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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4304 | Beyond Glitter and Doom
New Perspectives of the Weimar Republic
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Beyond Glitter and Doom: New Perspectives of the Weimar Republic
An international conference at the Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies, School of Advanced Study, University of London
Thursday, 30 September – Friday, 1 October 2010
Co-Ordinators: Jochen Hung (IGRS, London), Katherine Tubb (Glasgow)
and Godela Weiss-Sussex (IGRS, London)
The Weimar Republic has received more attention in popular culture and academic research than almost any other phase in German history. But despite the plethora of books, films, exhibitions, and articles on the period, its prevailing image remains, in the Anglo-American world especially, surprisingly simplistic. It is often viewed as an era of accelerated socio-cultural progress on the one hand and extreme politico-economic unrest on the other.
This dichotomy has been central to almost every major treatment of the Weimar Republic since its implosion in 1933. Christopher Isherwood’s 1939 novel Goodbye to Berlin, with its flighty flappers, fey gents and Nazi thugs, set the tone, its subsequent adaptations for musical theatre and film cementing the place this stock cast held in the popular imagination over the following decades. Many historians too consider a politico-cultural divergence as ‘typical’ of (Kolb, 1988), even ‘integral’ to (Peukert, 1992), the Weimar period. Over forty years ago, however, Hermand and Trommler pointed out that such dichotomous interpretations were frequently driven by contemporary agendas – social, historical, and political. During the Cold War, for instance, western scholars turned the Bauhaus into an emblem of artistic freedom by conflating its aesthetic modernity with liberal democracy.
The Berlin Wall fell twenty years ago, but current works on the Republic – often of good quality – still bear titles that encourage dichotomous analyses: Promise and Tragedy (Weitz, 2007), Glitter and Doom (Metropolitan Museum, 2006), Utopia and Despair (West, 2000). A reassessment of this important period in German history, without ulterior agendas, is now overdue. This conference will focus, therefore, on the experiences of the Weimar Republic’s contemporaries, rather than on the demands of its successors. It will provide a flexible forum where points of intersection and divergence between public and personal histories in all aspects of both the period itself and of its historiography can be examined, in order to begin the work of replacing those dichotomies that continue to mark the Republic’s reception to date with a more nuanced image of the era.
Keynote speakers: Moritz Foellmer (Leeds), Gustav Frank (Munich), Debbie Lewer (Glasgow), Anthony McElligott (Limerick), David Midgley (Cambridge).
German History Society
Under the auspices of
Institute of Germanic & Romance Studies
University of Glasgow – History of Art department
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4313 | You are here: Home> About Us> Faculty> Location
UNSW Arts & Social Sciences is situated in Kensington, in the Eastern Suburbs of Sydney. We are within easy reach of the city’s commercial and cultural centre (7kms) and even closer to Sydney’s best beaches, Bondi and Coogee. The campus is easily accessible by public transport from the CBD and nearby suburbs.
The Faculty acknowledges and pays respect to the Bedegal People that are the Traditional Custodians of the Land, of Elders past and present on whose ancestral land the UNSW campus is built.
The Faculty is housed in several buildings across the campus:
The Morven Brown Building on upper campus houses the School of Humanities and Languages, the School of Social Sciences, the Global Irish Studies Centre, the Refugee Research Centre, the Centre for Gender Related Violence Studies and the UNSW Confucius Institute. The Morven Brown building is also the location of the Faculty Student Centre, Dean’s Unit and Research Office. Upper campus (C20).
The John Goodsell Building houses our School of Education, the Social Policy Research Centre and the National Centre for HIV Social Research. Upper Campus (D15).
The Sir Robert Webster Building is home to the School of the Arts and Media, the Journalism and Media Research Centre and the Centre for Modernism Studies in Australia. Mid campus (G17)
Our purpose built performance studios, IO Myers and Studio 1, and the Creative Practice Lab, are located on lower campus. Lower Campus (D9).
Please visit the UNSW website for detailed maps of our campus.
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4323 | Steve Prosser, 60; Berklee ear training teacher inspired students, faculty - The Boston Globe
Steve Prosser, 60; led Berklee’s ear-training department
Steve Prosser taught his students at Berklee College of Music to sight-read and transcribe what they hear.
While hiking in the woods, Steve Prosser listened intently to the warbling songs of birds.An ear training professor at Berklee College of Music, he absorbed the intricate harmonies and transcribed them into musical compositions, a process his brother, Mark, said was remarkable to watch.
“It was almost like an orchestra conductor pointing to his musicians in the woods,” Mark said.Dr. Prosser, who along with teaching at Berklee was a studio vocalist, composer, jazz pianist, and lawyer, had undergone gall bladder surgery and died Oct. 10 in his home in the Back Bay, apparently of complications from a fall. He was 60.
“My teaching style is consciously Socratic rather than didactic,” he wrote for his Berklee faculty webpage. “I musically demonstrate the materials and techniques myself, in order to demonstrate mastery, and then ask the students pointedly related questions.”
Alongside his students, he wrote, “we come to an understanding of the methods of study, the meaning of the material, and the desired musical results. I choose this style because students need to understand the ‘why’ of the music — not just the ‘what.’ I also discover something new about music from every class of students.”His brother, who lives in Radford, Va., said Dr. Prosser was a master teacher who never acted as though he were better than his students.
“He wasn’t above his class,” Mark said. “He was with his class.”Hired to teach at Berklee upon graduating from the school in 1979, Dr. Prosser was an associate professor until 1992. From 1992 to 1998, he was assistant chairman of the ear training department, which teaches students to sight-read music and transcribe what they hear. From 1998 to 2008, Dr. Prosser was chairman of the department.He stayed on as a professor in the department until his death, and also led Berklee’s jazz choir from 1979 to 1990.In 1981, he met Kris Adams while she was a student at Berklee. Adams later became a professor at the school, and they married on Jan. 2, 1987. They divorced in 2006, and remained close friends.Adams, who lives in Holliston, cared for Dr. Prosser during his last few months. He was full of life, she said, and had a sharp wit.“He had a very big personality,” Adams said.Born in 1952, he grew up in Altoona, Pa. His father, William, served as mayor of Altoona, and his mother, Elizabeth, had been a nurse during World War II.His parents were young when they died, and Dr. Prosser turned to music to cope with the loss, his brother said.“Music was his thing that helped him survive a lot of this stress and pain,” Mark said. “He was gifted.”Mark said that when Dr. Prosser was about 5, he began playing the organ and other keyboards. He started playing drums in middle school and then joined a band in high school.After graduating from Altoona Area High School in 1970, Dr. Prosser toured the country before deciding to attend Berklee.Dr. Prosser also graduated from Suffolk University in 1989 with a master’s in educational administration. In 1992, he received a doctorate from Boston College in curriculum, instruction, and administration in higher education.He graduated from Suffolk University Law School in 1998 and was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar the following year.Paul Stiller, a Berklee professor who studied under Dr. Prosser in the late 1980s, said he thrived most when he was in class.A tough professor, Dr. Prosser could also use his sense of humor to keep his students on their toes “with a zinger in two seconds.”“He had a way of joking around with the class,” Stiller said, but treated all his students with respect and cared deeply about their success.“He wanted everybody to be excellent, he didn’t want you to be an A-minus,” Stiller said. “That wasn’t good enough.”Dr. Prosser also could be quirky, Stiller added, and would take his cat, Coda, for walks in a stroller.Services will be held in the spring for Dr. Prosser, who also wrote two books: “Essential Ear Training for Today’s Musician” and “Intervallic Ear Training for Musicians.”
He was a member of the Associated Grant Makers of Boston, which promotes effective and responsible philanthropy, and the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists, a performers’ union.Dr. Prosser hired 20 to 25 of the 35 people in the ear training department, Stiller said, and many of them knew him when they had attended Berklee as students.Stiller added that he was inspired to become a professor at Berklee by Dr. Prosser.“He was a mentor in a lot of ways,” Stiller said. “He’s someone you’d want to emulate.”In his Berklee biography, Mr. Prosser wrote that teaching was his passion because of the strong relationships he had with students and colleagues.“I have learned an important truth during my 30 years at Berklee: No thing or person can alter the passionate musical bond between our diverse student body and our tremendously talented faculty,” he wrote.Roberta Radley, the ear training department’s assistant chair, said Dr. Prosser was an extremely honest and passionate teacher who remains one of Berklee’s legendary figures.“He had kind of two sides to him,” she said. “He was extremely powerful and had strong opinions and was quite an intellectual leader here at the college, and definitely campaigned for quality in education.”Dr. Prosser
also “had quite the sense of humor, and if he were your friend, he would go to bat for you to the end.”Katherine Landergan can be reached at klandergan@globe.com. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4374 | 1997 Release: CIDR
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NIH and Johns Hopkins Establish a New Center to Study Genetic and Environmental Origins of Common Disorders January 1997 BETHESDA, Md. - In a creative government-university partnership, components of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) School of Medicine have established a new research center to analyze common disorders caused by the actions of multiple genes and interactions with the environment. The new Center for Inherited Disease Research (CIDR, pronounced SY-der) will give scientists a powerful new approach to understanding common but poorly understood modern-day disorders such as cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
Operating under a $21.8 million NIH contract over the next five years, CIDR is housed in a 14,000 square-foot facility at the Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center in Baltimore. Expected to be fully operational in the spring of 1997, the Center will employ a staff of about 25. CIDR represents a partnership among eight components of the National Institutes of Health, the federal government's largest biomedical research institution, and Hopkins, which is home to a world-renowned medical genetics program. The eight NIH participants are: the National Center for Human Genome Research (NHGRI), which serves as the lead component, the National Cancer Institute (NCI), the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHHD), the National Institute on Deafness and Communication Disorders (NIDCD), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), and the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS). The interest of so many of the NIH institutes in pursuing the genetic basis of today's most common and confounding diseases signals a significant transition in our approach to understanding disease and opens the door to exciting new strategies for treatments and prevention, says Harold Varmus, M.D., Director of NIH. "Hopkins' commitment to molecular medicine and gene research is reflected in and strengthened by this Center," said William R. Brody, M.D., Ph.D., president of Johns Hopkins University (JHU). So far, scientists have been quick to apply new gene-finding tools developed by the Human Genome Project (HGP) to uncover disease genes. These tools now make it possible for an investigator looking for a single gene to isolate it in a matter of months instead of years or even decades. And indeed, the number of single disease genes identified using these tools has increased dramatically over the past few years. Understanding the inheritance of single-gene disorders -- the so-called Mendelian disorders -- is relatively straightforward because their hereditary patterns were well established a century ago and are still reliable today. But most diseases of modern life -- cancer, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis and a host of neuro-psychiatric disorders -- seem to result from the activities of several genes and the interplay between a human body and its environment. The direct causes of these disorders have been hard to elucidate because they appear to be intertwined in complicated ways that have so far resisted the tools of modern science. Several genes seem to contribute to such disorders, but the effect of each gene is rather weak, making it much more difficult to understand why some members of a family develop chronic disorders while others do not. New technologies now give us the power to go after the genetic origins of ordinary diseases that are caused by multiple genes, says Robert Nussbaum, M.D., who came to NHGRI three years ago with the aim of developing a center for studying the genetics of complex disorders. As the CIDR mastermind, he will oversee the contract from the NIH side. David Valle, M.D., Hopkins professor of pediatrics, serves as acting director of CIDR while a search is underway to fill the post. CIDR will specialize in a technique known as genotyping -- sorting through the entire genetic complement, or genome, of disease-prone family members to search for not one, but many gene regions associated with that disease. A person's genotype refers to his or her own arrangement of the DNA letters, A, T, C or G, in a particular region of their genome and may be different from one person to the next. Differences in genotype may point scientists toward DNA regions that are involved in a disease. Whole-genome analysis allows researchers to find lots of possible disease-related changes in a person's DNA. Though focusing on genotyping, CIDR research will take place across five main components: 1) Statistical Genetics, which applies the power of statistics to the hereditary patterns of genes to determine modes of inheritance from parents to their children; 2) Genetic Epidemiology, which applies genetic analysis gathered from disease-prone families to the general population to determine if the genetic patterns of the research families hold in large, diverse populations; 3) Medical Informatics and Database Management, which uses computer programs to store, manipulate and analyze the research data; 4) Genotyping using state-of-the-art technology to rapidly scan whole genomes for multiple gene regions associated with a particular disorder; and 5) Technology Development, which continues to refine existing and generate new ways to perform high-capacity genotyping efficiently and cost effectively. Scientists estimate that determining the genotypes at 300 to 400 locations in DNA will give them dense enough sampling to identify places likely to contain disease genes. In studies of large groups, hundreds of thousands of genotypes must be performed to find all the regions that contain genes related to a particular disease. Under full capacity, CIDR researchers expect to analyze the genetics of six to nine complex disorders per year. CIDR will charge investigators funded by a participating NIH institute a reduced rate of $1.00 per genotype; investigators funded by non-participating sources will pay $3.50 per genotype. To use CIDR, scientists in academic labs, NIH, and industry will submit research proposals to a panel of scientists. The scientists will make recommendations to a CIDR governing board made up of directors of the NIH institutes that fund the center. Top of page Last Reviewed: September 2006 Get Email Updates Advancing human health through genomics research | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4384 | From Our CEO
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HarperCollins Christian Publishing, Inc. is a world leading Christian content provider. Our parent company, HarperCollins Publishers, is the second-largest consumer book publisher in the world and is a subsidiary of News Corp. Though the Company formed in 2012, its heritage dates back to the late eighteenth century. Thomas Nelson and Zondervan, two highly sought-after Christian inspirational brands, are the keystone publishing programs.
In 1798, Thomas Nelson founded his first publishing house in Edinburgh, Scotland, determined to make books, particularly Christian classics, affordable to the common man. In 1931, Pat and Bernie Zondervan began their publishing journey in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where they began buying and selling books and Bibles. HarperCollins Publishers acquired Zondervan Publishers in the 1980s and Thomas Nelson in 2012, integrating the two similar, yet uniquely different, publishing groups under one leadership. Today, the strength of these great names—Thomas Nelson and Zondervan—continue to represent the highest quality in Christian publishing, creating the Company’s foundation.
With more than 300 years of combined publishing expertise, HarperCollins Christian Publishing has proven its ability to produce internationally known, bestselling content specializing in Bibles, spiritual growth, memoir, apologetics, business, cookbooks, children’s books, biographical, reference, academic, study resources, church curriculum, commercial and literary fiction, historical, romance, suspense, app development and new media.
HarperCollins Christian Publishing also recognizes the importance of being at the forefront of innovation and technology, constantly creating unique experiences for its consumers. Currently the company operates two publisher-neutral websites that provide biblical resources for the everyday Bible reader, general congregant, theologian and the academy: BibleGateway.com and Olive Tree Bible Software. Bible Gateway, the world’s largest Christian website, offers free access to the Bible in more than 80 languages and 170 different translations. Olive Tree is also a direct-to-consumer website that offers unique Bible study software that appeals to church leaders, Christian educators, pastors, theologians, and the academy. Its “follow-along” study app pairs itself with users’ e-books to create an in-depth biblical study that pulls from a variety of published resources found in the Olive Tree e-store.
Using published content from Thomas Nelson and Zondervan, HarperCollins Christian Publishing has engaged in digital outreach through its original online communities: BookLook Bloggers, Church Source, FaithGateway and Study Gateway. Each has its own specific purpose within the Company and publishing industry. Offering a variety of robust experiences allows readers to connect with their authors, discover new content, and be part of the overall HarperCollins Christian Publishing mission to inspire the world by meeting the needs of people with content that promotes biblical principles and honors Jesus Christ.
From bestsellers that have sold more than 40 million copies to authors whose words have started Christian movements around the world, HarperCollins Christian Publishing is committed to providing content for readers in any format and truly inspiring the world for a greater purpose.
Headquartered in Nashville, TN, HarperCollins Christian Publishing has additional offices in Grand Rapids, MI; Spokane, WA; Mexico City; Mexico; and Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
About HarperCollins Christian Publishing, Inc. is a world leading Christian content provider. With nearly three-hundred years of publishing expertise, the company produces bestselling Bibles, inspirational books, academic resources, and curriculum in both traditional and digital formats. Its two foundational publishing groups, Thomas Nelson and Zondervan, house the works of the world’s most renowned Christian leaders. The company is home to Olive Tree Bible Software, an innovative biblical resource that makes studying God’s Word accessible anywhere, and Bible Gateway, the world’s largest Christian website. HarperCollins Christian Publishing is headquartered in Nashville, TN with additional offices in Grand Rapids, MI, Spokane, WA, and international operations in Mexico City, Mexico, and Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Learn More
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4399 | Five African Americans Taking on New Administrative Duties in Higher Education
Filed in Appointments on August 26, 2016
Kelli V. Randall was appointed associate vice president for academic affairs at Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina. She has been serving as dean of the Division of Liberal Arts & Humanities and will continue to hold that post.
