the greatest amount of damage . Meditation has been shown to change grey matter structure . Habitual playing of action video games has been reported to promote a reduction in grey matter . It has been shown that pregnancy renders substantial changes in brain structure , primarily reductions in gray matter volume in regions subserving social cognition . The gray matter reductions endured for at least 2 years post-pregnancy . History ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) In the current edition of the official Latin nomenclature , Terminologia Anatomica , substantia grisea is used for English grey matter . The adjective grisea for grey is however not attested in classical Latin . The adjective grisea is derived from the French word for grey , gris . Alternative designations like substantia cana and substantia cinerea are being used alternatively . The adjective cana , attested in classical Latin , can mean grey , or greyish white . The classical Latin cinerea means ash - coloured . Additional images ( edit ) Human brain right dissected lateral view Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories ( I to V ) .", "3": "See also ( edit ) Grey matter heterotopia References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ; George J. Augustine ; David Fitzpatrick ; William C. Hall ; Anthony - Samuel LaMantia ; James O. McNamara ; Leonard E. White ( 2008 ) . Neuroscience ( 4th ed . ) . Sinauer Associates . pp. 15 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 697 - 7 . Jump up ^ Kolb & Whishaw : Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology ( 2003 ) page 49 Jump up ^ Sowell , E.R. ; Thompson , P.M. ; Tessner , K.D. ; Toga , A.W. ( 2001 ) . `` Mapping continued brain growth and gray matter density reduction in dorsal frontal cortex : Inverse relationships during postadolescent brain maturation '' . The Journal of Neuroscience. 21 ( 22 ) : 8819 -- 29 . PMID 11698594 . Jump up ^ Miller , A.K.H. ; Alston , R.L. ; Corsellis , J.A.N. ( 1980 ) . `` Variation with Age in the Volumes of Grey and White Matter in the Cerebral Hemispheres of Man : Measurements with an Image Analyser '' . Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology. 6 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 32 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2990.1980. tb00283. x . PMID 7374914 . Jump up ^ Yang , Xun ; Tian , Fangfang ; Zhang , Handi ; Zeng , Jianguang ; Chen , Taolin ; Wang , Song ; Jia , Zhiyun ; Gong , Qiyong ( 2016 ) . `` Cortical and subcortical gray matter shrinkage in alcohol - use disorders : A voxel - based meta - analysis '' . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . 66 : 92 -- 103 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2016.03. 034 . PMID 27108216 .", "4": "Jump up ^ Xiao , Peirong ; Dai , Zhenyu ; Zhong , Jianguo ; Zhu , Yingling ; Shi , Haicun ; Pan , Pinglei ( 2015 ) . `` Regional gray matter deficits in alcohol dependence : A meta - analysis of voxel - based morphometry studies '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 153 : 22 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2015.05. 030 . PMID 26072220 . Jump up ^ Thayer , Rachel E. ; YorkWilliams , Sophie ; Karoly , Hollis C. ; Sabbineni , Amithrupa ; Ewing , Sarah Feldstein ; Bryan , Angela D. ; Hutchison , Kent E. `` Structural Neuroimaging Correlates of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Adolescents and Adults '' . Addiction : n / a -- n / a . doi : 10.1111 / add. 13923 . ISSN 1360 - 0443 . Jump up ^ Lorenzetti , Valentina ; Lubman , Dan I. ; Whittle , Sarah ; Solowij , Nadia ; Yücel , Murat ( September 2010 ) . `` Structural MRI findings in long - term cannabis users : what do we know ? '' . Substance Use & Misuse. 45 ( 11 ) : 1787 -- 1808 . doi : 10.3109 / 10826084.2010. 482443 . ISSN 1532 - 2491 . PMID 20590400 . Jump up ^ Matochik , John A. ; Eldreth , Dana A. ; Cadet , Jean - Lud ; Bolla , Karen I. ( 2005 - 01 - 07 ) . `` Altered brain tissue composition in heavy marijuana users '' . Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 77 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 30 . doi : 10.1016 / j. drugalcdep. 2004.06. 011 . ISSN 0376 - 8716 . PMID 15607838 .", "5": "Jump up ^ Yücel , Murat ; Solowij , Nadia ; Respondek , Colleen ; Whittle , Sarah ; Fornito , Alex ; Pantelis , Christos ; Lubman , Dan I. ( June 2008 ) . `` Regional brain abnormalities associated with long - term heavy cannabis use '' . Archives of General Psychiatry . 65 ( 6 ) : 694 -- 701 . doi : 10.1001 / archpsyc. 65.6. 694 . ISSN 1538 - 3636 . PMID 18519827 . Jump up ^ Jakabek , David ; Yücel , Murat ; Lorenzetti , Valentina ; Solowij , Nadia ( October 2016 ) . `` An MRI study of white matter tract integrity in regular cannabis users : effects of cannabis use and age '' . Psychopharmacology. 233 ( 19 - 20 ) : 3627 -- 3637 . doi : 10.1007 / s00213 - 016 - 4398 - 3 . ISSN 1432 - 2072 . PMID 27503373 . Jump up ^ Becker , Mary P. ; Collins , Paul F. ; Lim , Kelvin O. ; Muetzel , R.L. ; Luciana , M. ( December 2015 ) . `` Longitudinal changes in white matter microstructure after heavy cannabis use '' . Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. 16 : 23 -- 35 . doi : 10.1016 / j. dcn. 2015.10. 004 . ISSN 1878 - 9307 . PMC 4691379 . PMID 26602958 . Jump up ^ Black , David S. ; Kurth , Florian ; Luders , Eileen ; Wu , Brian ( 2014 ) . `` Brain Gray Matter Changes Associated with Mindfulness Meditation in Older Adults : An Exploratory Pilot Study using Voxelbased Morphometry '' . Neuro. 1 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 26 . doi : 10.17140 / NOJ - 1 - 106 . PMC 4306280 . PMID 25632405 .", "6": "Jump up ^ Hölzel , Britta K. ; Carmody , James ; Vangel , Mark ; Congleton , Christina ; Yerramsetti , Sita M. ; Gard , Tim ; Lazar , Sara W. ( 2011 ) . `` Mindfulness practice leads to increases in regional brain gray matter density '' . Psychiatry Research : Neuroimaging. 191 ( 1 ) : 36 -- 43 . doi : 10.1016 / j. pscychresns. 2010.08. 006 . PMC 3004979 . PMID 21071182 . Jump up ^ Kurth , Florian ; MacKenzie - Graham , Allan ; Toga , Arthur W. ; Luders , Eileen ( 2015 ) . `` Shifting brain asymmetry : the link between meditation and structural lateralization '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 10 ( 1 ) : 55 -- 61 . doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsu029 . PMC 4994843 . PMID 24643652 . Jump up ^ Fox , Kieran C.R. ; Nijeboer , Savannah ; Dixon , Matthew L. ; Floman , James L. ; Ellamil , Melissa ; Rumak , Samuel P. ; Sedlmeier , Peter ; Christoff , Kalina ( 2014 ) . `` Is meditation associated with altered brain structure ? A systematic review and meta - analysis of morphometric neuroimaging in meditation practitioners '' . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . 43 : 48 -- 73 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2014.03. 016 . PMID 24705269 . Jump up ^ Hölzel , Britta K. ; Carmody , James ; Evans , Karleyton C. ; Hoge , Elizabeth A. ; Dusek , Jeffery A. ; Morgan , Lucas ; Pitman , Roger K. ; Lazar , Sara W. ( 2010 ) . `` Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala '' . Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 7 .", "7": "doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsp034 . PMC 2840837 . PMID 19776221 . Jump up ^ https://www.news-medical.net/news/20170808/Habitual-players-of-action-video-games-have-less-grey-matter-in-their-brain-study-reveals.aspx Jump up ^ http://nouvelles.umontreal.ca/en/article/2017/08/07/playing-action-video-games-can-actually-harm-your-brain/ Jump up ^ Hoekzema , Elseline ; Barba - Müller , Erika ; Pozzobon , Cristina ; Picado , Marisol ; Lucco , Florencio ; García - García , David ; Soliva , Juan Carlos ; Tobeña , Adolf ; Desco , Manuel ; Crone , Eveline A. ; Ballesteros , Agustín ; Carmona , Susanna ; Vilarroya , Oscar ( 2016 ) . `` Pregnancy leads to long - lasting changes in human brain structure '' . Nature Neuroscience. 20 : 287 . doi : 10.1038 / nn. 4458 . PMID 27991897 . Jump up ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology ( FCAT ) ( 1998 ) . Terminologia Anatomica . Stuttgart : Thieme ^ Jump up to : Triepel , H. ( 1910 ) . Die anatomischen Namen . Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache . Mit einem Anhang : Biographische Notizen. ( Dritte Auflage ) . Wiesbaden : Verlag J.F. Bergmann . Jump up ^ Triepel , H. ( 1910 ) . Nomina Anatomica . Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen . Wiesbaden : Verlag J.F. Bergmann . Jump up ^ Schreger , C.H. Th. ( 1805 ) . Synonymia anatomica . Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur . Fürth : im Bureau für Literatur . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , C.T. & Short , C. ( 1879 ) .", "8": "A Latin dictionary founded on Andrews ' edition of Freund 's Latin dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Jump up ^ Stearn , W.T. ( 1983 ) . Botanical Latin . History , grammar , syntax , terminology and vocabulary . ( 3rd edition ) . Newton Abbot London : David Charles . External links ( edit ) Why Gray Matter is Gray Nervous tissue CNS Tissue Types Grey matter White matter Projection fibers Association fiber Commissural fiber Lemniscus Funiculus Fasciculus Nerve tract Decussation Commissure Neuropil Meninges Cell Types Neuronal Pyramidal Purkinje Granule Glial insulating : Myelination : Oligodendrocyte other Astrocyte Radial glial cell Ependymal cells Tanycyte Microglia PNS General Dorsal Root Ganglion Ramus Ventral Root Ramus Ramus communicans Gray White Autonomic ganglion ( Preganglionic nerve fibers Postganglionic nerve fibers ) Connective tissues Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium Nerve fascicle Neuroglia Myelination : Schwann cell Neurolemma Myelin incisure Node of Ranvier Internodal segment Satellite glial cell Neurons / nerve fibers Parts Soma Axon", "9": "hillock Axon Telodendron Axon terminals Axoplasm Axolemma Neurofibril / neurofilament Dendrite Nissl body Dendritic spine Apical dendrite / Basal dendrite Types Bipolar Unipolar Pseudounipolar Multipolar Interneuron Renshaw Afferent nerve fiber / Sensory neuron GSA GVA SSA SVA fibers Ia or Aα Ib or Golgi or Aα II or Aβ and Aγ III or Aδ or fast pain IV or C or slow pain Efferent nerve fiber / Motor neuron GSE GVE SVE Upper motor neuron Lower motor neuron α motorneuron β motorneuron γ motorneuron Termination Synapse Electrical synapse / Gap junction Chemical synapse Synaptic vesicle Active zone Postsynaptic density Autapse Ribbon synapse Neuromuscular junction Sensory receptors Meissner 's corpuscle Merkel nerve ending Pacinian corpuscle Ruffini ending Muscle spindle Free nerve ending Nociceptor Olfactory receptor neuron Photoreceptor cell Hair cell Taste bud The spinal cord General features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Grey matter Posterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia", "10": "gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Spinal lamina V Spinal lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf 's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure Central canal Terminal ventricle White matter Sensory Posterior Posterior column - medial lemniscus pathway : Gracile Cuneate Lateral : Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Spinoreticular tract Spino - olivary tract Motor Lateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Olivospinal Raphespinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Anatomy of the cerebral cortex of the human brain Frontal lobe Superolateral Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 8", "11": "Middle frontal gyrus 9 10 46 Inferior frontal gyrus : 11 47 - Pars orbitalis Broca 's area 44 - Pars opercularis 45 - Pars triangularis Superior frontal sulcus Inferior frontal sulcus Precentral Precentral gyrus Precentral sulcus Medial / inferior Prefrontal Superior frontal gyrus 6 Medial frontal gyrus 8 9 Paraterminal gyrus / Paraolfactory area 12 Straight gyrus 11 Orbital gyri / Orbitofrontal cortex 10 11 12 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex 10 Subcallosal area 25 Olfactory sulcus Orbital sulcus Precentral Paracentral lobule Paracentral sulcus Both Primary motor cortex Premotor cortex 6 Supplementary motor area 6 Supplementary eye field 6 Frontal eye fields 8 Parietal lobe Superolateral Superior parietal lobule 5 7 Inferior parietal lobule 40 - Supramarginal gyrus 39 - Angular gyrus Parietal operculum 43 Intraparietal sulcus Medial / inferior Paracentral lobule 5 Precuneus 7 Marginal sulcus", "12": "Both Postcentral gyrus / Primary somatosensory cortex Secondary somatosensory cortex 5 Posterior parietal cortex 7 Occipital lobe Superolateral Occipital pole of cerebrum Lateral occipital gyrus 18 19 Lunate sulcus Transverse occipital sulcus Medial / inferior Visual cortex 17 Cuneus Lingual gyrus Calcarine sulcus Temporal lobe Superolateral Transverse temporal gyrus / Auditory cortex 41 42 Superior temporal gyrus 38 22 / Wernicke 's area Middle temporal gyrus 21 Superior temporal sulcus Medial / inferior Fusiform gyrus 37 Medial temporal lobe 27 28 34 35 36 Inferior temporal gyrus 20 Inferior temporal sulcus Interlobar sulci / fissures Superolateral Central ( frontal + parietal ) Lateral ( frontal + parietal + temporal ) Parieto - occipital Preoccipital notch Medial / inferior Longitudinal fissure Cingulate ( frontal + cingulate ) Collateral ( temporal + occipital ) Callosal sulcus Limbic lobe Parahippocampal gyrus anterior Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Postrhinal cortex Posterior", "13": "parahippocampal gyrus Prepyriform area Cingulate cortex / gyrus Subgenual area 25 Anterior cingulate 24 32 33 Posterior cingulate 23 31 Isthmus of cingulate gyrus : Retrosplenial cortex 26 29 30 Hippocampal formation Hippocampal sulcus Fimbria of hippocampus Dentate gyrus Rhinal sulcus Other Supracallosal gyrus Uncus Amygdala Insular cortex Insular cortex General Operculum Poles of cerebral hemispheres Some categorizations are approximations , and some Brodmann areas span gyri .", "14": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grey_matter&oldid=816603186 '' Categories : Neuroanatomy Central nervous system Hidden categories : Use British English from January 2017 Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter Articles to be expanded from January 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 December 2017 , at 12 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "the piloerection or \"goose bumps\" that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids, which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey" ]

{ "0": "Cold turkey - wikipedia Cold turkey Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Cold turkey ( disambiguation ) . `` Cold turkey '' refers to the abrupt cessation of a substance dependence and the resulting unpleasant experience , as opposed to gradually easing the process through reduction over time or by using replacement medication . The term comes from the piloerection or `` goose bumps '' that occurs with abrupt withdrawal from opioids , which resembles the skin of a plucked refrigerated turkey . Sudden withdrawal from drugs such as alcohol , benzodiazepines , and barbiturates can be extremely dangerous , leading to potentially fatal seizures . For long - term alcoholics , going cold turkey can cause life - threatening delirium tremens , rendering this an inappropriate method for breaking an alcohol addiction . In the case of opioid withdrawal , going `` cold turkey '' is extremely unpleasant but less dangerous . Life - threatening issues are unlikely unless one has a pre-existing medical condition . Smoking cessation methods advanced by J. Wayne McFarland and Elman J. Folkenburg ( an M.D. and a pastor who wrote their Five Day Plan ca . 1959 ) , Joel Spitzer and John R. Polito ( smoking cessation educators ) and Allen Carr ( who founded Easyway during the early 1980s ) are cold turkey plans . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 In popular culture 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.3 Music 2.4 Video games 3 See also 4 References Etymology ( edit ) An early printed use of the term from 1920 : Some addicts voluntarily stop taking opiates and `` suffer it out '' as they express it without medical assistance , a process which in their slang is called taking `` cold turkey '' ... Another early printed use of the term in the media to refer to drug withdrawal occurred in the Daily Colonist in British Columbia in 1921 : Perhaps the most pitiful figures who have appeared before Dr. Carleton Simon ... are those who voluntarily surrender themselves . When they go before him , that are given what is called the ' cold turkey ' treatment . The phrase `` taking cold turkey '' has also been reported during the 1920s as slang for pleading guilty .", "1": "The term is later seen in the 1947 novel I , The Jury ' by Mickey Spillane : Included was a medical record from the hospital when he had made her go cold turkey , which is dope - addict talk for an all - out cure . On February 26 , 1951 Time magazine article `` High & Light '' used the phrase , stating : There is one dimly hopeful side to the teenage dope problem . Unlike older people , few teenagers appear to take to drugs because of psychological troubles ; youngsters usually start using narcotics either out of ignorance or the same reckless impulses which lead them to race hot rods . Though they are easier to wean , however , there are almost no facilities for taking care of them . On New York City 's Rikers Island , youngsters have to endure the horrors of a sudden `` cold turkey '' cure or get none at all . Once released , many go right back to drugs again . There are several explanations of the phrase 's origin : The `` goose bumps '' ( piloerection ) that occurs with sudden discontinuation in persons dependent on opioids , frequently persons addicted to heroin . Similarly the term `` kick the habit '' alludes to the muscle spasms that also occur . A narrowing of the meaning `` suddenly or without preparation '' , from cold turkey being a dish that requires little preparation ; originally used for heroin addicts . From the American phrase talk turkey meaning `` to speak bluntly with little preparation '' . In popular culture ( edit ) This article appears to contain trivial , minor , or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject 's impact on popular culture rather than simply listing appearances ; add references to reliable sources if possible . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) Instances of the phrase 's use in popular culture include : Film ( edit ) Norman Lear 's 1971 movie Cold Turkey , about a small town that gives up smoking to win $25,000,000 French Connection II ( 1975 ) had Gene Hackman 's NYCPD Jimmy `` Popeye '' Doyle lead character suffering this after the drug ring he was pursuing captured him and forced heroin on him while keeping him prisoner . In Trainspotting ( 1996 ) , Renton goes cold turkey after overdosing on heroin .", "2": "Television ( edit ) Kojak episode `` Sweeter Than Life '' has one of the title character 's cousins going through cold turkey ( 1975 ) Hollyoaks `` Episode 4429 '' sees cold turkey as the only plot with character Ste Hay ( 2016 ) Wentworth episode `` Smitten '' sees character Allie Novak going through cold turkey . ( 2016 ) Music ( edit ) John Lennon 's song `` Cold Turkey '' ( 1969 ) , about giving up heroin Green Day 's song `` Hitchin ' A Ride '' ( 1997 ) , main singer says `` cold turkey 's getting stale '' , in a hidden reference to the state Cage 's song `` This Place '' ( 2013 ) , wherein he sings : `` I ca n't believe I made it out with so little damage / Back then I thought cold turkey was a fuckin ' sandwich '' Video games ( edit ) Fallout 2 ( post-apocalyptic cRPG , 1998 ) : Myron mentions going cold turkey as the only cure for Jet addiction . See also ( edit ) Look up cold turkey in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Smoking cessation Drug withdrawal References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Hales , Robert E. ; Yudofsky , Stuart C. ; Roberts , Laura Weiss ( 2014 ) . The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry , Sixth Edition . American Psychiatric Publishing . p. 779 . ISBN 9781585624447 . ^ Jump up to : Ghodse , Hamid ( 2010 ) . Ghodse 's Drugs and Addictive Behaviour : A Guide to Treatment . Cambridge University Press . p. 77 . ISBN 9781139485678 . Jump up ^ Hughes , John R. ( 2009 ) . `` Alcohol withdrawal seizures '' . Epilepsy & Behavior . 15 ( 2 ) : 92 -- 7 . doi : 10.1016 / j. yebeh. 2009.02. 037 . PMID 19249388 . Jump up ^ Opiate withdrawal . Medline Plus -- NIH .", "3": "Jump up ^ `` New book details history of LLU bringing ' Health to the People ' '' . Loma Linda University . March 31 , 2008 . Retrieved May 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McFarland , J. Wayne ; Folkenberg , Elman J. ( 1964 ) . `` The Five - Day Plan to Quit Smoking '' ( PDF ) . University Health Services , University of Wisconsin . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 10 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WhyQuit '' . WhyQuit . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Allen Carr Worldwide '' . Allen Carr . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The Narcotic Drug Problem Arthur D. Greenfield . December 1920 . Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Health in the City of New York , Volume 10 Jump up ^ Movers and Shakers : A Chronology of Words that Shaped Our Age , by John Ayto Jump up ^ Statistical Report . New York ( N.Y. ) . Police Dept . Page 192 . 1924 . Jump up ^ `` Cold turkey '' in the Online Etymology Dictionary . Jump up ^ `` cold turkey '' definition , Dictionary.com . Jump up ^ Green Day Song Hitchin ' A Ride & common sense Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cold_turkey&oldid=821868152 '' Categories : Drug rehabilitation Substance dependence Slang Hidden categories : Articles with trivia sections from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی עברית Latina Nederlands Polski Svenska West - Vlams Edit links This page was last edited on 23 January 2018 , at 02 : 28 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "8,981 ft (2,737.4 m),[2] about 1.7 mi (2.7 km)", "one-mile-wide", "Golden Gate Bridge" ]

{ "0": "Golden Gate Bridge - wikipedia Golden Gate Bridge Jump to : navigation , search Golden Gate Bridge View of the Golden Gate Bridge from Marshall 's Beach in the Presidio of San Francisco Coordinates 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W  / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Coordinates : 37 ° 49 ′ 11 '' N 122 ° 28 ′ 43 '' W  /  37.81972 ° N 122.47861 ° W  / 37.81972 ; - 122.47861 Carries 6 lanes of US 101 / SR 1 ( see below ) , pedestrians and bicycles . Crosses Golden Gate Locale San Francisco , California and Marin County , California , U.S.", "1": "Official name Golden Gate Bridge Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Characteristics Design Art Deco , Suspension , truss arch & truss causeways Material Steel Total length 8,981 ft ( 2,737.4 m ) , about 1.7 mi ( 2.7 km ) Width 90 ft ( 27.4 m ) Height 746 ft ( 227.4 m ) Longest span 4,200 ft ( 1,280.2 m ) Clearance above 14 ft ( 4.3 m ) at toll gates , Trucks can not pass Clearance below 220 ft ( 67.1 m ) at high tide History Architect Irving Morrow Engineering design by Joseph Strauss , and Charles Ellis Construction start January 5 , 1933 ( 1933 - 01 - 05 ) Construction end April 19 , 1937 ( 1937 - 04 - 20 ) Opened May 27 , 1937 ; 80 years ago ( 1937 - 05 - 27 ) Statistics Daily traffic 110,000 Toll Cars ( southbound only ) $7.50 ( Pay by plate ) , $6.50 ( FasTrak ) , $4.50 ( carpools during peak hours , FasTrak only ) California Historical Landmark Designated June 18 , 1987 Reference no . 974 San Francisco Designated Landmark Designated May 21 , 1999 Reference no . 222 Golden Gate Bridge Bridges in the San Francisco Bay The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate , the one - mile - wide ( 1.6 km ) strait connecting San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean . The structure links the American city of San Francisco , California -- the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula -- to Marin County , carrying both U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 across the strait . The bridge is one of the most internationally recognized symbols of San Francisco , California , and the United States . It has been declared one of the Wonders of the Modern World by the American Society of Civil Engineers .", "2": "The Frommer 's travel guide describes the Golden Gate Bridge as `` possibly the most beautiful , certainly the most photographed , bridge in the world . '' At the time of its opening in 1937 , it was both the longest and the tallest suspension bridge in the world , with a main span of 4,200 feet ( 1,280 m ) and a total height of 746 feet ( 227 m ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Ferry service 1.2 Conception 1.3 Design 1.4 Finance 1.5 Construction 1.6 Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries 2 Structural specifications 3 Aesthetics 4 Traffic 4.1 Usage and tourism 4.2 Tolls 4.3 Congestion pricing 5 Issues 5.1 Suicides 5.2 Wind 5.3 Seismic vulnerability and improvements 6 In popular culture 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History Ferry service Golden Gate with Fort Point in foreground , c. 1891 Before the bridge was built , the only practical short route between San Francisco and what is now Marin County was by boat across a section of San Francisco Bay . A ferry service began as early as 1820 , with a regularly scheduled service beginning in the 1840s for the purpose of transporting water to San Francisco . The Sausalito Land and Ferry Company service , launched in 1867 , eventually became the Golden Gate Ferry Company , a Southern Pacific Railroad subsidiary , the largest ferry operation in the world by the late 1920s . Once for railroad passengers and customers only , Southern Pacific 's automobile ferries became very profitable and important to the regional economy . The ferry crossing between the Hyde Street Pier in San Francisco and Sausalito in Marin County took approximately 20 minutes and cost US $1.00 per vehicle , a price later reduced to compete with the new bridge . The trip from the San Francisco Ferry Building took 27 minutes . Many wanted to build a bridge to connect San Francisco to Marin County . San Francisco was the largest American city still served primarily by ferry boats .", "3": "Because it did not have a permanent link with communities around the bay , the city 's growth rate was below the national average . Many experts said that a bridge could not be built across the 6,700 ft ( 2,042 m ) strait , which had strong , swirling tides and currents , with water 372 ft ( 113 m ) deep at the center of the channel , and frequent strong winds . Experts said that ferocious winds and blinding fogs would prevent construction and operation . Conception Although the idea of a bridge spanning the Golden Gate was not new , the proposal that eventually took hold was made in a 1916 San Francisco Bulletin article by former engineering student James Wilkins . San Francisco 's City Engineer estimated the cost at $100 million , which would have been $2.12 billion in 2009 , and impractical for the time . He asked bridge engineers whether it could be built for less . One who responded , Joseph Strauss , was an ambitious engineer and poet who had , for his graduate thesis , designed a 55 - mile - long ( 89 km ) railroad bridge across the Bering Strait . At the time , Strauss had completed some 400 drawbridges -- most of which were inland -- and nothing on the scale of the new project . Strauss 's initial drawings were for a massive cantilever on each side of the strait , connected by a central suspension segment , which Strauss promised could be built for $17 million . Local authorities agreed to proceed only on the assurance that Strauss would alter the design and accept input from several consulting project experts . A suspension - bridge design was considered the most practical , because of recent advances in metallurgy . Strauss spent more than a decade drumming up support in Northern California . The bridge faced opposition , including litigation , from many sources . The Department of War was concerned that the bridge would interfere with ship traffic . The navy feared that a ship collision or sabotage to the bridge could block the entrance to one of its main harbors . Unions demanded guarantees that local workers would be favored for construction jobs . Southern Pacific Railroad , one of the most powerful business interests in California , opposed the bridge as competition to its ferry fleet and filed a lawsuit against the project , leading to a mass boycott of the ferry service .", "4": "In May 1924 , Colonel Herbert Deakyne held the second hearing on the Bridge on behalf of the Secretary of War in a request to use federal land for construction . Deakyne , on behalf of the Secretary of War , approved the transfer of land needed for the bridge structure and leading roads to the `` Bridging the Golden Gate Association '' and both San Francisco County and Marin County , pending further bridge plans by Strauss . Another ally was the fledgling automobile industry , which supported the development of roads and bridges to increase demand for automobiles . The bridge 's name was first used when the project was initially discussed in 1917 by M.M. O'Shaughnessy , city engineer of San Francisco , and Strauss . The name became official with the passage of the Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District Act by the state legislature in 1923 , creating a special district to design , build and finance the bridge . San Francisco and most of the counties along the North Coast of California joined the Golden Gate Bridge District , with the exception being Humboldt County , whose residents opposed the bridge 's construction and the traffic it would generate . Design South tower seen from walkway , with Art Deco elements Strauss was chief engineer in charge of overall design and construction of the bridge project . However , because he had little understanding or experience with cable - suspension designs , responsibility for much of the engineering and architecture fell on other experts . Strauss 's initial design proposal ( two double cantilever spans linked by a central suspension segment ) was unacceptable from a visual standpoint . The final graceful suspension design was conceived and championed by Leon Moisseiff , the engineer of the Manhattan Bridge in New York City . Irving Morrow , a relatively unknown residential architect , designed the overall shape of the bridge towers , the lighting scheme , and Art Deco elements , such as the tower decorations , streetlights , railing , and walkways . The famous International Orange color was originally used as a sealant for the bridge . The US Navy had wanted it to be painted with black and yellow stripes to ensure visibility by passing ships . Senior engineer Charles Alton Ellis , collaborating remotely with Moisseiff , was the principal engineer of the project .", "5": "Moisseiff produced the basic structural design , introducing his `` deflection theory '' by which a thin , flexible roadway would flex in the wind , greatly reducing stress by transmitting forces via suspension cables to the bridge towers . Although the Golden Gate Bridge design has proved sound , a later Moisseiff design , the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , collapsed in a strong windstorm soon after it was completed , because of an unexpected aeroelastic flutter . Ellis was also tasked with designing a `` bridge within a bridge '' in the southern abutment , to avoid the need to demolish Fort Point , a pre -- Civil War masonry fortification viewed , even then , as worthy of historic preservation . He penned a graceful steel arch spanning the fort and carrying the roadway to the bridge 's southern anchorage . Below Golden Gate Bridge Ellis was a Greek scholar and mathematician who at one time was a University of Illinois professor of engineering despite having no engineering degree . He eventually earned a degree in civil engineering from the University of Illinois prior to designing the Golden Gate Bridge and spent the last twelve years of his career as a professor at Purdue University . He became an expert in structural design , writing the standard textbook of the time . Ellis did much of the technical and theoretical work that built the bridge , but he received none of the credit in his lifetime . In November 1931 , Strauss fired Ellis and replaced him with a former subordinate , Clifford Paine , ostensibly for wasting too much money sending telegrams back and forth to Moisseiff . Ellis , obsessed with the project and unable to find work elsewhere during the Depression , continued working 70 hours per week on an unpaid basis , eventually turning in ten volumes of hand calculations . With an eye toward self - promotion and posterity , Strauss downplayed the contributions of his collaborators who , despite receiving little recognition or compensation , are largely responsible for the final form of the bridge . He succeeded in having himself credited as the person most responsible for the design and vision of the bridge . Only much later were the contributions of the others on the design team properly appreciated . In May 2007 , the Golden Gate Bridge District issued a formal report on 70 years of stewardship of the famous bridge and decided to give Ellis major credit for the design of the bridge .", "6": "The height , depth , and length of the span from end to end , looking west The Golden Gate Bridge at sunset , as seen from just north of Alcatraz Island Finance The Golden Gate Bridge and Highway District , authorized by an act of the California Legislature , was incorporated in 1928 as the official entity to design , construct , and finance the Golden Gate Bridge . However , after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 , the District was unable to raise the construction funds , so it lobbied for a $30 million bond measure . The bonds were approved in November 1930 , by votes in the counties affected by the bridge . The construction budget at the time of approval was $27 million . However , the District was unable to sell the bonds until 1932 , when Amadeo Giannini , the founder of San Francisco -- based Bank of America , agreed on behalf of his bank to buy the entire issue in order to help the local economy . Construction Construction began on January 5 , 1933 . The project cost more than $35 million , ( $493 million in 2016 dollars ) completing ahead of schedule and $1.3 million under budget . The Golden Gate Bridge construction project was carried out by the McClintic - Marshall Construction Co. , a subsidiary of Bethlehem Steel Corporation founded by Howard H. McClintic and Charles D. Marshall , both of Lehigh University . 1.2 million steel rivets hold the bridge together . This is a segment of one of those replaced during the seismic retrofit of the bridge after the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . Strauss remained head of the project , overseeing day - to - day construction and making some groundbreaking contributions . A graduate of the University of Cincinnati , he placed a brick from his alma mater 's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured . He innovated the use of movable safety netting beneath the construction site , which saved the lives of many otherwise - unprotected ironworkers . Of eleven men killed from falls during construction , ten were killed on February 17 , 1937 , when the bridge was near completion when the net failed under the stress of a scaffold that had fallen .", "7": "The workers ' platform that was attached to a rolling hanger on a track collapsed when the bolts that were connected to the track were too small and the amount of weight was too great to bear . The platform fell into the safety net , but was too heavy and the net gave way . Two out of the twelve workers survived the 200 - foot ( 61 m ) fall into the icy waters , including the 37 - year - old foreman , Slim Lambert . Nineteen others who were saved by the net over the course of construction became members of their Half Way to Hell Club . The project was finished and opened May 27 , 1937 . The Bridge Round House diner was then included in the southeastern end of the Golden Gate Bridge , adjacent to the tourist plaza which was renovated in 2012 . The Bridge Round House , an Art Deco design by Alfred Finnila completed in 1938 , has been popular throughout the years as a starting point for various commercial tours of the bridge and an unofficial gift shop . The diner was renovated in 2012 and the gift shop was then removed as a new , official gift shop has been included in the adjacent plaza . During the bridge work , the Assistant Civil Engineer of California Alfred Finnila had overseen the entire iron work of the bridge as well as half of the bridge 's road work . With the death of Jack Balestreri in April 2012 , all workers involved in the original construction are now deceased . Opening festivities , 50th , and 75th anniversaries View of the Golden Gate Bridge and Fort Point from Marine Drive . The bridge - opening celebration began on May 27 , 1937 and lasted for one week . The day before vehicle traffic was allowed , 200,000 people crossed either on foot or on roller skates . On opening day , Mayor Angelo Rossi and other officials rode the ferry to Marin , then crossed the bridge in a motorcade past three ceremonial `` barriers '' , the last a blockade of beauty queens who required Joseph Strauss to present the bridge to the Highway District before allowing him to pass . An official song , `` There 's a Silver Moon on the Golden Gate '' , was chosen to commemorate the event . Strauss wrote a poem that is now on the Golden Gate Bridge entitled `` The Mighty Task is Done . ''", "8": "The next day , President Roosevelt pushed a button in Washington , D.C. signaling the official start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge at noon . As the celebration got out of hand there was a small riot in the uptown Polk Gulch area . Weeks of civil and cultural activities called `` the Fiesta '' followed . A statue of Strauss was moved in 1955 to a site near the bridge . In May 1987 , as part of the 50th anniversary celebration , the Golden Gate Bridge district again closed the bridge to automobile traffic and allowed pedestrians to cross the bridge . However , this celebration attracted 750,000 to 1,000,000 people , and ineffective crowd control meant the bridge became congested with roughly 300,000 people , causing the center span of the bridge to flatten out under the weight . Although the bridge is designed to flex in that way under heavy loads , and was estimated not to have exceeded 40 % of the yielding stress of the suspension cables , bridge officials stated that uncontrolled pedestrian access was not being considered as part of the 75th anniversary on Sunday , May 27 , 2012 , because of the additional law enforcement costs required `` since 9 / 11 '' . A pedestrian poses at the old railing on opening day , 1937 Play media Opening of the Golden Gate Bridge Official invitation to the opening of the bridge . This copy was sent to the City of Seattle Structural specifications On the south side of the bridge a 36.5 - inch - wide ( 93 cm ) cross-section of the cable , containing 27,572 wires , is on display . Until 1964 , the Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge main span in the world , at 4,200 feet ( 1,300 m ) . Since 1964 its main span length has been surpassed by ten bridges ; it now has the second - longest main span in the United States , after the Verrazano - Narrows Bridge in New York City . The total length of the Golden Gate Bridge from abutment to abutment is 8,981 feet ( 2,737 m ) .", "9": "The Golden Gate Bridge 's clearance above high water averages 220 feet ( 67 m ) while its towers , at 746 feet ( 227 m ) above the water , were the world 's tallest on a suspension bridge until 1993 when it was surpassed by the Mezcala Bridge , in Mexico . The weight of the roadway is hung from 250 pairs of vertical suspender ropes , which are attached to two main cables . The main cables pass over the two main towers and are fixed in concrete at each end . Each cable is made of 27,572 strands of wire . The total length of galvanized steel wire used to fabricate both main cables is estimated to be 80,000 miles ( 130,000 km ) . The bridge has approximately 1,200,000 total rivets . Aesthetics The color of the bridge is officially an orange vermilion called international orange . The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it complements the natural surroundings and enhances the bridge 's visibility in fog . Aesthetics was the foremost reason why the first design of Joseph Strauss was rejected . Upon re-submission of his bridge construction plan , he added details , such as lighting , to outline the bridge 's cables and towers . In 1999 , it was ranked fifth on the List of America 's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects . The bridge was originally painted with red lead primer and a lead - based topcoat , which was touched up as required . In the mid-1960s , a program was started to improve corrosion protection by stripping the original paint and repainting the bridge with zinc silicate primer and vinyl topcoats . Since 1990 , acrylic topcoats have been used instead for air - quality reasons . The program was completed in 1995 and it is now maintained by 38 painters who touch up the paintwork where it becomes seriously corroded . A view of the Golden Gate Bridge from the Marin Headlands on a foggy morning at sunrise View of the northern tower of the bridge Traffic Installation of the movable median barrier system in January 2015 Play media Testing the newly installed movable barrier . Most maps and signage mark the bridge as part of the concurrency between U.S. Route 101 and California State Route 1 .", "10": "Although part of the National Highway System , the bridge is not officially part of California 's Highway System . For example , under the California Streets and Highways Code § 401 , Route 101 ends at `` the approach to the Golden Gate Bridge '' and then resumes at `` a point in Marin County opposite San Francisco '' . The Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District has jurisdiction over the segment of highway that crosses the bridge instead of the California Department of Transportation ( Caltrans ) . The movable median barrier between the lanes is moved several times daily to conform to traffic patterns . On weekday mornings , traffic flows mostly southbound into the city , so four of the six lanes run southbound . Conversely , on weekday afternoons , four lanes run northbound . During off - peak periods and weekends , traffic is split with three lanes in each direction . From 1968 to 2015 , opposing traffic was separated by small , plastic pylons , and during that time , there were 16 fatalities resulting from 128 head - on collisions . To improve safety , the speed limit on the Golden Gate Bridge was reduced from 50 to 45 mph ( 80 to 72 km / h ) on October 1 , 1983 . Although there had been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s , only in March 2005 did the Bridge Board of Directors commit to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a movable median barrier . Installation of the resulting barrier was completed on January 11 , 2015 , following a closure of 45.5 hours to private vehicle traffic , the longest in the bridge 's history . The new barrier system , including the zipper trucks , cost approximately $30.3 million to purchase and install . Usage and tourism Play media Looking north with traffic and current flow into the bay with sailboats See also : Golden Gate National Recreation Area The bridge is popular with pedestrians and bicyclists , and was built with walkways on either side of the six vehicle traffic lanes . Initially , they were separated from the traffic lanes by only a metal curb , but railings between the walkways and the traffic lanes were added in 2003 , primarily as a measure to prevent bicyclists from falling into the roadway .", "11": "The main walkway is on the eastern side , and is open for use by both pedestrians and bicycles in the morning to mid-afternoon during weekdays ( 5 am to 3 : 30 pm ) , and to pedestrians only for the remaining daylight hours ( until 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) . The eastern walkway is reserved for pedestrians on weekends ( 5 am to 6 pm , or 9 pm during DST ) , and is open exclusively to bicyclists in the evening and overnight , when it is closed to pedestrians . The western walkway is open only for bicyclists and only during the hours when they are not allowed on the eastern walkway . Bus service across the bridge is provided by two public transportation agencies : San Francisco Muni and Golden Gate Transit . Muni offers Saturday and Sunday service on the Marin Headlands Express bus line , and Golden Gate Transit runs numerous bus lines throughout the week . The southern end of the bridge , near the toll plaza and parking lot , is also accessible daily from 5 : 30 a.m. to midnight by Muni line 28 . The Marin Airporter , a private company , also offers service across the bridge between Marin County and San Francisco International Airport . A visitor center and gift shop , dubbed the `` Bridge Pavilion '' , is located on the San Francisco side of the bridge , adjacent to the southeast parking lot . It opened in 2012 , in time for the bridge 's 75th anniversary celebration . A cafe , outdoor exhibits , and restroom facilities are located nearby . On the Marin side of the bridge , only accessible from the northbound lanes , is the H. Dana Bower Rest Area and Vista Point , named after the first landscape architect for the California Division of Highways . Lands and waters under and around the bridge are homes to varieties of wildlife such as bobcats and sea lions . Three species of cetaceans that had been absent in the area for many years show recent recoveries / ( re ) colonizations vicinity to the bridge , and researchers study them to strengthen protections , concerning actions by public and recommending to watch whales either from the bridge and nearby , or to use a local whale watching operator . Tolls The last of the construction bonds were retired in 1971 , with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest raised entirely from bridge tolls .", "12": "In November 2006 , the Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District recommended a corporate sponsorship program for the bridge to address its operating deficit , projected at $80 million over five years . The District promised that the proposal , which it called a `` partnership program , '' would not include changing the name of the bridge or placing advertising on the bridge itself . In October 2007 , the Board unanimously voted to discontinue the proposal and seek additional revenue through other means , most likely a toll increase . In an effort to save $19.2 million over the following 10 years , the Golden Gate District voted in January 2011 to eliminate all toll takers by 2012 and use only open road tolling . Subsequently , this was delayed and toll taker elimination occurred in March 2013 . The cost savings have been revised to $19 million over an eight - year period . In addition to the FasTrak electronic toll collection system , the Golden Gate District implemented the use of license plate tolling ( branded as `` Pay - by - Plate '' ) , and also a one time payment system for drivers to pay before or after their trip on the bridge . Twenty - eight positions were eliminated as part of this plan . On April 7 , 2014 , the toll for users of FasTrak was increased from $5 to $6 , while the toll for drivers using either the license plate tolling or the one time payment system was raised from $6 to $7 . Bicycle , pedestrian , and northbound motor vehicle traffic remain toll free . For vehicles with more than two axles , the toll rate is $7 per axle for those using license plate tolling or the one time payment system , and $6 per axle for FasTrak users . During peak traffic hours , carpool vehicles carrying two or more people and motorcycles pay a discounted toll of $4 ; drivers must have Fastrak to take advantage of this carpool rate . The Golden Gate Transportation District then planned to increase the tolls by 25 cents in July 2015 , and then by another 25 cents each of the next three years .", "13": "Golden Gate Bridge toll increases ( 2014 -- 18 ) Effective date FasTrak Toll - by - plate Carpool Multi-axle vehicle April 7 , 2014 $6.00 $7.00 $4.00 $7.00 per axle July 1 , 2015 $6.25 $7.25 $4.25 $7.25 per axle July 1 , 2016 $6.50 $7.50 $4.50 $7.50 per axle July 1 , 2017 $6.75 $7.75 $4.75 $7.75 per axle July 1 , 2018 $7.00 $8.00 $5.00 $8.00 per axle Congestion pricing Further information : San Francisco congestion pricing Looking south In March 2008 , the Golden Gate Bridge District board approved a resolution to start congestion pricing at the Golden Gate Bridge , charging higher tolls during the peak hours , but rising and falling depending on traffic levels . This decision allowed the Bay Area to meet the federal requirement to receive $158 million in federal transportation funds from USDOT Urban Partnership grant . As a condition of the grant , the congestion toll was to be in place by September 2009 . The first results of the study , called the Mobility , Access and Pricing Study ( MAPS ) , showed that a congestion pricing program is feasible . The different pricing scenarios considered were presented in public meetings in December 2008 . In August 2008 , transportation officials ended the congestion pricing program in favor of varying rates for metered parking along the route to the bridge including on Lombard Street and Van Ness Avenue . Issues Suicides Main article : Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge As a suicide prevention initiative , this sign promotes a special telephone available on the bridge that connects to a crisis hotline . The Golden Gate Bridge is the second-most used suicide site / suicide bridge in the world , after the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge . The deck is about 245 feet ( 75 m ) above the water . After a fall of four seconds , jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph or about 120 km / h .", "14": "Most of the jumpers die from impact trauma . About 5 % of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water . After years of debate and over an estimated 1,500 deaths , suicide barriers began to be installed in April 2017 . Construction will take approximately four years at a cost of over $200 million . Wind Since its completion , the Golden Gate Bridge has been closed because of weather conditions only three times : on December 1 , 1951 , because of gusts of 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) ; on December 23 , 1982 , because of winds of 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) ; and on December 3 , 1983 , because of wind gusts of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . An anemometer , placed midway between the two towers on the west side of the bridge , has been used to measure wind speeds . Another anemometer was placed on one of the towers . Seismic vulnerability and Improvements South approach sub-structure with seismic isolators ( short black cylinders ) added as part of the Seismic Retrofit Construction Project . Doyle Drive Replacement Project progress in October 2013 Modern knowledge of the effect of earthquakes on structures led to a program to retrofit the Golden Gate to better resist seismic events . The proximity of the bridge to the San Andreas Fault places it at risk for a significant earthquake . Once thought to have been able to withstand any magnitude of foreseeable earthquake , the bridge was actually vulnerable to complete structural failure ( i.e. , collapse ) triggered by the failure of supports on the 320 - foot ( 98 m ) arch over Fort Point . A $392 million program was initiated to improve the structure 's ability to withstand such an event with only minimal ( repairable ) damage . One challenging undertaking is completing this program without disrupting traffic . A complex electro - hydraulic synchronous lift system was custom built for construction of temporary support towers and a series of intricate lifts , transferring the loads from the existing bridge onto the temporary supports . This was completed with engineers from Balfour Beatty and Enerpac , accomplishing this task without disrupting day - to - day San Francisco commuter traffic . The retrofit was planned to be completed in 2012 .", "15": "The former elevated approach to the Golden Gate Bridge through the San Francisco Presidio , known as Doyle Drive , dated to 1933 and was named after Frank P. Doyle , President and son of the founder of the Exchange Bank in Santa Rosa , and the man who , more than any other person , made it possible to build the Golden Gate Bridge . The highway carried about 91,000 vehicles each weekday between downtown San Francisco and the North Bay and points north . The road was deemed `` vulnerable to earthquake damage '' , had a problematic 4 - lane design , and lacked shoulders , and a San Francisco County Transportation Authority study recommended that it be replaced . Construction on the $1 billion replacement , temporarily known as the Presidio Parkway , began in December 2009 . The elevated Doyle Drive was demolished on the weekend of April 27 -- 30 , 2012 , and traffic used a part of the partially completed Presidio Parkway , until it was switched onto the finished Presidio Parkway on the weekend of July 9 -- 12 , 2015 . As of May 2012 , an official at Caltrans said there is no plan to permanently rename the portion known as Doyle Drive . In popular culture Main article : Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture Golden Gate Bridge at sunset As a prominent American landmark , the Golden Gate Bridge has been used in numerous media which includes books , films and video games . Comparison of the side elevations of the Golden Gate Bridge and some notable bridges at the same scale . ( click for interactive version ) San Francisco with two bridges ( Western section of Bay Bridge in the left background ) , Coit Tower ( in background to the left of north tower ) , and Fort Mason ( on the San Francisco waterfront in the background behind the north tower ) from Marin Golden Gate Bridge at night , with San Francisco in the background See also Bridges portal San Francisco Bay Area portal 25 de Abril Bridge , a bridge with a similar design in Portugal The Bridge , a 2006 documentary on suicides from the Bridge Golden Gate Bridge in popular culture List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks List of longest suspension bridge spans List of San Francisco Designated Landmarks List of tallest bridges San Francisco -- Oakland Bay Bridge Suicide bridge Suspension bridge References Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . goldengate.org .", "16": "Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . 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Jump up ^ http://www.marinairporter.com/ Jump up ^ `` Site Improvements '' . Golden Gate Bridge 75th Anniversary . Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` H. Dana Bowers Rest Area '' . California Department of Transportation . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ 2015 Named Freeways , Highways , Structures and Other Appurtenances in California ( PDF ) . California Department of Transportation . pp. 183 , 205 . Retrieved June 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Animals -- Golden Gate National Recreation Area ( U.S. National Park Service ) . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ The SFGate. 2015 . Whale , sea lions put on a show near Golden Gate Bridge . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ GOLDEN GATE CETACEAN RESEARCH . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Keener B ... 2017 . Ask The Naturalist : Why Are There Humpback Whales In the San Francisco Bay Right Now ? . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Woodrow M ... 2017 . Experts concerned about whale safety in San Francisco Bay . The ABC7 . Retrieved on July 30 , 2017 Jump up ^ Curiel , Jonathan ( October 27 , 2007 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge directors reject sponsorship proposals '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Partnership Program Status '' . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District .", "22": "Retrieved October 27 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 29 , 2011 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge to eliminate toll takers '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Toll 2014 '' . Goldengate.org. April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cabanatuan , Michael ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Tolls for crossing Golden Gate Bridge rise $1 '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Summary of Recommendations , February 27 , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Board of Directors . Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District . pp. 5 -- 6 . Retrieved May 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Bolling , David ( May 29 , 2008 ) . `` GG Bridge tolls could top $7 , June 11 meeting will set new rates '' . Sonoma Index - Tribune . Jump up ^ The San Francisco Chronicle ( March 19 , 2008 ) . `` Congestion Pricing Approved for Golden Gate Bridge '' . planetizen.com . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( March 15 , 2008 ) . `` Bridge raises tolls , denies Doyle Dr. funds '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mobility , Access and Pricing Study '' . San Francisco County Transportation Authority . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Wollan , Malia ( January 4 , 2009 ) . `` San Francisco Studies Fees to Ease Traffic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( August 12 , 2008 ) . `` Golden Gate Bridge congestion toll plan dies '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Bone , James ( October 13 , 2008 ) .", "23": "`` Golden Gate bridge in San Fransico ( sic ) gets safety net to deter suicides '' . The Times . New York . Retrieved October 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Suspension Bridges '' ( PDF ) . snu.ac.kr . p. 5 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 12 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Koopman , John , Staff Writer ( November 2 , 2005 ) . `` LETHAL BEAUTY / No easy death : Suicide by bridge is gruesome , and death is almost certain . The fourth in a seven - part series on the Golden Gate Bridge barrier debate '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bateson , John ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` The suicide magnet that is the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suicide Barriers Going Up At Golden Gate Bridge After Over 1.5 K Deaths '' . CBS San Francisco . CBS Broadcasting Inc. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Nolte , Carl ( May 28 , 2007 ) . `` 70 YEARS : Spanning the Golden Gate : New will blend in with the old as part of bridge earthquake retrofit project '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ Showing fancy foot work . Roads&Bridges ( December 28 , 2000 ) . ^ Jump up to : Golden Gate Bridge Authority ( May 2008 ) . `` Overview of Golden Gate Bridge Seismic Retrofit '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gonchar , Joann ( January 3 , 2005 ) . `` Famed Golden Gate Span Undergoes Complex Seismic Revamp '' . McGraw - Hill Construction . Retrieved June 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive '' . Presidio Parkway Project . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Doyle Drive Replacement Project '' . Doyle Drive Replacement Project . San Francisco County Transportation Authority .", "24": "Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Cabanatuan , Michael ( January 5 , 2010 ) . `` Doyle Drive makeover will affect drivers soon '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Current Construction Activity '' . Presidio Parkway re-envisioning Doyle Drive . Presidio Parkway . Retrieved May 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` SMITH : It 's wrecked , but it 's still ' Doyle Drive ' '' . Press Democrat . Retrieved May 1 , 2012 . Further reading Cassady , Stephen ( 1979 ) . Spanning the Gate ( Commemorative edition , 1987 ed . ) . Squarebooks . Dyble , Louise Nelson ; the Golden Gate Bridge ( 2009 ) . Paying the Toll : Local Power , Regional Politics . University of Pennsylvania Press . Friend , Tad ( October 13 , 2003 ) . `` Jumpers : The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . The New Yorker . 79 ( 30 ) . p. 48 . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2006 . Guthman , Edward ; an easy route to death have long made the Golden Gate Bridge a magnet for suicides ( October 30 , 2005 ) . `` Lethal Beauty / The Allure : Beauty '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Schwartz , Harvey ( 2015 ) . Building the Golden Gate Bridge : A Workers ' Oral History . University of Washington Press . ISBN 978 - 0295995069 . Starr , Kevin ( 2010 ) . Golden Gate : The Life and Times of America 's Greatest Bridge . Bloomsbury Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59691 - 534 - 3 . Steel , Eric ( 2006 ) . The Bridge . ( Documentary film regarding suicides occurring at the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Golden Gate Bridge Natural Frequencies '' . Vibrationdata.com. April 5 , 2006 .", "25": "External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Golden Gate Bridge ( category ) Official website Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . CA - 31 , `` Golden Gate Bridge '' , 41 photos , 6 color transparencies , 2 data pages , 4 photo caption pages Links for Golden Gate Bridge at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) `` Images of the Golden Gate Bridge '' . San Francisco Public Library 's Historical Photograph database . Marshal ' J ' ( Narrator ) ( 1962 ) . `` The Bridge Builders '' . KPIX - TV . ( A documentary film about the construction of the Golden Gate Bridge . ) `` Live Toll Prices for Golden Gate Bridge '' . Batolls.info . `` San Francisco To Have World 's Greatest Bridge '' . Popular Science . March 1931 . `` Golden Gate Bridge facts '' . sftodo.com . ( Educational poster . ) `` End of Land Sadness -- The history of Suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge '' . Golden Gate Bridge Movie . 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8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Golden_Gate_Bridge&oldid=836017258 '' Categories : Golden Gate Bridge 1937 establishments in California Art Deco architecture in California Bridges by Joseph Strauss Bridges completed in 1937 Bridges in San Francisco Bridges in Marin County , California Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways California Historical Landmarks California State Route 1 Golden Gate Bridge , Highway and Transportation District Historic American Engineering Record in California Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks Landmarks in San Francisco Landmarks in the San Francisco Bay Area Pedestrian bridges in California Road bridges in California Roads with a reversible lane San Francisco Designated Landmarks Suspension bridges in California Symbols of California Toll bridges in California U.S. Route 101 Tourist attractions in Marin County , California Works Progress", "30": "Administration in California Open - spandrel deck arch bridges in the United States Steel bridges in the United States Truss arch bridges in the United States Hidden categories : Structurae ID different from Wikidata CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles using Template : Infobox bridge with clearance Pages using Infobox bridge with extra All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017 Articles with Curlie links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Views View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Ænglisc Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی", "31": "Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Kabɩyɛ 81 more", "32": "Edit links This page was last edited on 12 April 2018 , at 05 : 07 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 1, 2, 9, 8, 0, 6 ]