A native of Chicago, Dr. Randall has been on the faculty at the college since 2011. She holds a Ph.D. in English from Emory University in Atlanta.
Angela Jones was named chief of staff in the office of the president at Eastern Washington University in Cheney. She is the former director of employment and conciliation services for the public school district in Spokane, Washington.
Jones is a graduate of Washington State University, where she majored in English and language arts. She holds a master’s degree in communication studies from Eastern Washington University and a law degree from Gonzaga University in Spokane.
W. Tramaine Rausaw was appointed assistant dean for student life at Central Arizona College in Coolidge. He was the director of student life at Odessa College in Texas.
Dr. Rausaw is a graduate of Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. He holds a master’s degree and a doctorate in higher education leadership from Northcentral University.
Cheryl L. Johnson was appointed vice chancellor for human resources at the University of Pittsburgh. She was vice president for human capital services at Kansas State University.
Johnson is a graduate of Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan. She holds a master’s degree in labor and industrial relations from Michigan State University.
Darryl A. Pope was appointed director of athletics at Fort Valley State University in Georgia. He was director of athletics at The Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. Earlier, Dr. Pope was director of athletics and physical activity at the College of Lake County in Grayslake, Illinois.
Dr. Pope is a graduate of Howard University in Washington, D.C., where he majored in communication management and business administration. He holds a master’s degree from Grambling State University in Louisiana and an educational doctorate from Temple University in Philadelphia.
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4422 | / College of Arts + Sciences
LTU places sixth in Intelligent Ground Vehicle Challenge
Robotic vehicle iWheels represented LTU at the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition. Team members Jonathan Nabozny and Ryan Matthews are on the right, and alumni advisors Jonathan Ruszala and Christopher Kawatsu are on the left. Professor CJ Chung was the faculty advisor and project manager.
Lawrence Technological University’s robotic vehicle, iWheels, finished sixth in the Auto-Nav Challenge, the main event at the 21th annual Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition held at Oakland University June 7-10. More than 50 teams from around the country and as far away as India and Japan entered the prestigious competition.
IGVC promotes the development of automated and intelligent vehicles that can have both civilian and military applications. Sponsors include the Joint Project Office for Robotic Systems of the U.S. Army, the Joint Ground Robotics Enterprise of the Department of Defense, TARDEC, and the Michigan chapter of the National Defense Industrial Association, and the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (both the foundation and the Great Lakes chapter). Corporate sponsors include Lockheed Martin, Continental, Valeo, Magna, and Takata.
Computer science undergraduate students Jonathan Nabozny and Ryan Matthews competed for LTU. Professor CJ Chung was the faculty advisor. Two former IGVC participants Jonathan Ruszala and Christopher Kawatsu, who received master’s degrees in computer science at LTU in 2012, also served as technical advisors.
Chung said the iWheels robotic vehicle could be used in the development of intelligent wheelchairs for paralyzed people.
The sixth-place finish earned LTU a $1,000 prize. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4479 | Browse our press release archive
28 May 2003 Sophos CEO says: "I won't hire virus writing students"
Dr Jan Hruska, CEO of Sophos, one of the world's leading developers of anti-virus software, sent out a strong message today to students considering getting involved in virus writing.
"Don't bother applying for a job at Sophos if you have written viruses because you will be turned away," said Dr Jan Hruska, joint CEO of Sophos Anti-Virus. "You are of no use to us. The skills required to write good anti-virus software are far removed from those needed to write a virus. With 80,000 viruses in existence there can be no excuse for teaching students on how to create more."
Hruska was reacting to the news that the University of Calgary in Canada has confirmed it will be running a virus writing course for students later this year.
"The university's justification for this course is entirely misguided," continued Hruska. "There is no need to make code self-replicating to test new vulnerabilities or features which could appear in future viruses. The essential component that makes it a virus - self-replication - can be left out. We hope the university comes to its senses quickly."
Sophos stresses that it does not have an issue with people wishing to study computer security or the techniques which viruses and malicious software can use. However, it does not believe that writing new viruses is a useful way to learn more about the subject.
The University of Calgary has so far declined to comment on whether it believes it would be financially or legally responsible if any of the viruses written on its course were to break out and infect innocent users.
More than 100 million users in 150 countries rely on Sophos as the best protection against complex threats and data loss. Sophos is committed to providing complete security solutions that are simple to deploy, manage, and use and that deliver the industry's lowest total cost of ownership. Sophos offers award-winning encryption, endpoint security, web, email, mobile and network security solutions backed by SophosLabs - a global network of threat intelligence centers. Sophos is headquartered in Boston, US and Oxford, UK. More information is available at www.sophos.com.
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4499 | UNICEF Bangladesh - Media centre - Taking the lead: Adolescents of Bangladesh promote HIV/AIDS
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Taking the lead: Adolescents of Bangladesh promote HIV/AIDS
By Casey McCarthy DHAKA, 08 December 2008. The voices of more than 10,000 adolescent boys and girls were heard loud and clear as they marched across Bangladesh last week. Chanting “We are the leaders; we will stop AIDS” and wearing special T-shirts, their message resonated across the country. In one area of Dhaka, the capital city, police closed a major road to give them room for their demonstration, which attracted the curiosity of bystanders.
Leading by example, the adolescents rallied together to promote HIV and AIDS awareness to mark World AIDS Day, truly embodying the 2008 theme “Lead – Empower – Deliver”.
Although Bangladesh is still considered to be a low prevalence country for HIV-AIDS (with a prevalence rate of less than 1 per cent), prevention efforts are crucial to prevent the epidemic to spread among vulnerable groups, especially young people. According to the recent Children and AIDS, Third Stocktaking Report 2008 published by four UN agencies, only 16 per cent of girls aged between 15 and 24 have a comprehensive knowledge of HIV. Yet, as in many countries, young Bangladeshis are at risk of HIV. More than 40 per cent of HIV infections globally occur among young people. But young people can also play a critical role in raising awareness and promoting safe behaviour. This is one of the objectives of UNICEF's Adolescent Empowerment project, ‘Kichori Abhijan’: to inform adolescents on HIV-AIDS and safe behaviours. Supported by the European Commission, the project encourages adolescents to become actively involved in the prevention drive. Under the project, peer leaders receive life skills training that equips them to tackle issues of HIV-AIDs among others. Adolescents become agents of change by encouraging conversations within communities and breaking some of the taboos surrounding reproductive health.
This year, thousands of adolescents involved in the project, which is implemented in collaboration with NGOs BRAC and CMES, helped coordinate rallies and other awareness raising activities, disseminate information and encourage dialogue about HIV and AIDS.
Trained Peer Leaders, such as Shati (17) and Rokon (17) who live in Mirpur in the north-west of, Dhaka, have been working together with their friends to plan for World AIDS Day. Shati and Rokon developed rally slogans and scripts for theater plays on HIV-AIDS and helped organise a girls’ soccer match at the community ground. – a novelty in a country where girls playing football is unusual. After the match, adolescents from the local centre staged a play highlighting key messages on HIV.
“HIV is very dangerous. I want people to know about it so I joined the rally. In Bangladesh HIV/ AIDS is a problem that is difficult to discuss it in our society. People think that it’s not a risk because we don’t live a western style of life, but everyone needs to know about these things to protect themselves,” Shati said.
“When I joined the adolescent centre,” says Rokon, “I spoke to my male and female friends and at school. I also discussed the topic of HIV-AIDS with my family. It is important for us, as adolescents, to know about HIV and AIDS, but it is also important for everyone – young and old.”
UNICEF Child Protection Officer Mads Sorensen said World AIDS Day activities organized by adolescents across Bangladesh aimed at encouraging group discussion sessions with parents and community leaders. “By building understanding and awareness on HIV and AIDS among families and communities, we will contribute to further strengthen the protective environment surrounding children and adolescents,” Mads said. “Adolescents, especially girls, also need the support of their communities to take active roles and participate positively in their communities. Their active participation here in Dhaka today demonstrates that this is possible if they are empowered”. World AIDS Day rallies and awareness raising activities were held in Panchagor, Nilphamari, Nowgaon, Rajshahi, Chapai, Jamalpur, Sherpur, Cox's Bazar, Dhaka, Kushtia, Sylhet, Chandpur, Comilla, Joypurhat and Gainanda (coordinated by BRAC) and in Chittagong, Barguna, Rangpur and Chapai (coordinated by CMES).
Why is World AIDS Day important?
World AIDS Day is an opportunity for individuals and organisations from around the world to come together to focus attention on the global AIDS epidemic. According to UNAIDS, today, 5.5 million young p[eople aged 15-24 are estimated to be living with HIV. 45 percent of all new cases in 2007 were found among those 15-24 years old.
On average, about 30% of males and 19 per cent of females aged 15-24 in developing countires have comprehensive and coorect knowledge about HIV and how to avoid transmission. These knowledge levels are far below the goal of comprehensive HIV knowledge of 95 per cent among young people by 2010, as set by the UN General Assembly Special Sessions 9on HIV-AIDS (UNGASS) in 2001.
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4500 | Mildred Dresselhaus to give 72nd Steinmetz Lecture May 1
The series commemorates world-renowed engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz
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Mildred Dresselhaus to give 72nd Steinmetz Lecture May 1 Union College HomeNews & EventsMildred Dresselhaus to give 72nd Steinmetz Lecture May 1 Print
Mildred Dresselhaus, one of the country’s top experts in physics and a leading advocate for women in science and engineering, will give Union’s 72nd Steinmetz Memorial Lecture Tuesday, May 1, at 7:30 p.m. in the Nott Memorial.
Her talk, “The Promise of Nanomaterials for Thermoelectric Applications,” is free and open to the public. Once dubbed the “Queen of Carbon Science” for her widely recognized research on carbon science and carbon nanostructures, Dresselhaus has spent more than 40 years at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where she became the first woman to receive the title of Institute Professor, the highest faculty honor.
She also has been honored for her work in nanoscience and nanotechnology, and is credited as one of the researchers whose work on low dimensional thermoelectricity in the early 1990s led to the resurgence of the thermoelectrics field.
Growing up poor in the Bronx, Dresselhaus attended Hunter College in the city, where she began as a math major with the hope of becoming an elementary school teacher. While at Hunter, she met her mentor, Nobel Prize-winning nuclear physicist Rosalyn Yalow, who encouraged her to study science.
Dresselhaus eventually received a Fulbright Fellowship to study at Cambridge University’s Cavendish Laboratory. She earned her master’s degree at Radcliffe and her Ph.D. at the University of Chicago.
The author or co-author of more than 1,300 publications including books, book chapters, invited review articles and peer reviewed journal articles, Dresselhaus is the co-inventor on five U.S. patents.
Dresselhaus has received numerous awards, including the National Medal of Science and 25 honorary doctorates worldwide. In 2009, the National Science Board presented her with its Vannevar Bush Award “for her leadership through public service in science and engineering, her perseverance and advocacy in increasing opportunities for women in science, and for her extraordinary contributions in the field of condensed-matter physics and nanoscience.”
In 2010, Union awarded her an honorary doctorate of science at Commencement.
The Steinmetz Memorial Lecture series commemorates world-renowned engineer Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923), professor of electrical engineering at Union from 1902 to 1913 and former president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Created in 1925, the series has brought dozens of eminent scientists, engineers and innovators to campus. For more information, click here. Union College
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4514 | Wofford In The News
Wofford's Mungo Center cultivates entrepreneurs
Program gives its students support to succeed
Wofford College's Mungo Center offers programs that provide students with in-depth training in consulting and project management skills. Shown here are Kerry Woods, left, and Kaci Brasher.
By Trevor AndersonThe Spartanburg Herald-Journaltrevor.anderson@shj.comPublished: Saturday, February 16, 2013On a lime green wall in Scott Cochran's office, the dean of Wofford College's Mungo Center for Professional Excellence uses a dry erase marker to draw a picture.The image he depicts is that of a square.To the casual observer, it might appear to be an average quadrangle, with congruent sides and four right angles. But in Cochran's entrepreneurial-centric world, it carries significant meaning.The interior of the box is a metaphor for what he calls “the space.” It's a place where interdisciplinary studies, curiosity, hard work and preparation converge and come into focus.Outside of the box, those concepts become vague and peripheral. Within the box, anything is possible.And that is what he's aiming for within the walls of the Mungo Center.Cochran said it's a space where students can launch their business ideas through mentoring, networking, project-based experience, and consulting and project management — a step up from the job listing and resume editing services traditionally offered by college career offices.“This is where higher education needs to go,” Cochran said. “I really believe that we are staking out new territory. We are on the tip of the spear.”Cochran, a 1988 graduate of Wofford and father of three, stepped away from a lucrative career in finance to teach. He developed and founded the Mungo Center in 2010, starting in a small office in the Campus Life building.“I was out there (in the corporate world) interviewing people, and I noticed that many of them just seemed to be missing x or y,” Cochran said. “We developed these programs around those x's and y's to make our students better prepared when they leave college.”Last year, the center took up residence in the college's new, three-story Michael S. Brown Village Center. Completed in the fall of 2011, the U.S. Green Building Council's LEED Silver certified building houses 80 students in four-bedroom apartments on the top two floors. The building includes office and meeting spaces, classrooms, a market and a café.The Mungo Center's wing is on the ground floor. The facility is clean and contemporary. Students huddle at round tables, drinking coffee and talking. They have access to technology and other amenities. The walls are painted with whiteboard paint, and the students are encouraged to write their ideas on them.“This was the perfect fit for us,” Cochran said. “It gives us more visibility, and allows us to do a lot of things. The students really like it. It's a great place for them to do what they need to do. It feels like a place where anything can get done.”On Saturday, the center hosted a gala where it unveiled what Cochran referred to as “The Mungo Center 3.0,” which encompassed the launch of its new “The Space” brand and programs designed to give more students an opportunity to participate.A crowd that included local business leaders, alumni, donors, potential investors and others were able to take a look at 14 student-led companies competing in the center's business plan competition. It also featured dozens of exhibits from the 60 students involved in its Success Initiative, a program open to students of all majors that emphasizes innovation and creative problem solvingCopyright © 2013 GoUpstate.com — All rights reserved. Restricted use only. Used with permission. wofford | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4553 | Published on Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese (http://antiochian.org)
Statement Issued by Metropolitan's Office Regarding Placement of Antiochian Seminarians
From the Office of Metropolitan PHILIP:Unfortunately, there has been much speculation and incorrect information on the Internet and elsewhere regarding our recent decision to send our incoming seminarians to Holy Cross Greek Orthodox School of Theology. This decision effected two students. The third new student was already planning to attend Holy Cross. Over the years we have tried to keep a balance between the distribution of our seminarians to various Orthodox seminaries here and abroad, especially St. Vladimir’s, St. Tikhon’s and Holy Cross. In fact, this year, we will have 10 students at St. Vladimir’s, 9 students at St. Tikhon’s and 6 students at Holy Cross. It has been our primary concern over the years to insure a strong priestly formation for our future priests. While all three schools have helped us in accomplishing this task for generations of clergymen, we feel Holy Cross most closely mirrors the practices and customs of the Patriarchate of Antioch in general and the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America in particular. This is true for a variety of reasons, first and foremost being the common Syro-Byzantine liturgical and musical tradition that we share. Given the changing demographics of the majority of our seminarians and the reality that many of them are not rooted in this Syro-Byzantine expression of our one Orthodox faith from birth, we feel it is vital to immerse them in this tradition in a more complete way. It is our hope to have our own seminary in the future. In fact, much of the foundational work has already been done. Nevertheless, since we do not have our own seminary at this point in time, we feel Holy Cross is best suited to accomplish the task at hand. At the same time, however, we will and have always assessed the common needs and concerns of both the seminarians and the Archdiocese and therefore leave all doors open for the future with regard to their placement.
Source URL: http://antiochian.org/node/20271 | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4598 | Archived Posts May 2008 | Acton PowerBlog
Intellectual Foundations of Evangelicalism Friday, May 30, 2008By Jordan J. Ballor In an interview promoting his recent book Faith in the Halls of Power: How Evangelicals Joined the American Elite, D. Michael Lindsay, describes what he sees to be the intellectual sources of evangelicalism:
And the interesting thing is that the Presbyterian tradition, the Reformed tradition, has provided some of the intellectual gravitas for evangelical ascendancy. And it’s being promulgated in lots of creative ways so that you have the idea of Kuyper or a cultural commission of cultural engagement is being promulgated by Chuck Colson, who is a Baptist. So Presbyterians are – if I had to say what are the two main intellectual influences on the evangelical ascendancy – it’s Roman Catholicism, conservative Catholicism, embodied by, let’s say, Richard John Neuhaus in First Things. And it’s going to be Reformed theology coming out of places like the philosophy department at Calvin College.
In 2002, a conference was held at Calvin College as part of recognition of the hundredth anniversary of Abraham Kuyper’s Stone Lectures at Princeton. The proceedings of the conference, “A Century of Christian Social Teaching: The Legacy of Leo XIII and Abraham Kuyper,” were published in the Journal of Markets & Morality, and included closing comments from Chuck Colson that illuminates a connection between the two sources of evangelical intellectualism that Lindsay identifies.
Since 1992, I have been involved in an organization called Evangelicals and Catholics Together (ECT). (And I have the scars to show for what has often been a controversial undertaking.) Working for accord between people of goodwill from both communities is something I believe in very deeply, and I see this conference advancing that cause.
The thoughts that I want to share with you tonight are inspired by that great Dutch theologian and statesman, Abraham Kuyper, and I do so, noting with particular pride that this is the one-hundredth anniversary of his famous Stone Lectures at Princeton University. Dr. Kuyper’s influence on my life has been profound. I was introduced to him by people here at Calvin. Another influence in my life is that of John Paul II. I suspect that our Catholic brethren here tonight would agree with me that someday he will be known not just as Pope John Paul II but as John Paul the Great—one of the most significant figures of the twentieth century.
And while Kuyper rightly deserves credit for being one of the leading influences on American evangelicalism, so too does his contemporary Herman Bavinck warrant greater appreciation. Two notable publications this year testify to this. First, the fourth and final volume of the translation of Bavinck’s Reformed Dogmatics is newly available, Holy Spirit, Church, and New Creation. And secondly, a collection of articles and treatises by Bavinck on various topics has been translated in Essays on Religion, Science, and Society. The latter volume includes essays “On Inequality,” “Classical Education,” and “Ethics and Politics” that will be of special interest to PowerBlog readers.
Update: See also, “The Roots of American Evangelicalism,” in five parts.
Looking for Happiness, Finding Faith Thursday, May 29, 2008By Jonathan Spalink Dr. Arthur C. Brooks spoke about “happiness” at an Acton Lecture Series event last week. Dr. Brooks, a professor of Business and Government Policy at Syracuse University and a visiting scholar with the American Enterprise Institute, presented evidence which suggests that religion is the greatest factor in general human happiness in the United States. Religion, argues Dr. Brooks, is essential to human flourishing in the United States and public secularism should be strongly guarded against by everyone – religious or not.
He is the author of, most recently, Gross National Happiness (2008) and Who Really Cares? (2006) published by Basic Books. We were able to interview Dr. Brooks about happiness – watch it now and see what you think!
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Dr. Brooks’ lecture on happiness is also available for your viewing pleasure.
European foreign aid caught between dishonesty and incompetence Wednesday, May 28, 2008By Bernd Bergmann International aid groups have criticized the EU and many of its member states for falling behind their promises to step up foreign aid to 0.5 per cent of GDP by 2010 and 0.7 per cent by 2015.
On the one hand, these groups are right to expose the accounting tricks governments use in order to promote themselves as saviors of Africa. On the other hand, the aid groups should consider very carefully whether their focus on state aid is really the key towards future development in poor countries.
The problem that they indicate is that the EU and its members classify some expenses as aid although these are only indirectly related to development. This includes debt restructuring and payments to cover housing of refugee claimants in Europe.
The aid groups say that in 2007, EU nations spent around €8 billion in such non-aid items. They conclude that “on current trends, the EU will have given €75 billion less between 2005 and 2010 than was promised.”
This kind of creative accounting should not be very surprising since politicians like to claim that they are helping the poorest countries in the world but also know that it is more difficult to tell taxpayers that they have to foot the bill. In such circumstances the most convenient thing to do is to artificially inflate the aid budget with non-aid expenses.
The question remains: Is state-to-state aid the most effective way to promote development? Prof. Philip Booth explained at a recent conference organized by the Acton Institute in Rome that government aid has failed on countless occasions and has even entrenched underdevelopment on some occasions.
Booth made clear that “at the empirical level, there appears to be a negative relationship between aid and growth. This does not imply cause and effect of course, but it should make us pause for thought. After the late 1970s, aid to Africa grew rapidly yet GDP growth collapsed and was close to zero or negative for over a decade from 1984. GDP growth in Africa did not start to pick up again until aid fell in the early-to-mid 1990s. In East Asia, South Asia and the Pacific, one also finds that, as aid reduced, national income increased rapidly.”
It is important to note that Booth criticized government-to-government aid and not charity in general. Whereas transfers between governments have often resulted in rent-seeking and the strengthening of dubious regimes, private initiatives do not suffer from the same problems: “None of the points I have made relate to the exercise of charity. It is important to point out that we should not wait for a just ordering of the world or good governance in recipient countries before supporting charitable relief.”
Aid groups such as Oxfam and Christian Aid would do well to turn their focus away from pressuring governments to spend more on aid and instead strengthen their efforts to encourage private initiatives.
Book Review: Carl Anderson’s A Civilization of Love Tuesday, May 27, 2008By Michael Severance On March 29, Carl Anderson’s A Civilization of Love (HarperOne, 2008) first appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list as one of hottest-selling books in America among the “Hard Cover Advice” category. Since then the author has been on an energetic European and American tour to promote his book. In just 200 pages, Anderson writes convincingly to elaborate a treatise to dispel dominant secular ideologies whose ethical frameworks falsely aim at human fulfillment and forming good and just societies. The author is Supreme Knight of the Knights of Columbus, the world’s largest Catholic fraternal society, and CEO of its top-rated life insurance company. Anderson brings to his writing a vast amount of practical experience tactfully combined with the rudiments of Catholic philosophy and theology to elucidate his philosophy of love and goodness. Anderson’s first task is to enlighten his readers on the very meaning of love. He author dedicates his first few chapters to explain that a culture of love is not simply about encouraging romance; and in no way does a culture of love echo the loose liberal ideas behind the hedonistic behavior so vigorously idealized in Western society since the late 1960s. A culture of love is, rather, about self-responsibility, self-denial, hard work, unconditional generosity and steadfast dedication. And yet, there is something more to love, at least in the Christian sense: Anderson’s primary axiom is that a civilization characterized by love is, above all, one which is rooted in the love of God and is ultimately other-directed. To make his point clear, Anderson spins Descartes’ fundamental existential premise “I think therefore I am” to reveal a deeper insight about man and his relationships: “‘I love therefore I am.’ Or perhaps even more profoundly: ‘I have been first loved, therefore I am.’” Anderson goes on to say that “Divine love implies an other…. Love involves (at least) two persons, two selves.” (chap. 3 “Craftsman of a New Humanity”, pp.35, 37).
Anderson’s second point is that love is marked by the freedom to act and to give; yet it involves a personal liberty which often challenges our spontaneous preferences and natural inclinations for comfort, company and security. “[Freedom] cannot be lived in isolation, that is, unhinged from other values such as equality and human dignity.” (chap. 1, “The Power of Christ to Transform Culture”, p. 10). Carl Anderson colorfully speaks of Mother Teresa’s little known struggles while experiencing her own “dark night of the soul” in caring for lepers, drug addicts and AIDS victims in the streets of Calcutta.. Certainly not every day, he explains, was Mother Teresa rewarded with the joy of having improved the well-being of India’s most destitute citizens. Many days were, in fact, quite routine and so physically exerting on her body, that it would be very wrong to speak of any “good feelings” that resulted from her unconditional acts of charity. And yet “throughout her ministry she persevered and did not begrudge her work.” (chap. 4 “A Dignity That Brings Demands, p. 61)
Anderson believes that promoting human responsibility, based on personal acts self-giving and firmly rooted in imitating God’s law and love for his creatures, is the only way to make a culture a civilized one. The end result – as Anderson hopes – will be that human society bows ever the less to man-made social agendas and their accompanying large impersonal governmental agencies. As he writes: “Social engineering, even if well-intended, cannot in itself create a just society. Just society must arise out of the hearts and minds of those that live in it. If the precepts that Leo [XIII] proposed [in the 1891 social encyclical Rerum Novarum] – which are, after all, specific applications of natural law – were voluntarily obeyed by all people, the need for complicated laws and governments would be greatly reduced.” (chap. 6 “Globalization and the Gospel of Work”, p. 91.) Carl Anderson gives good reasons to not rely on state welfare as a norm to provide loving care for the nation’s poor. He cites the millions of volunteer hours and financial support which Americans still give to private charities, including impressive contributions from his own Knights of Columbus councils. Yet, despite the inspiring statistics, Anderson warns his readers of seeking the opposite solution to welfare provision with the words of Benedict XVI: “If men have nothing more to expect than what the world offers them, and if they may and must demand all this from the state, they destroy their own selves and every human society.” (p. chap. 1 “The Power of Christ to Transform Culture”, p. 10). Lastly, Carl Anderson gives perhaps his best example of how modern society may end up, by recounting the personal experiences of Czech playwright and former president, Vaclav Havel. After undergoing decades of forced social engineering, where the very fundamentals of human love and trust all but vanished from Czech society, Havel confesses: “The worst thing is that we lived in a contaminated environment….We learned not to believe anything, to ignore each other, to care only for ourselves. Concepts such as love, compassion, humility, and forgiveness lost their depths and dimensions. The previous regime…reduced man to a force of production and nature to a tool of production.” (chap 7, Ethics in the Marketplace, p. 109). Carl Anderson’s book brings to light many pressing social issues affecting most modern nations. But unlike many philosophical works, Anderson provides a cause and a solution sustained by real-life examples and their consequences. I would highly recommend reading A Civilization of Love to reinforce many of the same principles promoted by the Acton Institute.
Dealing with Rising Gas Prices Tuesday, May 27, 2008By Kevin Schmiesing As the Drudge Report today hails the coming of the fuel-efficient Smart car, it might be worth pointing out other ways in which people are adapting to deal with higher fuel prices. I don’t mean to minimize any of the pain associated with skyrocketing energy costs, whether personal (I feel it, too) or economy-wide, but it is interesting to observe the myriad and often unexpected effects of price changes. It’s the market working. Or, to put it another way, it’s the human mind working to adapt creatively to the challenge of scarce resources. The search for fuel-efficiency has, for example,…
…hurt the trucking industry, but given new life to long-suffering railroads.
…convinced growing numbers of urbanites to use mass transit.
…been a boon for bicycle shops.
…hurt many parts of the auto industry, but has also spurred a sharp advance in hybrid auto sales.
Memorial Day: John Gillespie Magee Jr. & ‘High Flight’ Friday, May 23, 2008By Ray Nothstine John Gillespie Magee, Jr. is remembered fondly by American aviators who defended and sacrificed for this nation in World War II to the present day. He is remembered for his touching poem High Flight, which he penned in 1941.
Magee was born to an American father and British mother in Shanghai, China in 1922. His parents were Christian missionaries in the country. Well educated in China, England, and the United States, Magee received a scholarship to Yale University, where his father was then serving as a chaplain. With the outbreak of World War II, and the British Isles under German threat, Magee postponed college and joined the Royal Canadian Air Force. The United States had not yet entered the war, and hundreds of Americans served as combat aviators with the Canadian Air Force. Magee received his pilot wings in June of 1941. He served in the defense of the British homeland against the Luftwaffe. In August of 1941, Magee was test flying the new Spitfire MK I at high altitude. The inspiration of the flight led him to write High Flight, which came to him in the sky, and he completed the poem on paper soon after landing. He sent a copy to his parents, and his father reprinted it in church publications. Sadly, Magee died just a few months later in a mid-air collision with another airplane in December of 1941. An English farmer said he saw Magee struggle to open the canopy, and was finally able to bail out, but by then he was too low to the ground for his parachute to open. Magee was only 19 years old. The poem would however continue to gain praise as the war continued. The Library of Congress featured the work in an exhibit titled ‘Faith and Freedom’ in 1942, and it was published in the New York Times. Also, several biographies were written about Magee as the popularity of the poem skyrocketed. It is a poem that is loved and cherished by many aviators everywhere, especially those who have defended this nation in the sky. Cadets at the United States Air Force Academy memorize the poem. American pilots shot down and tortured in North Vietnamese prison camps during that war drew inspiration from Magee’s words. Lines from the poem are quoted on the headstones of many military pilots buried at Arlington National Cemetery. It gained still further fame when President Ronald Reagan quoted the first and last lines of the poem in his moving words of tribute to the American astronauts who perished in the Challenger Space Shuttle tragedy in 1986. “The crew of the space shuttle Challenger honored us by the manner in which they lived their lives. We will never forget them, nor the last time we saw them, this morning, as they prepared for their journey and waved good-bye and slipped the surly bonds of earth to touch the face of God,” Reagan said. Dedicated to those who have given their life in defense of the nation, High Flight is printed in its entirety below: High Flight
Oh! I have slipped the surly bonds of Earth
And danced the skies on laughter-silvered wings;
Sunward I’ve climbed, and joined the tumbling mirth
Of sun-split clouds, — and done a hundred things
You have not dreamed of — wheeled and soared and swung
High in the sunlit silence. Hov’ring there,
I’ve chased the shouting wind along, and flung
My eager craft through footless halls of air. . . .
Up, up the long, delirious burning blue
I’ve topped the wind-swept heights with easy grace
Where never lark, or ever eagle flew —
And, while with silent, lifting mind I’ve trod
The high untrespassed sanctity of space,
Put out my hand, and touched the face of God.
Did Maxine Waters Just Suggest That She Might Try To Nationalize The US Oil Industry? Thursday, May 22, 2008By Marc Vander Maas Why yes, yes she did:
Link: sevenload.com
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Date Created (Newest) Date Created (Oldest) Date Added (Newest) Date Added (Oldest) Accessibility and Authenticity in Julia Smith's Cynthia Parker
Creator: Buehner, Katie R.
Description: In 1939, composer Julia Smith's first opera Cynthia Parker dramatized the story of a Texas legend. Smith manipulated music, text, and visual images to make the opera accessible for the audience in accordance with compositional and institutional practices in American opera of the 1930s. Transparent musical themes and common Native Americans stereotypes are used to define characters. Folk music is presented as diegetic, creating a sense of authenticity that places the audience into the opera's Western setting. The opera is codified for the audience using popular idioms, resulting in initial but not lasting success.
Anton Bruckner's Treatment of the Credo Text in His Last Three Masses
Creator: Lee, Namjai
Description: In order to investigate the stylistic transformation that occured before Bruckner abandoned the composition of Masses, this paper analyzes the Credo settings in his last three great Masses, with special attention to the treatment of the text. The relationship between the text and specific musical techniques is also considered. The trends found in these three works, especially in the last setting in F minor, confirm the assumption that Bruckner's Mass composition served as a transition to the composition of his symphonies.
The "Beethoven Folksong Project" in the Reception of Beethoven and His Music
Creator: Lee, Hee Seung
Description: Beethoven's folksong arrangements and variations have been coldly received in recent scholarship. Their melodic and harmonic simplicity, fusion of highbrow and lowbrow styles, seemingly diminished emphasis on originality, and the assorted nationalities of the tunes have caused them to be viewed as musical rubble within the heritage of Western art music. The canonic composer's relationship with the Scottish amateur folksong collector and publisher George Thomson, as well as with his audience, amateur music lovers, has been largely downplayed in the reception of Beethoven. I define Beethoven's engagement with folksongs and their audience as the "Beethoven Folksong Project," evaluating it in the history of Beethoven reception as well as within the cultural and ideological contexts of the British Isles and German-speaking lands at the turn of the nineteenth century. I broaden the image of Beethoven during his lifetime by demonstrating that he served as an ideal not only for highly educated listeners and performers but also for amateur music lovers in search of cultivation through music. I explore the repertory under consideration in relation to the idea of Bildung ("formation" or "education" of the self or of selves as a nation) that pervaded contemporary culture, manifesting itself in music as the ...