[ "George Strait", "George Strait", "George Strait", "George Strait", "American country music singer George Strait" ]

{ "0": "I Just Want to Dance with You - Wikipedia I Just Want to Dance with You Jump to : navigation , search `` I Just Want To Dance With You '' Single by George Strait from the album One Step at a Time B - side `` Neon Row '' Released April 13 , 1998 Format CD Single Genre Country Length 3 : 27 Label MCA Nashville Songwriter ( s ) Roger Cook , John Prine Producer ( s ) Tony Brown , George Strait George Strait singles chronology `` Round About Way '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want To Dance With You '' ( 1998 ) `` True '' ( 1998 ) `` Round About Way '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' ( 1998 ) `` True '' ( 1998 ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' is a song written by John Prine and Roger Cook , and performed by American country music singer George Strait . It was released in April 1998 as the first single to his album , One Step at a Time , it is his 34th Number One single on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks ( now Hot Country Songs ) chart , and his 42nd Number One single when all major trade charts are counted . Prine recorded it 12 years earlier , for his 1986 album `` German Afternoons . '' It was also a hit for Daniel O'Donnell in 1992 , reaching 20 in the UK charts . Contents ( hide ) 1 Critical reception 2 Chart positions 2.1 Year - end charts 3 References Critical reception ( edit ) Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably , calling it a `` tropical flavored li'l ditty , awash in delicate guitar work that is as tantalizing and refreshing as a summer breeze , '' and although the lyric was rather preschoolish , Strait 's crisp co-production with Tony Brown and his appealing vocal performance should help overcome that obstacle . Chart positions ( edit ) `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' debuted at number 38 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of April 18 , 1998 .", "1": "Chart ( 1998 ) Peak position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) US Billboard Hot 100 61 US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1998 ) Position Canada Country Tracks ( RPM ) 7 US Country Songs ( Billboard ) 7 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Billboard , April 18 , 1998 Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Country Tracks : Issue 3587 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` George Strait Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1998 '' . RPM . December 14 , 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best of 1998 : Country Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . 1998 . Retrieved July 14 , 2013 .", "2": "Preceded by `` This Kiss '' by Faith Hill Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks number - one single June 6 - June 20 , 1998 Succeeded by `` If You See Him / If You See Her '' by Reba McEntire and Brooks & Dunn Preceded by `` I 'm from the Country '' by Tracy Byrd RPM Country Tracks number - one single June 15 , 1998 Succeeded by `` One of These Days '' by Tim McGraw ( hide ) George Strait 1990s singles Livin ' It Up `` Love Without End , Amen '' `` Drinking Champagne '' `` I 've Come to Expect It from You '' Chill of an Early Fall `` If I Know Me '' `` You Know Me Better Than That '' `` The Chill of an Early Fall '' `` Lovesick Blues '' Holding My Own `` Gone as a Girl Can Get '' `` So Much Like My Dad '' Pure Country `` I Cross My Heart '' `` Heartland '' `` When Did You Stop Loving Me '' Easy Come , Easy Go `` Easy Come , Easy Go '' `` I 'd Like to Have That One Back '' `` Lovebug '' `` The Man in Love with You '' Lead On `` The Big One '' `` You Ca n't Make a Heart Love Somebody '' `` Adalida '' `` Lead On '' Strait Out of the Box `` Check Yes or No '' `` I Know She Still Loves Me '' Blue Clear Sky `` Blue Clear Sky '' `` Carried Away '' `` I Can Still Make Cheyenne '' `` King of the Mountain '' Carrying Your Love with Me `` One Night at a Time '' `` Carrying Your Love with Me '' `` Today My World Slipped Away '' `` Round About Way '' One Step at a Time `` I Just Want to Dance with You '' `` True '' `` We Really Should n't Be Doing This '' Always Never the Same `` Meanwhile '' `` Write This Down '' `` What Do You Say to That '' This 1990s country song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it .", "3": "Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Just_Want_to_Dance_with_You&oldid=622581090 '' Categories : 1998 singles George Strait songs Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles RPM Country Tracks number - one singles Songs written by Roger Cook ( songwriter ) Song recordings produced by Tony Brown ( record producer ) Songs written by John Prine MCA Nashville Records singles 1998 songs 1990s country song stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Canadacountry Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2014 , at 09 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 3, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ 3, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ "Josh Groban" ]