"Being" a Stickist: A Phenomenological Consideration of "Dwelling" in a Virtual Music Scene
Creator: Hodges, Jeff
Description: Musical instruments are not static, unchanging objects. They are, instead, things that materially evolve in symmetry with human practices. Alterations to an instrument's design often attend to its ergonomic or expressive capacity, but sometimes an innovator causes an entirely new instrument to arise. One such instrument is the Chapman Stick. This instrument's history is closely intertwined with global currents that have evolved into virtual, online scenes. Virtuality obfuscates embodiment, but the Stick's world, like any instrument's, is optimally related in intercorporeal exchanges. Stickists circumvent real and virtual obstacles to engage the Stick world. Using an organology informed by the work of Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty, this study examines how the Chapman Stick, as a material "thing," speaks in and through a virtual, representational environment.
Belle Musique and Fin' Amour: Thibaut de Champagne, Gace Brulé, and an Aristocratic Trouvére Tradition
Creator: Bly, Emily
Description: Many consider Gace Brulé (c1160-c1213) and Thibaut IV, Count of Champagne, (1201-1253) to have been the greatest trouvères. Writers on this subject have not adequately examined this assumption, having focused their energies on such issues as tracking melodic variants of individual works as preserved in different song-books (or chansonniers), the interpretation of rhythm in performance, and creation of modern editions of these songs. This thesis examines the esteem enjoyed by Gace and Thibaut in both medieval and modern times which derives from their exemplarity of, rather than difference from their noble contemporaries.
Beyond the Human Voice: Francis Poulenc's Psychological Drama La Voix humaine (1958)
Creator: Beard, Cynthia C.
Description: Francis Poulenc's one-character opera La Voix humaine (1958), a setting of the homonymous play by Jean Cocteau, explores the psychological complexities of an unnamed woman as she experiences the end of a romantic relationship. During the forty-minute work, she sings in a declamatory manner into a telephone, which serves as a sign of the unrevealed man at the other end. Poulenc uses musical motives to underscore the woman's changing emotional states as she recalls her past relationship. The musical dramaturgy in this work resignifies Debussy's impressionist symbolism by collapsing devices used in Pelléas et Mélisande in a language that shifts between octatonicism, chromaticism, harmonic and melodic whole tone passages, and diatonicism. This late work recontextualizes elements in Poulenc's Dialogues des Carmélites (1953-56), and the end of the opera provides a theme for his Sonate pour Clarinet et Piano(1962), as Poulenc reflects on his youthful encounters with Cocteau, Erik Satie, and Les Six.
Beyond the "Year of Song": Text and Music in the Song Cycles of Robert Schumann after 1848
Creator: Ringer, Rebecca Scharlene
Description: In recent years scholars have begun to re-evaluate the works, writings, and life of Robert Schumann (1810-1856). One of the primary issues in this ongoing re-evaluation is a reassessment of the composer's late works (roughly defined as those written after 1845). Until recently, the last eight years of Schumann's creative life and the works he composed at that time either have been ignored or critiqued under an image of an illness that had caused periodic breakdowns. Schumann's late works show how his culture and the artists communicating within that culture were transformed from the beginning to the middle of the nineteenth century. These late works, therefore, should be viewed in the context of Schumann's output as a whole and in regard to their contributions to nineteenth-century society. Schumann's contributions, specifically to the genre of the song cycle from 1849 to 1852, are among his late compositional works that still await full reconsideration. A topical study, focusing on three themes of selections from his twenty-three late cycles, will provide a critical evaluation of Schumann's compositional output in the genre of the song cycle. First, Schumann's political voice will be examined. The political events that led to the mid-nineteenth-century revolutions inspired crucial ...
Busoni's Doktor Faust
Creator: Harrison, Charles Scott
Description: It is the intent of this thesis to shed a new investigative light upon a musician whose importance as a creative personality and aesthetician has been sorely underestimated or at least unappreciated by fellow musicians and audiences of his own and succeeding generations, a musician who formulated a new musical aesthetic which involved the utilization of compositional techniques diametrically opposed to those which had held dominant influence over the musical world for more than half a century, a musician who attempted to fuse the Italian sense of form and clarity with Teutonic profundity, complexity, and symbolism. This musician was Ferruccio Busoni. This thesis will concentrate on the history of the Faust legend and Busoni's final work, his opera Doktor Faust (c. 1924), the creative problems opera imposed upon Busoni, and his attempt to solve them vis-a-vis his own personal aesthetic.
Cadential Syntax and Mode in the Sixteenth-Century Motet: a Theory of Compositional Process and Structure from Gallus Dressler's Praecepta Musicae Poeticae
Creator: Hamrick, David (David Russell)
Description: Though cadences have long been recognized as an aspect of modality, Gallus Dressler's treatise Praecepta musicae poeticae (1563) offers a new understanding of their relationship to mode and structure. Dressler's comments suggest that the cadences in the exordium and at articulations of the text are "principal" to the mode, shaping the tonal structure of the work. First, it is necessary to determine which cadences indicate which modes. A survey of sixteenth-century theorists uncovered a striking difference between Pietro Aron and his followers and many lesser-known theorists, including Dressier. The latter held that the repercussae of each mode were "principal cadences," contrary to Aron's expansive lists. Dressler's syntactical theory of cadence usage was tested by examining seventeen motets by Dressler and seventy-two motets by various early sixteenth-century composers. In approximately three-fourths of the motets in each group, cadences appeared on only two different pitches (with only infrequent exceptions) in their exordia and at text articulations. These pairs are the principal cadences of Dressler's list, and identify the mode of the motets. Observations and conclusions are offered regarding the ambiguities of individual modes, and the cadence-tone usage of individual composers.
Carlo Milanuzzi's Quarto Scherzo and the Climate of Venetian Popular Music in the 1620s
Creator: Gavito, Cory Michael
Description: Although music publishing in Italy was on the decline around the turn of the seventeenth century, Venice emerged as one of the most prolific publishing centers of secular song in Italy throughout the first three decades of the 1600s. Many Venetian song collections were printed with alfabeto, a chordal tablature designed to facilitate even the most untrained of musicians with the necessary tools for accompanying singers on the fashionable five-course Spanish guitar. Carlo Milanuzzi's Quarto Scherzo (1624) stands out among its contemporary Venetian song collections with alfabeto as an anthology of Venetian secular songs, including compositions by Miniscalchi, Berti, and Claudio and Francesco Monteverdi. Issues surrounding its publication, instrumentation, and musical and poetic style not only contribute to the understanding of Venetian Baroque monody, but also help to construe a repertory of vocal music with defining characteristics usually associated with popular music of the 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries.
Caught Between Jazz and Pop: The Contested Origins, Criticism, Performance Practice, and Reception of Smooth Jazz.
Creator: West, Aaron J.
Description: In Caught Between Jazz and Pop, I challenge the prevalent marginalization and malignment of smooth jazz in the standard jazz narrative. Furthermore, I question the assumption that smooth jazz is an unfortunate and unwelcomed evolutionary outcome of the jazz-fusion era. Instead, I argue that smooth jazz is a long-lived musical style that merits multi-disciplinary analyses of its origins, critical dialogues, performance practice, and reception. Chapter 1 begins with an examination of current misconceptions about the origins of smooth jazz. In many jazz histories, the origins of smooth jazz are defined as a product of the jazz-fusion era. I suggest that smooth jazz is a distinct jazz style that is not a direct outgrowth of any mainstream jazz style, but a hybrid of various popular and jazz styles. Chapters 2 through 4 contain eight case studies examining the performers of crossover jazz and smooth jazz. These performers have conceived and maintained distinct communicative connections between themselves and their audiences. In the following chapter, the unfair treatment of popular jazz styles is examined. Many early and influential jazz critics sought to elevate jazz to the status of art music by discrediting popular jazz styles. These critics used specific criteria and emphasized notions ...
The Christmas Cantatas of Christoph Graupner (1683-1760)
Creator: Schmidt, René R.
Description: An assessment of the contributions of Christoph Graupner's 1,418 extant church cantatas is enhanced by a study of his fifty-five surviving Christmas cantatas, written for the feasts of Christmas, St. Stephen's, St. John's, and the Sunday after Christmas. Graupner's training in Kirchberg, Reichenbach and at the Thomas School in Leipzig is recounted as well as his subsequent tenures in Hamburg and Darmstadt.
A Comparison of the Use of Music in the Holy Eucharist of the Roman Catholic Church and the Sabbath Morning Service of the Jewish Synagogue in the Middle Ages
Creator: Simmons, Sandra K. (Sandra Kay)
Description: The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of comparing the medieval musical traditions of two of the world's most influential religions. The similarities are discussed in two major categories: the comparison of liturgical texts and ritual, and the comparison of the music appearing in each ritual. This study has one main purpose. That purpose is to demonstrate how, through musical traditions, each religion has developed through the influence of the other. Samples of the liturgies from the musical portions of the services were obtained from prayer books and references dealing with those religions. Investigations of English translations from the Latin and Hebrew revealed a close identity between the two, not only in scriptural uses, but also in prayers and responses. Musical examples demonstrating similar elements in Hebrew and Christian worship were found in the extensive research of A. Z. Idelsohn and Eric Werner. Due to the dispersal of world Jewry, the best examples of Hebrew medieval music were obtained from the most isolated Jewish communities, such as those of Yemen, Musical similarities included modes, melodic formulas, and hymns and songs. This report concludes that the musical portions of the services of Christianity and Judaism in the Middle ...
Composing Symbolism's Musicality of Language in fin-de-siècle France
Creator: Varvir Coe, Megan E
Description: In this dissertation, I explore the musical prosody of the literary symbolists and the influence of this prosody on fin-de-siècle French music. Contrary to previous categorizations of music as symbolist based on a characteristic "sound," I argue that symbolist aesthetics demonstrably influenced musical construction and reception. My scholarship reveals that symbolist musical works across genres share an approach to composition rooted in the symbolist concept of musicality of language, a concept that shapes this music on sonic, structural, and conceptual levels. I investigate the musical responses of four different composers to a single symbolist text, Oscar Wilde's one-act play Salomé, written in French in 1891, as case studies in order to elucidate how a symbolist musicality of language informed their creation, performance, and critical reception. The musical works evaluated as case studies are Antoine Mariotte's Salomé, Richard Strauss's Salomé, Aleksandr Glazunov's Introduction et La Danse de Salomée, and Florent Schmitt's La Tragédie de Salomé. Recognition of symbolist influence on composition, and, in the case of works for the stage, on production and performance expands the repertory of music we can view critically through the lens of symbolism, developing not only our understanding of music's role in this difficult and often ...
Criticism of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony in London and Boston, 1819-1874: A Forum for Public Discussion of Musical Topics
Creator: Cooper, Amy Nicole
Description: Critics who discuss Beethoven’s Pastoral Symphony often write about aspects that run counter to their conception of what a symphony should be, such as this symphony’s static nature and its programmatic elements. In nineteenth-century Boston and London, criticism of the Pastoral Symphony reflects the opinions of a wide range of listeners, as critics variably adopted the views of the intellectual elite and general audience members. As a group, these critics acted as intermediaries between various realms of opinion regarding this piece. Their writing serves as a lens through which we can observe audiences’ acceptance of ideas common in contemporaneous musical thought, including the integrity of the artwork, the glorification of genius, and ideas about meaning in music.
Don Gillis's Symphony No 5½: Music for the People
Creator: Morrison, Sean
Description: Don Gillis wrote Symphony No. 5½ (1947) in order to reconcile the American public with modern art music. By synthesizing jazz (as well as other American folk idioms), singable melodies, and humor, and then couching them into symphonic language, Gillis produced a work that lay listeners could process and enjoy. The piece was an immediate success and was played by orchestras across the globe, but it did not retain this popularity and it eventually faded from relevancy. This study focuses on elements that contributed to the initial efficacy and ultimate decline of the work. Due to its pervasive popular influences, Symphony No. 5½ is a crystallized representation of time in which it was written, and it soon became dated. Don Gillis did not harbor the idea that Symphony No. 5½ would grant him great wealth or musical immortality; he had a more pragmatic goal in mind. He used every musical element at his disposal to write a symphonic work that would communicate directly with the American people via a musical language they would understand. He was successful in this regard, but the dialogue ended soon after mid-century.
Dramatic Expression in Thirty Musical Settings of Goethe's "Der Erlkonig"
Creator: McDaniel, Mary Eileen
Description: This study is an investigation of the dramatic expression in thirty musical settings of Goethe's "Erlkonig," to attempt to determine why the works by Franz Schubert and Carl Loewe have achieved such popularity.
An Edition of Verse and Solo Anthems by William Boyce
Creator: Fansler, Terry L.
Description: The English musician William Boyce was known as an organist for the cathedral as well as the Chapel Royal, a composer of both secular and sacred music, a director of large choral festivals, and the editor of Cathedral Music, the finest eighteenth-century edition of English Church music. Among Boyce's compositions for the church are many examples of verse and solo anthems. Part II of this thesis consists of an edition of one verse and three solo anthems selected from British Museum manuscript Additional 40497, transcribed into modern notation, and provided with a realization for organ continuo. Material prefatory to the edition itself, including a biography, a history of the verse and solo anthem from the English Reformation to the middle of the eighteenth century, a discussion .of the characteristics of Boyce's verse and solo anthems, and editorial notes constitute Part I.
Educating American Audiences: Claire Reis and the Development of Modern Music Institutions, 1912-1930
Creator: Freeman, Cole
Description: The creation of institutions devoted to promoting and supporting modern music in the United States during the 1920s made it possible for American composers to develop an identity distinct from that of European modernists. These institutions were thus a critical part of the process of modernization that began in the United States during the early decades of the twentieth century. There is substantial scholarship on these musical institutions of modern music, such as the International Composers’ Guild and the League of Composers; but little to no work has been done on the progressive musical institutions of the 1910s, such as the Music League of the People’s Music Institute of New York, which was founded by Claire Reis. This thesis addresses the questions of how and why American musical modernism came to be as it was in the 1920s through an examination of the various stages of Reis’s career. The first chapter is an extensive study of primary source material gathered from the League of Composers/ISCM Records collection at the New York Public Library, which relates to Reis’s work with the PML in the 1910s. The second chapter uses the conclusions of the first chapter to shine new light on an ...
Eighteenth-Century French Oboes: A Comparative Study
Creator: Cleveland, Susannah
Description: The oboe, which first came into being in the middle of the seventeenth century in France, underwent a number of changes throughout the following century. French instruments were influenced both by local practices and by the introduction of influences from other parts of Europe. The background of the makers of these instruments as well as the physical properties of the oboes help to illuminate the development of the instrument during this period. The examination of measurements, technical drawings, photographs, and biographical data clarify the development and dissemination of practices in oboe building throughout eighteenth-century France. This clarification provides new insight into a critical period of oboe development which has hitherto not been exclusively addressed.
Elements of Shamanic Mythology in E. T. A. Hoffman's Romantic Conception of Music
Creator: Miller, Harry A. W. (Harry Alfred Werner)
Description: The musicians in E. T. A. Hoffmann's tales and essays demonstrate traits remarkably similar to those of shamans. Hoffmann uses the same imagery to describe the journey of the composer into the "realm of dreams," where he receives inspiration, as the shaman uses to describe the spirit world to which he journeys via music. Hoffmann was a major force in changing the 18th-century view of music as an "innocent luxury" to the 19th-century idea of music as a higher art. As a German Romantic,author, he subscribed to the idea championed by the Schlegels that true poetry is based on myth. In this thesis, Hoffmann's writings are compared with shamanic mythology to demonstrate a similarity beyond mere coincidence, without drawing conclusions about influence.
English Devotional Song of the Seventeenth Century in Printed Collections from 1638 to 1693: A Study of Music and Culture
Creator: Treacy, Susan
Description: Seventeenth-century England witnessed profound historical, theological, and musical changes. A king was overthrown and executed; religion was practiced fervently and disputed hotly; and English musicians fell under the influence of the Italian stile nuovo. Many devotional songs were printed, among them those which reveal influences of this style. These English-texted sacred songs for one to three solo voices with continuo--not based upon a previously- composed hymn or psalm tune—are emphasized in this dissertation. Chapter One treats definitions, past neglect of the genre by scholars, and the problem of ambiguous terminology. Chapter Two is an examination of how religion and politics affected musical life, the hiatus from liturgical music from 1644 to 1660 causing composers to contribute to the flourishing of devotional music for home worship and recreation. Different modes of seventeenth-century devotional life are discussed in Chapter Three. Chapter Four provides documentation for use of devotional music, diaries and memoirs of the period revealing the use of several publications considered in this study. Baroque musical aesthetics applied to devotional song and its raising of the affections towards God are discussed in Chapter Five. Chapter Six traces the influence of Italian monody and sacred concerto on English devotional song. The earliest ...
he Essercizii musici: A Study of the Late Baroque Sonata
Creator: Volcansek, Frederick Wallace
Description: Telemann's Essercizii musici is a seminal publication of the 1730's representative of the state of the sonata in Germany at that time. Telemann's music has been largely viewed in negative terms, presumably because of its lack of originality, with the result that the collection's content has been treated in a perfunctory manner. This thesis presents a reappraisal of the Essercizii musici based on criteria presented in Quantz's Versuch. A major source of the period, the Versuch provides an analytical framework for a deeper understanding of the sonatas that comprise Telemann's last publication. A comparison of contemporary publications of similarly titled collections establishes an historical framework for assessing the importance of the Essercizii musici as part of a tradition of publications with didactic objectives that may be traced to the late 17th century.
Expanded Perceptions of Identity in Benjamin Britten's Nocturne, Op. 60
Creator: Perkins, Anna Grace
Description: A concentrated reading of Benjamin Britten's Nocturne through details of the composer's biography can lead to new perspectives on the composer's identity. The method employed broadens current understandings of Britten's personality and its relationship to the music. After creating a context for this kind of work within Britten scholarship, each chapter explores a specific aspect of Britten's identity through the individual songs of the Nocturne. Chapter 2 focuses on how Britten used genres in a pastoral style to create his own British identity. Chapter 3 concentrates on the complex relationship between Britten's homosexuality and his pacifism. Chapter 4 aims to achieve a deeper understanding of Britten's idealization of innocence. The various aspects of Britten's personality are related to one another in the Conclusion. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4746 | Larousse Gastronomique
by Jinmyo Thu Aug 10 2000 at 16:08:51
The first edition of Larousse Gastronomique was published in 1938. A monumental encyclopaedia of culinary information compiled by Prosper Montagné, it is a never-ending source of inspiration to those who regard cooking and the preparation of food as something more than a necessity. It details the origins of a vast number of foods and wines, provides thousands of recipes, definitions of culinary terms, cooking methods, stories, and some etymology. If you like food or cooking, you will find Larousse Gastronomique fascinating reading. My rather tattered copy contains 1098 pages in small biblical print. Georges Auguste Escoffier wrote the preface to Larousse Gastronomique after reading the first draft, though he died three years before the book was finally published. Escoffier is often referred to as the “king of cooks and the cook of kings”. I like it!
by avjewe Tue Sep 17 2002 at 18:08:45
The World Authority
The Encyclopedia of Food, Wine and Cookery
Prosper Montagné
introduction by
A. Escoffier and Ph. Gilbert
Charlotte Turgeon and Nina Froud
1000 Illustrations
Including many in full color
Copyright 1961 by Crown Publishers Inc.
Library of Congress Catalogue
Card Number: 61-15788
from the book jacket :
This is the internationally famous bible of cooking, the encyclopedia-cookbook which, because of its 8,500 recipes and the full information it gives on all culinary matters, has been accepted as the world authority. Ask any chef, ask any cooking expert.
You will find a copy of Larousse Gastronomique in the kitchen of any superior restaurant anywhere in the world. It is a prized possession of every gourmet who knows French. But until now it has been available only in the French language. Because of the complexities of variations in terms and measurements, it has never before been translated into English. Now, after three years of intensive work by a staff of twenty experts headed by two famous editors, it has been converted for American usage.
Larousse Gastronomique contains in its 1,100 large pages 8,500 recipes from all over the world and 1,000 illustrations, many in full color. Also, there are descriptions of cooking processes; full details about all foods, their nature and quality, and how to cure, treat, and preserve them; the history of food and cooking; articles on table service, banquets, food values, and diet -- in fact, just about every topic of culinary interest is covered.
Though Larousse Gastronomique is the prime reference book of chefs, gourmets, and experts, it is equally useful and convenient for the home cook. All recipes except for banquet specialties are on a small-group basis, stated in simple terms for convenience in the home
For this American edition, all entries have been brought up to date, notably in the articles on the preservation of food. Entries are in alphabetical order and are fully cross-referenced under both English and French names.
The illustrations in color, black-and-white photographs, and line drawings, many of which were made expressly for the American edition, show not only the appearance of the cooked dish but in many cases the intermediate steps of preparation as well.
In Larousse Gastronomique you will find clear information on almost any culinary subject, an excellent recipe for almost any dish you may want. All in all, it is a champion book, the number-one cookery book for anyone who cares about good food and the fine art of preparing it.
Crown Publishers, Inc.
New York 16, N.Y.
printed in the U.S.A.
Tragically, the copyright on this work was indeed renewed in 1989 (28 years after the original copyright), and therefore it won't be out of copyright until the year 2056 (95 years after the original copyright). Every entry cries out to be noded, but it cries in vain.
Entries noded under fair use :
others as I fail to resist
This book was on the shelf in the house where I grew up. I remember it clearly, because it has a distinctive spine; however, I do not remember it ever being opened. The copy I own is a different one, which I bought used in 1992 or thereabouts. It has a sticker inside the front cover saying ex libris Joseph P. Kaczorowski : Joe, whoever you are, I've got your book.
I've always wanted a copy of the mythical Gastronomicon. This is as close as I'm likely to get.
by elaine Wed Sep 18 2002 at 4:02:45
I'm pleased to say that the 1988 English translation of 1985 French Larousse
has no mention of cat as a comestible.
It is a wonderful and exhaustively complete reference to (cat free) cooking. The recipes are not recorded in instructive detail, as such it is not the place to learn the
fundamental or advanced techniques of cooking. (Consider Mastering the Art
of French Cooking volumes I and II by Julia Child.
Again, there is no mention of cat or chat. Cast iron is followed by catalane, chasseur by chateau. No cat. I'm glad, I like my Larousse, I would not
want to have to toss it.
Georges Auguste Escoffier
Gastronomicon
tartare sauce
nouvelle cuisine
Stuffed Tomatoes with Herbs and Mushrooms
Prosper Montagne
British food seaweeds
Michelin restaurant rating
Soubise sauce
sauté
Two Nightshades in a Sherry Reduction
Bellota-Bellota | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4831 | Nonfiction Monday: Pet Rabbits Up Close by Jeni Wittrock
This is one of five titles in the "Pet __ up close" series, part of the Pebble Plus family from Capstone. In the past, I've really not liked these titles - too expensive for the extremely limited amount of text, uninspired photographs, etc. but they're offering new titles and what looks like a makeover of the covers, so I thought I'd give it another chance.
This title keeps the same oversized rectangle layout, but has a more colorful, attractive cover. There is a note to parents and teachers that this supports various curriculum standards and a table of contents before the book begins.
The first chunk of text introduces the reader to rabbits and explains that this book will examine their different body parts. Each spread features a different part of the rabbit with a caption and an average of 3 sentences on the left, in a bold, large font. On the right is a large color photograph, which is spread across the gutter and bordered with a blue and white design. The subjects include ears, eyes, nose, teeth, whiskers, feet, fur, and tails. Tails doesn't quite fit in with the rest of the pages, since all the other ones focus on how the body part helps the rabbit survive and thrive and tails just says "Short, round, and fluffy, bunnies' tails never get in their way."
The back matter includes a short glossary, 3 titles for further reading (one of which must be an error because it's about cats) and a link to Capstone's curated websites, FactHound. There is also a short index.
Verdict: Still not impressed. I don't like the way the photographs are split across the gutter. I like the new ABDO titles better - they seem aimed at a more picture book audience while these are still being pushed as easy readers although the layout is all wrong for that age group. Easy readers should be vertical rectangles, everyone knows that! I can see that these would be useful in a curriculum context, but I can't justify the cost of these and the paperbacks are too flimsy. If it's a subject I really need and these are the only option I'll go with them, but there are plenty of better books about pets.
ISBN: 9781491405840; Published 2015 by Pebble Plus/Capstone; Borrowed from another library in my consortium
easy nonfiction, | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4922 | Unions necessary on campus
Letter to the Editor | Tuesday, September 30, 2008
On Sept. 2, a group of one hundred students, workers, faculty and community members gathered at Notre Dame to celebrate the labor rights enumerated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). While UDHR is cause for celebration, the speeches at this event offered a critical eye, demanding a collective voice for Notre Dame’s workers. Last May, a need for this voice became obvious when three building service workers presented a petition to Staff Advisory Council, signed by 216 workers around campus, and were told that they needed 2000 for the petition to mean anything. The subject of the petition was a vacation policy, changed several years ago without meaningful consultation with the workers whom it affects. The petition called for a new policy that would make it easier for workers to plan their vacations: a simple request, rejected flatly.
No existing body on campus represents the concerns of workers. How, then, can labor rights be achieved? UDHR offers some guidance in Article 23(4): “Everyone has the right to form and join trade unions for the protection of his interests.” Catholic Social Tradition unambiguously supports trade unions. For example, Pope John Paul II, in Laborem Exercens (20), calls trade unions an “indispensable elements of social life”. In the past, Notre Dame has claimed to uphold this right, while arguing that unions are unnecessary. On April 20, 2006, John Affleck-Graves, the Executive Vice President, said, “there is nothing a union can accomplish for them that cannot be accomplished through an open and honest relationship such as has traditionally prevailed between the University and its employees.” The vacation policy issue demonstrates that this relationship is neither open nor honest. The University’s handling of this issue is emblematic of its suppression of a movement that has been fighting, issue by issue, for over three years now, to address working conditions. Unions are necessary at Notre Dame to realize these goals: to provide all its workers with just wages, fair treatment, and most importantly, a collective voice. Nick Krafft
Stanford Hall
Unions a necessity
For decades, collective bargaining has been one of the most basic tools that workers...
Forum finds role for unions in economy
America’s need for unions
Unions provide a voice | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4956 | Guided Tours & Workshops
About the ZKM
Institutes & Departments
ZKM as Event Location
Museum and Exhibition Technical Services
Institute for Music and Acoustics
Institute for Visual Media
Institute for Media, Education and Economics
Laboratory for AntiquatedVideo Systems
ZKM Apps Online Brochures Press
Press Download
Media Cooperations
: ZKM :: Projects :: youtubeplay: zur deutschen Version
A Biennial of Creative Video
→ youtube.com/play
YouTube Play. A Biennial of Creative Video aims to discover and showcase the most exceptional talent working in the ever-expanding realm of online video. Developed by YouTube and the Guggenheim Museum in collaboration with HP, YouTube Play hopes to attract innovative, original, and surprising videos from around the world, regardless of genre, technique, background, or budget. As an affiliate, the ZKM is participating in this project, together with roundabout 25 cultural and educational institutions from 12 countries. This global online initiative is not a search for what's "now," but a search for what's next. Visit youtube.com/play to learn more and submit a video.
Submission deadline: July 31st, 2010.
About YouTube Play
In the last two decades, there has been a paradigm shift in visual culture. The moving image has been fully absorbed into critical contemporary-art practices, and now we are witnessing the power of the Internet to catalyze and disseminate new forms of digital media, including online video. With video now available for anyone to produce and watch, almost anytime and anywhere—be it on cell phones, digital cameras, computers, or tablets—it has become the medium of choice for many aspiring artists. YouTube Play will recognize the current effect of new technologies on creativity by showcasing exceptional talent working in the ever-expanding realm of digital media.
It is the goal of YouTube Play to reach the widest possible audience, inviting each and every individual with access to the Internet to submit a video for consideration. The end result will hopefully be the ultimate YouTube playlist: a selection of the most unique, innovative, groundbreaking video work being created and distributed online during the past two years. How to Participate
Now through July 31, 2010, participants are invited to submit new or existing videos created within the last two years at youtube.com/play. Submissions may include any form of creative video, including animation, motion graphics, narrative, non-narrative, or documentary work, music videos, and entirely new art forms. Selection Process
After the submission period closes, the Guggenheim Museum will identify up to 200 videos for online viewing at youtube.com/play. From this group, up to 20 videos will be selected by a jury of experts, comprised of distinguished artists, filmmakers, graphic designers, and musicians, to be presented at the Guggenheim Museum in New York during a special event on October 21, 2010, on view to the public October 22–24, with simultaneous presentations at the Guggenheim museums in Berlin, Bilbao, and Venice.
For more information please visit youtube.com/play | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4978 | This webpage reproduces the Introduction to
Isis and Osiris
published in Vol. V
Loeb Classical Library edition,
This page has been carefully proofread
and I believe it to be free of errors.
If you find a mistake though,
please let me know!
(Vol. V)
Plutarch,
Moralia
Translator's Introduction
Plutarch's knowledge of Egyptology was not profound. It is true that he once visited Egypt,1 but how long he stayed and how much he learned we have no means of knowing. It is most likely that his treatise represents the knowledge current in his day, derived, no doubt, from two sources: books and priests. The gods of Egypt had early found a welcome in other lands, in Syria and Asia Minor, and later in Greece and Rome. That the worship of Isis had been introduced into Greece before 330 B.C. is certain from an inscription found in the Peiraeus (I.G. II.1 168, or II.2 337; Dittenberger, Sylloge3, 280, or 5512), in which the merchants from Citium ask permission to found a shrine of Aphrodite on the same terms as those on which the Egyptians had founded a shrine of Isis. In Delos there was a shrine of the Egyptian gods, and in Plutarch's own town they must have been honoured, for there have been found two dedications to Serapis, Isis, and Anubis,2 as well as numerous inscriptions recording the manumission of slaves, which in Greece was commonly accomplished by dedicating them to a god, who, in these inscriptions, is Serapis (Sarapis). An idea of the widespread
p4worship of Egyptian gods in Greek lands may be obtained from Roscher, Ausführliches Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie, vol. II pp379‑92, where the cults of Isis are listed.
Another source of information available to Plutarch was books. Herodotus in the fifth century B.C. had visited Egypt, and he devoted a large part of the second book of his History to the manners and customs of the Egyptians. Plutarch, however, draws but little from him. Some of the information that Plutarch gives us may be found also
in Diodorus Siculus, principally in the first book, but a little also in the second. Aelian and, to a less extent, other writers mentioned in the notes on the text, have isolated fragments of information which usually agree with Plutarch and Diodorus. All this points to the existence of one or more books, now lost, which contained this information, possibly in a systematic form. As a result, Plutarch has many things right and some wrong. Those who are interested in these matters may consult Erman-Grapow, Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache (Leipzig, 1925‑1929), and G. Parthey's edition of the Isis and Osiris (Berlin, 1850).
One matter which will seem very unscientific to the modern reader is Plutarch's attempts to explain the derivation of various words, especially his attempt to derive Egyptian words for Greek roots; but in this respect he sins no more than Plato, who has given us some most atrocious derivations of Greek words, especially in the Cratylus; nor is it more disastrous than Herodotus's industrious attempts (in Book II) to derive all manner of Greek customs, ritual, and theology from Egypt.
In spite of minor errors contained in the Isis and
p5Osiris, no other work by a Greek writer is more frequently referred to by Egyptologists except, possibly, Herodotus. Connected information may, of course, be found in histories of Egypt, such as those of Breasted and Baikie.3
The work is dedicated to Clea, a cultured and intelligent woman, priestess at Delphi, to whom Plutarch dedicated also
his book on the Bravery of Women
(Moralia, 242E-263C, contained in vol. III of L. C. L. pp473‑581). It is, no doubt, owing to this that the author, after he has unburdened himself of his information on Egyptology, goes on to make some very sane remarks on the subject of religion and the proper attitude in which to approach it. This part of the essay ranks with the best of Plutarch's writing.
The MS. tradition of the essay is bad, as may be seen from the variations found in the few passages quoted by later writers such as Eusebius and Stobaeus; yet much has been done by acute scholars to make the text more intelligible. It may not be invidious to mention among those who have made special contributions to the study of this work W. Baxter, who translated it (1684), and S. Squire, who edited it (1744). Many other names will be found in the critical notes.