{ "0": "Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 Soundtrack ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released March 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 10 ) Recorded 2015 -- 2017 Genre Film soundtrack Length 53 : 31 2 : 11 : 26 ( Deluxe Edition ) Label Walt Disney Producer Alan Menken Matt Sullivan Mitchell Leib Singles from Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Beauty and the Beast '' Released : February 2 , 2017 `` Evermore '' Released : March 3 , 2017 Beauty and the Beast : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2017 film Beauty and the Beast . In the film , Belle is taken prisoner by a fearsome Beast in his enchanted castle and learns to look beyond his appearance while evading a narcissistic hunter who seeks to take Belle for himself . The album , largely based on material from Disney 's 1991 animated version , features songs and instrumental score composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Howard Ashman and three new songs composed by Alan Menken with lyrics by Tim Rice . The songs feature vocal performances by the film 's ensemble cast including Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Kevin Kline , Josh Gad , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , Audra McDonald , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , and Emma Thompson . Contents ( hide ) 1 Track listing 2 Commercial performance 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Certifications 5 See also 6 References Track listing ( edit ) All music composed by Alan Menken . Songs originally written for the 1991 version by Menken and Howard Ashman . Lyrics for original songs are written by Tim Rice . No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Overture '' ( Score ) Alan Menken 3 : 05 2 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt.", "1": "1 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 0 : 42 3 . `` Aria '' Audra McDonald 1 : 02 4 . `` Main Title : Prologue Pt. 2 '' Hattie Morahan ( narration ) 2 : 21 5 . `` Belle '' Emma Watson , Luke Evans , Ensemble 5 : 33 6 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Music Box ) '' Kevin Kline 1 : 03 7 . `` Belle ( Reprise ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 15 8 . `` Gaston '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble 4 : 25 9 . `` Be Our Guest '' Ewan McGregor , Emma Thompson , Gugu Mbatha - Raw and Ian McKellen 4 : 48 10 . `` Days in the Sun '' Adam Mitchell , Stanley Tucci , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Emma Thompson , Audra McDonald , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Clive Rowe 2 : 40 11 . `` Something There '' Emma Watson , Dan Stevens , Emma Thompson , Nathan Mack , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Gugu Mbatha - Raw 2 : 54 12 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever ( Montmartre ) '' Emma Watson 1 : 55 13 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Emma Thompson 3 : 19 14 . `` Evermore '' Dan Stevens 3 : 14 15 . `` The Mob Song '' Luke Evans , Josh Gad , Ensemble , Emma Watson , Ian McKellen , Stanley Tucci , Nathan Mack , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Ewan McGregor , Gerard Horan , Haydn Gwynne 2 : 28 16 . `` Beauty and the Beast ( Finale ) '' Audra McDonald , Emma Thompson , Ensemble 2 : 14 17 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' Celine Dion 3 : 37 18 . `` Beauty and the Beast '' Ariana Grande & John Legend 3 : 47 19 .", "2": "`` Evermore '' Josh Groban 3 : 09 Total length : 53 : 31 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc one ( Bonus Tracks ) No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 20 . `` Aria '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 36 21 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 0 : 59 22 . `` Days in the Sun '' ( Demo ) Menken 3 : 30 23 . `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' ( Demo ) Menken 1 : 21 24 . `` Evermore '' ( Demo ) Menken 2 : 55 Total length : 62 : 52 ( show ) Deluxe edition -- Disc two No . Title Performer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Main Title : Prologue '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 01 2 . `` Belle Meets Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 54 3 . `` Your Mother '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 13 4 . `` The Laverie '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 22 5 . `` Wolf Chase '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 14 6 . `` Entering the Castle '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 18 7 . `` A White Rose '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 57 8 . `` The Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 03 9 . `` Meet the Staff '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 00 10 . `` Home '' ( extended mix ) ( Score ) Menken 2 : 04 11 . `` Madame de Garderobe '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 28 12 . `` There 's a Beast '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 02 13 . `` A Petal Drops '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 02 14 .", "3": "`` A Bracing Cup of Tea '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 06 15 . `` The West Wing '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 58 16 . `` Wolves Attack Belle '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 17 17 . `` The Library '' ( Score ) Menken 3 : 05 18 . `` Colonnade Chat '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 54 19 . `` The Plague '' ( Score ) Menken 0 : 51 20 . `` Maurice Accuses Gaston '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 01 21 . `` Beast Takes a Bath '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 21 22 . `` The Dress '' ( Score ) Menken 1 : 01 23 . `` You Must Go to Him '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 50 24 . `` Belle Stops the Wagon '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 42 25 . `` Castle Under Attack '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 20 26 . `` Turret Pursuit '' ( Score ) Menken 2 : 12 27 . `` You Came Back '' ( Score ) Menken 5 : 13 28 . `` Transformations '' ( Score ) Menken 4 : 06 Total length : 68 : 34 The Spotify version of the album instead opens with Celine Dion 's `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' , followed by Ariana Grande and John Legend 's `` Beauty and the Beast '' , and Josh Groban 's `` Evermore '' , with the rest of the songs in the same order . Commercial performance ( edit ) The album debuted at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 chart with 57,000 units , 48,000 of which are traditional album sales . It has sold 337,000 copies in the United States as of July 2017 .", "4": "Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Peak position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) Austrian Albums ( Ö3 Austria ) 10 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Flanders ) 5 Belgian Albums ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 11 Canadian Albums ( Billboard ) 7 Danish Albums ( Hitlisten ) 32 Dutch Albums ( MegaCharts ) 33 Finnish Albums ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 23 Irish Albums ( IRMA ) 8 Mexican Albums ( AMPROFON ) ( Spanish version ) 11 New Zealand Albums ( RMNZ ) 7 Norwegian Albums ( VG - lista ) 12 Polish Albums ( ZPAV ) 46 Scottish Albums ( OCC ) 6 South Korean Albums ( Gaon ) 34 South Korean Albums International ( Gaon ) Spanish Albums ( PROMUSICAE ) 7 Swiss Albums ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 19 UK Albums ( OCC ) 8 UK Soundtrack Albums ( OCC ) US Billboard 200 US Soundtrack Albums ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position Australian Albums ( ARIA ) 37 US Billboard 200 45 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 60,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( January 19 , 2017 ) . `` Celine Dion to perform new song for live - action Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Evermore from beauty and the beast single '' . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( July 4 , 2017 ) .", "5": "`` Kendrick Lamar 's ' DAMN . ' & Ed Sheeran 's ' Shape of You ' Lead Nielsen Music 's Mid-Year 2017 Charts '' . Billboard . Retrieved 4 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Soundtrack -- Die Schöne und das Biest % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in German ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in French ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` On The Charts ... This Week '' . FYIMusicNews . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' ( in Dutch ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Elokuvamusiikkia : Beauty And The Beast ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Soundtrack '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top Album - Semanal ( del 24 de Marzo al 30 de Marzo ) '' ( in Spanish ) .", "6": "Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2017 . Retrieved April 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved April 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oficjalna lista sprzedaży : : OLiS - Official Retail Sales Chart '' . OLiS . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 10 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 년 12 주차 Album Chart '' ( in Korean ) . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved April 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Soundtrack -- Beauty and the Beast % 5B2017 % 5D '' . Hung Medien . Retrieved March 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Albums Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Official Soundtrack Albums Chart Top 50 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran 's ' Divide ' Spends Second Week at No. 1 on Billboard 200 , ' Beauty and the Beast ' Debuts at No. 3 '' . Billboard .", "7": "Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack Albums : The Week of April 1 , 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA End of Year Albums 2017 '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Billboard 200 Albums -- Year - End 2017 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British album certifications -- Motion Picture Cast Recording -- Beauty and the Beast '' . British Phonographic Industry . Enter Beauty and the Beast in the search field and then press Enter . Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ;", "8": "Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast ,", "9": "( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(2017_soundtrack)&oldid=818652023 '' Categories : 2017 soundtracks Disney film soundtracks Walt Disney Records soundtracks Soundtracks produced by Alan Menken Beauty and the Beast ( franchise ) Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 Korean - language sources ( ko ) Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with deprecated parameters Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Nederlands Português Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 January 2018 , at 20 : 12 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 5, 2, 3, 4, 1, 6, 0, 9, 7, 8 ]

[ 2, 5, 3, 4, 1 ]

[ "State Bar of Arizona", "West Virginia American Water" ]

{ "0": "Government - granted monopoly - wikipedia Government - granted monopoly Jump to : navigation , search `` Franchise ( rail ) '' redirects here . For the process as applied in the United Kingdom , see Rail franchising in Great Britain . hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article 's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for suggestions . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article has been nominated to be checked for its neutrality . Discussion of this nomination can be found on the talk page . ( December 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In economics , a government - granted monopoly ( also called a `` de jure monopoly '' ) is a form of coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege to a private individual or firm to be the sole provider of a good or service ; potential competitors are excluded from the market by law , regulation , or other mechanisms of government enforcement . As a form of coercive monopoly , government - granted monopoly is contrasted with a non-coercive monopoly or an efficiency monopoly , where there is no competition but it is not forcibly excluded . Amongst forms of coercive monopoly it is distinguished from government monopoly or state monopoly ( in which government agencies hold the legally enforced monopoly rather than private individuals or firms ) and from government - sponsored cartels ( in which the government forces several independent producers to partially coordinate their decisions through a centralized organization ) . Advocates for government - granted monopolies often claim that they ensure a degree of public control over essential industries , without having those industries actually run by the state .", "1": "Opponents often criticize them as political favors to corporations . Government - granted monopolies may be opposed by those who would prefer free markets as well as by those who would prefer to replace private corporations with public ownership . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Patent 3 Copyright 4 Trademark 5 Directly mandated 6 Criticism 7 Examples 8 See also 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Under mercantilist economic systems , European governments with colonial interests often granted large and extremely lucrative monopolies to companies trading in particular regions , such as the Dutch East India Company . Today , government - granted monopolies may be found in public utility services such as public roads , mail , water supply , and electric power , as well as certain specialized and highly regulated fields such as education and gambling . In many countries lucrative natural resources industries , especially the petroleum industry , are controlled by government - granted monopolies . Franchises granted by governments to operate public transit through public roads are another example . Patent ( edit ) Main article : Patent A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state or national government to an inventor or his / her assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for a public disclosure of an invention . The procedure for granting patents , the requirements placed on the patentee , and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements . Typically , however , a patent application must include one or more claims defining the invention which must be new , inventive , and useful or industrially applicable . In many countries , certain subject areas are excluded from patents , such as business methods and mental acts . The exclusive right granted to a patentee in most countries is the right to prevent others from making , using , selling , or distributing the patented invention without permission . Copyright ( edit ) Main article : Copyright Copyright is a legal right created by the law of a country that grants the creator of an original work exclusive rights for its use and distribution . This is usually only for a limited time . The exclusive rights are not absolute but limited by limitations and exceptions to copyright law , including fair use .", "2": "A major limitation on copyright is that copyright protects only the original expression of ideas , and not the underlying ideas themselves Trademark ( edit ) Main article : Trademark A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator used by an individual , business organization , or other legal entity to identify that the products or services to consumers with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source , and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities . Trademarks can act as a form of consumer protection that lowers the transaction costs between a buyer and seller who are not personally acquainted . Directly mandated ( edit ) Governments have granted monopolies to forms of copy prevention . In the Digital Millennium Copyright Act , for example , the proprietary Macrovision copy prevention technology is required for analog video recorders . Though other forms of copy prevention are n't prohibited , requiring Macrovision effectively gives it a monopoly and prevents more effective copy prevention methods from being developed . Criticism ( edit ) Opponents of government - granted monopoly often point out that such a firm is able to set its pricing and production policies without fear of breeding potential competition . They argue that this causes inefficiencies in the market place , such as unnecessarily high prices to consumers for the good or service being supplied . It has been argued that government - imposed price caps might avert this problem . Examples ( edit ) State Bar of Arizona Saudi Aramco British East India Company French East India Company Brewers Retail Theatre Royal , Drury Lane K -- 12 education Interest rates West Virginia American Water See also ( edit ) Coercive monopoly Legal monopoly Copyright Government monopoly Monopoly Natural monopoly Rent seeking Federal Reserve System References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Patents : Frequently Asked Questions , World Intellectual Property Organization , Retrieved on 22 February 2009 Jump up ^ The styling of trademark as a single word is predominantly used in the United States and Philippines only , while the two word styling trade mark is used in many other countries around the world , including the European Union and Commonwealth and ex-Commonwealth jurisdictions ( although Canada officially uses trade - mark pursuant to the Trade - mark Act , trade mark and trademark are also commonly used ) . Jump up ^ Landes , William ; Posner , Richard . `` 7 '' . The economic structure of intellectual property law . p. 442 .", "3": "ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 01204 - 2 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 18 . - Subheading : The Economic Function of Trademarks p 166 External links ( edit ) Unnatural Monopoly : Critical Moments in the Development of the Bell System Monopoly by Adam D. Thierer Antitrust Policy As Corporate Welfare by Clyde Wayne Crews Jr ( PDF ) Antitrust Policy As Corporate Welfare by Clyde Wayne Crews Jr ( Google conversion from PDF ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government-granted_monopoly&oldid=810143578 '' Categories : Market failure Monopoly ( economics ) Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles needing style editing from July 2009 All articles needing style editing Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references Articles needing POV - check from December 2007 Articles that may contain original research from July 2009 All articles that may contain original research Articles with multiple maintenance issues All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2011 Use dmy dates from February 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 November 2017 , at 15 : 57 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 3, 1, 2, 0 ]

[ 2, 3, 1, 0 ]

[ "Randy Newman", "Randy Newman", "Lyle Lovett" ]

{ "0": "You 've Got a Friend in Me - wikipedia You 've Got a Friend in Me Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' Single by Randy Newman and Lyle Lovett from the album Toy Story Released April 12 , 1996 Format Cassette , CD single , digital download Genre Country , pop , soundtrack Length 2 : 39 Label Walt Disney Songwriter ( s ) Randy Newman Producer ( s ) Randy Newman Randy Newman singles chronology `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) `` It 's Money That Matters '' / `` Falling in Love '' ( 1988 ) `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) `` We Belong Together '' ( 2010 ) Lyle Lovett singles chronology `` Do n't Touch My Hat '' ( 1996 ) Do n't Touch My Hat 1996 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ( 1996 ) You 've Got a Friend in Me1996 `` Private Conversation '' ( 1997 ) Private Conversation1997 `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' is a song written and first recorded by Randy Newman . Originally written as the theme song for the 1995 Disney / Pixar animated film Toy Story , it has since become the theme song for its sequels , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) and Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) as well as a musical leitmotif throughout the whole Toy Story franchise . The song was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song , but lost both to `` Colors of the Wind '' from Disney 's Pocahontas . Like many other Disney theme songs , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' has been covered numerous times .", "1": "Cover versions featured in the three Toy Story films include a duet with Newman and Lyle Lovett in Toy Story , a version by Robert Goulet and an instrumental by Tom Scott in Toy Story 2 , an Italian language version by Riccardo Cocciante , and a Spanish language version by the Gipsy Kings in Toy Story 3 . Contents ( hide ) 1 In Toy Story 2 Release history 3 Cover versions 4 References 5 External links In Toy Story ( edit ) The song is played during the opening credits for Toy Story and Toy Story 3 , establishing the importance of Woody and Andy in the first film and the importance of all his toys in the third . Toy Story 3 also uses it for irony and dramatic effect , as the opening credits harken back to the first film and the song abruptly fades out with `` As the years go by / Our friendship will never die '' , before showing that Andy 's remaining toys in the present day are boxed up and unused . When they were unused , Andy was 17 years old . In the two sequels , the song is listened to by the characters as part of the story . Two of these are cover versions done at the end of the film for thematic reasons : at the end of Toy Story 2 , the character Wheezy starts to sing it to the other toys ; during the end credits of Toy Story 3 , Buzz Lightyear and Jessie ( now a couple ) perform a pasodoble to a Spanish version of the song , deliberately played by Jessie to get Buzz to dance . The most significant use of the song was in the third act of Toy Story 2 , where an episode of Woody 's Roundup ( the 1950s puppet show he was based on ) shows the puppet Woody singing the song , directed at the young audience and featuring a small child hugging the puppet . Woody sees this and has an epiphany , realizing that his mission as a toy is to be there for a child . ( In - universe , the song was presumably written for Woody 's Roundup . )", "2": "The Woody 's Roundup version was performed by Tom Hanks , with acoustic guitar backing ; Wheezy 's version was sung by Robert Goulet ( though the character was voiced by Joe Ranft ) ; and the Spanish version , `` You 've Got a Friend in Me ( Para el Buzz Español ) '' , was performed by the Gipsy Kings . Release history ( edit ) Format Release date Catalog Demo Unreleased none Cassette April 12 , 1996 # 60367 CD Cover versions ( edit ) Michael Bublé covered `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' on his 2013 album , To Be Loved . The track became a U.S. Adult Contemporary chart hit , spending 14 weeks on the chart and peaking at number 10 . Brian Wilson covered the song in his album `` In the Key of Disney '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` You 've Got a Friend in Me > Overview '' . Allmusic . Macrovision . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) External links ( edit ) Best Song Academy Award Nominations - Newman Toy Story 10th Anniversary Edition at the Wayback Machine ( archived May 7 , 2005 ) , Pixar press release , May 2 , 2005 . ( Archived from the original on May 7 , 2005 ) Randy Newman Studio albums Randy Newman 12 Songs Sail Away Good Old Boys Little Criminals Born Again Trouble in Paradise Land of Dreams Bad Love Harps and Angels Dark Matter Live albums Randy Newman Live Compilations Lonely at the Top : The Best of Randy Newman Guilty : 30 Years of Randy Newman The Randy Newman Songbook Vol. 1 The Randy Newman Songbook Vol.", "3": "2 Musicals Randy Newman 's Faust Soundtracks James and the Giant Peach Avalon Meet the Parents Cars The Princess and the Frog Songs `` Mama Told Me Not to Come '' `` Sail Away '' `` He Gives Us All His Love '' `` Simon Smith and the Amazing Dancing Bear '' `` Political Science '' `` You Can Leave Your Hat On '' `` Louisiana 1927 '' `` Rednecks '' `` Short People '' `` I Love L.A. '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' `` It 's a Jungle Out There '' Related Discography Nilsson Sings Newman Alfred Newman David Newman Emil Newman Joey Newman Lionel Newman Thomas Newman Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Disney Infinity Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania !", "4": "Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Pixar music Albums The Incredibles Cars WALL - E Up Brave Songs `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` If I Did n't Have You '' `` Real Gone '' `` Life Is a Highway '' `` Our Town '' `` Down to Earth '' `` We Belong Together '' `` Remember Me '' Other albums Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Monsters , Inc . Scream Factory Favorites Gipsy Kings Nicolas Reyes Paul Reyes Canut Reyes Patchai Reyes Andre Reyes Diego Baliardo Paco Baliardo Tonino Baliardo Chico Bouchikhi Jorge Trasante Studio albums Allegria Luna de Fuego Gipsy Kings Mosaïque Este Mundo Love and Liberté Estrellas Compas Somos Gitanos Roots Pasajero Savor Flamenco Live albums Live Compilation albums Allegria Greatest Hits The Best of the Gipsy Kings Love Songs ¡ Volaré !", "5": "The Very Best of the Gipsy Kings Songs `` Djobi Djoba '' `` Bamboléo '' `` Volare '' `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` Un Amor '' `` Tú Quieres Volver '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=You%27ve_Got_a_Friend_in_Me&oldid=821846685 '' Categories : Songs about friendship 1995 songs Pixar songs 1996 singles Toy Story Randy Newman songs Lyle Lovett songs Songs written by Randy Newman Walt Disney Records singles Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2010 All articles needing additional references Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Ελληνικά 日本 語 Português Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 23 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 5, 3, 2, 4, 0, 1 ]

[ 5, 3, 2, 4, 0, 1 ]

[ "decides whether a bill is a money bill or not", "decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting" ]

{ "0": "Speaker of the Lok Sabha - wikipedia Speaker of the Lok Sabha Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) , Speaker of the Lok Sabha लोक सभा अध्यक्ष State Emblem of India Flag of India Incumbent Sumitra Mahajan Style The Honourable Appointer Members of the Lok Sabha Term length During the life of the Lok Sabha ( five years maximum ) Inaugural holder Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar Formation 15 May 1952 Deputy M. Thambidurai Website Speaker 's Official Website The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Parliament of India . The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections . Serving for a term of five years , the Speaker chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha , and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance . The current speaker is Sumitra Mahajan of the Bharatiya Janata Party , who is presiding over the 16th Lok Sabha . She is the second woman to hold the office , after her immediate predecessor Meira Kumar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Powers and functions of the Speaker 2 Removal of the Speaker 3 Protem Speaker 4 List of Speakers 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Powers and functions of the Speaker ( edit ) The Speaker of the Lok Sabha conducts the business in house ; and decides whether a bill is a money bill or not . They maintain discipline and decorum in the house and can punish a member for their unruly behavior by suspending them . They also permit the moving of various kinds of motions and resolutions such as a motion of no confidence , motion of adjournment , motion of censure and calling attention notice as per the rules . The Speaker decides on the agenda to be taken up for discussion during the meeting . The date of election of the speaker is fixed by the President .", "1": "Further , all comments and speeches made by members of the House are addressed to the speaker . The speaker also presides over the joint sitting of both Houses of Parliament . The counterpart of the Speaker in the Rajya Sabha is the Chairman , who is the Vice President of India . In the warrant of precedence , the speaker of Lok Sabha comes next only to The Deputy Prime Minister of India . Speaker has the sixth rank in the political executive of India Removal of the Speaker ( edit ) Speaker can be removed by the Lok Sabha by a resolution passed by an effective majority of the House as per Articles 94 and 96 . Speaker is also removed on getting disqualified for being Lok Sabha member under sections 7 & 8 of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . This would arise out of speaker 's wrong certification of a bill as money bill inconsistent with the definition given in Articles 110 of the constitution . When courts uphold the unconstitutional act of the speaker for wrong certification of a bill as money bill , it amounts to disrespecting the constitution deserving conviction under Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 which is applicable for disqualification of speaker 's Lok Sabha membership under section 8k of Representation of the People Act , 1951 . However the omissions in the procedure committed by the speaker in the Lok Sabha can not be challenged in court of law per Article 122 Protem Speaker ( edit ) After a general election and the formation of a new government , a list of senior Lok Sabha members prepared by the Legislative Section is submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs , who selects a protem speaker . The appointment has to be approved by the president . The first meeting after the election when the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker are selected by members of the Parliament is held under the pro tem Speaker . In absence of the Speaker , the Deputy Speaker acts as Speaker and in the absence of both a committee of six member selected by the Speaker will act as Speaker according to their seniority . Eligibility Criteria Of a Speaker of Loksabha 1 ) He or She must be a citizen of India . 2 ) He or She must not be less than 25 years of age . 3 ) He or She should not hold any office of profit under the Government of India , or the Government of any other state . List of Speakers ( edit ) No .", "2": "Name Portrait Term Party From To Length Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar 15 May 1952 27 February 1956 7003138300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 288 days 1st Indian National Congress M.A. Ayyangar 8 March 1956 10 May 1957 7002428000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 63 days 11 May 1957 16 April 1962 7003180100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 340 days 2nd Sardar Hukam Singh 17 April 1962 16 March 1967 7003179400000000000 ♠ 4 years , 333 days 3rd Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 17 March 1967 19 July 1969 7002855000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 124 days 4th 5 Gurdial Singh Dhillon -- 8 August 1969 19 March 1971 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 221 days 22 March 1971 1 December 1975 7003171500000000000 ♠ 4 years , 254 days 5th 6 Bali Ram Bhagat -- 15 January 1976 25 March 1977 7002435000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 69 days ( 4 ) Neelam Sanjiva Reddy 26 March 1977 13 July 1977 7002109000000000000 ♠ 109 days 6th Janata Party 7 K.S.", "3": "Hegde 21 July 1977 21 January 1980 7002914000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 184 days 8 Balram Jakhar 22 January 1980 27 oct 1984 7003145400000000000 ♠ 3 years , 358 days 7th Indian National Congress 16 January 1985 18 December 1989 7003179700000000000 ♠ 4 years , 336 days 8th 9 Rabi Ray -- 19 December 1989 9 July 1991 7002567000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 202 days 9th Janata Dal 10 Shivraj Patil 10 July 1991 22 May 1996 7003177800000000000 ♠ 4 years , 317 days 10th Indian National Congress 11 P.A. Sangma 23 May 1996 23 March 1998 7002669000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 304 days 11th 12 G.M.C.", "4": "Balayogi -- 24 March 1998 19 October 1999 7002574000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 209 days 12th Telugu Desam Party 22 October 1999 3 March 2002 7002863000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 132 days 13th 13 Manohar Joshi 10 May 2002 2 June 2004 7002754000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 23 days Shiv Sena 14 Somnath Chatterjee 4 June 2004 31 May 2009 7003182200000000000 ♠ 4 years , 361 days 14th Communist Party of India ( Marxist ) 15 Meira Kumar 4 June 2009 4 June 2014 7003182600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 0 days 15th Indian National Congress 16 Sumitra Mahajan 5 June 2014 Incumbent 7003132900000000000 ♠ 3 years , 233 days 16th Bharatiya Janata Party See also ( edit ) Parliament of India President of India Vice-President of India References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://speakerloksabha.nic.in/roleofthespeaker.asp Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/lok-sabha-speaker-sumitra-mahajan-profile/1/365536.html Jump up ^ `` Sections 7 & 8k , Representation of the People Act , 1951 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Aadhaar Act as Money Bill : Why the Lok Sabha is n't Immune from Judicial Review '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Interpretation of Article 122 by the Supreme Court '' . Retrieved 3 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Ashok , Akash Deep ( 4 June 2014 ) . `` Pro tem Speaker : All you need to know about this parliamentary post '' . India Today .", "5": "Retrieved 21 September 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Office of the Lok Sabha Speaker '' . Retrieved 29 July 2016 . External links ( edit ) Speakers of the Lok Sabha Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar M.A. Ayyangar Sardar Hukam Singh Neelam Sanjiva Reddy Gurdial Singh Dhillon Bali Ram Bhagat K.S. Hegde Balram Jakhar Rabi Ray Shivraj Patil P.A. Sangma G.M.C. Balayogi Manohar Joshi Somnath Chatterjee Meira Kumar Sumitra Mahajan Parliament of India President of India President of India ( List ) Lok Sabha Speaker Leader of the Lok Sabha Leader of the Opposition Constituencies 1st LS ( 1952 -- 57 ) ( Members ) 2nd LS ( 1957 -- 62 ) 3rd LS ( 1962 -- 67 ) 4th LS ( 1967 -- 71 ) 5th LS ( 1971 -- 77 ) 6th LS ( 1977 -- 80 ) 7th LS ( 1980 -- 84 ) 8th LS ( 1984 -- 89 ) 9th LS ( 1989 -- 91 ) 10th LS ( 1991 -- 96 ) 11th LS ( 1996 -- 98 ) 12th LS ( 1998 -- 99 ) 13th LS ( 1999 -- 2004 ) ( Members ) 14th LS ( 2004 -- 09 ) ( Members ) 15th LS ( 2009 -- 14 ) ( Members ) 16th LS ( 2014 -- 19 ) ( Members ) Rajya Sabha Members Chairman Leader of the Rajya Sabha Leader of the Opposition Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.", "6": "php?title=Speaker_of_the_Lok_Sabha&oldid=819832097 '' Categories : Lists of legislative speakers in India Speakers of the Lok Sabha Lists of political office - holders in India Lists of members of the Lok Sabha Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2016 All articles needing additional references EngvarB from October 2013 Use dmy dates from October 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ संस्कृतम् Simple English Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 14 : 28 . 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[ "a web server which can also be used as a reverse proxy, load balancer and HTTP cache" ]