The essay is No. 118 in Lamprias's list of Plutarch's works, where the title is given as an account of Isis and Serapis.
The Editor's Notes:
Moralia, 678C.
Cf. Collitz, Sammlung der griechischen Dialektinschriften, vol. I pp149‑155.
All the Greek and Roman sources for the religion of the Egyptians will be found conveniently collected in Hopfner, Fontes Historiae Religionis Aegyptiacae, Parts I. and II. (Bonn, 1922‑1923).
Isis & Osiris | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/4997 | / Research / A winning illustration of corruption that Canadians can understand
A winning illustration of corruption that Canadians can understand
Posted on Wednesday, April 10, 2013
Xenia Kurguzova will head to Victoria this summer to present her work with the other winners of the SSHRC competition. / Photo courtesy of Xenia Kurguzova.
Grad student Xenia Kurguzova wins SSHRC prize for visual depiction of research
By Tamarah Feder
Earlier this year, the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) launched Research for a Better Life: The Storytellers, a competition encouraging Canadian post-secondary students to find innovative ways of communicating how funded research projects about people, behaviour, human thought and culture are beneficial to Canadians – and beyond. The SSHRC rules? “Make it creative, compelling and clear.” The prize? $3,000 and the chance to compete for a featured presentation at the next World Social Sciences Forum.
This was a challenge Faculty of Education student Xenia Kurguzova could not resist. As a graduate student at the Faculty’s School of Information Studies, finding ways to manage, simplify and deliver challenging data is what she does. The competition presented an ideal opportunity to draw on a McGill-based research project to showcase a combination of her theoretical education and creativity.
The competition also appealed to Kurguzova because of her focus in digital humanities, which she describes as “interdisciplinary studies that wed social science and humanities with the newest technological tools that allow us to go deeper into research and do, among many things, text mining and data visualization.”
While other competitors chose to represent their own research, Kurguzova chose to make the most of her expertise to benefit someone else. “It made sense to apply my training in translating someone else’s research into a format that could allow someone to immediately take in the subject matter and, perhaps, pique their interest into learning more,” she explained.
She delved into current SSHRC-funded research projects taking place at McGill, and was immediately drawn to the work of political science Professor Maria Popova that examines how the judiciary addresses the prosecution of high-level political corruption in Eastern Europe.
Making funded research relevant to Canadians is an important aspect of the competition. “It’s interesting to examine our perceptions of corruption when it happens elsewhere, but it’s taking place right here – in Quebec. The challenge for me was to make a link between how these seemingly ephemeral projects are beneficial to us all. This is taxpayer’s money, so I wanted to show how Professor Popova’s work ties in to Quebec and Canada,” said Kurzugova.
From Popova’s perspective, learning how political corruption gets prosecuted in Eastern Europe is “extremely relevant for Quebec – and elsewhere. The theoretical conclusions drawn in my research will help us have a better grasp of the conditions under which the judiciary works to curb corruption – or avoids tackling it.”
She makes the case that we could learn a lesson from a region comprised of so-called new democracies, arguing “More may be going on to address political corruption in Eastern Europe than right here in Quebec.”
In addition to the challenge of identifying the research project she wanted to convey, Kurzugova has to quickly absorb the material well enough to condense it into a visual representation. That required her to take on a self-taught crash course on locating and learning open source info-graphic software. She also had to meet the strict requirements of communicating thousands of words and hours of research into no more than 300 well-placed, visually appealing words that get to the heart of the matter, without “dumbing down” the subject matter.
Entering unchartered territory and finding her way quickly is not new to Kurguzova, who came on her own to Canada from Russia just 11 years ago.
Xenia Kurguzova's winning entry.
Landing in Trois-Rivières, she learned French by immersing herself into life there and earning a Bachelor’s in Quebec History followed by a Master’s in History, before coming to McGill for her second Master’s, this time in Library and Information Studies.
That desire to understand the complicated has been paying off. Kurguzova’s final – and winning – entry in the SSHRC competition is a concise series of easy-to-follow images and carefully chosen words that draw the viewer into Popova’s research and its value, long-term goals, and the beneficiaries.
Popova appreciates incorporating a visual approach in relaying complex research to lay and academic audiences, “It’s a very useful medium, and it’s probably the future of how we will be presenting a lot of our research in the social sciences. It can be even more helpful once I have concrete results.”
But in the meantime, she’s keen to put Kurguzova’s info-graphic to immediate use by using it to recruit research assistants and posting it to the research project’s public website so that anyone can learn more about the research.
Kurguzova heads to Victoria this summer to present her work with the other winners from across Canada, and to compete for a chance to address an international audience of social science academics this October in Montreal. So, from now until then, she’s focusing on her presentation skills. However things turn out over the next while, Kurguzova feels she has come out on top by taking on a tough task in short time, and learning an invaluable amount that will serve her longer-term academic goals.
Category: Research | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5020 | SA SCHOOLS | SCHOOL PROFILES
Daniël Pienaar of Uitenhage is the oldest technical school in South Africa - a big school of great achievement, and the achievements include rugby football.
Uitenhage takes its name from the Batavian governor Jacob Abraham Uitenhage de Mist who was responsible for the founding of the town, now touted as a garden town but also an important part of Eastern Cape industry as the centre of the motor business.
Uitenhage is about 25 km north of Port Elizabeth at the foothills of the Winterhoek Mountains, an important railway centre now but especially in the days when the railways held greater importance. Situated on the Swartkops River, it is not far from the sea and not far from the Addo Elephant park with the densest elephant population in the world.
Hoer Tegniese Skool Daniël Pienaar is the oldest technical school in South Africa and has hits roots back in 1893 when Dr Andrew Murray of the NG Kerk proposed the founding of a trade school to educate "poor whites". Dominee DJ Pienaar of Uitenhage thought it a good idea., bought ground on the banks of the Swartkops and opened the school in 1895. It was then called Uitenhage Trade Skool which offered classes, mostly taken by the first principal F Doëge, in shoemaking, wagon building, welding and clothes making. The medium of instruction was English. In 1917 the school went dual medium
In 1915 the school acquired new buildings and expanded the next year to include a boarding hostel for 120 boys. In 1945 it acquired new buildings and more land for sportsfields. In 1969 it was rebuilt on its present site. In 1975 there were again new buildings and again in 1995, the centenary year.
In 1922 the school became a high school, changed its name to HTS Daniël Pienaar THS in 1956 in honour of its founder and in 1959 had its first matriculants.
In 2000 an Old Boys' Union was formed.
The school now has 970 pupils of whom 27 are girls.
Daniël Pienaar has 18 teams - four Under-14, four Under-15, three Under-16 and seven Under-19 teams.
The first team coach for the last 14 years is Moolman Olivier. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5037 | New teachers approved for ARL
Mar 19, 2008 | 1269 views | 0 | 35 | | Albert R. Lyman Middle School in Blanding will be getting more instructors as the result of board action at the March 12 meeting of the San Juan School board.By a 4-1 vote, the school board lowered the student teacher ratio at the school from 22:1 to 20:1. Under current enrollment figures, the change will increase the number of teachers at the school by 1.2.The northern high schools have a 20:1 ratio and southern high schools at 18:1. Area elementary schools have a higher student teacher ratio, with southern schools set roughly at 20:1 and northern schools at 22:1.“Since I have been on the board, I have never understood why ARL had a different student teacher ratio than the other secondary schools,” said board president Merri Shumway.The Blanding school is the only middle school in the sprawling district. Seventh and eighth grade students in Monticello, Montezuma Creek and Monument Valley attend classes at the local high schools.While requesting that the change be made at ARL, Principal Chas DeWitt explained that 76 percent of the core classes at ARL are larger than the 22:1 student teacher ratio. He added that a change in the student teacher ratio, in addition to other curriculum adjustments, will allow ARL to drop the number of core class that are too large from 76 percent to 35 percent.Using the ARL criteria, 75 percent of middle school-age classes in Monticello are too large, 70 percent in Monument Valley and 40 percent in Montezuma Creek.In addition, the change will allow ARL to establish the only middle school honors courses in the district, in addition to adding a number of additional non-core classes, such as character ed, math and study skills and an additional journalism course. ARL already offers nearly a dozen non-core classes that are not available to middle school age students in other areas of the district.“I look at these non-core classes at ARL and begin salivating for my seventh and eighth graders (in Monticello)” said board member Bill Boyle, who opposed the action. “I would love for them to have these types of opportunities.”“If people really want their kids to have these types of opportunities, you come to school in Blanding,” said Shumway.After nearly running out of cash reserves in 1994, the school board set rigid student teacher ratios. Retaining fiscal discipline by sticking to the ratios has helped put the school district in a stronger financial position.In other actions at the March 12 board meeting, the board spent several hours in a painstaking process to determine how to handle budget cuts caused by the possible loss of a number of federal grants, including at-risk and heritage language programs.In other school matters, the school district has removed the controversial book Thick from the Young Adult Choices (YAC) program in the San Juan High School library. San Juan Record writer Terri Winder expressed her concerns about the book, which has elicited a storm of controversy.School supervisor Ron Nielson reports that a committee set up to review the YAC books found that it was not appropriate for use in the school library. The school district instituted a review process for the YAC books after a parent complaint in 2007. There will be no new books coming to the school district through the current YAC program. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5113 | Skip to Site Search Skip to Utility Nav Skip to Top Nav Skip to Content . Search Directories
NewsNews Releases2016UNG to host game design workshop
UNG to host game design workshop
(June 10, 2016) - On June 20, dozens of students from fifth through 12th grades will converge at the University of North Georgia's (UNG) Dahlonega Campus to see if they can take their love of video games to the next level in a workshop teaching video game design.
"This workshop will teach students the basic steps of coding," said Dr. Joshua Cuevas, an assistant professor of education at UNG who helped organize the workshop. "Students, particularly middle school students, spend a great deal of time on personal devices and social media, and we want to provide them with a more productive outlet — in this case, the National STEM Video Game Challenge. After this workshop, they will be able to go online and work on these games while building math and science skills, helping academic learning transcend the school walls into their home and social networks."
There are still some slots open for the workshop, which is free and open to all students in grades 5-12: to register, parents and students can visit https://www.eventbrite.com/e/national-stem-video-game-design-workshop-tickets-25689617337#tickets.
The workshop is sponsored by the national Institute of Museum & Library Sciences and will be led by game industry professionals from E-Line Media and the Joan Ganz Cooney Center at Sesame Workshop, also presenters of the National STEM Video Game Challenge. The workshop will be co-facilitated by Mote Ed, LLC, a local company that provides support for innovational educational experiences.
"We hope this workshop will further stimulate interest in students wishing to pursue technological pathways both at the middle school and high school level," said Chris Froggatt, principal of Lumpkin County Middle School. "Last year, we added a series of connections classes that allow students to experiment with coding, robotics and other branches of technology. They can take a different class each year in middle school with the ultimate goal of providing a foundation in computer programming and hands-on applications. This foundation will encourage more students to select technological pathways in high school and broaden general interest in technology and its applications."
The event also falls during the National Week of Making, an initiative from The White House that invites "libraries, museums, rec centers, schools, universities and community spaces to support and grow the number of our citizen-makers by hosting events, committing to take action, and highlighting new innovations." The initiative encourages events that celebrate ingenuity and inspire creative problem-solving.
According to Cuevas, ingenuity will be a major theme of the workshop, which aims to interest students in coding through a medium that they find enjoyable — video games. He added that students from rural areas often do not get opportunities like this, and that part of the longer-term vision for this event is to keep the students engaged over the summer and encourage coding during the next school year as part of a STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art and Mathematics) program. The immediate goal is to get students interested in the national challenge and help them submit their final projects by the August 15 deadline.
"This collaborative effort has resulted in the first National STEM Video Game Challenge workshop to be held in Georgia," said Chad Mote, founder of Mote Ed, who helped bring the workshop to north Georgia. "This level of support illustrates the tremendous interest of the people at these organizations to bring educational innovation to young people and their community, and the event will highlight the benefits that video game making through computer programming and design principles offer young people. Historically, students from rural areas in our state have not been exposed to these types of events."
The workshop will be held on Monday, June 20 from 3-5:30 p.m. in the Library Technology Center on UNG's Dahlonega Campus.
Michael MarshallCommunications SpecialistMichael.Marshall@ung.edu706-867-3579
Tweets by @UNG_News | 教育 |
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5232 | -- Main Menu --AboutThesisComment PolicyContactArrant Pedantry Store Dec9
Tags: Allan Metcalf, decimate, Jan Freeman, John E. McIntyre, language change
Recently, John McIntyre posted a video in which he defended the unetymological use of decimate to the Baltimore Sun’s Facebook page. When he shared it to his own Facebook page, a lively discussion ensued, including this comment:
Putting aside all the straw men, the ad absurdums, the ad hominems and the just plain sillies, answer me two questions:
1. Why are we so determined that decimate, having once changed its meaning to a significant portion of the population, must be used to mean obliterate and must never be allowed to change again?
2. Is your defence of the status quo on the word not at odds with your determination that it is a living language?
3. If the word were to have been invented yesterday, do you really think “destroy” is the best meaning for it?
…three questions!
Putting aside all the straw men in these questions themselves, let’s get at what he’s really asking, which is, “If decimate changed once before from ‘reduce by one-tenth’ to ‘reduce drastically’, why can’t it change again to the better, more etymological meaning?”
I’ve seen variations on this question pop up multiple times over the last few years when traditional rules have been challenged or debunked. It seems that the notions that language changes and that such change is normal have become accepted by many people, but some of those people then turn around and ask, “So if language changes, why can’t change it in the way I want?” For example, some may recognize that the that/which distinction is an invention that’s being forced on the language, but they may believe that this is a good change that increases clarity. On the surface, this seems like a reasonable question. If language is arbitrary and changeable, why can’t we all just decide to change it in a positive way? After all, this is essentially the rationale behind the movements that advocate bias-free or plain language. But whereas those movements are motivated by social or cognitive science and have measurable benefits, this argument in favor of old prescriptive rules is just a case of motivated reasoning.
The bias-free and plain language movements are based on the premises that people deserve to be treated equally and that language should be accessible to its audience. Arguing that decimated really should mean “reduced by one-tenth” is based on a desire to hang on to rules that one was taught in one’s youth. It’s an entirely post hoc rationale, because it’s only employed to defend bad rules, not to determine the best meaning for or use of every word. For example, if we really thought that narrower etymological senses were always better, shouldn’t we insist that cupboard only be used to refer to a board on which one places cups?
This argument is based in part on a misunderstanding of what the descriptivist/prescriptivist debate is all about. Nobody is insisting that decimate must mean “obliterate”, only observing that it is used in the broader sense far more often than the narrower etymological sense. Likewise, no one is insisting that the word must never be allowed to change again, only noting that it is unlikely that the “destroy one-tenth” sense will ever be the dominant sense. Arguing against a particular prescription is not the same as making the opposite prescription.
But perhaps more importantly, this argument is based on a fundamental misunderstanding of how language change works. As Allan Metcalf said in a recent Lingua Franca post, “It seems a basic principle of language that if an expression is widely used, that must be because it is widely useful. People wouldn’t use a word if they didn’t find it useful.” And as Jan Freeman has said, “we don’t especially need a term that means ‘kill one in 10.’” That is, the “destroy one-tenth” sense is not dominant precisely because it is not useful. The language changed when people began using the word in a more useful way, or to put it more accurately, people changed the language by using the word in a more useful way. You can try to persuade them to change back by arguing that the narrow meaning is better, but this argument hasn’t gotten much traction in the 250 years since people started complaining about the broader sense. (The broader sense, unsurprisingly, dates back to the mid-1600s, meaning that English speakers were using it for a full two centuries before someone decided to be bothered by it.) But even if you succeed, all you’ll really accomplish is driving decimate out of use altogether. Just remember that death is also a kind of change.
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Do Usage Debates Make You Nauseous?
Tags: ambiguity, Bryan Garner, Chicago Manual of Style, COCA, Kory Stamper, Merriam-Webster, nauseous
Several days ago, the Twitter account for the Chicago Manual of Style tweeted, “If you’re feeling sick, use nauseated rather than nauseous. Despite common usage, whatever is nauseous induces nausea.” The relevant entry in Chicago reads,
Whatever is nauseous induces a feeling of nausea—it makes us feel sick to our stomachs. To feel sick is to be nauseated. The use of nauseous to mean nauseated may be too common to be called error anymore, but strictly speaking it is poor usage. Because of the ambiguity of nauseous, the wisest course may be to stick to the participial adjectives nauseated and nauseating.