{ "0": "Nginx - wikipedia Nginx Jump to : navigation , search This article relies too much on references to primary sources . Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Nginx Original author ( s ) Igor Sysoev Developer ( s ) Nginx , Inc . Initial release 4 October 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 10 - 04 ) Stable release 1.14. 0 ( 17 April 2018 ; 9 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) ) ( ± ) Preview release 1.13. 12 ( 10 April 2018 ; 16 days ago ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) ) ( ± ) Repository http://hg.nginx.org/nginx/ https://github.com/nginx/nginx Written in Operating system BSD variants , HP - UX , IBM AIX , Linux , macOS , Solaris , Windows , and other * nix flavors Type Web server , reverse / mail proxy server License 2 - clause BSD Website nginx.org Nginx ( / ˌɛndʒɪnˈɛks / EN - jin - EKS ) ( stylized as NGINX , NGiИX or nginx ) is a web server which can also be used as a reverse proxy , load balancer and HTTP cache . The software was created by Igor Sysoev and first publicly released in 2004 . A company of the same name was founded in 2011 to provide support . Nginx is free and open - source software , released under the terms of a BSD - like license . A large fraction of web servers use NGINX , often as a load balancer .", "1": "Contents ( hide ) 1 Popularity 2 Features 2.1 HTTP proxy and Web server features 2.2 Mail proxy features 3 Performance vs Apache 4 History 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Popularity ( edit ) According to Netcraft 's November 2016 Web Server Survey , Nginx was found to be the second most widely used web server across all `` active '' sites ( 18.22 % of surveyed sites ) and for the top million busiest sites ( 27.83 % of surveyed sites ) . According to W3Techs , it was used by 37.7 % of the top 1 million websites , 49.7 % of the top 100,000 websites , and by 57.0 % of the top 10,000 websites . According to BuiltWith , it is used on 38.2 % of the top 10,000 websites , and its growth within the top 10k , 100k and 1 million segments increased . Wikipedia uses Nginx as its SSL termination proxy . As of OpenBSD release 5.2 ( 1 November 2012 ) , Nginx became part of the OpenBSD base system , providing an alternative to the system 's fork of Apache 1.3 , which it was intended to replace , but it was later replaced by OpenBSD 's own httpd ( 8 ) . Features ( edit ) Nginx can be deployed to serve dynamic HTTP content on the network using FastCGI , SCGI handlers for scripts , WSGI application servers or Phusion Passenger modules , and it can serve as a software load balancer . Nginx uses an asynchronous event - driven approach to handling requests . Nginx 's modular event - driven architecture can provide more predictable performance under high loads . HTTP proxy and Web server features ( edit ) Ability to handle more than 10,000 simultaneous connections with a low memory footprint ( ~ 2.5 MB per 10k inactive HTTP keep - alive connections ) Handling of static files , index files and auto - indexing Reverse proxy with caching Load balancing with in - band health checks TLS / SSL with SNI and OCSP stapling support , via OpenSSL .", "2": "FastCGI , SCGI , uWSGI support with caching Name - and IP address - based virtual servers IPv6 - compatible WebSockets and HTTP / 1.1 Upgrade ( 101 Switching Protocols ) Mail proxy features ( edit ) TLS / SSL support STARTTLS support SMTP , POP3 , and IMAP proxy Authentication using an external HTTP server Other features include upgrading executable and configuration without client connections loss , and a module - based architecture with both core and third - party module support . The paid Plus product includes additional features such as advanced load balancing and access to an expanded suite of metrics for performance monitoring . Performance vs. Apache ( edit ) Nginx was written with an explicit goal of outperforming the Apache web server . Out of the box , serving static files , Nginx uses dramatically less memory than Apache , and can handle roughly four times more requests per second . This performance boost comes at a cost of decreased flexibility , such as the ability to override systemwide access settings on a per - file basis ( Apache accomplishes this with an . htaccess file , while Nginx has no such feature built in ) . Formerly , adding third party modules to nginx required recompiling the application from source with the modules statically linked . This was partially overcome in version 1.9. 11 with the addition of dynamic module loading . However , the modules still must be compiled at the same time as nginx , and not all modules are compatible with this system -- some require the older static linking process . History ( edit ) Nginx , Inc . Type Private Industry Technology Founded 2011 Headquarters San Francisco , California , U.S. Key people Gus Robertson ( CEO ) , Igor Sysoev ( CTO ) Products Web servers Website nginx.com Igor Sysoev began development of Nginx in 2002 . Originally , Nginx was developed to solve the C10k problem , and to fill the needs of websites including Rambler search engine and portal , for which it was serving 500 million requests per day by September 2008 . A company of the same name was founded in July 2011 by Sysoev to provide commercial products and support for the software .", "3": "The company 's principal place of business is San Francisco , California , while legally incorporated in British Virgin Islands . In October 2011 , Nginx raised $3 million from BV Capital , Runa Capital and MSD Capital , Michael Dell 's venture fund . The company announced commercial support options for companies using Nginx in production . Nginx offered commercial support in February 2012 , and paid Nginx Plus subscription in August 2013 . Support packages focus on installation , configuration , performance improvement , etc . Support includes proactive notifications about major changes , security patches , updates and patches . WordPress developer Automattic and content delivery network provider MaxCDN became funding partners for an update to Google 's SPDY version 3.1 , slated for early 2014 . Nginx also offers consulting services to assist customers in custom configuration or adding additional features . In October 2013 , Nginx raised a $10 million series B investment round led by New Enterprise Associates . That round included previous investors , as well as Aaron Levie , CEO and founder of Box.com . In December 2014 , Nginx raised a $20 million series B1 round led by New Enterprise Associates , with participation from e. ventures ( formerly BV Capital ) , Runa Capital , Index Ventures and Nginx 's own CEO Gus Robertson . See also ( edit ) Free software portal Comparison of web server software Web accelerator URL redirection § nginx rewrite List of Nginx -- MySQL -- PHP packages References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CHANGES '' . Retrieved 16 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Dounin , Maxim ( 17 April 2018 ) . `` nginx - 1.14. 0 '' . nginx - announce ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Dounin , Maxim ( 10 April 2018 ) . `` nginx - 1.13. 12 '' . nginx - announce ( Mailing list ) . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The NGINX Open Source Project on Ohloh '' . ohloh.net . Retrieved 7 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` nginx for Windows '' . Retrieved 28 May 2014 .", "4": "Jump up ^ `` Tested OS and platforms '' . Retrieved 15 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Licensing '' . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Tony Mobily ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Interview with Igor Sysoev , author of Apache 's competitor NGINX '' . Free Software Magazine . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Notice of Exempt Offering of Securities '' . Form D. US Securities and Exchange Commission 17 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ https://news.netcraft.com/archives/2017/01/12/january-2017-web-server-survey.html Jump up ^ https://www.linode.com/docs/uptime/loadbalancing/use-nginx-as-a-front-end-proxy-and-software-load-balancer Jump up ^ `` November 2016 Web Server Survey '' . 22 November 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Usage of web servers broken down by ranking '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Builtwith : nginx Usage Statistics '' . 19 December 2016 . Retrieved 19 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wikitech : HTTPS '' . Wikitech.wikimedia.org. 3 October 2011 . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ OpenBSD Upgrade Guide : 5.1 to 5.2 , 2012 / 11 / 06 15 : 00 : 27 sthen Jump up ^ `` Heads Up : Nginx Removed From Base '' . Jump up ^ Use nginx for Proxy Services and Software Load Balancing , 11 May 2010 , by Sam Kleinman , Linode Library Jump up ^ `` The Architecture of Open Source Applications ( Volume 2 ) : nginx '' . aosabook.org . Retrieved 10 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Basic nginx Configuration by Sam Kleinman ; 21 August 2010 Jump up ^ `` Module ngx_http_upstream_module '' . nginx.org . Retrieved 14 August 2012 .", "5": "Jump up ^ `` Proxy : support for connection upgrade ( 101 Switching Protocols ) '' . trac.nginx.org. 19 February 2013 . Retrieved 21 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Module ngx_mail_auth_http_module '' . nginx.org . Retrieved 13 September 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official documentation : Controlling nginx '' . nginx.org . Retrieved 3 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` nginx documentation '' . nginx.org . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 3rdPartyModules -- Nginx Community '' . wiki.nginx.org . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How to monitor NGINX '' . Datadog. 9 July 2015 . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Application Load Balancing with NGINX Plus '' . NGINX . Retrieved 9 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` NGINX vs. Apache : Our View of a Decade - Old Question '' . NGINX. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Web server performance comparison '' . DreamHost . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NGINX vs. Apache ( Pro / Con Review , Uses , & Hosting for Each ) - HostingAdvice.com '' . HostingAdvice.com. 5 April 2016 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Introducing Dynamic Modules in NGINX 1.9. 11 - NGINX '' . NGINX. 2016 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` Choosing Your Web Server : Apache Vs. Nginx '' . Eyerys. 7 December 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Nginx : the High - Performance Web Server and Reverse Proxy '' . Linux Journal . 1 September 2008 . Retrieved 16 August 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Company '' . nginx.com. 3 January 2012 .", "6": "Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Natasha Starkell ( 11 October 2011 ) . `` Russian Nginx Raises $3 Million From International Investors '' . Techcrunch . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Darryl K. Taft ( 8 February 2012 ) . `` NGINX Launches Commercial Support for Open - Source Web Server '' . e Week . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Steven J. Vaughan - Nichols ( 8 February 2012 ) . `` Commercial Support now available for the open - source NGINX Web server '' . ZDNet Open Source blog . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Nginx Inc . Launches NGINX Plus '' . 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Taft , Darryl K. ( 8 February 2012 ) . `` NGINX Launches Commercial Support for Open - Source Web Server '' . eweek.com . Retrieved 24 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Shankland , Stephen ( 20 December 2013 ) . `` Nginx upgrade funded by fans of Google 's SPDY Web protocol '' . CNET . Retrieved 6 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Commercial Support now available for the open - source NGINX Web server '' . ZDNet. 8 February 2012 . Retrieved 28 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Sean Michael Kerner ( 16 October 2013 ) . `` Nginx Raises $10 Million in New Funding for Server Development '' . e Week . Retrieved 18 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Frederic Lardinois ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Nginx Raises $10 M Series B Round Led By NEA '' . Techcrunch . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jolie O'Dell ( 15 October 2013 ) . `` Nginx ties up a sweet $10 M funding deal and hundreds of millions of users '' . Venture Beat . Retrieved 18 October 2013 .", "7": "Jump up ^ Frederic Lardinois ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Nginx Raises $20 M Series B1 Round To Drive International Expansion '' . Techcrunch . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Jordan Novet ( 9 December 2014 ) . `` Nginx gets $20 M , because an open - source web server is just the beginning '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved 9 December 2014 .", "8": "External links ( edit ) Official website ( hide ) Web server software Comparisons Most popular Apache Nginx IIS IIS Express LiteSpeed Web Server Other Cherokee Hiawatha iPlanet Lighttpd Mongoose Mongrel2 Monkey POCO Traffic Server Jexus Yaws Caddy GlassFish Jetty JOnAS NetWeaver Resin thttpd Tomcat WebLogic WebSphere WildFly Caudium Roxen Gunicorn Paste Tornado Twisted PyGopherd Zope WEBrick Passenger AOLserver NaviServer JEUS Retired Boa CERN httpd NCSA HTTPd Xitami Zeus Mongrel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nginx&oldid=835925621 '' Categories : 2002 software Companies established in 2011 Cross-platform free software Forward proxy Free proxy servers Free software programmed in C Free web server software Proxy server software for Linux Reverse proxy Software companies of Russia Software using the BSD license Unix network - related software Web server software for Linux Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from June 2015 All articles lacking reliable references Use dmy dates from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 20 more Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018 , at 16 : 25 . 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{ "0": "A Wrinkle in Time - wikipedia A Wrinkle in Time Jump to : navigation , search For the film adaptations , see A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) and A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) . A Wrinkle in Time First - edition dust jacket Author Madeleine L'Engle Illustrator Ellen Raskin ( 1960s editions ) Country United States Language English Series Time Quintet Genre Young Adult , Science fantasy Publisher Farrar , Straus & Giroux Publication date January 1 , 1962 OCLC 22421788 LC Class PZ7. L5385 Wr 1962 Followed by A Wind in the Door A Wrinkle in Time is a science fantasy novel written by American writer Madeleine L'Engle , first published in 1962 . The book won the Newbery Medal , Sequoyah Book Award , and Lewis Carroll Shelf Award , and was runner - up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award . It is the first book in L'Engle's Time Quintet , which follows the Murrys and Calvin O'Keefe . The book spawned two film adaptations , both by Disney : a 2003 television film directed by John Kent Harrison , and a 2018 theatrical film directed by Ava DuVernay . Contents ( hide ) 1 Publication history 2 Plot summary 3 Major themes 4 Reception 5 Characters 5.1 Main characters 5.1. 1 Margaret `` Meg '' Murry 5.1. 2 Charles Wallace Murry 5.1. 3 Calvin O'Keefe 5.2 Primary immortal characters 5.2. 1 Mrs Whatsit 5.2. 2 Mrs Who 5.2. 3 Mrs Which 5.2. 4 The Man with Red Eyes 5.2. 5 IT 5.3 The Black Thing 5.4 Sub-characters 5.4. 1 Alex Murry 5.4. 2 Dr. Katherine `` Kate '' Murry 5.4. 3 Sandy Murry 5.4.", "1": "4 Dennys Murry 5.4. 5 Mrs. Buncombe 5.4. 6 Mr. Jenkins 5.5 Supporting alien characters 6 Locations 7 Adaptations 7.1 Audio books 7.2 Film adaptations 7.3 Play 7.4 Opera 7.5 Graphic novel 8 References in popular culture 9 Further reading 9.1 Other books in the series 9.2 Concerning A Wrinkle in Time 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Publication history ( edit ) The book was written between 1959 and 1960 . L'Engle wrote repeatedly about the writing of the story and the long struggle to get it published . In A Circle of Quiet ( 1972 ) , she explains that the book was conceived `` during a time of transition . '' After years of living in rural Goshen , Connecticut , and running a general store , L'Engle's family , the Franklins , moved back to New York City , first taking a ten - week camping trip across the country and back again . L'Engle writes that `` we drove through a world of deserts and buttes and leafless mountains , wholly new and alien to me . And suddenly into my mind came the names , Mrs Whatsit . Mrs Who . Mrs Which . '' This was in the spring of 1959 . L'Engle was reading about quantum physics at the time , which also made its way into the story . When she completed the book in early 1960 , however , it was rejected by at least 26 publishers , because it was , in L'Engle's words , `` too different , '' and `` because it deals overtly with the problem of evil , and it was really difficult for children , and was it a children 's or an adults ' book , anyhow ? '' In `` A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle '' on the Random House website , L'Engle explains another possible reason for the rejections : `` A Wrinkle in Time had a female protagonist in a science fiction book , '' which at the time was uncommon .", "2": "After trying `` forty - odd '' publishers ( L'Engle later said `` twenty - six rejections '' ) , L'Engle's agent returned the manuscript to her . Then at Christmas , L'Engle threw a tea party for her mother . One of the guests happened to know John C. Farrar of Farrar , Straus and Giroux , and insisted that L'Engle should meet with him . Although the publisher did not , at the time , publish a line of children 's books , Farrar met L'Engle , liked the novel , and ultimately published it . The book has been continuously in print since its first publication . The hardback edition is still published by Farrar , Straus & Giroux . The original blue dust jacket by Ellen Raskin was replaced with new art by Leo and Diane Dillon , with the publication of A Swiftly Tilting Planet in 1978 . The book has also been published in a 25th anniversary collectors ' edition ( limited to 500 signed and numbered copies ) , at least two book club editions ( one hardback , one Scholastic Book Services paperback ) , as a trade paperback under the Dell Yearling imprint , and as a mass market paperback under the Dell Laurel - Leaf imprint . The cover art on the paperback editions has changed several times since first publication . The book was reissued by Square Fish in trade and mass market paperback formats in May 2007 , along with the rest of the Time Quintet . This new edition includes a previously unpublished interview with L'Engle as well as the text of her Newbery Medal acceptance speech . Plot summary ( edit ) Thirteen - year - old Meg Murry 's classmates and teachers see her as a troublesome and stubborn student . Her family knows that she is emotionally immature but also sees her capable of doing great things . The family includes her scientist mother Katherine , her missing scientist father Alexander , the twins Sandy and Dennys , and her five - year - old brother Charles Wallace Murry , a child genius who can sometimes read Meg 's mind . The book begins with the line `` It was a dark and stormy night , '' an allusion to the opening words in Edward Bulwer - Lytton 's 1830 novel Paul Clifford .", "3": "Unable to sleep during a thunderstorm , Meg descends from her attic room to find Charles Wallace sitting at the table drinking milk and eating bread and jam . They are then joined by their mother , and are visited by their new eccentric neighbor , Mrs Whatsit . In the course of conversation , Mrs Whatsit casually mentions there is such a thing as a tesseract , which causes Katherine to almost faint . The next morning , Meg discovers that the term refers to a scientific concept her father was working on before his mysterious disappearance . The following afternoon , Meg and Charles Wallace encounter Meg 's schoolmate , Calvin O'Keefe , a high - school junior who , although he is a `` big man on campus '' , considers himself a misfit as well . They then go to visit an old haunted house near town which Charles Wallace already knows is the home of Mrs Whatsit . There they encounter two companions of Mrs Whatsit 's , the equally strange Mrs Who and the unseen voice of Mrs Which . She promises that she and her friends will help Meg find and rescue her father . A budding love interest develops between Meg and Calvin . In the evening , Charles Wallace declares it is time for them to go on their mission to save their father . This is accompanied by the appearance of the third member of the `` Mrs Ws '' , Mrs Which , who appears to materialize out of nothing . Mrs Whatsit , Mrs Who , and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Meg , Charles Wallace , and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of tesseract , a fifth - dimensional phenomenon explained as being similar to folding the fabric of space and time . Their first stop is the planet Uriel , a Utopian world filled with Centaur - like beings who live in a state of light and love . Mrs Whatsit herself shows that she , Mrs Who , and Mrs Which are all these centaur - like creatures in disguise as humans . There the `` Mrs Ws '' reveal to the children that the universe is under attack from an evil being who appears as a large dark cloud called The Black Thing , which is essentially the personification of evil . The children are then taken elsewhere to visit a woman who is a medium ( the `` Happy Medium '' ) with a crystal ball .", "4": "In it , they see that Earth is partially covered by the darkness , although great religious figures , philosophers , and artists have been fighting against it . Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self - sacrifice to fight the darkness . The children then travel to the dark planet of Camazotz , which has `` given in '' to the Black Thing . Meg 's father is trapped there . They find that all the inhabitants behave in a mechanistic way and seem to be under the control of a single mind . At the planet 's central headquarters ( described as CENTRAL Central Intelligence ) , they discover a red - eyed man with telepathic abilities who can cast a hypnotic spell over their minds . He claims to know the whereabouts of their father . Charles Wallace deliberately looks into the red eyes of the man , allowing himself to be taken over by the mind controlling planet in order to find their father . Under its influence , he takes Meg and Calvin to the place where Alexander is being held prisoner because he would not succumb to the group mind . The planet turns out to be controlled by an evil disembodied brain with powerful abilities , which the inhabitants of Camazotz call `` IT . '' Charles Wallace takes them to the place where IT is held . In such proximity to IT , the children are threatened by a possible telepathic takeover of their minds . With special powers from Mrs Who 's glasses , Alexander is able to `` tesser '' Calvin , Meg and himself away from Camazotz , but Charles Wallace is left behind , still under the influence of IT . Dr. Murry , inexperienced at tessering , does not know how to protect Meg from the Black Thing which surrounds the planet as they tesser through it , nearly killing her . When they arrive on the neighboring planet of Ixchel , Meg is nearly frozen , and paralyzed . Calvin and the Murrys are discovered by the planet 's inhabitants - large , eyeless `` beasts '' with featureless faces , tentacles and four arms , who prove both wise and gentle . Meg 's paralysis is cured under the care of one inhabitant , whom Meg nicknames `` Aunt Beast . '' Meg overcomes her anger at her father for leaving Charles Wallace on Camazotz , realizing that parents ca n't fix everything , and sometimes children can solve problems themselves .", "5": "Then the trio of Mrs Whatsit , Mrs Who , and Mrs Which arrive . They charge Meg with rescuing Charles Wallace from IT , because only Meg has a strong enough bond with him . Their father had last seen Charles Wallace when he was a baby and Calvin had only just met him . They each give her a gift . Mrs Whatsit gives Meg her love . Mrs Who quotes to Meg a passage from the Bible about God choosing the foolish of the world to confound the wise , and the weak to defeat the strong ( 1 Corinthians 1 : 27 - 29 ) . Mrs Which tells Meg that she has one thing that IT does not have but does n't specify what it is . Upon arriving at the building where IT is housed , Charles Wallace is still there under IT 's influence . Meg realizes that the one thing she has that IT does not is love . She focuses all her love at Charles Wallace and is able to free him from IT 's control . Mrs Who , Mrs Which and Mrs Whatsit tesser the Murrys and Calvin back to Earth . In the vegetable garden they are all reunited with Katherine and the twins . Mrs Whatsit says that although she and the others like the spectacle of the family reuniting , they have to go somewhere . Before Mrs Whatsit finishes her sentence , she and the others disappear . Major themes ( edit ) Madeleine L'Engle's fantasy works are in part highly expressive of her Christian viewpoint in a manner somewhat similar to that of Christian fantasy writer C.S. Lewis . She was herself the official writer - in - residence at New York City 's Episcopal Cathedral of St. John the Divine , which is known for its prominent position in the liberal wing of the Episcopal Church . L'Engle's liberal Christianity has been the target of criticism from more conservative Christians , especially with respect to certain elements of A Wrinkle in Time . The theme of picturing the fight of good against evil as a battle of light and darkness is a recurring one . Its manner is reminiscent of the prologue to the Gospel of John , which is quoted within the book . When the `` Mrs Ws '' reveal their secret roles in the cosmic fight against `` the darkness '' they ask the children to name some figures on Earth ( a partially dark planet ) who fight the darkness .", "6": "They name Jesus , and later in the discussion Buddha is named as well , along with various creative artists and philanthropists . The three women are described as ancient star - beings who act as guardian angels . Further , the themes of `` conformity '' and the `` status quo '' are present . It is a generic theme that is within every society there is a powerful dominant group that challenges the minority group . Very few of the powerless members of this group are resilient . In this case , IT is the powerful dominant group that manipulates the planet of Camazotz into conformity ( i.e. , they all have the same rhythm ) . Even Charles Wallace falls prey ( due to flattery ) and is hence persuaded to conform . It is thanks to Meg that she and her family are able to break from conformity . According to the author 's granddaughter Charlotte Jones Voiklis , the story was n't a simple allegory of communism ; in a three - page passage that was cut before publication , the process of domination is said to be an outcome of dictatorship under totalitarian regimes , and by an excessive desire of security under democratic countries . Scholar Jean Fulton writes , `` L'Engle's fiction for young readers is considered important partly because she was among the first to focus directly on the deep , delicate issues that young people must face , such as death , social conformity , and truth . L'Engle's work always is uplifting because she is able to look at the surface values of life from a perspective of wholeness , both joy and pain , transcending each to uncover the absolute nature of human experience that they share . '' Reception ( edit ) At the time of the book 's publication , Kirkus Reviews said , `` Readers who relish symbolic reference may find this trip through time and space an exhilarating experience ; the rest will be forced to ponder the double entendres . '' A Wrinkle in Time is on the American Library Association list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 at number 23 . Reasons given include the book 's references to witches and crystal balls , the claim that it `` challenges religious beliefs '' , and the listing of Jesus `` with the names of great artists , philosophers , scientists , and religious leaders '' .", "7": "A 2004 study found that it was a common read - aloud book for sixth - graders in schools in San Diego County , California . Based on a 2007 online poll , the National Education Association named the book one of its `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . It was one of the `` Top 100 Chapter Books '' of all time in a 2012 poll by School Library Journal . In 2016 , the novel saw a spike in sales after Chelsea Clinton mentioned it as influential in her childhood in a speech at the 2016 Democratic National Convention . Characters ( edit ) For appearances of these characters in other novels by L'Engle see Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle See also : Meg Murry , Charles Wallace Murry , Calvin O'Keefe , and Sandy and Dennys Murry Main characters ( edit ) Margaret `` Meg '' Murry ( edit ) Meg is the outcast of the family and also the oldest child of scientists Alex and Kate Murry . Mathematically brilliant but less than adept at other subjects in school , Meg is `` awkward '' , unpopular , and defensive around authority figures as well as her peers . Although she has the brains to accomplish difficult tasks , she rarely puts her strengths to use . She adores her mother and three brothers especially her youngest brother , Charles Wallace , and weeps much for her missing father . Like many adolescent girls , Meg is unhappy with her physical appearance , particularly her mouse - brown , unruly hair , braces and glasses , and considers herself a `` monster '' in comparison with her mother . But then she meets Calvin . She is about thirteen years old , and is a couple of grades below Calvin , who is fourteen years old but in eleventh grade . Introduced on the first page of the book , she is the story 's main protagonist . Charles Wallace Murry ( edit ) Charles Wallace is the youngest Murry child , being five years old . He is very smart and is the most extraordinary and the most vulnerable of the novel 's human characters , and the youngest to journey to Camazotz . Charles Wallace did not talk at all until he was nearly four years old , at which time he began to speak in complete sentences .", "8": "Now five years old , Charles Wallace speaks only to his family , but can empathically or telepathically `` read '' certain people 's thoughts and feelings , and above that has an extraordinary vocabulary . A biological `` sport , '' he is intellectually curious , loving , and unfazed by extraordinary people and events . He was the first to meet the Mrs Ws and brought Meg to see them . Initially able to block IT out of his mind , he opens his mind to the Man with Red Eyes and thus falls under IT 's control . Calvin O'Keefe ( edit ) Calvin is the third oldest of Paddy and Branwen O'Keefe's eleven children , a tall , thin , red - haired 14 - year - old high school junior who is not the best in math but has to study to play on the school basketball team , and is one of the popular boys in high school . His mother is a very cranky , tired woman with too many children . Neglected by his own family , Calvin enters the lives of the Murry family , starting in Chapter Two . He also loves Meg Murry . He shows some signs of being able to communicate telepathically , the same power Charles Wallace seems to have , a technique referred to in later books as kything . He also feels as if he has been hiding his true self all his life , and likes the Murry family much more than his own , which is characterized by abuse and dysfunctional dynamics . Primary immortal characters ( edit ) Hardcover art by Leo and Diane Dillon , showing the `` Mrs Ws '' The three characters of Mrs Whatsit , Mrs Who , and Mrs Which are beings who have the ability to travel at will across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing . They are capable of changing form , but spend most of their time on Earth as elderly women . All three are billions of years old , having once been stars that had each sacrificed themselves as a nova or supernova to destroy the parts of the Black Thing nearest them . Mrs Whatsit ( edit ) Mrs Whatsit is first described as a very old woman wrapped in layers of clothes with a jacket and first appears in chapter one . Charles Wallace finds her in a ' haunted house ' in the woods , where she has been living with her two friends , Mrs Who and Mrs Which .", "9": "Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mrs Ws ( despite being 2,379,152,497 years , 8 months , and 3 days old ) , and the best of the three at interacting with the children . In Chapter Four , the group ( Charles Wallace , Calvin , and Meg ) witnesses the physical transformation of Mrs. Whatsit into a centaur - like winged being on the planet Uriel . After explaining the self - sacrificial stars to the children , Mrs Whatsit admits to Meg that she had once been one of them , and to Mrs Which that it had n't been very long ( from their perspective ) since it happened . Mrs who ( edit ) Mrs Who is described as a plump woman with spectacles . She communicates in Latin , Spanish , Italian , German , French , Portuguese and Greek , notably quoting William Shakespeare , Pascal , Dante Alighieri , Seneca , A. Perez , Horace , Miguel de Cervantes , Delille , Euripides , the Bible and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe . Mrs Whatsit explains that Mrs Who finds it `` difficult to verbalize '' in her own words . Mrs which ( edit ) Mrs Which 's physical appearance is not set ; she appears as a shimmering light most of the time . However , she does once take on the appearance of a traditional witch , complete with black hat and broom . She does not stay long in this form , though , as corporeal appearance is quite difficult for her to maintain . She first appears at the end of Chapter 3 . She is the clear leader of the three women and the wisest , and upon appearing , immediately demonstrates her vast knowledge of understanding in tesseract travel . Her distinguishing quirk is her long , drawn - out method of speech , symbolized by doubled and tripled consonants in her words ( as in ; `` Nnoww , cchilldrenn , yyou musstt nott bee frrightennedd att whatt iss ggoingg tto hhappenn , '' ) . She is the one who usually provides the group , most especially Meg , with the clues the children need to solve the problems encountered during their travels .", "10": "The Man with red Eyes ( edit ) The Man with Red Eyes is a being whom Meg , Charles Wallace , and Calvin encounter on their quest to rescue Meg and Charles Wallace 's father on the planet Camazotz . He is the Prime Coordinator on Camazotz . He and IT control Camazotz together and are the main antagonists . He entices Charles Wallace to look into his glowing red eyes in order to find his father . When Charles Wallace does so , he too becomes possessed by the mind of IT , after which the Man with Red Eyes drops out of the story . It ( edit ) Current book cover art ( 2007 ) by Taeeun Yoo , showing the Mrs Ws ( at the left ) and the children at the CENTRAL Central Intelligence building ( at the right ) IT is the bodiless , telepathic brain that dominates the planet of Camazotz and the main antagonist . IT controls all the people in Camazotz and makes people often do the same things together in a mechanistic synchronism as if they were robots . IT speaks through The Man With Red Eyes and later through Charles Wallace , and is functionally part of the interstellar cloud of evil called the Black Thing . IT is described as a giant sized human brain . Housed in a dome near the `` CENTRAL Central Intelligence '' building , IT is said to pulse and quiver on its dais . IT 's aim is to enforce absolute conformity on Camazotz , with the claimed benefit of eliminating war , unhappiness and inefficiency . However , IT is aware of cruelty , referring to `` ITself '' as `` the Happiest Sadist '' . While IT usually speaks through one of its pawns , IT can speak directly to people through telepathy , but IT only does this once throughout the entire novel . IT 's name is always used whenever IT is spoken of ( rather than the pronoun `` it '' ) , so pervasively that even the word `` itself '' is rewritten as `` ITself . '' The Black Thing ( edit ) A formless , shadowy being . According to the Mrs. Whatsit , the Black Thing is the source of all evil in the universe , and little more is described of it . It is unclear from where the Black Thing came or what its motivations are .", "11": "It is even unclear what its relationship to IT is , although it 's suggested that IT is a powerful servant of the Black Thing . The Black Thing has been fought by many people , all of whom have added to the peace of the world , including Mr. Murry . Sub-characters ( edit ) Alex Murry ( edit ) Meg 's father is a physicist , researching the mysteries of the space / time continuum , specifically five - dimensional means of travel between planets . He is also the father of Meg , Sandy , Dennys and Charles Wallace . He has been missing for some time as the novel opens . Not even his government colleagues know where he is . He is usually referred to as Mr. Murry . His first name is revealed in the fifth and last Time novel An Acceptable Time . In the television adaptation of A Wrinkle in Time , he is renamed Jack . He first appears in a flashback in Chapter One . Dr. Katherine `` Kate '' Murry ( edit ) Meg 's mother is a microbiologist , wife of Dr. Alexander Murry , and mother of the four Murry children . She is considered beautiful by the Murry children and others , having `` flaming red hair '' and violet eyes . Her physical attractiveness , academic and scientific accomplishments give Meg a bit of an inferiority complex . She is introduced in Chapter One , and usually referred to as Mrs. Murry . As in her husband 's case , her first name is given in the subsequently published An Acceptable Time . The television version of her character is renamed Dana . Sandy Murry ( edit ) Sandy and his twin brother Dennys are the middle children in the Murry family , older than Charles Wallace but younger than Meg . They are 10 years old at the time of this book . Sandy is named after his father , Dr. Alex Murry . Although they are certainly intelligent , Sandy and his twin are considered the `` normal '' children in the family : B students , good at sports , and well able to fit in with their peers . Of the twins , Sandy is generally the leader , and the more pragmatic of the two . He and Dennys first appear in Chapter One . Dennys Murry ( edit ) Dennys is the twin of Sandy Murry .", "12": "Dennys and his twin are usually inseparable , with Dennys generally following Sandy 's lead . However , Dennys is slightly less skeptical than his brother about the strange theories and even stranger adventures of Meg and Charles Wallace . ( Note : The name Dennys is a shortened version of `` Dionysus '' , which is the name of a Greek god , but is pronounced the same way as the more common spelling `` Dennis . '' ) Mrs buncombe ( edit ) The wife of the constable in Meg 's hometown , who has twelve bed - sheets stolen from her at the beginning of the novel . Mr. Jenkins ( edit ) Mr. Jenkins is Meg 's cold and unfeeling high - school principal who calls her `` belligerent and uncooperative '' and implies that her family is in denial about Mr. Murry 's true whereabouts . Supporting alien characters ( edit ) The Happy Medium lives in a cavern on a planet in Orion 's Belt . Human in appearance , she is described as wearing a satin gown and a silk turban , and uses a crystal ball to look at distant places and people . Her title comes from the character 's jolly temperament , and her preference for looking at happy things . She helps Meg , Calvin , and Charles Wallace see The Black Thing through the crystal ball and understand what they are fighting against . She is introduced in chapter five . ( The name `` Happy Medium '' is a pun alluding to the common expression for reaching an acceptable compromise : `` to find a happy medium . '' ) Aunt Beast is a character who takes care of Meg and befriends her on the planet Ixchel after Meg is `` frozen '' by the Black Thing . Introduced in chapter ten , the character has four arms , no eyes , and numerous long , waving tentacles instead of fingers . Tall , gray in color , sightless and telepathic , Aunt Beast has a motherly , nurturing attitude toward Meg . The name Aunt Beast is one that Meg and the alien come up with together , based on the character 's perusal of Meg 's mind . The character 's actual name , if any , is not given .", "13": "Locations ( edit ) Main article : Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Early scenes in the novel take place in and around an unnamed village , later established in An Acceptable Time as being in Connecticut . The nearly 200 - year - old Murry farmhouse has parallels in the Austin family series of books and in L'Engle's own Connecticut home , Crosswicks . When Meg , Calvin and Charles Wallace travel to other planets , the ones whose names are given include the following : Camazotz -- A planet of extreme , enforced conformity , ruled by a disembodied brain called IT . Camazotz is similar to Earth , with familiar trees such as birches , pines , and maples , an ordinary hill on which the children arrive , and a town with smokestacks , which `` might have been one of any number of familiar towns '' . The horror of the place arises from its ordinary appearance , endlessly duplicated . Thus , the houses are `` all exactly alike , small square boxes painted gray '' ; this characterization has been compared with `` the burgeoning American suburbia '' such as the post-war housing developments of Levittown , Pennsylvania . The people who live in the houses are similarly described , with `` mother figures '' who `` all gave the appearance of being the same '' . Camazotz has also been compared with `` an early sixties American image of life in a Communist state '' , a characterization partially dismissed as too glib . The name Camazotz refers to a Mayan bat god , one of L'Engle's many mythological allusions in her nomenclature . It is also stated that Camazotz is a planet that has `` given in '' to the Black Thing , implying that it was not always the dystopian place that it is at present ... Ixchel -- A planet of muted colors , inhabited by tall , sightless creatures with tentacles . It orbits the same sun as Camazotz . The name Ixchel refers to a Mayan jaguar goddess of medicine . Uriel -- A planet with extremely tall mountains , an allusion to the Archangel Uriel . It is inhabited by creatures that resemble winged centaurs .", "14": "It is `` the third planet of the Star Malak ( meaning ' angel ' in Hebrew ) in the spiral nebula Messier 101 '' , which would place it at roughly 25 million light - years from Earth . The site of Mrs Whatsit 's temporary transformation into one of these winged creatures , it is the place where `` the guardian angels '' ( i.e. the Mrs Ws , who are explicitly referred to as such by Calvin later in the book ) `` show the questers a vision of the universe that is obscured on earth . '' They also stop briefly on an unnamed two - dimensional planet and on an unnamed planet in Orion 's belt , the latter of which is the home of the Happy Medium . Adaptations ( edit ) Audio books ( edit ) In 1994 , Listening Library released an unabridged , 4 - cassette audio edition read by the author . On January 10 , 2012 , Audible released a 50th anniversary edition recorded by Hope Davis . From left : David Dorfman as Charles Wallace Murry , Katie Stuart as Meg Murry , and Gregory Smith as Calvin O'Keefe on the planet Uriel Film adaptations ( edit ) Further information : A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) and A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) In 2003 , a television adaptation of the novel was made by a collaboration of Canadian production companies , to be distributed in America by Disney . The movie was directed by John Kent Harrison , with a teleplay by Susan Shilliday . It cast Katie Stuart as Meg Murry , Alfre Woodard as Mrs. Whatsit , Alison Elliott as Mrs. Who , and Kate Nelligan as Mrs. Which . In an interview with Newsweek , when L'Engle was asked if the film `` met her expectations '' , she said , `` Yes , I expected it to be bad , and it is . '' A theatrical feature film adaptation of the novel by Walt Disney Pictures , was released in 2018 . The film is directed by Ava DuVernay and stars Oprah Winfrey , Reese Witherspoon , Mindy Kaling , Chris Pine , Gugu Mbatha - Raw , Storm Reid , Michael Peña , and Zach Galifianakis .", "15": "Play ( edit ) An adaptation by James Sie premiered at the Lifeline Theatre in Chicago in 1990 , and returned to the stage in 1998 and 2017 . John Glore adapted the novel as a play that premiered in 2010 . It was written for six actors playing 12 parts . One actor plays Mrs Whatsit , the Man with Red Eyes , and Camazotz Man . Dr. Kate Murry , Mrs Who , Camazotz Woman , and Aunt Beast also share one performer . The stage adaptation premiered in Costa Mesa , California , with productions in Bethesda , Maryland ; Cincinnati ; Philadelphia ; Orlando ; Portland , Oregon ; and other cities . An adaptation by Tracy Young premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in April 2014 , as well as at colleges and theaters around the U.S. Opera ( edit ) In 1992 , OperaDelaware ( known for frequently adapting children 's books ) staged an opera based on A Wrinkle in Time written by Libby Larsen with a libretto by Walter Green . The review in Philly.com stated `` The composer does not place arias and set pieces , but conversational ensembles with spoken dialogue that made the young daughter 's climactic but concise song about familial love all the more imposing . '' Graphic novel ( edit ) In 2010 , Hope Larson announced that she was writing and illustrating the official graphic novel version of the book . This version was published by Farrar , Straus & Giroux in October 2012 . References in popular Culture ( edit ) The television show Lost featured appearances of the book : it is one of the novels Sawyer reads on the Island , and it is seen on his dresser . Further reading ( edit ) Other books in the series ( edit ) L'Engle wrote four other books featuring this generation of the Murry family , collectively known as the Time Quintet .", "16": "A Wind in the Door ( 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 38443 - 6 A Swiftly Tilting Planet ( 1978 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 37362 - 0 Many Waters ( 1986 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 34796 - 4 An Acceptable Time ( 1989 ) ISBN 0 - 374 - 30027 - 5 Jean C. Fulton remarks that the books are not `` intended to be read consecutively , these books , though integrated , are independent . '' Although Many Waters was published approximately eight years after A Swiftly Tilting Planet , it takes place several years earlier , when Sandy and Dennys are in high school and Meg is in college . Four further novels have been published that feature Meg and Calvin 's children , especially Polly O'Keefe . The most recent of these , An Acceptable Time , features Meg 's parents , and is marketed with the four Murry books as part of the Time Quintet ; Sandy Murry appears prominently in A House Like a Lotus , which features Polly O'Keefe . Nearly every novel by Madeleine L'Engle connects to the Murry - O'Keefe series either directly or indirectly with appearances by recurring characters . See also : List of L'Engle's works and Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle for further detail . Concerning A Wrinkle in Time ( edit ) Scholastic BookFiles : A Reading Guide to A Wrinkle in Time ISBN 0 - 439 - 46364 - 5 Chase , Carole F. Suncatcher : A Study of Madeleine L'Engle and Her Writing , p. 170 . Innisfree Press , 1998 , ISBN 1 - 880913 - 31 - 3 See also ( edit ) Tunnel Through Time Wormhole Children 's literature portal Speculative fiction portal Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The biennial , international Hans Christian Andersen Award for children 's writing was inaugurated in 1956 , recognizing a single book published during the preceding two years . Since the first three renditions -- that is , from 1962 -- it has recognized a living author for a lasting contribution , considering his or her complete works .", "17": "Nevertheless , a `` Runner - Up List '' with single book titles was published from 1960 to 1964 . ( Pages 15 -- 16 . This source does not identify those runners - up or report their number . ) Glistrup , Eva ( 2002 ) . `` Half a Century of the Hans Christian Andersen Awards '' . The Hans Christian Andersen Awards , 1956 -- 2002 . International Board on Books for Young People . Gyldendal. 2002 . Pages 14 -- 21 . Hosted by Austrian Literature Online ( literature.at ) . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` A wrinkle in time '' . LC Online Catalog . Library of Congress ( lccn.loc.gov ) . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : L'Unji , Madeleine ( 2007 ) . `` Go Fish : Questions for the Author '' , A Wrinkle in Time . New York : Square fish . p. 236 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 36754 - 6 . Jump up ^ Chase , Carole F. ( 1998 ) . Suncatcher : A Study of Madeleine L'Engle And Her Writing . Philadelphia : Innisfree Press , Inc. p. 170 . ISBN 1 - 880913 - 31 - 3 . Jump up ^ L'Engle , Madeleine ( 1987 ) . A Wrinkle in Time , 25th Anniversary Collectors ' Edition ( Limited ed . ) . ikNew York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux . pp. viii -- ix . Jump up ^ L'Engle , Madeleine . A Circle of Quiet . ISBN 0 - 374 - 12374 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : L'Engle , Madeleine ( 1972 ) . A Circle of Quiet . New York : Farrar , Straus & Giroux . pp. 5 -- 6 , 21 , 66 , 217 -- 218 . ISBN 0 - 374 - 12374 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Fulton , Jean C.", "18": "( 2002 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time '' . In Fiona Kelleghan . Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. 2 . Pasadena , Calif. : Salem Press . p. 596 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 . Madeleine L'Engle's view of the universe was changed by the work of such well - known physicists as Albert Einstein and Max Planck . She expressed her new perspective in A Wrinkle in Time ... Jump up ^ L'Engle , Madeleine ( 2004 ) . `` A Special Message from Madeleine L'Engle '' . Teachers @ Random : A Wrinkle in Time . Random House , Inc . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Time to Read A Wrinkle in Time '' . Square Fish Books . 2007 . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2007 . Retrieved March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( November 30 , 2008 ) . `` Repaired After Fire , Cathedral Reopens '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Hettinga , Donald ( 1998 ) , `` A Wrinkle in Faith : The unique spiritual pilgrimage of Madeleine L'Engle '' , Books & culture : a Christian review , Christianity today ^ Jump up to : Hettinga , p. 26 Jump up ^ Fulton , Jean C ( 2002 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time '' . In Kelleghan , Fiona . Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. 2 . Pasadena , CA : Salem Press . pp. 597 -- 98 . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 26 , 2012 ... the importance of both individual initiative and family interaction is a thematic thread . L'Engle made both the Murry adults highly talented , both intellectually and scientifically . This was atypical of fiction published in the 1950s , when the book was written . Female characters rarely were featured as intellectuals or scientists .", "19": "L'Engle has been praised for this departure as well as for her creation of strong female characters . Critics even suggested that in making Meg the protagonist in A Wrinkle in Time , L'Engle opened the door for the many female protagonists who have appeared in more recent fantasy and science fiction . Jump up ^ `` A wrinkle in time excerpt '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Maloney , Jennifer ( April 16 , 2015 ) . `` A New ' Wrinkle in Time ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` A WRINKLE IN TIME by Madeleine L'Engle '' . Kirkus Reviews . March 1 , 1962 . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990 -- 2000 '' . Banned Books Week . American Library Association . 2007 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2007 . Retrieved April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Matheson , Whitney ( September 29 , 2004 ) . `` Some of the best books in life are ... banned ? '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Why Were These Books Banned ? '' . Library -- Faculty Services . Val A. Browning Library , Dixie State College of Utah . 2001 . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Wrinkle In Time '' . banned books project . Solonor.com . September 21 , 2003 . Retrieved April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Fisher , Douglas ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Interactive Read - Alouds : Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices ? '' ( PDF ) . The Reading Teacher. 58 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 17 . doi : 10.1598 / RT. 58.1. 1 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 7 , 2013 . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 .", "20": "Jump up ^ National Education Association ( 2007 ) . `` Teachers ' Top 100 Books for Children '' . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bird , Elizabeth ( July 7 , 2012 ) . `` Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results '' . School Library Journal `` A Fuse # 8 Production '' blog . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Brogan , Jacob ( 29 July 2016 ) . `` The Book Chelsea Clinton Touted as Her Childhood Favorite Is Now Outselling Trump 's Art of the Deal '' . Slate . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Madeleine L'Engle ( 2013 - 09 - 30 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time : Characters '' . SparkNotes . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Hettinga , Donald R. ( 1993 ) . Presenting Madeleine L'Engle . New York : Twayne Publishers . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 8222 - 2 . Jump up ^ Blackburn , William ( 1985 ) . `` Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time : Seeking the Original Face '' . Touchstones : Reflections on the Best in Children 's Literature. 1 : 125 . ; cited in Hettinga , pp. 27 . ^ Jump up to : Stott , Jon ( Fall 1977 ) . `` Midsummer Night 's Dreams : Fantasy and Self - Realization in Children 's Fiction '' . The Lion and the Unicorn. 1 ( 2 ) : 25 -- 39 . doi : 10.1353 / uni. 0.0401 . ; cited in Hettinga , pp. 27 , 30 . Jump up ^ L'Engle , Madeleine ( 1994 ) . A Wrinkle in Time ( Audiobook ed . ) . Listening Library . ISBN 0 - 8072 - 7587 - 5 . Jump up ^ L'Engle , Madeleine . A Wrinkle in Time . Davis , Hope ( Narrator ) ( Audible ed . )", "21": ". ASIN B006LPK3WS . Jump up ^ Henneberger , Melinda ( May 7 , 2003 ) . `` ' I Dare You ' : Madeleine L'Engle on God , ' The Da Vinci Code ' and aging well '' . Newsweek . MSNBC . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Zach Galifianakis , Andre Holland , and ' Pan ' Star Levi Miller Join ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gettell , Oliver ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` A Wrinkle in Time adds Zach Galifianakis , André Holland , Rowan Blanchard '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Bommer , Lawrence . `` A Wrinkle in Time '' . Chicago Reader . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 18 . Jump up ^ Carpenter , Susan ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Wrinkle in Time ' takes leap to South Coast Rep stage '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wren , Celia ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` A ' Wrinkle ' wrought smoothly for the stage '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Plays : A Wrinkle in Time '' . Chicago Reader. 2014 . Jump up ^ Webster , Daniel ( March 30 , 1992 ) . `` ' Wrinkle In Time ' At Playhouse , Premiered By Operadelaware '' . Philly.com . Retrieved April 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libby Larsen - Opera '' . libbylarsen.com . Jump up ^ `` A first look at Hope Larson 's A Wrinkle in Time '' . Comic Book Resources . 2010 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2010 . Retrieved September 10 , 2010 .", "22": "Jump up ^ Arrant , Chris ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) . `` Hope Larson talks comics Robot 6 The Comics Culture Blog '' . Robot6.comicbookresources.com . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen & Kelly , Liz ( December 19 , 2007 ) . `` Lost Book Club : ' A Wrinkle in Time ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved July 3 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Madeleine L'Engle ( madeleinelengle.com ) A Wrinkle in Time reviewed at The Open Critic A Wrinkle in Time title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database A Wrinkle in Time ( TV ) ( mini ) on IMDb Official book site for the May 2007 release . Awards Preceded by The Bronze Bow Newbery Medal recipient 1963 Succeeded by It 's Like This ,", "23": "Cat ( hide ) Madeleine L'Engle Time Quintet A Wrinkle in Time A Wind in the Door Many Waters A Swiftly Tilting Planet An Acceptable Time Polly O'Keefe series The Arm of the Starfish Dragons in the Waters A House Like a Lotus An Acceptable Time Austin family series The Twenty - four Days Before Christmas A Full House : An Austin Family Christmas The Anti-Muffins Meet the Austins The Moon by Night The Young Unicorns A Ring of Endless Light Troubling a Star Katherine Forrester series The Small Rain A Severed Wasp Camilla Dickinson series Camilla Dickinson A Live Coal in the Sea Other fiction Ilsa And Both Were Young The Other Side of the Sun Certain Women A Winter 's Love The Joys of Love Characters Major characters in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Meg Murry Charles Wallace Murry Calvin O'Keefe Sandy and Dennys Murry Polly O'Keefe Vicky Austin Canon Tallis Adam Eddington Zachary Gray Other Places in the works of Madeleine L'Engle Echthroi Kything Hugh Franklin A Wrinkle in Time ( 2003 film ) A Ring of Endless Light ( film ) A Wrinkle in Time ( 2018 film ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Wrinkle_in_Time&oldid=838056431 '' Categories : 1962 American novels Time Quintet American fantasy novels adapted into films Novels by Madeleine L'Engle Newbery Medal - winning works Science fantasy novels Young adult fantasy novels Children 's fantasy novels Children 's science fiction novels Christian science fiction Space exploration novels 1962 science fiction novels 1962 fantasy novels Books with cover art by Leo and Diane Dillon Farrar ,", "24": "Straus and Giroux books Wormholes in fiction Novels set on fictional planets Time travel novels 1962 children 's books Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from April 2012 Pages to import images to Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Română Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 17 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ 13, 3, 4, 24, 5, 17 ]