Though it seems like a straightforward usage tip, it’s based on some dubious motives and one rather strange assumption about language. It’s true that nauseous once meant causing nausea and that it has more recently acquired the sense of having nausea, but causing nausea wasn’t even the word’s original meaning in English. The word was first recorded in the early 17th century in the sense of inclined to nausea or squeamish. So you were nauseous not if you felt sick at the moment but if you had a sensitive stomach. This sense became obsolete in the late 17th century, supplanted by the causing nausea sense. The latter sense is the one that purists cling to, but it too is going obsolete.
I searched for nauseous in the Corpus of Contemporary American English and looked at the first 100 hits. Of those 100 hits, only one was used in the sense of causing nausea: “the nauseous tints and tinges of corruption.” The rest were all clearly used in the sense of having nausea—“I was nauseous” and “it might make you feel a little nauseous” and so on. Context is key: when nauseous is used with people, it means that they feel sick, but when it’s used with things, it means they’re sickening. And anyway, if nauseous is ambiguous, then every word with multiple meanings is ambiguous, including the word word, which has eleven main definitions as a noun in Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate. So where’s this ambiguity that Chicago warns of? The answer is that there really isn’t any. In this case it’s nothing more than a red herring. Perhaps it’s possible to concoct a sentence that, lacking sufficient context, is truly ambiguous. But the corpus search shows that it just isn’t a problem, and thus fear of ambiguity can’t be the real reason for avoiding nauseous. Warnings of ambiguity are often used not to call attention to a real problem but to signal that a word has at least two senses or uses and that the author does not like one of them. Bryan Garner (the author of the above entry from Chicago), in his Modern American Usage, frequently warns of such “skunked” words and usually recommends avoiding them altogether. This may seem like sensible advice, but it seems to me to be motivated by a sense of jealousy—if the word can’t mean what the advice-giver wants it to mean, then no one can use it.
But the truly strange assumption is that words have meaning that is somehow independent of their usage. If 99 percent of the population uses nauseous in the sense of having nausea, then who’s to say that they’re wrong? Who has the authority to declare this sense “poor usage”? And yet Garner says, rather unequivocally, “Whatever is nauseous induces a feeling of nausea.” How does he know this is what nauseous means? It’s not as if there is some platonic form of words, some objective true meaning from which a word must never stray. After all, language changes, and an earlier form is not necessarily better or truer than a newer one. As Merriam-Webster editor Kory Stamper recently pointed out on Twitter, stew once meant “whorehouse”, and this sense dates to the 1300s. The food sense arose four hundred years later, in the 1700s. Is this poor usage because it’s a relative upstart supplanting an older established sense? Of course not. People stopped using nauseous to mean “inclined to nausea” several hundred years ago, and so it no longer means that. Similarly, most people no longer use nauseous to mean “causing nausea”, and so that meaning is waning. In another hundred years, it may be gone altogether. For now, it hangs on, but this doesn’t mean that the newer and overwhelmingly more common sense is poor usage. The new sense is only poor usage inasmuch as someone says it is. In other words, it all comes down to someone’s opinion. As I’ve said before, pronouncements on usage that are based simply on someone’s opinion are ultimately unreliable, and any standard that doesn’t take into account near-universal usage by educated speakers in edited writing is doomed to irrelevance.
So go ahead and use nauseous. The “having nausea” sense is now thoroughly established, and it seems silly to avoid a perfectly good word just because a few peevers dislike it. Even if you stick to the more traditional “causing nausea” sense, you’re unlikely to confuse anyone, because context will make the meaning clear. Just be careful about people who make unsupported claims about language.
Over Has Always Meant More Than. Get Over it.
Tags: ACES, AP Stylebook, Grammar Girl, Mashable, Mignon Fogarty, more than, mumpsimus, over, Peter Sokolowski, shibboleth
Last month, at the yearly conference of the American Copy Editors Society, the editors of the AP Stylebook announced that over in the sense of more than was now acceptable. For decades, newspaper copy editors had been changing constructions like over three hundred people to more than three hundred people; now, with a word from AP’s top editors, that rule was being abandoned.
According to Merriam-Webster editor Peter Sokolowski, who was in attendance, the announcement was met with gasps. Editors quickly took to Twitter and to blogs to express their approval or dismay. Some saw it as part of the dumbing-down of the language or as a tacit admission that newspapers no longer have the resources to maintain their standards. Others saw it as the banishment of a baseless superstition that has wasted copy editors’ time without improving the text.
The argument had been that over must refer to spatial relationships and that numerical relationships must use more than. But nobody objects to other figurative uses of over, such as over the weekend or get over it or in over your head or what’s come over you? The rule forbidding the use of over to mean more than was first codified in the 1800s, but over can be found in this sense going back a thousand years or more, in some of the earliest documents written in English. Not only that, but parallel uses can be found in other Germanic languages, including German, Dutch, and Swedish. (Despite all its borrowings from French, Latin, and elsewhere, English is considered a Germanic language.) There’s nothing wrong with the German Kinder über 14 Jahre (children over 14 years) (to borrow an example from the Collins German-English Dictionary) or the Swedish Över femhundra kom (over five hundred came). This means that this use of over actually predates English and must have been inherited from the common ancestor of all the Germanic languages, Proto-Germanic, some two thousand years ago.
Mignon Fogarty, aka Grammar Girl, wrote that “no rationale exists for the ‘over can’t mean more than’ rule.” And in a post on the Merriam-Webster Unabridged blog, Sokolowski gave his own debunking, concluding that “we just don’t need artificial rules that do not promote the goal of clarity.” But none of this was good enough for some people. AP’s announcement caused a rift in the editing staff at Mashable, who debated the rule on the lifestyle blog.
Alex Hazlett argued that the rule “was an arbitrary style decision that had nothing to do with grammar, defensible only by that rationale of last resort: tradition.” Megan Hess, though, took an emotional and hyperbolic tack, claiming that following rules like this prevents the world from slipping into “a Lord of the Flies-esque dystopia.” From there her argument quickly becomes circular: “The distinction is one that distinguishes clean, precise language and attention to detail — and serves as a hallmark of a proper journalism training.” In other words, editors should follow the rule because they’ve been trained to follow the rule, and the rule is simply a mark of clean copy. And how do you know the copy is clean? Because it follows rules like this. As Sokolowski says, this is nothing more than a shibboleth—the distinction serves no purpose other than to distinguish those in the know from everyone else. It’s also a perfect example of a mumpsimus. The story goes that an illiterate priest in the Middle Ages had learned to recite the Latin Eucharist wrong: instead of sumpsimus (Latin for “we have taken”), he said mumpsimus, which is not a Latin word at all. When someone finally told him that he’d been saying it wrong and that it should be sumpsimus, he responded that he would not trade his old mumpsimus for this person’s new sumpsimus. He didn’t just refuse to change—he refused to recognize that he was wrong and had always been wrong.
But so what if everyone’s been using over this way for longer than the English language has existed? Just because everyone does it doesn’t mean it’s right, right? Well, technically, yes, but let’s flip the question around: what makes it wrong to use over to mean more than? The fact that the over-haters have had such an emotional reaction is telling. It’s surprisingly easy to talk yourself into hating a particular word or phrase and to start judging everyone who allegedly misuses it. And once you’ve developed a visceral reaction to a perceived misuse, it’s hard to be persuaded that your feelings aren’t justified.
We editors take a lot of pride in our attention to language—which usually means our attention to the usage and grammar rules that we’ve been taught—so it can seem like a personal affront to be told that we were wrong and have always been wrong. Not only that, but it can shake our faith in other rules. If we were wrong about this, what else might we have been wrong about? But perhaps rather than priding ourselves on following the rules, we should pride ourselves on mastering them, which means learning how to tell the good rules from the bad.
Learning that you were wrong simply means that now you’re right, and that can only be a good thing.
Update: Parallel uses can also be found in cognates of over in other Indo-European languages. For instance, the Latin super could mean both “above” and “more than”, and so could the Ancient Greek ὑπέρ, or hyper. It’s possible that the development of sense from “above” to “more than” happened independently in Latin, Ancient Greek, and Proto-Germanic, but at the very least we can say that this sort of metaphorical extension of sense is very common and very old. There are no logical grounds for objecting to it.
I also created this helpful (and slightly snarky) timeline of the usage of over and its etymons in English and its ancestor languages.
Now on Visual Thesaurus: “Electrocution: A Shocking Misuse?”
Tags: electrocute, electrocution, Visual Thesaurus
I have a new post up on Visual Thesaurus about the use, misuse, and history of the word electrocute. Some usage commentators today insist that it be used only to refer to death by electric shock; that is, you can’t say you’ve been electrocuted if you lived to tell the tale. But the history, unsurprisingly, is more complicated: there have been disputes about the word since its birth. As always, the article is for subscribers only, but a subscription costs a paltry $2.95 a month or $19.95 (and would make a great gift for the word lover in your life). Check it out.
Yes, Irregardless Is a Word
Category: Sociolinguistics, Usage, Words
Tags: Huffington Post, irregardless, metacommunication, sociolinguistics, Standard English
My last post, “12 Mistakes Nearly Everyone Who Writes about Grammar Mistakes Makes”, drew a lot of comments, some supportive and some critical. But no point drew as much ire as my claim that irregardless is a word. Some stated flatly, “Irregardless is not a word.” One ignorantly demanded, “Show me a dictionary that actually contains that word.” (I could show him several.) Still others argued that it was a double negative, that it was logically and morphologically ill-formed and thus had no meaning. One commenter said that “with the negating preface [prefix] ‘ir-’ and the negating suffix ‘-less’, it is a double negative” and that “it is not a synonym with ‘regardless’.” Another was even cleverer, saying, “The prefix ir-, meaning not, changes the meaning of the word regardless, so not only is it not a standard word, but it’s also misused in nearly all cases.” But these arguments still miss the point: irregardless is indeed a word, and it means the same thing as regardless. In my last post I argued that there’s a clear difference between a word like irregardless and a nonword like flirgle. By any objective criterion, irregardless is a word. It has an established form and meaning, it’s used in speech and occasionally in writing, and it’s even found in reputable dictionaries, including Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary and The Oxford English Dictionary (though it is, quite appropriately, labeled nonstandard). We can identify its part of speech (it’s an adverb) and describe how it’s used. By contrast, though, consider flirgle. You don’t know what its part of speech is or how to use it, and if I were to use it in a sentence, you wouldn’t know what it meant. This is because it’s just something I made up by stringing some sounds together. But when someone uses irregardless, you know exactly what it means, even if you want to pretend otherwise.
This is because words get their wordhood not from etymology or logic or some cultural institution granting them official status, but by convention. It doesn’t matter that nice originally meant “ignorant” or that contact was originally only a noun or that television is formed from a blend of Greek and Latin roots; what matters is how people use these words now. This makes some people uncomfortable because it sounds like anarchy, but it’s more like the ultimate democracy or free market. We all want to understand one another and be understood, so it’s in our mutual interest to communicate in ways that are understandable. Language is a self-regulating system guided by the invisible hand of its users’ desire to communicate—not that this stops people from feeling the need for overt regulation. One commenter, the same who said, “Irregardless is not a word,” noted rather aptly, “There is absolutely no value to ‘irregardless’ except to recognize people who didn’t study.” Exactly. There is nothing wrong with its ability to communicate; it’s only the word’s metacommunication—that is, what it communicates about its user—that is problematic. To put it a different way, the problem with irregardless is entirely social: if you use it, you’ll be thought of as uneducated, even though everyone can understand you just fine.
On Google Plus, my friend Rivka said, “Accepting it as a word is the first part of the slippery slope.” This seems like a valid fear, but I believe it is misplaced. First of all, we need to be clear about what it means to accept irregardless as a word. I accept that it’s a word, but this does not mean that I find the word acceptable. I can accept that people do all kinds of things that I don’t like. But the real problem isn’t what we mean by accept; it’s what we mean by word. When people say that something isn’t a word, they aren’t really making a testable claim about the objective linguistic status of the word; they’re making a sociolinguistic evaluation of the word. They may say that it’s not a word, but they really mean that it’s a word that’s not allowed in Standard English. This is because we think of Standard English as the only legitimate form of English. We think that the standard has words and grammar, while nonstandard dialects have nonwords and broken grammar, or no grammar at all. Yes, it’s important to recognize and teach the difference between Standard English and nonstandard forms, but it’s also important to be clear about the difference between facts about the language and our feelings about the language. But the irregardless-haters can also take heart: the word has been around for at least a century now, and although many other new words have been coined and become part of Standard English in that time, irregardless shows no signs of moving towards acceptability. Most people who write for publication are well aware of the stigma attached to it, and even if they aren’t, few copyeditors are willing to let it into print. It’s telling that of the Oxford English Dictionary’s eight citations of the word, two merely cite the word in other dictionaries, three more are mentions or citations in linguistics or literary journals, and one more appears to be using the word ironically. We talk about the word irregardless—mostly just to complain about it—far more than we actually use it. So yes, irregardless is a word, even though it’s nonstandard. You don’t have to like it, and you certainly don’t have to use it, but you also don’t have to worry about it becoming acceptable anytime soon.
This post also appears on Huffington Post.
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Hanged and Hung
Category: Grammar, Historical linguistics, Semantics, Usage, Words
Tags: COCA, German, hang, hanged, hung, intransitive, Oxford English Dictionary, transitive
The distinction between hanged and hung is one of the odder ones in the language. I remember learning in high school that people are hanged, pictures are hung. There was never any explanation of why it was so; it simply was. It was years before I learned the strange and complicated history of these two words.
English has a few pairs of related verbs that are differentiated by their transitivity: lay/lie, rise/raise, and sit/set. Transitive verbs take objects; intransitive ones don’t. In each of these pairs, the intransitive verb is strong, and the transitive verb is weak. Strong verbs inflect for the preterite (simple past) and past participle forms by means of a vowel change, such as sing–sang–sung. Weak verbs add the -(e)d suffix (or sometimes just a -t or nothing at all if the word already ends in -t). So lie–lay–lain is a strong verb, and lay–laid–laid is weak. Note that the subject of one of the intransitive verbs becomes the object when you use its transitive counterpart. The book lay on the floor but I laid the book on the floor. Historically hang belonged with these pairs, and it ended up in its current state through the accidents of sound change and history. It was originally two separate verbs (the Oxford English Dictionary actually says it was three—two Old English verbs and one Old Norse verb—but I don’t want to go down that rabbit hole) that came to be pronounced identically in their present-tense forms. They still retained their own preterite and past participle forms, though, so at one point in Early Modern English hang–hung–hung existed alongside hang–hanged–hanged.
Once the two verbs started to collapse together, the distinction started to become lost too. Just look at how much trouble we have keeping lay and lie separate, and they only overlap in the present lay and the past tense lay. With identical present tenses, hang/hang began to look like any other word with a choice between strong and weak past forms, like dived/dove or sneaked/snuck. The transitive/intransitive distinction between the two effectively disappeared, and hung won out as the preterite and past participle form.
The weak transitive hanged didn’t completely vanish, though; it stuck around in legal writing, which tends to use a lot of archaisms. Because it was only used in legal writing in the sense of hanging someone to death (with the poor soul as the object of the verb), it picked up the new sense that we’re now familiar with, whether or not the verb is transitive. Similarly, hung is used for everything but people, whether or not the verb is intransitive.
Interestingly, German has mostly hung on to the distinction. Though the German verbs both merged in the present tense into hängen, the past forms are still separate: hängen–hing–gehungen for intransitive forms and hängen–hängte–gehängt for transitive. Germans would say the equivalent of I hanged the picture on the wall and The picture hung on the wall—none of this nonsense about only using hanged when it’s a person hanging by the neck until dead.
The surprising thing about the distinction in English is that it’s observed (at least in edited writing) so faithfully. Usually people aren’t so good at honoring fussy semantic distinctions, but here I think the collocates do a lot of the work of selecting one word or the other. Searching for collocates of both hanged and hung in COCA, we find the following words: hanged:
convicted
hung:
The hanged words pretty clearly all hanging people, whether by suicide, as punishment for murder, or in effigy. (The collocations with burned were all about hanging and burning people or effigies.) The collocates for hung show no real pattern; it’s simply used for everything else. (The collocations with neck were not about hanging by the neck but about things being hung from or around the neck.)