[ "Support for and the elevation of leaves, flowers and fruits", "Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem", "Storage of nutrients", "Production of new living tissue" ]

{ "0": "Plant stem - wikipedia Plant stem Jump to : navigation , search Stem showing internode and nodes plus leaf petioles This above - ground stem of Polygonatum has lost its leaves , but is producing adventitious roots from the nodes . This article is about the stem part of a plant . For the use of stem node in phylogenetics and cladistics , see Phylogenetic nomenclature . A stem is one of two main structural axes of a vascular plant , the other being the root . The stem is normally divided into nodes and internodes : The nodes hold one or more leaves , as well as buds which can grow into branches ( with leaves , conifer cones , or inflorescences ( flowers ) ) . Adventitious roots may also be produced from the nodes . The internodes distance one node from another . The term `` shoots '' is often confused with `` stems '' ; `` shoots '' generally refers to new fresh plant growth including both stems and other structures like leaves or flowers . In most plants stems are located above the soil surface but some plants have underground stems . Stems have four main functions which are : Support for and the elevation of leaves , flowers and fruits . The stems keep the leaves in the light and provide a place for the plant to keep its flowers and fruits . Transport of fluids between the roots and the shoots in the xylem and phloem Storage of nutrients Production of new living tissue . The normal lifespan of plant cells is one to three years . Stems have cells called meristems that annually generate new living tissue . Contents ( hide ) 1 Specialized terms 2 Stem structure 2.1 Dicot stems 2.2 Monocot stems 2.3 Gymnosperm stems 2.4 Fern stems 3 Relation to xenobiotics 4 Economic importance 5 References 6 Further reading Specialized terms ( edit ) Stems are often specialized for storage , asexual reproduction , protection or photosynthesis , including the following : Acaulescent -- used to describe stems in plants that appear to be stemless . Actually these stems are just extremely short , the leaves appearing to rise directly out of the ground , e.g. some Viola species .", "1": "Arborescent -- tree like with woody stems normally with a single trunk . Branched -- aerial stems are described as being branched or unbranched Bud -- an embryonic shoot with immature stem tip . Bulb -- a short vertical underground stem with fleshy storage leaves attached , e.g. onion , daffodil , tulip . Bulbs often function in reproduction by splitting to form new bulbs or producing small new bulbs termed bulblets . Bulbs are a combination of stem and leaves so may better be considered as leaves because the leaves make up the greater part . Caespitose -- when stems grow in a tangled mass or clump or in low growing mats . Cladode ( including phylloclade ) -- a flattened stem that appears more - or-less leaf like and is specialized for photosynthesis , e.g. cactus pads . Climbing -- stems that cling or wrap around other plants or structures . Corm -- a short enlarged underground , storage stem , e.g. taro , crocus , gladiolus . Decumbent stem in Cucurbita maxima . Decumbent -- stems that lie flat on the ground and turn upwards at the ends . Fruticose -- stems that grow shrublike with woody like habit . Herbaceous -- non woody , they die at the end of the growing season . Pedicel -- stems that serve as the stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence or infrutescence . Peduncle -- a stem that supports an inflorescence Prickle -- a sharpened extension of the stem 's outer layers , e.g. roses . Pseudostem -- a false stem made of the rolled bases of leaves , which may be 2 or 3 m tall as in banana Rhizome -- a horizontal underground stem that functions mainly in reproduction but also in storage , e.g. most ferns , iris Runner ( plant part ) -- a type of stolon , horizontally growing on top of the ground and rooting at the nodes , aids in reproduction . e.g. garden strawberry , Chlorophytum comosum . Scape -- a stem that holds flowers that comes out of the ground and has no normal leaves .", "2": "Hosta , Lily , Iris , Garlic . Stolon -- a horizontal stem that produces rooted plantlets at its nodes and ends , forming near the surface of the ground . Thorn -- a modified stem with a sharpened point . Tuber -- a swollen , underground storage stem adapted for storage and reproduction , e.g. potato . Woody -- hard textured stems with secondary xylem . Stem structure ( edit ) Flax stem cross-section , showing locations of underlying tissues . Ep = epidermis ; C = cortex ; BF = bast fibres ; P = phloem ; X = xylem ; Pi = pith See also : Stele ( biology ) Stem usually consist of three tissues , dermal tissue , ground tissue and vascular tissue . The dermal tissue covers the outer surface of the stem and usually functions to waterproof , protect and control gas exchange . The ground tissue usually consists mainly of parenchyma cells and fills in around the vascular tissue . It sometimes functions in photosynthesis . Vascular tissue provides long distance transport and structural support . Most or all ground tissue may be lost in woody stems . The dermal tissue of aquatic plants stems may lack the waterproofing found in aerial stems . The arrangement of the vascular tissues varies widely among plant species . Dicot stems ( edit ) Dicot stems with primary growth have pith in the center , with vascular bundles forming a distinct ring visible when the stem is viewed in cross section . The outside of the stem is covered with an epidermis , which is covered by a waterproof cuticle . The epidermis also may contain stomata for gas exchange and multicellular stem hairs called trichomes . A cortex consisting of hypodermis ( collenchyma cells ) and endodermis ( starch containing cells ) is present above the pericycle and vascular bundles . Woody dicots and many nonwoody dicots have secondary growth originating from their lateral or secondary meristems : the vascular cambium and the cork cambium or phellogen . The vascular cambium forms between the xylem and phloem in the vascular bundles and connects to form a continuous cylinder . The vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem to the inside and secondary phloem to the outside .", "3": "As the stem increases in diameter due to production of secondary xylem and secondary phloem , the cortex and epidermis are eventually destroyed . Before the cortex is destroyed , a cork cambium develops there . The cork cambium divides to produce waterproof cork cells externally and sometimes phelloderm cells internally . Those three tissues form the periderm , which replaces the epidermis in function . Areas of loosely packed cells in the periderm that function in gas exchange are called lenticels . Secondary xylem is commercially important as wood . The seasonal variation in growth from the vascular cambium is what creates yearly tree rings in temperate climates . Tree rings are the basis of dendrochronology , which dates wooden objects and associated artifacts . Dendroclimatology is the use of tree rings as a record of past climates . The aerial stem of an adult tree is called a trunk . The dead , usually darker inner wood of a large diameter trunk is termed the heartwood and is the result of tylosis . The outer , living wood is termed the sapwood . Monocot stems ( edit ) Stems of two Roystonea regia palms showing characteristic bulge , leaf scars and fibrous roots , Kolkata , India Vascular bundles are present throughout the monocot stem , although concentrated towards the outside . This differs from the dicot stem that has a ring of vascular bundles and often none in the center . The shoot apex in monocot stems is more elongated . Leaf sheathes grow up around it , protecting it . This is true to some extent of almost all monocots . Monocots rarely produce secondary growth and are therefore seldom woody , with Palms and Bamboo being notable exceptions . However , many monocot stems increase in diameter via anomalous secondary growth . Gymnosperm stems ( edit ) The trunk of this redwood tree is its stem . Tasmanian tree fern All gymnosperms are woody plants . Their stems are similar in structure to woody dicots except that most gymnosperms produce only tracheids in their xylem , not the vessels found in dicots . Gymnosperm wood also often contains resin ducts . Woody dicots are called hardwoods , e.g. oak , maple and walnut .", "4": "In contrast , softwoods are gymnosperms , such as pine , spruce and fir . Fern stems ( edit ) Most ferns have rhizomes with no vertical stem . The exception is tree ferns , with vertical stems up to about 20 metres . The stem anatomy of ferns is more complicated than that of dicots because fern stems often have one or more leaf gaps in cross section . A leaf gap is where the vascular tissue branches off to a frond . In cross section , the vascular tissue does not form a complete cylinder where a leaf gap occurs . Fern stems may have solenosteles or dictyosteles or variations of them . Many fern stems have phloem tissue on both sides of the xylem in cross-section . Relation to xenobiotics ( edit ) Foreign chemicals such as air pollutants , herbicides and pesticides can damage stem structures . Economic importance ( edit ) White and green asparagus -- crispy stems are the edible parts of this vegetable There are thousands of species whose stems have economic uses . Stems provide a few major staple crops such as potato and taro . Sugarcane stems are a major source of sugar . Maple sugar is obtained from trunks of maple trees . Vegetables from stems are asparagus , bamboo shoots , cactus pads or nopalitos , kohlrabi , and water chestnut . The spice , cinnamon is bark from a tree trunk . Gum arabic is an important food additive obtained from the trunks of Acacia senegal trees . Chicle , the main ingredient in chewing gum , is obtained from trunks of the chicle tree . Medicines obtained from stems include quinine from the bark of cinchona trees , camphor distilled from wood of a tree in the same genus that provides cinnamon , and the muscle relaxant curare from the bark of tropical vines . Wood is used in thousands of ways , e.g. buildings , furniture , boats , airplanes , wagons , car parts , musical instruments , sports equipment , railroad ties , utility poles , fence posts , pilings , toothpicks , matches , plywood , coffins , shingles , barrel staves , toys , tool handles , picture frames , veneer , charcoal and firewood .", "5": "Wood pulp is widely used to make paper , paperboard , cellulose sponges , cellophane and some important plastics and textiles , such as cellulose acetate and rayon . Bamboo stems also have hundreds of uses , including paper , buildings , furniture , boats , musical instruments , fishing poles , water pipes , plant stakes , and scaffolding . Trunks of palm trees and tree ferns are often used for building . Stems of Reed are an important building material for use in thatching in some areas . Tannins used for tanning leather are obtained from the wood of certain trees , such as quebracho . Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork oak . Rubber is obtained from the trunks of Hevea brasiliensis . Rattan , used for furniture and baskets , is made from the stems of tropical vining palms . Bast fibers for textiles and rope are obtained from stems include flax , hemp , jute and ramie . The earliest paper was obtained from the stems of papyrus by the ancient Egyptians . Amber is fossilized sap from tree trunks ; it is used for jewelry and may contain ancient animals . Resins from conifer wood are used to produce turpentine and rosin . Tree bark is often used as a mulch and in growing media for container plants . It also can become the natural habitat of lichens . Some ornamental plants are grown mainly for their attractive stems , e.g. : White bark of paper birch Twisted branches of corkscrew willow and Harry Lauder 's walking stick ( Corylus avellana ' Contorta ' ) Red , peeling bark of paperbark maple References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Raven , Peter H. , Ray Franklin Evert , and Helena Curtis . 1981 . Biology of plants . New York , N.Y. : Worth Publishers. ISBN 0 - 87901 - 132 - 7 Jump up ^ Goebel , K.E.v. ( 1969 ) ( 1905 ) . Organography of plants , especially of the Archegoniatae and Spermaphyta . New York : Hofner publishing company . Jump up ^ C. Michael Hogan . 2010 . Abiotic factor .", "6": "Encyclopedia of Earth . eds Emily Monosson and C. Cleveland . National Council for Science and the Environment . Washington DC Further reading ( edit ) Speck , T. ; Burgert , I. ( 2011 ) . `` Plant Stems : Functional Design and Mechanics '' . Annual Review of Materials Research . 41 : 169 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev - matsci - 062910 - 100425 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Plant stem . 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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[ "Paracelsus", "Paracelsus", "Paracelsus", "credited to Paracelsus", "Paracelsus" ]

{ "0": "The dose makes the poison - wikipedia The dose makes the poison Jump to : navigation , search For the book , see The Dose Makes the Poison . Alle Dinge sind Gift , und nichts ist ohne Gift , allein die Dosis macht dass ein Ding kein Gift ist . All things are poison , and nothing is without poison , the dosage alone makes it so a thing is not a poison . -- Paracelsus `` The dose makes the poison '' ( Latin : sola dosis facit venenum ) is an adage intended to indicate a basic principle of toxicology . It is credited to Paracelsus who expressed the classic toxicology maxim `` All things are poison and nothing is without poison ; only the dose makes a thing not a poison . '' This is often condensed to : `` The dose makes the poison '' or in Latin , `` Sola dosis facit venenum '' . It means that a substance can produce the harmful effect associated with its toxic properties only if it reaches a susceptible biological system within the body in a high enough concentration ( i.e. , dose ) . The principle relies on the finding that all chemicals -- even water and oxygen -- can be toxic if too much is eaten , drunk , or absorbed . `` The toxicity of any particular chemical depends on many factors , including the extent to which it enters an individual 's body . '' This finding provides also the basis for public health standards , which specify maximum acceptable concentrations of various contaminants in food , public drinking water , and the environment . However , there is no linear relationship and also more to chemical toxicity than the acute effects caused by short - term exposure . Relatively low doses of contaminants in water , food , and environment can already have significant chronic effects if there is a long - term exposure . Many pollutants , drugs , and natural substances adhere to this principle by causing different effects at different levels , which can as a result lead to health standards that are either too strong or too weak . Generally the effects of different doses can be very different at different levels ( not only bigger and smaller impacts depending on dose ) . Very low doses of some compounds can even induce stronger toxic responses than much higher doses as well as just different impacts .", "1": "Toxic substances and the law ( edit ) `` Regulators must extrapolate results not only from animal toxicity studies , typically from mice and / or rats to humans , but also from the very high doses usually used in animal experiments to the very low doses that are characteristic of human exposure . These two types of extrapolation are steeped in uncertainty , '' wrote Edward J. Calabrese , Professor of Toxicology at the University of Massachusetts Amherst ' School of Public Health in Amherst , MA . See also ( edit ) Hormesis Dose concentration Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Die dritte Defension wegen des Schreibens der neuen Rezepte , '' Septem Defensiones 1538 . Werke Bd. 2 , Darmstadt 1965 , p. 510 ( full text ) Jump up ^ The Dose Makes the Poison on Chemsafe at Yale Archived 2011 - 02 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Nancy Trautmann : The Dose Makes the Poison -- Or Does It ? , Bioscience 2005 , American Institute of Biological Sciences Jump up ^ Pete Myers , Ph. D. and Wendy Hessle , `` Does ' the dose make the poison ? ' '' , ourstolenfuture.org Jump up ^ Hormesis : a revolution in toxicology , risk assessment and medicine EMBO Rep. 2004 October ; 5 ( Suppl 1 ) : pp. 37 -- 40 . doi : 10.1038 / sj. embor. 7400222 .", "2": "Toxicology History of poison Toxinology Fields Aquatic toxicology Ecotoxicology Occupational toxicology Entomotoxicology Environmental toxicology Forensic toxicology Medical toxicology In vitro toxicology Toxicogenomics Concepts Acceptable daily intake Acute toxicity Bioaccumulation Biomagnification Fixed - dose procedure Lethal dose Poison Toxic capacity Toxicant Toxin Toxicity class Venom Treatments Activated carbon Antidote Cathartic Chelation therapy Gastric lavage Hemodialysis Hemoperfusion Whole bowel irrigation Incidents 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning 2007 pet food recalls Bhopal disaster Minamata disease Niigata Minamata disease Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko Seveso disaster Consumption of Tide Pods List of poisonings Related topics Biological warfare Carcinogen Food safety Hazard symbol List of extremely hazardous substances Mutagen Occupational safety and health Commons WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_dose_makes_the_poison&oldid=837465672 '' Categories : Toxicology Paracelsus Phrases Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Latin - language text Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 21 April 2018 , at 00 : 37 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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