So despite what I said about this being one of the odder distinctions in the language, it seems to work. (Though I’d like to know to what extent, if any, the distinction is an artifact of the copy editing process.) Hung is the general-use word; hanged is used when a few very specific and closely related contexts call for it. Share This PostClick to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading... Nov20
The Enormity of a Usage Problem
Category: Semantics, Usage, Words
Tags: COCA, enormity, enormousness, Mark Allen, Merriam-Webster, MWDEU, OED, semantics, usage, words
Recently on Twitter, Mark Allen wrote, “Despite once being synonyms, ‘enormity’ and ‘enormousness’ are different. Try to keep ‘enormity’ for something evil or outrageous.” I’ll admit right off that this usage problem interests me because I didn’t learn about the distinction until a few years ago. To me, they’re completely synonymous, and the idea of using enormity to mean “an outrageous, improper, vicious, or immoral act” and not “the quality or state of being huge”, as Merriam-Webster defines it, seems almost quaint.
Of course, such usage advice presupposes that people are using the two words synonymously; if they weren’t, there’d be no reason to tell them to keep the words separate, so the assertion that they’re different is really an exhortation to make them different. Given that, I had to wonder how different they really are. I turned to Mark Davies Corpus of Contemporary American English to get an idea of how often enormity is used in the sense of great size rather than outrageousness or immorality. I looked at the first hundred results from the keyword-in-context option, which randomly samples the corpus, and tried to determine which of the four Merriam-Webster definitions was being used. For reference, here are the four definitions:
1 : an outrageous, improper, vicious, or immoral act <the enormities of state power — Susan Sontag> <other enormities too juvenile to mention — Richard Freedman>
2 : the quality or state of being immoderate, monstrous, or outrageous; especially : great wickedness <the enormity of the crimes committed during the Third Reich — G. A. Craig>
3 : the quality or state of being huge : immensity <the inconceivable enormity of the universe>
4 : a quality of momentous importance or impact <the enormity of the decision>>
In some cases it was a tough call; for instance, when someone writes about the enormity of poverty in India, enormity has a negative connotation, but it doesn’t seem right to substitute a word like monstrousness or wickedness. It seems that the author simply means the size of the problem. I tried to use my best judgement based on the context the corpus provides, but in some cases I weaseled out by assigning a particular use to two definitions. Here’s my count:
2/3: 3
By far the most common use is in the sense of “enormousness”; the supposedly correct senses of great wickedness (definitions 1 and 2) are used just under a quarter of the time. So why did Mr. Allen say that enormity and enormousness were once synonyms? Even the Oxford English Dictionary marks the “enormousness” sense as obsolete and says, “Recent examples might perh. be found, but the use is now regarded as incorrect.” Perhaps? It’s clear from the evidence that it’s still quite common—about three times as common as the prescribed “monstrous wickedness” sense.
It’s true that the sense of immoderateness or wickedness came along before the sense of great size. The first uses as recorded in the OED are in the sense of “a breach of law or morality” (1477), “deviation from moral or legal rectitude” (1480), “something that is abnormal” (a1513), and “divergence from a normal standard or type” (a1538). The sense of “excess in magnitude”—the one that the OED marks as obsolete and incorrect—didn’t come along until 1792. In all these senses the etymology is clear: the word comes from enorm, meaning “out of the norm”.
As is to be expected, Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage has an excellent entry on the topic. It notes that many of the uses of enormity considered objectionable carry shades of meaning or connotations not shown by enormousness:
Quite often enormity will be used to suggest a size that is beyond normal bounds, a size that is unexpectedly great. Hence the notion of monstrousness may creep in, but without the notion of wickedness. . . .
In many instances the notion of great size is colored by aspects of the first sense of enormity as defined in Webster’s Second. One common figurative use blends together notions of immoderateness, excess, and monstrousness to suggest a size that is daunting or overwhelming.
Indeed, it’s the blending of senses that made it hard to categorize some of the uses that I came across in COCA. Enormousness does not seem to be a fitting replacement for those blended or intermediate senses, and, as MWDEU notes, it’s never been a popular word anyway. Interestingly, MWDEU also notes that “the reasons for stigmatizing the size sense of enormity are not known.” Perhaps it became rare in the 1800s, when the OED marked it obsolete, and the rule was created before the sense enjoyed a resurgence in the twentieth century. Whatever the reason, I don’t think it makes much sense to condemn the more widely used sense of a word just because it’s newer or was rare at some point in the past. MWDEU sensibly concludes, “We have seen that there is no clear basis for the ‘rule’ at all. We suggest that you follow the writers rather than the critics: writers use enormity with a richness and subtlety that the critics have failed to take account of. The stigmatized sense is entirely standard and has been for more than a century and a half.” Share This PostClick to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)Click to share on Google+ (Opens in new window)Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window)Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window)Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window)Click to email this to a friend (Opens in new window)Like this:Like Loading... Oct1
Funner Grammar
Category: Grammar, Usage, Words
Tags: Andrea Altenburg, Ben Zimmer, COCA, COHA, Copyediting, fun, funner, funnest, grammar, Grammar Girl, Matt Gordon, MWDEU, Stan Carey, usage
As I said in the addendum to my last post, maybe I’m not so ready to abandon the technical definition of grammar. In a recent post on Copyediting, Andrea Altenburg criticized the word funner in an ad for Chuck E. Cheese as “improper grammar”, and my first reaction was “That’s not grammar!” That’s not entirely accurate, of course, as Matt Gordon pointed out to me on Twitter. The objection to funner was originally grammatical, and the Copyediting post does make an appeal to grammar. The argument goes like this: fun is properly a noun, not an adjective, and as a noun, it can’t take comparative or superlative degrees—no funner or funnest. This seems like a fairly reasonable argument—if a word isn’t an adjective, it can’t inflect like one—but it isn’t the real argument. First of all, it’s not really true that fun was originally a noun. As Ben Zimmer explains in “Dear Apple: Stop the Funnification”, the noun fun arose in the late seventeenth century and was labeled by Samuel Johnson in the mid-1800s “as ‘a low cant word’ of the criminal underworld.” But the earliest citation for fun is as a verb, fourteen years earlier. As Merriam-Webster’s Dictionary of English Usage notes, “A couple [of usage commentators] who dislike it themselves still note how nouns have a way of turning into adjectives in English.” Indeed, this sort of functional shift—also called zero derivation or conversion by linguists because they change the part of speech without the means of prefixation or suffixation—is quite common in English. English lacks case endings and has little in the way of verbal endings, so it’s quite easy to change a word from one part of speech to another. The transformation of fun from a verb to a noun to an inflected adjective came slowly but surely.
As this great article explains, shifts in function or meaning usually happen in small steps. Once fun was established as a noun, you could say things like We had fun. This is unambiguously a noun—fun is the object of the verb have. But then you get constructions like The party was fun. This is structurally ambiguous—both nouns and adjectives can go in the slot after was. This paves the way to analyze fun as an adjective. It then moved into attributive use, directly modifying a following noun, as in fun fair. Nouns can do this too, so once again the structure was ambiguous, but it was evidence that fun was moving further in the direction of becoming an adjective. In the twentieth century it started to be used in more unambiguously adjectival roles. MWDEU says that this accelerated after World War II, and Mark Davies COHA shows that it especially picked up in the last twenty years.
Once fun was firmly established as an adjective, the inflected forms funner and funnest followed naturally. There are only a handful of hits for either in COCA, which attests to the fact that they’re still fairly new and relatively colloquial. But let’s get back to Altenburg’s post.
She says that fun is defined as a noun and thus can’t be inflected for comparative or superlative forms, but then she admits that dictionaries also define fun as an adjective with the forms funner and funnest. But she waves away these definitions by saying, “However, dictionaries are starting to include more definitions for slang that are still not words to the true copyeditor.” What this means is that she really isn’t objecting to funner on grammatical grounds (at least not in the technical sense); her argument simply reduces to an assertion that funner isn’t a word. But as Stan Carey so excellently argued, “‘Not a word’ is not an argument”. And even the grammatical objections are eroding; many people now simply assert that funner is wrong, even if they accept fun as an adjective, as Grammar Girl says here:
Yet, even people who accept that “fun” is an adjective are unlikely to embrace “funner” and “funnest.” It seems as if language mavens haven’t truly gotten over their irritation that “fun” has become an adjective, and they’ve decided to dig in their heels against “funner” and “funnest.”
It brings to mind the objection against sentential hopefully. Even though there’s nothing wrong with sentence adverbs or with hopefully per se, it was a new usage that drew the ire of the mavens. The grammatical argument against it was essentially a post hoc justification for a ban on a word they didn’t like. The same thing has happened with funner. It’s perfectly grammatical in the sense that it’s a well-formed, meaningful word, but it’s fairly new and still highly informal and colloquial. (For the record, it’s not slang, either, but that’s a post for another day.) If you don’t want to use it, that’s your right, but stop saying that it’s not a word. | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5301 | By David-Hillel Ruben
Edited by David-Hillel Ruben
Explanation by David-Hillel Ruben
The aim of this series is to bring together important recent writings in major areas of philosophical inquiry, selected from a variety of sources, mostly periodicals, which may not be convenienty available to the university student or the general reader. The editor of each volume contributes an introductory essay on the items chosen and on the questions with which they deal. A selective bibliography is appended as a guide to further reading. This volume presents a selection of the most important recent writings on the nature of explanation. It covers a broad range of topics from the philosophy of science to the central philosophical terrain of the theory of knowledge. This volume is suitable for advanced undergraduate and graduate students of philosophy taking courses on the theory of knowledge, and academics and students in the natural and social sciences who are investigating the philosophical foundations of their disciplines.
Buy Explanation book by David-Hillel Ruben from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Philosophy: epistemology & theory of knowledge
Imprint: Oxford University Press Publisher: Oxford University Press
Books By Author David-Hillel Ruben
Explaining Explanation, Hardback (June 2012)
Fully updated and expanded edition of the influential book on the philosophy of explanation, including ideas from Plato, Aristotle and JS Mill.
Action and Its Explanation, Hardback (May 2003)
Written from a point of view out of sympathy with the assumptions of much of contemporary philosophical action theory, this book draws its inspiration from philosophers as diverse as Aristotle, Berkeley, and Marx. Ruben's work is located in the tradition of the metaphysics of action.
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2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5304 | By David M. Jones
Advertising and the Concept of Brands By (author) David M. Jones
Jan S. Slater
What's in a Name? by David M. Jones
This is a completely rewritten and updated version of one of the true classic books in the field of marketing and advertising. What's in a Name? Advertising and the Concept of Brands analyzes brands from the point of view of modern marketing theory. It deals in detail with the role of advertising in creating, building, and maintaining strong brands - the lifeblood of any long-term marketing campaign. The work is empirically based and is supported by the best research from both the professional and academic fields. The authors describe the birth and maturity of brands and dissect the patterns of consumer purchasing of repeat-purchase goods. In addition to all new research findings and examples, this new edition of What's in a Name? includes first time coverage of the short-term, medium-term, and long-term effects of advertising on sales of brands. The book concludes with new recommendations on how to develop and disseminate better advertising.
Buy What's in a Name? book by David M. Jones from Australia's Online Bookstore, Boomerang Books.
Imprint: M.E. Sharpe Publisher: Taylor & Francis Inc
Publish Date: 31-Dec-2002 Country of Publication: United States Other Editions...
Books By Author David M. Jones
Complete Illustrated History of the Aztec & Maya, Paperback (June 2015)
A comprehensive history of the rise and fall of the many different empires of Central America and Mexico. Describes the civic, military and everyday world of the time - the politics, the wars and campaigns, the people and culture, the art, architecture and social history.
Understanding Central Banking, Hardback (February 2014)
Mythology of the American Nations, Paperback (November 2013)
A reference guide to the mythology of the native North American, Maya, Aztec, Inca and earlier civilizations and cultures of the Americas. It includes more than 900 entries, arranged alphabetically and packed with information on the central mythical figures of each culture. It is fully cross-referenced and comprehensively indexed.
Art & Architecture of the Incas, Paperback (August 2012)
An illustrated history of arts, crafts and design of the first peoples of South America.
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Recent books by Jan S. Slater
» View all books by Jan S. Slater | 教育 |
2016-50/2785/en_head.json.gz/5412 | Bill Clinton: Arts programs help students succeed
02:22 PM, Tuesday, April 17 2012 | 3683 views | 1 | 8 | | Former President Bill Clinton on Tuesday praised school art programs for teaching discipline and creativity to students, crediting his music lessons as a child for his success as a politician."If I had not been in a school music program, I would never have been elected president," Clinton said as he delivered the keynote address at the Arkansas Arts Summit. "Because it taught me discipline and order. It made me listen better. And once I got into jazz, I realized you had to make some things up along the way, but while you were making them up, you had to stay in the right key and still play in tune."Clinton praised the arts as he addressed a group of art administrators gathered at his presidential library for the two-day conference presented by the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the DeVos Institute of Arts Management at the Kennedy Center. Organizers said the event was aimed at strengthening arts organizations.Clinton, who was in the chorus and played the saxophone as a student, said organizations must stress the importance of arts education despite economic pressures and budget cuts faced by many school districts."We do not all learn the same way. We now have actual pictures of the human brain that show that different brains respond to different stimuli and become interested in absorbing information by different approaches," Clinton said. "There are an enormous number of people, little children, who will learn about math and science and history and English if the arts are incorporated into the way they learn."Clinton said he hoped the summit would help groups learn how to "democratize" the arts and reach out to other areas."We live in a very rapidly changing, highly interdependent, increasingly complex world," he said. "We need the discipline and order of a rigorous adherence to the facts of life and the creativity we can only learn, young to old, from the arts."
KevinT12 |
Great to see high profile people backing Arts programs in schools. We knew all those years back when Clinton played the sax after being elected how important Arts was to him Reply | 教育 |
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in Dataset Viewer.
Industry models play a crucial role in driving enterprise intelligence transformation and innovative development. High-quality industry data is key to improving the performance of large models and realizing industry applications. However, datasets currently used for industry model training generally suffer from issues such as insufficient data volume, low quality, and lack of domain expertise.
To address these problems, we constructed and applied 22 industry data processing operators to clean and filter 3.4TB of high-quality multi-industry classified Chinese and English language pre-training datasets from over 100TB of open-source datasets including WuDaoCorpora, BAAI-CCI, redpajama, and SkyPile-150B. The filtered data consists of 1TB of Chinese data and 2.4TB of English data. To facilitate user utilization, we annotated the Chinese data with 12 types of labels including alphanumeric ratio, average line length, language confidence score, maximum line length, and perplexity.
Furthermore, to validate the dataset's performance, we conducted continued pre-training, SFT, and DPO training on a medical industry demonstration model. The results showed a 20% improvement in objective performance and a subjective win rate of 82%.
Industry categories: 18 categories including medical, education, literature, finance, travel, law, sports, automotive, news, etc. Rule-based filtering: Traditional Chinese conversion, email removal, IP address removal, link removal, Unicode repair, etc. Chinese data labels: Alphanumeric ratio, average line length, language confidence score, maximum line length, perplexity, toxicity character ratio, etc. Model-based filtering: Industry classification language model with 80% accuracy Data deduplication: MinHash document-level deduplication Data size: 1TB Chinese, 2.4TB English
Industry classification data size:
| Industry Category | Data Size (GB) | Industry Category | Data Size (GB) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Programming | 4.1 | Politics | 326.4 |
| Law | 274.6 | Mathematics | 5.9 |
| Education | 458.1 | Sports | 442 |
| Finance | 197.8 | Literature | 179.3 |
| Computer Science | 46.9 | News | 564.1 |
| Technology | 333.6 | Film & TV | 162.1 |
| Travel | 82.5 | Medicine | 189.4 |
| Agriculture | 41.6 | Automotive | 40.8 |
| Emotion | 31.7 | Artificial Intelligence | 5.6 |
| Total (GB) | 3386.5 |
For the convenience of users to download and use, we have split the large dataset into sub-datasets for 18 industries. The current one is the sub-dataset for the education industry.
Data processing workflow:
- Downloads last month
- 121
Size of the auto-converted Parquet files (First 5GB):
2.95 GB
Number of rows (First 5GB):
878,181
Estimated number of rows:
85,447,475